Chapter 2

Waveguide
Chapter Outlines
Chapter 2 Waveguide

 Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals

 Waveguide Field Equations
 Parallel Plate Waveguide
 Rectangular Waveguide Modes
 Cylindrical Waveguide Fundamentals
 Cylindrical Waveguide Modes
 Resonant Cavity
 Dielectric Waveguide
Introduction

WAVEGUIDE  any structure that supports propagation of a wave.

In general usage:

 The term waveguide refers to constructs that only support non

TEM mode propagation, name in the TE and TM Mode.

It also unable to support wave propagation below a certain

frequency, or cutoff frequency
Introduction (Cont’d..)

A waveguide is another means of guiding the EM energy from one

point to another (same as transmission line). Some differences
between waveguide and transmission line (TLine) :

• TLine can only support TEM wave whereas waveguide can

support many possible field configurations.
Introduction (Cont’d..)

• At microwave frequencies (3 to 300 GHz), TLine becomes

inefficient due to skin effect and dielectric losses, but waveguides
are used at microwave frequencies to obtain larger bandwidth
and lower signal attenuation.

• TLine can operate above dc (f =0) to a very high frequency, but

waveguide can operate only above cutoff frequency and therefore
acts as a high pass filter.
Introduction (Cont’d..)

The most common waveguide types:

1.1 Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals

A cross section of rectangular waveguide is shown below:

• Propagation is in the +z direction or out
of page.
• Conducting walls  brass, copper or
aluminium.
• Chosen to be thick enough for
mechanical rigidity and several skin
depths over the frequency of interest.
• The inside wall  electroplated with
silver or gold to improve performance
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

The interior dimensions are a x b, where the longer side is a.

‘a’ dimension:
Determines the frequency range of the dominant, or lowest order, the
mode of propagation.
 Usually operates in lowest propagating mode, since higher order 
higher attenuation + difficult to extract from guide.
‘b’ dimension:
 Affects attenuation, smaller b has higher attenuation.
 Also sets the max power capacity
 Usually half of the ‘a’ dimension
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

Waveguide can support TE and TM modes, where:

 In TE Modes, the electric field is transverse to the direction of

propagation. Some magnetic field component in the direction of
propagation.

 In TM Modes, the magnetic field is transverse and an electric

field component must be in the propagation direction.
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

The order of the mode refers to the field configuration in the guide
and is given by ‘m’ and ‘n’ integer subscripts, as TEmn and TMmn.

The ‘m’ subscript corresponds to the number of half wave

variations of the field in x direction

The ‘n’ subscript corresponds to the number of half wave

variations of the field in y direction
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

In conjunction with the guide dimensions, m and n determine

the cutoff frequency for a particular mode.

2 2
1 m n
fcmn     
2   a  b

For conventional rectangular waveguide filled with air, where a

= 2b, the dominant or lowest order mode is TE10 with cutoff
frequency fc10 = c/2a
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

The relative cutoff frequencies for the first 12 modes of

conventional rectangular waveguide filled with air,

Location of modes relative

to the dominant TE10 mode
in standard rectangular
waveguide where a=2b.
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)
Example 1

Calculate the cutoff frequency for the

first four modes of WR284
waveguide.
Solution to Example 1

From table, the guide dimensions are a=2.840 inches and b=1.340
inches. Converting to metric units:

a  7.214 cm
b  3.404 cm
Therefore,
2 2
1 1 0 c 1
fc10        fc10  where u p  c
2  a b 2a 
Solution to Example 1(Cont’d..)

Then, we have:
3 108 m 100 cm
fc10  s  2.08 GHz
27.214 cm  1 m
This agrees with the cutoff frequency cited in table. Then :

c 3 108 m
100 cm
fc01   s  4.41 GHz
2b 23.404 cm 1 m
c
fc20   4.16 GHz not same with fc10 since a ≠ 2b
a
Solution to Example 1(Cont’d..)

and for the fourth mode,

3  108 m  1
2
  1
2
 100 cm
fc11  s    
2  7.214 cm   3.404 cm  1 m
 4.87 GHz
Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

The field pattern for two modes where E only varies in the x
direction, since n=0, the field is constant in the y direction.

