The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES)

||Volume||2 ||Issue|| 8 ||Pages|| 18-29||2013||

ISSN(e): 2319 – 1813 ISSN(p): 2319 – 1805

RAFTA2011, the Innovation Of The Manufactured Floating
House Model: A New Concept Of Waterfront Settlements For
Flood Risk Reduction
In Indonesia
1
Karyadi Kusliansjah, 2Yasmin Suriansyah
1
(Doctoral Candidate in Architecture Department of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia).
2
(Doctoral Candidate in Architecture Department of Parahyangan Catholic University, Bandung, Indonesia).

----------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT ------------------------------------------------------------
The influence of global warming appears to worry to the world and Indonesia, especially the effects of floods
happening at the riverside that potentially cause losses. Indonesia is an archipelagic country threatened by
such a risk because its geographical zone is spread across a very active tectonic area, beside it the longest
beach having some waterfront settlements in 300 cities located near rivers or coasts. Most of the dwelling
houses in the areas are kampongs, stilted houses, and marginalized traditional floating houses.This study is
intended to contribute to risk reduction of floods, through manufactured innovation in RAFTA2011’s floating
house model, and develops a new setting of waterfront settlements that are healthy, safe, ecological and
relatively inexpensive. The research outcome supports integrated design development and opportunity for
growth in new related industries. RAFTA2011 based with qualitative-quantitative design research methods at
Martapura riverside in Banjarmasin, supported by The Higher Education-Kopertis-4-DP2M, Competitive
Research Grants Programme.

KEYWORDS: Floods, RAFTA2011, Riverside, Banjarmasin.

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Date of Submission: 6 , August ,2013 Date of Acceptance:25,August ,2013
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I. INTRODUCTION
Natural disasters such as flood and earthquakes have occurred more frequently in Indonesia lately.
These disasters have caused considerable losses and are a burden to both the affected communities and the
government. Natural hazards need to be considered by various parties. To find a solution to reduce the burden
of the loss, they need tips and innovations of academic concepts.

1.1.Environmental Balance, Control of Natural Disasters.

The effect of global warming and tectonic seismic activity has become a cause for alarm all over the
world. This impact has increased flooding in coastal and river banks. This feeling of anxiety stands to reason
for Indonesia. The result tends to drown out most areas of the water edge. Two of the basic reasons are:
1.Indonesia is an archipelago that has the longest beach in the world. The geography consists of a highly active
tectonic zone. This is due to three major plates of the earth and the nine other small plates that meet in
Indonesia. The meeting formed pathways of complex plates. Interaction between these plates positioned over
Indonesia as a potential area is highly prone to earthquakes. 1 2.Since the beginning of human civilization is
likely to evolve in the waterfront area, such as a river, lake or ocean. The edge of a pedestal region becomes
the main human settlements. As a result of global warming the tide gauges, as well as may increase change the
cycle of the seasons. In recent years the impact had the power to sink the water's edge deep into the ground.
Other causes for worry include the projects that considerably worsen the natural balance of the decline. Habits
of forest conversion have caused deforestation in the headwaters. Compaction of development on the banks of
the river cause the river has shortened body. All discharges of waste water and rain water tend to flow directly
to the river. The fact above is likely to make the waterfront an area prone to floods. If a natural disaster occurs

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there, it certainly raises the material and non-material losses for society. To control natural disasters,
especially on the very edge, spatial policy developments need to be considered.

1.2. Threatening Flood, City Need Solution

Banjarmasin is the capital of South Kalimantan. This
waterfront city is known as the city with a thousand rivers. The city is
located on the banks of the Barito which the biggest river and cut by
the Martapura river. The lowest city height was 16 cm under sea
level. The city condition became flooded due to the effect of the
hydrodynamic flow in the Barito river and ocean tides, thus influence
to the land makes this city very critical sinks when extreme flooding
attack. Within constraints these puddles are inevitably unavoidable for
the river city. Given the changes in extreme natural environments, it
becomes a challenge for a revolutionary architectural design to create a
new concept for living in the water environment. The waterfront
settlements need a new innovative concept, to design waterfront
Fig.1.Banjarmasin city map
villages with many floating houses and conducive urban infrastructure
source: Bappeda Banjarmasin,2009
sufficiently equipped to deal with the extreme tide.

