EOG Project2010
EOG Project2010
EOG Project2010
by
Krishna Jajodia
Amit Gudekar
Amey Kadam
Prof. Y.S.Rao
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Sardar Patel Institute of Technology, Andheri, Mumbai
November 2010
Abstract
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature 4
3 EOG Electrodes 6
3.1 Ag-AgCl 4 MM TP Electrode - EL254 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 AG-AGCL EL258S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3 AG-AGCL+HOLE 8MM TP Electrode - EL258H . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 Ag-AgCL+Hole 8MM TP Electrode EL258RT . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5 The ML317 EOG Pod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4 EOG gel 12
5 Design 13
5.1 Problem Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2 Requirement Specification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5.2.1 signal pick-up and amplification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
6 Electrooculography (EOG) 14
7 Implementation 18
7.1 Hardware Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
7.2 Principles of EOG Bio-potential Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . 19
References 30
i
List of Figures
ii
Chapter 1
Introduction
Eye movements are the most frequent of all human movements. Eye movement
research is of great interest in the study of neuroscience. Since eye movement
can be controlled to some degree and track by modern technology with great
speed and precision , they can now be used as a powerful input device and have
many practical applications in human computer interactions. The EOG is one of
the very few methods of recording eye movements that does not require a direct
attachment to the eye itself. It is now accepted that the generated electrical
potential arises due to the permanent potential difference 10 to 30mV that exists
between the cornea and ocular fundus. An electrical field is set up in the tissues
surrounding the eye and the rotation of the eye causes corresponding rotation
of field vector. For this reason, it is possible to detect eye movement with the
appropriate placement of electrodes on the skin surrounding the eyes.
Information, though conservative, shows that there are 70 million disabled peo-
ple in India. One in every ten children or 3of inter-disciplinary research projects.
Despite the recent technological improvements, eye trackers remain very much
a high cost research and academic tool requiring specially trained personnel to
set-up and operate the systems.
In the last years, there has been a significant increase in the development of as-
sistive technology for people with disabilities, improving the traditional systems.
Also, the growing use of the computer, both in work and leisure, has led to the
development of PC-associated handling applications, mainly using graphic inter-
faces. This way, the traditional methods of control or communication between
humans and machines (joystick, mouse, or keyboard), that require a certain con-
trol motor on the part of the users, they are supplemented with others that allow
their use for people with severe disabilities.
1
Electro-occulography is recording technique that allows the standing potential
between the cornea and the posterior pole of the eye tube recorded. Because
this biological signal is proportional to the rotational angle of eye this technique
permits a wide range of rotational angles to be recorded, allows documenting of
eye movements when the eyelids are closed and unable the recording in the dark
places. The EOG signal has the high signal to noise (S/N) ratio, therefore no
electromagnetic shielding is required. The advantage of EOG eye gaze interface
is its simple configuration : in recording, a pair of electrodes is placed on the
right and left temples and potential is amplified using the DC or AC amplifier.
One of the most developing researches in engineering that utilizes the exten-
sive research in medicine is Biomedical engineering. This area seeks to help and
improve our everyday life by applying engineering and medical knowledge with
the growing power of computers. The area of this project can be applied not
only for helping disabled people but also in commercial use. Another area that
will gain from Human-Machine interface is interactive computer games, test-
ing subject’s responses and attention in simulators for training military and law
enforcers. The system will get input from human tested subject and will act
according to it. The human input is the electronic signals produced by moving
eyes. There are many different ways to measure this signal and we will use the
electro-occulography(EOG) to collect them. Generated electrical potential arise
due to the permanent potential difference of between 10 to 30mV that exist be-
tween the cornea and ocular fundus. This is commonly referred to as cornea
retinal potential, with the cornea being positive. An electric field is setup in tis-
sue surrounding the eye and rotation of the eye causes a corresponding rotation
of the field vector. For this reason it is possible to detect eye movement with the
appropriate placement of the electrode on the skin surrounding the eyes. The
EOG is one of the very few methods for recording eye movements that does not
require a direct attachment to the eye itself. For this reason, the EOG technique
is preferred for recording eye movements.
2
We propose to design and build and electro-occulography(EOG) bio-potential
amplifier in order to obtain psychological signal due to eye movements and to
use this signal to show directional discrimination. Our design can also be used
as a model for future advancement in human computer interaction. The EOG
bio-potenial amplifier should be capable of detecting frequencies between DC
10 Hz, the range at which most ocular movements operate. The EOG signal
is in the micro volt range (50 to 3500 micro volt). Therefore, when the DC
offset is removed, it will be challenging to obtain a strong, useable signal given
the minute nature of the recorded signal. Our choice of an EOG over other
possible methods was selected based on ease of usage and low cost of production.