The field patterns and

associated field intensities
in a cross section of
rectangular waveguide for
(a) TE10 and (b) TE20.
Solid lines indicate
electric field; dashed lines
are the magnetic field.
1.2 Waveguide Field Equations

Beginning with Maxwell’s equations, develop the time harmonic

field equations for rectangular waveguide. For simplicity,
consider the guide filled with lossless, charge free media and the
walls to be perfect conductors.

  ES  0    D  0   HS  0    B  0

  E S   jH S   H S  jE S

 2 E S  jE S  0  2 H S  jH S  0
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

For conventional rectangular waveguide, the field components in

Cartesian coordinates are:

E S  E xs a x  E ys a y  E zs a z
H S  H xs a x  H ys a y  H zs a z

Inserting these equations into previous Maxwell’s equation..

Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

 E zs E ys   E 

 y  z 
E E
 x
E
a x   xs  zs a y   ys  xs 
a z   jo H xsa x  H ysa y  H zsa z
 
   z x   y 

 H zs H ys   H ys H xs 

 y  z 

a x  
H xs H zs 
 a y    
a z  j o E xs a x  E ysa y  E zs a z
 
   z x   x y 

From previous divergence equations,

E xs E ys E zs H xs H ys H zs
  0   0
x y z x y z
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

From previous wave equation,

 2E S  2E S  2E S
    2 E S
x 2 y 2 z 2

 2H S  2H S  2H S
    2 H S
x 2 y 2 z 2
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

From the first expanded Maxwell’s equations,

H zs H ys E zs E ys
  jE xs    jH xs
y z y z
H xs H zs E xs E zs
  jE ys    jH ys
z x z x
H ys H xs E ys E xs
  jE xz    jH zs
x y x y
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

Then, consider the fields only propagate in the z direction, in

harmonic fields:

E S  E0 e jt e z
The partial derivative with respect to z is:
E S  2 ES
  2
z z 2
Substitute these into the expanded Maxwell’s equations
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

Those equations can be reduced to:

H zs E zs
 H ys  jE xs  E ys   jH xs
y y
H zs E zs
 H xs   jE ys  E xs    jH ys
x x
H ys H xs E ys E xs
  jE zs    jH zs
x y x y
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

Wave equations also can be reduced to:

 2 E S   2 E S   2 E S   2 E S  k c2 E S  0

 2 H S   2 H S   2 H S   2 H S  k c2 H S  0

With, k c2   2   2 
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

So, using these equations, we can find expression for the four
transverse components (Ex, Ey, Hx, Hy) in terms of z directed
components (Ez and Hz), where:

1  E zs H zs 
E ys      j  (1)
2 y x
kc  

1  E zs H zs 
H xs   j   (2)
k c2  y x 
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

And also..

1  E zs H zs 
E xs     j  (3)
k c2  x y 

1  E zs H zs 
H ys   j
2
  (4)
kc  x y 

Try to derive these four equations on your own!

Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

So, these four important equations will be used to find the

transverse components for TM and TE mode, where:

• for TM mode, Hz=0, then use these four equations to find the
transverse components.

• for TE mode, Ez=0, then use these four equations to find the
transverse components.
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

• for TM mode, Hz=0, equation (1) to (4) can be reduced to:

1  E zs  1  E zs 
E ys      (5) E xs     (6)
k c2  y  2
k c  x 

1  E zs  1  E zs 
H xs   j  (7) H ys   j  (8)
2 y  2 x 
kc  kc 
Waveguide Field Equations (Cont’d..)

• for TE mode, Ez=0, equation (1) to (4) can be reduced to:

1  H zs  1  H zs 
E ys 
2
 j  (9) E xs    j  (10)
kc  x  k c2  y 

1  H zs 
H xs     (11) H ys   1   H zs 
 (12)
k c2  x  
k c2  y 
1.3 Parallel Plate Waveguide

The parallel plate waveguide is the simplest type of guide that

can support TM and TE Modes, and TEM as well because it’s
formed from two plates as shown.

The width W is assumed to be much

greater than the separation d, so that
fringing fields and any x variation can
be ignored. A material with
permittivity εr and permeability µr is
assumed to fill the region between the
two plates.
Parallel Plate Waveguide (Cont’d..)

