Smart Control and Monitoring of Rooftop

Chidipothu Harish, et. al.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

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ISSN: 2248-9622, Vol. 13, Issue 3, March 2023, pp. 115-128
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
Smart Control and Monitoring of Rooftop PV Power

System
Chidipothu Harish1, K. B. Madhu Sahu2, Challa Krishna Rao3
1
PG Scholar, Department of EEE, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management-Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh,
India
2
Professor, Department of EEE, Aditya Institute of Technology and Management-Tekkali, Andhra Pradesh,
India
3
Associate Professor, Department of EEE,Aditya Institute of Technology and Management-Tekkali, Andhra
Pradesh, India
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more popular, and both practitioners and scholars are
becoming interested in it. In order to offer information and control over the state of the items around us, the
major goal of IoT is to bring everything in the world together under a single infrastructure, including things,
people, places, and processes. Demand side management is a crucial component of smart grid operations that
focuses on improving cost and efficiency through load management and control. In order to regulate all
load/energy control units at each client end, this demand side management prototype system employs a Central
Energy Management Unit. At each client end, a data-entry circuit is employed for the previous transmission of
load scheduling requests.A Global System for Mobile communication is used for wireless data transfer between
multiple devices. A few loads, an Arduino Uno, relay modules, current sensors, Proteus software, and Global
System for Mobile communication modules make up the lab setup.
Keywords: IoT, PV, Monitoring, smatplug
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Date of Submission: 12-03-2023 Date of acceptance: 29-03-2023
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I. INTRODUCTION capacity to link a variety of heterogeneous devices,

The Internet of Things (IoT), which is such as smart objects, embedded intelligent
regarded as the basis for the next generation of the sensors, context-aware computations, conventional
Internet, is expected to facilitate improved computer networks, and commonplace things. The
communications and intelligent operations of designs, systems, protocols, intelligence,
gadgets, smart objects, systems, and services. applications, suppliers, and sizes of these
Everything will actually be given a unique heterogeneous devices vary[1]. Through
identifier as part of a new communication applications and management systems that are
technology revolution so that it may be addressed, located in data centres or network clouds, these
connected to other things, and exchange entities are capable of interacting and integrating
information. Anything from tyres to hairbrushes with one another in order to gather, create, process,
falls under this category. The definition of the and exchange data.
Internet of Things is still not clear or consistent. At the producing, transmission, and
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a network that links distribution ends, several steps must be completed
common physical things with recognisable in order to create the smart grid network. utility
addresses to provide intelligent services. It is based companies and their consumers working together to
on conventional information carriers like the enhance efficiency and cost (DSM). Both
Internet, telephone networks, and other similar customers and utilities will gain from load
networks.The author suggested that the IoT be management and control. DSM was viewed as a
defined as "a global network of networked devices temporary fix to lower load demand during peak
uniquely reachable, based on standard hours until the utility could provide the peak loads.
communication protocols," since its first expression Despite this, there is a growing understanding of
comprises of the words "Internet" and "Things”. the benefits of DSM due to rising demand and
The actual value of IoT, however, comes in its advancements in communication technologies.
www.ijera.com DOI: 10.9790/9622-1303115128 115 | Page

