CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

The establishments of mixed use areas where people can work, rest and play have
become the focus of both new areas and urban renewal projects. The shopping centers
plays an integral part in this process and in some cases provides the basis for the creation
of new and revitalized town centers.

The project comprises of preparation of architectural drawing, structuralanalysis

and structural designing of a reinforced concrete structure namely a shopping mall. The
whole structure is designed according to the limit state method. The total built up area of
the structure is about 160000 sq. ft.The proposed structure is a 5 storied building with
cellar car parking. The site is located at Manjakkulam, Palakkad.

The grade used for all RCC works are M20 and steel is Fe415. Foranalyzing the
structure, the live loads were calculated from IS:875 (Part 2), 1987 and the combinations
of dead load, live load, wall load and floor finish were built up by the software as per IS
456: 2000.The load combinations were taken to obtain the maximum design loads,
moments and shear forces. Earthquake resistant design of the structure was done as per IS
1893 (Part 1): 2002. The structure was modeled in ETABS software as a space frame.
Structural design is in accordance with Limit State design for concrete structures.
Analysis was done using ETABS and design was done manually according to the
obtained data from analysis.

Considering shopping mall one could see that the customer was beginning to
demand better designed environments to shop in and of course recreate in. Recreation
time had been recognized as a commodity and hence the retail sector started to provide
recreational opportunities such as:

 Cinemas
 Cafes

1
  Lifestyle retail
 Entertainment in various forms.

The following list highlights some recent trends of shopping malls:

 Increased spending on food and merchandise;

 Greater diversity of uses in shopping centers, particularly the provision of

entertainment/lifestyle attractions such as cinemas;

 Creation of precincts targeted towards certain parts of the market;

 The impact of the increasing popularity of electronic services such as internet

shopping and phone banking;

 Creating environments that respond to changing demographics including more

singles and childless couples and increasing average age;

 Creating environments where people feel comfortable including the identification

of the 'third place' - a place away from home and work where people want to
spend their time;

 Recreating the 'high street' or 'old town center' shopping experience including
externalization of spaces, better integration into surrounding context and
permeability;

 The breaking down of visits into categories including chore shopping,

discretionary shopping and leisure activities such as eating, drinking and movies;

2
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Kamel El Hedhli, Jean-Charles Chebat, M. Joseph Sirgy, Shopping well-being at the

mall: Construct, antecedents, and consequences,Journal of Business Research,
Volume 66, Issue 7, July 2013, Pages 856-863

The study defines shopping well-being at the mall as a shopper's perceived impact
of a shopping mall in contributing to satisfaction in important life domains resulting in a
global judgment that the mall contributes significantly to one's overall quality of life.
Particularly, the study puts forward six predictive factors of the retail mix as influencing
shopping well-being: functionality, convenience, safety, leisure, atmospherics, and self-
identification. Additionally, the study predicts that shopping well-being positively
influences mall loyalty and positive word of mouth. A shopper survey conducted in two
North-American shopping malls provides data testing several predictions of potential
theoretical and managerial significances.

Kai Hu, Yimeng Yang, Suifeng Mu, GeQu, Study on High-rise Structure with
ObliqueColumnsby ETABS, SAP2000, MIDAS/GEN and SATWE ,Procedia
Engineering, Volume 31, 2012, Pages 474-480

Facing a large number of new-type complex structural system and progressively

consummate earthquake-resistant theories, the conventional software can no longer meet
the needs of calculation and analysis. Meanwhile, some international finite element
programs, such as ETABS, SAP2000, MIDAS/gen and SATWE, were updating
themselves but remained respective limitations.

Marshall Long, 20 - Design of Multipurpose Auditoria and Sanctuaries

Multipurpose, mixed-use auditoria and sanctuaries, where speech and music

must both be taken into consideration, beginning with general design considerations
including the establishment of a program, room shape, seating, room volume,
reverberation time, absorption balconies, ceilings, and audio-visualdesign..

3
 CHAPTER 3

PROJECT FORMULATION AND MEHODOLOGY

3.1 Aim

The project aims to design a multi storeyedreinforced concrete structure. The

structural designing of the building is based on the concept that, effective utilization of
area and maximum structural stability with minimum dimensions of structural members.

3.2 Relevance

Palakkad is one of the fastest growing towns in Kerala. As an upcoming urban

center it should ensure amenities for satisfying urban living. There is no shopping mall
which provides enough facilities such as multiplex, convention center, restaurants,
shopping center,wedding center, etc. with adequate parking facilities in Palakkad Town.

3.3 Objectives

 To prepare the plan of the building.