The research purpose is to find a new architectural design solution for prone waterfront areas. The
results of this study are innovative designs for a floating house model to be manufactured. RAFTA is an
abbreviation for the riversides. This innovation is also expected to contribute to society in Indonesia’s critically
flooded regions. RAFTA becomes an option for a model for waterfront housings today, which can reduce any
level of losses due to flood in safe, healthy and ecological. RAFTA innovation research has developed typical
traditional floating houses for a model on the banks of the river Martapura in Banjarmasin. The RAFTA model
is recommended as a solution to many waterfront cities in Indonesia and as a new concept for developing the
waterfront settlements, particularly focusing on the problems faced by tidal banks that face extreme conditions,
being exposed toflood-prone fluctuations (not the flash floods or tsunamis).

1.3. Research Problems

Two challenging research problems are: 1.On a macro scale, such as the implementation of
regulatory policies on spatial and urban development; 2.On a micro scale, such as architectural design
innovations for housing on the river banks which is extremely flood-prone. From the above problems the
following research questions can be formulated:
(1).What measures can be taken to reduce the level of natural catastrophe losses for people in flood prone areas
in Indonesia riverbanks?
(2).How to support the improvement of quality and services of providing healthy houses that are safe,
ecological and relatively inexpensive on the river banks?
(3).How can the shape of the RAFTA model innovations be in accordance with the requirements stated in
question 2 above?

1.4. Research Objectives and Benefits

Objective: Conduct on architectural academic study of waterfronts to find solutions for city housing
problems on the river banks and develop a new innovative concept for manufacture of the floating house
model (RAFTA 2011). The house model is conditioned to face extreme floods and earthquakes, especially on
Indonesian river banks. It qualifies as a healthy, safe, ecological, and relatively inexpensive house, which is
effective for: 1.The residents of waterfront villages, such as fishermen, shrimp farmers, ranchers, farmers
farming, farmers and miners, rock salt miners and the like. 2. The base camp officer for field research
activities, mining exploration or estuary guardian, or a protected forest on the edge of the water / river. 3.The
flood refugees after the natural disaster, for the quick provision of shelter. Architectural studies objects and
observes water village contexts located on the river banks of the Martapura river, Banjarmasin water city,
South Kalimantan. Benefits of product development in an integrated RAFTA 2011 model for many of the

following are:
(1). For the community: - As healthy floating house choices that reduce losses at flood prone areas. - Open
new jobs in the floating house component industry, for expeditions, field technicians and so on.

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(2). For private investors: - Develop technology for the floating house industry and the market prospects, -
Provision of the floating houses quality, health, safety, and ecological aspects.
(3). For the Local Government of the city: Increased Regional Budget Revenue from the city taxes and
levies sector; Support programmes to create new jobs; Improve environmental quality in integrated and
development efforts to flood prone riverbanks in an orderly fashion.
(4). For Cooperatives: Providing healthy housing through alternate social gathering for members of the
cooperative enterprise; Being a sub-field of cooperatives of fishermen,fish farmers; Providing healthy
homes through alternate social gathering for members of the cooperative unions, and so on.
(5). For the Banking sector: Distibution of industry, investor, suppliers capital loans; Distribution of
cooperative capital loans; Distribution of housing investment loans.

