Thyristor 3 Phase Inverter
Thyristor 3 Phase Inverter
Thyristor 3 Phase Inverter
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE When you have completed this exercise, you will know what a thyristor three-
phase rectifier/limiter (thyristor three-phase bridge) is, and how it operates. You
will be familiar with the waveforms of voltages and currents present in a thyristor
three-phase bridge. You will be able to explain how a thyristor three-phase bridge
can operate as a rectifier or an inverter.
DISCUSSION OUTLINE The Discussion of this exercise covers the following points:
Purely resistive load. Resistive-inductive load.
Operation as a rectifier or an inverter
Applications of thyristor three-phase bridges
ܳଵ ܳଶ ܳଷ
L1
Three-phase ac L2
power source Load
L3
ܳସ ܳହ ܳ
Firing signals
(to gates of ܳଵ to ܳ )
Thyristor firing
control circuit
Sync. input
ሺሻ
ܧଵିே ܧଶିே ܧଷିே
Line-to-line
voltages 90 210 330 90 210 330 Phase angle
(ܧଵିଶ ǡ ܧଶିଷ ǡ ܧଷିଵ) 60 150 270 30 150 270 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ሺሻ
Order of
ܦଷ ܦଵ ܦଶ ܦଷ ܦଵ ܦଶ ܦଷ Phase angle
conduction of
ܦହ ܦ ܦସ ܦହ ܦ ܦସ ܧଵିଶ (°)
the diodes
ሺሻ
ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ ܧଷିଶ ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ
Rectifier output
voltage ܧை
Phase angle
60 120 180 240 300 0 60 120 180 240 300 0 ܧଵିଶ (°)
Figure 104. Waveforms of voltages and current in a power diode three-phase full-wave
rectifier.
To generate firing signals that are properly synchronized with the ac power
source voltages, the thyristor firing circuit samples one of the line-to-line voltages
(e.g., line-to-line voltage ܧଵǦଶ in Figure 105). Since the firing angle is 0°,
Also, the complementary thyristors ܳସ , ܳହ , and ܳ are fired 180° later than
thyristors ܳଵ , ܳଶ , and ܳଷ , respectively. Consequently,
The pulses in each firing signal have a duration of 120°, which corresponds to
the conduction interval of each diode in a power diode three-phase full-wave
rectifier. Consequently, the thyristors conduct current by pairs, one after the
other, during equal intervals of 60° and in the same order as the diodes in a
power diode three-phase full-wave rectifier, as indicated in Table 5.
Table 5. Conducting thyristors for each 60° interval (firing angle Ƚ set to 0°) when the load is
purely resistive.
Angular interval
Conducting
thyristors
(Phase voltage ࡱିࡺ ) (Line-to-line voltage ࡱି )
ሺሻ
ܧଵିே ܧଶିே ܧଷିே
Line-to-line
90 210 330 90 210 330 Phase angle
voltages
60 150 270 30 150 270 ܧଵିଶ (°)
(ܧଵିଶ ǡ ܧଶିଷ ǡ ܧଷିଵ)
Firing angle Ƚ ൌ Ͳι
ܳଵ
ܳଶ
Thyristor firing ܳଷ
signals ܳସ
ܳହ
ܳ Phase angle
60 120 180 240 300 0 60 120 180 240 300 0 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ሺሻ
Current at the
Phase angle
dc side of the
ܧଵିଶ (°)
bridge ܫ 60 120 180 240 300 0 60 120 180 240 300 0
ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ ܧଷିଶ ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ
Voltage at the
dc side of the
bridge ܧ
Phase angle
60 120 180 240 300 0 60 120 180 240 300 0 ܧଵିଶ (°)
Figure 105. Waveforms of voltages and current in a thyristor three-phase bridge (firing angle Į
set to 0°) when the load is purely resistive.
A major advantage of the thyristor three-phase bridge over the power diode
three-phase full-wave rectifier is that the average values of the dc current and
voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge, and thus, the amount of power
supplied to the load, can be varied by changing the firing angle of the thyristors.