By considering the boundary condition,

the magnitude E will change with y,
E=0 at y=0 and at y=a but maximum in
the middle. Magnitude E will not y=a
z
change with x since x is infinity (no
boundary), so the value will constant .
The E will along the propagation i.e.
+z direction. Thus, y=0 x


0
x
Parallel Plate Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

• For TM Mode

For TM Mode, the magnetic field has its components transverse or

normal to the direction of wave propagation, where Hz=0 and a
nonzero Ez fields. So,

 2 E zs  2 E zs  2 E zs
 2 2
E z  kc E z 0     k c2 E zs  0
x 2 y 2 z 2
Since the field is gong to +z direction, it can be reduced to only:

 2 E zs  2 E zs
  k c2 E zs  0
x 2 y 2
Parallel Plate Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)


With  0, solution for this is:
x
E zs  A sin k c y  B cos k c y

At y=0 Ezs =0 , thus

k c2
Ez   A cos kc y  B sin kc y 
j
E zs  0  A sin k c (0)  B cos k c (0) Hence B=0

At y=a Ez =0

E zs  0  A sin k c ( a )

k c a  n n
This valid if or kc  n=1,2,3,4….
a
Parallel Plate Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

 j z  ny   jz
Thus with e , E zs  A sin e
 a 

Then, from equation (5) to (8), since d/dx=0, so only (5) and (7)
remain, therefore:

  E zs  j  ny   jz
E ys     E ys  
2
A cos e
k c2  y  kc  a 

1  E zs  j  ny   jz

H xs   j
2
  H xs  A cos e
kc  y  k c2  a 
Parallel Plate Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

• For TE Mode

For TE Mode, the electric field has its components transverse or

normal to the direction of wave propagation, where Ez=0 and a
nonzero Hz fields. So,

 2 H zs  2 H zs  2 H zs
 2 2
H z  kc H z 0     k c2 H zs  0
x 2 y 2 z 2
Since the field is gong to +z direction, it can be reduced to only:

 2 H zs  2 H zs
  k c2 H zs  0
x 2 y 2
Parallel Plate Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)


With  0, solution for this is:
x
H zs  A sin k c y  B cos k c y

But, the boundary are that Ex=0 at y=0,a. So that from (10),

 j
E xs  A cos kc y  B sin kc y 
kc
At y=0 Ex =0 , thus
 j
E xs 0 A cos kc 0  B sin kc 0 Hence A=0
kc
Parallel Plate Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

At y=a Ex =0

E xs  0  B sin k c ( a )

k c a  n n
This valid if or kc  n=1,2,3,4….
a

Thus with e  jz, and get back the solution for Hz,

 ny   jz
H zs  A cos e
 a 
Parallel Plate Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Then, from equation (9) to (12), since d/dx=0, so only (10) and (12)
remain, therefore:

1  H zs  j  ny   jz

E xs    j   E xs  B sin e
2 y  2
kc  kc  a 

1  H zs  j  ny   jz
H ys  
2
   H ys 
2
B sin e
k c  y  kc  a 
1.4 Rectangular Waveguide Modes

• For TM Mode
For TM Mode, the magnetic field has its components transverse or normal
to the direction of wave propagation. At the walls of the waveguide, the
tangential components of the E field must be continuous, that is:

E zs  0 at y  0 and y  b

E zs  0 at x  0 and x  a
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

For TM mode, Hz=0, then lets:

E zs  XYe z
Where X is a function of x and Y is a function of y

Then the wave equation becomes:

d2X d 2Y
Y X   2 XY   2 XY
dx 2 dy 2
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

We divide the equation by XY

1 d 2 X 1 d 2Y 2
2
 2
 k c 0
X dx Y dy
1 d 2Y 1 d2X
Transitional Page
Let’s
Y dy 2
 k y
2
 0 and then
X dx 2
 kx2  0

1 d2X
or   k x 2  k y 2  k c2 and k c2  k x 2  k y 2
X dx 2
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Solution for both equations:

X  C1 cos k x x  C 2 sin k x x Y  D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y

And the whole expression becomes:

 
E zs  C1 cos k x x  C2 sin k x x  D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y e z
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