 To study ETAB software
 To analyzethe building using ETAB
 Design of building.
 Preparing the steel reinforcement detailing.

4
3.4 Methodology

SITE DETAILS

SITE PLAN AND & BULDING PLAN DRAWING

BBU

PRELIMINARY DIMENSIONS
BBU

LOAD CALCULATION &

ANALYSIS USING ETABS
BBU

DESIGN USING EXCEL SHEETS

BBU

5
 CHAPTER 4
DETAILS OF BUILDING AND SOFTWARES

4.1 Site Description

4.1.1 Location
The proposed site of construction is located at Manjakkulam, Palakkad. The site
have an area around 5 hectares. The site is near to Palakkad Town Bus Stand.

Proposed Site
Fig.1 Location Plan of Proposed Building

6
 Fig.2 Site Plan of Proposed Building

4.1.2 Terrain
The topography of area consists of fairly flat ground.

4.2 Salient Features of Building.

 Type of structure : Multi storied RCC framed structure
 Number of storeys : 5(G+3,-1)
 Floor Height : 4.5 m
 Type of foundation : Isolated Footing at 1.5m depth
 Assumption : Beams are fixed on columns

7
Underground Floor/ Cellar: This floor is provided for parking and can accommodate
more than 800 vehicles at a time. Sufficient ramp way and drive way makes parking area
more attractive. Besides these sufficient lifts and stairs are provided to connect this floor
with higher level floors.

Driveway width : 5500mm, 7630mm7300mm

Ground Floor: Parking places are allotted.Open fish market, fruitmarket, vegetable
markets are provided with enough area to reduce rush. Mall office is situated at entrance.

 Vegetable market : 710 m2

 Meat market : 470 m2
 Fruit market : 700 m2
 Anchor shop : 1595 m2
 Store : 568 m2

First Floor: From this floor, thebuilding different blocks so that each block can perform
different functions, does not interfere with each other.This floor contains shops of areas
more than 100 sq.m, restaurant of250 sq.m,textile shop of 2500 sq.m and a large general
shop.

 Shop : 1764 m2
 Textile shop : 2500 m2

Second Floor: 2500 Sq.m wedding center and big bazar are the main attraction of this
floor. Along with these shops, offices play areas and lobby of multiplex are included.

 Anchor shop : 1764 m2

 Wedding centre : 2500 m2
 Play area : 100 m2
 Library : 93 m2

Third Floor: Multiplex with more than 500 seating capacity and food courts are the main
attraction. Gymnasium, library, electronic shops are provided with sufficient floor areas.

8
  Electronic shop : 1764 m2
 Restaurant : 398 m2
 Multipurpose hall : 1000 m2
 Gymnasium : 852 m2
 Multiplex : 1800 m2

4.2.1 Other Attractions

 Leading brands under single roof.

 Highly secured construction.

 Play area for kids.

 16 Lifts from basement.

 Premium finishes.

 Centrally air conditioned.

 100% generator back up.

 Wide walkways.

 Parking facilities for more than 800 cars.

 Visitor comfort zones.

4.3Softwares Used

The project allowed for us a great opportunity to acquaint with different software like

 ETABS

 AutoCAD

9
4.3.1 ETABS

ETABS is an extremely versatile and powerful program with many features and
functions. It is a standalone finite-element-based structural analysis program with special
purpose features for structural design and analysis of building systems. It is a
sophisticated, yet easy to use, special purpose analysis and design program developed
specifically for building systems. It features an intuitive and powerful graphical interface.
It has explicit modeling, analytical, and design procedures; all integrated using a common
database. Although quick and easy for simple structures, it can also handle the largest and
most complex building models, including a wide range of nonlinear behaviors, making it
the tool of choice for structural engineers in the building industry. Its mission is to
provide the profession with the most efficient and comprehensive software for the
analysis and design of buildings.

4.3.2 AutoCAD

All the drawing and detailing works were done by making use of AutoCAD,
released by AUTODESK Inc. As such, this is the pioneering software in CAD.
AutoCAD is a vector graphics drawing program. It uses primitive entities- such as lines,
poly-lines, circles, arcs and text- as the foundation for more complex objects. AutoCAD’s
native file format, DWG, and to a lesser extent, its interchange file format, DXF has
become the standards for interchange of CAD data.

10
 CHAPTER 5

ANALYSIS

The structure is design for vertical or gravity loads and lateral loads. These are
dead loads, imposed or live loads, earthquakes.