The values of the dc current and voltage, and thus the power supplied to the
load, are maximum when the firing angle is 0°. When the firing angle is
increased, the firing pulses for each thyristor are delayed, which reduces the
average values of the dc current and voltage at the dc side of the bridge, and
thus, the amount of power supplied to the load.
For example, Figure 107 shows the thyristor firing signals and waveforms of
voltages and current in a thyristor three-phase bridge for a firing angle of 30° and
a purely resistive load. Since each thyristor enters into conduction later with
respect to the beginning (phase angle 0°) of line-to-line voltage ܧଵିଶ , the values
of the dc current and voltage at the dc side of the bridge, and thus the power
supplied to the load, are lower than the maximum values.
Figure 106. Thyristor three-phase bridges are used in power supplies for welding machines
such as metal-arc inert gas (MIG) welders.
ሺሻ
ܧଵିே ܧଶିே ܧଷିே
ሺሻ
ܧଵିଶ ܧଶିଷ ܧଷିଵ
Line-to-line
voltages 90 210 330 90 180 330 Phase angle
(ܧଵିଶ ǡ ܧଶିଷ ǡ ܧଷିଵ) 60 150 270 30 150 270 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ܳଵ
ܳଶ
ܳଷ
Thyristor firing
signals ܳସ
ܳହ
ܳ Phase angle
60 90 150 210 270 330 30 90 150 210 270 330 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ሺሻ
ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ ܧଷିଶ ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ
Voltage at the dc side
of the bridge ܧ
Phase angle
60 90 150 210 270 330 30 90 150 210 270 330 ܧଵିଶ (°)
Figure 107. Waveforms of voltages and current in the thyristor three-phase bridge (firing
angle Į set to 30°) when the load is purely resistive.
Current flow at the dc side of the thyristor three-phase bridge remains continuous
as long as the firing angle is lower than 60°. When the firing angle is higher
than 60°, current flow at the dc side of the bridge is discontinuous, i.e., the
current is null (zero) during part of the ac power source cycle. This is because
when the pair of conducting thyristors turns off, the next thyristor due to conduct
is not fired immediately, but only after a certain time. This results in a time
interval when all thyristors are off and there is no current flow in the thyristor
bridge.
Figure 109 shows an example in which the firing angle is 90°. At phase
angle ܧଵିଶ ൌ ͳʹͲι, the two thyristors that are conducting current (i.e.,
thyristors ܳଷ and ܳହ ) turn off but the next thyristor due to conduct (thyristor ܳଵ ) is
not fired immediately; it is fired only 30° later (i.e., at phase angle ܧଵିଶ ൌ ͳͷͲι).
Consequently, all thyristors are off between phase angles 120° and 150°, and
thus, the current and voltage at the dc side of the bridge are null during this
interval.
The interval during which all thyristors are off increases as the firing angle
approaches 120°. At firing angles of 120° or higher, all thyristors stay off during
the entire cycle of the ac power source. Therefore, the current and voltage at the
dc side of the thyristor bridge are null and, thus, the amount of power supplied to
the load is null.
Figure 108. Thyristor three-phase bridges are used to supply dc power to the excitation
circuit of synchronous generators used in large power plants, such as hydropower electric
plants. The photo shows generators of the hydropower electric plant of the Hoover Dam on
the Colorado River in the United States of America.
ሺሻ
ܧଵିே ܧଶିே ܧଷିே
ሺሻ
ܧଵିଶ ܧଶିଷ ܧଷିଵ
Line-to-line
voltages 90 210 330 90 180 330 Phase angle
(ܧଵିଶ ǡ ܧଶିଷ ǡ ܧଷିଵ) 60 150 270 30 150 270 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ܳଵ
ܳଶ
ܳଷ
Thyristor firing
signals ܳସ
ܳହ
ܳ Phase angle
60 120 150 210 270 330 30 90 150 180 270 330 ܧଵିଶ (°)
ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ ܧଷିଶ ܧଵିଶ ܧଵିଷ ܧଶିଷ ܧଶିଵ ܧଷିଵ
Voltage at the dc side
of the bridge ܧ
Phase angle
60 120 150 240 300 0 30 120 150 240 270 0 ܧଵିଶ (°)
Figure 109. Waveforms of voltages and current in the thyristor three-phase bridge (firing
angle Ƚ set to 90°) when the load is purely resistive.
