Fig. 6.14 Circular Waveguide
Fig. 6.14 Circular Waveguide
Fig. 6.14 Circular Waveguide
The waveguides of circular cross-section (Fig. 6.14) are used to transmit EM waves from one
point to another. Unlike rectangular waveguides, the circular waveguides do not have unique
orientation as it is perfectly symmetrical around the axis.
1. It is easy to manufacture.
2. They are used in rotational coupling.
3. Rotation of polarisation exists and this can be overcome by rotating modes
symmetrically.
4. TM01 mode is preferred to TE01 as it requires a smaller diameter for the same cut-off
wavelength.
5. TE01 does not have practical application.
6. For f > 10 GHz, TE01 has the lowest attenuation per unit length of the waveguide.
7. The main disadvantage is that its cross-section is larger than that of a rectangular
waveguide for carrying the same signal.
8. The space occupied by circular waveguides is more than that of a rectangular waveguide.
9. The determination of fields here consists of differential equations of certain type. Their
solutions involve Bessel functions.
10. Here also TE and TM modes exist.
The solutions for the Bessel function are obtained for certain values of Kc where these values of
Kc are known as eigen values. If Kc is to produce solution of the Bessel function, (Kcr) must be
the roots of the Bessel function. Then
Jn (Kcr) = 0
Phase constant,
where
and
The roots of the Bessel function for TM mode are shown in Table 6.1.
For circular waveguides, TE11 is the dominant mode. The propagation parameters for TEnm mode
are:
where
Guide wavelength,
Problem 6.11 If the radius of a circular waveguide r = 1.27 cm, f = 10 GHz, find the cut-off
wavelength for the dominant mode and phase constant. Assume that the waveguide is air-filled.
Take p′11 = 1.841.
m = 1, n = 1
Here
Problem 6.12 Determine the size of the circular waveguide required to propagate TE11 mode
if λc = 8 cm (ρ′11 = 1.841).
Solution We have
or,
POINTS/FORMULAE TO REMEMBER
λc for TE1 = 2a
Group velocity, phase velocity and free space velocity are related by v20 =vp vg
Attenuation of TE waves between parallel plates is
A rectangular waveguide is used as a radiator, a high pass filter, a transmission line and
feed element to an antenna.
TEM = TM00
For TEM, Ez = 0, Hz = 0
λg =λ, βg =β, η = η0, α = 0 for TEM
It is used for energy storage. As there is no propagation through the shorted ports, standing
waves exist inside the cavity. These resonators are used for various applications, particularly in
klystrons and wave metres.
Features of Resonators
1. A rectangular cavity (Fig. 6.13) is a rectangular waveguide whose open ends are shorted.
In this type of structure, standing waves, TE and TM waves exist.
2. Resonators are mainly used for energy storage. At high frequencies RLC circuit elements
are inefficient when used as resonators. This is because the dimensions of the circuits are
of the order of operating wavelength. Because of this, radiation takes place which is
undesirable.
3. The EM resonator cavities find extensive applications in klystron tubes, band pass filters,
wave metres and microwave ovens.
TM Mode (Hz = 0)
where
and
Here, we have three boundary conditions to solve the constants, C1, C2,…etc.
Ez = 0 at x = 0 and at x = a
Ez = 0 at y = 0 and at y = b
Ex = 0, Ey = 0 at z = 0 and at z = c
where Em = C2 C4 C5
or,
and
TE Mode (Ez = 0)
Where m = 0,1,2,3,…
n = 0,1,2,3,…
l = 0,1,2,3,…
Dominant Mode
Dominant mode is defined as the mode which has the lowest resonant frequency for a given
cavity size (a, b, c).
Degenerate Mode
Modes having the same resonant frequency are called degenerate modes. Ideally, the walls of the
resonant cavity have infinite conductivity. But practically, cavity walls have finite conductivity.
As a result, some stored energy is lost.
Quality Factor, Q
where ω = 2πf
WL = average power loss in a cycle
Wav = average stored energy
1. A completely closed metallic structure forms a cavity and it is called cavity resonator.
2. It stores energy.
3. TE and TM modes exist in the cavity.
4. In TE mode, Ez = 0 (z is propagation direction) and Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy and Hz are present.
5. In TM mode, Hz = 0 and Hx, Hy, Ex, Ey and Ez are present.
6. In cavities, the electric and magnetic fields do not propagate along z-axis but they
oscillate with time at a specified location.
7. The lowest order of TMmnl mode is TM110.
8. The resonant frequency of the lowest order TM mode is
Problem 6.8 A copper rectangular cavity resonator is structured by 3 × 1 × 4 cm. Find its
resonant frequency for TM110 mode.
a = 3 cm = 0.03 m
b = 1 cm = 0.01 m
c = 4 cm = 0.04 m
Solution For TM mode, the dominant mode is TM100. Its resonant frequency is
Here
For TE mode, the resonant frequency of the dominant, TE101 is
where
Problem 6.10 A copper walled resonant cavity is dielectric (∈r = 4) filled and its dimensions
are 5 × 4 × 10 cm. Determine the resonant frequency of TE101 and its quality factor.
a = 5 cm
b = 4 cm
c = 10 cm
and