What Is Time-Sensitive Networking
What Is Time-Sensitive Networking
What Is Time-Sensitive Networking
Home / Articles / 2016 / What is timesensitive networking?
Timesensitive networking (TSN) is the most recent leg of the journey that will make critical data
available where and, most importantly, when it’s needed. The automotive industry’s use of audio
video bridging has evolved into timesensitive networking for invehicle and outofvehicle communications.
But what exactly is TSN, and why does it matter?
“On the one hand, timesensitive networking denotes a set of IEEE 802 standards, which extends the functionality of
Ethernet networks to support a deterministic and highavailability communication on Layer 2,” explains Dipl. Ing.
André Hennecke, researcher at DFKI, a research center in Kaiserslautern, Germany. “In particular, this includes an
improved timing synchronization and a realtime scheduling method, enhancements of the stream reservation
protocol, explicit path control and network policing procedures.”
On the other hand, the term “timesensitive network” is also used to designate a series of acts from different
organizations to enable a deterministic communication via Ethernet, not only with a focus on Layer 2, but also with a
view on Layer 3 (DetNet), applications and certification processes, such as those from AVnu Alliance, says
Hennecke.
“It’s possible to have a network that offers no value to a customer, even though it conveys 100% of the requested
information, simply because of the transmission latency it introduces,” warns Doug Taylor, principal engineer,
Concept Systems, a system integrator in Albany, Oregon. The aim of TSN is to eliminate that latency for critical data
by reserving a traffic lane for those packets.
At one level, time sensitive networking it is a set of IEEE 802.1 and 802.3
standards, explains Paul Didier, solutions architect manager at Cisco. “The
objective is to enhance Ethernet and core standard networking to better support
“In the timesensitive applications, such as industrial automation control,” he says.
generic sense,
TSN is a set of “We’re trying to match up standard networking with a lot of the requirements
capabilities coming out of industrial automation and control. The concept of these control
being added transactions or messages is a little challenging. Control engineers think they’ve
to standard got a controller or motor, and there’s a wire between the two of them. Technically,
Ethernet to they understand that moving to standard networks and being able to do things in
those models makes things a lot easier. Queuing the stuff up is counterintuitive.
support They’re looking for deterministic network performance characteristics around
applications latency, jitter and reliability that are easy to implement and use. It gives them an
that need open and interconnected network that allows much more freely flowing
deterministic information from those devices and to enhance and add to those devices over
characteristics time, which drives the overall story of the IoT, where you can do offline or close
for data tothemachine. You need access to the data without having to drop extra lines in.
It’s about convergence. There’s all of this IIoT, and it’s all about these things using
transfer.” the Internet. Aren’t there different requirements? Isn’t there a reason they haven’t
used the Internet? Should we make some modifications?”
Also read: Why deterministic Ethernet matters to manufacturing
At the heart of TSN are mechanisms that provide time synchronization for networked devices and scheduled
forwarding of defined traffic flows through the network, explains Markus Plankensteiner, vice president, sales
industrial, North America, and global alliance manager, TTTech Computertechnik (www.tttech.com). “Through time
synchronization and scheduling, TSN delivers deterministic communication over standard Ethernet, thereby enabling
the convergence of critical control traffic with data traffic over one infrastructure without the need for gateways or
proprietary solutions,” he says.
“The TSN standards define mechanisms for the timesensitive transmission of data over Ethernet networks; these in
particular address the transmission of data at very low latency and high availability, allowing for timedetermination
communication and synchronization,” says Sari Germanos, open automation business development manager, B&R
Industrial Automation.
Timesensitive networking is a collection of projects aimed at improving Ethernet, and specifically Internet
technologies for time synchronization, explains Joey Stubbs, P.E., North American representative, EtherCAT
Technology Group. “These projects are intended to improve routing, preemption, time synchronization, security and
throughput of Ethernet traffic for A/V streaming and bridging,” he says. The IEEE 802.1 standard encompasses the
work of the TSN Task Group, which used to be called the AVB Task Group for audio video bridging.