II. METHOD
Attempts to answer research objectives through innovative architectural design using quantitative
and qualitative methods for interpretative design by research have been applied. Stages of the research and
design of this architecture are as follows: 1. Studies and comparative literature, to find information and insight

Scheme 1. Approach and Innovation of the Architectural Design Research

(Source: Karyadi, 2011)
FLOATING 4
THEORETICAL 1 ARCHITECTURE:
3
ASPECTS:  Archimedes principle of 6
 Architecture law
 The works of architecture ARCHITECTURAL
 Principles of earthquake
DESIGN:
 Place resistant structures THE
 Environmental aspects of
physical spatial river city RAFTA
CONTEXTUAL  The enabling technologies 2011
ASPECTS: MANUFACTURED MODEL
 Natural phenomena TECHNOLOGY:
 Tidal river  Subbase structure
 Earthquake 2  Upper structure 5

into viable technology; 2.Observation of field problems, data collection at the site; 3. Exploration,
assessment and testing the feasibility of the main material for the innovation model; 4. Preparation of design
concepts for RAFTA models, for flood-prone riverbanks; 5. Designing pre-plan RAFTA models for the study
sites; 6. Calculation of the structure and buoyancy RAFTA models, the burden of exposure to tidal waters and
winds at the sites; 7.Making animation and design mockups of RAFTA models; 8. RAFTA development of
design models; 9. Making mock laboratory test models of RAFTA; 10. Preparation of research reports and
RAFTA design models; 11.P ublication of research results through seminars on RAFTA models in architecture
journals. This activity is approached through: 1.Theory; 2. Context; 3. Architectural Design, to: Aspects a):
forms and natural phenomena; Aspects b): of the physical environment of urban spatial streams; and Aspects
c): enabling technology.

2.1. Theoretical Approach

The essence of architecture is the art and science of constructing buildings. Architecture is made
possible by the desire of man in space to explain its order through building forms in the broadest sense2. A
work of architecture is a synthesis of the various forms of restrictions and possible opportunities in the design.
There are three steps to be taken by people to establish their built environment3, namely: 1. People nust realize
their built environment in accordance with the understanding of the natural surroundings. 2. People are
encouraged to complete sections that are considered less than perfect, so as to achieve a satisfactory level or
one deemed fit. 3. People tend to use symbolism to elevate their understanding into a more general level, by
means of new media.Through these three steps, the meaning of a place is created. That is the kind of place that
gave birth to the identity or characteristics of a place, or a place that has a certain spirit. As Schulz was
thinking about the sense of place and the genius loci, the context of the river city is supposed to be felt in the
lives of architecture and city layout. A theoretical approach builds a foundation for understanding the
relationship between the medium of places and the medium of architectural works. A distinction should be
made between architecture and works of architecture. An architectural work is a synthesis of architectural
design decision results
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elaborating the concept of reflection to the context of a place and the location of the natural
environment where the architecture is located. What is the relationship, between the medium condition and
one another’s, supporting the realization of alternative forms - functions – constructions. The theoretical
approach is applied to the design concepts, conducive to extreme floods on the riverside of Banjarmasin city.

2.2. Contextual Approach

Space will be meaningful as a place if the context of local culture is taken into account4. This
understanding is necessary for the physical design of a certain place. The river is a natural formation that
divides the mainland, and may be the primary element of a city structure. The physical-spatial meeting place
for water and land is a boundary (edge) called the waterfront. The character of the surface of the water's edge is
the slope of the water bodies ashore. So there is a physical space that is flooded and others that are dried in the
form of land. The spatial context restricts and gives an opportunity for architectural design. The attitude of the
architectural designer to architecture of the city to the river should assess the typology of buildings and
locations conducive to the character of this nature. This contextual approach will be made through three
particulars or circumstances:1. Natural phenomena; 2. Plug-low tide conditions; 3. Earthquake-related
conditions.