The average value (ܧǡ௩ ) of the voltage at the dc side of the bridge can be
calculated from the rms value (ܧିǡ௦ ) of the line-to-line voltage of the ac power
source and firing angle Ƚ using the following equation:
where: ܧǡ௩ is the average value of the voltage at the dc side of the
bridge (V).
ܧିǡ௦ is the rms value of the line-to-line voltage of the ac power
source (V).
Ƚ is the firing angle (°).
Equation (8) is valid as long as current flow in the thyristor three-phase bridge is
continuous (i.e., as long as there are no time intervals during which the current
flow is null). This equation is represented by the curve in dashed lines shown in
Figure 110. This curve shows the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of a
thyristor three-phase bridge versus the firing angle Ƚ, when current flow in the
bridge is continuous.
1.35 ܧି௦
Resistive-inductive load
Continuous
current flow
Average voltage at
Firing
the dc side of the 0
angle (°)
bridge ܧǡ௩ (V) 30 60 90 120 150 180
-1.35 ܧିǡ௦
Figure 110. Average voltage ࡱǡࢇ࢜ࢍ at the dc side of a thyristor three-phase bridge as a
function of the firing angle Į.
x when the firing angle Ƚ passes from 0° to 90°, the average voltage ܧǡ௩
at the dc side of the bridge decreases from the maximum value
(ͳǤ͵ͷܧିǡ௦ ) to zero.
x when the firing angle Ƚ passes from 90° to 180°, the average
voltage ܧǡ௩ reverses polarity and increases from zero to the maximum
value (ͳǤ͵ͷܧିǡ௦ ). Note that in practice, the maximum allowed firing
angle for the thyristor is 165° or lower to prevent short-circuit currents
that otherwise would impair circuit operation.
The green solid curve in Figure 110 shows how the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the
dc side of the bridge varies as a function of the firing angle Ƚ for a purely resistive
load. For firing angles between 0° and 60°, the curve has a cosine shape, i.e., it
is identical to the curve in dashed lines representing Equation (8). For firing
angles higher than 60°, however, the curve diverges from the cosine shape
because current flow in the bridge is no longer continuous.
Resistive-inductive load
The range of firing angles over which current flow in the bridge stays continuous
can be increased by connecting an inductor in series with the resistive load. The
energy stored in the inductor maintains current flow at the dc side of the bridge
for a certain interval, thereby delaying the instant when the conducting thyristors
turn off. The greater the time constant (Ȁ ratio) of the resistive-inductive load,
the higher the firing angle at which current flow interruptions occur.
The red solid curve in Figure 110 shows an example of how the average
voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of the bridge varies as a function of the firing
angle Ƚ for a resistive-inductive load. This curve has a cosine shape between
firing angle 0° and the maximum firing angle (about 75° in this example) for which
current flow in the bridge remains continuous, then the curve diverges from the
cosine shape. The greater the Ȁ ratio of the load, the longer the interval of
firing angles over which the curve follows the cosine shape. The diverging portion
of the curve passes in the shaded area of Figure 110. The exact shape of the
curve depends on the Ȁ ratio of the load.
source supplies power to the load via the thyristor three-phase bridge and
therefore, power flows from the ac power source to the load. Since power is
converted from ac to dc as it flows through the thyristor three-phase bridge, the
bridge acts as a rectifier. Notice that the thyristor three-phase bridge is
represented by a rectangular box containing the symbol for a thyristor.
Three-phase
ac power L2 Passive
ܧǡ ௩ (+)
source load
L3
Ƚ ሺͲι ͳʹͲιሻ
Figure 111. When a passive load is connected to the dc side of a thyristor three-phase bridge,
power flow is from the ac power source to the load. Since power is converted from ac to dc as
it flows through the bridge, the bridge acts as a rectifier.