Chidipothu Harish, et. al. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications
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DSM was viewed as a temporary fix to lower load important and limitless source of energy that has
demand during peak hours until the utility could recently received attention is solar energy.
provide the peak loads.Despite this, there is a Investments are being made in the solar industry in
growing understanding of the benefits of DSM due the hopes of a future with fewer reliances on fossil
to rising demand and advancements in fuels. Fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are scarce
communication technologies. By lowering the and unfriendly to the environment. Therefore, there
chance of blackouts and handling system needs to be a general consensus in favour of
emergencies, DSM increases system reliability. By renewable energy sources.
avoiding the utilities from utilising extra fuel or Future renewable energy generation will
investing money on new power sources during increasingly rely on solar energy. More rooftop
peak hours, it also helps to lower energy rates. solar systems are being connected into networks
Utility companies benefit from it as well because it like grids and industrial areas in order to provide
saves them money on off-peak storage. strong grid stability. Consequently, there is a
The Internet of Things (IoT) digital growing requirement to track the energy produced
security issue is becoming worse as more home and by solar power plants in real-time, identify any
workplace gadgets are connected to the internet. issues, and boost the total production of solar
When connected to edge gateways or cloud systems.Variations in sun irradiation, temperature,
platforms, IoT will generate more data than any and other factors lead to fluctuating power
other emerging technology, and it will also generation from solar panels. Utilizing cutting-edge
generate the quickest data streams through sensors. IOT technology solutions like those depicted in
The Internet of Things, Industrial IoT, and Edge Figure 1, we can autonomously build the
Computing are expanding at an incredibly fast rate machines[8].With the help of these components, we
and have become a crucial part of our daily lives can easily track wireless networks, do away with
through applications like intelligent tracking the drawbacks and risks of existing technical
systems in transportation, industrial wireless solutions, and create a range of sensors and
automation, public safety, personal health microcontroller gadgets. The cost functions of the
monitoring, and health care for the elderly device are as a result far more compact than those
community.The possibilities appear limitless. We of the older control systems.
are currently residing in what was once believed to The Internet of Things relies on context-
be a lifetime away. A developing network of linked aware computing using network resources and
gadgets is known as the "Internet of Things" (IoT). intelligent networking with already-existing
The Internet of Things (IoT) network is made up of networks. There is little question that WiFi and 4G-
digital things including machines, tags, and LTE wireless Internet access will eventually
electrical gadgets (UIDs). Among other things, become commonplace information and
these networked smart devices are utilised for real- communication networks. The computing paradigm
time monitoring, data detection, and transfer. will need to develop beyond the existing mobile
With the advent of IoT, the fourth computing scenarios that connect common things
industrial revolution, often known as Industry 4.0, and infuse intelligence into our surroundings via
has reached India. In addition to the recently smart phones and portable devices if the Internet of
introduced "Digital India" agenda, IoT is a key Things aim is to become a reality. To make
component of the developing IoT business and technology invisible to users, the Internet of Things
technological landscape. According to a recent needs three things: (1) a shared understanding of
report provided by Zinnov in June 2020, IoT the circumstances surrounding users and their
investments in India were close to $5 billion in appliances; (2) software architectures and pervasive
2019 and are expected to reach $15 billion in 2021. communication networks; and (3) Internet of
Exhaustible energy sources like coal are Things analytics tools that strive for autonomous
depleting alarmingly quickly, and we are and intelligent behaviour. Smart connectivity and
continuing to rely on them excessively. context-aware computing are possible with these
Inexhaustible energy sources like solar and wind three underlying presumptions in place.
energy can be used in this situation[6].An

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Fig.1 Block Diagram of Solar energy monitoring system
1. Demand side management Load management programmes and

The field of demand-side management energy reduction programmes are the two major
(DSM) is one that is developing in the energy foci of DSM. As part of the energy reduction
sector. As part of their efforts to manage costs and initiative, loads' performance and energy efficiency
lessen the impact of energy shortages on their are enhanced. Direct load control and indirect load
bottom lines, mileage firms are advocating it less tariff control are two subcategories of load
frequently. DSM also effectively manages the management. Utility suppliers can remotely turn on
unintended consequences of power outages during or off a specific non-critical load thanks to direct
the busiest hours of the day, as well as in the case load control. The objective is to distribute the loads
of high charges or grid traffic[2]. These evenly across the time period in order to discourage
characteristics, particularly on weekends and utilities from investing in reserve capacity. Direct
during off-peak hours, might result in increased load control techniques include load shifting, peak
expenditures and annoyance for drug users. clipping, and valley filling. Peak clipping reduces
Demand side management helps to address some of non-critical loads during peak periods, flattening
the smart grid's challenges (DSM). With this the load curve[4].Peak clipping reduces overall
approach, both grid load and electricity costs will operating costs by saving essential fuel and taking
decrease.DSM provides customers with resources preventative action that would have otherwise led
to help them decide how much and when to use to a major fault scenario. To provide a flat load
electricity. Load shifting and load reduction are two profile, the loads are increased at off-peak times. In
areas where DSM has an impact. For the DSM order to heat water or a place, this load
algorithm to be implemented, two-way management technology turns electrical energy into
communication between the utility and the end thermal energy. The load factor is raised and the
consumer is essential. the end user's willingness to cost of the energy is decreased since the client is
change or lower their energy use[3]. By relocating using the energy off-peak. Because of this, utilities
power demand from peak to off-peak hours, energy and customers both gain when loads are filled
generation may be avoided and production costs outside of peak times. The most well-liked of these
can be reduced. methods is the load shifting strategy, which mixes

