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ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Power piping: typically found in Process piping: typically found in Gas transportation and
electric power generating stations, in petroleum refineries, chemical, distribution systems:
heating and cooling systems pharmaceutical, textile and paper piping transporting
plants products, predominantly
gas

Applicable: boiler external piping Exclusions: Exclusions:

from first joint up to and including
first block valve for boilers where:  piping systems pressure above  pressure vessels, heat
0 and less 105 kPa exchangers, pumps
 steam or vapor is generated nonflammable, nontoxic and not
over 100 kPa  metal temperatures
damaging to human tissues
below -28.88 Celsius
 high temperature water over  power boilers covered in BPV (-20 F) or over 232.22
1103 kPa and/or temperatures code and external piping Celsius (450 F)
of 120 Celsius covered in B31.1
 piping beyond
Excluding: fatigue due to pressure
 tubes, tube headers, crossovers customer's meter set
cycling
and manifolds of fired heaters assembly

 pressure vessels, heat  piping in refineries,

exchangers, pumps natural gasoline
Including: fatigue due pressure extraction, gas treating
cycling and thermal cycling plants

 vent piping to
substantially
atmospheric pressures

 wellhead assemblies

 proprietary items such

as equipment

 liquid petroleum
transportation
systems, slurry
transportation, carbon
dioxide and liquefied
natural gas piping
systems

Allowable stress: Allowable stress: Allowable stress:

 as per tables in Appendix A  as per Table A-1 and A-2  as per table Appendix
D times temperature
derating factor in table
841.116A
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

 shear to remain below 80%,  shear to remain below 80%,

bearing to remain below 160% bearing to remain below 160%
of allowable stress of allowable stress

 basis are same as ASME  basis for bolting, cast iron, other
section II Part D Appendix 1 material
except for cast iron and ductile
 flanges due to leakage below
iron
75%

 allowable stress of unlisted

material (not conforming
323.1.2) can not be used

Materials: material of unknown Materials: material of unknown Materials: material only as

specification shall not be used for specification shall not be used for per Appendix A
pressure containing components pressure containing components

Quality factor E: depending type of Quality factor E: depending type of Quality factor E:
weld, radiography and material weld, radiography and material depending type of weld,
radiography and material

Factor y: factor depending Ferritic,

Austenitic, Nickel and design
temperature

Factor W: weld strength reduction Factor W: weld strength reduction

factor factor

Factor f: stress range factor

Factor F: design factor

Factor T: temperature
derating factor,
compensate material
allowable stress values for
temperature, Table
841.166A

Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under internal pressure Pipe under internal
(104.1.2 and 104.1.4 (in creep)): (304.1.2): pressure (841.11):
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

P = internal design pressure P = internal design pressure P = internal design

pressure
D0 = outside diameter of pipe D = outside diameter of pipe
D = nominal outside
SE = maximum allowable stress, S = stress value for material diameter of pipe
including quality factor
E = quality factor S = specified minimum
tm = minimum required thickness yield strength
t = pressure design thickness
y = coefficient table 104.1.2A E = longitudinal joint factor,
y = coefficient, also from table
A = additional thickness to 304.1.1 table 841.115A
compensate threading, provide t = wall thickness
additional strength, corrosion W = Weld strength reduction factor
allowance F = design factor from
table 841.114A
W = Weld strength reduction factor
when in creep range, is 1 outside T = Temperature derating
creep range (table 102.4.7) factor from table 841.116A

Bend under internal pressure Bend under internal pressure Bend under internal
(102.4.5): (304.2.1): pressure (841.231):
For cold bends the
deflection of longitudinal
axis and the radius is
limited according table in
pipe under internal pressure where I paragraph 841.231
pipe under internal pressure where I
for intrados is: for intrados is:

Hot bends are to be

designed and
manufactured according
ASME B16.49, the internal
pressure rating shall not be
less than that which is
and I for the extrados is:
and I for the extrados is: calculated for straight
seamless pipe and the
intrados wall thickness
should be:

and at sidewall I = 1.0,

and at sidewall I = 1.0,
R = radius of pipe bend
R = radius of pipe bend
where the t the wall
thickness of the pipe is
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal pressure Elbows under internal
(102.4.5): (304.2.1): pressure (841.231?):
Elbows manufactured according Elbows manufactured according No specific design rules
standards listed in Table 126.1 are standards listed in Table 326.1 are are listed for fabricated
suitable for use at the pressure- suitable for use at the pressure- elbows
temperature ratings specified by temperature ratings specified by
such standards. such standards.
(Does this mean or allow
that an elbow can be
Elbows not according above Elbows not according above calculated according a
standards or for which design standards or for which design bend with uniform
formulas and not given in the code formulas and not given in the code thickness? Refer B31.3)
shall be based on calculations shall be based on calculations
consistent with the design criteria of consistent with the design criteria of
this code. These calculations shall this code. These calculations shall
be substantiated by one or more of be substantiated by one or more of
the means stated in A B C or D of the means stated in A B C or D of
104.7.2 (Does this mean or allow 304.7.2, or the elbow can be
that an elbow can be calculated calculated according the Bend
according a bend with uniform calculation, refer 304.2.2.
thickness? Refer B31.3)