When an active load that behaves like a source of current is connected to the
dc side of a thyristor three-phase bridge, current flow in the thyristor bridge is
continuous, no matter the value of the firing angle Ƚ. Consequently, the average
voltage (ܧǡ௩ ) at the dc side of the thyristor three-phase bridge can theoretically
be varied over the full range, i.e., from ͳǤ͵ͷܧିǡ௦ to െͳǤ͵ͷܧିǡ௦ by varying
the firing angle Ƚ from 0° to 180°.
x When the firing angle Ƚ varies between 0° and 90° (Figure 112), the
polarity of the average voltage ܧǡ௩ , average current ܫǡ௩ , and power
on the dc side of the bridge is positive. Power flow is from the ac power
source to the active load and the thyristor three-phase bridge acts as a
rectifier.
Power flow (+)
Three-phase ac L2
power source ܧǡ ௩ (+)
L3
Ƚ ሺͲι ͻͲιሻ
Figure 112. When an active load that behaves like a source of current is connected to the dc
side of a thyristor three-phase bridge, and the firing angle varies between 0° and 90°, the
bridge acts as a rectifier.
x When the firing angle Ƚ varies between 90° and 180° (Figure 113), the
polarity of the average voltage ܧǡ௩ is negative. Since the polarity of
the average current ܫǡ௩ remains positive, the polarity of the power at
the dc side of the bridge is thus negative. This indicates that power flow
is from the dc side of the bridge to the ac power source. Since power is
converted from dc to ac as it passes through the thyristor three-phase
bridge, the bridge acts as an inverter.
Three-phase ac L2
power source ܧǡ ௩ (-)
L3
Ƚ ሺͻͲι ͳͺͲιሻ
Figure 113. When an active load that behaves like a source of current is connected to the dc
side of a thyristor three-phase bridge, and the firing angle varies between 90° and 180°, the
bridge acts as an inverter.
Figure 114. Thyristor three-phase bridges are used in converter stations at the ends of
high-voltage, direct current (HVDC) power transmission lines.
Figure 115. HVDC converter station in the province of Manitoba, Canada. Two long distance
HVDC transmission lines carry dc power generated in the north of Manitoba to this station.
The station converts dc power back to ac power using thyristor valves for connection to the
electric power grid.
firing angle (for a resistive-inductive load).
Operation of a thyristor three-phase bridge as a rectifier/inverter
PROCEDURE
High voltages are present in this laboratory exercise. Do not make or modify any
banana jack connections with the power on unless otherwise specified.
In this part of the exercise, you will set up and connect the equipment.
2. Connect the Power Input of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
24 V ac power supply.
Connect the Low Power Input of the Power Thyristors module to the Power
Input of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface. Turn the 24 V ac power
supply on.
3. Connect the USB port of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to a
USB port of the host computer.
4. Make sure that the ac and dc power switches on the Power Supply are set to
the O (off) position, then connect the Power Supply to a three-phase
ac power outlet.
5. Turn the host computer on, then start the LVDAC-EMS software.
In the LVDAM̻EMS Start-Up window, make sure that the Data Acquisition
and Control Interface and the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power Supply
are detected. Make sure that the Computer-Based Instrumentation and
Thyristor Bridge Control functions for the Data Acquisition and Control
Interface are available. Select the network voltage and frequency that
correspond to the voltage and frequency of your local ac power network, then
click the OK button to close the LVDAM̻EMS Start-Up window.
In this part of the exercise, you will study the operation of a thyristor three-phase
bridge. You will observe the effect that varying the firing angle of the thyristors
has on the average voltage at the dc side of the bridge when the load is purely
resistive and when it is resistive-inductive.
6. On the Power Thyristors module, set switches ଵ and ଶ to the I (on) position.
This interconnects thyristors ܳଵ through ܳ of the Power Thyristors module in
a thyristor three-phase bridge.