2.3. The Banjarmasin City Contexts

Banjarmasin city is divided into parts by a river, namely the large river Martapura and some
medium and small-sized rivers, as well as a number of the city's canal systems (Banjar tradition distinguishes
these as Anjir, Handil and Saka), which has been built by J.J.Meijer since 1890, in the era of Dutch colonial
government. The physical context of Banjarmasin city is a the lowland (16 cm below the surface of the sea)
and tidal conditions positioned high and low the water surface of the river caused by the effect of the
hydrodynamic Barito river flow to branches of the river’s tributaries. The water rises and the overall
environment is partially submerged low under midnight tide conditions, eliminating the territorial limits as
boundless. The image quality of the living environment’s physical shape if receded is significantly different in
the daytime and in the evening, the position of the river’s low tide. The tidal environment fields two urban
characteristies (wet and dry), because there is no city water management system. Architectural design
important to noticed this context tidal, for positioning the height limits and building materials dry decent
there. Their people had long been part of a culture dependent on aquatic life from the transport of water,
floating markets, shower-toilet-washing, to live on the river, and on the banks of the river or on land.

The lanting house is traditional floating house of architecture typology in this area, in addition to its
architecture of houses on stilts along the banks of the river. Both types of floating houses and houses on stilts
are a form of the Banjar residential community’s attitude towards tidal river, each day commemorate local
settlements, due to the hydrodynamic pressure effect of the Barito river flow, which affects all boils down to the
river there5.The phenomenon of flooding had already become a regular customer to this city throughout the
year. Flood prone areas in the city are inevitable since the tide submerged due to global warming. According to
the study, the projected sea level rise will increase from the year 2010, 2050, up to 2100, will rise 0.934 meters
from the present, which tends to eliminate 115 islands located in Indonesia, including the third city of
Banjarmasin 6. The predicted spatial physical city will be faced with a flooded neighborhood domination.
Mainland cities will have high density and should be utilized more efficiently, to support the need for
agricultural land.

2.4. The Role of Architectural Design Confronting Flood Disaster-related Phenomena

The development of Banjarmasin city has tended to change the culture of aquatic life to landline life
culture. The river’s spatial orientation and water transport have been replaced by access roads. The river also
tends to bear the brunt as the city and residential waste disposal become shallower. Techniques to build houses
people tend to turn away from the water to hoarding soil under the house to raise the surface. The conditioning
has constricted and eliminates the city's canal system leading to eliminated tributaries, due to trapped water
(breaking up the flow of the river). The soil-bound architecture has become the severed people's choice as a
trend to build their houses in the city. Another aspect is the difficulty of local communities in getting material
logs to pads floating houses and wooden poles for the home underpinning, due to the high price, which caused
people to switch to homes made of cement. The architectural floating house type also tends to be abandoned as
an option for building houses.

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If floods submerge the land, living in the water returned to space of choice architecture development
in river city that are prone to be submerged. The problem is how to address the architectural paradigm of place
in the context of floods? Architectural paradigms attached to soil-bound places (such as houses touching the
land) are no longer suitable for flooded regions due to tidal conditions. The type of stage house becomes
limited to high scantling stages. If the water level continues to rise extremely, ultimately the limit of the stage
floor will be flooded as well. Just imagine the urban special phenomena bound to occur if the solution to hold
out against floods only consists of continuously raising the masts for houses on stilts or else to survive by
erecting dams and artificial hydrological entities called polders. Conceivably, urban spatial phenomena that
occur, if only the dissolution continues raise houses on stilts or survive to build dams and polders city. How
much energy will this take and what is the cost to the community and city management? A number of
questions related to architectural design and architecture of the city need to be addressed to find a solution for
this case. How physical spatial structure of urban space and architectural form of houses stage must address the
phenomenon when the tide happens to be more extreme? How should access be positioned from building to the
road network and other cities? The three schemes 3, 4 and 5 below illustrate the formation and natural
phenomena, the effect of the floods and attitude towards architectural design tide and earthquake. Natural
phenomena causing extreme flooding of the influence of global warming, illustrated in scheme 3. Schemes 4
and 5 show the type of architecture that is more conducive to buoyancy and one that would minimize the risk
of the condition of flood and earthquake oscillations.