We know that the tangential electric fields at the walls of the waveguide
must be zero. Then by applying the boundary conditions:

Applying boundary condition at x=0 where Ez=0


Transitional Page
E zs  0  C1 cos 0  C 2 sin 0  D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y  So C1=0

Applying boundary condition at y=0 where Ez=0

E zs  0  C 2 sin k x xD1 cos 0  D2 sin 0 So D1=0

Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Then the equation reduced to

   
E zs  C 2 D2 sin k x x  sin k y y e z  E0 sin k x x  sin k y y e z

Applying the other boundary condition x=a where Ez =0

 
E zs  0  E0 sin k x a  sin k y y e z E0 and sin kyy cannot be zero

m
This means that sin kxa = mπ = 0 or kx  where m=0,1,2,3,4…
a
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Applying the other boundary condition y=b where Ez =0

 
E zs  0  E0 sin k x x  sin k y b e z

But E0 and sin kxx cannot be zero,

Transitional Page n
This means that sin kyb = 0 or ky  where n =0,1,2,3,4…
b

So,  mx  ny   jz

E zs  E0  sin  cos e
 a  b 
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Then, substitute Hzs=0 and   we

j have:

 j m  mx  ny   jz

E xs  E0  cos  sin  e
k c2 a  a  b 

 j n  mx  ny   jz

E ys  E0  sin  cos  e
k c2 b  a  b 
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

and also..

j n  mx  ny   jz

H xs  E0  sin  cos  e
k c2 b  a  b 

Transitional
H ys 
 j m  Page
E0  cos
mx 
 sin
ny   jz
e
k c2 a  a  b 

Denote as TMmn ,the field vanish for TM00 , TM10 and TM01.
The lowest mode is TM11
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Useful relations to be remember,

2 2
 m   n 
Wave number, k c2  k x2  k y2    
 a   b 

The propagation constant is:

2 2
 m   n  2 where k   
      k
 a   b 
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Where we have 3 possibilities depending on k (or ω), m and n:

• Cutoff mode : 2 2
 m   n 
k 2   2      
 a   b 
  0 or    0
Transitional Page
At this time, ω is called cutoff angular frequency:

2 2
1  m   n 
c     
  a   b 
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

• Evanescent mode :
2 2
 m   n 
k 2   2      
 a   b 
   or   0
We have no propagation at all. These non propagating or attenuating
modes are said to be evanescent.
• Propagating mode :
2 2
2 2  m   n 
k        
 a   b 
  j or   0
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Where the phase constant becomes:

2 2
2  m   n 
  k    
 a   b 
For each mode (combination of m and n) thus has a cutoff frequency
Transitional Page
fcmn given by:
2 2
kc 1  m   n 
fcmn      
2  2   a   b 

The cutoff frequency is the operating frequency below which

attenuation occurs and above which propagation takes place.
Rectangular Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

2
The cutoff wavelength, c 
2 2
m n
   
 a  a
The phase constant,
2
 fc 
    1   
 f 

The intrinsic wave impedance,

2
 fc  Where,  Intrinsic impedance in
TM   ' 1    ' the medium
 f  
Rectangular Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

• For TE Mode
For TE Mode, the electric field has its components transverse or normal to
the direction of wave propagation. At the walls of the waveguide, the
tangential components of the E field must be continuous, that is:

E xs  0 at y  0 and y  b
E ys  0 at x  0 and x  a
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

For TE mode, Ez=0, then lets:

H zs  XYe z
Where X is a function of x and Y is a function of y
Transitional Page
From previous derivation, the wave equation becomes:

 
H zs  C1 cos k x x  C 2 sin k x x  D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y e z
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Hz cannot impose boundary condition since it is not zero at

boundary, so we determine Ex and Ey as follow :

1  E zs H zs 
From, E xs     j  it becomes:
k c2  x y 
1  H zs 
E xs   j  Then reduced to:
2 y
kc  

E xs 
j
C1 cos k x x  C2 sin k x x D1 sin k y y  D2 cos k y y e z
k c2
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

