NCERT Class 9 Hindi Book Part Two

i
Li'kZ
Hkkx 1
d{kk 9 osQ fy, fganh (f}rh; Hkk"kk) dh ikB~;iqLrd
ii
ISBN 81-7450-488-5
izFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr

q izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx
tuojh 2006 ek?k 1927 dks Nkiuk rFkk bySDVªkW fudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x
vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk
iqueqZæ.k laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA
tuojh 2007 ikS"k 1928 q bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd
dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok
uoacj 2007 dk£rd 1929 ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk m/kjh ij]
iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA
tuojh 2009 ek?k 1930
q bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj
vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk
PD 230T NSY vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil
© jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuql/
a ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ ] Jh vjfoan ekxZ
2006 u;h fnYyh 110 016 iQksu % 011&26562708
108] 100 iQhV jksM
gsyh ,DlVsas'ku] gksLMsosQjs
cuk'kadjh III LVst
csaxyq# 560 085 iQksu % 080&26725740
uothou VªLV Hkou
Mkd?kj uothou
vgenkckn 380 014 iQksu % 079&27541446
lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil
fudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh l
#- 25.00 dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033&25530454
lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl
ekyhxkao
xqokgkVh 781021 iQksu % 0361&2674869
izdk'ku lg;ksx I kQ +
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 70 th-,l-,e- isij ij vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ ;sfV jktkoqQekj
eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh % f'ko oqQekj
eqfnzrA eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy
eq[; O;kikj vfèkdkjh % xkSre xkaxqyh
izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd laiknd % ujs'k ;kno
mRiknu lgk;d % iz d k'k VfgY;k.kh
vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan
vkoj.k ,oa fp=k
ekxZ] u;h fnYyh 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk
dYyksy etwenkj
'kxqu vkWiQlsV izl
s ] ,&3] lSDVj&V] uks,Mk
201 301 }kjk eqfnzrA
iii
vkeq[k
jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ dh :ijs[kk&2005 lq>krh gS fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou
dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml
fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj
?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vkèkkfjr
ikB~;Øe vkSj ikB~;iqLrosaQ bl cqfu;knh fopkj ij vey djus dk iz;kl gSaA
bl iz;kl esa gj fo"k; dks ,d e”kcwr nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks
jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh;
f'k{kk uhfr (1986) esa of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj
rd ys tk,¡xsA
bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z
vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls
lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj djus dk fdruk
volj nsrs gSaA geas ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh
tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u,
Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lk/uksa ,oa Ïksrksa dh vuns[kh fd,
tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh
izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge
cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfØ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh
fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaA
;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud ¯”knxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh
ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruk
okf"kZd oSQysaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh
la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks
iv
r; djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko
rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh
gSA cks> dh leL;k ls fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;Øe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa
esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ
fy, miyC/ le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'k dh
gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkSj
foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl] vkSj gkFk ls dh tkus okyh
xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd
fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, ÑrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ Hkk"kk
lykgdkj lfefr osQ vè;{k izks- ukeoj ¯lg vkSj bl iqLrd osQ eq[;
lykgdkj izks- iq#"kksÙke vxzoky dh fo'ks"k vkHkkjh gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ
fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fd;k_ bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus osQ
fy, ge muosQ izkpk;ks± osQ vkHkkjh gSaA ge mu lHkh laLFkkvksa vkSj laxBuksa
osQ izfr ÑrK gSa ftUgksaus vius lalk/uksa] lkexzh rFkk lg;ksfx;ksa dh enn
ysus esa gesa mnkjrkiwoZd lg;ksx fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,oa mPp f'k{kk
foHkkx] ekuo lalk/u fodkl ea=kky; }kjk çksI+ksQlj e`.kky ehjh ,oa çksI +ksQlj
th-ihns'kikaMs dh vè;{krk esa xfBr fuxjkuh lfefr (ekWfuVfjax desVh)
osQ lnL;ksa dks viuk ewY;oku le; vkSj lg;ksx nsus osQ fy, /U;okn nsrs
gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr
lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dk Lokxr djsxh ftuls
Hkkoh la'kksèkuksa esa enn yh tk losQA
funs'kd
u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj
20 fnlacj 2005 izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~
v
Hkwfedk
ikB~;iqLrdksa dks orZeku ljksdkjksa osQ vuq:i v|ru cukus dh izfozQ;k Lo:i
2005 esa u;h ikB~;p;kZ rS;kj dh xbZA bl ikB~;p;kZ esa lq>k, mís';ksa vkSj ewY;ksa
osQ eísu”kj uohu ikB~;ozQe dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA ikB~;ozQe ij vk/kfjr fganh
f}rh; Hkk"kk dh ikB~;iqLrd ^Li'kZ* esa fuEu ckrksa dks è;ku esa j[kk x;k gS %
1- ;g ikB~;iqLrd mu f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa osQ ckSf¼d vkSj Hkkf"kd Lrj dks è;ku esa
j[kdj rS;kj dh xbZ gS ftudh ekr`Hkk"kk fganh ugha gS vkSj ftUgksaus ik¡poha
d{kk rd vkSipkfjd f'k{kk viuh&viuh ekr`Hkk"kk esa izkIr djus osQ i'pkr~
NBh d{kk ls fganh Hkk"kk dk iBu&ikBu izkjaHk fd;k gSA
2- ;g iqLrd nks Hkkxksaµx| [kaM vkSj dkO; [kaMµesa foHkkftr gSA x| [kaM esa
ikBksa dk ozQe la;kstu ikBksa osQ O;kdjf.kd fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j[kdj fd;k
x;k gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k x;k gS D;ksafd f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dks O;kdj.k laca/h Kku
fdlh vyx iqLrd esa u nsdj bl iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls gh fn;k x;k gSA
3- dkO; [kaM esa dfo;ksa dks muosQ dkyozQekuqlkj gh j[kk x;k gSA jke/kjh flag
fnudj vkSj gfjoa'kjk; cPpu ledkyhu dfo gSaA vr% ;gk¡ jk"Vªdfo
fnudj dks igys j[kk x;k gS vkSj muosQ i'pkr~ ^cPpu* dksA
4- ikBksa esa fofHkUu izdkj osQ iz'u&vH;klksa }kjk f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa dh Hkkf"kd vfHkO;fDr
vkSj O;kdj.k laca/h muosQ Kku dks vf/d csgrj cukus dk iz;Ru fd;k
x;k gSA vk'kk gS bl iqLrd osQ ekè;e ls os fganh Hkk"kk ij viuh idM+
e”kcwr djus esa liQy gks losaQxsA
vi
5- x| [kaM vkSj dkO; [kaM osQ izkjaHk esa x| vkSj dfork osQ iBu&ikBu ls lacfa èkr
oqQN ckrksa dk mYys[k dj fn;k x;k gSA vè;kidksa dks blls x| osQ ikBksa vkSj
dfork osQ vè;kiu esa lgk;rk feysxhA
iqLrd dks vkSj vf/d mi;ksxh cukus gsrq vè;kidksa ,oa Nk=kksa osQ lq>koksa
dk Lokxr gSA
vii
ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

vè;{k] Hkk"kk lykgdkj lfefr
ukeoj flag] iwoZ vè;{k] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyhA
eq[; lykgdkj
iq#"kksÙke vxzoky] izksI+ksQlj] Hkkjrh; Hkk"kk osaQnz] ts-,u-;w-] u;h fnYyhA
eq[; leUo;d
jketUe 'kekZ] izksI+kQs lj ,oa vè;{k] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
lnL;
vuqie feJ] lfpo] xka/h 'kkafr izfr"Bku] u;h fnYyhA
dkfeuh HkVukxj] izoDrk] lh-vkbZ-bZ-Vh] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
xq.kkdj eqys] foKku ys[kd] u;h fnYyhA
iznhi tSu] ofj"B vè;kid] ekWMuZ LowQy] ckjk[kack jksM] u;h fnYyhA
in~e tk iz/ku] ofj"B vè;kfidk] Mh-,e- LowQ y] {ks=kh; f'k{kk laLFkku]
,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] Hkqous'ojA
johanz dkR;k;u] izoDrk] fganh foHkkx] ,l-,u-Mh-Vh- efgyk fo'ofo|ky;] eqca bZA
:isnas z flag] vè;kid] tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] vka/z izn's kA
ohjsna z tSu] i=kdkj] lkaè; VkbEl] u;h fnYyhA
lnL;&leUo;d
Lusgyrk izlkn] jhMj] Hkk"kk foHkkx] ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] u;h fnYyhA
vkHkkj
bl iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa vdknfed lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ fo'ks"k vkeaf=kr fnyhi
flag] jftLVªkj] nf{k.k Hkkjr fganh izpkj lHkk] psUubZ_ y{eh eqOkaqQn] vè;kfidk]
Mh-Vh-bZ-,- Ldwy] vkj-osQ- iqje] lSDVj&4] u;h fnYyh_ mfeZyk 'kekZ] vè;kfidk]
tokgj uoksn; fo|ky;] tkI+kQjiqj] u;h fnYyh dh vkHkkjh gSA
ifj"kn~ cpsanhz iky] /hjatu ekyos vkSj v#.k dey dh vkHkkjh gS ftUgksaus
viuh jpukvksa dks iqLrd esa lfEefyr djus dh vuqefr iznku dhA ifj"kn~ bu
jpukdkjksa osQ ifjtuksa@laLFkkuksa@izdk'kdksa osQ izfr Hkh vkHkkjh gS ftUgksaus mudh
jpukvksa dks izdkf'kr djus dh vuqefr nhµjkefoykl 'kekZ dh jpuk osQ fy,
fou; eksgu 'kekZ] ;'kiky dh jpuk osQ fy, vkuan] 'kjn tks'kh dh jpuk osQ fy,
usgk 'kjn] dkdk dkysydj dh jpuk osQ fy, dkdk dkysydj loksnZ ; lsok VªLV]
fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dh jpuk osQ fy, izeksn oqQekj xqIr] jke/kjh flag fnudj dh
jpuk osQ fy, osQnkjukFk flag] gfjoa'kjk; cPpu dh jpuk osQ fy, vferkHk
cPpuA
iqLrd fuekZ.k laca/h dk;ks± esa rduhdh lg;ksx osQ fy, ifj"kn~ oaQI;wVj
LVs'ku bapktZ (Hkk"kk foHkkx) ij'kjke dkSf'kd_ Mh-Vh-ih- vkWijsVj] t; izdk'k jk;
vkSj lfpu oqQekj_ dkWih ,MhVj] jketh frokjh] jktho jatu vkSj ;rsUnz oqQekj
;kno_ rFkk izwiQ jhMj] iwtk usxh vkSj deys'k oqQekjh dh vkHkkjh gSA
ikB&lwph
vkeq[k iii
Hkwfedk v
x| [kaM
x| dk iBu&ikBu 3
1- jkefoykl 'kekZ & èkwy 6
2- ;'kiky & nq%[k dk vfèkdkj 13
3- cpsanhz iky & ,ojsLV % esjh f'k[kj ;k=kk 21
4- 'kjn tks'kh & rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk 35
5- èkhjatu ekyos & oSKkfud psruk osQ okgd
pan'z ks[kj osd
a V jkeu~ 43
6- dkdk dkysydj & dhpM+ dk dkO; 55
7- x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ & èkeZ dh vkM+ 62
8- Lokeh vkuan & 'kqØrkjs osQ leku 69
dkO; [kaM
dkO; dk iBu&ikBu 83
9- jSnkl & =vc oSQls NwVS jke] uke---
= ,slh yky rq> fcuq--- 87
10- jghe & nksgs 92
11- u”khj vdcjkcknh & vkneh ukek 97
12- fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr & ,d iwQy dh pkg 102
13- jke/kjh flag fnudj & xhr&vxhr 112
14- gfjoa'kjk; cPpu & vfXu iFk 117
15- vjQ.k dey & =u, bykosQ esa---
=[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk--- 120
jkefoykl 'kekZ
(1912 - 2000)
jkefoykl 'kekZ dk tUe mÙkj izns'k osQ mUuko f”kys esa lu~ 1912 esa gqvkA izkjafHkd f'k{kk xk¡o
esa ikbZA mPp f'k{kk osQ fy, ;s y[kuÅ vk x,A ogk¡ ls bUgksaus vaxsz”kh esa ,e-,- fd;k vkSj
fo'ofo|ky; osQ vaxzs”kh foHkkx esa izkè;kid gks x,A izkè;kiu dky esa gh bUgksaus ih,p-Mh- dh
mikfèk vftZr dhA ys[ku osQ {ks=k esa igys&igys dfork,¡ fy[kdj fiQj ,d miU;kl vkSj
ukVd fy[kus osQ ckn iwjh rjg ls vkykspuk dk;Z esa tqV x,A jkefoykl 'kekZ izxfr'khy
vkykspuk osQ l'kDr gLrk{kj ekus tkrs gSaA bUgksaus xksLokeh rqylhnkl vkSj egkizk.k fujkyk osQ
dkO; dks u, fud"k ij ij[kkA
jkefoykl 'kekZ dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % Hkkjrsanq vkSj mudk ;qx] egkohj izlkn f}osnh vkSj
fganh uotkxj.k] izsepan vkSj mudk ;qx] fujkyk dh lkfgR; lkèkuk (rhu [kaM)] Hkkjr osQ izkphu
Hkk"kk ifjokj vkSj fganh (rhu [kaM)] Hkk"kk vkSj lekt] Hkkjr esa vax”sz kh jkt vkSj ekDlZokn] bfrgkl
n'kZu] Hkkjrh; laLÑfr vkSj fganh izns'k] xkaèkh] vacsMdj] yksfg;k vkSj Hkkjrh; bfrgkl dh
leL;k,¡] cq¼ oSjkX; vkSj izkjafHkd dfork,¡] lfn;ksa osQ lks, tkx mBs (dfork)] iki osQ iqtkjh
(ukVd)] pkj fnu (miU;kl) vkSj viuh èkjrh vius yksx (vkRedFkk)A
jkefoykl 'kekZ dks lkfgR; vdkneh] O;kl lEeku] 'kykdk lEeku vkfn ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA bUgksaus iqjLdkjLo:i feyh jkf'k lk{kjrk izlkj gsrq nku dj nhA
dbZ eqgkojksa] yksdksfDr;ksa] ns'kt 'kCnksa vkSj vU; jpukdkjksa dh jpukvksa osQ m¼j.kksa ls yh
xbZ lwfDr;ksa rFkk iafDr;ksa ls vksr&izksr bl ikB esa ys[kd us èkwy dh efgek vkSj ekgkRE;]
miyCèkrk vkSj mi;ksfxrk dk c[kku fd;k gSA viuh fd'kksj vkSj ;qokoLFkk esa igyokuh osQ
'kkSdhu jgs MkW- 'kekZ vius bl ikB osQ cgkus ikBdksa dks v[kkM+ksa] xk¡oksa vkSj 'kgjksa osQ
thou&txr dh Hkh lSj djkrs gSaA lkFk gh èkwy osQ uUgsa d.kksa osQ o.kZu ls ns'k izse rd dk ikB
i<+kus ls ugha pwdrsA bl ikB dks i<+us osQ ckn ikBd ^èkwy* dks ;w¡ gh èkwy esa u mM+k losQxkA
20/Li'kZ
'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k¡

iks'kkd µ oL=k] igukok
vuqHkwfr µ ,glkl
vM+pu µ fo?u] jQdkoV] ckèkk
vèksM+ µ vkèkh mez dk] <yrh mez dk
O;Fkk µ ihM+k] nq%[k
O;oèkku µ jQdkoV] ckèkk
csg;k µ cs'keZ] fuyZTt
uh;r & bjknk] vk'k;
cjdr µ o`f¼] ykHk] lkSHkkX;
[kle µ ifr
yqxkbZ µ iRuh
ijpwu dh nqdku µ vkVk] pkoy] nky vkfn dh nqdku
lwrd µ ifjokj esa fdlh cPps osQ tUe gksus ;k fdlh osQ ejus ij
oqQN fuf'pr le; rd ifjokj osQ yksxkas dks u Nwuk] Nwr
dfN;kjh µ [ksrksa esa rjdkfj;k¡ cksuk
fuokZg µ xq”kkjk
esM+ µ [ksr osQ pkjksa vksj feêðh Mkydj cuk;k gqvk ?ksjk] nks [ksrksa
osQ chp dh lhek
rjkoV µ xhykiu] ueh] 'khryrk] BaMd
vks>k µ >kM+&Ik¡wQd djus okyk
NUuh&dduk µ ekewyh xguk] tsoj
lgwfy;r µ lqfoèkk
,ojsLV % esjh f'k[kj ;k=kk/21
cpsna hz iky
(1954)
cpsanzh iky dk tUe mÙkjkapy osQ peksyh f”kys esa caik xk¡o esa 24 ebZ 1954 dks gqvkA cpasnzh
viuh ek¡ galknsbZ usxh vkSj firk fd'ku flag iky dh rhljh larku gSaA firk i<+kbZ dk [kpZ mBkus
esa vleFkZ Fks] vr% cpsanzh dks vkBoha ls vkxs dh i<+kbZ dk [kpZ flykbZ&d<+kbZ djosQ tqVkuk
iM+kA nloha ikl djus osQ ckn cpsanzh osQ fiazfliy us muosQ firk dks mudh vkxs dh i<+kbZ osQ
fy, lger fd;kA cpsanzh us ,slh fo"ke fLFkfr;ksa osQ ckotwn laLÑr ls ,e-,- vkSj fiQj ch-
,M- dh f'k{kk gkfly dhA y{; osQ izfr blh leiZ.k Hkko us bUgsa ,ojsLV ij fot; ikus okyh
igyh Hkkjrh; ioZrkjksgh gksus dk xkSjo fnyk;kA
cpsanzh dks igkM+ksa ij Pk<+us dk pko cpiu ls gh FkkA tc budk cM+k HkkbZ bUgsa igkM+ ij
p<+us ls jksdrk Fkk vkSj buls Ng lky NksVs HkkbZ dks igkM+ ij p<+us osQ fy, mdlkrk Fkk] rc
cpsanzh dks cgqr cqjk yxrk FkkA og lksprh Fkh fd HkkbZ ;g D;ksa ugha le>rk fd tks dke NksVk
HkkbZ dj ldrk gS] og mldh ;g cgu Hkh dj ldrh gSA yksx yM+fd;ksa dks bruk dksey]
uk”kqd D;ksa le>rs gSaA cgjgky] igkM+ksa ij p<+us dh mudh bPNk cpiu esa Hkh iwjh gksrh jghA
p¡wfd budk ifjokj lky osQ oqQN eghus ,d m¡QpkbZ okys xk¡o esa fcrkrk Fkk vkSj oqQN eghus
igkM+ ls uhps rjkbZ esa cls ,d vkSj xk¡o esaA ftl ekSle esa ifjokj uhps rjkbZ okys xk¡o esa vk
tkrk Fkk] mu eghuksa esa LowQy tkus osQ fy, cpsanzh dks Hkh ik¡p&Ng ehy igkM+ dh p<+kbZ p<+uh
vkSj mrjuh iM+rh FkhA
bèkj cpsanzh dh i<+kbZ iwjh gqbZ] mèkj bafM;u ekmaVsu iQkmaMs'ku us ,ojsLV vfHk;ku ij
tkus dk lkgl j[kus okyh efgykvksa dh [kkst 'kq: dhA cpsanzh bl vfHk;ku&ny esa 'kkfey
gks xb±A Vªsfuax osQ nkSjku cpsanzh 7500 ehVj m¡Qph eku pksVh ij liQyrkiwoZd p<+haA dbZ
eghuksa osQ vH;kl osQ ckn vkf[kj og fnu vk gh x;k] tc mUgksaus ,ojsLV fot; osQ fy,
iz;k.k fd;kA
22/Li'kZ
cpsanzh us ,ojsLV fot; dh viuh jksekapd ioZrkjksg.k&;k=kk dk laiw.kZ fooj.k Lo;a gh

dyec¼ fd;k gSA izLrqr va'k mlh fooj.k esa ls fy;k x;k gSA ;g ykseg"kZd va'k cpsanzh osQ
ml vafre iM+ko ls f'k[kj rd igq¡pdj frjaxk ygjkus osQ iy&iy dk C;ksjk c;ku djrk gSA
bls i<+rs gq, ,slk yxrk gS] ekuks ikBd Hkh muosQ dne&ls&dne feykrk gqvk] lHkh [krjksa
dks [kqn >syrk gqvk ,ojsLV osQ f'k[kj ij tk jgk gksA
,ojsLV % esjh f'k[kj ;k=kk