Set up the circuit shown in Figure 116. In this circuit, the Three-Phase Power
Transformer (Model 8348-4) is used to reduce the voltage at the ac side of
the thyristor three-phase bridge. This reduces the maximum average voltage
at the dc side of the bridge too avoid exceeding the maximum power rating of
the Resistive Load module. E1, E2, E3, E4, and I3 are inputs of the Data
Acquisition and Control Interface (DACI). The load resistor ܴ is implemented
with the Resistive Load module. The resistance value to be used for load
resistor ܴ depends on your local ac power network voltage (see table in the
diagram).
a Input E4 of the DACI is used for synchronization of the firing signals of the
thyristors in the Power Thyristors module. This input must be connected as
shown in Figure 116.
7. Connect the Digital Outputs of the Data Acquisition and Control Interface to
the Firing Control Inputs of the Power Thyristors module using the provided
cable with DB9 connectors.
Also, perform the following connections to observe the control signals applied
to thyristors ܳଵ through ܳ : connect Firing Control Inputs 1 through 6 of the
Power Thyristors module to Analog Inputs 1 through 6, respectively, of the
DACI, using 2 mm leads. Connect the common (white) terminal of the Firing
Control Inputs on the Power Thyristors module to one of the two analog
common (white) terminals of the DACI using a 2 mm lead.
Power Thyristors
module
Three-phase transformer
module (8348-4)
ܳଵ ܳଶ ܳଷ
L1 1 2 L1
AC power
source
15
(8823)
6 7 5
L2 L2
ܴ
9
14
11 12 10
L3 L3
ܳସ ܳହ ܳ
120 60 57
220 50 210
240 50 229
220 60 210
8. In LVDAC-EMS, open the Thyristor Control window, and make the following
settings:
Make sure that the Firing Angle Control parameter is set to Knob.
This allows the Firing Angle parameter to be controlled manually.
Make sure that the parameters ଵ through are all set to Active.
This makes the firing signals of these thyristors depend on the Firing
Angle Control and Firing Angle parameters.
In the Data Acquisition and Control Settings window of LVDAC-EMS, set the
Range of voltage inputs E1, E2, and E3 to High.
On the Oscilloscope, display line-to-line voltages ܧଵିଶ and ܧଶିଷ (E1, E2) and
the firing signals of thyristors ܳଵ through ܳ (Analog Inputs 1 through 6 of
the DACI) on channels 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively. Set the
Oscilloscope in the continuous refresh mode. Set the time base to display at
least two cycles of the source voltage waveform.
Observe the relationship between the pulses in each thyristor firing signal
and line-to-line voltage ܧଵିଶ . Notice that thyristors ܳଵ through ܳ are fired at
phase angles 60°, 180°, 300°, 240°, 0°, and 120° of voltage ܧଵିଶ ,
respectively. This is because the firing angle Ƚ is set to 0° (i.e., the
conduction of the thyristors is not delayed.)
Is the width of the pulses in the firing signals of thyristors ܳଵ through ܳ the
same as the conduction interval (i.e., 120°) of the diodes in a power diode,
three-phase full-wave rectifier?
Yes No
From your observations, are the thyristors fired in the same order and at the
same phase angles as the diodes enter into conduction in a power diode,
three-phase full-wave rectifier?
Yes No
11. By using the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control window, slowly
vary the firing angle Ƚ between 0° and 90°. Describe what happens.
12. In the Thyristor Control window, set the Firing Angle parameter back to 0°.
Set the Oscilloscope to display line-to-line voltages ܧଵିଶ and ܧଶିଷ (E1, E2),
the firing signals of thyristors ܳହ , ܳଵ , ܳ , and ܳଶ (Analog Inputs 5, 1, 6, and 2
of the DACI), and the current (I3) and voltage (E3) at the dc side of the
thyristor three-phase bridge.
13. Open the Metering window. Set a meter to measure the rms value of
voltage ܧଵିଶ (E1). Set two meters to measure the average (dc) current (I3)
and voltage (E3) at the dc side of the thyristor three-phase bridge. Finally, set
meter PQS3 to measure the active load power ܲோ from inputs E3 and I3.