5.1Vertical Loads

Vertical loads consist of dead and live loads. These are to be kept minimum in
order to keep member sizes and foundation cost economical. IS: 875 -1987 code of
practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for building and structures, Part 1: Dead
Load, Part 2: Imposed loads, Part 3: Wind Loads, Part 5: Special Loads and
combinations. The reference for the basic loads coming on the building is IS: 875- 1987.
The basic loads coming on the structure are:

1) Dead loads

2) Live loads

3) Wind loads

4) Seismic loads

5) Combination of loads

Of these different types of loads, considered loads for the building are dead loads,
imposed loads, seismic loads and combinations.

5.1.1Dead Load

The dead load in a building includes the weight of all walls, partitions, floors,
beams and shall include the weight of all other permanent construction in the building.
The dead loads of various materials are taken from IS: 875(part-1) 1987.This code covers
unit weight/mass of materials, and parts or components in a building that apply to the
determination of dead loads in the design of buildings.

Dead load is automatically calculated by the software

Density of concrete = 25 kN/m3

11
 Density of brick = 18kN/m3

5.1.2 Live Load

Live load on floors comprise of all loads other than dead loads. The live load
varies with nature of building, type of occupancy etc. The values of live loads which are
relevant in this design are given below. The live loads of various occupancies are taken
from IS: 875 (part-2)1987. This code covers imposed loads to be assumed in design of
buildings. The imposed loads are minimum loads which should be taken in to
consideration for the purpose of buildings. The live loads taken for the analysis are:

 Staircase = 4kN/m2
 All other rooms = 4kN/m2
 Parking area = 10kN/m2
 Roof = 2kN/m2

5.1.3Seismic Loads

Earth quakes often occur due to slip between tectonic plates along a geological
fault in the earth crust. Earthquakes result in various types of ground motion as seismic
waves propagate through the earth. As these waves pass the location of a structure, the
associated ground motion subjects the structure to lateral forces (primarily) and vertical
forces (to a lesser degree).

Ta = 0.075h0.75h = height of building (IS 1893 Part 1: 2002, clause 7.6.1)

= 0.075x280.75 = 0.91sec

Since the building is located in Kerala, it is included in Zone III;

Zone factor = 0.16 for Zone III (IS 1893 Part 1: 2002, Table 2)

Importance factor, I = 1.5 for public building (IS 1893 Part 1: 2002, Table 6)

The site contains hard soil hence, soil type = I

Responds reduction factor = 5 (IS 1893 Part 1: 2002, Table 7)

Sa/g = 1 (IS 1893 Part 1: 2002, Figure 2)

12
 Horizontal Seismic Coefficient Ah= 𝑍𝐼𝑆𝑎/2𝑅𝑔

= (0.16x1.5x1)/(2x5)

= 0.024

Base shear = Ah x Total weight of building

5.1.4 Load Combinations

Primary loads

Load 1-Dead Load (DL)

Load 2 –Live load (LL)

Load 3 -Wall load (WL)

Load 4 – Floor finish (FF)

Load 5 -Seismic -X (EQX)

Load 6- Seismic –Y (EQY)

Load 7 – Water Load (WTL)

Load Combinations

DCON1= 1.5DL+1.5LL+1.5FL+1.5WL+1.5WTL

DCON2 = 1.4DL+1.4FL+1.4WL

DCON3 = 1.2DL+1.2FL+1.6LL+1.2WL+1.6WTL

DCON4=1.4DL+1.5EQX+1.4FL+1LL+1.4WL+1WTL

DCON5= 1.4DL-1.5EQX+1.4FL+1LL+1.4WL+1WTL

DCON6 = 1.4DL+1.5EQY+1.4FL+1LL+1.4WL+1WTL

DCON7 = 1.4DL-1.5EQY+1.4FF+1LL+1.4WL+1WTL

DCON8 = 1.4DL+1.5EQX+1.4FF+1.4WL

DCON9 = 1.4DL-1.5EQX+1.4FF+1.4WL

13
DCON10 = 1.4DL+1.5EQY+1.4FF+1.4WL

DCON11 = 1.4DL-1.5EQY+1.4FF+1.4WL

DCON12 = 0.7DL+1.5EQX+0.7FF+0.7WL

DCON13 = 0.7DL-1.5EQX+0.7FF+0.7WL

DCON14 = 0.7DL+1.5EQY+0.7FF+0.7WL

DCON15 = 0.7DL-1.5EQY+0.7FF+0.7WL

5.2Procedure

 Plan of the building in AutoCAD was drawn, after that format was changed to dxf
format and imported to ETABS. It is very particular that the whole drawing
should be in one layer.
 Set the unit as KN-m. After this the building frame was set using beams and
columns.
 Different sizes of beams and columns were defined by giving their section size
and material properties; and then the beams and columns were assigned.
 Define slabs, membrane sections are used. Before assigning slabs local area axis
are to be set from building setting options.
 Define support conditions, for all columns fixed supports are given.
 After defining all the components we can replicate the structure by giving storey
heights. .
 Loads such as dead load, live load, water load, wall loads, floor finish load and
earthquake loads, load combinations were defined and applied.
 The building was analyzed to get the forces and moments.
 The design of columns beams and slabs were done manually.