,ojsLV vfHk;ku ny 7 ekpZ dks fnYyh ls dkBekaMw osQ fy, gokbZ tgk”k ls py
fn;kA ,d e”kcwr vfxze ny cgqr igys gh pyk x;k Fkk ftlls fd og gekjs
^csl oSaQi* igq¡pus ls igys nqxeZ fgeikr osQ jkLrs dks lkI+kQ dj losQA
ueps ck”kkj] 'ksjikySaM dk ,d lokZfèkd egÙoiw.kZ uxjh; {ks=k gSA vfèkoQka'k
'ksjik blh LFkku rFkk ;gha osQ vklikl osQ xk¡oksa osQ gksrs gSaA ;g ueps ck”kkj gh
Fkk] tgk¡ ls eSaus loZizFke ,ojsLV dks fugkjk] tks usikfy;ksa esa ^lkxjekFkk* osQ uke
ls izfl¼ gSA eq>s ;g uke vPNk yxkA
,ojsLV dh rjI+kQ xkSj ls ns[krs gq,] eSaus ,d Hkkjh cI +kZQ dk cM+k iwQy (Iywe)
ns[kk] tks ioZr&f'k[kj ij ygjkrk ,d èot&lk yx jgk FkkA eq>s crk;k x;k fd
;g n`'; f'k[kj dh mQijh lrg osQ vklikl 150 fdyksehVj vFkok blls Hkh
vfèkd dh xfr ls gok pyus osQ dkj.k curk Fkk] D;ksafd rs”k gok ls lw[kk cI+kZQ
ioZr ij mM+rk jgrk FkkA cI+kZQ dk ;g èot 10 fdyksehVj ;k blls Hkh yack gks
ldrk FkkA f'k[kj ij tkusokys izR;sd O;fDr dks nf{k.k&iwohZ igkM+h ij bu rwI+kQkuksa
dks >syuk iM+rk Fkk] fo'ks"kdj [kjkc ekSle esaA ;g eq>s Mjkus osQ fy, dkI+kQh Fkk]
fiQj Hkh eSa ,ojsLV osQ izfr fofp=k :i ls vkdf"kZr Fkh vkSj bldh dfBure
pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk pkgrh FkhA
tc ge 26 ekpZ dks iSfjp igqp ¡ ]s gesa fge&L[kyu osQ dkj.k gqbZ ,d 'ksjik oqQyh
dh e`R;q dk nq%[kn lekpkj feykA [kaHq kq fgeikr ij tkusokys vfHk;ku&ny osQ jkLrs osQ
ckb± rjI+kQ lhèkh igkM+h osQ èkldus ls] YgksRls dh vksj ls ,d cgqr cM+h cI+kZQ dh p^ku
24/Li'kZ
uhps f[kld vkbZ FkhA lksyg 'ksjik oqQfy;ksa osQ ny esa ls ,d dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj pkj
?kk;y gks x, FksA
bl lekpkj osQ dkj.k vfHk;ku ny osQ lnL;ksa osQ psgjksa ij Nk, volkn dks
ns[kdj gekjs usrk duZy [kqYyj us Li"V fd;k fd ,ojsLV tSls egku vfHk;ku esa
[krjksa dks vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks e`R;q Hkh vkneh dks lgt Hkko ls Lohdkj djuh
pkfg,A
miusrk izsepan] tks vfxze ny dk usr`Ro dj jgs Fks] 26 ekpZ dks iSfjp ykSV
vk,A mUgksaus gekjh igyh cM+h ckèkk [kqaHkq fgeikr dh fLFkfr ls gesa voxr djk;kA
mUgksaus dgk fd muosQ ny us oSaQi&,d (6000 eh-)] tks fgeikr osQ Bhd mQij
gS] ogk¡ rd dk jkLrk lkI+kQ dj fn;k gSA mUgksaus ;g Hkh crk;k fd iqy cukdj]
jfLl;k¡ ck¡èkdj rFkk >afM;ksa ls jkLrk fpfÉr dj] lHkh cM+h dfBukb;ksa dk tk;”kk
ys fy;k x;k gSA mUgksaus bl ij Hkh è;ku fnyk;k fd Xysf'k;j cI+kZQ dh unh gS vkSj
cI+kZQ dk fxjuk vHkh tkjh gSA fgeikr esa vfu;fer vkSj vfuf'pr cnyko osQ
dkj.k vHkh rd osQ fd, x, lHkh dke O;FkZ gks ldrs gSa vkSj gesa jkLrk [kksyus
dk dke nksckjk djuk iM+ ldrk gSA
^csl oSaQi* esa igq¡pus ls igys gesa ,d vkSj e`R;q dh [kcj feyhA tyok;q
vuqowQy u gksus osQ dkj.k ,d jlksbZ lgk;d dh e`R;q gks xbZ FkhA fuf'pr :i ls
ge vk'kktud fLFkfr esa ugha py jgs FksA
,ojsLV f'k[kj dks eSaus igys nks ckj ns[kk Fkk] ysfdu ,d nwjh lsA csl oSaQi
igq¡pus ij nwljs fnu eSaus ,ojsLV ioZr rFkk bldh vU; Jsf.k;ksa dks ns[kkA eSa
HkkSapDdh gksdj [kM+h jg xbZ vkSj ,ojsLV] YgksRls vkSj uqRls dh m¡Qpkb;ksa ls f?kjh]
cI+kQhZyh Vs<+h&es<+h unh dks fugkjrh jghA
fgeikr vius vkiesa ,d rjg ls cI+kZQ osQ [kaMksa dk vO;ofLFkr <ax ls fxjuk
gh FkkA gesa crk;k x;k fd Xysf'k;j osQ cgus ls vdlj cI+kZQ esa gypy gks tkrh
Fkh] ftlls cM+h&cM+h cI+kZQ dh p^kusa rRdky fxj tk;k djrh Fkha vkSj vU; dkj.kksa
ls Hkh vpkud izk;% [krjukd fLFkfr èkkj.k dj ysrh FkhaA lhèks èkjkry ij njkj
iM+us dk fopkj vkSj bl njkj dk xgjs&pkSMs+ fge&fonj esa cny tkus dk ek=k
[k;ky gh cgqr Mjkouk FkkA blls Hkh ”;knk Hk;kud bl ckr dh tkudkjh Fkh fd
gekjs laiw.kZ izokl osQ nkSjku fgeikr yxHkx ,d ntZu vkjksfg;ksa vkSj oqQfy;ksa dks
izfrfnu Nwrk jgsxkA
nwljs fnu u, vkusokys vius vfèkdka'k lkeku dks ge fgeikr osQ vkèks jkLrs
rd ys x,A MkW- ehuw esgrk us gesa vY;wfefu;e dh lhf<+;ksa ls vLFkk;h iqyksa dk
cukuk] y_kas vkSj jfLl;ksa dk mi;ksx] cI +kQZ dh vkM+h&frjNh nhokjksa ij jfLl;ksa dks
ck¡èkuk vkSj gekjs vfxze ny osQ vfHk;kaf=kdh dk;ks± osQ ckjs esa gesa foLr`r tkudkjh nhA
rhljk fnu fgeikr ls oSaQi&,d rd lkeku <ksdj p<+kbZ dk vH;kl djus osQ
fy, fuf'pr FkkA jhrk xksacw rFkk eSa lkFk&lkFk p<+ jgs FksA gekjs ikl ,d
okWdh&VkWdh Fkk] ftlls ge vius gj dne dh tkudkjh csl oSaQi ij ns jgs FksA
duZy [kqYyj ml le; [kq'k gq,] tc geus mUgsa vius igq¡pus dh lwpuk nh
D;ksafd oaaSQi&,d ij ig¡qpusokyh osQoy ge nks gh efgyk,¡ FkhaA
vaxnksjth] yksilkax vkSj xxu fcLlk varr% lkmFk dksy igq¡p x, vkSj 29
viSzy dks 7900 ehVj ij mUgksaus oSaQi&pkj yxk;kA ;g larks"ktud izxfr FkhA
tc vizy S eas eSa csl oSQa i esa Fkh] rsuftax viuh lcls NksVh lqi=q kh Msdh osQ lkFk
gekjs ikl vk, FksA mUgksua s bl ckr ij fo'ks"k egÙo fn;k fd ny osQ izR;sd lnL;
vkSj izR;sd 'ksjik oqQyh ls ckrphr dh tk,A tc esjh ckjh vkbZ] eSua s viuk ifjp;
;g dgdj fn;k fd eSa fcyoqQy gh ukSflf[k;k gw¡ vkSj ,ojsLV esjk igyk vfHk;ku
gSA rsuftax g¡ls vkSj eq>ls dgk fd ,ojsLV muosQ fy, Hkh igyk vfHk;ku gS] ysfdu
;g Hkh Li"V fd;k fd f'k[kj ij igqp ¡ us ls igys mUgsa lkr ckj ,ojsLV ij tkuk iM+k
FkkA fiQj viuk gkFk esjs oaQèks ij j[krs gq, mUgksua s dgk] ¶rqe ,d iDdh ioZrh;
yM+dh yxrh gksA rqEgsa rks f'k[kj ij igys gh iz;kl esa igqp ¡ tkuk pkfg,A¸
15&16 ebZ 1984 dks cq¼ iwf.kZek osQ fnu eSa YgksRls dh cI +kQhZyh lhèkh
<yku ij yxk, x, lqanj jaxhu ukbykWu osQ cus racw osQ oSaQi&rhu esa FkhA oSaQi
esa 10 vkSj O;fDr FksA yksilkax] r'kkfjax esjs racw esa Fks] ,u-Mh- 'ksjik rFkk vkSj
26/Li'kZ
vkB vU; 'kjhj ls e”kcwr vkSj m¡Qpkb;ksa esa jgusokys 'ksjik nwljs racqvksa esa FksA
eSa xgjh uhan esa lksbZ gqbZ Fkh fd jkr esa 12-30 cts osQ yxHkx esjs flj osQ fiNys
fgLls esa fdlh ,d l[r ph”k osQ Vdjkus ls esjh uhan vpkud [kqy xbZ vkSj
lkFk gh ,d ”kksjnkj èkekdk Hkh gqvkA rHkh eq>s eglwl gqvk fd ,d BaMh] cgqr
Hkkjh dksbZ ph”k esjs 'kjhj ij ls eq>s oqQpyrh gqbZ py jgh gSA eq>s lk¡l ysus esa
Hkh dfBukbZ gks jgh FkhA
;g D;k gks x;k Fkk\ ,d yack cI+kZQ dk fiaM gekjs oSaQi osQ Bhd mQij YgksRls
Xysf'k;j ls VwVdj uhps vk fxjk Fkk vkSj mldk fo'kky fgeiqat cuk x;k FkkA
fge[kaMks]a cI+kZQ osQ VqdM+ksa rFkk teh gqbZ cI+kZQ osQ bl fo'kkydk; iqat us] ,d
,Dlizsl jsyxkM+h dh rs”k xfr vkSj Hkh"k.k xtZuk osQ lkFk] lhèkh <yku ls uhps vkrs
gq, gekjs oSaQi dks rgl&ugl dj fn;kA okLro esa gj O;fDr dks pksV yxh FkhA
;g ,d vk';pZ Fkk fd fdlh dh e`R;q ugha gqbZ FkhA
yksilkax viuh fLol Nqjh dh enn ls gekjs racw dk jkLrk lkI+kQ djus esa
liQy gks x, Fks vkSj rqjar gh vR;ar rs”kh ls eq>s cpkus dh dksf'k'k esa yx x,A
FkksM+h&lh Hkh nsj dk lhèkk vFkZ Fkk e`R;qA cMs+&cMs+ fgefiaMksa dks eqf'dy ls gVkrs
gq, mUgksaus esjs pkjksa rjI+kQ dh dM+s tes cI +kZQ dh [kqnkbZ dh vkSj eq>s ml cI+kZQ dh
dcz ls fudky ckgj [khap ykus esa liQy gks x,A
lqcg rd lkjs lqj{kk ny vk x, Fks vkSj 16 ebZ dks izkr% 8 cts rd ge izk;%
lHkh oSQa i&nks ij igqp ¡ x, FksA ftl 'ksjik dh Vk¡x dh gah VwV xbZ Fkh] mls ,d [kqn
osQ cuk, LVsp ª j ij fyVkdj uhps yk,A gekjs usrk duZy [kqYyj osQ 'kCnksa es]a ¶;g
bruh m¡QpkbZ ij lqj{kk&dk;Z dk ,d ”kcjnLr lkgfld dk;Z FkkA**
lHkh ukS iqjQ"k lnL;ksa dks pksVksa vFkok VwVh gfa;ksa vkfn osQ dkj.k csl oSQa i esa Hkstuk
iM+kA rHkh duZy [kqYyj esjh rjI+ kQ eqMd + j dgus yxs] ¶D;k rqe Hk;Hkhr Fkha\¸
¶th gk¡A¸
¶D;k rqe okfil tkuk pkgksxh\¸
¶ugha¸] eSaus fcuk fdlh fgpfdpkgV osQ mÙkj fn;kA
tSls gh eSa lkmFk dksy oSaQi igq¡ph] eSaus vxys fnu dh viuh egÙoiw.kZ p<+kbZ
dh rS;kjh 'kq: dj nhA eSaus [kkuk] oqQfoaQx xSl rFkk oqQN vkWDlhtu flfyaMj bd_s
fd,A tc nksigj Ms<+ cts fcLlk vk;k] mlus eq>s pk; osQ fy, ikuh xje djrs
ns[kkA dh] t; vkSj ehuw vHkh cgqr ihNs FksA eSa fpafrr Fkh D;ksafd eq>s vxys fnu
muosQ lkFk gh p<+kbZ djuh FkhA os èkhjs&èkhjs vk jgs Fks D;ksafd os Hkkjh cks> ysdj
vkSj fcuk vkWDlhtu osQ py jgs FksA
nksigj ckn eSaus vius ny osQ nwljs lnL;ksa dh enn djus vkSj vius ,d
Fkjel dks twl ls vkSj nwljs dks xje pk; ls Hkjus osQ fy, uhps tkus dk fu'p;
fd;kA eSua s cI+kQhZyh gok esa gh racw ls ckgj dne j[kkA tSls gh eSa oSaQi {ks=k ls ckgj
vk jgh Fkh esjh eqykdkr ehuw ls gqbAZ dh vkSj t; vHkh oqQN ihNs FksA eq>s t;
tsusok Lij dh pksVh osQ Bhd uhps feykA mlus ÑrKrkiwod Z pk; oxSjg ih ysfdu
eq>s vkSj vkxs tkus ls jksdus dh dksf'k'k dhA exj eq>s dh ls Hkh feyuk FkkA
FkksM+k&lk vkSj vkxs uhps mrjus ij eSaus dh dks ns[kkA og eq>s ns[kdj gDdk&cDdk
jg x;kA
¶rqeus bruh cM+h tksf[ke D;ksa yh cpsanhz \¸
eSaus mls n`<+rkiwod
Z dgk] ¶eSa Hkh vkSjksa dh rjg ,d ioZrkjksgh gw¡] blhfy, bl
ny esa vkbZ gw¡A 'kkjhfjd :i ls eSa Bhd gw¡A blfy, eq>s vius ny osQ lnL;ksa dh
enn D;ksa ugha djuh pkfg,A¸ dh g¡lk vkSj mlus is; inkFkZ ls I;kl cq>kbZ] ysfdu
mlus eq>s viuk fdV ys tkus ugha fn;kA
FkksMh+ nsj ckn lkmFk dksy oSaQi ls YgkVw vkSj fcLlk geas feyus uhps mrj vk,A vkSj
ge lc lkmFk dksy ij tSlh Hkh lqj{kk vkSj vkjke dh txg miyCèk Fkh] ml ij ykSV
vk,A lkmFk dksy î`Foh ij cgqr vfèkd dBksj* txg osQ uke ls izfl¼ gSA
vxys fnu eSa lqcg pkj cts mB xbZA cI+kZQ fi?kyk;k vkSj pk; cukbZ] oqQN
fcLoqQV vkSj vkèkh pkWdysV dk gydk uk'rk djus osQ ckn eSa yxHkx lk<+s
ik¡p cts vius racw ls fudy iM+hA vaxnksjth ckgj [kM+k Fkk vkSj dksbZ vklikl
ugha FkkA
28/Li'kZ
vaxnksjth fcuk vkWDlhtu osQ gh p<+kbZ djusokyk FkkA ysfdu blosQ dkj.k mlosQ
iSj BaMs iM+ tkrs FksA blfy, og m¡QpkbZ ij yacs le; rd [kqys esa vkSj jkf=k esa f'k[kj
oSQa i ij ugha tkuk pkgrk FkkA blfy, mls ;k rks mlh fnu pksVh rd p<+dj lkmFk
dksy ij okil vk tkuk Fkk vFkok vius iz;kl dks NksM+ nsuk FkkA
og rqjar gh p<+kbZ 'kq: djuk pkgrk Fkk--- vkSj mlus eq>ls iwNk] D;k eSa
mlosQ lkFk tkuk pkgw¡xh\ ,d gh fnu esa lkmFk dksy ls pksVh rd tkuk vkSj
okil vkuk cgqr dfBu vkSj Jelkè; gksxk! blosQ vykok ;fn vaxnksjth osQ
iSj BaMs iM+ x, rks mlosQ ykSVdj vkus dk Hkh tksf[ke FkkA eq>s fiQj Hkh
vaxnksjth ij fo'okl Fkk vkSj lkFk&lkFk eSa vkjksg.k dh {kerk vkSj deZBrk osQ
ckjs esa Hkh vk'oLr FkhA vU; dksbZ Hkh O;fDr bl le; lkFk pyus osQ fy,
rS;kj ugha FkkA
lqcg 6-20 ij tc vaxnksjth vkSj eSa lkmFk dksy ls ckgj vk fudys rks fnu
mQij p<+ vk;k FkkA gydh&gydh gok py jgh Fkh] ysfdu BaM Hkh cgqr vfèkd
FkhA eSa vius vkjksgh miLdj esa dkI+kQh lqjf{kr vkSj xje FkhA geus cxSj jLlh osQ
gh p<+kbZ dhA vaxnksjth ,d fuf'pr xfr ls mQij p<+rs x, vkSj eq>s Hkh muosQ
lkFk pyus esa dksbZ dfBukbZ ugha gqbAZ
tes gq, cI+kZQ dh lhèkh o <ykmQ p^kusa bruh l[r vkSj HkqjHkqjh Fkha] ekuks 'kh'ks
dh pknjsa fcNh gksaA gesa cI+kZQ dkVus osQ iQkoMs+ dk bLrseky djuk gh iM+k vkSj eq>s
bruh l[rh ls iQkoM+k pykuk iM+k ftlls fd ml tes gq, cI+kZQ dh èkjrh dks
iQkoMs+ osQ nk¡rs dkV losaQA eSaus mu [krjukd LFkyksa ij gj dne vPNh rjg
lksp&le>dj mBk;kA
nks ?kaVs ls de le; esa gh ge f'k[kj oSaQi ij igq¡p x,A vaxnksjth us ihNs
eqM+dj ns[kk vkSj eq>ls dgk fd D;k eSa Fkd xbZ gw¡A eSaus tokc fn;k] ¶ughaA¸ ftls
lqudj os cgqr vfèkd vk'p;Zpfdr vkSj vkuafnr gq,A mUgksaus dgk fd igysokys
ny us f'k[kj oSaQi ij igq¡pus esa pkj ?kaVs yxk, Fks vkSj ;fn ge blh xfr ls pyrs
jgs rks ge f'k[kj ij nksigj ,d cts ,d igq¡p tk,¡xsA
YgkVw gekjs ihNs&ihNs vk jgk Fkk vkSj tc ge nf{k.kh f'k[kj osQ uhps vkjke
dj jgs Fks] og gekjs ikl igq¡p x;kA FkksM+h&FkksM+h pk; ihus osQ ckn geus fiQj
p<+kbZ 'kq: dhA YgkVw ,d uk;ykWu dh jLlh yk;k FkkA blfy, vaxnksjth vkSj eSa
jLlh osQ lgkjs p<s+] tcfd YgkVw ,d gkFk ls jLlh idMs+ gq, chp esa pykA mlus
jLlh viuh lqj{kk dh ctk; gekjs larqyu osQ fy, idM+h gqbZ FkhA YgkVw us è;ku
fn;k fd eSa bu m¡Qpkb;ksa osQ fy, lkekU;r% vko';d] pkj yhVj vkWDlhtu dh
vis{kk] yxHkx <kbZ yhVj vkWDlhtu izfr feuV dh nj ls ysdj p<+ jgh FkhA esjs
jsxqysVj ij tSls gh mlus vkWDlhtu dh vkiwfrZ c<+kbZ] eq>s eglwl gqvk fd likV
vkSj dfBu p<+kbZ Hkh vc vklku yx jgh FkhA
nf{k.kh f'k[kj osQ mQij gok dh xfr c<+ xbZ FkhA ml m¡QpkbZ ij rs”k gok osQ
>ksaosQ HkqjHkqjs cI+kZQ osQ d.kksa dks pkjksa rjI+kQ mM+k jgs Fks] ftlls n`';rk 'kwU; rd vk
xbZ FkhA vusd ckj ns[kk fd osQoy FkksM+h nwj osQ ckn dksbZ m¡Qph p<+kbZ ugha gSA
<yku ,dne lhèkk uhps pyk x;k gSA
esjh lk¡l ekuks jQd xbZ FkhA eq>s fopkj dkSaèkk fd liQyrk cgqr u”knhd gSA
23 ebZ 1984 osQ fnu nksigj osQ ,d ctdj lkr feuV ij eSa ,ojsLV dh pksVh
ij [kM+h FkhA ,ojsLV dh pksVh ij igq¡pusokyh eSa izFke Hkkjrh; efgyk FkhA
30/Li'kZ
,ojsLV 'kaoqQ dh pksVh ij bruh txg ugha Fkh fd nks O;fDr lkFk&lkFk
[kMs+ gks losaQA pkjksa rjI+kQ g”kkjksa ehVj yach lhèkh <yku dks ns[krs gq, gekjs
lkeus iz'u lqj{kk dk FkkA geus igys cI+kZQ osQ iQkoMs+ ls cI +kZQ dh [kqnkbZ dj
vius vkidks lqjf{kr :i ls fLFkj fd;kA blosQ ckn] eSa vius ?kqVuksa osQ cy
cSBh] cI+kZQ ij vius ekFks dks yxkdj eSaus ^lkxjekFks* osQ rkt dk pqacu fy;kA
fcuk mBs gh eSaus vius FkSys ls nqxkZ ek¡ dk fp=k vkSj guqeku pkyhlk fudkykA
eSaus budks vius lkFk yk, yky diMs+ esa yisVk] NksVh&lh iwtk&vpZuk dh
vkSj budks cI+kZQ esa nck fn;kA vkuan osQ bl {k.k esa eq>s vius ekrk&firk dk
è;ku vk;kA
tSls eSa mBh] eSaus vius gkFk tksMs+ vkSj eSa vius jTtq&usrk vaxnksjth osQ izfr
vknj Hkko ls >qdhA vaxnksjth ftUgksaus eq>s izksRlkfgr fd;k vkSj eq>s y{; rd
igq¡pk;kA eSaus mUgsa fcuk vkWDlhtu osQ ,ojsLV dh nwljh p<+kbZ p<+us ij cèkkbZ Hkh
nhA mUgksaus eq>s xys ls yxk;k vkSj esjs dkuksa esa iqQliqQlk;k] ¶nhnh] rqeus vPNh
p<+kbZ dhA eSa cgqr izlUu gw¡!¸
oqQN nsj ckn lksue iqytj igq¡ps vkSj mUgksaus iQksVks ysus 'kq: dj fn,A
bl le; rd YgkVw us gekjs usrk dks ,ojsLV ij ge pkjksa osQ gksus dh lwpuk
ns nh FkhA rc esjs gkFk esa okWdh&VkWdh fn;k x;kA duZy [kqYyj gekjh liQyrk ls
cgqr izlUu FksA eq>s cèkkbZ nsrs gq, mUgksaus dgk] ¶eSa rqEgkjh bl vuwBh miyfCèk osQ
fy, rqEgkjs ekrk&firk dks cèkkbZ nsuk pkgw¡xk!¸ os cksys fd ns'k dks rqe ij xoZ gS
vkSj vc rqe ,sls lalkj esa okil tkvksxh] tks rqEgkjs vius ihNs NksM+s gq, lalkj
ls ,dne fHkUu gksxk!
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ,d&nks iafDr;ksa esa nhft,µ
1. vfxze ny dk usr`Ro dkSu dj jgk Fkk\
2. ysf[kdk dks lkxjekFkk uke D;ksa vPNk yxk\
3. ysf[kdk dks èot tSlk D;k yxk\
4. fgeL[kyu ls fdrus yksxksa dh e`R;q gqbZ vkSj fdrus ?kk;y gq,\
5. e`R;q osQ volkn dks ns[kdj duZy [kqYyj us D;k dgk\
6. jlksbZ lgk;d dh e`R;q oSQls gqbZ\
7. oSaQi&pkj dgk¡ vkSj dc yxk;k x;k\
8. ysf[kdk us 'ksjik oqQyh dks viuk ifjp; fdl rjg fn;k\
9. ysf[kdk dh liQyrk ij duZy [kqYyj us mls fdu 'kCnksa esa cèkkbZ nh\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
1. u”knhd ls ,ojsLV dks ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks oSQlk yxk\
2. MkW- ehuw esgrk us D;k tkudkfj;k¡ nha\
3. rsuftax us ysf[kdk dh rkjhI +kQ esa D;k dgk\
4. ysf[kdk dks fduosQ lkFk p<+kbZ djuh Fkh\
5. yksilkax us racw dk jkLrk oSQls lkI +kQ fd;k\
6. lkmFk dksy oSaQi igq¡pdj ysf[kdk us vxys fnu dh egÙoiw.kZ p<+kbZ dh rS;kjh
oSQls 'kq: dh\
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj ( 50-60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
1. miusrk izsepan us fdu fLFkfr;ksa ls voxr djk;k\
2. fgeikr fdl rjg gksrk gS vkSj mlls D;k&D;k ifjorZu vkrs gSa\
3. ysf[kdk osQ racw esa fxjs cI+kZQ fiaM dk o.kZu fdl rjg fd;k x;k gS\
4. ysf[kdk dks ns[kdj ^dh* gDdk&cDdk D;ksa jg x;k\
5. ,ojsLV ij p<+us osQ fy, oqQy fdrus oSaQi cuk, x,\ mudk o.kZu dhft,A
32/Li'kZ
6. p<+kbZ osQ le; ,ojsLV dh pksVh dh fLFkfr oSQlh Fkh\

7. lfEefyr vfHk;ku esa lg;ksx ,oa lgk;rk dh Hkkouk dk ifjp; cpsanzh osQ fdl
dk;Z ls feyrk gS\
(x) fuEufyf[kr osQ vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
1. ,ojsLV tSls egku vfHk;ku esa [krjksa dks vkSj dHkh&dHkh rks e`R;q Hkh vkneh dks
lgt Hkko ls Lohdkj djuh pkfg,A
2. lhèks èkjkry ij njkj iM+us dk fopkj vkSj bl njkj dk xgjs&pkSM+s fge&fonj esa
cny tkus dk ek=k [k;ky gh cgqr Mjkouk FkkA blls Hkh ”;knk Hk;kud bl ckr
dh tkudkjh Fkh fd gekjs laiw.kZ iz;kl osQ nkSjku fgeikr yxHkx ,d ntZu
vkjksfg;ksa vkSj oqQfy;ksa dks izfrfnu Nwrk jgsxkA
3. fcuk mBs gh eSaus vius FkSys ls nqxkZ ek¡ dk fp=k vkSj guqeku pkyhlk fudkykA eSaus
budks vius lkFk yk, yky diMs+ esa yisVk] NksVh&lh iwtk&vpZuk dh vkSj budks
cI+kZQ esa nck fn;kA vkuan osQ bl {k.k esa eq>s vius ekrk&firk dk è;ku vk;kA
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. bl ikB esa iz;qDr fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh O;k[;k ikB dk lanHkZ nsdj dhft,µ
fugkjk gS] èklduk] f[klduk] lkxjekFkk] tk;”kk ysuk] ukSflf[k;k
2. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa esa mfpr fojke fpÉksa dk iz;ksx dhft,µ
(d) mUgksaus dgk rqe ,d iDdh ioZrh; yM+dh yxrh gks rqEgsa rks f'k[kj ij igys gh
iz;kl esa igq¡p tkuk pkfg,
([k) D;k rqe Hk;Hkhr Fkha
(x) rqeus bruh cM+h tksf[ke D;ksa yh cpsanzh
3. uhps fn, mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCn&;qXeksa dk okD; esa iz;ksx
dhft,µ
mnkgj.k % gekjs ikl ,d okWdh&VkWdh FkkA
Vs<+h&es<+h gDdk&cDdk
xgjs&pkSMs+ bèkj&mèkj
vkl&ikl yacs&pkSM+s
4. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj foykse 'kCn cukb,µ
mnkgj.k % vuqowQy & izfrowQy
fu;fer & --------------- fo[;kr & ---------------
vkjksgh & --------------- fuf'pr & ---------------
lqanj & ---------------
5. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa esa mi;qDr milxZ yxkb,µ
tSls% iq=k & lqiq=k
okl O;ofLFkr owQy xfr jksg.k jf{kr
6. fuEufyf[kr fØ;k fo'ks"k.kksa dk mfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ
dhft,µ
vxys fnu] de le; esa] oqQN nsj ckn] lqcg rd
(d) eSa ------------------------- ;g dk;Z dj yw¡xkA
([k) ckny f?kjus osQ ------------------------- gh o"kkZ gks xbZA
(x) mlus cgqr ------------------------- bruh rjDdh dj yhA
(?k) ukÄosQlk dks ------------------------- xk¡o tkuk FkkA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1. bl ikB esa vk, nl vaxzs”kh 'kCnksa dk p;u dj muosQ vFkZ fyf[k,A
2. ioZrkjksg.k ls lacafèkr nl ph”kksa osQ uke fyf[k,A
3. rsuftax 'ksjik dh igyh p<+kbZ osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
4. bl ioZr dk uke ^,ojsLV* D;ksa iM+k\ tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1. vkxs c<+rh Hkkjrh; efgykvksa dh iqLrd i<+dj muls lacafèkr fp=kkas dk laxzg dhft,
,oa laf{kIr tkudkjh izkIr djosQ fyf[k,µ
(d) ih-Vh- m"kk
([k) vkjrh lkgk
(x) fdj.k csnh
2. jkeèkkjh flag fnudj dk ys[kµ ^fgEer vkSj f”kanxh* iqLrdky; ls ysdj if<+,A
3. êu osQ gkjs gkj gS] eu osQ thrs thr*µ bl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr
dhft,A
34/Li'kZ

