Impact of Mangrove …1

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

The effects of climate change could be devastating to

vulnerable coastal and marine areas as well as to the function

and structure of their ecosystems. Increasing sea level (1, 7

mm/year) changes the shape of coastlines, contributes to coastal

erosion and leads to flooding and more underground salt-water

intrusion. This prompted the Anilao National High School, Science

Technology Engineering and Mathematics students for the SY. 2021-

2022 made up a plan to combat climate change through Capstone

Project by having a Coastal Clean Up and Mangrove Planting

activity. The activity happened last June 12, 2022 at Brgy.

Pantalan, Anilao Iloilo.

Planting mangroves can reduce shoreline erosion and can

protect coastal communities against coastal flooding, high winds

and waves, and tsunamis. Mangroves are a group of trees and

shrubs that live in the coastal intertidal zone. There are about

80 different species of mangrove trees. All of these trees grow

in areas with low-oxygen soil, where slow-moving waters allow

fine sediments to accumulate. Mangrove forests only grow at

 Impact of Mangrove …2

tropical and subtropical latitudes near the equator because they

cannot withstand freezing temperatures.

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/mangroves.htm

Mangroves also provide natural infrastructure and protection

to nearby populated areas by preventing erosion and absorbing

storm surge impacts during extreme weather events such as

hurricanes. Since Barangay Pantalan's coastal area is hazardous

the ANHS-STEM students really aims to lessen the danger of storm

surge and floods in the said community. They believe planting

mangroves could save thousands of lives.

Given the challenges in mangrove conservation, a

collaborative research study was undertaken to synthesize the

best practices and challenges in mangrove rehabilitation in the

Philippines, Myanmar, Japan, China and India. Further, this study

endeavored to develop mangrove rehabilitation

frameworks/guidelines by distilling the best practices and

lessons learned from the secondary information, participatory

assessment of the outcomes of rehabilitation treatments in field

in selected areas and collaboration of multi-country team of

researchers, as supported by the Asia Pacific Network for Global

Change Research (APN).

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Statement of the problem

1. What factors influence the cultivation of mangrove plants?

2. How does mangrove planting cause impact to the coastal

areas?

3. Does mangrove planting have a significant impact to the

coastal areas?

Hypotheses

1. The main factors that influence the cultivation of mangrove

plants are salinity, temperature, sea level, nutrients

availability, and the pH level of the water.

2. Mangrove planting is a natural coastal defense that acts as

a barrier that blocks pollutants, prevents the sea water

from rising, stabilizes shorelines and minimizes the

effects of the harsh sea weathers.

3. Mangrove planting has a significant impact to the coastal

areas.
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CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter contains the ideas, the completed thesis,

generalizations and findings, techniques and other information.

The word Mangrove is considered to be a combination of the

Portuguese word "Mongue" and the English word "Grove". Mangroves

are defined as the salt-tolerant plants of tropical and sub-

tropical intertidal regions and are referred to as mangroves. The

specific regions where these plants occur are termed mangrove

forests. These areas are highly sensitive and extremely

productive but fragile. Mangroves are salt-tolerant complex plant

communities occurring in sheltered coastline areas in the

tropical and sub-tropical intertidal regions of the world. It is

an uncommon habitat located at an interface between the coastal

land and the sea. The world's most productive ecosystems are the

mangrove forests along the coastline. The mangrove forests are

often regarded as tidal forests, coastal woodlands, or oroceanic

rainforests. They are woody plants that normally grow in bays,

 Impact of Mangrove …5

lagoons, estuaries, and backwaters where the river reaches

upstream to the point where water remains saline. They are

associated with plants, organisms, microbes, and fungi that

constitute the mangrove forest community. The muddy and sandy

sediments of the mangroves provide a habitat for a variety of

infaunal, microfaunal, and epibenthic species. The water channels

within the mangrove forest support phytoplankton, zooplankton,

and fish communities. They can survive in a very wide range of

salinity, tidal range, wind and temperature. Mangroves are highly

variable conditions of lifestyle, making them profusely rich in

biodiversity. There are special physicochemical characteristics

of mangrove environments such as tidal currents, winds, salinity,

temperature, etc. and they are able to adapt to all types of

adverse conditions except frost. As a result, mangroves are

distributed mostly in the tropical regions of the world.