14
5.3Modeling in ETABS

A building consists of structural component (beams, columns, braces, slabs, walls

and shear walls) and non-structural components (claddings, partition and stairs).Modeling
consisted of structural discretization, member property specification, giving support
condition and loading.

Slab:

Thickness of the slab = 150 mm, 200mm for cellar parking.

Beam:

The dimensions of the beams are 300mm x 300mm, 300mm x 450mm, 300mm×550mm,

300 x 750mm, 230x300.

Column:

The dimensions of columns are 450mm x 450mm, 300mm x750mm, 500mm×600mm,

600x600mm, 600x750mm, 700x750mm.

15
The following figures shows the ETAB model of the building

Fig.3 ETAB Model (3D) of the Building

16
Fig.4 ETAB Model Plan (3D) With Supports

17
Fig.5 ETAB Model (Plan) of Building

18
Fig.6 ETAB Model (Extrude View)

19
 CHAPTER 6

DESIGN OF RC BUILDING COMPONENTS

Following shows the design of various components of building:

6.1 Design of Footing

The building consist of 14 groups of footings. The design of group I footing is shown
below:

Design Parameters (Footing Group = F1)

Column = 450 mm X 450 mm

Axial Force Diagram Bending Moment Diagram

Axial load = 2000 kN (from ETAB)

Mux = 116 kNm (from ETAB)

Muy = 116 kNm. (from ETAB)

Gross bearing capacity = 300 kN/m. (From Soil investigation report)

M 20 grade concrete and Fe 415 grade steel

20
Step 1: Size of footing

Given:

P = 2000 kN,

qa = 300 kN/m2 at h = 1.5 m

Assuming the weight of the footing + backfill to be 10 % of the load

2000𝑋1.1
P = 2300kN, base area required = = 7.33 m2
300

=> Minimum size of square footing, √7.33= 2.7m

Assume a 2.8 m X 2.8 m footing base

Section modulus = 2.8x2.82/6 = 3.65 m3

Step : 2 Depth of footing

d> (quxX)/(qu+Tc) where X= distance of the section from the edge of the footing
nearer and parallel to footing

X = (2.8-.45)/2 = 1.175 m

qu max =( 2000/7.33)+(116/3.65)+(116/3.65) = 336.13KN/m2

d> (336.13x1.175)/(336.13+280)

>0.64 m

D> 0.64+.04+.012 =0.692 m

Provide D= 700 mm

Effective depth = 700-40-12 = 648 mm

Step: 3 shear check

Net soil pressure at ultimate loads (assuming a load factor of 1.5)

2000𝑋1.5
qu= 3𝑋3
= 0.333 N/mm2

21
(a) One-way shear

The critical section is at a distance d from the column face [refer Fig].

d = 1.175 - .648 = .527 mm

=> Factored shear force Vu1 = 0.333x3000 x (1275 – 527)

= 496 kN

Assuming tc= 0.36MPa(for M 20 concrete with, say, pt = 0.25) [refer Table 13 of the

Code]

One-way shear resistance Vc1 = 0.36x 3000 x527

= 1212kN

Vu1 ≤Vc1=> 496 <1215 Hence safe

(b) Two-way shear

The critical section is at d/2 from the periphery of the column [refer Fig]

d/2 =324 mm

=> Factored shear force Vu2 = 0.333 x [30002 – (450 +324)2]

Vu2 = 2230.075 kN

Two-way shear resistance Vc2 = ksxtc[4 x(450 + 324)324]

Whereks = 1.0 for a square column, and tc= 0.25 x√20 = 1.118 MPa(refer

Cl. 31.6.3.1 of the Code)

=>Vc2 = 1.0 x 1.118 x 4324(450 + 324)

= 3181.9 kN

Vu2≤Vc2=>Safe

Assuming unit weights of concrete and soil as 25kN/m3 and 18kN/m3 respectively, actual
gross pressure at footing base (under service loads)

22
q = 2000/(3.0 X 3.0) + (25 X 0.75) + (18 X 0.75) = 254.5 kN/m2

< 300kN/m2 is safe

Step 4: Design of flexural reinforcement

Factored moment at column face (in either direction):