vfHk;ku & p<+kbZ (vkxs c<+uk)] fdlh dke osQ fy, izfrc¼rk
nqxZe & tgk¡ igq¡puk dfBu gks] dfBu ekxZ
fgeikr & cI +kZQ dk fxjuk
vkdf"kZr & eqXèk gksuk] vkÑ"V gksuk
volkn & mnklh
Xysf'k;j & cI +kZQ dh unh
vfu;fer & fu;e fojQ¼] ftldk dksbZ fu;e u gks
vk'kktud & vk'kk mRiUu djusokyk
HkkSapDdh & gSjku
vO;ofLFkr & O;oLFkkghu] ftlesa dksbZ O;oLFkk u gks
izokl & ;k=kk esa jguk
fge&fonj & njkj] rjsM+
vkjksgh & mQij p<+usokyk
fo[;kr & e'kgwj] izfl¼
vfHk;kaf=kdh & rduhdh
ukSflf[k;k & u;k lh[kusokyk
fo'kkydk; iqat & cMs+ vkdkj osQ cI+kZQ osQ VqdMs+ (<sj)
ioZrkjksgh & ioZr ij p<+usokyk
vkjksg.k & p<+uk] mQij dh vksj tkuk
deZBrk & dke esa oqQ'kyrk] deZ osQ izfr fu"Bk
miLdj & vkjksgh dh vko';d lkexzh
'kaoqQ & uksd
miyfCèk & izkfIr
tksf[ke & [krjk
rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk/35
'kjn tks'kh
(1931 - 1991)
'kjn tks'kh dk tUe eè; izns'k osQ mTtSu 'kgj esa 21 ebZ 1931 dks gqvkA budk cpiu dbZ
'kgjksa esa chrkA oqQN le; rd ;g ljdkjh ukSdjh esa jgs] fiQj bUgksaus ys[ku dks gh vkthfodk
osQ :i esa viuk fy;kA bUgksaus vkjaHk esa oqQN dgkfu;k¡ fy[kha] fiQj iwjh rjg O;aX;&ys[ku gh
djus yxsA bUgksaus O;aX; ys[k] O;aX; miU;kl] O;aX; dkWye osQ vfrfjDr gkL;&O;aX;iw.kZ
èkkjkokfgdksa dh iVdFkk,¡ vkSj laokn Hkh fy[ksA fganh O;aX; dks izfr"Bk fnykus okys izeq[k
O;aX;dkjksa esa 'kjn tks'kh Hkh ,d gSaA
'kjn tks'kh dh izeq[k O;aX;&Ñfr;k¡ gSa % ifjØek] fdlh cgkus] thi ij lokj bfYy;k¡]
fryLe] jgk fdukjs cSB] nwljh lrg] izfrfnuA nks O;aX; ukVd gSa % vaèkksa dk gkFkh vkSj ,d Fkk
xèkkA ,d miU;kl gS % eSa] eSa] osQoy eSa] mI+kZQ deyeq[k ch-,-A
'kjn tks'kh dh Hkk"kk vR;ar ljy vkSj lgt gSA eqgkojksa vkSj gkl&ifjgkl dk gydk Li'kZ
nsdj bUgksaus viuh jpukvksa dks vfèkd jkspd cuk;k gSA èkeZ] vè;kRe] jktuhfr] lkekftd
thou] O;fDrxr vkpj.k] oqQN Hkh 'kjn tks'kh dh iSuh u”kj ls cp ugha ldk gSA bUgksaus viuh
O;aX;&jpukvksa esa lekt esa ikbZ tkus okyh lHkh folaxfr;ksa dk csckd fp=k.k fd;k gSA ikBd
bl fp=k.k dks i<+dj pfdr Hkh gksrk gS vkSj cgqr oqQN lkspus dks foo'k HkhA
izLrqr ikB ^rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk* esa 'kjn tks'kh us ,sls O;fDr;ksa dh [kcj yh gS] tks
vius fdlh ifjfpr ;k fj'rsnkj osQ ?kj fcuk dksbZ iwoZ lwpuk fn, pys vkrs gSa vkSj fiQj tkus
dk uke gh ugha ysrs] Hkys gh mudk fVosQ jguk es”kcku ij fdruk gh Hkkjh D;ksa u iM+sA
vPNk vfrfFk dkSu gksrk gS\ og] tks igys ls vius vkus dh lwpuk nsdj vk, vkSj
,d&nks fnu esgekuh djkosQ fonk gks tk, ;k og] ftlosQ vkxeu osQ ckn es”kcku og lc
lkspus dks foo'k gks tk,] tks bl ikB osQ es”kcku fujarj lksprs jgsA
36/Li'kZ
rqe dc tkvksx]s vfrfFk

vkt rqEgkjs vkxeu osQ prqFkZ fnol ij ;g iz'u ckj&ckj eu esa ?kqeM+ jgk gSµ
rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk\
rqe tgk¡ cSBs fuLladksp flxjsV dk èkqvk¡ isaQd jgs gks] mlosQ Bhd lkeus ,d
oSQysaMj gSA ns[k jgs gks uk! bldh rkjh[ksa viuh lhek esa uezrk ls iQM+iQM+krh jgrh
gSaA foxr nks fnuksa ls eSa rqEgsa fn[kkdj rkjh[ksa cny jgk g¡wA rqe tkurs gks] vxj rqEgsa
fglkc yxkuk vkrk gS fd ;g pkSFkk fnu gS] rqEgkjs lrr vkfrF; dk pkSFkk Hkkjh
fnu! ij rqEgkjs tkus dh dksbZ laHkkouk izrhr ugha gksrhA yk[kksa ehy yach ;k=kk djus
osQ ckn os nksuksa ,LVªkWukV~l Hkh brus le; pk¡n ij ugha jQosQ Fks] ftrus le; rqe
,d NksVh&lh ;k=kk dj esjs ?kj vk, gksA rqe vius Hkkjh pj.k&deyksa dh Nki esjh
”kehu ij vafdr dj pqosQ] rqeus ,d varjax futh lacaèk eq>ls LFkkfir dj fy;k]
rqeus esjh vkfFkZd lhekvksa dh cSatuh p^ku ns[k yh_ rqe esjh dkI+kQh fe^h [kksn
pqosQA vc rqe ykSV tkvks] vfrfFk! rqEgkjs tkus osQ fy, ;g mPp le; vFkkZr
gkbZVkbe gSA D;k rqEgsa rqEgkjh i`Foh ugha iqdkjrh\
ml fnu tc rqe vk, Fks] esjk ân; fdlh vKkr vk'kadk ls èkM+d mBk FkkA
vanj&gh&vanj dgha esjk cVqvk dk¡i x;kA mlosQ ckotwn ,d Lusg&Hkhxh eqldjkgV
osQ lkFk eSa rqels xys feyk Fkk vkSj esjh iRuh us rqEgsa lknj ueLrs dh FkhA rqEgkjs
lEeku esa vks vfrfFk] geus jkr osQ Hkkstu dks ,dk,d mPp&eè;e oxZ osQ fMuj
esa cny fn;k FkkA rqEgsa Lej.k gksxk fd nks lfC”k;ksa vkSj jk;rs osQ vykok geus
ehBk Hkh cuk;k FkkA bl lkjs mRlkg vkSj yxu osQ ewy esa ,d vk'kk FkhA vk'kk
Fkh fd nwljs fnu fdlh jsy ls ,d 'kkunkj esgekuuok”kh dh Nki vius ân; esa
ys rqe pys tkvksxsA ge rqels jQdus osQ fy, vkxzg djsaxs] exj rqe ugha ekuksxs
vkSj ,d vPNs vfrfFk dh rjg pys tkvksxsA ij ,slk ugha gqvk! nwljs fnu Hkh rqe
viuh vfrfFk&lqyHk eqldku fy, ?kj esa gh cus jgsA geus viuh ihM+k ih yh vkSj
izlUu cus jgsA Lokxr&lRdkj osQ ftl mPp fcanq ij ge rqEgsa ys tk pqosQ Fks] ogk¡
ls uhps mrj geus fiQj nksigj osQ Hkkstu dks yap dh xfjek iznku dh vkSj jkf=k
dks rqEgsa flusek fn[kk;kA gekjs lRdkj dk ;g vkf[kjh Nksj gS] ftlls vkxs ge
foQlh osQ fy, ugha c<s+A blosQ rqjar ckn HkkoHkhuh fonkbZ dk og Hkhxk gqvk {k.k
vk tkuk pkfg, Fkk] tc rqe fonk gksrs vkSj ge rqEgsa LVs'ku rd NksM+us tkrsA ij
rqeus ,slk ugha fd;kA
rhljs fnu dh lqcg rqeus eq>ls dgk] ¶eSa èkksch dks diM+s nsuk pkgrk gw¡A¸
;g vk?kkr vizR;kf'kr Fkk vkSj bldh pksV ekfeZd FkhA rqEgkjs lkehI; dh osyk
,dk,d ;ksa jcj dh rjg f[kap tk,xh] bldk eq>s vuqeku u FkkA igyh ckj eq>s
yxk fd vfrfFk lnSo nsork ugha gksrk] og ekuo vkSj FkksMs+ va'kkas esa jk{kl Hkh gks
ldrk gSA
¶fdlh ykW.Mªh ij ns nsrs gSa] tYnh èkqy tk,¡xsA¸ eSaus dgkA eu&gh&eu ,d
fo'okl iy jgk Fkk fd rqEgsa tYnh tkuk gSA
¶dgk¡ gS ykW.Mªh\¸
¶pyks pyrs gSaA¸ eSaus dgk vkSj viuh lgt cfu;ku ij vkSipkfjd oqQrkZ
Mkyus yxkA
¶dgk¡ tk jgs gSa\¸ iRuh us iwNkA
¶buosQ diM+s ykW.Mªh ij nsus gSaA¸ eSaus dgkA
esjh iRuh dh vk¡[ksa ,dk,d cM+h&cM+h gks xb±A vkt ls oqQN cjl iwoZ mudh
,slh vk¡[ksa ns[k eSaus vius vosQysiu dh ;k=kk lekIr dj fcLrj [kksy fn;k FkkA
ij vc tc os gh vk¡[ksa cM+h gksrh gSa rks eu NksVk gksus yxrk gSA os bl vk'kadk
vkSj Hk; ls cM+h gqbZ Fkha fd vfrfFk vfèkd fnuksa BgjsxkA
38/Li'kZ
vkSj vk'kadk fuewyZ ugha Fkh] vfrfFk! rqe tk ugha jgsA ykW.Mªh ij fn, diMs+
èkqydj vk x, vkSj rqe ;gha gksA rqEgkjs Hkjde 'kjhj ls lyoVsa iM+h pknj cnyh
tk pqdh vkSj rqe ;gha gksA rqEgsa ns[kdj iwQV iM+usokyh eqldjkgV èkhjs&èkhjs iQhdh
iM+dj vc yqIr gks xbZ gSA Bgkdksa osQ jaxhu xqCckjs] tks dy rd bl dejs osQ
vkdk'k esa mM+rs Fks] vc fn[kkbZ ugha iM+rsA ckrphr dh mNyrh gqbZ xsan ppkZ osQ
{ks=k osQ lHkh dksuyksa ls VIis [kkdj fiQj lsaVj esa vkdj pqi iM+h gSA vc bls u
rqe fgyk jgs gks] u eSaA dy ls eSa miU;kl i<+ jgk gw¡ vkSj rqe fiQYeh if=kdk osQ
iUus iyV jgs gksA 'kCnksa dk ysu&nsu feV x;k vkSj ppkZ osQ fo"k; pqd x,A
ifjokj] cPps] ukSdjh] fiQYe] jktuhfr] fj'rsnkjh] rcknys] iqjkus nksLr] ifjokj&fu;kstu]
e¡gxkbZ] lkfgR; vkSj ;gk¡ rd fd vk¡[k ekj&ekjdj geus iqjkuh isfz edkvksa dk Hkh
f”kØ dj fy;k vkSj vc ,d pqIih gSA lkSgknZ vc 'kuS%&'kuS% cksfj;r esa :ikarfjr
gks jgk gSA Hkkouk,¡ xkfy;ksa dk Lo:i xzg.k dj jgh gSa] ij rqe tk ugha jgsA fdl
vn`'; xksan ls rqEgkjk O;fDrRo ;gk¡ fpid x;k gS] eSa bl Hksn dks lifjokj ugha
le> ik jgk gw¡A ckj&ckj ;g
iz'u mB jgk gSµ rqe dc tkvksx]s
vfrfFk\
dy iRuh us èkhjs ls iwNk Fkk]
¶dc rd fVosaQxs ;s\¸
eSaus oaQèks mpdk fn,] ¶D;k
dg ldrk gw¡!¸
¶eSa rks vkt f[kpM+h cuk
jgh gwA¡ gydh jgsxhA¸
¶cukvksA¸
lRdkj dh mQ"ek lekIr gks
jgh FkhA fMuj ls pys Fks] f[kpM+h
ij vk x,A vc Hkh vxj rqe
vius fcLrj dks xksykdkj :i ugha iznku djrs rks gesa miokl rd tkuk gksxkA
rqEgkjs&esjs lacaèk ,d laØe.k osQ nkSj ls xq”kj jgs gSaA rqEgkjs tkus dk ;g pje {k.k
gSA rqe tkvks u vfrfFk!
rqEgsa ;gk¡ vPNk yx jgk gS u! eSa tkurk gw¡A nwljksa osQ ;gk¡ vPNk yxrk gSA
vxj cl pyrk rks lHkh yksx nwljksa osQ ;gk¡ jgrs] ij ,slk ugha gks ldrkA vius
?kj dh egÙkk osQ xhr blh dkj.k xk, x, gSaA gkse dks blh dkj.k LohV&gkse dgk
x;k gS fd yksx nwljs osQ gkse dh LohVusl dks dkVus u nkSMs+aA rqEgsa ;gk¡ vPNk yx
jgk gS] ij lkspks fiz;] fd 'kjkI+kQr Hkh dksbZ ph”k gksrh gS vkSj xsV vkmV Hkh ,d
okD; gS] tks cksyk tk ldrk gSA
vius [kjkZVksa ls ,d vkSj jkr xqatk;eku djus osQ ckn dy tks fdj.k rqEgkjs
fcLrj ij vk,xh og rqEgkjs ;gk¡ vkxeu osQ ckn ik¡posa lw;Z dh ifjfpr fdj.k
gksxhA vk'kk gS] og rqEgsa pwesxh vkSj rqe ?kj ykSVus dk lEekuiw.kZ fu.kZ; ys yksxsA
esjh lgu'khyrk dh og vafre lqcg gksxhA mlosQ ckn eSa LVSaM ugha dj lo¡wQxk
vkSj yM+[kM+k tkmQ¡xkA esjs vfrfFk] eSa tkurk gw¡ fd vfrfFk nsork gksrk gS] ij
vkf[kj eSa Hkh euq"; gw¡A eSa dksbZ rqEgkjh rjg nsork ughaA ,d nsork vkSj ,d euq";
vfèkd nsj lkFk ugha jgrsA nsork n'kZu nsdj ykSV tkrk gSA rqe ykSV tkvks vfrfFk!
blh esa rqEgkjk nsoRo lqjf{kr jgsxkA ;g euq"; viuh okyh ij mrjs] mlosQ iwoZ rqe
ykSV tkvks!
mI+kQ] rqe dc tkvksxs] vfrfFk\
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- vfrfFk fdrus fnuksa ls ys[kd osQ ?kj ij jg jgk gS\
2- oSQysaMj dh rkjh[ksa fdl rjg iQM+iQM+k jgh gSa\
40/Li'kZ
3- ifr&iRuh us esgeku dk Lokxr oSQls fd;k\

4- nksigj osQ Hkkstu dks dkSu&lh xfjek iznku dh xbZ\
5- rhljs fnu lqcg vfrfFk us D;k dgk\
6- lRdkj dh mQ"ek lekIr gksus ij D;k gqvk\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30 'kCnksa eas) fyf[k,µ
1- ys[kd vfrfFk dks oSQlh fonkbZ nsuk pkgrk Fkk\
2- ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr dFkukas dh O;k[;k dhft,µ
(d) vanj gh vanj dgha esjk cVqvk dk¡i x;kA
([k) vfrfFk lnSo nsork ugha gksrk] og ekuo vkSj FkksM+s va'kksa esa jk{kl Hkh gks
ldrk gSA
(x) yksx nwljs osQ gkse dh LohVusl dks dkVus u nkSMs+aA
(?k) esjh lgu'khyrk dh og vafre lqcg gksxhA
(Ä) ,d nsork vkSj ,d euq"; vfèkd nsj lkFk ugha jgrsA
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (50-60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
1- dkSu&lk vk?kkr vizR;kf'kr Fkk vkSj mldk ys[kd ij D;k izHkko iM+k\
2- ^lacaèkksa dk laØe.k osQ nkSj ls xq”kjuk*µ bl iafDr ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\ foLrkj
ls fyf[k,A
3- tc vfrfFk pkj fnu rd ugha x;k rks ys[kd osQ O;ogkj esa D;k&D;k ifjorZu
vk,\
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ nks&nks i;kZ; fyf[k,µ
pk¡n f”kØ vk?kkr mQ"ek varjax
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa dks funsZ'kkuqlkj ifjofrZr dhft,µ
(d) ge rqEgsa LVs'ku rd NksM+us tk,¡xsA (udkjkRed okD;)
----------------------------------------------------------
([k) fdlh ykW.Mªh ij ns nsrs gSa] tYnh èkqy tk,¡xsA (iz'uokpd okD;)
----------------------------------------------------------
(x) lRdkj dh Å"ek lekIr gks jgh FkhA (Hkfo";r~ dky)
----------------------------------------------------------
(?k) buosQ diM+s nsus gSaA (LFkkulwpd iz'uokph)
----------------------------------------------------------
(Ä) dc rd fVosaQxs ;s\ (udkjkRed)
----------------------------------------------------------
3. ikB esa vk, bu okD;ksa esa ^pqduk* fØ;k osQ fofHkUu iz;ksxksa dks è;ku ls nsf[k,
vkSj okD; lajpuk dks lef>,µ
(d) rqe vius Hkkjh pj.k&deyksa dh Nki esjh ”kehu ij vafdr dj pqosQA
([k) rqe esjh dkI+kQh fe^h [kksn pqosQA
(x) vknj&lRdkj osQ ftl mPp fcanq ij ge rqEgsa ys tk pqosQ FksA
(?k) 'kCnksa dk ysu&nsu feV x;k vkSj ppkZ osQ fo"k; pqd x,A
(Ä) rqEgkjs Hkkjh&Hkjde 'kjhj ls lyoVsa iM+h pknj cnyh tk pqdh vkSj rqe ;gha gksA
4. fuEufyf[kr okD; lajpukvksa esa ^rqe* osQ iz;ksx ij è;ku nhft,µ
(d) ykW.Mªh ij fn, diMs+ èkqydj vk x, vkSj rqe ;gha gksA
([k) rqEgsa ns[kdj iwQV iM+us okyh eqLkoqQjkgV èkhjs&èkhjs iQhdh iM+dj vc yqIr gks xbZ gSA
(x) rqEgkjs Hkjde 'kjhj ls lyoVsa iM+h pknj cnyh tk pqdhA
(?k) dy ls eSa miU;kl i<+ jgk gw¡ vkSj rqe fiQYeh if=kdk osQ iUus iyV jgs gksA
(Ä) Hkkouk,¡ xkfy;ksa dk Lo:i xzg.k dj jgh gSa] ij rqe tk ugha jgsA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- ^vfrfFk nsoks Hko* mfDr dh O;k[;k djsa rFkk vkèkqfud ;qx osQ lanHkZ esa bldk
vkdyu djsaA
2- fo|kFkhZ vius ?kj vk, vfrfFk;ksa osQ lRdkj dk vuqHko d{kk esa lquk,¡A
3- vfrfFk osQ vis{kk ls vfèkd jQd tkus ij ys[kd dh D;k&D;k izfrfØ;k,¡ gqb±]
mUgsa Øe ls Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
vkxeu & vkuk
fuLladksp & ladkspjfgr] fcuk ladksp osQ
uezrk & ur gksus dk Hkko] LoHkko esa ujeh dk gksuk
42/Li'kZ
lrr & fujarj] yxkrkj

vkfrF; & vkoHkxr
,LVªkWukV~l & varfj{k ;k=kh
varjax & ?kfu"B] xgjk
vk'kadk & [krjk] Hk;] Mj
esgekuuok”kh & vfrfFk lRdkj
Nksj & fdukjk] lhek
HkkoHkhuh & izse ls vksrizksr
vk?kkr & pksV] izgkj
vizR;kf'kr & vkdfLed] vulkspk
ekfeZd & eeZLi'khZ
lkehI; & fudVrk] lehirk
vkSipkfjd & fn[kkoVh] jLeh
fuewZy & ewyjfgr] fcuk tM+ dk
dksuyksa & dksuksa ls
lkSgknZ & eS=kh] ân; dh ljyrk
:ikarfjr & ftldk :i (vkdkj) cny fn;k x;k gks
mQ"ek & xjeh] mxzrk
laØe.k & ,d fLFkfr ;k voLFkk ls nwljh esa izos'k
xaqtk;eku & xw¡trk gqvk
oSKkfud psruk osQ okgd % panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~/43
èkhjatu ekyos
(1952)
èkhjatu ekyos dk tUe fcgkj osQ ukyank f”kys osQ M¡qojkok¡ xk¡o esa 9 ekpZ 1952 dks gqvkA ;s
,e-,llh- (lkaf[;dh)] ,e-ch-,- vkSj ,y-,y-ch- gSaA vkdk'kok.kh vkSj nwjn'kZu ls tqM+s ekyos
vHkh Hkh oSKkfud tkudkjh dks yksxksa rd igq¡pkus osQ dke esa tqVs gq, gSaA vkdk'kok.kh vkSj
ch-ch-lh- (yanu) esa dk;Z oQjus osQ nkSjku ekyos jsfM;ks foKku if=kdk ^Kku&foKku* dk laiknu
vkSj izlkj.k djrs jgsA
ekyos dh Hkk"kk lhèkh] ljy vkSj oSKkfud 'kCnkoyh fy, gq, gSA ;Fkko';d vU; Hkk"kkvksa
osQ 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx Hkh os djrs gSaA ekyos us dbZ Hkkjrh; oSKkfudksa dh laf{kIr thofu;k¡ fy[kh
gSa] tks budh iqLrd ^fo'o&fo[;kr Hkkjrh; oSKkfud* iqLrd esa lekfgr gSaA
izLrqr ikB ôSKkfud psruk osQ okgd jkeu~* esa ukscy s iqjLdkj fotsrk izFke Hkkjrh; oSKkfud
osQ la?k"kZe; thou dk fp=k.k fd;k x;k gSA osd a V jkeu~ oqQy X;kjg lky dh mez esa eSfVªd] fo'ks"k
;ksX;rk osQ lkFk baVjehfM,V] HkkSfrdh vkSj vax”sz kh esa Lo.kZ ind osQ lkFk ch-,- vkSj izFke Js.kh esa
,e-,- djosQ ek=k vBkjg lky dh mez esa dksydkrk esa Hkkjr ljdkj osQ iQkbusl a fMikVZeVas esa lgk;d
tujy ,dkmaVVas fu;qDr dj fy, x, FksA budh izfrHkk ls buosQ vè;kid rd vfHkHkwr FksA
lu~ 1930 esa ukscsy iqjLdkj ikus osQ ckn lh-oh- jkeu~ us vius ,d fe=k dks ml
iqjLdkj&lekjksg osQ ckjs esa fy[kk Fkk % tSls gh eSa iqjLdkj ysdj eqM+k vkSj ns[kk fd ftl LFkku
ij eSa cSBk;k x;k Fkk] mlosQ Åij fczfV'k jkT; dk ^;wfu;u tSd* ygjk jgk gS] rks eq>s vI+kQlksl
gqvk fd esjs nhu ns'k Hkkjr dh viuh irkdk rd ugha gSA bl vglkl ls esjk xyk Hkj vk;k
vkSj eSa iwQV&iwQV dj jks iM+kA
panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~ Hkkjr esa foKku dh mUufr osQ fpj vkdka{kh Fks rFkk Hkkjr dh Lora=krk
osQ i{kèkj FksA os egkRek xkaèkh dks viuk vfHkUu fe=k ekurs FksA ukscsy iqjLdkj lekjksg osQ ckn
,d Hkkst osQ nkSjku mUgksaus dgk Fkk % eq>s ,d cèkkbZ dk rkj vius lokZfèkd fiz; fe=k (egkRek
xkaèkh) ls feyk gS] tks bl le; tsy esa gSaA
,d esèkkoh Nk=k ls egku oSKkfud rd dh jkeu~ dh la?k"kZe; thou ;k=kk vkSj mudh
miyfCèk;ksa dh tkudkjh ;g ikB c[kwch djkrk gSA
44/Li'kZ
oSKkfud psruk osQ okgd