1  E zs H zs 
From, E ys    j  it becomes:
2
k c  y x 
1  H zs 
E ys   j  Then reduced to:
k c2  x 
Transitional Page
E ys  
j
C1 sin k x x  C2 cos k x x D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y e z
k c2
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Then by applying the boundary conditions:

Applying boundary condition at y=0 where Ex=0

E xs  0 
j
C1 cos k x x  C2 sin k x x D1 sin k y 0  D2 cos k y 0e z
k c2

So D2=0, then applying boundary condition at x=0 where Ey=0

E ys  0  
j
C1 sin k x 0  C2 cos k x 0D1 cos k y y  D2 sin k y y e z
k c2
So C2=0
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Applying the other boundary condition x=a where Ey =0

E ys  0  
j
C1 sin k x (a)D1 cos k y y e z
k c2
m
This means that sin kxa = 0 or kx  where m=0,1,2,3,4…
a
Transitional Page
Applying the other boundary condition y=b where Ex =0

E xs  0 
j
C1 cos k x x D1 sin k y (b) e z
k c2
n
This means that sin kyb = 0 or ky  where n=0,1,2,3,4…
b
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)
So,

So,
 mx  ny   jz
H zs  H 0  cos  cos e
 a  b 

Then, substitute Ez=0 and  wejhave:

j n  mx  ny   jz

E xs  H 0  cos  sin e
2 b a  b 
kc 

 j m  mx  ny   jz

E ys  H 0  sin  cos  e
k c2 a  a  b 
Rectangular Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

and also..

j m  mx  ny   jz

H xs  H 0  sin  cos  e
k c2 a  a  b 

Transitional
H ys 
j n  Page
H 0  cos
mx 
 sin
ny   jz
e
k c2 b  a  b 

Denote as TEmn ,the field vanish for TE00. The lowest mode is
TE10 for a>b and TE01 for b>a.
Rectangular Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

From equations for the TM and TE modes, we can obtain the field
patterns..

For example, the dominant TE10 mode, where m = 1 and n = 0, so the Ex,
Ey, Hx, Hy and Hz equations becomes,
 x   jz
H zs  H 0  cos e
 a 
So then in the time domain, 
H z  Re H zs e jt 
 x 
H z  H 0  cos  cost  z 
 a 
Rectangular Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

Similarly..

H ys  0 E xs  0
 j   x   jz
E ys  H 0  sin e
2
kc a  a 
a  x 
Ey  H 0  sin  sin t   z 
  a 
j   x   jz
H xs  H  sin e
2 a 0 a 
kc 
a  x 
Hx   H 0  sin  sin t   z 
  a 
Rectangular Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

So, for TE10 mode, the variation of the E and H fields with x in an xy
plane, say plane cos (ωt-βz)=1 for Hz and plane sin (ωt-βz)=1 for Ey
and Hx
Rectangular Waveguide Modes (Cont’d..)

The corresponding field lines:

Rectangular
Field Waveguide
lines for some Modes
of the lower order (Cont’d..)
modes of a rectangular
waveguide :
Example 2

A rectangular waveguide with dimension a=2.5 cm, and

b=1 cm is to operate below 15.1 GHz. How many TE
and TM modes can the waveguide transmit if the guide
is filled with medium characterized by σ=0, µr=1, ε=4ε0.
Calculate the cutoff frequencies of the modes.
Solution to Example 2

The cutoff frequency is given by:

2 2 2 2
1  m   n  1 m n
fc mn          
2   a   b  2   a  b

With a = 2.5b or a/b = 2.5,

1 c c 2
c a
up 

 
r r 2
So, fcmn  m 2  2 n 2
4a b

Or,
fcmn  3 m 2  6.25n 2 GHz
Solution to Example 2 (Cont’d..)

Since we are looking for cutoff freq below 15.1 GHz, a systematic
way is to fix m or n and increase the other until fcmn is greater than
15.1 GHz. So, by fixing m and increasing n,

For TE 01 (m  0, n  1)  fc01  32.5  7.5 GHz

TE02 (m  0, n  2)  fc02  35  15 GHz
TE03 (m  0, n  3)  fc03  37.5  22.5 GHz

Thus, for fcmn < 15.1 GHz, the maximum n = 2.

Solution to Example 2 (Cont’d..)