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Architectural Design Approach
The architectural design approach analyzes several aspects as follows: 1.Spatial physical
environment of water-city, and 2.Conducive technology, to gain the alternative of the floating architecture
model appropriate to the Martapura riverbank, Banjarmasin. Observing settlements along the Martapura river
banks fields, three categories of residential architectural order forms that characterize the city's architectural
and cultural environment, nomelly: 1.Applying the context of water-land, the architectural order based on
aquatic life with the architectural typology of floating houses, such as a lanting house (Banjarese traditional
floating house). 2.

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Adapting the context of water-land, the architectural order that regards the river only as part of the
spatial orientation of the house, for example lifted houses lined orthogonally along most Martapura riverbanks,
Banjarmasin. 3. Controlling the context of water-land, the architectural order is not oriented toward the river
but to the land and only employs the river as drainage and accommodates waste disposal. Settlements on the
banks of the river and likely formed by water villages consisting of a row of raised houses with a proximate
and solid order, oriented to the road or the ‘gertak’ as wooden bridge and turning or facing the river space.
This arrangement is affected by the river tidel. Construction of the stage or raised houses is supported by quite
high columns.

The threat of an extreme flood condition being higher than the supported column height, this house
will certainly be flooded. The observations show the development of the raised houses environment into the
wet, muddy, dirty and unhealthy, environment especially when the water recedes. The quality of this proximate
and solid order is poor, because it was built by random, spontaneous patchwork, which closes the view to the
river from the road, and became susceptible to fires.

3.2 Floating Architecture

Floating architecture is the architecture capable of floating in the water and maintaining a
functional floor height above the water surface when exposed to high tide or flood. Floating architecture
categories evolved from the typological floating house, ranging from floating settlements to the typological
floating city. The floating house is typologically a from of buoyant residential architecture that can float on the
water surface, such as a raft house, lanting house on the Martapura River, floating houses, or amphibious
houses in Holland. The type of floating house forms a potential to be developed to deal with the phenomenon
of the increased threat of flooding as a result of global warming because it is easy to adjust the height position
when floods strike, with minimal risk of causing material loss to the occupants.

Floating house is not a ship. The floating house is an architectural product in principle related to its
location. The location context takes into consideration orientation the spatial comfort arrangement for indoor
and outdoor space of the houses for the residents. In tropical climates such as in Indonesia, the location context
is an important consideration for the comfort of the room arrangement of orientation inside and outside spaces
of the house. The orientation position of the sun in the area determines the zone position of all functional space
and conditioning the coverage. For example, to make a decision of northward house orientation, the north
facade will be positioned as the front of the house, as well as determining the order in which space functions.
Thus the east side will be allocated for the room that requires the morning sun and the western side will be
occupied by a space conducive to receiving warm afternoon sun. Similarly, the south side will be adjusted to
the supported zone and services for the house. The attachment to a place establishes the principle of
architectural design leading to decisions. It is not the same in designing a ship or vehicle positioned to move
freely, changing orientation in all directions.Based on this principle, architectural paradigms either define an
architectural work or not. Therefore, architectural design of the floating house must be bound to a certain
place. If the water as the architectural built environment then let the water become a part of the floating
household life, which bring forth a distinctive water-bound local culture.

3.3. Traditional Floating House Buildings in Indonesia

Kalimantan floating houses models are known as lanting houses, that is a traditional raft house the
Banjarese in South Kalimantan with a floating rafts foundation built on a structured arrangement of large trees
trunks, and always locked by waves from ships going up and down the river. Current lanting houses (a few
were found in the Martapura River), can still be found inhabiting many other rivers of Kalimantan. Similar
types were also found in the Musi River in Palembang, South Sumatra, or Batanghari River Jambi, as the Raft
House. The lanting houses on the Martapura river Banjarmasin are known to have the following
characteristics: 1.A shaped gable ridge; 2.A float platform of three large log trunks; 3.A base floor construction
above an ironwood girder located above a pumice base; 4.The wall of boards or kajang (sunshade of bamboo
laths or palm thatch), which are: woven palm leaves or bamboo laths; 5.Traditional floating houses moored on
the river banks of gertak, whose condition is now likely marginalized, the less sought after by people who are
turning to a landed-house type. Constraints faced by residents to build traditional floating houses are
difficulties in obtaining large log wood to make a floating bearing, in addition to the high price. Efforts to
replace pads with floating bamboo did not last long. Another factor is the policy of building setback lines
border along the river implemented by the municipal city government, which has complicated floating house
development along the river.
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3.4. Principle of Floating