Miter bends under internal Miter bends under internal Miter bends under
pressure (104.3.3): pressure (304.2.3): internal pressure
(841.232):
1. Only straight pipe calculations 1. When theta =< 22.5 deg than
required if: max. allowable pressure shall be the 1. If system hoop stress >
lesser of (t = T - c): 40% of specified minimum
yield strength miter bends
are not permitted.
Deflections caused by
2. Pressure shall be limited to 70 misalignment up to 3 deg
kPa if: and are not considered as
miters.
or
2. If 10% < hoop stress <
and thickness is not less than 40% SMYS the deflection
required for straight pipe 2. When theta > 22.5 deg than max. of each miter shall not
allowable pressure shall calculated exceed 12.5 deg.
3. Pressure shall be limited to 700
as (t = T - c): 3. If hoop stress < 10%
kPa if:
SMYS the total deflection
and angle shall not exceed 90
deg.
and thickness is not less than
required for straight pipe For all miter bends the R1 shall not 4. If hoop stress > 10%
be less than: SMYS the distance
4. For pressure over 700 kPa: proof measured at the crotch
test, FEA, etc required with a defined shall not be less than one
minimum for closely spaced and pipe diameter
widely spaced miter bend
with A:
(T-c) =< 13 mm → A = 25
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

13 < (T-c) =< 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)

(T-c) > 22 mm → A = 2(T-c)/3 + 30

Reducer under internal pressure Reducer under internal pressure Reducer under internal
(104.6): (304.6.1(b)): pressure (831.373):
1. Flanged reducer according Table 1. Reducers according Table 326.1 1. Steel butt welded fittings
126.1 are considered suitable at the shall be considered suitable for use shall comply with ASME
specified pressure temperature at established pressure-temperature B16.9 or MSS Standard
ratings. ratings or corresponding straight Practice and shall have
pipe with 87.5% of nominal wall pressure and temperature
2. Where butt welding reducers are thickness. ratings based on stresses
made to a nominal pipe thickness, for pipe of the same of
the reducers shall be considered 2. Concentric reducers not listed in equivalent material
suitable for use with pipe of the Table 326.1 may be designed (831.31b)
same nominal thickness. according closures as per ASME VIII
div.1 2. Other pressure
3. Components not covered by the containing components
standards listed in Table 126.1 shall 3. Eccentric reducers not listed in shall be designed the
be based on calculation consistent Table 326.1 are qualified as unlisted according design
with this code. Calculations are to be components and shall be designed philosophy of this code
substantiated by one of: and documented substantiated by substantiated by one of:
one of:
- extensive, successful service - extensive, successful
experience - extensive, successful service service experience
experience
- experimental analysis - experimental analysis
- experimental analysis
- proof test - proof test
- proof test
- detailed stress analysis, such as - engineering calculations
finite element analysis - detailed stress analysis, such as
finite element analysis 3. Closure heads such as
(Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 flat, ellipsoidal, spherical or
acceptable?) (Is ASME VIII div.1 UG32 conical heads are allowed
acceptable?) for use under this code.
Such items may be
designed in accordance
with ASME VIII div.1
(UG32).

Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal pressure Stubon under internal
(104.3.1(D)): (304.3.3): pressure (831.4 and app.
F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is (Fig. F-5):

= angle between branch and run = angle between branch and run

with A is additional
thickness for corrosion and excess header, with reinforcement by header
tolerances, tmh from straight pipe
calculation (104.1.2)
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

header
excess area, with reinforcement by branch
with

attached
reinforcement, weld area
and other area
attached reinforcement, weld Assessment:
branch area and other area
excess
Assessment: Area A2 and A3 to be
multiplied by the ratio of
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied allowable working stress,
tr is reinforcement pad thickness by the ratio of allowable working maximum multiplication
stress, maximum multiplication factor factor is 1.0 (para.
weld area is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3)) 831.4(f))

area reinforcement ring

area saddle on right angle

connections
Assessment:

Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be

multiplied by the ratio of allowable
working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para. If then
104.3.1(D.2.3))
assess

If then assess

Tee (extruded outlet) under Tee (extruded outlet) under Tee (extruded outlet)
internal pressure (104.3.1(G)): internal pressure (304.3.4): under internal pressure
(831.4 ref. App. F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is

K = 1.0 when K = 1.0 when

 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

K = 1.0 when d/D > 0.60

K= when K= when K = 0.6+(2d)/(3D) when
0.15 < d/D <= 0.60
K = 0.7 when d/D <= 0.15
K = 0.7 when K = 0.7 when

reinforcement by header
reinforcement by
header reinforcement by header reinforcement by branch
with
reinforcement by reinforcement
branch with by branch with

excess
branch area
excess excess
branch area branch area Assessment:

Assessment: Assessment:

If then
assess

If then assess

Weldolet (branch) under internal Weldolet (branch) under internal Weldolet (branch) under
pressure (104.3.1(D)): pressure (304.3.3): internal pressure (831.4
ref. App. F):
Required reinforcement area is Required reinforcement area is
Required reinforcement
area is (Fig. F-5):

reinforcement by
header, with reinforcement by header, with

reinforcement by header

reinforcement by branch
with

reinforcement by attached
branch with reinforcement by branch with
reinforcement, weld area
and other area

with Assessment:
with
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Area A2 and A3 to be
= thickness pad or height of 60 = thickness pad or a height of 0
multiplied by the ratio of
deg angle fitting with in
allowable working stress,
reinforcement material = area provided by deposited maximum multiplication
weld metal and attached factor is 1.0 (para.
= area provided by deposited reinforcement 831.4(f))
weld metal
Assessment:
excess weldolet area in
Area A2, A3 and A4 to be multiplied
reinforcement zone
by the ratio of allowable working
Assessment: stress, maximum multiplication factor
is 1.0 (para. 304.3.3(f3))

Area A2,A3, A4 and A5 to be

multiplied by the ratio of allowable
working stress, maximum
multiplication factor is 1.0 (para.
104.3.1(D.2.3))

Cap under internal pressure Cap under internal pressure Cap under internal
(104.4.1(B)): (304.4.1(b)): pressure (831.372 and
831.373):
Can be calculated with ASME VIII
div.1 UG-32 app.1-4 Can be calculated with
Can be calculated with ASME VIII ASME VIII div.1 UG-32
div.1 UG-32 app.1-4 app.1-4

L = radius dish

L = radius dish r = radius knuckle L = radius dish

r = radius knuckle r = radius knuckle

or

or or

Flat closure under internal Flat closure under internal Flat closure under
pressure (104.4.1(b)): pressure (304.4.1(b)): internal pressure
(831.373):
Can be calculated with ASME VIII Can be calculated with ASME VIII
div.1 UG 34 div.1 UG 34 Can be calculated with
ASME VIII div.1 UG 34
… …
…
 ASME B31.1 (2008) ASME B31.3 (2008) ASME B31.8 (2007)

Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal pressure Flange under internal
(104.5.1(B)): (304.5.1(b)): pressure (831.2):
Can be calculated according ASME Can be calculated according ASME Allowed to use:
VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3 VIII div.1 app. 2 using B31.3
allowable stresses and temperature allowable stresses and temperature ASME B16 series as listed
limits with: limits with: in Appendix A such as
B16.5.
= design gauge pressure = design gauge pressure Also MSS SP-44.

= bolt design stress at = bolt design stress at For slip-on welding flanges
atmospheric temperature atmospheric temperature reference is made to
ASME VIII div.1 design.
= bolt design stress at design = bolt design stress at design
temperature temperature
Can ASME VIII div.1 be
= product SE = product SEW used for calculation?

Blind flange under internal Blind flange under internal Blind flange under
pressure (104.5.2(B)): pressure (304.5.2(b)): internal pressure:
Can be calculated according ASME Can be calculated according ASME
VIII div.1 UG-34 with: VIII div.1 UG-34 with:
Can ASME VIII div.1 be
used?

= sum of allowances = sum of allowances

= internal design gauge pressure = internal design gauge pressure

= product SE = product SEW

= pressure design thickness as per = pressure design thickness as per

ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34 ASME VIII div. 1 UG-34

Blanks (spade) under internal Blanks (spade) under internal Blanks (spade) under
pressure (304.5.3(B)): pressure (304.5.3(b)): internal pressure:

Can ASME VIII div.1 be

used?
= sum of allowances = sum of allowances

= inside diameter of gasket = inside diameter of gasket