Mu = 336.13x2.8x1.175x1.175/2 = 649.72 kNm

𝑀𝑢 649.72𝑋106
=>R=𝐵𝑑2 = = 0.55𝑀𝑃𝑎
2800𝑋6192

(𝑃𝑡)𝑟𝑒𝑞 20
=> = 2𝑋415 [1 − √1 − 4.598𝑋0.55/20 ]= 1.56X10−3
100

Ast,,min = 0.0012BD = 0.0012 x 2800 x 700 = 2352 mm2

=>Ast,reqd = 0.156 x 2800 x 700/100 = 3057 mm2

Using 12 mm ∅ bars, number of bars required = 3057/ 201 = 28

[corresponding spacing s = {2800 – (40 x 2) – 12}/(28 –1) = 100 mm is acceptable.]

Provide 28 nos 12 mm barsboth ways as shown in Fig

For 12∅ bars in footing, Ld =47.0 X12 = 564 mm

Length available = 2350 – 40 = 2310 mm > 752 mm. Hence is safe.

Step 5 : Transfer of force at column base

Factored compressive force at column base:

Pu = 2000x1.5 = 3000 KN.

Limiting bearing stress at column-footing interface,

fbr, max = 0.45fck√𝐴1/𝐴2

for column face, fck = 20 MPa, A1 = A2 = 4502 mm2

=>fbr, max - col = 0.45 x 20 x 1 = 9 MPa

23
for footing face, fck = 20 MPa, A1 = 30002 mm2, A2 = 4502 mm2

30002
=>√𝐴1/𝐴2= √ 4502 = 6.67, limited to 2.0

=>fbr, max- ftg = 0.45 X 20 X 2 = 18.0 MPa

Evidently, the column face governs, and fbr, max = 9 MPa

=> Limiting bearing resistance Fbr = 9 X4502 = 1822.5KN <Pu = 3450 kN

=> Excess force (to be transferred by reinforcement):

∆Pu = 3000 – 1822.5= 1177.5 kN

This may be transferred by reinforcement, dowels or mechanical connectors.

24
Step 6: Detailing

Fig.7 Detailing of Footing

25
6.2 Design of Column

The building consist of 14 groups of column. The design of group I column is shown
below:

Design parameters (Column Group = C1)

Columnsize = 450 mm × 450 mm

Axial force diagram Bending Moment Diagram

Factored load Pu = 2000 kN,

Mux = 116 kNm

Muy = 116 kNm.

The unsupported length =4.5m.

M 20 concrete and Fe 415 steel.

Given:

Dx = Dy = 450 mm

l = 4500 mm

26
Pu = 2000 kN

Mux = 116 kNm

Muy = 116 kNm

fck = 20MPa

fy = 415MPa

Step 1: Slenderness Ratios

Assuming an effective length ratio of 0.85 for the braced column,

lex = ley = 0.85 × 4500 = 3825 mm

=>lex/Dx = ley/Dy = 3825/450 = 8.5< 12

Hence the column may be designed as a short column.

Step 2: Check minimum eccentricities

Applied eccentricities: ex =ey = 116 × 103/2000 = 58 mm

Minimum eccentricities as per Code Equation:

𝑒 𝑙 𝐷𝑥
𝑥,𝑚𝑖𝑛={ 500+30
20𝑚𝑚
𝑙 𝐷𝑦
+
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑦,𝑚𝑖𝑛= {500 30 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
20𝑚𝑚

ex, min = ey, min = 4500/500 + 450/30 = 24> 20 mm

As the minimum eccentricities are less than the applied eccentricities, no modification to
Mux, Muy is called for.

Step 3: Trial section:Longitudinal reinforcement

Designing for biaxial eccentricity with Pu = 2000 kN and

Mu = 1.15 √𝑀𝑢𝑥 2 + 𝑀𝑢𝑦 2

27
 = 1.15√1162 + 1162 = 188.6 kNm

Assuming d’ = 60 mm

d’/D = 60/450=0.133≈0.15

2000x10 3
Pu/fckbD= 20x 4502 = 0.493

188.6x106
Mu /fckbD2= 20x 450 3 = 0.103

Referring to chart 44 of SP:16 (equal reinforcement on all sides),

p/fck = 0.105 , =>preqd = 0.105 × 20 = 2.1

Provide #4- 25 ø and #8-20 ∅ bars

As= 4476.76 mm2> 4252.5 mm2. The arrangement of bars is shown in detailing.