The electro-occulography(EOG) is a measurement a bio-potentials produced by
changes in eye position. The fact that electrical activity could be recorded by
placing electrodes on the surface of the skin in the eye region was discovered in the
1920s.It was realized that the electrical potential; induced corresponded to eye
movement. Originally it was thought that the induced electrical activity caused
by eye movement corresponded to action potentials in the above mentio0ned pairs
of muscles. It is now accepted that the generated electrical potentials arises due
to the permanent potential difference of between 10 to 30 mV that exists between
the cornea-occular fundus. The recording of the eye movement in EOG does not
require any direct attachment to the eye itself. For this reason the EOG signal is
preferred for recording eye movements in sleep and dream research. Recently this
technique has become popular for evaluating reading ability and visual fatigue of
subjects.
3
Chapter 2
Literature
The expression the literature typically refer to publish in books, journals and
conference proceeding that relate to the failed of investigation within which a
students project lies. Such literature also includes unpublished theses and disser-
tation. The idea of our project emerged when we saw human computer interaction
for disabled and for more luxurious living. It enables the user to perform any
activities without moving from there place. This application might be confused
with the home automatic system but it is far most sophisticated then the usual
home automation systems. This application is implied upon several disabled peo-
ple who are paralyzed and even for thoughts who want to control various devices
by the movement of their eyes alone without moving from their couches. This
device is based upon human computer interface as in we tried to control a device
from eye gesture. we have used simple neural analysis related to eye gestures
and came to the conclusion that eye movements can produce signals oh certain
microvolt which can be amplified to make an electronic device to work normally.
Various websites and journals where enough to provide sufficint and the nec-
essary details of the project related the literature and also helped enough to
make correct implementation of the project. We also rendered help from var-
ious medical journals and from some of the medical practitioners . electro-
occulography(EOG) is the technique for measuring the resting potential of the
retina. The resulting signal is called the electro-occulogram. The main applica-
tions are in ophthalmological diagnosis and in recording eye movements. Unlike
the electro-retinogram, the does not represent the response to individual visual
stimuli. Eye movement measurement: usually ,pairs of electrodes are placed ei-
ther above and below the eye or to the left and the right of the eye. If the eye
moved from the centre position towards one position, this electrode ”sees” the
positive side of the retina and the opposite electrode ”sees” the negative side of
the retina. Consequently potential difference occurs between the electrodes. As-
suming that the resting potential is constant, the recorded potential is measure
for the eye position.
4
Ophthalmological diagnosis: The EOG is used to access the function of the
pigment epithelium. During dark adaptation, the resting potential decreases
slightly and reaches minimum after several minutes. When light is switched
on , a substantial increase of the resting potential occurs which drops off after
a few minute when the retina adapts to the light. Te ratio of the voltages is
known as the Arden ratio. In practice, the measurement is similar to the eye
movement recording. The EOG signal is derived from the polarization potential,
also known as the cornea- retinal potential(CRP), generated within the eyeball
metabolically active retinal epithelium. The EOG signal is acquired though a
bi-channel signal acquisitions systems namely, the horizontal and the vertical
channels. Electrodes placed on the either side of the eyes or above and below
them pickup the potential generated by the motion of the eyeballs. This potential
varies approximately proportional to the displacement of the eyeballs within the
conductive environment of skull. Saccades inherent in eye motion as well as the
blinking of the eyelids can produce changes in EOG signals. The strength of the
signal is 10 to 100 microvolt and the useful frequency component is DC 10 Hz.
This necessitates the careful selection of the bio-potential amplifier.
The recording of the EOG signal has traditionally been associated with sev-
eral problems. The signal is seldom deterministic, even for the same person for
different experiments. It is a result of the number of the factors including eye
ball rotation and movements, eyelid movement. For this reason it is extremely
essential to eliminate the shifting resting potential( mean DC value), because this
value varies continuously.
5
Chapter 3
EOG Electrodes
6
Figure 3.1: EOG electrodes
Specifications:
7
3.2 AG-AGCL EL258S
Specifications:
• Lead length: EL258, EL258S and EL258H - 1 meter, EL258RT - 1.5 meter.
8
3.3 AG-AGCL+HOLE 8MM TP Electrode - EL258H
Specifications:
• ead length: 1 m.
9
3.4 Ag-AgCL+Hole 8MM TP Electrode EL258RT
Specifications:
• Radiotranslucent: Yes.
10
3.5 The ML317 EOG Pod
Specifications:
• Amplification Range 2 mV, 1 mV, 500 V, 200 V, 100 V.
• CMRR common mode greater than 80 dB.
• Cable Length Metric 1.5 m.
• Certifications CE.
• Filtering Low Pass Filter 500 (fixed) 2nd order Butterworth.