pan'z ks[kj osd
a V jkeu~
isM+ ls lsc fxjrs gq, rks yksx lfn;ksa ls ns[krs vk jgs Fks] exj fxjus osQ ihNs fNis
jgL; dks U;wVu ls igys dksbZ vkSj le> ugha ik;k FkkA Bhd mlh izdkj fojkV
leqnz dh uhy&o.khZ; vkHkk dks Hkh vla[; yksx vkfndky ls ns[krs vk jgs Fks]
exj bl vkHkk ij iM+s jgL; osQ ijns dks gVkus osQ fy, gekjs le{k mifLFkr gq,
lj panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~A
ckr lu~ 1921 dh gS] tc jkeu~ leqnhz ;k=kk ij FksA tgkt osQ Msd ij [kM+s
gksdj uhys leqnz dks fugkjuk] izo`Qfr&izseh jkeu~ dks vPNk yxrk FkkA os leqnz dh
uhyh vkHkk esa ?kaVksa [kks, jgrsA ysfdu jkeu~ osQoy Hkkoqd izÑfr&izseh gh ugha FksA
muosQ vanj ,d oSKkfud dh ftKklk Hkh mruh gh l'kDr FkhA ;gh ftKklk muls
loky dj cSBhµ^vkf[kj leqnz dk jax uhyk gh D;ksa gksrk gS\ oqQN vkSj D;ksa ugha\*
jkeu~ loky dk tokc <w¡<+us esa yx x,A tokc <w¡<+rs gh os fo'ofo[;kr cu x,A
jkeu~ dk tUe 7 uoacj lu~ 1888 dks rfeyukMq osQ fr#fpjkiYyh uxj esa
gqvk FkkA buosQ firk fo'kk[kkiÙkue~ esa xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh osQ f'k{kd FksA firk bUgsa
cpiu ls xf.kr vkSj HkkSfrdh i<+krs FksA blesa dksbZ vfr'k;ksfDr ugha gksxh fd ftu
nks fo"k;ksa osQ Kku us mUgsa txr&izfl¼ cuk;k] mudh l'kDr uhao muosQ firk us
gh rS;kj dh FkhA dkWyst dh i<+kbZ mUgksaus igys ,-ch-,u- dkWyst fr#fpjkiYyh ls
vkSj fiQj izslhMsalh dkWyst enzkl ls dhA ch-,- vkSj ,e-,-µnksuksa gh ijh{kkvksa esa
mUgksua s dkI+kQh m¡Qps vad gkfly fd,A
jkeu~ dk efLr"d foKku osQ jgL;ksa dks
lqy>kus osQ fy, cpiu ls gh cspSu jgrk
FkkA vius dkWyst osQ ”kekus ls gh mUgksaus
'kksèkdk;ks± esa fnypLih ysuk 'kq: dj fn;k
FkkA mudk igyk 'kksèki=k fiQykWlkWfiQdy
eSx”khu esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA mudh fnyh
bPNk rks ;gh Fkh fd os viuk lkjk thou
'kksèkdk;ks± dks gh lefiZr dj nsa] exj mu
fnuksa 'kksèkdk;Z dks iwjs le; osQ oSQfj;j osQ
:i esa viukus dh dksbZ [kkl O;oLFkk ugha
FkhA izfrHkkoku Nk=k ljdkjh ukSdjh dh vksj
vkdf"kZr gksrs FksA jkeu~ Hkh vius le; osQ
vU; lq;ksX; Nk=kksa dh Hkk¡fr Hkkjr ljdkj osQ
foÙk&foHkkx esa vI+kQlj cu x,A mudh rSukrh lj panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~
dydÙkk* esa gqbZA
dydÙkk esa ljdkjh ukSdjh osQ nkSjku mUgksaus vius LokHkkfod #>ku dks cuk,
j[kkA nÝ+rj ls I+kqQlZr ikrs gh os ykSVrs gq, cgw ck”kkj vkrs] tgk¡ ^bafM;u
,lksfl,'ku iQkWj n dYVhos'ku vkWI+kQ lkbal* dh iz;ksx'kkyk FkhA ;g vius vkiesa
,d vuwBh laLFkk Fkh] ftls dydÙkk osQ ,d MkWDVj egsany z ky ljdkj us o"kk±sZ dh
dfBu esgur vkSj yxu osQ ckn [kM+k fd;k FkkA bl laLFkk dk mís'; Fkk ns'k esa
oSKkfud psruk dk fodkl djukA vius egku~ mís';ksa osQ ckotwn bl laLFkk osQ
ikl lkèkuksa dk furkar vHkko FkkA jkeu~ bl laLFkk dh iz;ksx'kkyk esa dkepykmQ
midj.kksa dk bLrseky djrs gq, 'kksèkdk;Z djrsA ;g vius vkiesa ,d vkèkqfud
gB;ksx dk mnkgj.k Fkk] ftlesa ,d lkèkd nÝ+rj esa dM+h esgur osQ ckn cgw
ck”kkj dh bl ekewyh&lh iz;ksx'kkyk esa igq¡prk vkSj viuh bPNk'kfDr osQ ”kksj ls
* orZeku uke ^dksydkrk* gSA
46/Li'kZ
HkkSfrd foKku dks le`¼ cukus osQ iz;kl djrkA mUgha fnuksa os ok|;a=kksa dh vksj
vkÑ"V gq,A os ok|;a=kksa dh èofu;ksa osQ ihNs fNis oSKkfud jgL;ksa dh ijrsa [kksyus
dk iz;kl dj jgs FksA bl nkSjku mUgksaus vusd ok|;a=kksa dk vè;;u fd;k ftuesa
ns'kh vkSj fons'kh] nksuksa izdkj osQ ok|;a=k FksA
ok|;a=kksa ij fd, tk jgs 'kksèkdk;ks± osQ nkSjku muosQ vè;;u osQ nk;js esa tgk¡
ok;fyu] pSyks ;k fi;kuks tSls fons'kh ok| vk,] ogha oh.kk] rkuiwjk vkSj e`naxe~
ij Hkh mUgksaus dke fd;kA mUgksaus oSKkfud fl¼karksa osQ vkèkkj ij if'peh ns'kksa dh
bl Hkzkafr dks rksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh fd Hkkjrh; ok|;a=k fons'kh ok|ksa dh rqyuk
esa ?kfV;k gSaA ok|;a=kksa osQ oaQiu osQ ihNs fNis xf.kr ij mUgksaus vPNk&[kklk dke
fd;k vkSj vusd 'kksèki=k Hkh izdkf'kr fd,A
ml ”kekus osQ izfl¼ f'k{kk'kkL=kh lj vk'kqrks"k eq[kthZ dks bl izfrHkkoku ;qod
osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh feyhA mUgha fnuksa dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa izksI+ksQlj dk u;k
in l`ftr gqvk FkkA eq[kthZ egksn; us jkeu~ osQ le{k izLrko j[kk fd os ljdkjh
ukSdjh NksM+dj dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; esa izksI+ksQlj dk in Lohdkj dj ysaA jkeu~
osQ fy, ;g ,d dfBu fu.kZ; FkkA ml ”kekus osQ fglkc ls os ,d vR;ar izfrf"Br
ljdkjh in ij Fks] ftlosQ lkFk eksVh ru[okg vkSj vusd lqfoèkk,¡ tqM+h gqbZ FkhaA
mUgsa ukSdjh djrs gq, nl o"kZ chr pqosQ FksA ,slh gkyr esa ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+dj
de osru vkSj de lqfoèkkvksaokyh fo'ofo|ky; dh ukSdjh esa vkus dk I+kSQlyk
djuk fgEer dk dke FkkA
jkeu~ ljdkjh ukSdjh dh lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa dks NksM+ lu~ 1917 esa dydÙkk
fo'ofo|ky; dh ukSdjh esa vk x,A muosQ fy, ljLorh dh lkèkuk ljdkjh
lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa ls dgha vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkhA dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky; osQ 'kS{kf.kd
ekgkSy esa os viuk iwjk le; vè;;u] vè;kiu vkSj 'kksèk esa fcrkus yxsA pkj lky
ckn ;kuh lu~ 1921 esa leqnz&;k=kk osQ nkSjku tc jkeu~ osQ efLr"d esa leqnz osQ
uhys jax dh oTkg dk loky fgyksjsa ysus yxk] rks mUgksaus vkxs bl fn'kk esa iz;ksx
fd,] ftldh ifj.kfr jkeu~ izHkko dh [kkst osQ :i esa gqbAZ
jkeu~~ us vusd Bksl joksa vkSj rjy inkFkks± ij izdk'k dh fdj.k osQ izHkko dk
vè;;u fd;kA mUgksua s ik;k fd tc ,do.khZ; izdk'k dh fdj.k fdlh rjy ;k Bksl
josnkj inkFkZ ls xq”kjrh gS rks xq”kjus osQ ckn mlosQ o.kZ esa ifjorZu vkrk gSA otg
;g gksrh gS fd ,do.khZ; izdk'k dh fdj.k osQ iQksVkWu tc rjy ;k Bksl jos ls
xq”kjrs gq, buosQ v.kqvksa ls Vdjkrs gSa rks bl Vdjko osQ ifj.kkeLo:i os ;k rks ÅtkZ
dk oqQN va'k [kks nsrs gSa ;k ik tkrs gSAa nksuksa gh fLFkfr;k¡ izdk'k osQ o.kZ (jax) esa
cnyko ykrh gSAa ,do.khZ; izdk'k dh fdj.kksa esa lcls vfèkd ÅtkZ cSatuh jax osQ
izdk'k esa gksrh gSA cSatuh osQ ckn Øe'k% uhys] vklekuh] gjs] ihys] ukjaxh vkSj yky
o.kZ dk uacj vkrk gSA bl izdkj yky&o.khZ; izdk'k dh ÅtkZ lcls de gksrh gSA
,do.khZ; izdk'k rjy ;k Bksl joksa ls xq”kjrs gq, ftl ifjek.k esa ÅtkZ [kksrk ;k ikrk
gS] mlh fglkc ls mldk o.kZ ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
jkeu~ dh [kkst HkkSfrdh osQ {ks=k esa ,d Økafr osQ leku FkhA bldk igyk
ifj.kke rks ;g gqvk fd izdk'k dh izÑfr osQ ckjs esa vkbaLVkbu osQ fopkjksa dk
izk;ksfxd izek.k fey x;kA vkbaLVkbu osQ iwooZ rhZ oSKkfud izdk'k dks rjax osQ :i
esa ekurs Fks] exj vkbaLVkbu us crk;k fd izdk'k vfr lw{e d.kksa dh rhoz èkkjk
osQ leku gSA bu vfr lw{e d.kksa dh rqyuk vkbaLVkbu us cqysV ls dh vkSj bUgsa
îQksVkWu* uke fn;kA jkeu~ osQ iz;ksxksa us vkbaLVkbu dh èkkj.kk dk izR;{k izek.k ns
fn;k] D;ksafd ,do.khZ; izdk'k osQ o.kZ esa ifjorZu ;g lkI +kQrkSj ij izekf.kr djrk
gS fd izdk'k dh fdj.k rhozxkeh lw{e d.kksa osQ izokg osQ :Ik eas O;ogkj djrh gSA
jkeu~ dh [kkst dh otg ls inkFkks± osQ v.kqvksa vkSj ijek.kqvksa dh vkarfjd
lajpuk dk vè;;u lgt gks x;kA igys bl dke osQ fy, baÚk jsM LisDVªksLdksih
dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk FkkA ;g eqf'dy rduhd gS vkSj xyfr;ksa dh laHkkouk cgqr
vfèkd jgrh gSA jkeu~ dh [kkst osQ ckn inkFkks± dh vk.kfod vkSj ijek.kfod
lajpuk osQ vè;;u osQ fy, jkeu~ LisDVªksLdksih dk lgkjk fy;k tkus yxkA ;g
rduhd ,do.khZ; izdk'k osQ o.kZ esa ifjorZu osQ vkèkkj ij] inkFkks± osQ v.kqvksa vkSj
ijek.kqvksa dh lajpuk dh lVhd tkudkjh nsrh gSA bl tkudkjh dh otg ls
48/Li'kZ
inkFkks± dk la'ys"k.k iz;ksx'kkyk esa djuk rFkk vusd mi;ksxh inkFkk±s dk Ñf=ke :Ik
ls fuekZ.k laHko gks x;k gSA
jkeu~ izHkko dh [kkst us jkeu~ dks fo'o osQ pksVh osQ oSKkfudksa dh iafDr esa
yk [kM+k fd;kA iqjLdkjksa vkSj lEekuksa dh rks tSls >M+h&lh yxh jghA mUgsa lu~
1924 esa jkW;y lkslkbVh dh lnL;rk ls lEekfur fd;k x;kA lu~ 1929 esa mUgsa
^lj* dh mikfèk iznku dh xbZA Bhd vxys gh lky mUgsa fo'o osQ loksPZ p
iqjLdkjµHkkSfrdh esa ukscsy iqjLdkjµls lEekfur fd;k x;kA mUgsa vkSj Hkh dbZ
iqjLdkj feys] tSls jkse dk esR;wlh ind] jkW;y lkslkbVh dk áw”k ind]
fI+kQyksMsfYI+kQ;k baLVhV~;wV dk izaSQdfyu ind] lksfo;r :l dk varjkZ"Vªh; ysfuu
iqjLdkj vkfnA lu~ 1954 esa jkeu~ dks ns'k osQ loksZPp lEeku Hkkjr jRu ls
lEekfur fd;k x;kA os ukscsy iqjLdkj ikusokys igys Hkkjrh; oSKkfud FksA muosQ
ckn ;g iqjLdkj Hkkjrh; ukxfjdrkokys fdlh vU; oSKkfud dks vHkh rd ugha
fey ik;k gSA mUgsa vfèkdka'k lEeku ml nkSj esa feys tc Hkkjr vaxsz”kksa dk xqyke
FkkA mUgsa feyusokys lEekuksa us Hkkjr dks ,d u;k vkRe&lEeku vkSj vkRe&fo'okl
fn;kA foKku osQ {ks=k esa mUgksaus ,d u;h Hkkjrh; psruk dks tkxzr fd;kA
Hkkjrh; laLÑfr ls jkeu~ dks ges'kk gh xgjk yxko jgkA mUgksua s viuh Hkkjrh;
igpku dks ges'kk v{kq..k j[kkA varjkZ"Vªh; izflf¼ osQ ckn Hkh mUgksua s vius nf{k.k
Hkkjrh; igukos dks ugha NksMk+ A os d^j 'kkdkgkjh Fks vkSj efnjk ls l[r ijgs”k j[krs
FksA tc os ukscy s iqjLdkj izkIr djus LVkWdgkse x, rks ogk¡ mUgksua s vYdksgy ij jkeu~
izHkko dk izn'kZu fd;kA ckn esa vk;ksftr ikVhZ esa tc mUgksua s 'kjkc ihus ls budkj
fd;k rks ,d vk;kstd us ifjgkl esa muls dgk fd jkeu~ us tc vYdksgy ij jkeu~
izHkko dk izn'kZu dj gesa vkÈkfnr djus esa dksbZ dlj ugha NksMh+ ] rks jkeu~ ij
vYdksgy osQ izHkko dk izn'kZu djus ls ijgs”k D;ks\a
jkeu~ dk oSKkfud O;fDrRo iz;ksxksa vkSj 'kksèki=k&ys[ku rd gh fleVk gqvk
ugha FkkA muosQ vanj ,d jk"Vªh; psruk Fkh vkSj os ns'k esa oSKkfud n`f"V vkSj fparu
osQ fodkl osQ izfr lefiZr FksA mUgsa vius 'kq#vkrh fnu ges'kk gh ;kn jgs tc mUgsa
<ax dh iz;ksx'kkyk vkSj midj.kksa osQ vHkko esa dkI+kQh la?k"kZ djuk iM+k FkkA
blhfy, mUgksaus ,d vR;ar mUur iz;ksx'kkyk vkSj 'kksèk&laLFkku dh LFkkiuk dh tks
caxyksj esa fLFkr gS vkSj mUgha osQ uke ij ^jkeu~ fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV* uke ls tkuh
tkrh gSA HkkSfrd 'kkL=k esa vuqlaèkku dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, mUgksaus bafM;u tjuy
vkWI+kQ fI+kQf”kDl uked 'kksèk&if=kdk izkjaHk dhA vius thoudky esa mUgksaus lSdM+ksa
'kksèk&Nk=kksa dk ekxZn'kZu fd;kA ftl izdkj ,d nhid ls vU; dbZ nhid ty
mBrs gSa] mlh izdkj muosQ 'kksèk&Nk=kksa us vkxs pydj dkI+kQh vPNk dke fd;kA
mUgha esa dbZ Nk=k ckn esa mPp inksa ij izfrf"Br gq,A foKku osQ izpkj&izlkj osQ
fy, os djsaV lkbal uked ,d if=kdk dk Hkh laiknu djrs FksA jkeu~ izHkko osQoy
izdk'k dh fdj.kksa rd gh fleVk ugha Fkk_ mUgksaus vius O;fDrRo osQ izdk'k dh
fdj.kksa ls iwjs ns'k dks vkyksfdr vkSj izHkkfor fd;kA mudh e`R;q 21 uoacj lu~
1970 osQ fnu 82 o"kZ dh vk;q esa gqbAZ
jkeu~ oSKkfud psruk vkSj n`f"V dh lk{kkr izfrewfrZ FksA mUgksaus gesa ges'kk gh
;g lans'k fn;k fd ge vius vklikl ?kV jgh fofHkUu izkÑfrd ?kVukvksa dh
Nkuchu ,d oSKkfud n`f"V ls djsaA rHkh rks mUgksaus laxhr osQ lqj&rky vkSj izdk'k
dh fdj.kksa dh vkHkk osQ vanj ls oSKkfud fl¼kar [kkst fudkysA gekjs vklikl
,slh u tkus fdruh gh ph”ksa fc[kjh iM+h gSa] tks vius ik=k dh ryk'k esa gSaA ”k:jr
gS jkeu~ osQ thou ls izsj.kk ysus dh vkSj izÑfr osQ chp Nqis oSKkfud jgL; dk
Hksnu djus dhA
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1. jkeu~ Hkkoqd izÑfr izseh osQ vykok vkSj D;k Fks\
2. leqnz dks ns[kdj jkeu~ osQ eu esa dkSu&lh nks ftKklk,¡ mBha\
3. jkeu~ osQ firk us muesa fdu fo"k;ksa dh l'kDr uhao Mkyh\
50/Li'kZ
4. ok|;a=kksa dh èofu;ksa osQ vè;;u osQ }kjk jkeu~ D;k djuk pkgrs Fks\
5. ljdkjh ukSdjh NksM+us osQ ihNs jkeu~ dh D;k Hkkouk Fkh\
6. ^jkeu~ izHkko* dh [kkst osQ ihNs dkSu&lk loky fgyksjsa ys jgk Fkk\
7. izdk'k rjaxksa osQ ckjs esa vkbaLVkbu us D;k crk;k\
8. jkeu~ dh [kkst us fdu vè;;uksa dks lgt cuk;k\
fyf[kr
1. dkWyst osQ fnuksa esa jkeu~ dh fnyh bPNk D;k Fkh\
2. ok|;a=kksa ij dh xbZ [kkstksa ls jkeu~ us dkSu&lh Hkzkafr rksM+us dh dksf'k'k dh\
3. jkeu~ osQ fy, ukSdjh lacaèkh dkSu&lk fu.kZ; dfBu Fkk\
4. lj panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~ dks le;≤ ij fdu&fdu iqjLdkjksa ls lEekfur
fd;k x;k\
5- jkeu~ dks feyusokys iqjLdkjksa us Hkkjrh;&psruk dks tkxzr fd;kA ,slk D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
([k) fuEufyf[kr iz'ukas osQ mÙkj (50-60 'kCnksa esa) fyf[k,µ
1- jkeu~ osQ izkjafHkd 'kksèkdk;Z dks vkèkqfud gB;ksx D;ksa dgk x;k gS\
2- jkeu~ dh [kkst ^jkeu~ izHkko* D;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A
3- ^jkeu~ izHkko* dh [kkst ls foKku osQ {ks=k esa dkSu&dkSu ls dk;Z laHko gks losQ\
4- ns'k dks oSKkfud n`f"V vkSj fparu iznku djus esa lj panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~ osQ
egÙoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
5- lj panz'ks[kj osadV jkeu~ osQ thou ls izkIr gksusokys lans'k dks vius 'kCnksa esa
fyf[k,A
(x) fuEufyf[kr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,µ
1- muosQ fy, ljLorh dh lkèkuk ljdkjh lq[k&lqfoèkkvksa ls dgha vfèkd egÙoiw.kZ FkhA
2- gekjs ikl ,slh u tkus fdruh gh ph”ksa fc[kjh iM+h gSa] tks vius ik=k dh ryk'k esa gSAa
3- ;g vius vkiesa ,d vkèkqfud gB;ksx dk mnkgj.k FkkA
(?k) mi;qDr 'kCn dk p;u djrs gq, fjDr LFkkuksa dh iwfrZ dhft,µ
baiQz k jsM LisDVªkLs dksih] bafM;u ,lksfl,'ku iQkWj n dfYVos'ku vkWIkQ+ lkbal] fiQykWlkWfiQdy
eSx”khu] HkkSfrdh] jkeu~ fjlpZ baLVhV~;wV
1- jkeu~ dk igyk 'kksèk i=k ---------------------- esa izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA
2- jkeu~ dh [kkst ---------------------- osQ {ks=k esa ,d Økafr osQ leku FkhA
3- dydÙkk dh ekewyh&lh iz;ksx'kkyk dk uke ---------------------- FkkA
4- jkeu~ }kjk LFkkfir 'kksèk laLFkku ---------------------- uke ls tkuh tkrh gSA
5- igys inkFkks± osQ v.kqvksa vkSj ijek.kqvksa dh vkarfjd lajpuk dk vè;;u djus osQ
fy, ---------------------- dk lgkjk fy;k tkrk FkkA
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. uhps oqQN lekun'khZ 'kCn fn, tk jgs gaS ftudk vius okD; esa bl izdkj iz;ksx
djsa fd muosQ vFkZ dk varj Li"V gks losQA
(d) izek.k --------------------------------- ([k) iz.kke ---------------------------------
(x) èkkj.kk -------------------------------- (?k) èkkj.k ---------------------------------
(Ä) iwoZorhZ --------------------------------- (p) ijorhZ ---------------------------------
(N) ifjorZu --------------------------------- (t) izorZu ---------------------------------
2. js[kkafdr 'kCn osQ foykse 'kCn dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fjDr LFkku dh iwfrZ dhft,µ
(d) eksgu osQ firk eu ls l'kDr gksrs gq, Hkh ru ls ---------------------- gSaA
([k) vLirky osQ vLFkk;h deZpkfj;ksa dks ---------------------- :i ls ukSdjh ns nh xbZ gSA
(x) jkeu~ us vusd Bksl joksa vkSj --------------------- inkFkks± ij izdk'k dh fdj.k osQ
izHkko dk vè;;u fd;kA
(?k) vkt ck”kkj esa ns'kh vkSj ---------------------- nksuksa izdkj osQ f[kykSus miyCèk gSaA
(Ä) lkxj dh ygjksa dk vkd"kZ.k mlosQ fouk'kdkjh :i dks ns[kus osQ ckn -------esa
ifjofrZr gks tkrk gSA
3. uhps fn, mnkgj.k esa js[kkafdr va'k esa 'kCn&;qXe dk iz;ksx gqvk gSµ
mnkgj.k % pkmQrku dks xkus&ctkus esa vkuan vkrk gSA
mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr 'kCn&;qXeksa dk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ
lq[k&lqfoèkk --------------------------------------------
vPNk&[kklk --------------------------------------------
izpkj&izlkj --------------------------------------------
vkl&ikl --------------------------------------------
52/Li'kZ
4. izLrqr ikB esa vk, vuqLokj vkSj vuqukfld 'kCnksa dks fuEu rkfydk esa fyf[k,µ
vuqLokj vuqukfld
(d) vanj (d) <w¡<+rs
([k) ---------------------------- ([k) ----------------------------
(x) ---------------------------- (x) ----------------------------
(?k) ---------------------------- (?k) ----------------------------
(Ä) ---------------------------- (Ä) ----------------------------
5. ikB esa fuEufyf[kr fof'k"V Hkk"kk iz;ksx vk, gaSA lkekU; 'kCnksa esa budk vk'k;
Li"V dhft,µ
?kaVksa [kks, jgrs] LokHkkfod jQ>ku cuk, j[kuk] vPNk&[kklk dke fd;k] fgEer dk
dke Fkk] lVhd tkudkjh] dkI+kQh m¡Qps vad gkfly fd,] dM+h esgur osQ ckn [kM+k
fd;k Fkk] eksVh ru[okg
6. ikB osQ vkèkkj ij feyku dhft,µ
uhyk dkepykmQ
firk jo
rSukrh Hkkjrh; ok|;a=k
midj.k oSKkfud jgL;
?kfV;k leqnz
iQksVkWu uhao
Hksnu dydÙkk
7. ikB esa vk, jaxksa dh lwph cukb,A buosQ vfrfjDr nl jaxksa osQ uke vkSj fyf[k,A
8. uhps fn, x, mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj ^gh* dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ik¡p okD; cukb,A
mnkgj.k % muosQ Kku dh l'kDr uhao muosQ firk us gh rS;kj dh FkhA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- ^foKku dk ekuo fodkl esa ;ksxnku* fo"k; ij d{kk esa ppkZ dhft,A
2- Hkkjr osQ fdu&fdu oSKkfudksa dks ukscsy iqjLdkj feyk gS\ irk yxkb, vkSj fyf[k,A
3- U;wVu osQ vkfo"dkj osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- Hkkjr osQ izeq[k oSKkfudksa dh lwph muosQ dk;ks±@;ksxnkuksa osQ lkFk cukb,A
2- Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k esa rfeyukMq osQ frjQfpjkiYyh vkSj dydÙkk dh fLFkfr n'kkZ,¡A
3- fiNys chl&iPphl o"kks± esa gq, mu oSKkfud [kkstksa] midj.kksa dh lwph cukb,] ftlus
ekuo thou cny fn;k gSA
uhy o.khZ; & uhys jax dk
vla[; & vufxur] ftldh la[;k crkuk laHko u gks
vkHkk & ped
ftKklk & tkuus dh bPNk
fo'ofo[;kr & lalkj esa izfl¼
HkkSfrdh & og foKku ftlesa rÙoksa osQ xq.k vkfn dk foospu fd;k
x;k gks] fI+kQf”kDl
vfr'k;ksfDr & fdlh ckr dks c<+k&p<+kdj dguk
gkfly & izkIr
'kksèkdk;Z & [kkst] vuqlaèkku dk;Z
izfrHkkoku & ftlesa foy{k.k&ckSf¼d 'kfDr gks
foÙk foHkkx & fdlh jkT; osQ vk;&O;; ls lacafèkr foHkkx
jQ>ku & >qdko] fdlh vksj izo`Ùk gksuk
midj.k & lkèku] vkStkj
le`¼ & mUur'khy
Hkzkafr & lansg] v;FkkFkZ Kku
l`ftr & jpk gqvk
le{k & lkeus
vè;kiu & i<+kuk
ifj.kfr & ifj.kke
Bksl jos & fcYykSj] ef.kHk
iQksVkWu & izdk'k dk va'k
,do.khZ; & ,d jax dk
ÅtkZ & 'kfDr] cy
54/Li'kZ
izk;ksfxd & iz;ksx lacafèkr