Biaxial moment capacities: Mux1, Mux2 [Here, due to symmetry, Mux1 = Mux2]

Pu/FckbD =0.493

pprovided = 4476.76 × 100/4502 = 2.21%

=> p/fck = 2.21/20 = 0.11

d' = 40 + 8 + 25/2 = 60.5 mm (assuming a clear cover of 40 mm and 8 mm ties)

=>d’ D = 60.5/450 = 0.134 ≈ 0.15

Referring to Chart 44 (d`/D= 0.15),

Mux1/fckbD2=0.15

=>Mux1 = Muy1 = 0.15 × 20 × 4503

= 274 kNm

which is significantly greater than Mux = 116 kNm and Muy = 116 kNm

Values of Puz and∝n

Puz = 0.45fck Ag + (0.75fy – 0.45fck) Asc

28
 = (0.45 × 20 × 4502) + (0.75 × 415 – 0.45 × 20) × 4476.76

= 3175.6 kN

=>Pu/Puz = 2000/3175.6 = 0.63 (which lies between 0.2 and 0.8)

0.63−0.2
=>∝𝑛 = 1 + (2.0 – 1.0) = 1.72
0.8−0.2

Step 4 : Check safety under biaxial loading

116 116
( 𝑀𝑢𝑥/𝑀𝑢𝑥1)∝𝑛 +( 𝑀𝑢𝑦/𝑀𝑢𝑦1 )∝𝑛 = ( 274)1.72+(274)1.72

=0.456 < 1.0

Hence, the trial section is safe under the applied loading.

Step 5: Transverse reinforcement

The minimum diameter ∅t and maximum spacing stof the lateral ties are specified by the
Code Equation:

∅𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔,𝑚𝑎𝑥/4
Tie diameter ∅𝑡 ={
6𝑚𝑚

𝐷
Tie spacing 𝑆𝑡 ={ 16∅𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔,𝑚𝑖𝑛
300𝑚𝑚
25
= 6.25𝑚𝑚
∅𝒕 >{ 4
6𝑚𝑚

=>Provide 8∅ ties

𝐷 = 40𝑚𝑚
𝑠𝑡 <{16𝑋20 = 320𝑚𝑚
300𝑚𝑚

Provide 8 ø ties@ 300 c/c distance

29
Step 6: Detailing

Fig.8 Detailing of Column

30
6.3 Design of Beam

The building consist of more than 2000 beams. The design of ground floor (GB001)
shown below:

Size of beam = 300x450mm

Span =7.5m

Bending Moment Diagram

Shear Force Diagram

Moment = 130.24kNm

Shear = 92.06kNm

M 20 concrete

Fe 415 steel.

clear cover as 30 mm.

Step 1 :Effective span

31
b= 300 mm

D = 500 mm (span/10).

Let d = D– 30 = 470 mm.

Therefore, Effective span,

7.5m(distance between supports)

l ={
(7.5 − 0.3) + 0.47 = 7.67 (clear span + d)

Taking the lesser value (as per Code), l= 7.5m

Mu,lim = 0.36x.48(1-0.42x.48)300x4502x20 = 135.1kNm

Mu <Mu,lim ; singly reinrorced

Step 2: Determining (Ast)reqd

Mu 130.24x106
R=bd2 = 300x4502 =2.14Mpa

Pt fy Pt
R =0.87 f y(100) [1 − fck x 100]

Pt Ast 20 4.598x2.14
Solving this quadratic equation in terms of pt,(100) = = 2x415 [1 − √1 − ]=
bd 20

0.905x10−2

=>(Ast)reqd= (0.905x10-2)x300x450 = 1097.3 mm2

No. of bars = 1097.3/ (𝜋/4x162 ) =4.7 = 5nos

Step 3: Design Checks

(a) For strength in flexure

Actual d = 450 – 30 – 8 – 16/2 = 404 mm.

100𝑋1005.3
=>pt= = = 0.74>ptreq
300𝑋450

0.74 415 0.74

=>MuR= 0.87x415x 100 [1 − ( 100 )] x300x4502
20

=137.3kNm> 𝑀𝑢 = 130.24𝐾𝑁𝑚,Hence safe

32
(b) For deflection control

For pt= 0.74, and

𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑟𝑒𝑞 944.99
Fs=0.58Fy[𝐴𝑠𝑡,𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣] =0.58x415x1005.3 =226.25 N/mm2

kt= 1.12 (from Fig. 4 of Code )

and, as pc= 0 (singly reinforced beam), kc= 1

(l/d)max = 20x1.12x1 = 22.4mm

(l/d)prov=7500/470=15.95mm< (l/d)max

Hence safe.