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peak clipping and valley filling tactics. Even if the The system's primary goal is to build and
overall load demand is consistent throughout the create a user-friendly Demand Side Management
day, load shifting's goal is to relocate loads from system that will regulate energy suppliers and
peak to off-peak hours. controllers. According to each N User's need and
peak hour, the Energy organisation will deliver
2. Proposed Methodology them the appropriate amount of electricity. Each
This system's objectives include user's power consumption will be measured by an
developing and implementing a demand side energy sensor for voltage, current, and power. The
management system with an easy-to-use user user interface is used to track and manage the user's
interface, managing the functions of load status and power usage.
controllers and energy suppliers that collect user-
provided data on energy usage, and performing 3. Components used in the system
control based on a webserver using energy sensors. Different components used in the system have been
Residential customers lack the time necessary to described in this section.
manually handle demand response[7]. An IoT- i)Arduino UNO
based system is required for the implementation of The Arduino Uno microcontroller board is built
autonomous demand response throughout a region. around the ATmega328. Indicated in Figure 2 are
The associated priority is altered in accordance its six analogue inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
with the priority of the loads that each user is using. a power connector, an ICSP header, a USB port,
Each load is connected to the others using relays. and reset buttons. There are a total of 14 digital
Requests for load reduction will be received via input/output pins, 6 of which are PWM outputs.
relays, and they will ensure that total power The only thing needed to get started is the insertion
consumption stays below the set demand limit. of a USB cable, an AC-to-DC converter, or a
As long as the total household power battery because everything needed to support the
usage is within the set limit, the recommended microcontroller is already included [10].The
DSM system enables the home owner to use their ATmega328 microcontroller's recommended input
loads as needed. The suggested system's Energy voltage is 5 volts, however the ideal input voltage
sensor, Webserver, and database view will be in varies from 7 to 12 volts (limits) Pins for digital
charge of monitoring and managing appliances' I/O: 6-20V, 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output) 6
power use. Here, a time-of-use-based pricing DC Analog input I/O pins are at pin 50 mA and
structure is employed to regulate the user's energy current 3.3V pins are at pin 40 mA. The bootloader
use. When compared to peak hours, off-peak makes advantage of the ATmega328's 32 KB of
electricity consumption is less expensive. Peak Flash Memory, 1 KB of EEPROM, 2 KB of
hours' power consumption costs per unit are higher SRAM, and 16 MHz of clock speed. Writing and
than off-peak hours' prices per unit. Each user editing programmes is made incredibly simple by
sends a signal through the communication module the software package, such as the Arduino IDE
requesting power.This communication module is (integrated development environment). The
used to gather data on each user's power usage and Arduino UNO board's pins 0 (RX pin) and 1 (TX
to give consumers a way to check their power pin) must be kept vacant when programming
usage and regain access to the status of their commands into them.
appliances[5]. The Webserver has information to
track and manage power consumption.

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Fig. 2 Arduino UNO
ii) Current Sensor data are all compatible. It needs a 12 V, 2 A

The linear current sensor ACS712, which external working voltage. On the device are three
is completely integrated and based on the hall status LEDs with the labels PWR (power), SIG
effect, has an integrated low-resistance current (signal), and RING [11]. When the modem is
conductor as well as 2.1kVRMS voltage isolation. functioning properly, the SIG LED blinks, but the
It may be summed up as a current sensor that uses PWR LED is always lighted as long as power is
its conductor to figure out and measure the amount present. In the event that a message or call is
of applied current, without using any technical received, the RING LED will begin to flicker.At
jargon. A current sensor that can operate on both the base, there is a SIM card slot. Data
AC and DC is the ACS712. At a 5V operating communication with an Arduino is accomplished
voltage, this sensor outputs an analogue voltage using the TXD, RXD, and GND pins [15].
that is inversely proportional to the measured
current. Several precisely calibrated Hall sensors
are joined by copper wires to form this gadget.
Fig. 3 Current Sensor