• Frequency Response DC to 500 Hz.
• Front Panel Control offset knob for initial zeroing of device.
• Gain x1000.
• Gain Error 5
• IMRR isolation mode greater than 110 dB.
• Input Connection Type 3 shielded lead wire connectors.
• Input Impedance less than 100 M?.
• Model ML317.
• Temperature Drift 3 mV/C.
• Weight Metric 200 g.
• Weight Metric 200 g.
11
Chapter 4
EOG gel
12
Chapter 5
Design
13
Chapter 6
Electrooculography (EOG)
EOG is a method for sensing eye movement and is based on recording the
standing corneal-retinal potential arising from hyper polarizations and depolar-
ization existing between the cornea and the retina; this is commonly known as an
electrooculogram . This potential can be considered as a steady electrical dipole
with a negative pole at the fundus and a positive pole at the cornea as shown
below.
The standing potential in the eye can thus be estimated by measuring the
voltage induced across a system of electrodes placed around the eyes as the eye
gaze changes, thus obtaining the EOG (measurement of the electric signal of the
ocular dipole). The EOG value varies from 50 to 3500 V with a frequency range of
about dc-100 Hz. Its behavior is practically linear for gaze angles of . It should
be pointed out here that the variables measured in the human body (any bio
potential) are rarely deterministic. Its magnitude varies with time, even when all
possible variables are controlled. Most of these bio-potentials vary widely among
normal patients, even under similar measurement conditions.
14
Figure 6.2: placement of electrodes
15
arise due to the permanent potential difference of between 10 and 30mV that
exists between the cornea and the ocular fundus (left) as shown in the Fig below.
This is commonly referred to as the cornea-retinal potential (CRP) with the
cornea being positive.
The eye movement signals are band limited due to the fact that there
is a speed limit on eye movements. Thus, a low pass filter with 20Hz
cutoff could remove most of the high frequency noises. The largest noise
we observed was the 60Hz noise from the power line. We compared the
standard deviation of the signal in order to discriminate meaningful signals
from noise (see figure below). It turned out that the whole signal is within
2 times of the deviation, and the base level noise was mostly within the
deviation. This led to our calibration strategy to choose the threshold
parameter to be above the deviation.
Each pair of graphs is a result of aligning and overlaying 10 trials for each
movement. The left and right graph corresponds to horizontal and vertical
bipolar measurement, respectively. You can see the trials are overlapping
16
Figure 6.5: Eye movements by visually inspecting the spikes
strongly, which means that the shape and strength of signals are station-
ary.When the eye is moving fast towards left or right, we get a strong peak
in the horizontal bipolar measurement, and in the case of up or down move-
ment, the peak was strong in the vertical bipolar measurement, as expected
by physiological insights. Note that for the blink, a positive peak followed
by a slight negative peak on the vertical bipolar measurement is observed.
3. Calibration.
17
Chapter 7
Implementation
18
Figure 7.1: eye movement
Electrodes for bio potential recordings are design to obtain the signal of
interest selectivity while reducing the tendency to pick-up artifacts. The
design should be pragmatic to reduce cost and allow for good manufacturing
and reliable long term use. These practice consideration determine whether
high quality but reusable electrodes made of silver or gold, or chipper dis-
posable electrodes are to be used. Ag-AgCl Electrodes have been used
which produce low level of junction potential, motion artifacts and drift
in the DC signal. Additionally, an an electrolytic gel based on AgCl was
applied to the skin since the upper layers of skins are poor conductor of the
electricity. A gel concentration in the order of 0.1 molar concentration re-
sults in good conductivity and low junction potential without causing skin
irritation.
19
• Minimizing Noise,Artifacts and Inter-Channel Interference.
The frequency component of the EOG signal is very close to DC and hence
the separation of Dc drifts from the useful signal content is a difficult task.
Dual channel acquisition of the EOG signal has been employed and consid-
erable inter channel interference was observed. This interference arises due
to two factors ,namely, small deviation of the eyeball position towards the
other channel during motion and improper alignment of the electrode pairs.
In our system appropriate threshold hav been set to counter this effect and
aid in correct determination of the eyeball postion.
• The Pre-Amplifier.
• Signal Acquisition.