14. By using the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control window, slowly
vary the firing angle between 0° and 60° while observing the signals on the
Oscilloscope and the values indicated by the meters. Notice that the average
current and voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge and, thus, the power
supplied to the load decrease when the firing angle increases, and vice
versa. Explain why.
15. By using the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control window, slowly
vary the firing angle between 30° and 90° while observing the signals on the
Oscilloscope. Notice that when the firing angle is set to a value higher
than 60°, current flow in the thyristor bridge becomes discontinuous (i.e., the
current is null during part of the ac power source cycle). Explain why.
Average voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge as a function of the firing
angle (for a purely resistive load)
16. In the Thyristor Control window, temporarily stop the Thyristor Three-Phase
Bridge function by clicking the Start/Stop button or by setting the Status
parameter to Stopped.
Note and record below the rms value of voltage ܧଵିଶ indicated by meter E1 in
the Metering window.
ܧଵǦଶ௦ ൌ V
Using the equation below, calculate the theoretical value of voltage ܧǡ௩
for each of the firing angles Ƚ listed in Table 6, using the value of voltage
measured above. Record your results in Table 6.
Table 6. Average voltage at the dc side of the bridge (ࡱǡࢇ࢜ࢍ ) as a function of the firing angle.
15
30
45
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
88
90
105
120
135
150
165
17. In the Thyristor Control window, start the Thyristor Three-Phase Bridge
function by clicking the Start/Stop button or by setting the Status parameter
to Started. Set the Firing Angle to each of the values listed in Table 6. For
each setting, note and record the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of
the bridge (indicated by meter E3) in the “Purely resistive load” column of the
table.
18. From the values recorded in Table 6, plot a curve of the average voltage
ܧǡ௩ measured at the dc side of the thyristor bridge versus the firing angle
for a purely resistive load. On the same graph, plot the theoretical curve of
the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of the bridge versus the firing
angle.
Does the measured curve retain a cosine shape (i.e., follow the theoretical
curve) for firing angles up to 60°, but diverge markedly for firing angles higher
than 60°? Explain why.
19. In the Thyristor Control window, stop the Thyristor Three-Phase Bridge
function by clicking the Start/Stop button or by setting the Status parameter
to Stopped.
Average voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge as a function of the firing
angle (for a resistive-inductive load)
20. Set the resistance of the load resistor ܴ to 57 , if it is not already set to this
value. Then, connect a load inductor ܮin series with load resistor ܴ, as
Figure 117 shows. The load inductor is implemented with one of the
inductors in the Filtering Inductors/Capacitors module.
a If your local ac power network voltage is either 220 V or 240 V, use the
Resistive Load module with a low (120 V) voltage rating (Model 8311-00 or
8311-A0) to implement the 57 load resistor.
21. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source on. In the
Thyristor Control window, start the Thyristor Three-Phase Bridge.
4 ܴ
ͷπ
AC power
source
(8823) 15
6 7 5
L2 L2
9
14
ܮ
ͷͲ
11 12 10
L3 L3
ܳସ ܳହ ܳ
22. Using the buttons of the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control
window, slowly vary the firing angle between 30° and 90° while observing the
signals on the Oscilloscope. Notice that the current (I3) at the dc side of the
thyristor bridge is still continuous even when the firing angle exceeds 60°.
Explain why.
If your local ac power network voltage is 220 V or 240 V, vary the firing angle between 45°
and 90° to avoid excessive voltage across the resistor in the resistive-inductive load.
In the space provided, record the maximum firing angle for which current flow
in the thyristor bridge is still continuous.
23. Set the Firing Angle to each of the values listed in Table 6. For each setting,
note and record the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of the thyristor
bridge (indicated by meter E3) in the “Resistive-inductive load” column of this
table.
a If your local ac power network voltage is 220 V or 240 V, start with a firing
angle of 45° and increase this angle by steps using the values listed in
Table 6.
24. On the same graph used in the previous subsection (step 18), plot a curve of
the average voltage ܧǡ௩ measured at the dc side of the thyristor bridge
versus the firing angle for a resistive-inductive load, using the values
measured in the previous step.