rhozèkkjk & rs”k èkkjk
baizQk jsM LisDVªksLdksih& vojDr LisDVªe foKku
vk.kfod & v.kq dk
ijek.kfod & ijek.kq dk
lajpuk & cukoV
la'ys"k.k & feyku djuk (flaFksfll)
Ñf=ke & cuk;k gqvk] cukoVh
v{kq..k & v[kafMr
d^j & n`<+
ifjgkl & g¡lh&e”kkd
vkÈkfnr & vkuafnr
vkyksfdr & izdkf'kr
izfrewfrZ & vuqÑfr] fp=k] izfrek
ukscsy iqjLdkj & ;g ,d varjkZ"Vªh; Lrj dk loksZPp iqjLdkj gS tks
lkfgR;] HkkSfrd foKku] jlk;u foKku] fpfdRlk foKku]
vFkZ'kkL=k rFkk 'kkafr osQ {ks=k esa vHkwriwoZ dk;Z osQ fy,
fn;k tkrk gSA ukscsy iqjLdkj osQ tUenkrk vYizsQM ukscsy
gSa] ftudk tUe lu~ 1833 esa LohMu LVkWdgkse uked
LFkku esa gqvk FkkA vYizsQM ukscsy us lu~ 1866 esa
foèoaldkjh Mk;ukekbV dk vkfo"dkj fd;k FkkA bl
iqjLdkj dks loZizFke lu~ 1901 esa fn;k x;kA
dhpM+ dk dkO;/55
dkdk dkysydj
(1885 - 1982)
dkdk dkysydj dk tUe egkjk"Vª osQ lrkjk uxj esa lu~ 1885 esa gqvkA dkdk dh ekr`Hkk"kk ejkBh
FkhA mUgsa xqtjkrh] fganh] ckaXyk vkSj vax”sz kh dk Hkh vPNk Kku FkkA xkaèkhth osQ lkFk jk"VªHkk"kk izpkj
esa tqMu+ s osQ ckn dkdk fganh esa ys[ku djus yxsA vk”kknh osQ ckn dkdk thouHkj xkaèkhth osQ fopkj
vkSj lkfgR; osQ izpkj&izlkj esa tqVs jgsA
egkRek xkaèkh osQ vuU; vuq;kf;;ksa esa fouksck Hkkos] lhekar xkaèkh vCnqy XkÝ+ I+kQkj [kk¡ vkSj
dkdk dkysydj leku :i ls ;kn fd, tkrs gSAa u;h fnYyh esa xkaèkh laxgz ky; osQ fudV lfUufèk
esa dkdk osQ thou ls tqM+h cgqr&lh oLrq,¡ vkSj mudk lkfgR; vkt Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
ns'k osQ izk;% dksu&s dksus esa ;k;koj dh rjg Hkze.k djus okys dkdk dh pfpZr Ñfr;k¡ gSa %
fgeky;uks izokl] yksdekrk (;k=kk o`Ùkkar)] Lej.k ;k=kk (laLej.k)] èkeksnZ ; (vkRepfjr)] thouuks
vkuan] vokjuokj (fucaèk laxgz )A dkdk us dbZ o"kks± rd eaxy izHkkr i=k dk laiknu Hkh fd;kA
dkdk osQ ys[ku dh Hkk"kk ljy] ljl] vkstLoh vkSj lkjxfHkZr gSA fopkjiw.kZ fucaèk gks ;k
;k=kk laLej.k] lHkh fo"k;ksa dh roZQiw.kZ O;k[;k dkdk dh ys[ku 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA
,d fganhrj Hkk"kh ys[kd }kjk ewyr% fganh esa fy[ks bl yfyr fucaèk dhpM+ dk dkO; esa
dkdk us dhpM+ dh mi;ksfxrk dk dkO;kRed 'kSyh esa c[kku fd;k gSA dkdk dgrs gSa fd gesa
dhpM+ osQ xanis u ij ugha] vfirq mldh ekuo vkSj i'kqvksa rd osQ thou esa mi;ksfxrk ij è;ku
nsuk pkfg,A mÙkj&iwohZ jkT;ksa esa lcls ”;knk iSnk gksuos kyh èkku dh iQly dhpM+ esa gh mx ikrh
gSA dhpM+ u gksrk rks D;k&D;k u gksrk] ekuo vkSj i'kq fdu fu;kerksa ls oafpr jg tkrs] bldh
,d ckuxh ;g fucaèk c[kwch n'kkZrk gSA dhpM+ gs; ugha J¼s; gS] ;g ys[kd gh ugha ikBd Hkh
Lohdkjrk gSA
56/Li'kZ
dhpM+ dk dkO;
vkt lqcg iwoZ esa oqQN [kkl vkd"kZd ugha FkkA jax dh lkjh 'kksHkk mÙkj esa teh
FkhA ml fn'kk esa rks yky jax us vkt deky gh dj fn;k FkkA ijarq cgqr gh FkksM+s
ls le; osQ fy,A Lo;a iwoZ fn'kk gh tgk¡ iwjh j¡xh u xbZ gks] ogk¡ mÙkj fn'kk
dj&djosQ Hkh fdrus u[kjs dj ldrh\ ns[krs&ns[krs ogk¡ osQ ckny 'osr iwuh tSls
gks x, vkSj ;FkkØe fnu dk vkjaHk gh gks x;kA
ge vkdk'k dk o.kZu djrs gSa] i`Foh dk o.kZu djrs gSa] tyk'k;ksa dk o.kZu
djrs gSaA ij dhpM+ dk o.kZu dHkh fdlh us fd;k gS\ dhpM+ esa iSj Mkyuk dksbZ
ilan ugha djrk] dhpM+ ls 'kjhj xank gksrk gS] diMs+ eSys gks tkrs gSaA vius 'kjhj
ij dhpM+ mMs+ ;g fdlh dks Hkh vPNk ugha yxrk vkSj blhfy, dhpM+ osQ fy,
fdlh dks lgkuqHkwfr ugha gksrhA ;g lc ;FkkFkZ gSA foaQrq rVLFkrk ls lkspsa rks ge
ns[ksaxs fd dhpM+ esa oqQN de lkSan;Z ugha gSA igys rks ;g fd dhpM+ dk jax cgqr
laqnj gSA iqLrdksa osQ xÙkksa ij] ?kjksa dh nhokyksa ij vFkok 'kjhj ij osQ dherh diM+ksa
osQ fy, ge lc dhpM+ osQ tSls jax ilan djrs gSaA dykfHkK yksxksa dks Hk_h esa
idk, gq, fe^h osQ cjruksa osQ fy, ;gh jax cgqr ilan gSA iQksVks ysrs le; Hkh ;fn
mlesa dhpM+ dk] ,dkèk Bhdjs dk jax vk tk, rks mls okeZVksu dgdj foK yksx
[kq'k&[kq'k gks tkrs gSaA ij yks] dhpM+ dk uke ysrs gh lc fcxM+ tkrk gSA
unh osQ fdukjs tc dhpM+ lw[kdj mlosQ VqdMs+ gks tkrs gSa] rc os fdrus laqnj
fn[krs gSaA ”;knk xjeh ls tc mUgha VqdM+ksa esa njkjsa iM+rh gSa vkSj os Vs<s+ gks tkrs
gSa] rc lq[kk, gq, [kksijs tSls nh[k iM+rs gSaA unh fdukjs ehyksa rd tc lery vkSj
dhpM+ dk dkO;/57
fpduk dhpM+ ,d&lk iSQyk gqvk gksrk gS] rc og n`'; oqQN de [kwclwjr ugha
gksrkA bl dhpM+ dk i`"B Hkkx oqQN lw[k tkus ij ml ij cxqys vkSj vU;
NksVs&cMs+ i{kh pyrs gSa] rc rhu uk[kwu vkxs vkSj v¡xwBk ihNs ,sls muosQ infpÉ]
eè; ,f'k;k osQ jkLrs dh rjg nwj&nwj rd vafdr ns[k blh jkLrs viuk dkjok¡ ys
tkus dh bPNk gesa gksrh gSA
fiQj tc dhpM+ ”;knk lw[kdj ”kehu Bksl gks tk,] rc xk;] cSy] ikMs]+ HkSl a ]
HksM]+ cdjs bR;kfn osQ infpÉ ml ij vafdr gksrs gSa mldh 'kksHkk vkSj gh gSA vkSj
fiQj tc nks eneLr ikMs+ vius lhaxksa ls dhpM+ dks jkSna dj vkil esa yM+rs gSa rc unh
fdukjs vafdr infpÉ vkSj lhaxksa osQ fpÉksa ls ekuks efg"koqQy osQ Hkkjrh; ;q¼ dk iwjk
bfrgkl gh bl dnZe ys[k esa fy[kk gksµ,slk Hkkl gksrk gSAS
dhpM+ ns[kuk gks rks xaxk osQ fdukjs ;k flaèkq osQ fdukjs vkSj brus ls r`fIr u
gks rks lhèks [kaHkkr igq¡puk pkfg,A ogk¡ egh unh osQ eq[k ls vkxs tgk¡ rd u”kj
igq¡ps ogk¡ rd loZ=k lukru dhpM+ gh ns[kus dks feysxkA bl dhpM+ esa gkFkh Mwc
tk,¡xs ,slk dguk] u 'kksHkk ns ,slh vYiksfDr djus tSlk gSA igkM+ osQ igkM+ mlesa
yqIr gks tk,¡xs ,slk dguk pkfg,A
gekjk vUu dhpM+ esa ls gh iSnk gksrk gS bldk tkxzr Hkku ;fn gj ,d euq";
dks gksrk rks og dHkh dhpM+ dk frjLdkj u djrkA ,d vthc ckr rks nsf[k,A iad
'kCn ?k`.kkLin yxrk gS] tcfd iadt
'kCn lqurs gh dfo yksx Mksyus vkSj xkus
yxrs gSAa ey fcyoqQy efyu ekuk tkrk
gS foaQrq dey 'kCn lqurs gh fpÙk esa
izlUurk vkSj vkÈkndRo iwQV iM+rs gSAa
dfo;ksa dh ,slh ;qfDr'kwU; o`fÙk muosQ
lkeus ge j[kas rks os dgsxa s fd ¶vki
oklqnos dh iwtk djrs gSa blfy, olqnos
dks rks ugha iwtrs] ghjs dk Hkkjh ewY; nsrs
58/Li'kZ
gSa foaQrq dks;ys ;k iRFkj dk ugha nsrs vkSj eksrh dks oaQB esa ck¡èkdj fiQjrs gSa foaQrq
mldh ekrqJh dks xys esa ugha ck¡èkrs!¸ de&ls&de bl fo"k; ij dfo;ksa osQ lkFk
rks ppkZ u djuk gh mÙke!
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- jax dh 'kksHkk us D;k dj fn;k\
2- ckny fdldh rjg gks x, Fks\
3- yksx fdu&fdu ph”kksa dk o.kZu djrs gSa\
4- dhpM+ ls D;k gksrk gS\
5- dhpM+ tSlk jax dkSu yksx ilan djrs gSa\
6- unh osQ fdukjs dhpM+ dc lqanj fn[krk gS\
7- dhpM+ dgk¡ lqanj yxrk gS\
8- îad* vkSj îadt* 'kCn esa D;k varj gS\
fyf[kr
1- dhpM+ osQ izfr fdlh dks lgkuqHkwfr D;ksa ugha gksrh\
2- ”kehu Bksl gksus ij ml ij fduosQ infpÉ vafdr gksrs gSa\
3- euq"; dks D;k Hkku gksrk ftlls og dhpM+ dk frjLdkj u djrk\
4- igkM+ yqIr dj nsusokys dhpM+ dh D;k fo'ks"krk gS\
1- dhpM+ dk jax fdu&fdu yksxksa dks [kq'k djrk gS\
2- dhpM+ lw[kdj fdl izdkj osQ n`'; mifLFkr djrk gS\
3- lw[ks gq, dhpM+ dk lkSan;Z fdu LFkkuksa ij fn[kkbZ nsrk gS\
4- dfo;ksa dh èkkj.kk dks ys[kd us ;qfDr'kwU; D;ksa dgk gS\
dhpM+ dk dkO;/59
1- unh fdukjs vafdr infpÉ vkSj lhaxksa osQ fpÉksa ls ekuks efg"koqQy osQ Hkkjrh; ;q¼
dk iwjk bfrgkl gh bl dnZe ys[k esa fy[kk gks ,slk Hkkl gksrk gSSA
2- ¶vki oklqnso dh iwtk djrs gSa blfy, olqnso dks rks ugha iwtrs] ghjs dk Hkkjh
ewY; nsrs gSa foaQrq dks;ys ;k iRFkj dk ugha nsrs vkSj eksrh dks oaQB esa ck¡èkdj fiQjrs
gSa foaQrq mldh ekrqJh dks xys esa ugha ck¡èkrs!¸ de&ls&de bl fo"k; ij dfo;ksa
osQ lkFk rks ppkZ u djuk gh mÙke!
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ rhu&rhu i;kZ;okph 'kCn fyf[k,µ
tyk'k; ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
flaèkq ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
iadt ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
i`Foh ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
vkdk'k ----------------------- ----------------------- -----------------------
2. fuEufyf[kr okD;ksa esa dkjdksa dks js[kkafdr dj muosQ uke Hkh fyf[k,µ
(d) dhpM+ dk uke ysrs gh lc fcxM+ tkrk gSA -----------------------
([k) D;k dhpM+ dk o.kZu dHkh fdlh us fd;k gSA -----------------------
(x) gekjk vUu dhpM+ ls gh iSnk gksrk gSA -----------------------
(?k) infpÉ ml ij vafdr gksrs gSaA -----------------------
(Ä) vki oklqnso dh iwtk djrs gSaA -----------------------
3. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa dh cukoV dks è;ku ls nsf[k, vkSj budk ikB ls fHkUu fdlh
u, izlax esa okD; iz;ksx dhft,µ
vkd"kZd ;FkkFkZ rVLFkrk dykfHkK infpÉ
vafdr r`fIr lukru yqIr tkxzr
?k`.kkLin ;qfDr'kwU; o`fÙk
4. uhps nh xbZ la;qDr fØ;kvksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dksbZ vU; okD; cukb,µ
(d) ns[krs&ns[krs ogk¡ osQ ckny 'osr iwuh tSls gks x,A
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
60/Li'kZ
([k) dhpM+ ns[kuk gks rks lhèks [kaHkkr igq¡puk pkfg,A

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
(x) gekjk vUu dhpM+ esa ls gh iSnk gksrk gSA
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. u] ugha] er dk lgh iz;ksx fjDr LFkkuksa ij dhft,µ
(d) rqe ?kj ---------------- tkvksA
([k) eksgu dy ---------------- vk,xkA
(x) mls ---------------- tkus D;k gks x;k gS\
(?k) Mk¡Vks ---------------- I;kj ls dgksA
(Ä) eSa ogk¡ dHkh ---------------- tkm¡QxkA
(p) ---------------- og cksyk ---------------- eSaA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- fo|kFkhZ lw;ksZn; vkSj lw;kZLr osQ n`'; ns[kas rFkk vius vuqHkoksa dks fy[ksaA
2- dhpM+ esa iSnk gksuokyh iQlyksa osQ uke fyf[k,A
3- Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k esa fn[kk,¡ fd èkku dh iQly izeq[k :i ls fdu&fdu izkarksa esa
mitkbZ tkrh gS\
4- D;k dhpM+ ^xanxh* gS\ bl fo"k; ij viuh d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A
iwoZ & iwoZ fn'kk
vkd"kZd & lqanj] jkspd
'kksHkk & laqnjrk
mÙkj & mÙkj fn'kk] tokc
deky & vn~Hkqr peRdkfjd dk;Z
u[kjs & csotg dk gko&Hkko fn[kykuk
iwuh & èkquh gqbZ jQbZ dh cM+h cÙkh tks lwr dkrus osQ fy, cukbZ
tkrh gS
tyk'k; & rkykc] ljksoj
dhpM+ & iSjksa esa fpidus okyh xhyh fe^h] iad
rVLFkrk & fujis{k] mnklhurk] fdlh dk i{k u ysuk] fu"i{krk
dhpM+ dk dkO;/61
dykfHkK & dyk osQ tkudkj
Bhdjk & [kiMs+ dk VqdM+k
foK & tkudkj
[kq'k&[kq'k & cgqr [kq'k gksus osQ fy, iqjkuh fganh esa iz;Dq r gksus okyk 'kCn
[kksijk ([kksiM+k) & ukfj;y] xjh dk xksyk
lery & ftldk ry ;k lrg cjkcj gks
vafdr & fpfÉr
dkjok¡ & ns'kkarj tkus okys ;kf=k;ksa@O;kikfj;ksa dk >qaM
eneLr & erokyk] eLr
ikMs+ & HkSal osQ uj cPps
efg"koqQy & HkSalkas dk ifjokj
dnZe & dhpM+
Hkkl & izrhr] vkHkkl] dYiuk] ped
vYiksfDr & FkksM+k dguk
frjLdkj & mis{kk
vkÈkndRo & g"kZ dk Hkko
;qfDr'kwU; & roZQ 'kwU;] fopkjghu
o`fÙk & rjhdk] <ax] LoHkko] dk;Z
62/Li'kZ
x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ
(1891 - 1931)
x.ks'k'kadj fo|kFkhZ dk tUe eè; izns'k osQ Xokfy;j 'kgj esa lu~ 1891 esa gqvkA ,aVªsal ikl
djus osQ ckn os dkuiqj djsalh nÝ+ rj esa eqykf”ke gks x,A fiQj 1921 esa îzrki* lkIrkfgd
v[kckj fudkyuk 'kq: fd;kA fo|kFkhZ vkpk;Z egkohj izlkn f}osnh dks viuk lkfgfR;d xqjQ
ekurs FksA mUgha dh izsj.kk ls vk”kknh dh vy[k txkusokyh jpukvksa dk l`tu vkSj vuqokn
mUgksaus fd;kA blh mís'; dh iwfrZ osQ fy, mUgksaus lgk;d i=kdkfjrk dhA fo|kFkhZ osQ thou
dk ”;knkrj le; tsyksa esa chrkA bUgsa ckj&ckj tsy esa Mkydj Hkh vaxzs”k ljdkj dks Lakrqf"V
ugha feyhA og budk v[kckj Hkh can djokuk pkgrh FkhA dkuiqj esa 1931 esa eps Lkkaiznkf;d
naxksa dks 'kkar djokus osQ iz;kl esa fo|kFkhZ dks vius izk.kksa dh cfy nsuh iM+hA budh e`R;q ij
egkRek xkaèkh us dgk Fkk % dk'k! ,slh ekSr eq>s feyh gksrhA
fo|kFkhZ vius thou esa Hkh vkSj ys[ku esa Hkh xjhcksa] fdlkuksa] e”kyweksa] e”knwjksa vkfn osQ
izfr lPph gennhZ dk b”kgkj djrs FksA ns'k dh vk”kknh dh eqfge esa vkM+s vkusokyhs fdlh Hkh
ÑR; ;k ijaijk dks og vkM+s gkFkksa ysrs FksA ns'k dh vk”kknh mudh u”kj esa lcls egÙoiw.kZ FkhA
vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks u"V&Hkz"V djusokyksa dh os tedj ^[kcj* ysrs FksA mudh Hkk"kk ljy] lgt]
ysfdu csgn ekjd vkSj lhèkk izgkj djusokyh gksrh FkhA
izLrqr ikB ^èkeZ dh vkM+* esa fo|kFkhZ th us mu yksxksa osQ bjknksa vkSj oqQfVy pkyksa dks
csudkc fd;k gS] tks èkeZ dh vkM+ ysdj tulkekU; dks vkil esa yM+kdj viuk LokFkZ fl¼
djus dh fI+kQjkd esa jgrs gSaA èkeZ dh vkM+ esa viuk LokFkZ fl¼ djusokys gekjs gh ns'k esa gksa]
,slk ugha gSA fo|kFkhZ vius bl ikB esa nwj ns'kksa esa Hkh èkeZ dh vkM+ esa oSQls&oSQls oqQdeZ gq,
gSa] oSQlh&oSQlh vuhfr;k¡ gqbZ gSa] dkSu&dkSu yksx] oxZ vkSj lekt muosQ f'kdkj gq, gSa] bldk
[kqyklk djrs pyrs gSaA
/eZ dh vkM+/63
èkeZ dh vkM+
bl le;] ns'k esa èkeZ dh èkwe gSA mRikr fd, tkrs gSa] rks èkeZ vkSj bZeku osQ uke
ij] vkSj ftn dh tkrh gS] rks èkeZ vkSj bZeku osQ uke ijA jeqvk iklh vkSj cq¼w
fe;k¡ èkeZ vkSj bZeku dks tkusa] ;k u tkusa] ijarq muosQ uke ij mcy iM+rs gSa vkSj
tku ysus vkSj tku nsus osQ fy, rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA
ns'k osQ lHkh 'kgjksa dk ;gh gky gSA mcy iM+usokys lkèkkj.k vkneh dk blesa
osQoy bruk gh nks"k gS fd og oqQN Hkh ugha le>rk&cw>rk] vkSj nwljs yksx mls
ftèkj tksr nsrs gSa] mèkj tqr tkrk gSA ;FkkFkZ nks"k gS] oqQN pyrs&iqj”ks] i<s+&fy[ks
yksxksa dk] tks ew[kZ yksxksa dh 'kfDr;ksa vkSj mRlkg dk nqjQi;ksx blfy, dj jgs gSa
fd bl izdkj] tkfgyksa osQ cy osQ vkèkkj ij mudk usr`Ro vkSj cM+Iiu dk;e jgsA
blosQ fy, èkeZ vkSj bZeku dh cqjkb;ksa ls dke ysuk mUgsa lcls lqxe ekywe iM+rk
gSA lqxe gS HkhA
lkèkkj.k ls lkèkkj.k vkneh rd osQ fny esa ;g ckr vPNh rjg cSBh gqbZ gS
fd èkeZ vkSj bZeku dh j{kk osQ fy, izk.k rd ns nsuk okftc gSA cspkjk lkèkkj.k
vkneh èkeZ osQ rÙoksa dks D;k tkus\ ydhj ihVrs jguk gh og viuk èkeZ le>rk
gSA mldh bl voLFkk ls pkykd yksx bl le; cgqr cstk I+kQk;nk mBk jgs gSaA
ik'pkR; ns'kksa es]a èkuh yksxksa dh] xjhc e”knwjksa dh >ksia M+h dk e”kkd mM+krh gqbZ
v^kfydk,¡ vkdk'k ls ckrsa djrh gS!a xjhcksa dh dekbZ gh ls os eksVs iM+rs gS]a vkSj
mlh osQ cy ls] os lnk bl ckr dk iz;Ru djrs gSa fd xjhc lnk pwls tkrs jgsAa ;g
Hk;adj voLFkk gS! blh osQ dkj.k] lkE;okn] cksY'ksfo”e vkfn dk tUe gqvkA
64/Li'kZ
gekjs ns'k esa] bl le;] èkuifr;ksa dk bruk ”kksj ugha gSA ;gk¡] èkeZ osQ uke
ij] oqQN bus&fxus vkneh vius ghu LokFkks±Z dh flf¼ osQ fy,] djksM+kas vknfe;ksa
dh 'kfDr dk nqjQi;ksx fd;k djrs gSaA xjhcksa dk èkuk<~;ksa }kjk pwlk tkuk bruk cqjk
ugha gS] ftruk cqjk ;g gS fd ogk¡ gS èku dh ekj] ;gk¡ gS cqf¼ ij ekjA ogk¡ èku
fn[kkdj djksM+kas dks o'k esa fd;k tkrk gS] vkSj fiQj eu&ekuk èku iSnk djus osQ
fy, tksr fn;k tkrk gSA ;gk¡ gS cqf¼ ij ijnk Mkydj igys bZ'oj vkSj vkRek dk
LFkku vius fy, ysuk] vkSj fiQj] èkeZ] bZeku] bZ'oj vkSj vkRek osQ uke ij viuh
LokFkZ&flf¼ osQ fy, yksxksa dks yM+kuk&fHkM+kukA
ew[kZ cspkjs èkeZ dh nqgkb;k¡ nsrs vkSj nhu&nhu fpYykrs gSa] vius izk.kksa dh
ckft;k¡ [ksyrs vkSj FkksMs+&ls vfu;af=kr vkSj èkwrZ vknfe;ksa dk vklu m¡Qpk
djrs vkSj mudk cy c<+krs gSaA èkeZ vkSj bZeku osQ uke ij fd, tkus okys bl
Hkh"k.k O;kikj oQks jksdus osQ fy,] lkgl vkSj n`<+rk osQ lkFk] m|ksx gksuk
pkfg,A tc rd ,slk ugha gksxk] rc rd Hkkjro"kZ esa fuR;&izfr c<+rs tkus
okys >xMs+ de u gksaxsA
èkeZ dh mikluk osQ ekxZ esa dksbZ Hkh jQdkoV u gksA ftldk eu ftl izdkj
pkgs] mlh izdkj èkeZ dh Hkkouk dks vius eu esa txkosA èkeZ vkSj bZeku] eu dk
lkSnk gks] bZ'oj vkSj vkRek osQ chp dk lacaèk gks] vkRek dks 'kq¼ djus vkSj m¡Qps
mBkus dk lkèku gksA og] fdlh n'kk esa Hkh] fdlh nwljs O;fDr dh Lokèkhurk dks
Nhuus ;k oqQpyus dk lkèku u cusA vkidk eu pkgs] ml rjg dk èkeZ vki ekusa]
vkSj nwljksa dk eu pkgs] ml izdkj dk èkeZ og ekusA nks fHkUu èkeksZ± osQ ekuus okyksa
osQ Vdjk tkus osQ fy, dksbZ Hkh LFkku u gksA ;fn fdlh èkeZ osQ ekuus okys dgha
”kcjnLrh Vk¡x vM+krs gksa] rks mudk bl izdkj dk dk;Z ns'k dh Lokèkhurk osQ
fojQ¼ le>k tk,A
ns'k dh Lokèkhurk osQ fy, tks m|ksx fd;k tk jgk Fkk] mldk og fnu
fu%lansg] vR;ar cqjk Fkk] ftl fnu] Lokèkhurk osQ {ks=k esa f[kykI+kQr] eqYyk]
ekSyfo;ksa vkSj èkekZpk;ksZ± dks LFkku fn;k tkuk vko';d le>k x;kA ,d izdkj
ls ml fnu geus Lokèkhurk osQ {ks=k esa] ,d dne ihNs gVdj j[kk FkkA vius
/eZ dh vkM+/65
mlh iki dk iQy vkt gesa Hkksxuk iM+ jgk gSA ns'k dks Lokèkhurk osQ laxzke gh
us ekSykuk vCnqy ckjh vkSj 'kadjkpk;Z dks ns'k osQ lkeus nwljs :i esa is'k fd;k]
mUgsa vfèkd 'kfDr'kkyh cuk fn;k vkSj gekjs bl dke dk iQy ;g gqvk gS fd
bl le;] gekjs gkFkksa gh ls c<+kbZ budh vkSj buosQ ls yksxksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ gekjh
tM+ m[kkM+us vkSj ns'k esa e”kgch ikxyiu] izip a vkSj mRikr dk jkT; LFkkfir dj
jgh gSAa
egkRek xkaèkh èkeZ dks loZ=k LFkku nsrs gSaA os ,d ix Hkh èkeZ osQ fcuk pyus
osQ fy, rS;kj ughaA ijarq mudh ckr ys mM+us osQ igys] izR;sd vkneh dk drZO;
;g gS fd og Hkyh&Hkk¡fr le> ys fd egkRekth osQ ^èkeZ* dk Lo:i D;k gS\
èkeZ ls egkRekth dk eryc èkeZ m¡Qps vkSj mnkj rÙoksa gh dk gqvk djrk gSA muosQ
ekuus esa fdls ,rjk”k gks ldrk gSA
vtk¡ nsus] 'ka[k ctkus] ukd nkcus vkSj uek”k i<+us dk uke èkeZ ugha gSA
'kq¼kpj.k vkSj lnkpkj gh èkeZ osQ Li"V fpÉ gSaA nks ?kaVs rd cSBdj iwtk dhft,
vkSj iap&oDrk uek”k Hkh vnk dhft,] ijarq bZ'oj dks bl izdkj fj'or osQ ns
pqdus osQ i'pkr~] ;fn vki vius dks fnu&Hkj csbZekuh djus vkSj nwljksa dks
rdyhI +kQ ig¡qpkus osQ fy, vk”kkn le>rs gSa rks] bl èkeZ dks] vc vkxs vkus
okyk le; dnkfi ugha fVdus nsxkA vc rks] vkidk iwtk&ikB u ns[kk tk,xk]
vkidh Hkyeulkgr dh dlkSVh osQoy vkidk vkpj.k gksxhA lcosQ dY;k.k
dh n`f"V ls] vkidks vius vkpj.k dks lqèkkjuk iMs+xk vkSj ;fn vki vius
vkpj.k dks ugha lqèkkjsaxs rks uek”k vkSj jks”ks] iwtk vkSj xk;=kh vkidks ns'k osQ
vU; yksxksa dh vk”kknh dks jkSanus vkSj ns'k&Hkj esa mRikrksa dk dhpM+ mNkyus osQ
fy, vk”kkn u NksM+ losQxhA
,sls èkkfeZd vkSj nhunkj vknfe;ksa ls rks] os yk&e”kgc vkSj ukfLrd vkneh dgha
vfèkd vPNs vkSj mQWp ¡ s gS]a ftudk vkpj.k vPNk gS] tks nwljksa osQ lq[k&nq%[k dk
[k;ky j[krs gSa vkSj tks ew[kks± dks fdlh LokFkZ&flf¼ osQ fy, mdlkuk cgqr cqjk
le>rs gSAa bZ'oj bu ukfLrdksa vkSj yk&e”kgc yksxksa dks vfèkd I;kj djsxk] vkSj og
vius ifo=k uke ij vifo=k dke djus okyksa ls ;gh dguk ilan djsxk] eq>s ekuks
66/Li'kZ
;k u ekuks] rqEgkjs ekuus gh ls esjk bZ'ojRo dk;e ugha jgsxk] n;k djosQ] euq";Ro
dks ekuks] i'kq cuuk NksMk+ s vkSj vkneh cuks!
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- vkt èkeZ osQ uke ij D;k&D;k gks jgk gS\
2- èkeZ osQ O;kikj dks jksdus osQ fy, D;k m|ksx gksus pkfg,\
3- ys[kd osQ vuqlkj Lok/hurk vkanksyu dk dkSu lk fnu lcls cqjk Fkk\
4- lkèkkj.k ls lkèkkj.k vkneh rd osQ fny esa D;k ckr vPNh rjg ?kj dj cSBh gS\
5- èkeZ osQ Li"V fpÉ D;k gSa\
fyf[kr
1- pyrs&iqj”ks yksx èkeZ osQ uke ij D;k djrs gSa\
2- pkykd yksx lkèkkj.k vkneh dh fdl voLFkk dk ykHk mBkrs gaS\
3- vkusokyk le; fdl izdkj osQ èkeZ dks ugha fVdus nsxk\
4- dkSu&lk dk;Z ns'k dh Lokèkhurk osQ fojQ¼ le>k tk,xk\
5- ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa èkuh vkSj fuèkZu yksxksa esa D;k varj gS\
6- dkSu&ls yksx èkkfeZd yksxksa ls vfèkd vPNs gSa\
1- èkeZ vkSj bZeku osQ uke ij fd, tkus okys Hkh"k.k O;kikj dks oSQls jksdk tk ldrk gS\
2- ^cqf¼ ij ekj* osQ lacaèk eas ys[kd osQ D;k fopkj gSa\
3- ys[kd dh n`f"V esa èkeZ dh Hkkouk oSQlh gksuh pkfg,\
4- egkRek xkaèkh osQ èkeZ&lacaèkh fopkjksa ij izdk'k Mkfy,A
5- lcosQ dY;k.k gsrq vius vkpj.k dks lqèkkjuk D;ksa vko';d gS\
/eZ dh vkM+/67
1. mcy iM+us okys lkèkkj.k vkneh dk blesa osQoy bruk gh nks"k gS fd og oqQN Hkh
ugha le>rk&cw>rk] vkSj nwljs yksx mls ftèkj tksr nsrs gaS] mèkj tqr tkrk gSA
2. ;gk¡ gS cqf¼ ij ijnk Mkydj igys bZ'oj vkSj vkRek dk LFkku vius fy, ysuk]
vkSj fiQj èkeZ] bZeku] bZ'oj vkSj vkRek osQ uke ij viuh LokFkZ&flf¼ osQ fy,
yksxksa dks yM+kuk&fHkM+kukA
3. vc rks] vkidk iwtk&ikB u ns[kk tk,xk] vkidh Hkyeulkgr dh dlkSVh osQoy
vkidk vkpj.k gksxhA
4. rqEgkjs ekuus gh ls esjk bZ'ojRo dk;e ugha jgsxk] n;k djosQ] euq";Ro dks ekuks]
i'kq cuuk NksM+ks vkSj vkneh cuks!
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj 'kCnksa osQ foijhrkFkZd fyf[k,µ
lqxe & nqxZe
èkeZ & -------------
bZeku & -------------
lkèkkj.k & -------------
LokFkZ & -------------
nqjQi;ksx & -------------
fu;af=kr & -------------
Lokèkhurk & -------------
2. fuEufyf[kr milxks± dk iz;ksx djosQ nks&nks 'kCn cukb,µ
yk] fcyk] cs] cn] uk] [kq'k] gj] xSj
3. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj ^Ro* izR;; yxkdj ik¡p 'kCn cukb,µ
mnkgj.k% nso $ Ro ¾ nsoRo
4. fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k dks i<+dj ikB esa vk, la;qDr 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.k% pyrs&iqj”ks
5. ^Hkh* dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ik¡p okD; cukb,µ
mnkgj.k% vkt eq>s ck”kkj gksrs gq, vLirky Hkh tkuk gSA
68/Li'kZ
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
^èkeZ ,drk dk ekè;e gS*µ bl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ dhft,A
mRikr & minzo] [kqjkI +kQkr
bZeku & uh;r] lPpkbZ
tkfgyksa (tkfgy)& ew[kZ] x¡okj] vui<+
okf”kc & mfpr] mi;qDr] ;FkkFkZ
cstk & xyr] vuqfpr
v^kfydk,¡ & m¡Qps&m¡Qps edku] izklkn
lkE;okn & dkyZ ekDlZ }kjk izfrikfnr jktuhfrd fl¼kar ftldk mís';
fo'o esa oxZghu lekt dh LFkkiuk djuk gS
cksY'ksfo”e & lksfo;r Økafr osQ ckn ysfuu osQ usr`Ro esa LFkkfir O;oLFkk
èkuk<~; & èkuoku] nkSyrean
LokFkZ&flf¼ & viuk LokFkZ iwjk djuk
vfu;af=kr & tks fu;a=k.k esa u gks] euekuk
èkwrZ & Nyh] ik[kaMh
f[kykI+kQr & [kyhI+kQk dk in] iSxacj ;k ckn'kkg dk izfrfufèk gksuk
e”kgch & èkeZ fo'ks"k ls lacaèk j[kusokyk
iziap & Ny] èkks[kk
mnkj & egku] n;kyq] m¡Qps fnyokyk
Hkyeulkgr & lTturk] 'kjkI+kQr
dlkSVh & ij[k] tk¡p
yk&e”kgc & ftldk dksbZ èkeZ] e”kgc u gks] ukfLrd
'kqØrkjs osQ leku/69
Lokeh vkuan
(1887)
laU;klh Lokeh vkuan dk tUe xqtjkr osQ dfB;kokM+ f”kys osQ fdeM+h xk¡o eas lu~ 1887 esa gqvkA
budk ewy uke fgEeryky FkkA tc ;s nl lky osQ Fks rHkh oqQN lkèkq bUgsa vius lkFk fgeky;
dh vksj ys x, vkSj budk ukedj.k fd;kµ Lokeh vkuanA 1907 esa Lokeh vkuan Lora=krk vkanksyu
ls tqM+ x,A egkjk"Vª ls oqQN le; rd ^r#.k fgan* v[kckj fudkyk] fiQj cky xaxkèkj fryd
osQ osQljh v[kckj ls tqM+ x,A 1917 esa xkaèkhth osQ lalxZ esa vkus osQ ckn mUgha osQ funs'ku esa
ûothou* vkSj ^;ax bafM;k* dh izlkj O;oLFkk l¡Hkky yhA blh cgkus bUgsa] xkaèkhth vkSj muosQ
futh lg;ksxh egknso HkkbZ nslkbZ vkSj ckn esa I;kjsyky th dks fudV ls tkuus dk volj feykA
ewyr% xqtjkrh Hkk"kk essa fy[ks x, izLrqr ikB ^'kqØrkjs osQ leku* esa ys[kd us xkaèkhth osQ
futh lfpo egknso HkkbZ nslkbZ dh cstksM+ izfrHkk vkSj O;Lrre fnup;kZ dks mosQjk gSA ys[kd
vius bl js[kkfp=k osQ uk;d osQ O;fDrRo vkSj mldh mQtkZ] mudh yxu vkSj izfrHkk ls
vfHkHkwr gSA egknso HkkbZ dh ljyrk] lTturk] fu"Bk] leiZ.k] yxu vkSj fujfHkeku dks ys[kd
us iwjh bZekunkjh ls 'kCnksa esa fijks;k gSA budh ys[kuh egknso osQ O;fDrRo dk ,slk fp=k [khapus
esa liQy jgh gS fd ikBd dks egknso HkkbZ ij vfHkeku gks vkrk gSA
ys[kd osQ vuqlkj dksbZ Hkh egku O;fDr] egkure dk;Z rHkh dj ikrk gS] tc mlosQ lkFk
,sls lg;ksxh gksa tks mldh reke brj fparkvksa vkSj my>uksa dks vius flj ys ysaA xkaèkhth osQ
fy, egknso HkkbZ vkSj HkkbZ I;kjsyky th ,slh gh 'kf[l;r FksA
70/Li'kZ
'kqØrkjs osQ leku