The driving vertical force is due to the weight of an object on the water, such as archimedes' principle: any
object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight ofthe fluid displaced
by the object7. the balance principle applies to the floating house. the float condition is due to of the
enforcement balance of vertical force, and will experience movement or shock by tensile lateral force due to
river water stream pressure or flooding. The water surface is dynamic, whose condition is greatly influenced by
the flow of its generator that causes the horizontal and vertical thrust force. The horizontal thrust is caused by
differences in elevation, the wind blowing on the water surface that bring forth the flow of waves, and also
generated by moving objects (boats, and so on). The tensile force of galactic objects, especially the sun and the
moon to the earth, generates the tide of the sea, or the extreme by tsunamis that occurred because of volcanic
eruptions or tectonic earthquakes at sea. Dynamic conditions of water surface influence the forces that strike to
floating objects in the water, as shown in the following scheme 6 and figure 2.

3.5. Conducive Materials in Technology Development for Floating Houses

The growing industry of construction materials potentially can be exploited for the development of
the floating houses type today. Exploration of building materials alternatives to obtain the type of insulated
polyurethane foam (PU) panels, which meet the RAFTA criteria, namely: 1.It more have: light, heat and cold
insulation elements; 2.It must lot easy to set up: spliced, giving a visually clean impression, easy to maintain;
and 3.Ecological aspects: environmentally non-polluting, water resistant and impermeable, non-corrosive;
4.Security aspects: strong, durable, non-flammable, and 5.Aspects of the market: easily available and relatively
inexpensive, having been in mass production as a building material on the market. This material can be
developed as the RAFTA innovation model, which has now been produced domestically (in Indonesia). The
form of panels that have been tested, as a product of the World Isopanel that has been applied to be
manufactured for telecommunication shelter, cool storage and its like, and which can be assembled quickly.
Components of the material and model construction of RAFTA 2011 are as set out in Table 1 bellow.

Table 1. Materials of RAFTA 2011

Source: Karyadi, 2010
Sub-Structure Material of RAFTA 2011 Upper-Structure Material of RAFTA 2011
Floor construction Galvanished Steel Roof Zinkalume
Anchor Galvanished Steel Ring Pipe Roof Truss Light steel Construction
Floating platform PVC Ceiling PU (poly urethane) panel
Reservoir PVC Wall panels PU panel
Bio-septictank PVC Floor panels GRC Panel
Platform pad Galvanished Steel Bridge accesses Galvanished Steel Ring Pipe

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Fig.3. Anatomy of RAFTA 2011

Source: Karyadi K. et al, 2010

3.6. RAFTA 2011 Model

The RAFTA 2011 Model is an innovation design of the floating house model for the waterfront,
which was built as assemblies of manufactured production parts able to float and maintain its functional floor
height above the water surface, when exposed to high tide or flood. This RAFTA model is also conditioned to
stay bound up on the environment order in the formal orientation and formation, and in addition no physical
damage is caused by national disasters, including the impact of earthquakes (not tsunamis). Lightweight and
easily transportable, it can be built quickly and when mass produced it is relatively inexpensive