It is widely recognized that mangrove ecosystem services

have a range of values for people, as noted in most of the

rehabilitation papers reviewed. Barbier et al. (2011) provided a

detailed review of estuarine ecosystem services and many papers

provided a general review of the multiple roles of mangroves in

supporting aquaculture and fisheries, in providing timber and

 Impact of Mangrove …6

fuel, in regulating atmospheric carbon and in protecting

shorelines (e.g., Kairo et al. 2001; Bosire et al. 2003;

Winterwerp et al. 2013) or listed specific services (e.g., Moberg

and Ronnback 2003; Chen et al. Most of the research reviewed

referred to various stresses. At a global level, Duarte et al.

(2009) listed changes in human activity (between 1970 and 2005)

that impacted coastal ecosystems, referring to mangroves as the

‘last port of call’ for impacts from terrestrial systems, that

is, mangroves receive the cumulative effects of human activity.

According to Barbier et al. (2011), mangroves are coastal

forests that inhabit tidal areas along sheltered bays, estuaries,

and inlets in the tropics and subtropics throughout the world.

Mangroves are salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in the

sheltered marine intertidal zones of the tropics and subtropics.

As a whole, mangroves are capable of thriving in a wide range of

harsh environmental conditions and share unique adaptive traits

such as salt-excreting leaves, an exposed breathing root system,

and the production of viviparous propagules (Robertson and

Alongi, 1992; Long and Giri, 2011). Mangroves are relatively well

known for their floral diversity, which is comprised of only 65–

69 species of vascular plants,

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CHAPTER 3

Methodology

Mangrove serves as the filtering pollutants and traps

sediment originating from land, on top all mangroves serve as a

biodiversity hotspot, with three-quarters of all tropical fish

born against mangrove roots. In line with this, the Anilao

National High School Science, Technology, Engineering and

Mathematics students conducted a study entitled “Impact of

Mangrove Planting" at Brgy. Pantalan, Anilao, Iloilo.

The study will establish the effect of planting mangroves in

Brgy. Pantalan, Anilao, Iloilo. Thirty-eight STEM students and 2

teachers conducted a mangrove planting at the coastal area of

Brgy. Pantalan, Anilao, Iloilo. Planting mangroves can reduce

shoreline erosions and can protect coastal communities against

coastal flooding, high winds and waves, even tsunamis.

The planting of mangroves was conducted on the 12th of June

2022 in the coastal area of Brgy. Pantalan, Anilao, Iloilo

between 13:00 and 15:00. One of the student bring the seedlings

that will be planted there. Each student was told to bring 5

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sticks which measures 2 feet and some binder to make the seedling

or small mangrove stand strong to grow bigger.

Each student was given 5 mangrove seedlings that will be

planted on the coastal areas of Brgy. Pantalan, Anilao, Iloilo.

There are 38 STEM students who participated activity. Therefore,

there will be 190 mangrove seedlings that are planted on the said

area.

CHAPTER 4

Results

Mangroves preserve water quality and reduce pollution by

filtering suspended material and assimilating dissolved

nutrients. The tree is the foundation in a complex marine food

chain and the detrital food cycle. Mangroves can protect

coastlines by decreasing the risk of flooding and erosion.

Mangroves also support livelihoods and reduce social

vulnerability by providing resources such as fish. Many coastal

habitats, including mangroves, can protect people and property

from the damages caused by storms, sea level rise and king tides.

Enhancing the productivity of existing degraded and fragmented

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forests should also be pursued by filling-in forest openings. It

may be desirable to pursue mangrove planting along the seaward

edge because of competing land uses. To increase the success rate

in such areas, plantings should be protected against strong

waves, wastes, and debris. For example fences and protective

nets. In such case, it would be better if pneumatophore-producing

taxa and those better adapted to seafront conditions were planted

before other species.

Conclusion

The purpose of the study was to determine the impact of

mangrove planting to coastal areas. It was concluded in the study

that the main factors that influence the cultivation of mangrove

plants are salinity, temperature, sea level, nutrients

availability, and the pH level of the water. Mangrove planting is

a natural coastal defense that acts as a barrier that blocks

pollutants, prevents the sea water from rising, stabilizes

shorelines and minimizes the effects of the harsh sea weathers.

Mangrove planting has a significant impact to the coastal areas.

Recommendation
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The researcher’s will to conduct this study gave them many

ideas on how they can be one to save Mother Earth. To future

researchers you can get information here if you plan to make

another study about mangrove planting.

Attachments