vkdk'k osQ rkjksa esa 'kqØ dh dksbZ tksM+ ughaA 'kqØ panz dk lkFkh ekuk x;k gSA
mldh vkHkk&izHkk dk o.kZu djus esa lalkj osQ dfo FkosQ ughaA fiQj Hkh u{k=k eaMy
esa dyxh&:i bl rstLoh rkjs dks nqfu;k ;k rks ,su 'kke osQ le;] cMs+ losjs
?kaVs&nks ?kaVs ls vfèkd ns[k ugha ikrhA blh rjg HkkbZ egknso th vkèkqfud Hkkjr dh
Lora=krk osQ m"kkdky esa viuh oSlh gh vkHkk ls gekjs vkdk'k dks txexkdj] ns'k
vkSj nqfu;k dks eqXèk djosQ] 'kqØrkjs dh rjg gh vpkud vLr gks x,A lsokèkeZ
dk ikyu djus osQ fy, bl èkjrh ij tues LoxhZ; egknso nslkbZ xkaèkhth osQ ea=kh
FksA fe=kksa osQ chp fouksn esa vius dks xkaèkhth dk ^gEeky* dgus esa vkSj
dHkh&dHkh viuk ifjp; muosQ îhj&ckophZ&fHk'rh&[kj* osQ :i esa nsus esa os
xkSjo dk vuqHko fd;k djrs FksA
xkaèkhth osQ fy, os iq=k ls Hkh vfèkd FksA tc lu~ 1917 esa os xkaèkhth osQ ikl
ig¡pq s Fks] rHkh xkaèkhth us mudks rRdky igpku fy;k vkSj mudks vius mÙkjkfèkdkjh
dk in lkSia fn;kA lu~ 1919 esa tfy;k¡okyk ckx osQ gR;kdkaM osQ fnuksa esa iatkc tkrs
gq, xkaèkhth dks iyoy LVs'ku ij fxjÝ+rkj fd;k x;k FkkA xkaèkhth us mlh le;
egknso HkkbZ dks viuk okfjl dgk FkkA lu~ 1929 esa egknso HkkbZ vklsrfq gekpy] ns'k
osQ pkjksa dksuksa es]a lewps ns'k osQ nqykjs cu pqoQs FksA
blh chp iatkc esa I+kQkSth 'kklu osQ dkj.k tks dgj cjlk;k x;k Fkk] mldk
C;ksjk jks”k&jks”k vkus yxkA iatkc osQ vfèkdrj usrkvksa dks fxjÝ+ rkj djosQ I+kQkSth
dkuwu osQ rgr tUe&oSQn dh l”kk,¡ nsdj dkykikuh Hkst fn;k x;kA ykgkSj osQ
eq[; jk"Vªh; vaxsz”kh nSfud i=k ^fVªC;wu* osQ laiknd Jh dkyhukFk jk; dks
10 lky dh tsy dh l”kk feyhA
xkaèkhth osQ lkeus ”kqYeksa vkSj vR;kpkjksa dh dgkfu;k¡ is'k djus osQ fy, vkus
okys ihfM+rksa osQ ny&osQ&ny xkensoh osQ ef.kHkou ij meM+rs jgrs FksA egknso
mudh ckrksa dh laf{kIr fVIif.k;k¡ rS;kj djosQ mudks xakèkhth osQ lkeus is'k djrs
Fks vkSj vkusokyksa osQ lkFk mudh :c: eqykdkrsa Hkh djokrs FksA xkaèkhth cacbZ*
osQ eq[; jk"Vªh; vaxsz”kh nSfud ^ckEcs Økfudy* esa bu lc fo"k;ksa ij ys[k fy[kk
djrs FksA Økfudy esa txg dh raxh cuh jgrh FkhA
oqQN gh fnuksa esa ^Økfudy* osQ fuMj vaxsz”k laiknd gkuhZeuS dks ljdkj us
ns'k&fudkys dh l”kk nsdj baXySaM Hkst fn;kA mu fnuksa cacbZ osQ rhu u, usrk FksA
'kadj yky cSadj] mEej lksckuh vkSj teuknkl }kjdknklA buesa vafre Jherh
cslsaV osQ vuq;k;h FksA ;s usrk ^;ax bafM;k* uke dk ,d vaxsz”kh lkIrkfgd Hkh
fudkyrs FksA ysfdu mlesa ^Økfudy* okys gkuhZeuS gh eq[; :i ls fy[krs FksA
mudks ns'k fudkyk feyus osQ ckn bu yksxksa dks gj gÝ+rs lkIrkfgd osQ fy,
fy[kusokyksa dh deh jgus yxhA ;s rhuksa usrk xkaèkhth osQ ije iz'kald Fks vkSj
muosQ lR;kxzg&vkanksyu esa cacbZ osQ cstksM+ usrk Hkh FksA bUgksaus xkaèkhth ls fourh dh
fd os ^;ax bafM;k* osQ laiknd cu tk,¡A xkaèkhth dks rks bldh l[r ”k:jr Fkh
ghA mUgksaus fourh rqjar Lohdkj dj yhA
xkaèkhth dk dke bruk c<+ x;k fd lkIrkfgd i=k Hkh de iM+us yxkA xkaèkhth
us ^;ax bafM;k* dks gÝ+rs esa nks ckj izdkf'kr djus dk fu'p; fd;kA
gj jks”k dk i=k&O;ogkj vkSj eqykdkrsa] vke lHkk,¡ vkfn dkeksa osQ vykok
^;ax bafM;k* lkIrkfgd esa Nkius osQ ys[k] fVIif.k;k¡] iatkc osQ ekeyksa dk
lkjla{ksi vkSj xkaèkhth osQ ys[k ;g lkjh lkexzh ge rhu fnu esa rS;kj djrsA
^;ax bafM;k* osQ ihNs&ihNs ûothou* Hkh xkaèkhth osQ ikl vk;k vkSj nksuksa
lkIrkfgd vgenkckn ls fudyus yxsA Ng eghuksa osQ fy, eSa Hkh lkcjerh vkJe
* orZeku esa bls êqacbZ* dgrs gaSA
72/Li'kZ
esa jgus igq¡pkA 'kq: esa xzkgdkas osQ fglkc&fdrkc dh vkSj lkIrkfgdksa dks Mkd esa
Myokus dh O;oLFkk esjs ftEes jghA ysfdu oqQN gh fnuksa osQ ckn laiknu lfgr
nksuksa lkIrkfgdksa dh vkSj Nkik[kkus dh lkjh O;oLFkk esjs ftEes vk xbZA xkaèkhth
vkSj egknso dk lkjk le; ns'k Hkze.k esa chrus yxkA ;s tgk¡ Hkh gksrs] ogk¡ ls dkeksa
vkSj dk;ZØeksa dh Hkkjh HkhM+ osQ chp Hkh le; fudkydj ys[k fy[krs vkSj HkstrsA
lc izkarksa osQ mxz vkSj mnkj ns'kHkDr] Økafrdkjh vkSj ns'k&fons'k osQ èkqjaèkj
yksx] laoknnkrk vkfn xkaèkhth dks i=k fy[krs vkSj xkaèkhth ^;ax bafM;k* osQ dkWyeksa
esa mudh ppkZ fd;k djrsA egknso xkaèkhth dh ;k=kkvksa osQ vkSj izfrfnu dh mudh
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkIrkfgd fooj.k Hkstk djrsA
blosQ vykok egknso] ns'k&fons'k osQ vxzx.; lekpkj&i=k] tks vk¡[kksa esa rsy
Mkydj xkaèkhth dh izfrfnu dh xfrfofèk;ksa dks ns[kk djrs Fks vkSj mu ij cjkcj
Vhdk&fVIi.kh djrs jgrs Fks] mudks vkMs+ gkFkksa ysus okys ys[k Hkh le;≤ ij
fy[kk djrs FksA cstksM+ dkWye] Hkjiwj pkSdlkbZ] m¡Qps&ls&m¡Qps fczfV'k lekpkj&i=kksa
dh ijaijkvksa dks viukdj pyus dk xkaèkhth dk vkxzg vkSj d^j ls d^j fojksfèk;ksa
osQ lkFk Hkh iwjh&iwjh lR;fu"Bk esa ls mRiUu gksusokyh fou;&foosd&;qDr fookn
djus dh xkaèkhth dh rkyhe bu lc xq.kksa us rhoz erHksnksa vkSj fojksèkh izpkj osQ chp
Hkh ns'k&fons'k osQ lkjs lekpkj&i=kkas dh nqfu;k esa vkSj ,aXyks&bafM;u lekpkj&i=kksa
osQ chp Hkh O;fDrxr :i ls ,e-Mh- dks lcdk ykM+yk cuk fn;k FkkA
xkaèkhth osQ ikl vkus osQ igys viuh fo|kFkhZ voLFkk esa egknso us ljdkj osQ
vuqokn&foHkkx esa ukSdjh dh FkhA ujgfj HkkbZ muosQ ftxjh nksLr FksA nksuksa ,d lkFk
odkyr i<s+ FksA nksuksa us vgenkckn esa odkyr Hkh lkFk&lkFk gh 'kq: dh FkhA bl
is'ks esa vkerkSj ij L;kg dks lI+ksQn vkSj lI+ksQn dks L;kg djuk gksrk gSA lkfgR;
vkSj laLdkj osQ lkFk bldk dksbZ lacaèk ugha jgrkA ysfdu bu nksuksa us rks mlh le;
ls VSxksj] 'kjnpanz vkfn osQ lkfgR; dks myVuk&iqyVuk 'kq: dj fn;k FkkA
^fp=kkaxnk* dp&nso;kuh dh dFkk ij VSxksj }kjk jfpr ^fonkbZ dk vfHk'kki* 'kh"kZd
ukfVdk] ^'kjn ckcw dh dgkfu;k¡* vkfn vuqokn ml le; dh mudh lkfgfR;d
xfrfofèk;ksa dh nsu gSaA
Hkkjr eas muosQ v{kjksa dk dksbZ lkuh ugha FkkA okbljk; osQ uke tkus okys
xkaèkhth osQ i=k ges'kk egknso dh fy[kkoV esa tkrs FksA mu i=kkas dks
ns[k&ns[kdj fnYyh vkSj f'keyk esa cSBs okbljk; yach lk¡l&ml¡kl ysrs jgrs
FksA Hkys gh mu fnuksa fczfV'k lYrur ij dgha lwjt u Mwcrk gks] ysfdu ml
lYrur osQ ^NksVs* ckn'kkg dks Hkh xakèkhth osQ lsozsQVjh osQ leku [kq'kuoh'k
(lqanj v{kj fy[kus okyk ys[kd) dgk¡ feyrk Fkk\ cMs+&cMs+ flfofy;u vkSj
xouZj dgk djrs Fks fd lkjh fczfV'k lfoZlksa esa egknso osQ leku v{kj fy[kus
okyk dgha [kkstus ij Hkh feyrk ugha FkkA i<+us okys dks ea=keqXèk djus okyk
'kq¼ vkSj lqanj ys[kuA
egknso osQ gkFkksa osQ fy[ks x, ys[k] fVIif.k;k¡] i=k] xkaèkhth osQ O;k[;ku]
izkFkZuk&izopu] eqykdkrsa] okrkZykiksa ij fy[kh xbZ fVIif.k;k¡] lc oqQN iqQyLosQi osQ
pkSFkkbZ vkdkjokyh eksVh vH;kl iqLrdksa esa] yach fy[kkoV osQ lkFk] tsV dh lh
xfr ls fy[kk tkrk FkkA os ^'kWkVZgSaM* tkurs ugha FksA
cMs&+ cMs+ ns'kh&fons'kh jktiqjQ"k] jktuhfrK] ns'k&fons'k osQ vxzx.; lekpkj&i=kksa
osQ izfrfufèk] varjkZ"Vªh; laxBuksa osQ lapkyd] iknjh] xzaFkdkj vkfn xkaèkhth ls
feyus osQ fy, vkrs FksA ;s yksx [kqn ;k buosQ lkFkh&laxh Hkh xkaèkhth osQ lkFk
ckrphr dks ^'kkWVZgSaM* esa fy[kk djrs FksA egknso ,d dksus esa cSBs&cSBs viuh
yach fy[kkoV esa lkjh ppkZ dks fy[krs jgrs FksA eqykdkr osQ fy, vk, gq, yksx
viuh eqdke ij tkdj lkjh ckrphr dks Vkbi djosQ tc mls xkaèkhth osQ ikl
^vksosQ* djokus osQ fy, igq¡prs] rks Hkys gh muesa oqQN Hkwyas ;k dfe;k¡&[kkfe;k¡
fey tk,¡] ysfdu egknso dh Mk;jh esa ;k uksV&cgh esa etky gS fd dkWek ek=k
dh Hkh Hkwy fey tk,A
xkaèkhth dgrs % egknso osQ fy[ks ûksV* osQ lkFk FkksM+k feyku dj ysuk Fkk uA
vkSj yksx nk¡rksa v¡xqyh nckdj jg tkrsA
yqbZ fiQ'kj vkSj xqaFkj osQ leku èkqjaèkj ys[kd viuh fVIif.k;ksa dk feyku
egknso dh fVIif.k;ksa osQ lkFk djosQ mUgsa lqèkkjs fcuk xkaèkhth osQ ikl ys tkus
esa fgpfdpkrs FksA
74/Li'kZ
lkfgfR;d iqLrdksa dh rjg

