Skeletal Systeeeeeeeehhhhhm Hyman: I. Notochord
Skeletal Systeeeeeeeehhhhhm Hyman: I. Notochord
Skeletal Systeeeeeeeehhhhhm Hyman: I. Notochord
SYSTEEEEEEEEHHHHHM
HYMAN
ENDOSKELETON
AXIAL
o Skull
o Visceral
skeleton
+
gill
arches
o Vertebral
column
o Ribs
+
sternum
APPENDICULAR
o Pectoral
girdle
o Pelvic
girdle
o Skeleton
of
the
appendages
I. NOTOCHORD
• a.k.a
chorda
dorsalis
• support
• stiffened
rod
extending
longitudinally
• formed
from
roof
of
archenteron
PARTS
OF
NOTOCHORD
(outermost
to
innermost
layers):
Notochordal
epithelium
–
superficial
cells
of
notochord
with
nuclei
aligned
near
surface
Juctional
complexes
–
joins
notochordal
cells
Basement
membrane
–
first
layer
of
notochordal
sheath
Fibrous
sheath
–
surrounds
basement
membrane;
collagen
fibers
Elastic
externa
–
thinner
layer;
elastin
fibers
Outer
connective
tissue
sheath
–
joins
notochord
to
surrounding
tissues;
alternating
strata
of
flattened
fibroblasts
and
collagen
fibers
II. SKELETOGENOUS
REGIONS
Sooo
basically
MESENCHYME
à
ENDOSKELETON
Breakdown
of
SOMITES
(medial
sides
of
epimeres)
à
SCLEROTOME
mesenchyme
à
VERTBRAL
COLUMN
(VERTEBRA)
+
RIBS
MYOTOMES
à
certain
other
SKELETOGENOUS
REGIONS
Separations
of
Myotomes:
TRANSVERSE
PARTITION
=
MYOSEPTUM
MYOTOME
/
MYOSEPTUM
/
MYOTOME
LONGITUDINAL
SEPTA
(REGIONS
OF
SKELETAL
FORMATION):
MYOTOME
DIVISIONS
=
HORIZONTAL
SKELETOGENOUS
SEPTUM
DORSAL
(EPAXIAL)
HALF
OF
MYOTOME
/
HORIZONTAL
SKELETOGENOUS
SEPTUM
/
VENTRAL
(HYPAXIAL)
HALF
OF
MYOTOME
*HSS
extends
from
notochord
to
level
of
lateral
line
NOTOCHORDAL
DIVISIONS
=
DORSAL
+
VENTRAL
SKELETOGENOUS
SEPTA
DORSAL
SS
=
perichordal
mesenchyme
+
neural
tube
continuing
to
median
dorsal
line
VENTRAL
SS
=
perichordal
mesenchyme
+
neural
tube
continuing
to
median
ventral
line
(tail);
split
into
two
VENTROLATERAL
SEPTA
(trunk)
*VENTROLATERAL
SEPTA
à
out
wall
of
coelom
**INTERSECTIONS
OF
MYOSEPTUM
WITH
HSS,
DSS,
VSS,
PCM
=
where
VERTEBRAE
arise
III. ANATOMY
+
EMBRYONIC
ORIGIN
OF
VERTEBRAE
+
RIBS
VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
=
longitudinal
series
of
bones
–
the
VERTEBRAE
PARTS
OF
VERTEBRA:
CENTRUM
–
central
cylindrical
mass,
surrounds/replaces/incorporates
the
notochord
SHAPES
OF
CENTRA
Amphicoelous
–
both
ends
concave;
shark
Procoelous
–
anterior
concave,
posterior
convex;
turtle
Opisthocoelous
–
posterior
concave,
anterior
convex;
Heterocoelous
–
saddle-‐shaped;
chicken
Amphiplatyan
–
both
ends
flat;
mammals
VARIATION
OF
CENTRA
Aspondyly
–
no
centrum
Monospondyly
–
1
centrum
per
vertebra;
mammals,
turtles,
birds
(amniote
trunk)
Diplospondyly
–
2
centrum;
turtles,
birds
(amniote
tail)
DORSAL
NEURAL
ARCH
–
houses
spinal
cord
VENTRAL
HEMAL
ARCH
–
houses
blood
vessels
(tail)
ARCH
COMPONENTS
Two
largest
pairs
of
elements
(anterior):
Basidorsals
–
produce
the
neural
arch
Basiventrals
–
produce
the
hemal
arch
*neural
+
hemal
arch
à
cranial
and
dominant
parts
of
vertebra
Intercalary
elements
(posterior)
–
maybe
present
between
neural
and
hemal
arches
Interdorsals
Interventrals
NEURAL
+
HEMAL
SPINES
–
prolonged
neural
+
hemal
arches
APOPHYSES
–
projecting
processes;
for
articulation
with
adjoining
vertebrae/ribs;
for
muscle
attachement
TYPES
OF
APOPHYSES
Zygapophyses
–
between
successive
vertebrae
Prezygapophyses
–
anterior
Postzygapophyses
–
posterior
Basapophyses
–
basal
stumps;
ventral
projections
of
centrum,
possible
remains
of
hemal
arch/rib
attachement
Diapophyses
–
lateral
projections;
attachment
of
upper
head
of
ribs
(tuberculum)
Parapophyses
–
lateral
projections;
attachment
of
lower
head
of
ribs
(capitulum)
Pleurapophyses
–
lateral
projections
=
rib
attachment
+
fused
rib
Hypapophyses
–
midventral
projections
IV. VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
OF
DOGFISH
Vertebra