The pre amplifier After the EOG signal has been acquired and ampli-
fied, the next stage is the passive band pass filter and the second stage of
amplification. The useful EOG signal contents varies between DC-10Hz. A
bandpass filter with passband of 0.1 to 10 Hz is used to pass the reverent
signal contain and attenuate the DC offset. The noise, as well as the power
supply interference are also suppressed. A second stage of amplification
follows a bandpass filter, since the gain of amplifier is not sufficient to am-
plify te EOG signal; to usable level. This is achieved by a non-inverting mp
with an amplification of approximate 400. the attenuation provided by the
first stage of high pass filtering is insufficient . hence we require a second
stage of offset removal which is provided by a first stage passive high pass
filter with a cut off frequency 0.1Hz. The inputs from Ag-AgCl electrodes
20
are applied to a passive low pass filter consisting of the R-C network as
shown. The 10K-470K and 0.01 micro farad from a passive filter network
then its output is applied to the active filter network formed by the op-amp
OP-07.Circuit consists of three stages :
The filter circuit consists of active and passive filter to pass the de-
sire frequency i.e 0 to 10Hz and attenuates the unwanted frequency
and thus increasing the signal to noise ratio. The fixed gain ampli-
fier amplifies the signal output from the filter circuitry and gives the
amplification of 100 . The amplifier is used in inverting mode configu-
ration and thus the gain of the amplifier is given by - R f / R1 . thus
the gain is given is given by -100k/ 1k i.e 100. In order to enhance the
total gain of the circuit and to get the output as required for the signal
for further processing, the output from the fixed amplifier is applied
to variable gain amplifier with maximum gain of 100. Thus the the
maximum overall gain is 100*100=10000.
21
Chapter 8
22
two eyes. However, the two eyes move in conjunction in the vertical direction.
Hence, it is sufficient to measure the vertical motion of only one eye and the
horizontal motion of both eyes. If the orientation of the eyes is measured , it
is possible to locate the 3D position of a fixated target object by triangulation.
Recognizing blinks as legitimate actions distinct from eye movement also allow
their use for rapid invocation of important global commands, such as calling an
attendant, and in each module as context sensitive command shortcuts. The EOG
system can potentially recognize ”eye gestures,” such as left and right winking
and blinking, or any combination there of he eye gesture command language
could even be extensible and programmable by the user himself. For example,
during text entry or while scanning read-only text, a left blink rapidly followed
by a right blink could be a page-up command; right followed by a left would be
a page-down, etc.
The action of eye blinks covers a specific range of frequency and for that reason
it is possible to construct a function which processes the signal and generates an
artificial peak when blink occurs. This function is called the detection function.
This function is used to detect the spontaneous eye blink action. Nonlinear and
linear signal processing methods are applied to obtain the detection function
waveform. On this base the position of an eye blink is estimated. The results
23
demonstrate that the measurement of an eye blink parameter provides reliable
information for eye-controlled systems from human-machine interface.
24
8.5 Tracking Facial muscle and Eye Motion For
Computer
A motion tracking system enables faithful capture of subtle facial and eye mo-
tion using a surface electromyography (EMG) detection method to detect mus-
cle movements and an electrooculogram (EOG) detection method to detect eye
movements. An embodiment of the motion tracking animation system comprises
a plurality of pairs of EOG electrodes adapted to be affixed to the skin surface
of the performer at locations adjacent to the performer’s eyes. The EOG data
comprises electrical signals corresponding to eye movements of a performer dur-
ing a performance. Programming instructions further provide processing of the
EOG data and mapping of processed EOG data onto an animated character. As
a result, the animated character will exhibit he same muscle and eye movements
as the performer.
The present invention providing a motion tracking system that enables faithful
capture of subtle facial and eye motion. The invention uses a surface electromyo-
graphy (EMG) detection method to detectmuscle movements, and an electroocu-
logram (EOG) detection method to detect eye movements. Signals corresponding
to the detected muscle and eye movements are used to control an animated char-
acter to exhibit the same movements performed by a performer.
25
Figure 8.3: Tracking facial muscle and eye motion for computer graphics anima-
tion
instructions further provide processing of the EOG data and mapping of the
processed EOG data onto the animated character. This permits the animated
character to exhibit the same eye movements asthe performer.
26
system from the motion tracking processor 108, or alternatively, may be incor-
porated with the motion tracking processor 108 (e.g., as a ”plug-in”) as part of
a common hardware and software system.
27
battery operated and it has the advantages of low noise as well as isolation from
electricity. Two kinds of EOG tests, pursuit and saccade, were performed on 20
normal subjects with this new portable and programmable instrument. Based on
the test result, the performance of the new instrument is superior to the other
commercially available instruments. In conclusion, we hope that it will be more
convenient for doctors and researchers to do the clinical EOG diagnosis and basic
medical science research by using this new creation.
28
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our deep sense of gratitude to Prof.Y.S.Rao for his
invaluable help and guidance during the course of project. We are highly in-
debted to him for constantly encouraging us by giving critics on our work. We
are grateful for having given us the support and confidence.
Krishna Jajodia
Amit Gudekar
Amey Kadam
November 2010
Sardar Patel Institute of Technology
29
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30