3.7. Innovation Design Concept of the RAFTA 2011 Model

The concept of the RAFTA model innovation responds to all of the threats of flooding and improves
the quality of the order and the building of settlements on the Martapura river banks, Banjarmasin. The
RAFTA 2011 model innovation includes research and design of RAFTA’s systems and components, such
as:1.A spatial system, a study of the needs of minimal space area for activities, relationships and organization
of space, requirements of residential space and ecological environment; 2.A structure system, a structure of
calculations, buoyancy, construction system study, covering the terms of strength, balance and stability in
flexibility, security against local climate conditions, floods and earthquakes strike (not a tsunamis); 3.Materials
system, a study of the model is major material alternatives, which meet the criteria of design innovation aspects
of waterfront architecture; 4.A utility system, a model of installation, flexibility and elasticity of the network
(such as network and water tanks, sewage tanks, toilet sewage tanks, drainage, electricity, and waste disposal);
5. A manufactured system, a study of the production technology of the proposed design of RAFTA building
components (sub and upper structure) and joint-construction systems between building components, such as:
holder base components and binder anchor systems, floor panel components, construction of building frame
components, wall panel components/space partition, door-window components, ceiling components, roof truss
components and roofing components; 6.A construction system, a study of techniques to build and assemble the
components in the field location, and the ease of transporting, lifting and packing material from transportation
risks. The scope of RAFTA includes the design concept; Macro scale concept: RAFTA settlements
arrangement on Martapura river banks; Micro scale concept: RAFTA 2011 unit.

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Macro Scale concept, a design concept of the RAFTA innovation model’s settlement arrangements
are expected to provide a solution to the problem of the Martapura river banks order, namely: built up as a
tight and solid structure that closes the view to the river from the land, and saturated condition which is dirty
and not ecological. The settlement concept of RAFTA 2011 solved the problem of these environmental quality
constraints and weaknesses. Criteria for the waterfront settlement formation (Variant 1 and Variant 2): 1.The
form of the waterfront settlement unit is a cluster with the capacity of RAFTA 16-32 units; 2.Non-tight
arrangement provides open space between the building from the land into the rivers and the ecologically
conditioning maximum sunlight to the bottom of the building in the water; 3.Being able to anticipate the flood,
the cluster structure is conditioned to go up and down automatically. 4.Ecological waterscape, government and
RAFTA residents are required to develop the culture of water and maintain the river between the units;
5.Access to housing through the
floating bridge and gertak, patterned perpendicularly from the road ended at the river dock to tie up
the boat and socializing space. For variant 2 is equipped with a connection among the floating bridge on the
river. 6. RAFTA units are complemented with bridge accesses, which are moored to the floating bridge. For
each mooring unit available electrical connections outlet and water supply through a flexible pipe, the network
is propagated along the bridge from the land.The concept of the RAFTA waterfront settlement order proposed
two models: Variant 1.RAFTA is on the river banks and variant. 2. RAFTA combination is on the river banks
and in the river. The results of the residential design development of RAFTA 2011, are shown in Figure 4.

Micro Scale concept: The innovation concept design of RAFTA 2011 unit models is expected to
provide solutions to marginalized problems of the floating house type, and improve the quality of
thespontaneous raised houses type on the Martapura river banks. Design concepts of RAFTA unit implement
the three architectural principles, flooding environmental context, and technological innovation of industrial
building components, namely:1.Architectural paradigm bound place; 2.Taking into consideration the
environmental aspect on the banks river that and up and down due to the tides and floods; and 3.Using the
principle of self-assemblage from fabricated components, to facilitate the distribution of the RAFTA,using
general goods transport vehicles to the site. Design concepts are divided into two: 1.Concept of sub-structure;
2.Concept of upper-structure. The criteria for sub-structure concept are: 1.Bound to place; and 2.Being able to
float when the tide strikes and turns down back into its place when the water receded. The results of sub-
structure design innovation of RAFTA, designed not to use foundation and poles, but using: 1.A floating

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platform; 2.A pad for the floating platform; 3.An automatic anchor; 4.Fastener in the ground of river, in order
to stand still. In sub base construction is placed: 5.Ground reservoir; 6.Bio-septic tanks and networks using
flexible pipes. The criteria of upper-structure concepts are: 1.Floating houses whose minimum standard size is
T-22: 2. Space program consists of: a living room serves as a multipurpose room, completed with pantry of a
2.3 x 4.6 m2 areas, a bedroom of 2.3 x 3.5 m2 area, bathroom and toilet of 2.3 x1.1 m 2 area. 3. Upper structure
construction consists of principally the assemblies of manufacted components made up of these components: 1
floor panels, 2. Non-structural columns and beams, 3.Wall panels, 4.Doors and window frames, 5.Roof
skeleton, 6.Ceilings tile, and 7.Roof cover.

