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    Chapter 2 Micro

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    Emma Lilly
    This document provides information about molecules of life, including water, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It discusses the structure and properties of water molecules and how they are able to form hydrogen bonds. It describes the basic structures of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and explains some of their key functions in living organisms.

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    Chapter 2 Micro

    Uploaded by

    Emma Lilly
    14 views40 pages
    This document provides information about molecules of life, including water, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It discusses the structure and properties of water molecules and how they are able to form hydrogen bonds. It describes the basic structures of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and explains some of their key functions in living organisms.

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    Chapter two microbiology

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    This document provides information about molecules of life, including water, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It discusses the structure and properties of water molecules and how they are able to form hydrogen bonds. It describes the basic structures of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and explains some of their key functions in living organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views40 pages

    Chapter 2 Micro

    Uploaded by

    Emma Lilly
    This document provides information about molecules of life, including water, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. It discusses the structure and properties of water molecules and how they are able to form hydrogen bonds. It describes the basic structures of carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, and explains some of their key functions in living organisms.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 40

    CHAPTER-2

    MOLECULES OF LIFE
    Water Chemistry
    All living organisms are dependent on
    water.

    The structure of water is the basis for its


    unique properties.

    The most important property of water is


    the ability to form hydrogen bonds.
    2
    Water Chemistry
    Within a water molecule, the bonds between
    oxygen and hydrogen are highly polar.

    Partial electrical charges develop:


    - oxygen is partially negative
    - hydrogen is partially positive

    3
    Water Chemistry
    Hydrogen bonds are?

    Hydrogen bonds can form between water


    molecules or between water and another
    charged molecule.

    4
    Water Chemistry

    5
    Properties of Water
    1. Water has a high specific heat.

    2. Water has a high heat of vaporization.

    6
    Properties of Water
    3. Solid water is less dense than liquid
    water.

    4. Water is a good solvent.

    7
    Properties of Water
    5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.
    - hydrophilic:
    -hydrophobic:
    - Water causes hydrophobic molecules to
    aggregate or assume specific shapes.

    6. Water can form ions.


    H2O  OH-1 + H+1
    hydroxide ion hydrogen ion
    8
    Carbohydrates
    Molecules with a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon,
    hydrogen, oxygen
    -empirical formula: (CH2O)n
    -examples: sugars, starch, glucose

    C – H covalent bonds hold much energy


    Carbohydrates are good energy storage
    molecules.
    9
    Carbohydrates
    Glucose
    -a monosaccharide – single sugar
    -contains 6 carbons
    -very important in energy storage
    -fructose is a structural isomer of glucose
    -galactose is a stereoisomer of glucose

    10
    Carbohydrates

    11
    Carbohydrates

    12
    Carbohydrates
    Disaccharides
    -2 monosaccharides linked together by
    dehydration synthesis
    -used for sugar transport or energy
    storage
    -examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose

    13
    Carbohydrates

    14
    Carbohydrates
    Polysaccharides
    -long chains of sugars
    -used for energy storage
    -plants use starch; animals use glycogen
    -used for structural support
    -plants use cellulose; animals use chitin

    15
    Carbohydrates

    16
    Nucleic Acids
    Two types: DNA and RNA

    Functions: specialized for the storage,


    transmission, and use of genetic
    information

    17
    Nucleic Acids
    Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
    -nucleotides:
    sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
    -sugar is deoxyribose in DNA
    or ribose in RNA
    -Nitrogenous bases include
    -purines: adenine and guanine
    -pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine, uracil
    18
    Nucleic Acids

    19
    Nucleic Acids
    DNA
    -nucleotides connected by phosphodiester
    bonds
    - double helix: 2 polynucleotide strands
    connected by hydrogen bonds
    -polynucleotide strands are complementary
    -genetic information is carried in the
    sequence of nucleotides
    20
    Nucleic Acids
    RNA
    -contains ribose instead of deoxyribose
    -contains uracil instead of thymine
    -single polynucleotide strand
    -functions:
    -read the genetic information in DNA
    -direct the synthesis of proteins