Fieldbuses are proprietary, welldesigned for the applications they support, but getting data out of them is a bear,
says Didier. “We can support that much better than the muchlessdeterministic methods that we currently have,” he
explains. “They have control problems they’re trying to solve. We’ve got an ecosystem we’re trying to build this into.
This isn’t going to be a separate network configuration. It’s simply incorporated in the standard tools that you use.
The idea is those programs understand the control loops and what information needs to come in and leave. The
network will say it can handle it, sometimes with modifications, and push it out into the network. That’s the
architecture we’re putting together on top of the IEEE standards.”
Time sensitive networking, as a concept, is analogous to realtime networking, where real time is the amount of time
that network data is accurate and consistent enough for the control system to make reliable decisions, explains Phil
Marshall, CEO of Hilscher North America. “In some applications, this requirement is measured in milliseconds, in
others, in microseconds,” he says.
The standardization of timesensitive features within IEEE 802.1/802.3 to be rolled out in a large number of
consumer and industrial chipsets will mean that many more people will be able to gain access into the development
of industrial applications, explains Dr. Michael Hoffmeister, portfolio manager, software, at Festo. “This is expected to
stimulate a diversity of new use cases, applications and software tools and will therefore trigger also new impulses
on the shopfloor level,” he predicts. “Moreover, TSN allows for realtime communication in parallel to standard
Ethernetbased office communication over the same network infrastructure, which increases flexibility in the network
architecture.”
Time sensitive networking is the capability to do true realtime traffic with known worstcase endtoend transmission
times, says Mark Hermeling, director, product management, VxWorks, Wind River. “Ethernet as we know it today is
best effort, at best,” he cautions. “There is no way to calculate the time it will take for a packet to go from A to B.
There is a lot of variability in the transmission times that can be caused at multiple levels in the OSI model.”
There are fieldbus protocols, such as EtherCAT and Profinet, that have sprung up over the years to remedy this,
continues Hermeling. “Many networks have one connection for realtime traffic to realtime devices and one
connection for generalpurpose traffic such as connecting to IT networks,” he explains. “Timesensitive networking
promises to provide known transmission times for realtime packets, while allowing generalpurpose traffic to be
intermixed on the same connection.”
Timesensitive networks have very little latency, explains Sloan Zupan, senior product manager, Mitsubishi Electric
Automation. “In machine control, it’s critical that automation components communicate with one another using a
deterministic network,” he says. “Protocols that use standard TCP/IP Ethernet introduce latency because it is a
nondeterministic protocol.”
In the generic sense, TSN is a set of capabilities being added to standard Ethernet to support applications that need
deterministic characteristics for data transfer, explains Todd Walter, chief marketing manager, National
Instruments and industrial segment chair of AVnu Alliance. “If you want to do a control loop, that is very difficult
today,” he says.
“You can engineer and constrain what traffic goes on the network. The level of performance isn’t as high as you
could get. Time sensitivenetworking actually will schedule a class of traffic through the network. An analogy is, if
you have an express lane on a highway, cars in that lane can get higher priority. If you still have a bunch of cars at
the same time, you can still have congestion. You can control and time when cars go in and when the lights change,
so you can get deterministic transfer. That’s what’s being added.”
For once, the industry has a term that means exactly what it sounds like, says Dr. Richard Soley, executive director
of the Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC). “It’s connecting devices for which the connectivity is timesensitive—that
is, communications must be received with minimum latency and/or maximum throughput,” he explains. “The
common technical term is hard realtime, meaning that there is an absolute deadline, after which the system fails—
the worstcase execution time can be characterized precisely; or there’s soft realtime, meaning the system may fail
gracefully after the deadline.”
Rockwell Automation follows the IEEE definition of time sensitive networking. “It’s a bundle of extensions primarily to
the 802.1 spec, with some also impacting 802.3 capabilities such as scheduling,” says Paul Brooks, business
development manager. “We very much see it as being a bundle of separate things.”
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