Fig. 4 GSM Module
The output of the instrument slopes
upward as the primary copper conduction
iv) LCD Display
current increases (from pins 1 and 2 to pins 3
LCDs must inform the user of the data
and 4). There is 1.2 m of internal resistance in
packets being transmitted to the CEMU end at the
the conduction route.
customer end data input circuits. Here, the Hitachi
HD44780 driver is being utilised with a 16x2
iii) GSM Module parallel interface LCD. Basic LCD functionality is
Figure 4 displays It uses a GSM modem
already provided by this Arduino library in the
with a SIM900A chip. At 900 MHz and 1800 MHz,
Arduino IDE (as an example).As a result, it is
the SimCom SIM900A dual-band GSM engine
easier to connect LCD to Arduino and scripts may
operates. Transmissions through SMS, voice, and
be created to suit a variety of needs. A 10kX

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external potentiometer (POT) is connected to the

LCD's Pin 3 for contrast control. 8-bit data
interfaces for reading and writing to registers are
present on pins 7 through 14. The anode and
cathode pins that power the LED backlight are 15
and 16, respectively.
Fig. 5 USB Host Shield

vi) Potentiometer
Fig. 4 LCD Display A three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating
contact that modifies the voltage divider is referred
v) USB Host Shield to as a potentiometer. When only the wiper and one
The data entry circuit at each client end terminal are used, Figure 6 shows how it functions
requires USB ports, as seen in Figure 5, but the as a variable resistor or rheostat.
Arduino UNO does not have any. As a result, in
order to connect an external USB device to
Arduino (such as a keyboard), a USB host shield is
required. The MAX3421E USB peripheral/host
controller, on which it is based, provides the
analogue and digital circuitry necessary for the
microcontroller to accept data from USB
peripherals[19]. It uses the power pins, ICSP
connections, and digital I/O pins 8 through 10 and
attaches directly onto the Arduino board. The
power pins are used to supply power, while the
ICSP connections are used to send or receive data
utilising serial peripheral interface (SPI)
protocols.Using the Interrupt (INT) and Slave
Select (SS) interfaces on the Arduino when Fig. 6 Potentiometer
transmitting data to a peripheral device, timing vii) Relay Module
issues in a microcontroller are fixed. The It is a single-channel, 12 V, sealed,
programme is reset by pressing the RESET button optically isolated, small relay module. As shown in
on the USB shield, which is also a feature. Figure 7, the input pin is used and connected
directly to the Arduino's digital pins. Switches
marked COM and NO/NC are used to connect the
appliances.

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digital pins 7 and 8, respectively, for serial data

exchange. The Arduino's digital pins 7 and 8 may
be altered to act as RX and TX pins, respectively,
by writing code to the pins using the Arduino
IDE.The solar-powered 12 V DC supply is linked
to the relay module.
To provide a common reference and prevent
ground loop issues, the GND or negative pin of the
12 V supply from solar power is always linked to
the GND pin of the Arduino (circulating current
may flow if both the grounds are not at the same
potential). An alternate approach is to combine all
12 V DC power sources into a single unit with the
necessary/appropriate current ratings. However,
while choosing this configuration with independent
sources, the ratings of the power supplies that are
available in the lab are rapidly taken into
Fig. 7 Relay Module account.The message (command signal) supplied
viii) LED via CEMU is used by the Arduino to control the
LEDs are a specific kind of diode that use relay module. For instance, the Arduino will send
electricity to create light. Light Emitting Diode is HIGH to the relay's "input pin" in order to allow
what LED actually stands for. And the analogy the relay switches to make contact with the load
between the diode and LED illustrates this. #1's NO and NC ports if the command signal is
"ona" (for customer #1, load #1). The relay
4. Implementation switches establish contact from NC to NO ports,
There are essentially three separate turning OFF the load #1, and the Arduino
subsystem types in this DSM prototype design, two broadcasts LOW to the input pin of the relay if the
of which are placed at the load end for each command signal is "offa" (for customer #1, load
customer and one of which is placed in the middle #1).
at the CEMU end. The various parts of the DSM The rectangular piece coloured red stands
system are as follows: in for the GSM module, while the rectangle piece
i. Circuit for management of load ends coloured black stands in for the Arduino UNO
ii. Circuit for inputting loadend data board.Two relays and two current sensors are
iii. End control circuit for CEMU present for each load. The instantaneous current is
converted by the current sensor into an equivalent
i) Circuit for management of load ends analogue voltage based on its sensitivity. The
In accordance with the command signals analogue voltage value is converted to digital
that the CEMU transmits via the GSM module, this counts after that. The present sensor code takes all
control circuit regulates the on and off timings of of these factors into consideration before raising
the loads. Figure 8 illustrates a control circuit the digital count by the appropriate number. It is
design for a single load. Solar energy has enabled the responsibility of the current sensor to ascertain
the two modules to have an external 12 V DC if the consumer truly consumes the desired load.
supply (Arduino UNO and GSM). The TXD and
RXD pins of the GSM are linked to the Arduino's