gh egknso orZeku jktuhfrd
izokgksa vkSj ?kVukvksa ls lacafèkr
v|ru tkudkjhokyh iqLrosaQ
Hkh i<+rs jgrs FksA fganqLrku ls
lacafèkr ns'k&fons'k dh rk”kh&
ls&rk”kh jktuhfrd xfrfofèk;ksa
vkSj ppkZvksa dh u;h&ls&u;h
tkudkjh muosQ ikl fey
ldrh FkhA lHkkvksa es]a desfV;ksa
dh cSBdksa esa ;k nkSM+rh
jsyxkfM+;ksa osQ fMCcksa esa mQij
dh cFkZ ij cSBdj] Bwl ¡ &Bwl
¡ dj
Hkjs vius cMs+&cMs+ >ksyksa esa
j[ks rk”ks&ls&rk”ks lekpkj&i=k]
ekfld&i=k vkSj iqLrosQa os i<+rs
egknso nslkbZ
jgrs] vFkok ^;ax bafM;k* vkSj
ûothou* osQ fy, ys[k fy[krs jgrsA yxkrkj pyusokyh ;k=kkvksa] gj LVs'ku ij
n'kZuksa osQ fy, bd_k gqbZ turk osQ fo'kky leqnk;ksa] lHkkvksa] eqykdkrksa] cSBdksa]
ppkZvksa vkSj ckrphrksa osQ chp os Lo;a dc [kkrs] dc ugkrs] dc lksrs ;k dc
viuh gk”krsa jI+kQk djrs] fdlh dks bldk dksbZ irk ugha py ikrkA os ,d ?kaVs esa
pkj ?kaVksa osQ dke fuiVk nsrsA dke esa jkr vkSj fnu osQ chp dksbZ I+kQoZQ 'kk;n gh
dHkh jgrk gksA os lwr Hkh cgqr lqanj dkrrs FksA viuh bruh lkjh O;Lrrkvksa osQ
chp Hkh os dkruk dHkh pwdrs ugha FksA
fcgkj vkSj mÙkj izn's k osQ g”kkjksa ehy yacs eSnku xaxk] ;equk vkSj nwljh ufn;ksa
osQ ije midkjh] lksus dh dher okys ^xkn* osQ cus gSAa vki lkS&lkS dksl py
yhft, jkLrs esa lqikjh iQksMu+ s yk;d ,d iRFkj Hkh dgha feysxk ughaA blh rjg
egknso osQ laioZQ esa vkus okys fdlh dks Hkh Bsl ;k Bksdj dh ckr rks nwj jgh] [kqjnjh
fe^h ;k oaQdjh Hkh dHkh pqHkrh ugha FkhA mudh fueZy izfrHkk muosQ laioZQ esa vkus
okys O;fDr dks pan&z 'kqØ dh izHkk osQ lkFk nwèkksa ugyk nsrh FkhA mlesa ljkcksj gksus
okys osQ eu ls mudh bl eksfguh dk u'kk dbZ&dbZ fnu rd mrjrk u FkkA
egknso dk lewpk thou vkSj muosQ lkjs dkedkt xkaèkhth osQ lkFk ,d:i
gksdj bl rjg xq¡Fk x, Fks fd xkaèkhth ls vyx djosQ vosQys mudh dksbZ dYiuk
dh gh ugha tk ldrh FkhA dkedkt dh vuojr O;Lrrkvksa osQ chp dksbZ dYiuk
Hkh u dj losQ] bl rjg le; fudkydj fy[kh xbZ fnu&izfrfnu dh mudh Mk;jh
dh os vufxur vH;kl iqLrosaQ] vkt Hkh ekStwn gSaA
izFke Js.kh dh f'k"V] laLdkj&laiUu Hkk"kk vkSj euksgkjh ys[ku'kSyh dh bZ'ojh;
nsu egknso dks feyh FkhA ;|fi xkaèkhth osQ ikl igqp ¡ us osQ ckn ?keklku yM+kb;ks]a
vkanksyuksa vkSj lekpkj&i=kksa dh ppkZvksa osQ HkhM+&Hkjs izlxa ksa osQ chp osQoy lkfgfR;d
xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy, mUgsa dHkh le; ugha feyk] fiQj Hkh xkaèkhth dh vkRedFkk ^lR;
osQ iz;ksx* dk vax”zs kh vuqokn mUgksua s fd;k] tks ûothou* esa izdkf'kr gksuos kys ewy
xqtjkrh dh rjg gj gÝ+rs ^;ax bafM;k* esa Nirk jgkA ckn esa iqLrd osQ :i esa mlosQ
vufxur laLdj.k lkjh nqfu;k osQ ns'kksa esa izdkf'kr gq, vkSj fcosQA
lu~ 1934&35 esa xkaèkhth oèkkZ osQ efgyk vkJe esa vkSj exuokM+h esa jgus osQ
ckn vpkud exuokM+h ls pydj lsxk¡o dh ljgn ij ,d isM+ osQ uhps tk cSBAs
mlosQ ckn ogk¡ ,d&nks >kais Ms+ cus vkSj fiQj èkhjs&èkhjs edku cudj rS;kj gq,] rc
rd egknso HkkbZ nqxkZ cgu vkSj fp- ukjk;.k osQ lkFk exuokM+h esa jgsA ogha ls os
oèkkZ dh vlá xjeh esa jks”k lqcg iSny pydj lsokxzke igqp ¡ rs FksA ogk¡ fnuHkj dke
djosQ 'kke dks okil iSny vkrs FksA tkrs&vkrs iwjs 11 ehy pyrs FksA jks”k&jks”k dk
;g flyflyk yacs le; rd pykA oqQy feykdj bldk tks izfrowQy izHkko iM+k]
76/Li'kZ
mudh vdky e`R;q osQ dkj.kksa esa og ,d dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
bl ekSr dk ?kko xkaèkhth osQ fny eas muosQ thrs th cuk gh jgkA os HkRkZ̀gfj
osQ Hktu dh ;g iafDr ges'kk nksgjkrs jgs %
^, js t[ke tksxs ufg t'ks*µ ;g ?kko dHkh ;ksx ls Hkjsxk ughaA
ckn osQ lkyksa esa I;kjsyky th ls oqQN dguk gksrk] vkSj xkaèkhth mudks cqykrs
rks ml le; Hkh vuk;kl muosQ eq¡g ls êgknso* gh fudyrkA
vuqoknd % Jh dkf'kukFk f=kosnh
iz'u&vH;kl
ekSf[kd
1- egknso HkkbZ viuk ifjp; fdl :i eas nsrs Fks\
2- ^;ax bafM;k* lkIrkfgd esa ys[kksa dh deh D;ksa jgus yxh Fkh\
3- xkaèkhth us ^;ax bafM;k* izdkf'kr djus osQ fo"k; esa D;k fu'p; fd;k\
4- xkaèkhth ls feyus ls igys egknso HkkbZ dgk¡ ukSdjh djrs Fks\
5- egknso HkkbZ osQ >ksyksa esa D;k Hkjk jgrk Fkk\
6- egknso HkkbZ us xkaèkhth dh dkSu&lh izfl¼ iqLrd dk vuqokn fd;k Fkk\
7- vgenkckn ls dkSu&ls nks lkIrkfgd fudyrs Fks\
8- egknso HkkbZ fnu esa fdruh nsj dke djrs Fks\
9- egknso HkkbZ ls xkaèkhth dh fudVrk fdl okD; ls fl¼ gksrh gS\
fyf[kr
(d) fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj (25-30) 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,µ
1- xkaèkhth us egknso dks viuk okfjl dc dgk Fkk\
2- xkaèkhth ls feyus vkusokyksa osQ fy, egknso HkkbZ D;k djrs Fks\
3- egknso HkkbZ dh lkfgfR;d nsu D;k gS\
4- egknso HkkbZ dh vdky e`R;q dk dkj.k D;k Fkk\
5- egknso HkkbZ osQ fy[ks uksV osQ fo"k; esa xkaèkhth D;k dgrs Fks\
1- iatkc esa I+kQkSth 'kklu us D;k dgj cjlk;k\
2- egknso th osQ fdu xq.kksa us mUgsa lcdk ykM+yk cuk fn;k Fkk\
3- egknso th dh fy[kkoV dh D;k fo'ks"krk,¡ Fkha\
1- ^viuk ifjp; muosQ îhj&ckophZ&fHk'rh&[kj* osQ :i esa nsus esa os xkSjokfUor
eglwl djrs FksA*
2- bl is'ks esa vkerkSj ij L;kg dks lI+ ksQn vkSj lI+ksQn dks L;kg djuk gksrk FkkA
3- ns'k vkSj nqfu;k dks eqXèk djosQ 'kqØrkjs dh rjg gh vpkud vLr gks x,A
4- mu i=kksa dks ns[k&ns[kdj fnYyh vkSj f'keyk esa cSBs okbljk; yach lk¡l&mlk¡l ysrs
jgrs FksA
Hkk"kk&vè;;u
1. ^bd* izR;; yxkdj 'kCnksa dk fuekZ.k dhft,µ
lIrkg & lkIrkfgd vFkZ & ----------------------
lkfgR; & ---------------------- èkeZ & ----------------------
O;fDr & ---------------------- ekl & ----------------------
jktuhfr & ---------------------- o"kZ & ----------------------
2. uhps fn, x, milxks± dk mi;qDr iz;ksx djrs gq, 'kCn cukb,µ
v] fu] vu] nqj] fo] oqQ] ij] lq] vfèk
vk;Z & ----------------------------- vkxr & -----------------------------
Mj & ----------------------------- vkd"kZ.k & -----------------------------
Ø; & ----------------------------- ekxZ & -----------------------------
mifLFkr & ----------------------------- yksd & -----------------------------
uk;d & ----------------------------- HkkX; & -----------------------------
78/Li'kZ
3. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

vkM+s gkFkksa ysuk vLr gks tkuk
nk¡rksa rys vaxqyh nckuk ea=k&eqXèk djuk
yksgs osQ pus pckuk
4. fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ i;kZ; fyf[k,µ
okfjl & -------------------- ftxjh & -------------------- dgj & --------------------
eqdke & -------------------- :c: & -------------------- I+kQoZQ & --------------------
rkyhe & -------------------- fxjÝ+rkj & --------------------
5. mnkgj.k osQ vuqlkj okD; cnfy,µ
mnkgj.k% xkaèkhth us egknso HkkbZ dks viuk okfjl dgk FkkA
xkaèkhth egknso HkkbZ dks viuk okfjl dgk djrs FksA
1- egknso HkkbZ viuk ifjp; îhj&ckophZ&fHk'rh&[kj* osQ :i esa nsrs FksA
2- ihfM+rksa osQ ny&osQ&ny xkensoh osQ ef.kHkou ij meM+rs jgrs FksA
3- nksuksa lkIrkfgd vgenkckn ls fudyrs FksA
4- ns'k&fons'k osQ lekpkj&i=k xkaèkhth dh xfrfofèk;ksa ij Vhdk&fVIi.kh djrs FksA
5- xkaèkhth osQ i=k ges'kk egknso dh fy[kkoV esa tkrs FksA
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- xkaèkhth dh vkRedFkk ^lR; osQ iz;ksx* dks iqLrdky; ls ysdj if<+,A
2- tfy;k¡okyk ckx esa dkSu&lh ?kVuk gqbZ Fkh\ tkudkjh ,df=kr dhft,A
3- vgenkckn esa ckiw osQ vkJe osQ fo"k; esa fp=kkRed tkudkjh ,d=k dhft,A
4- lw;ksZn; osQ 2-3 ?kaVs igys iwoZ fn'kk esa ;k lw;kZLr osQ 2-3 ?kaVs ckn if'pe fn'kk esa ,d
[kwc pedrk gqvk xzg fn[kkbZ nsrk gS] og 'kqØ xzg gSA NksVh nwjchu ls bldh cnyrh
gqbZ dyk,¡ ns[kh tk ldrh gSa] tSls panzek dh dyk,¡A
5- ohjkus esa tgk¡ cfÙk;k¡ u gksa ogk¡ v¡èksjh jkr esa tc vkdk'k esa pk¡n Hkh fn[kkbZ u ns jgk
gks rc 'kqØ xzg (ftls ge 'kqØ rkjk Hkh dgrs gSa) osQ izdk'k ls vius lk, dks pyrs
gq, ns[kk tk ldrk gSA dHkh volj feys rks bls Lo;a vuqHko djosQ nsf[k,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
1- lw;ZeaMy esa ukS xzg gSaA 'kqØ lw;Z ls Øe'k% nwjh osQ vuqlkj nwljk xzg gS vkSj i`Foh rhljkA
fp=k lfgr ifj;kstuk iqfLrdk esa vU; xzgksa osQ Øe fyf[k,A
2- ^Lora=krk vkanksyu esa xkaèkhth dk ;ksxnku* fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A
3- Hkkjr osQ ekufp=k ij fuEu LFkkuksa dks n'kkZ,¡ %
vgenkckn] tfy;k¡okyk ckx (ve`rlj)] dkykikuh (vaMeku)] fnYyh] f'keyk]
fcgkj] mÙkj izns'k
vkHkk&izHkk & peoQ] rs”k
u{k=k&eaMy & rkjk lewg
dyxh :i & rs”k pedusokyk rkjk
gEeky & cks> mBkusokyk] oqQyh
ihj & egkRek] fl¼
ckophZ & [kkuk idkusokyk] jlksb;k
fHk'rh & e'kd ls ikuh <ksusokyk O;fDr
[kj & x/k] ?kkl
vklsrqfgekpy & lsrqcaèk jkes'oj ls fgekpy rd foLrh.kZ
nqykjs & I;kjs
C;ksjk & fooj.k
dkykikuh & vkthou oSQn dh l”kk ik, oSQfn;ksa dks j[kus dk
LFkku] orZeku vaMeku fudksckj }hi lewg
:c: & vkeus&lkeus
èkqjaèkj & izoh.k] mÙke xq.kksa ls ;qDr
Vhdk&fVIi.kh & O;k[;k] vkykspuk
pkSdlkbZ & pkSdl jguk] u”kj j[kuk
d^j & n`<+] ftls vius er ;k fo'okl dk vfèkd vkxzg gks
ykM+yk & I;kjk] nqykjk
ftxjh nksLr & ?kfu"B fe=k
is'kk & O;olk;
80/Li'kZ
L;kg & dkyk

lYrur & jkT;] gqowQer
O;k[;ku & Hkk"k.k] oDr`rk] fdlh fo"k; dh O;k[;k ;k Vhdk djuk
iqQyLosQi & dkx”k oQk ,d vkdkj
pkSFkkbZ & pkSFkk Hkkx
vxzx.; & izeq[k] lcls igys fxuk tkusokyk
fooj.k & o.kZu] O;k[;k
v|ru & vc rd dk] orZeku ls lacaèk j[kusokyk
xkn & ryNV] xk<+h ph”k
ljkcksj & rjcrj] Mwck gqvk
vuojr & yxkrkj
lkuh & cjkcjh djusokyk] mlh tksM+ dk nwljk
vufxur & ftls fxuk u tk losQ
flyflyk & Øe
vuk;kl & fcuk fdlh iz;kl osQ] vklkuh ls
îhj&ckophZ fHk'rh&[kj* & lHkh izdkj osQ dk;ks± dks liQyrkiwoZd dj ldus esa
leFkZ O;fDr
Jherh cslsaV (,uhcslsaV) & Lok/hurk vkanksyu dh usrkA bUgksaus gkse:y yhx
vkSj fFk;kslksfiQdy lkslkbVh dh LFkkiuk dh
dfork dk iBu&ikBu/81
dkO; [kaM
gj ns'k esa rw] gj Hks"k esa rw] rsjs uke vusd rw ,dgh gSA
rsjh jaxHkwfe ;g fo'o Hkjk] lc [ksy esa] esy esa rw gh rks gSAA
lkxj ls mBk ckny cuosQ] ckny ls iQVk ty gks djosQA
fiQj ugj cuk ufn;k¡ xgjh] rsjs fHkUu izdkj] rw ,dgh gSAA
phaVh ls Hkh v.kq&ijek.kq cuk] lc tho&txr~ dk :i fy;kA
dgha ioZr&o`{k fo'kky cuk] lkSan;Z rsjk] rw ,dgh gSAA
;g fnO; fn[kk;k gS ftlus] og gS xq#nso dh iw.kZ n;kA
rqdM+;k dgs dksbZ u vkSj fn[kk] cl eSa v# rw lc ,dgh gSAA
& lar rqdM+ksth
82/Li'kZ
dfork dk iBu&ikBu
fdlh Hkh Hkk"kk osQ lkfgR; esa fopkjksa vkSj Hkkoksa osQ laizs"k.k dh eq[; :i ls nks
'kSfy;k¡ gksrh gSaµx| vkSj dforkA dfork ;k rks Nan] rqd] y;] lqj ,oa rky esa
c¡èkh gksrh gS ;k vrqdkar Hkh gksrh gSA nksuksa gh rjg dh dforkvksa esa vyx&vyx
HkkokuqHkwfr;ksa dk vkuan fy;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vksj dfork ikBd dh Hkkoukvksa
dks mnkÙk cukrh gS rks nwljh vksj mlosQ lkSan;Zcksèk dks ek¡trh&l¡okjrh gSA og
euq"; dks balkfu;r ls] izÑfr ls] ns'k ls] vkSj o`gÙkj nqfu;k ls tksM+rh gSA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fd'kksj eu dks rks dfork fo'ks"k :i ls izHkkfor djrh gS] D;ksafd
fd'kksj eu ljy] ftKklq vkSj jkxkRed gksrk gSA dfork fd'kksj Hkkoukvksa osQ
ifj"dkj] laosnu'khyrk osQ fodkl ,oa lqjQfp&fuekZ.k esa rks ;ksxnku djrh gh gS]
lkFk gh ;g Nk=kksa esa lqikB dh {kerk Hkh mRiUu djrh gSA
mYys[kuh; gS fd fganhrj fo|kFkhZ viuh ekr`Hkk"kk dh dforkvksa vkSj muosQ
ukn] Hkko rFkk fopkj&lkSan;Z ls lqifjfpr gksrs gh gSaA bl ladyu dh dforkvksa
dk rknkRE; ekr`Hkk"kk dh dforkvksa ls fcBkdj dkO;&f'k{k.k dks vkSj vfèkd
#fpdj rFkk mi;ksxh cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
dkO;&ikB
dfork osQ vkuan dk vuqHko djus osQ fy, igyh vko';drk gS mfpr y; vkSj
izokg osQ lkFk dfork dk okpuA dfork x| ugha gS] vr% x| dh Hkk¡fr ugha i<+h
tkrhA y; vkSj izokg gh mls x| ls fHkUu cukrs gSaA okpu ekSu gks ;k eq[kj] y;
vkSj izokg osQ lkFk gh gksuk pkfg,A y; dk fuèkkZj.k dkO;&iafDr;ksa esa fo|eku
84/Li'kZ
xfr] fojke&fpÉ] ek=kk rFkk rqd ls gksrk gSA ek=kkvksa osQ ?kVus&c<+us ls mlosQ izokg
esa jQdkoV vkrh gSA vr% okpu esa 'kCnksa osQ mPpkj.k dk funks"Z k gksuk vko';d
gSA la;qDrk{kjksa dk 'kq¼ mPpkj.k u gksus ij Hkh dfork dh y; VwV tk,xh vkSj og
d.kZdVq cu tk,xhA
m}sfyr dj vJq&jkf'k;k¡
ân;&fprk,¡ èkèkdkdj]
egk egkekjh izpaM gks
iSQy jgh Fkh bèkj&mèkj]
{kh.k&oaQB e`roRlkvksa dk
d#.k&#nu nqnk±r furkar]
Hkjs gq, Fkk fut Ñ'k jo esa
gkgkdkj vikj v'kkarA
;gk¡ m}sfyr] vJq&jkf'k;k¡] {kh.k] e`roRlkvks]a gkgkdkj vkfn dk mPpkj.k lgh u
gksus ij dfork dk ikB Bhd ls u gks losQxk vkSj og izHkkoghu gks tk,xhA
'kCnkFkZ&cksèku
f}rh; Hkk"kk osQ :i esa fganh i<+usokys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks dgha&dgha oqQN 'kCn dfBu
yx ldrs gSaA mudk vFkZ tkus fcuk mUgsa lexz Hkko&cksèk esa dfBukbZ gks ldrh
gSA vr% mUgsa 'kCnkFkZ crk, tkus pkfg, foaQrq 'kCnkFkZ&cksèku bruk cksf>y u gks fd
dfork osQ vkuan esa gh ckèkk iM+sA vPNk gks] ,d&nks ckj lLoj okpu osQ }kjk
dfork dh ewy laosnuk Li"V gks tkus osQ ckn gh 'kCnkFkZ crk, tk,¡A
jSnkl] jghe vkfn izkphu dfo;ksa dh Hkk"kk vkt dh fganh ls fHkUu gS] ij
xs;rk] Hkko&izo.krk osQ dkj.k mudh jpuk,¡ loZ=k yksdfiz; gSa vkSj cgqr
laHko gS fd ikB~;iqLrd esa m¼`r mudh oqQN jpukvksa ls fo|kFkhZ igys ls
ifjfpr gksa vkSj ,sls Hkko&cksèk dh oqQN dfork,¡ viuh ekr`Hkk"kk osQ ekè;e
ls Hkh i<+ pqosQ gksaA ,slh dforkvksa osQ lLoj ikB }kjk dfork dk Hkko&xzg.k
lgt gks ldrk gSA
Hkko&xzg.k vkSj jlkLokn
dfork dks lquus&i<+us ls tks vfuoZpuh; vkuan izkIr gksrk gS] mls gh vkpk;ks± us
^jl* dgk gSA 'kCn&iz;ksx] vyadkj] dgus dh fof'k"V 'kSyh] Nan] y;] izokg
vkfn dfork osQ ckgjh rÙo gSa vkSj mldh vkRek laiw.kZ dfork esa O;kIr Hkko
fo'ks"k gh gSA
dfork dks ckj&ckj i<+us ls mldh ewy laosnuk rFkk mldk jpuk&dkS'ky
nksuksa gh Li"V gksrs gSa ijarq tgk¡ rd mlosQ Hkko dk iz'u gS] og fdlh in] iafDr
;k Nan esa u gksdj iwjh dfork esa O;kIr jgrk gSA
dfork,¡ ,slh Hkh gks ldrh gSa ftuesa dfo dk earO; loZFkk Li"V u gksrk gksA
dfo ek=k oqQN laosQr dj nsrk gS vkSj 'ks"k vLi"V gh jg tkrk gS] tks ikBd dks
lkspus&fopkjus osQ fy, ckfèkr dj mls iafDRk;ksa esa fNih xgjkbZ dks ukius osQ fy,
mdlkrk gSA ^[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk* dh fuEufyf[kr iafDr;k¡ nsf[k,µ
dbZ xfy;ksa OksQ chp
dbZ ukyksa OksQ ikj
owQMs&+ djdV
OksQ <sjksa OksQ ckn
cncw ls iQVrs tkrs bl
Vksys OksQ vanj
[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk
[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFkA
f'kYi&lkSan;Z dk mn~?kkVu
dfork dk vkuan ikBd dh jQfp] laons u'khyrk vkSj laLdkjksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;s ckrsa
fdlh esa vfèkd vkSj fdlh esa de Hkh gks ldrh gS]a ij ckj&ckj dkO;&ikB lquus vkSj
dfork dh ppkZ djus ls jQfp;ksa esa laLdkj laHko gS vkSj laons u'khyrk Hkh c<+rh gSA
oLrqr% dfork dk vFkZ tku ysuk ;k mldk HkkokFkZ fy[k ysuk gh i;kZIr ugha gSA
86/Li'kZ
Nk=kksa esa èkhjs&èkhjs ,slh {kerk dk fodkl gksuk pkfg, fd os dfork dh ewy
laosnuk ;k fo"k; dks lgt :i ls xzg.k dj vius 'kCnksa esa O;Dr dj losaQA bl
ckr ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg, fd os ifBr dforkvksa dks oaQBLFk dj losaQ vkSj
mfpr voljksa ij mUgsa y; ,oa vkjksg&vojksg osQ lkFk lquk losaQA
in/87
jSnkl
(1388 - 1518)
jSnkl uke ls fo[;kr lar jfonkl dk tUe lu~ 1388 vkSj fuokZ.k lu~ 1518 esa cukjl esa gh gqvk]
,slk ekuk tkrk gSA budh [;kfr ls izHkkfor gksdj floaQnj yksnh us bUgsa fnYyh vkus dk fuea=k.k
Hkstk FkkA eè;;qxhu lkèkdksa esa jSnkl dk fof'k"V LFkku gSA dchj dh rjg jSnkl Hkh lar dksfV osQ
dfo;ksa esa fxus tkrs gSAa ewfrZit
w k] rhFkZ;k=kk tSls fn[kkoksa esa jSnkl dk ”kjk Hkh fo'okl u FkkA og
O;fDr dh vkarfjd Hkkoukvksa vkSj vkilh HkkbZpkjs dks gh lPpk èkeZ ekurs FksA
jSnkl us viuh dkO;&jpukvksa esa ljy] O;kogkfjd cztHkk"kk dk iz;ksx fd;k gS] ftlesa
voèkh] jktLFkkuh] [kM+h cksyh vkSj mnwZ&I+ kQkjlh osQ 'kCnksa dk Hkh feJ.k gSA jSnkl dks miek vkSj
:id vyadkj fo'ks"k fiz; jgs gSaA lhèks&lkns inksa esa lar dfo us ân; osQ Hkko cM+h lI +kQkbZ ls
izdV fd, gSaA budk vkRefuosnu] nSU; Hkko vkSj lgt HkfDr ikBd osQ ân; dks m}sfyr djrs
gSaA jSnkl osQ pkyhl in fl[kksa osQ ifo=k èkeZxzaFk ^xq#xzaFk lkgc* esa Hkh lfEefyr gSaA
;gk¡ jSnkl osQ nks in fy, x, gSAa igys in îzHkq th] rqe panu ge ikuh* esa dfo vius
vkjkè; oQks ;kn djrs gq, muls viuh rqyuk djrk gSA mldk izHkq ckgj dgha fdlh eafnj ;k
efL”kn esa ugha fojktrk oju~ mlosQ vius varl esa lnk fo|eku jgrk gSA ;gh ugha] og gj gky
es]a gj dky esa mlls Js"B vkSj loZx.q k laiUu gSA blhfy, rks dfo dks mu tSlk cuus dh izjs .kk
feyrh gSA
nwljs in esa Hkxoku dh vikj mnkjrk] Ñik vkSj muosQ len'khZ LoHkko dk o.kZu gSA jSnkl
dgrs gSa fd Hkxoku us rFkkdfFkr fuEu oqQy osQ HkDrksa dks Hkh lgt&Hkko ls viuk;k gS vkSj
mUgsa yksd esa lEekuuh; LFkku fn;k gSA
88/Li'kZ
in
(1)
vc oSQls NwVS jke uke jV ykxhA

izHkq th] rqe panu ge ikuh] tkdh v¡x&v¡x ckl lekuhA
izHkq th] rqe ?ku cu ge eksjk] tSls fpror pan pdksjkA
izHkq th] rqe nhid ge ckrh] tkdh tksfr cjS fnu jkrhA
izHkq th] rqe eksrh ge èkkxk] tSls lksufga feyr lqgkxkA
izHkq th] rqe Lokeh ge nklk] ,slh HkfDr djS jSnklkAA
(2)
,slh yky rq> fcuq dmuq djSA