=
clear,
relatively
soft
cartilage
VERTEBRA
/
THICK
LAYER
OF
VOLUNTARY
MUSCLES
/
SKIN
Thick
layer
of
voluntary
muscles
=
MYOTOMES
MYOTOMES
=
appear
in
whorls
(zigzag
in
form)
EPAXIAL
(dorsal)
–
thick
masse
HYPAXIAL
(ventral)
–
think
layer
with
cavity—COELOM
COELOM
–
lined
by
smooth
membrane—PLEUROPERITONEUM;
encloses
the
viscera,
some
suspended
by
membrane—DORSAL
MESENTERY
CENTRUM:
dorsal
=
NEURAL
ARCH
–
encloses
cavity—NEURAL
CANAL
NEURAL
CANAL
–
houses
SPINAL
CORD
NEURAL
SPINE
–
terminal
point
of
neural
arch
ventral
=
HEMAL
ARCH
(tail)
encloses
cavity—HEMAL
CANAL
HEMAL
CANAL
–
houses
CAUDAL
ARTERY
+
VEIN
HEMAL
SPINE
–
terminal
point
of
hemal
arch
BASAPOPHYSES
–
basal
stumps;
apparent
homologues
of
HEMAL
ARCH
(trunk)
V. VERTBRAL
COLUMN
OF
REPTILES
AND
AMNIOTES
CHEVRON
BONES
=
present
intercentrum
in
tail
contributing
to
elements
of
ventral
arch
DEVELOPMENT
OF
ATLAS
+
AXIS
=
modified
for
support
+
movement
of
skull
ATLAS
=
no
centrum
à
ODONTOID
PROCESS
=
FUSED
1st
and
2nd
CENTRUM
VI. VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
OF
BIRDS
Reduction
of
vertebral
flexibility,
except
in
the
neck
=
reduces
intervertebral
movement
during
flight
=
reduces
frictional
loss
of
energy
SYNSACRUM
=
most
striking
feature;
fusion
of
numerous
vertebrae
(all
lumbar
+
sacrals
+
first
few
caudals
+
ribs)
with
pelvic
girdle,
bears
weight
in
posterior
part
of
body
40
–
60+
VERTEBRA
UNPAIRED
OCCIPITAL
CONDYLE
+
SADDLE-‐SHAPED
CENTRUM
=
180°
ROTATION
of
the
head
in
either
direction
UNCINATE
PROCESS
=
bridges
between
adjacent
ribs
for
additional
strength
of
rib
cage
VII. VERTEBRAL
COLUMN
OF
MAMMALS
PROMINENT
FIVE
REGIONS:
CERVICAL
THORACIC
LUMBAR
SACRAL
CAUDAL
A. CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE
7
first
two:
ATLAS
AXIS
ATLAS
Ring-‐shaped
bone
with
wide
wing-‐like
lateral
projections
LATERAL
PROJECTIONS
=
represent
the
ribs;
perforated
by
vertebrarterial
canal
VERTEBRARTERIAL
CANAL
=
DISTINGUISHING
FEATUUURE;
where
vertebrarterial
artery
passes
through
NO
ZYGAPOPHYSES
AXIS
Has
large
and
elongated
neural
arch
with
forward-‐projecting
neural
spine
POSTZYGAPOPHYSES
ONLY
ODONTOID
PROCESS
=
articulates
with
ring
of
atlas
OTHER
CERVICAL
VERTEBRAE
Generally
similar
in
form
With
well-‐developed
neural
arches
and
spines
+
post
and
prezygapophyses
PREZYGAPOPHYSES
=
dorsal
orientation
of
articular
surface
POSTZYGAPOHYSES
=
ventral
orientation
of
articular
surface
B. THORACIC
VERTEBRAE
13
in
CATS
COSTAL
FACETS
=
rib
articulation
ANTERIOR
THORACIC
VERTEBRAE
=
very
tall
neural
spines
+
short
centra
+
small
post
and
prezygapophyses
+
short
stout
transverse
processes
LAST
THORACIC
VERTEBRAE
=
different;
reduced
neural
spines
and
transverse
processes
+
more
prominent
zygapophyses
+
single
rib
facet
+
extra
process
of
prezygapophyses
=
METAPOPHYSIS
(mammillary
process)
C. LUMBAR
VERTEBRAE
4-‐7
large
stout
with
prominent
neural
spines
+
long
anteriorly
directed
transverse
processes
processes
include
rib
rudiments
=
PLEURAPOPHYSES
prominent
metapophyses
+
extra
process
of
postzygapophyses
=
ANAPOPHYSIS
(accessory
process)
D. SACRUM
3
in
CATS
fused
vertebrae
articulating
with
ILIA
FIRST
SACRAL
VERTEBRA
=
greatest
part
of
pelvic
girdle
support
+
large
lateral
expansions
E. CAUDAL
VERTEBRAE
Diminishing
neural
arches
+
transverse
processes
+
zygapophyses
LAST
CAUDAL
VERTEBRAE
=
only
centra
CHEVRON
BONES
F. *RIBS
mammalian
rib
=
BONY
VERTEBAL
RIB
+
CARTILAGINOUS
STERNAL
RIB
NECK
=
narrowest
part
of
rib
SHAFT
=
remainder
of
rib
ANGLE
=
point
of
greatest
curvature
of
shaft
TRUE
RIBS
=
with
independent
attachment
to
sternum
FALSE
RIBS
=
join
the
preceding
ribs/unattached
FLOATING
RIBS
=
unattached
false
ribs
CATS
9
true
ribs
4
false
ribs
1
(from
4
false
ribs)
floating
rib