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Fig. 8 Circuit for management of load ends
ii) Circuit for inputting loadend data power the LCD backlight through the GND pins.
The CEMU receives the data packets Use pin R/W to change the operation modes
(client requests) through the data input. The CEMU between read and write. Since Pin R/W is
constructs the load scheduling pattern after connected to GND and the LCD is being used as a
receiving these data packets. Figure 9 depicts the display device in this application, the LCD is
circuit diagram for the data entry circuit. For serial permanently placed in write mode.
data interchange between Arduino and GSM, the There is a list of potential messages that
TX pin and RX pin of the GSM are connected to might appear on the LCD in the Appendix. To
digital pins 0 (RXD pin of Arduino) and 1, allow the user to change the contrast, Pin V0 is
respectively. linked with a 10k potentiometer. Instead of using
Pins 2, 3, and 4 of the Arduino are linked, the USB connector present on the Arduino UNO,
accordingly, to the LCD's D7, D6, D5, and D4 in the USB keyboard is linked to Arduino using a
order to transmit data. Pins A (anode) and K USB host shield. The Arduino board and USB host
(cathode), which are linked to the Arduino's 5 V shield are directly connected. The Arduino uses its
and GND pins, respectively, provide power for the serial peripheral interface (SPI) for communication.
illuminated display.It should be noted that while The Arduino's power pins are also used by the USB
receiving a 12 V DC supply from solar power, the host shield to run it. The hardware setup for the
Arduino board generates a 5V DC supply at the data entry circuit is shown in Figure. You can enter
corresponding pin. As a result, the Arduino board on a keyboard and look at the LCD to verify that
generates a 5V DC output, which is utilised to the relevant data packets have been sent to the

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CEMU. This is made feasible by firmware that is  load wattage or power

part of the Arduino UNO, which is also in charge  load ON interval.
of using the GSM module to deliver the data A typical message may be "1 2 0200 3zy," for
packets. The consumer sends data packets to the instance. Here, the first number (1) designates the
CEMU for each load. The data packets are divided client's identification, while the second number (2)
into the following four sections: designates client 1's second load.
 Customer information
 load information
Fig. 9 Circuit for inputting load end data
The fourth number (3), which is the last The data input circuit depicted in Figure 9
number, denotes the interval at which the load is used by the data input circuits at the load end to
wants to turn on. The power rating is shown by the feed data packets to the CEMU. The processed data
third number (0200). The letters "z" and "y" are are sent into the DSM algorithm once the data have
only used as markers and are put after the full been processed. The result of the DSM algorithm
description of the load. The microcontroller can provides a load scheduling plan for each load. The
utilise these to gauge when the message has been command signal is then sent by the CEMU in the
sent. When a "y" is input at the load end data entry prescribed pattern to each load. It is important to
circuit, the microcontroller sends the message "1 2 keep in mind that the CEMU has two separate
0200 3z" to the CEMU via a GSM modem. As a processors and two distinct programming
consequence, the submit button is represented by languages. The first is the Arduino microcontroller,
the letter "y".Similar to this, when it receives data which uses embedded technology to produce a pre-
from the CEMU end, the Arduino recognises that written software that is designed to "receive data
the contents before the letter "z" are the actual data packets and deliver command."The system
packets and only keeps those. computer analyses the data and sends it to the DSM
software in MATLAB to find the best scheduling
iii) End control circuit for CEMU pattern after receiving the data packets from
Arduino through the USB connection link. As a