Check adequacy of section

𝑉 92.06𝑥103
Nominal shear stress𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 300𝑋404 = 0.75MPa<𝜏𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =2.8Mpa

Tc =0.6Mpa

𝜏𝑣 >Tc ;shear reinforcement required

Shear resistance of vertical stirrups 8∅ 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑

0.87𝑥415𝑥100.48
19270 = 760.34 𝑚𝑚
𝑆𝑉 ≤ ( )
404
0.75𝑑 = 0.75x450 = 337.5𝑚𝑚
{ 300𝑚𝑚

Choose sv = 300 mm

33
Step 5: Detailing.

Fig.9 Detailing of Beam

34
6.4 Design of Half turn stair

Datas:

Room size: 5.5m x 3.4m

Floor height: 4.5m

Live load: 4 KN/m2

Functional design:

Rise, R = 200mm; Tread, T = 250mm;

Sec Ø = (2502+2002 / 250= 1.28;

No. of risers = H/R = 4500/200 = 23;

No. of risers in each flights = 12;

No. of treads per flight = 11;

Length of going = 250 x 11 = 2750mm;

Width of landing at the end = 5500 – 3300

= 2200mm;

Span of Flight 1 = 3300+2200+300= 5800mm;

Span of Flight 2 = 5800mm;

1. Type: One-way single span, two edges are fixed.

2. Span: 5.8 m horizontal

3. Imposed load: LL = 4 kN/m2

DL = 1 kN/m2

4. Trial depth: L/d =20 for simply supported

Percentage of Steel, Pt = 0.45%, load is heavy on stair

Modification factor, α =1.23 for steel of grade Fe 415

35
Allowable L/d ratio, = 1.23 x 20 = 24.6;

Required effective depth, L/d =5800/24.6 = 235.77

= 240 mm;

Assuming d’ = 20 mm for Fe 415,

Provide d = 240+20 = 260mm;

5. Load:

Self-weight = 25 D SecØ

= 25 x .25 x 1.28 = 8 kN/m2

Weight of step = 25 R/2 = 25 x .20/2

= 2.5 kN/m2;

Imposed load = 1+4 = 5 kN/m2;

Total working load = 8+2.5+5

= 15.5 kN/m2;

Total design load = 1.5 x 15.5

= 23.25 kN/m2;

6. Design moment:

Mu, max = Wu x l2/10

= (23.25x5.82)/10

= 78.213 kNm;

7. Check for concrete depth:

Mu,max = 2.07x1000x2402x10^-6

= 119.232 kNm> 78.213 kNm.Hence OK

36
8. Main steel bar required:

Percentage of Steel, pt = 0.5 x(Fck/Fy)x(1-√ (1-(4.6 Mu, max/ Fck bd2))*100

= 0.5 x (20/415) x (1-√ (1-(4.6x78.213x10^6/20x1000x2402) ) x100 m

= 0.41%; which is < assumed 0.45%. Hence OK.

Area of steel, Ast = 0.41x1000x240/100

= 984 mm2;

Provide 12 mm Φ bar

Required spacing of bars = 113x10^3/984 = 114.9mm ; So provide a spacing of 110 mm;

9. Distribution steel:

For Fe415, Pt, min = 0.12%

Therefore, Ast = 0.0012x1000x260

= 312 mm2;

Using 8 mm dia bars, spacing = 50.3x1000/312 = 161.2mm

Provide 8mm dia bars @ 160mm c/c distance

37
Detailing

Fig.10 Detailing of Stair

38
6.5 Design of Slab

Building consist of various groups of slab.

Plinth = 15 group

Ground = 15 group

First floor = 14 group

Second floor = 14 group

Third floor = 14group

Roof slab = 14 group

Design parameters (slab group = S1: ground)

lx=4.7m

ly=7.2m

live load = 4kN/m2

finish load = 1 kN/m2

M 20 concrete

Fe 415 steel.

Effective short span = 4700mm

Step 1: Effective depths

4700
Assume an effective depth d = 28𝑥1.5=111.9mm

With clearcover of 20mm and 10∅ bars,Overall thickness of slab,

D=111.9+20+10/2=136.9mm

=> Provide D = 150 mm

=>dx = 150 – 20 – 10/2 = 125mm

39
=>dy = 125– 10 = 115 mm

𝐿𝑦 7.315
r=𝐿𝑥 = 4.825 = 1.51

Step2: Loads on slab:

(i) self weight = 25 kN/m3X 0.15m = 3.75kN/m2

(ii) finishes=1 kN/m2

(iii) live loads=3 kN/m2

w= 8.75 kN/m2

=> Factored load wu = 9.375 X1.5 = 13.125kN/m2

Design Moments (for strips at midspan, 1 m wide in each direction)

