Chapter 1 - Stress Distribution in Soil

1
Lecture 01
Chapter No 01
Stress Distribution in Soil

Prepared by:
Engr. Mamoon Kareem
BSc (Civil), UET Taxila
MS (Water), NUST Isb.
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Wah, Wah Cantt.

Stress Distribution in Soil
1. Concentrated Load
2. Uniform Load
Prepared by:
Engr. Mamoon Kareem
Department of Civil Engineering
University of Wah, Wah Cantt.

Outline
• Introduction
• VERTICAL PRESSURE BELOW A CONCENTRATED LOAD
• Westergaard Equation
• Boussinesq Equation
• VERTICAL PRESSURE BELOW A UNIFORM LOAD
• Approximate Method
• Theory based on Elastic Theory
• Uniform Load on Circular Area
• Uniform Load on Rectangular Area
Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Introduction
Distribution of Pressure
The pressure’s magnitude

decreases with
increasing depth.

Vertical Pressure below a Concentrated Load
1. Westergaard Equation
1 − 2μ
P
2 − 2μ
p= 3
1 − 2μ r 2 2
2πz 2 +
2 − 2μ z
where p = vertical stress at depth z
P = concentrated load
µ = Poisson’s ratio
z = depth
r = horizontal distance from point of application to point at which
p is desired
• p is sometimes referred to as the vertical stress increment because it

represents stress added by the load to the stress existing prior to
application of the load.
• The stress existing prior to application of the load is the overburden

pressure.

• If Poisson’s ratio taken to be zero,

2. Boussinesq Equation
3𝑃
𝑝= 5
𝑟 2 2
2𝜋𝑧 2 1+
𝑧
• These equations give stress ‘p’ as a function of both the vertical

distance z and horizontal distance r.
• For low r/z ratios, the Boussinesq equation gives higher values of p
than those resulting from the Westergaard equation.
• The Boussinesq equation is more widely used.
Equations in terms of Stress Influence Factors
• Westergaard Equation
• Boussinesq Equation

Values of Iw and IB
for different values
of r/z can also be
determined from
the graph.
Example 01:
• Given:
A concentrated load of 250 tons is applied to the ground surface.
• Required:
The vertical stress increment due to this load at a depth of 20 ft directly below
the load.
• Solution:

Example 02:
• Given:
A concentrated load of 250 tons is applied to the ground surface.
• Required:
The vertical stress increment due to this load at a point 20 ft below the ground
surface and 16 ft from the line of the concentrated load
• Solution:

Approximate Method

Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Loaded Circular Area
Uniform Load on a Rectangular Area
The influence coefficient is multiplied
by the uniform load applied to the
rectangular area to determine the
pressure at depth z below each corner
of the rectangle.
For influence coefficient, read Table
using m and n.
𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

Influence Coefficients for Points under Uniformly Loaded Rectangular Area
Uniform Load on a Rectangular Area
It is sometimes necessary to
determine the pressure below a
rectangular loaded area at points
other than directly below a corner
of the rectangular area.
For example, it may be necessary to

determine the pressure at some depth
directly below the center of a
rectangular area or at some point
outside the downward projection of
the rectangular area.
Example 03:
• Given:
A 15-ft by 20-ft rectangular foundation carrying a uniform load of 4000 lb/ft2
is applied to the ground surface.
• Required:
The vertical stress increment due to this uniform load at a point 10 ft below
the corner of the rectangular loaded area.
• Solution: For influence coefficient,
read Table using m and n.

Example 04:
• Given:
A 20-ft by 30-ft rectangular foundation carrying a uniform load of 6000 lb/ft2
is applied to the ground surface.
• Required:
The vertical stress increment due to this uniform load at a point 20 ft below
the center of the loaded area.
• Solution: For influence coefficient,
read Table using m and n.

Example 05:
• Given:
1. A rectangular loaded
area ABCD shown in
plan in Figure.
2. The load exerted on
the area is 80 kN/m2.
• Required:
Vertical stress increment due
to the exerted load at a depth
of 3 m below point G.
Example 05:
• Solution:
Load on 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
= Load on 𝐷𝐸𝐺𝐼
− 𝐴𝐸𝐺𝐻 − 𝐶𝐹𝐺𝐼 + 𝐵𝐹𝐺𝐻
For influence coefficient, read Table

using m and n.
𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Thank you …
… for paying attention

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1

Stress Distribution in Soil

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Wah, Wah Cantt.

Department of Civil Engineering

University of Wah, Wah Cantt.

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

The pressure’s magnitude

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

• p is sometimes referred to as the vertical stress increment because it

• The stress existing prior to application of the load is the overburden

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

• If Poisson’s ratio taken to be zero,

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

• These equations give stress ‘p’ as a function of both the vertical

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

For example, it may be necessary to

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

For influence coefficient, read Table

𝑝 = 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 × 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 Geotechnical Engineering II Department of Civil Engineering,

… for paying attention

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