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result, communication between MATLAB and The GSM module on the Arduino makes it easier to
Arduino is necessary. To do this, built-in library send and receive data packets. Two control loops—
files are available in the most recent version of the speedier MATLAB control loop and the slower
MATLAB. a USB cable (type-A to type-B) The Arduino control loop—are present as a result of the
type-A end of the cable is attached to a system port presence of two CPUs (since GSM module takes
on one end, while the type-B end is connected to some time to send SMS). For dependable and
Arduino on the other. efficient handshaking between the two CPUs, a
The USB cable regulates power supply suitable delay must be introduced to the faster loop.
and data transmission for Arduino. The CPU sends After selecting the load schedule, the CEMU
commands to the Arduino when the DSM notifies the consumers of each load's control
algorithm has finished running.The Arduino sends signals. Only the ON/OFF command and the load
signals to the load end control circuit, which then identification are present in the control signal. For
uses the GSM network to relay those signals. The instance, if the GSM module of customer #1
LEDs show which loads need to be switched ON at receives the control signal "ona," the load #1 is
specific intervals based on the final load scheduling turned ON; likewise, if the GSM module of
pattern. customer #3 receives the control signal "offe," the
Here, it is assumed that the laptop serves load #5 is turned off.
as the computational heart of the DSM algorithm.
Fig. 10 End control circuit for CEMU

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5. Result analysis include automated PCB layout and wiring, hybrid

In this project the circuit designed by circuit simulation, peripheral circuit co-simulation,
using Proteus Software. A software tool set called and intelligent main layout.Before Hardware
Proteus Design Suite (created by Labcenter implementation the circuit designed and run in this
Electronics Ltd.) is primarily used for drawing Software because in Hardware directlyimplemented
PCB Layouts, simulating Electronics & Embedded errors are maybe occurs.
Circuits, and making schematics. Its benefits
Fig. 11 Solar PV Power Monitoring System
In Above figure 11 shows the Design of solar power monitoring system in Proteus Software. After
given the valve to circuit and run We can observe the current readings. Then implemented the code in Arduino
UNO and connection are made by the circuit diagram shown in Figure 12. The hardware results are same as the
circuit results in proteus Software.
Fig. 12 Hardware implementation of Solar PV Power Monitoring System

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II. CONCLUSION Research (IJSDR) ,ISSN: 2455-2631; April

Both utilities and customers profit from 2019 IJSDR | Volume 4, Issue 4
the DSM and dynamic pricing system. The DSM, [8]. Ch. Krishna Rao, K. Archana, L.
in the eyes of the utility, not only lessens the Manikanta, K. Lalith kumar&K.
burden of peak-hour power demand but also spares Karunkumar “Design And Implementation
them from having to store energy. Energy storage Of Iot Based Personal Health Monitoring
has significant up-front and recurring costs, which System And Cardiac Arrest Locator “
could lead to losses. If the load can be distributed International Journal of Research and
fairly, two-way communication between utilities Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) ,E-ISSN 2348-
and customers can eliminate the need for bulk 1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138; March 2019,
power storage. Volume 6, Issue 1
[9]. K. Pooja, Ch. Krishna Rao & K. B. Madhu
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Smart Control and Monitoring of Rooftop

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Chidipothu Harish, et. al.

International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Smart Control and Monitoring of Rooftop PV Power

I. INTRODUCTION capacity to link a variety of heterogeneous devices,

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Fig.1 Block Diagram of Solar energy monitoring system

1. Demand side management Load management programmes and

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Fig. 2 Arduino UNO

ii) Current Sensor data are all compatible. It needs a 12 V, 2 A

Fig. 3 Current Sensor

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external potentiometer (POT) is connected to the

Fig. 5 USB Host Shield

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digital pins 7 and 8, respectively, for serial data

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Fig. 8 Circuit for management of load ends

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CEMU. This is made feasible by firmware that is  load wattage or power

Fig. 9 Circuit for inputting load end data

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Fig. 10 End control circuit for CEMU

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5. Result analysis include automated PCB layout and wiring, hybrid

Fig. 11 Solar PV Power Monitoring System

Fig. 12 Hardware implementation of Solar PV Power Monitoring System

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II. CONCLUSION Research (IJSDR) ,ISSN: 2455-2631; April

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