    21
    Nucleic Acids
    Other nucleotides
    -ATP: adenosine triphosphate
    -primary energy currency of the cell

    -NAD+ and FAD: electron carriers for many


    cellular reactions

    22
    nucleotides and nucleic acids
    There are four different nitrogen-
    containing bases in DNA and RNA:

    A = adenine
    C = cytosine
    G = guanine

    T = thymidine in DNA
    U = uracil in RNA
    Molecules of Life:

    Remember - in DNA:

    A always pairs with T

    G always pairs with C

    pairing is due to
    hydrogen bonding
    nucleotides and nucleic acids

    Information flow in a cell:

    DNA  RNA  protein

    DNA = library RNA = photocopy

    Each amino acid of a protein is encoded by


    a group of 3 DNA nucleotides (a codon)
    nucleotides and nucleic acids

    DNA: ATG CCG TCC ACG GGA TTT TAA

    RNA: AUG CCG UCC ACG GGA UUU UAA

    Protein: met pro ser thr gly phe stop


    (start)
    Molecules of Life:
    proteins

    Composed of amino acids joined together


    in a specific sequence for each particular
    protein
    -- only 20 normally occurring amino acids
    Proteins
    Protein functions include:
    1. enzyme catalysts
    2. defense
    3. transport
    4. support
    5. motion
    6. regulation
    7. storage
    28
    Proteins
    Proteins are polymers of amino acids.

    Amino acids
    -20 different amino acids
    -joined by dehydration synthesis
    -peptide bonds form between adjacent
    amino acids

    29
    Proteins

    30
    Proteins
    Amino acid structure
    -central carbon atom surrounded by
    -amino group
    -carboxyl group
    -single hydrogen
    -variable R group

    31
    Proteins
    The shape of a protein determines its function.
    -primary structure – sequence of amino acids
    -secondary structure – interaction of groups in
    the peptide backbone
    -a helix
    -b sheet

    32
    Proteins
    Protein structure (continued)
    -tertiary structure – folded shape of the
    polypeptide chain
    -quaternary structure – interactions between
    multiple polypeptide subunits

    Protein folding is aided by chaperone


    proteins.
    33
    Proteins
    Denaturation is a change in the shape of a
    protein, usually causing loss of function.
    -may involve complete unfolding
    -caused by changes in the protein’s
    environment
    -pH
    -temperature
    -salt concentration
    34
    Proteins

    35
    Lipids
    Lipids are a group of molecules that are
    insoluble in water.

    A high proportion of nonpolar C – H bonds


    causes the molecule to be hydrophobic.

    Two main categories:


    -fats (triglycerides)
    -phospholipids
    36
    Lipids
    Triglycerides (fats)
    -composed of 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
    Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains
    which may be
    -saturated (solids at room temperature)
    -unsaturated (liquids at room
    temperature)
    -polyunsaturated (Liquids at room
    temperature)
    37
    Lipids
    Triglycerides
    -an excellent molecule for energy storage
    -store twice as much energy as
    carbohydrates
    -animal fats are usually saturated fats and
    are solid at room temperature
    -plant fats (oils) are usually unsaturated and
    are liquid at room temperature
    38
    Lipids
    Phospholipids -composed of:
    -1 glycerol
    -2 fatty acids
    -a phosphate group

    Phospholipids contain polar “heads”


    (hydrohilic or water-loving) and nonpolar
    “tails” (hydrophobic or water repelling).
    39
    Lipids
    Phospholipids spontaneously form micelles
    or lipid bilayers in biological or living
    cells.

    These structures cluster the hydrophobic


    regions of the phospholipid toward the
    inside and leave the hydrophilic regions
    exposed to the water environment.

    Lipid bilayers are the basis of biological 40


    membranes.

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