Fig.5. Sub-Structure Construction Component

3.8. Innovation Design of RAFTA 2011 Model.

The results of innovation proposed two variants of the RAFTA 2011 model for flood-prone water
residential on the Martapura riverbanks, Banjarmasin in South Kalimantan, Indonesia, namely: 1.A new
architectural design of floating house is the RAFTA 2011Model; 2.Sub-structure construction components of
the RAFTA 2011Model; 3.Upper-structure construction components of the RAFTA 2011Model; 4.Variant 1
waterfront settlement for the RAFTA 2011Model; 5. Variant 2 waterfront settlement for the RAFTA 2011
Model.

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IV. CONCLUSION
4.1. Macro Scale:
Policies for spatial development of the city on the river banks needs to develop a water management
system of the city, no longer following the tidal fluctuations that lead to more extreme situations. Keep the
city's canal system restoration and construction of the canal in the right place. Develop the residential order of
RAFTA 2011 as well regulate the tight and solid raised houses or spontaneous houses in flood-prone
riverbanks.

4.2. Micro Scale:

The solution can be supported from the research result of innovation design of RAFTA 2011 model,
to answers the research questions above, as follows:
1. The RAFTA 2011 prototype, as new design concept to reduce the level losses of natural disasters for
waterfront settlements on the Martapura river banks, in Banjarmasin.
2. The RAFTA 2011 prototype can support the improvement tradisional floating houses quality to healthy
safe, ecological and relatively inexpensive, and socialize it with the local city government.
3. Two variants shape of the RAFTA 2011 model as the innovations design of floating house model suitable
for flood-prone riverbanks,
4. To develop industrial manufactured components of the RAFTA 2011 model and provide services.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This publication is a report on the final stage of the research results in 2011 for journals and
seminars.On this occasion the authorial team wishes to thank:
[1] The Directorate Of Research And Community Service (DP2M) Of The Directorate General Of Higher
Education, The Ministry Of National Education Of The Republic Of Indonesia,
[2] Coordinator Of Private Higher Education - Region 4 (KOPERTIS-4), West Java As DIPA Funders,
[3] Board Of Development Planning (BAPPEDA) Of Banjarmasin City, Settlements, Water Resources
Planning Office As Sources Of Data And Information
[4] Research Institutions And Community Service (LPPM), Faculty Of Engineering And Architecture
Department Of Parahyangan Catholic University, As Facilitator, Motivator And Research Team Builders.

ENDNOTES
[1] Irsyam, Masyhur, et al, 2010, Peta Hazard Gempa Indonesia sebagai acuan dasar perancanaan dan perancangan
infrastruktur tahan gempa, Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum.
[2] Tjahyono, Gunawan, et al, 2009. Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia, PT.RajaGrafindo Persada, Jakarta.
[3] Schulz, Christian Noberg, 1980 Genius Loci, Academy Educations, London.

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 RAFTA 2011,The innovation of the …

[4] Trancik, 1986, Finding Lost Space Theories of Urban Design John Wiley and Sons.
[5] Subiyakto, 2005.
[6] Susandi, Armi, et al, 2008 Proyeksi Kenaikan Air Laut: Meteorological Studies Program, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia,
[7] Archimedes of Syracuse, 212BC Archimedes principle, www.archimedes.com, www.google.com, 28 Maret 2008,

REFERENCES
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Astuti, House Improvement and Healthy Environment Workshops for Traditional Riverside Community,
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Research Reports:
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