Compare the curve for a resistive-inductive load with the theoretical curve.
Does the curve for a resistive-inductive load retain a cosine shape (i.e.,
follows the theoretical curve) up to the maximum firing angle ensuring
continuous current flow you measured in step 22?
Compare the curve for a resistive-inductive load with the curve for a purely
resistive load. What is the effect of connecting an inductor in series with the
load resistor? Explain.
25. In the Thyristor Control window, stop the Thyristor Three-Phase Bridge
function by clicking the Start/Stop button or by setting the Status parameter
to Stopped.
In this part of the exercise, you will study the operation of a thyristor three-phase
bridge acting as a rectifier/inverter. To do this, you will connect an active load to
the dc side of the thyristor bridge and observe what happens to the load current,
voltage, and power when the firing angle is varied. The active load you will use is
a current source implemented with the Four-Quadrant Dynamometer/Power
Supply.
Set the Function parameter to Current Source (-). This setting makes
the internal power source operate as a negative current source.
Make sure that the Current Control parameter is set to Knob. This
allows the Current parameter to be controlled manually.
DO NOT start the Negative Current Source (-) function yet. This will
be done in another step.
27. Disconnect the resistive-inductive load from the thyristor three-phase bridge.
As Figure 118 shows, connect the dc side of the thyristor three-phase bridge
to the negative current source implemented using the Four-Quadrant
Dynamometer/Power Supply, via the 50-mH inductor in the Filtering
Inductors/Capacitors module. The inductor stabilizes the operation of the
circuit.
28. In the Thyristor Control window, set the Firing Angle of the thyristor three-
phase bridge to 90°. Start the Thyristor Three-Phase Bridge function.
Three-phase transformer
module (8348-4)
ܳଵ ܳଶ ܳଷ
L1 1 2 L1
4
ܮ
AC power ͷͲ
source
(8823) 15
6 7 5
L2 L2
9
14
Negative
current
11 12 10 source
L3 L3 N
ܳସ ܳହ ܳ
120 60 -2.0
220 50 -1.0
240 50 -1.0
220 60 -1.0
30. In the Metering window, notice that the average voltage (E3) at the dc side of
the thyristor three-phase bridge is nearly 0 V. Also, notice that the average
current (I3) at the dc side of the thyristor three-phase bridge is close to the
current setting of the negative current source but of opposite polarity (i.e., it
has a positive polarity). Therefore, the active load power (PQS3) is 0 W
approximately. This is because the firing angle is currently set to 90°.
31. By using the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control window, slowly
vary the firing angle between 0° and 90° while observing the signals on the
Oscilloscope and the average voltage, current, and power at the dc side of
the thyristor bridge indicated by the meters:
Do not vary the firing angle suddenly as this can cause overcurrents to occur in the
system. You can use the up and down Firing Angle control buttons in the Thyristor Control
window to slowly vary the firing angle.
x Notice that the current flow is continuous no matter the firing angle, and
that the average current at the dc side of the thyristor bridge remains
constant (because its value is imposed by the current source) and has a
positive polarity.
x Also, notice that the average voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge
decreases as the firing angle increases, but that its polarity remains
positive. Therefore, the polarity of the load power is always positive since
the polarity of the average voltage and current at the dc side of the
thyristor three-phase bridge are both positive.
From your observation, what is the direction of power flow when the firing
angle is between 0° and 90° approximately? Does the thyristor bridge
operate as a rectifier or an inverter over this firing angle range? Explain.
32. In the Thyristor Control window, slowly vary the firing angle between 90° and
165° (do not exceed 165°) while observing the signals on the Oscilloscope
and the average voltage, current, and power at the dc side of the thyristor
bridge indicated by the meters.
Do not exceed a firing angle of 165° as this will cause an overcurrent condition to
occur.
x Notice that the current flow is still continuous no matter the firing
angle, and that the average current at the dc side of the thyristor
bridge remains constant and has a positive polarity because its value
is imposed by the current source.
x Also, notice that the polarity of the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the
dc side of the thyristor bridge is negative, and that this voltage
increases as the firing angle increases. Therefore, the polarity of the
load power is always negative since the polarity of the average
current at the dc side of the thyristor bridge can only be positive.