Then, fix n and increase m,

For TE10 (m  1, n  0)  fc10  3 GHz

TE 20  fc20  6 GHz
TE30  fc30  9 GHz
TE 40  fc40  12 GHz
TE50  fc50  15 GHz
TE60  fc60  18 GHz

Thus, for fcmn < 15.1 GHz, the maximum m = 5.

Solution to Example 2 (Cont’d..)

We know the maximum value of m and n, so try other possible

combinations in between the maximum values.

For TE11 , TM 11 (degenerate modes )  fc11  3 7.25  8.078 GHz

TE 21 , TM 21  fc21  3 10.25  9.6 GHz
TE31 , TM 31  fc31  3 15.25  11.72 GHz
TE 41 , TM 41  fc41  3 22.25  14.14 GHz
TE12 , TM 12  fc12  3 26  15.3 GHz
Solution to Example 2 (Cont’d..)

Those modes whose cutoff freq are less or equal to 15.1 GHz will
be transmitted, that is 11 TE modes and 4 TM modes, as
illustrated below:
Example 3

In a rectangular waveguide with dimension a=1.5 cm, b=0.8 cm,

σ=0, µ=µ0, ε=4ε0, find:
 x   3y 
H x  2 sin  cos
 a   b 
 11

 sin   10 t   z
A
m
• The mode of operation
• The cutoff frequency
• The phase constant
• The propagation constant
• The intrinsic wave impedance
Solution to Example 3

We could find that the given expression is in instantaneous field expression

form which obtained from the phasor forms by using:


E  Re E S e jt  
H  Re H S e jt 
From the given expression we could find that m=1, and n=3. That is the
guide is operating at TM13 or TE13.

Suppose that after this, we choose TM13 mode.

Solution to Example 3 (Cont’d..)

Where for air filled waveguide,

2 2
c m n
fcmn     
2  a  b

Hence, for m=1 and n=3, the cutoff frequency is:

2 2
   
c  1   9 
fcmn    28.57 GHz

 2
 
 2
4  1.5  10  2   0.8  10  2 
  


Solution to Example 3 (Cont’d..)

The phase constant,

2 2
 fc   r  fc 
    1     1  
 f  c  f 

Where,
11 or 100
  2f    10 f   50 GHz
2

11 2
  10 (2)  28.57 
 1    1718.81 rad / m
3  108  50 
Solution to Example 3 (Cont’d..)

The propagation constant,

    j but   0 Because it’s in propagating mode,

So,
  j ,    j1718.81 / m

The intrinsic wave impedance,

2 2
f  377  28.57 
TM  ' 1  c   1    154.7 
 f  r  50 
1.5 Cylindrical Waveguide Fundamentals

A hollow metal tube of circular cross section also supports TE and TM

waveguide modes as shown.

Transitional Page
 Cylindrical Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

For cylindrical waveguide, the field components is in cylindrical

coordinates which are:

E S  E s a   Es a  E zs a z
H S  H s a   H s a  H zs a z

Inserting these equations into previous Maxwell’s equation,

 2 E S  jE S  0  2 H S  jH S  0
 Cylindrical Waveguide Fundamentals (Cont’d..)

By using the same method of derivation for rectangular waveguide

(starting from slide 21), we could get four equations of Eρ, Eφ, Hρ and Hφ
in terms of Ez and Hz

j  E zs  H zs  j   E zs H zs 
E s      H s    
2 2    
k c      kc  
Transitional
(13)
Page (14)

 j   E zs H zs  j  E zs  H zs 
Es      H s   
   
2     k c2     
kc  
(15) Try this!!!! (16)
 1.6 Cylindrical Waveguide Modes

• For TM Mode

For the TM modes of the circular waveguide, we must solve Ez from the
wave equation in cylindrical coordinates, then through a very long and
difficult derivation, we could get the transverse fields as:

 j
E s  A sin n  B cos n J n ' k c  e  jz
kc

 j
Es  A cos n  B sin n J n k c  e  jz
kc 
Cylindrical Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

and also..

j
H s  A cos n  B sin n J n k c  e  jz
kc 
Transitional Page
 j
H s  A sin n  B cos n J n ' k c  e  jz
kc
Cylindrical Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Some useful parameters for TM mode:

E  E 
Z TM    Wave impedance for TM modes
H H k

pnm
kc  Cutoff wavenumber
a

Propagation constant of
 nm  k  k c  k   pnm a 
2 2 2 2
the TMnm modes

kc pnm
fcnm   Cutoff frequency
2  2a 
Cylindrical Waveguide TM Modes (Cont’d..)