As the slab corners are torsionally unrestrained, the Rankine-Grashoff method [Cl. D–2
of Code] may be applied:

short span: Mux = αxwulx2

long span: Muy = αywulx2

where ,

1 𝑟4 1.514
𝛼𝑥 = 8 [1+𝑟4 ] = [1+1.514 ]=0.1

1 𝑟2 1.512
𝛼𝑌= 8 [1+𝑟4 ] = [1+1.514 ] = 0.045

Mux= 0.1x13.125 x4.72 = 28.99kNm/m

Muy= 0.045x 13.125x 4.72 = 13.04kNm/m

Step 3: Design of Reinforcement

𝑀𝑢𝑥 28.99X106
Rx = 𝑏𝑑𝑥 2 = 1000𝑋1252 =1.85MPa

𝑀𝑢𝑦 13.04𝑋106
Ry= 𝑏𝑑𝑦 2 = 1000𝑋1152 = 0.5MPa

40
(𝑃𝑡)𝑟𝑒𝑞 (𝐴𝑠𝑡)𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 𝑓𝑐𝑘
= =2𝑓𝑦 [1 − √1 − 4.598𝑅/𝑓𝑐𝑘]
100 𝑏𝑑

(𝑃𝑡) 𝑥,𝑟𝑒𝑞 20
=2𝑋415=[1 − √1 − (4.598𝑋1.85)/20] =5.8X10−3
100

=> (Ast)x, reqd = 5.8x10−3 x1000 x125 = 731.38 mm2/m

1000𝑋78.5
=> required spacing of 10 ∅ bars = = 127.33 mm
731.38

Provide 130mm spacing

(𝑃𝑡) 𝑦,𝑟𝑒𝑞 20
=2𝑋415=[1 − √1 − (4.598x0.5)/20] =1.4x10−3
100

=> (Ast)y, reqd = 1.4x10−3x1000 x115 =181.45 mm2/m

1000𝑋78.5
=> required spacing of 10 ∅ bars = =432.6mm
181.45

Maximum spacing for primary reinforcement

= 3d or 300 mm

3𝑋125 = 375𝑚𝑚(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)

=(
3𝑋115 = 345𝑚𝑚(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)

10∅ @ 130𝑐/𝑐(𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)

Provide{
10∅ @240𝑐/𝑐(𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑛)

=>Ast,x=785 mm2/m

=>Ast,y=392.5 mm2/m

The detailing is shown in figure

Step 4: Check for deflection control

785
pt, x =1000𝑋125 X 100 = 0.62%

fs = 0.58 x 415 x 731.38/785 = 223.19MPa

=> modification factor kt = 1.68 (from Table 5.2 or Fig. 3 of Code)

=> (l/d)max = 20 x 1.68 = 33.6

41
 4700
(l/d)provided = = 31.33 < 33.6
150

Hence Safe .

Step 5: Check for shear

Average effective depth d = (125 + 115)/2 = 120 mm

Vu = wu(0.5lxn – d) =13.125 (0.5 x 4.7– 0.12) =29.26kN/m

=> 𝜏v = 29.26 x103/(1000 x125) = 0.203 MPa

pt = 0.62 => 𝜏c = 0.478 MPa

=>k𝜏c=1.6x0.478 =0.764> 𝜏𝑣 Hence, OK.

42
Step 6: Detailing

PLAN

SECTION

Fig. 11 Detailing of Slab

43
 CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION

The project on design of shopping mall was successfully completed with all the
designs, drawings, tables and details. The design was carried out satisfying all the
requirements. In order to ensure structural safety and eliminate wastage of materials the
design was completely based on relevant Indian standard codes.

Seismic load analysis were carried out in ETABS software. After finishing the
analysis the maximum value of parameters of all the combinations were taken as critical
load. This critical load was used in design of structural member. The structural drawings
were done with the help of AutoCAD.

We have completed this project to the best of our knowledge and ability. We
sincerely hope that the building will serve its purpose at its best.

44
REFERENCES

1. IS 456:2000, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete
(Fourth revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, July 2000

2. IS: 875 (Part 1) -1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part1, Dead Loads – Unit Weights of
Building Materials and Stored Materials (Second Revision), Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1989.

3. IS: 875 (Part 2) -1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Imposed Loads (Second Revision), Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1989.

4. IS: 875 (Part 3) -1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Wind Loads (Second Revision), Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi, 1989.

5. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures, General
Provisions and Buildings (Fifth Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi,
June 2002.

6. IS 13920: 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.

7. SP: 16-1980, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1980.

8. SP: 34, Hand Book of Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi, 1987.

9. Pillai, S.U. and Menon, D., Reinforced Concrete Design, Second Edition, Tata
McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, 2003.

45