From your observation, what is the direction of power flow when the firing
angle is between 90° and 165°? Does the thyristor bridge operate as a
rectifier or an inverter over this firing angle range? Explain.
33. By using the Firing Angle control knob in the Thyristor Control window, set
the firing angle to each of the values listed in Table 7 and, for each setting,
note and record the average voltage ܧǡ௩ and power at the dc side of the
thyristor bridge in this table.
a If your ac power network voltage and frequency are equal to 240 V and 50 Hz,
respectively, do not set the firing angle Ƚ to 165° (i.e., stop recording data
at 150°). This is because the negative current source cannot maintain the
current at -1.0 A when the firing angle Ƚ is higher than 150°.
Table 7. Average voltage and power at the dc side of the thyristor bridge as a function of the
firing angle with current source as the load.
0
15
30
45
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
88
90
105
120
135
150
165
35. From the values recorded in Table 7, plot a curve of the average
voltage ܧǡ௩ measured at the dc side of the thyristor bridge versus the
firing angle on the same graph used in this exercise.
Compare the curve of voltage ܧǡ௩ versus Ƚ obtained with the negative
current source as a load with the theoretical curve. Does the curve of
voltage ܧǡ௩ versus Ƚ obtained with the negative current source retain a
cosine shape (i.e., follows the theoretical curve)? Explain.
36. From the values recorded in Table 7, plot a curve of the power measured at
the dc side of the thyristor bridge versus the firing angle. Is the polarity of
power positive for firing angles between 0° and 90° approximately? What
does this indicate about the direction of power flow and the operation of the
thyristor three-phase bridge?
Is the polarity of power negative for firing angles between 90° and 165°?
What does this indicate about the direction of power flow and the operation of
the thyristor three-phase bridge?
37. On the Power Supply, turn the three-phase ac power source off. Close
LVDAC-EMS. Disconnect all leads and return them to their storage location.
CONCLUSION In this exercise, you studied the operation of a thyristor three-phase bridge. You
learned that the circuit topology is the same as that of a power diode three-phase
full-wave rectifier, except that all diodes are replaced with thyristors. You learned
that a major advantage of the thyristor three-phase bridge over the power diode
three-phase full-wave rectifier is that the average values of the dc current and
voltage at the dc side of the thyristor bridge, and thus, the amount of power
supplied to the load, can be varied by changing the firing angle of the thyristors.
You learned that when the firing angle is higher than 60°, current flow at the
dc side of the bridge becomes discontinuous when the load is purely resistive.
The firing angle for which the current flow becomes discontinuous is higher
than 60° when an inductor is connected with the resistive load. At firing angles of
120° or higher, all thyristors are off during the entire cycle of the ac power
source, and thus, the amount of power supplied to the load is null. You learned
that when a passive load such as a purely resistive load or a resistive-inductive
load is connected to the dc side of a thyristor three-phase bridge, the bridge acts
as a rectifier, and power flow is always from the ac power source to the load.
However, when an active load like a current source is connected to the dc side of
the thyristor bridge, current flow is continuous no matter the firing range.
Consequently, the firing angle can be varied between 0° and 165° (theoretically
up to 180°) so that the thyristor bridge operates as a rectifier (power flow is from
the ac power source to the load) for firing angles between 0° and 90°, and as an
inverter (power flow is from the load to the ac power source) for firing angles
between 90° and 165°.
REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. How can the operation of a power diode three-phase full-wave rectifier be
reproduced in a thyristor three-phase bridge?
3. Describe the curve of the average voltage ܧǡ௩ at the dc side of a thyristor
three-phase bridge versus the firing angle Ƚ when current flow through the
bridge is continuous (theoretical curve). Then, compare the actual curves of
voltage ܧǡ௩ versus the firing angle Ƚ obtained when the load is purely
resistive and when it is resistive-inductive to the theoretical curve.