Values of pnm for TM Modes of a Circular Waveguide

n pn1 pn2 pn3

0 2.405 5.520 8.654

Transitional
1 3.832Page7.016 10.174

2 5.135 8.417 11.620

pnm is the roots of Jn(x) which recognized as solution for Bessel’s

differential equation.
 Cylindrical Waveguide Modes
(Cont’d..)
• For TE Mode

For the TE modes of the circular waveguide, we must solve Hz from the
wave equation in cylindrical coordinates, after which we could get the
transverse fields as:

 jn
E s  A cos n  B sin n J n kc  e  jz
kc 2 

 j
Es  A sin n  B cos n J n ' k c  e  jz
kc
Cylindrical Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

and also..

 j
H s  A sin n  B cos n J n ' k c  e  jz
kc
Transitional Page
 j n
H s  A cos n  B sin n J n k c  e  jz
kc 2 
Cylindrical Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Some useful parameters for TE mode:

E  E k
Z TE    Wave impedance for TE modes
H H 

p' nm
kc  Cutoff wavenumber
a

Propagation constant of
 nm  k  k c  k   p'nm a 
2 2 2 2
the TEnm modes

kc p'nm
fcnm   Cutoff frequency
2  2a 
Cylindrical Waveguide TE Modes (Cont’d..)

Values of p’nm for TE Modes of a Circular Waveguide

n p'n1 p’n2 p’n3

0 3.832 7.016 10.174

Transitional
1 1.841Page5.331 8.536

2 3.054 6.706 9.970

p’nm is the roots of Jn(x) which recognized as solution for Bessel’s

differential equation.
Field lines for some of the lower order modes of a cylindrical
waveguide :
1.7 Resonant Cavity

The length of resonator, d is made multiple of waveguide

wavelength, i.e.
a
g b
dp p =1,2,3……
2 d=p /2
Resonator wavelength can be
calculated as :
1 1 1 1 1 a
   
2r 2c 2g 2c  
2d 2
p

2 d=p 2
where c 
kc
Resonant Cavity (Cont’d..)

And kc for rectangular waveguide

2 2
 m   n 
k c2    
 a   b 

For cylindrical wave guide

pnm p ' nm
TM mode k c  TE mode kc 
a a
Example 4

A cylindrical resonator has a radius of 5cm which is

used to measure frequency from 8GHz to 12GHz at
TE11 mode . What is the required length, d for tuning
those frequency in that particular mode.
Solution to Example 4

First we calculate the cutoff wavelength

2 2
c   1.841  0.1706m
kc 0.05

First frequency wavelength at 8 GHz,

c 3  108
r1    0.0375 m
f r1 8  109
Second frequency wavelength at 12 GHz,

c 3  108
r 2    0.025 m
fr2 12  109
Solution to Example 4 (Cont’d..)
 
p 1 
Calculate the length of wave guide d  
2 1  1 
 2r 2c 

For first frequency at 8 GHz,

1 1
d1   0.0192 m
2 1  1
0.03752 0.17062

For second frequency at 12 GHz,

1 1
d2   0.0126 m
2 1  1
0.0252 0.17062
Solution to Example 4 (Cont’d..)

So, the cavity need to have length, d in this range in order to

make the cavity operates at resonant frequencies between 8GHz
to 12 GHz:

0.0126 m  d  0.0192 m
1.8 Dielectric Waveguide

Air filled wave guide Dielectric filled wave guide

g   o2  k c2  g   r  o2  k c2

2 2 2  r
2
    s      s 
o o
chnm chnm
fc  fc 
2 a 2 a  r

2 2 2 2
c m n c m n
fc      fc     
2  a  b 2 r  a  b

1 1
  2  1 r
c 2
o 2   2 
c 2 o 2
 Chapter 2

Waveguide
End