xjhc fuoktq xqlbZvk esjk ekFkS N=kq èkjS AA
tkdh Nksfr txr dm ykxS rk ij rqgha <jSA
uhpgq mQp djS esjk xksfcanq dkgw rs u MjSAA
ukens o dchjQ fryks p uq lèkuk lS u q rjS A
dfg jfonklq lqugq js largq gfjthm rs lHkS ljSAA
in/89
iz'u&vH;kl
1. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ
(d) igys in esa Hkxoku vkSj HkDr dh ftu&ftu ph”kksa ls rqyuk dh xbZ gS] mudk
mYys[k dhft,A
([k) igys in dh izR;sd iafDr osQ var esa rqdkar 'kCnksa osQ iz;ksx ls ukn&lkSan;Z vk x;k
gS] tSlsµ ikuh] lekuh vkfnA bl in esa ls vU; rqdkar 'kCn Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,A
(x) igys in esa oqQN 'kCn vFkZ dh n`f"V ls ijLij lac¼ gSaA ,sls 'kCnksa dks Nk¡Vdj
fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.k % nhid ckrh
----------- -----------
----------- -----------
----------- -----------
----------- -----------
(?k) nwljs in esa dfo us ^xjhc fuoktq* fdls dgk gS\ Li"V dhft,A
(Ä) nwljs in dh ^tkdh Nksfr txr dm ykxS rk ij rqgha <jS* bl iafDr dk vk'k; Li"V
dhft,A
(p) ^jSnkl* us vius Lokeh dks fdu&fdu ukeksa ls iqdkjk gS\
(N) fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ izpfyr :i fyf[k,µ
eksjk] pan] ckrh] tksfr] cjS] jkrh] N=kq] èkjS] Nksfr] rqgha] xqlbZvk
2. uhps fy[kh iafDr;ksa dk Hkko Li"V dhft,µ
(d) tkdh v¡x&v¡x ckl lekuh
([k) tSls fpror pan pdksjk
(x) tkdh tksfr cjS fnu jkrh
(?k) ,slh yky rq> fcuq dmuq djS
(Ä) uhpgq Åp djS esjk xksfcanq dkgw rs u MjS
3. jSnkl osQ bu inksa dk osaQnzh; Hkko vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
90/Li'kZ
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- HkDr dfo dchj] xq# ukud] ukenso vkSj ehjkckbZ dh jpukvksa dk ladyu
dhft,A
2- ikB esa vk, nksuksa inksa dks ;kn dhft, vkSj d{kk esa xkdj lqukb,A
ckl µ xaèk] okl
lekuh & lekuk (lqxaèk dk cl tkuk)] clk gqvk (lekfgr)
?ku µ ckny
eksjk µ eksj] e;wj
fpror µ ns[kuk] fuj[kuk
pdksj µ rhrj dh tkfr dk ,d i{kh tks panzek dk ije izseh ekuk
tkrk gS
ckrh µ cÙkh_ jQbZ] iqjkus diMs+ vkfn dks ,saBdj ;k cVdj cukbZ
gqbZ iryh iwuh] ftls rsy esa Mkydj fn;k tykrs gSa
tksfr µ T;ksfr] nsork osQ izhR;FkZ tyk;k tkusokyk nhioQ
cjS µ c<+kuk] tyuk
jkrh µ jkf=k
lqgkxk µ lksus dks 'kq¼ djus osQ fy, iz;ksx esa vkusokyk {kkjnzO;
nklk µ nkl] lsod
yky & Lokeh
dmuq & dkSu
xjhc fuoktq & nhu&nqf[k;ksa ij n;k djusokyk
xqlbZvk & Lokeh] xqlkb±
ekFkS N=kq èkjS & eLrd ij Lokeh gksus dk eqoqQV èkkj.k djrk gS
Nksfr & NqvkNwr] vLi`';rk
txr dm ykxS & lalkj osQ yksxksa dks yxrh gS
rk ij rqgha <jS & mu ij nzfor gksrk gS
uhpgq Åp djS & uhp dks Hkh Å¡ph inoh iznku djrk gS
in/91
ukenso & egkjk"Vª osQ ,d izfl¼ lar] bUgksaus ejkBh vkSj fganh nksuksa
Hkk"kkvksa esa jpuk dh gS
frykspuq (f=kykspu) & ,d izfl¼ oS".ko vkpk;Z] tks Kkunso vkSj ukenso osQ
xq# Fks
lèkuk & ,d mPp dksfV osQ lar tks ukenso osQ ledkyhu ekus
tkrs gSa
lSuq & ;s Hkh ,d izfl¼ lar gSa] vkfn ^xq#xazFk lkgc* esa
lax`ghr in osQ vkèkkj ij bUgsa jkekuan dk ledkyhu
ekuk tkrk gS
gfjthm & gfj th ls
lHkS ljS & lc oqQN laHko gks tkrk gS
92/Li'kZ
jghe
(1556 - 1626)
jghe dk tUe ykgkSj (vc ikfdLrku) esa lu~ 1556 esa gqvkA budk iwjk uke vCnqjZghe
[kku[kkuk FkkA jghe vjch] I+kQkjlh] laLÑr vkSj fganh osQ vPNs tkudkj FksA budh uhfrijd
mfDr;ksa ij laLÑr dfo;ksa dh Li"V Nki ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA jghe eè;;qxhu njckjh laLÑfr
osQ izfrfufèk dfo ekus tkrs gSaA vdcj osQ njckj esa fganh dfo;ksa esa budk egÙoiw.kZ LFkku FkkA
jghe vdcj osQ uojRuksa esa ls ,d FksA
jghe osQ dkO; dk eq[; fo"k; Ükàxkj] uhfr vkSj HkfDr gSA jghe cgqr yksdfiz; dfo FksA
buosQ nksgs loZlkèkkj.k dks vklkuh ls ;kn gks tkrs gSaA buosQ uhfrijd nksgs ”;knk izpfyr gSa]
ftuesa nSfud thou osQ n`"Vkar nsdj dfo us mUgsa lgt] ljy vkSj cksèkxE; cuk fn;k gSA jghe
dks voèkh vkSj czt nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa ij leku vfèkdkj FkkA bUgksaus vius dkO; esa izHkkoiw.kZ Hkk"kk
dk iz;ksx fd;k gSA
jghe dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % jghe lrlbZ] Ükàxkj lrlbZ] enuk"Vd] jkl iapkè;k;h] jghe
jRukoyh] cjoS] Hkkf"kd Hksno.kZuA ;s lHkh Ñfr;k¡ ^jghe xazFkkoyh* esa lekfgr gSaA
izLrqr ikB esa jghe osQ uhfrijd nksgs fn, x, gSaA ;s nksgs tgk¡ ,d vksj ikBd dks vkSjksa
osQ lkFk oSQlk cjrko djuk pkfg,] bldh f'k{kk nsrs gSa] ogha ekuo ek=k dks dj.kh; vkSj
vdj.kh; vkpj.k dh Hkh ulhgr nsrs gSaA bUgsa ,d ckj i<+ ysus osQ ckn Hkwy ikuk laHko ugha
gS vkSj mu fLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk gksrs gh budk ;kn vkuk ykf”keh gS] ftudk buesa fp=k.k gSA
nksgs/93
nksgs
jfgeu èkkxk izse dk] er rksM+ks pVdk;A
VwVs ls fiQj uk feys] feys xk¡B ifj tk;AA
jfgeu fut eu dh fcFkk] eu gh jk[kks xks;A
lqfu vfBySgSa yksx lc] ck¡fV u ySgaS dks;AA
,oSQ lkèks lc lèkS] lc lkèks lc tk;A
jfgeu ewyfga lhafpcks] iwQyS iQyS v?kk;AA
fp=kowQV esa jfe jgs] jfgeu voèk&ujslA
tk ij fcink iM+r gS] lks vkor ;g nslAA
nhj?k nks g k vjFk os Q ] vk[kj Fkks j s vkfga A
T;ksa jghe uV oqaQMyh] flfefV owQfn pf<+ tkfgaAA
èkfu jghe ty iad dks y?kq ft; fivr v?kk;A
mnfèk cM+kbZ dkSu gS] txr fivklks tk;AA
ukn jhf> ru nsr e``x] uj èku gsr lesrA
rs jghe i'kq ls vfèkd] jh>sgq dNw u nsrAA
fcxjh ckr cuS ugha] yk[k djkS fdu dks;A
jfgeu iQkVs nwèk dks] eFks u ek[ku gks;AA
94/Li'kZ
jfgeu nsf[k cM+su dks] y?kq u nhft;s MkfjA

tgk¡ dke vkos lq b Z ] dgk djs rjokfjAA
jfgeu fut laifr fcuk] dksm u fcifr lgk;A
fcuq ikuh T;ksa tyt dks] ufga jfo losQ cpk;AA
jfgeu ikuh jkf[k,] fcuq ikuh lc lwuA
ikuh x, u mQcjS ] eksrh] ekuq" k] pwu AA
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) izse dk èkkxk VwVus ij igys dh Hkk¡fr D;ksa ugha gks ikrk\
([k) gesa viuk nq%[k nwljksa ij D;ksa ugha izdV djuk pkfg,\ vius eu dh O;Fkk nwljksa
ls dgus ij mudk O;ogkj oSQlk gks tkrk gS\
(x) jghe us lkxj dh vis{kk iad ty dks èkU; D;ksa dgk gS\
(?k) ,d dks lkèkus ls lc oSQls lèk tkrk gS\
(Ä) tyghu dey dh j{kk lw;Z Hkh D;ksa ugha dj ikrk\
(p) voèk ujs'k dks fp=kowQV D;ksa tkuk iM+k\
(N) ûV* fdl dyk esa fl¼ gksus osQ dkj.k Åij p<+ tkrk gS\
(t) êksrh] ekuq"k] pwu* osQ lanHkZ esa ikuh osQ egÙo dks Li"V dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,µ
(d) VwVs ls fiQj uk feys] feys xk¡B ifj tk;A
([k) lqfu vfBySgSa yksx lc] ck¡fV u ySgaS dks;A
(x) jfgeu ewyfga lhafpcks] iwQyS iQyS v?kk;A
(?k) nhj?k nksgk vjFk osQ] vk[kj Fkksjs vkfgaA
(Ä) ukn jhf> ru nsr e`x] uj èku gsr lesrA
(p) tgk¡ dke vkos lqbZ] dgk djs rjokfjA
(N) ikuh x, u mQcjS] eksrh] ekuq"k] pwuA
nksgs/95
3. fuEufyf[kr Hkko dks ikB esa fdu iafDr;ksa }kjk vfHkO;Dr fd;k x;k gSµ
(d) ftl ij foink iM+rh gS ogh bl ns'k esa vkrk gSA
([k) dksbZ yk[k dksf'k'k djs ij fcxM+h ckr fiQj cu ugha ldrhA
(x) ikuh osQ fcuk lc lwuk gS vr% ikuh vo'; j[kuk pkfg,A
4. mnkgj.k osQ vkèkkj ij ikB esa vk, fuEufyf[kr 'kCnksa osQ izpfyr :i fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.k% dks; µ dksbZ] ts µ tks
T;ksa --------------------- dNq ---------------------
ufga --------------------- dks; ---------------------
èkfu --------------------- vk[kj ---------------------
ft; --------------------- Fkksjs ---------------------
gks; --------------------- ek[ku ---------------------
rjokfj --------------------- lhafpcks ---------------------
ewyfga --------------------- fivr ---------------------
fivklks --------------------- fcxjh ---------------------
vkos --------------------- lgk; ---------------------
mQcjS --------------------- fcuq ---------------------
fcFkk --------------------- vfBySgSa ---------------------
ifjtk; ---------------------
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- ^lqbZ dh txg ryokj dke ugha vkrh* rFkk ^fcu ikuh lc lwu* bu fo"k;ksa ij
d{kk esa ifjppkZ vk;ksftr dhft,A
2- ^fp=kowQV* fdl jkT; esa fLFkr gS] tkudkjh izkIr dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
uhfr lacaèkh vU; dfo;ksa osQ nksgs@dfork ,d=k dhft, vkSj mu nksgksa@dforkvksa dks
pkVZ ij fy[kdj fHkfÙk if=kdk ij yxkb,A
pVdk; µ pVdkdj
fcFkk µ O;Fkk] nq%[k] osnuk
xks; µ fNikdj
96/Li'kZ
vfBySgSa µ bBykuk] e”kkd mM+kuk

lhafpcks µ flapkbZ djuk] ikSèkksa esa ikuh nsuk
v?kk; & rÌr
vjFk (vFkZ) µ ek;us] vk'k;
Fkksjs & FkksM+k] de
iad µ dhpM+
mnfèk & lkxj
ukn & èofu
jhf> & eksfgr gksdj
fcxjh & fcxM+h gqbZ
iQkVs nwèk & iQVk gqvk nwèk
eFks & fcyksuk] eFkuk
vkos & vkuk
fut & viuk
fcifr & eqlhcr] ladV
fivklks & I;klk
fp=kowQV & ouokl osQ le; Jh jkepanz th lhrk vkSj y{e.k osQ lkFk
oqQN le; rd fp=kowQV esa jgs Fks
vkneh ukek/97
u”khj vdcjkcknh
(1735 - 1830)
u”khj vdcjkcknh dk tUe vkxjk 'kgj esa lu~ 1735 esa gqvkA bUgksaus vkxjk osQ vjch&IkQkjlh +
osQ e'kgwj vnhcksa ls rkyhe gkfly dhA u”khj fganw R;ksgkjksa esa cgqr fnypLih ysrs Fks vkSj muesa
'kkfey gksdj fnykstku ls yqRI+kQ mBkrs FksA fe;k¡ u”khj jkg pyrs u”esa dgus osQ fy, e'kgwj
FksA vius V^Â ij lokj u”khj dks dgha ls dgha vkrs&tkrs le; jkg esa dksbZ Hkh jksddj I+kQfj;kn
djrk Fkk fd mlosQ gquj ;k is'ks ls rkYyqd j[kusokyh dksbZ u”e dg nhft,A u”khj
vkuu&iQkuu esa ,d u”e jp nsrs FksA ;gh otg gS fd fHk'rh] ddM+h cspusokyk] fclkrh rd
u”khj dh jph u”esa xk&xkdj viuk lkSnk csprs Fks] rks ogha xhr xkdj xq”kj djusokfy;ksa osQ
oaQB ls Hkh u”khj dh u”esa gh iwQVrh FkhaA
u”khj nqfu;k osQ jax esa j¡xs gq, ,d egkdfo FksA budh dforkvksa esa nqfu;k g¡lrh&cksyrh]
thrh&tkxrh] pyrh&fiQjrh vkSj thou dk R;ksgkj eukrh u”kj vkrh gSA u”khj ,sls dfo gS]a ftUgsa
fganh vkSj mnZ]w nksuksa Hkk"kkvksa osQ vke tu us viuk;kA u”khj dh dfork,¡ gekjh jk"Vªh; ,drk dh
felky gS]a ftuesa dbZ tkfr;k¡] dbZ izn's k] dbZ Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj dbZ ijaijk,¡ gksrs gq, Hkh lcesa ,dk gSA
u”khj viuh jpukvksa esa euksfouksn djrs gSaA g¡lh&fBBksyh djrs gSaA Kkuh dh rjg ugha]
fe=k dh rjg lykg&e'kfojk nsrs gSa] thou dh lekykspuk djrs gSaA ^lc BkB iM+k jg tk,xk]
tc ykn pysxk catkjk* tSlh ulhgr nsusokyk ;g dfo viuh jpukvksa esa thou dk mYykl
vkSj thou dh lPpkbZ mtkxj djrk gSA
izLrqr u”e ^vkneh ukek* esa u”khj us oqQnjr osQ lcls uk;kc fcjknj] vkneh dks vkbZuk
fn[kkrs gq, mldh vPNkb;ksa] lhekvksa vkSj laHkkoukvksa ls ifjfpr djk;k gSA bl lalkj dks vkSj
Hkh laqnj cukus osQ laosQr Hkh fn, gSaA
98/Li'kZ
vkneh ukek
(1)
nqfu;k esa ckn'kkg gS lks gS og Hkh vkneh
vkSj eqI+kQfyl&vks&xnk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
”kjnkj cs u ok gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
fUkver tks [kk jgk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
VqdMs+ pck jgk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
(2)
eLkf”kn Hkh vkneh us cukbZ gS ;ka fe;k¡
curs gSa vkneh gh beke vkSj [kqrck[ok¡
i<+rs gSa vkneh gh oqQjvku vkSj uek”k ;ka
vkSj vkneh gh mudh pqjkrs gSa twfr;k¡
tks mudks rkM+rk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
(3)
;ka vkneh iS tku dks okjs gS vkneh
vkSj vkneh iS rsx dks ekjs gS vkneh
ixM+h Hkh vkneh dh mrkjs gS vkneh
fpYyk osQ vkneh dks iqdkjs gS vkneh
vkSj lquosQ nkSM+rk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
vkneh ukek/99
(4)
v'kjkI+kQ vkSj dehus ls ys 'kkg rk o”khj
;s vkneh gh djrs gSa lc dkjs fnyi”khj
;ka vkneh eqjhn gS vkSj vkneh gh ihj
vPNk Hkh vkneh gh dgkrk gS , u”khj
vkSj lcesa tks cqjk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) igys Nan esa dfo dh n`f"V vkneh osQ fdu&fdu :iksa dk c[kku djrh gS\ Øe
ls fyf[k,A
([k) pkjksa Nanksa esa dfo us vkneh osQ ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed :iksa dks ijLij
fdu&fdu :iksa esa j[kk gS\ vius 'kCnksa esa Li"V dhft,A
(x) ^vkneh ukek* 'kh"kZd dfork osQ bu va'kksa dks i<+dj vkiosQ eu esa euq"; osQ izfr
D;k èkkj.kk curh gS\
(?k) bl dfork dk dkSu&lk Hkkx vkidks lcls vPNk yxk vkSj D;ksa\
(Ä) vkneh dh izo`fÙk;ksa dk mYys[k dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr va'kksa dh O;k[;k dhft,µ
(d) nqfu;k esa ckn'kkg gS lks gS og Hkh vkneh
vkSj eqI+kQfyl&vks&xnk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
([k) v'kjkI+kQ vkSj dehus ls ys 'kkg rk o”khj
;s vkneh gh djrs gSa lc dkjs fnyi”khj
3. fuEufyf[kr esa vfHkO;Dr O;aX; dks Li"V dhft,µ
(d) i<+rs gSa vkneh gh oqQjvku vkSj uek”k ;ka
vkSj vkneh gh mudh pqjkrs gSa twfr;k¡
tks mudks rkM+rk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
100/Li'kZ
([k) ixM+h Hkh vkneh dh mrkjs gS vkneh

fpYyk osQ vkneh dks iqdkjs gS vkneh
vkSj lquosQ nkSM+rk gS lks gS oks Hkh vkneh
4. uhps fy[ks 'kCnksa dk mPpkj.k dhft, vkSj lef>, fd fdl izdkj uqDrs osQ dkj.k
muesa vFkZ ifjorZu vk x;k gSA
jk”k (jgL;) I+kQu (dkS'ky)
jkt ('kklu) IkQu (lk¡i dk eq¡g)
”kjk (FkksM+k) I+kQyd (vkdk'k)
tjk (cq<+kik) IkQyd (ydM+h dk r[rk)
”k I+kQ ls ;qDr nks&nks 'kCnksa dks vkSj fyf[k,A
5. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk iz;ksx okD;ksa esa dhft,µ
(d) VqdMs+ pckuk
([k) ixM+h mrkjuk
(x) eqjhn gksuk
(?k) tku okjuk
(Ä) rsx ekjuk
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
vxj ^canj ukek* fy[kuk gks rks vki fdu&fdu ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed ckrksa dk
mYys[k djsaxsA
ckn'kkg µ jktk
eqI+kQfyl µ xjhc] nhu&nfjnz
xnk µ fHk[kkjh] IkQdhj
”kjnkj µ ekynkj] nkSyrean
csuok µ de”kksj
fuver µ Lokfn"V Hkkstu
beke µ uek”k i<+usokys
rkM+rk (rkM+uk)µ Hkk¡i ysuk
[kqrck[ok¡ µ oqQjku 'kjhI+kQ dk vFkZ crkusokyk
102/Li'kZ
fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr
(1895 - 1963)
fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dk tUe >k¡lh osQ fudV fpjxk¡o esa lu~ 1895 esa gqvk FkkA jk"Vªdfo
eSfFkyh'kj.k xqIr buosQ cM+s HkkbZ FksA xqIr th osQ firk Hkh dfork,¡ fy[krs FksA bl dkj.k ifjokj
esa gh bUgsa dfork osQ laLdkj Lor% izkIr gq,A xqIr th egkRek xkaèkh vkSj fouksck Hkkos osQ fopkjksa
osQ vuq;k;h FksA bldk laosQr budh jpukvksa esa Hkh feyrk gSA xqIr th dh jpukvksa dk izeq[k
xq.k gS dFkkRedrkA bUgksaus lkekftd oqQjhfr;ksa ij djkjh pksV dh gSA ns'k dh Toyar ?kVukvksa
vkSj leL;kvksa dk thoar fp=k bUgksaus izLrqr fd;k gSA buosQ dkO; dh i`"BHkwfe vrhr gks ;k
orZeku] muesa vkèkqfud ekuork dh d#.kk] ;kruk vkSj }a} lefUor :i esa mHkjk gSA
fl;kjke'kj.k xqIr dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % ekS;Z fot;] vknzkZ] ikFks;] e`.e;h] mUeqDr]
vkReksRlxZ] nwokZny vkSj uoqQyA
^,d iwQy dh pkg* xqIr th dh ,d yach vkSj izfl¼ dfork gSA izLrqr ikB mlh dfork
dk ,d va'k ek=k gSA iwjh dfork NqvkNwr dh leL;k ij osaQfnzr gSA ,d ej.kklUu vNwr dU;k
osQ eu esa ;g pkg mBh fd dk'k! nsoh osQ pj.kksa esa vfiZr fd;k gqvk ,d iwQy ykdj dksbZ
mls ns nsrkA dU;k osQ firk us csVh dh euksdkeuk iwjh djus dk chM+k mBk;kA og nsoh osQ eafnj
esa tk igq¡pkA nsoh dh vkjkèkuk Hkh dh] ij mlosQ ckn og nsoh osQ HkDrksa dh u”kj esa [kVdus
yxkA ekuo&ek=k dks ,dleku ekuus dh ulhgr nsusokyh nsoh osQ lo.kZ HkDrksa us ml foo'k]
ykpkj] vkdka{kh exj vNwr firk osQ lkFk oSQlk lywd fd;k] D;k og viuh csVh dks iwQy
ykdj ns ldk\ ;g dfork dk ekfeZd va'k gh crk,xkA
,d iwQy dh pkg/103
,d iwQy dh pkg
m}sfyr dj vJq&jkf'k;k¡]
ân;&fprk,¡ èkèkdkdj]
egk egkekjh izpaM gks
iSQy jgh Fkh bèkj&mèkjA
{kh.k&oaQB e`roRlkvksa dk
djQ.k jQnu nqnk±r furkar]
Hkjs gq, Fkk fut Ñ'k jo esa
gkgkdkj vikj v'kkarA
cgqr jksdrk Fkk lqf[k;k dks]

û tk [ksyus dks ckgj*]
ugha [ksyuk jQdrk mldk
ugha Bgjrh og iy&HkjA
esjk ân; dk¡i mBrk Fkk]
ckgj xbZ fugkj mls_
;gh eukrk Fkk fd cpk yw¡
fdlh Hkk¡fr bl ckj mlsA
104/Li'kZ
Hkhrj tks Mj jgk fNik,]

gk;! ogh ckgj vk;kA
,d fnol lqf[k;k osQ ruq dks
rki&rIr eSaus ik;kA
Toj esa foày gks cksyh og]
D;k tkuw¡ fdl Mj ls Mj]
eq > dks ns o h os Q iz l kn dk
,d iwQy gh nks ykdjA
Øe'k% oaQB {kh.k gks vk;k]

f'kfFky gq, vo;o lkjs]
cSBk Fkk uo&uo mik; dh
fpark esa eSa euekjsA
tku ldk u izHkkr ltx ls
gqbZ vyl dc nksigjh]
Lo.kZ&?kuksa esa dc jfo Mwck]
dc vkbZ laè;k xgjhA
lHkh vksj fn[kykbZ nh cl]

vaèkdkj dh gh Nk;k]
NksVh&lh cPph dks xzlus
fdruk cM+k frfej vk;k!
mQij foLr`r egkdk'k esa
tyrs&ls vaxkjksa ls]
>qylh&lh tkrh Fkh vk¡[ksa
txex txrs rkjks a ls A
,d iwQy dh pkg/105
ns[k jgk Fkkµtks lqfLFkj gks
ugha cS B rh Fkh {k.k&Hkj]
gk;! ogh pqipki iM+h Fkh
vVy 'kkafr&lh èkkj.k djA
lquuk ogh pkgrk Fkk eSa
mls Lo;a gh mdlkdjµ
eq>dks nsoh osQ izlkn dk
,d iw Q y gh nks ykdj!
m¡Qps 'kSy&f'k[kj osQ mQij

eafnj Fkk foLrh.kZ fo'kky_
Lo.kZ&dy'k ljflt fogflr Fks
ikdj leqfnr jfo&dj&tkyA
nhi&èkwi ls vkeksfnr Fkk
eafnj dk vk¡xu lkjk_
xw¡t jgh Fkh Hkhrj&ckgj
eq[kfjr mRlo dh èkkjkA
HkDr&oàn e`nq&eèkqj oaQB ls

xkrs Fks lHkfDr eqn&e;]µ
îfrr&rkfj.kh iki&gkfj.kh]
ekrk] rsjh t;&t;&t;!*
îfrr&rkfj.kh] rsjh t;&t;*µ
es j s eq [ k ls Hkh fudyk]
fcuk c<+s gh eSa vkxs dks
tkus fdl cy ls f<dyk!
106/Li'kZ
esjs nhi&iwQy ysdj os

vack dks vfiZr djosQ
fn;k iqtkjh us izlkn tc
vkxs dks vatfy HkjosQ]
Hkwy x;k mldk ysuk >V]
ije ykHk&lk ikdj eSaA
lkspk]µcsVh dks ek¡ osQ ;s
iq.;&iq"i nw¡ tkdj eSaA
flag ikSj rd Hkh vk¡xu ls

ugha igq¡pus eSa ik;k]
lglk ;g lqu iM+k fdµ¶oSQls
;g vNwr Hkhrj vk;k\
idM+ks] ns[kks Hkkx u tkos]
cuk èkwrZ ;g gS oSQlk_
lkI+kQ&LoPN ifjèkku fd, gS]
Hkys ekuq"kksa osQ tSlk!
ikih us eafnj esa ?kqldj

fd;k vuFkZ cM+k Hkkjh_
dyqf"kr dj nh gS eafnj dh
fpjdkfyd 'kqfprk lkjhA¸
,sa] D;k esjk dyq"k cM+k gS
nsoh dh xfjek ls Hkh_
fdlh ckr esa gw¡ eSa vkxs
ekrk dh efgek osQ Hkh\
,d iwQy dh pkg/107
ek¡ osQ HkDr gq, rqe oSQls]
djosQ ;g fopkj [kksVk\
ek¡ osQ lEeq[k gh ek¡ dk rqe
xkSjo djrs gks NksVk!
oqQN u lquk HkDrksa us] >V ls
eq > s ?ks j dj idM+ fy;k_
ekj&ekjdj eqDosQ&?kw¡ls
èke&ls uhps fxjk fn;k!
esjs gkFkksa ls izlkn Hkh

fc[kj x;k gk! lcdk lc]
gk;! vHkkxh csVh rq> rd
oSQls igq¡p losQ ;g vcA
U;k;ky; ys x, eq>s os]
lkr fnol dk naM&foèkku
eq>dks gqvk_ gqvk Fkk eq>ls
nsoh dk egku vieku!
eSaus LohÑr fd;k naM og

'kh'k >qdkdj pqi gh jg_
ml vlhe vfHk;ksx] nks"k dk
D;k mÙkj nsrk] D;k dg\
lkr jks”k gh jgk tsy esa
;k fd ogk¡ lfn;k¡ chrha]
vfoJkar cjlk djosQ Hkh
vk¡[ksa rfud ugha jhrhaaA
108/Li'kZ
naM Hkksxdj tc eSa NwVk]

iSj u mBrs Fks ?kj dks_
ihNs Bs y jgk Fkk dks b Z
Hk;&ttZ j ruq ia t j dks A
igys dh&lh ysus eq>dks
ugha nkSM+dj vkbZ og_
my>h gqbZ [ksy esa gh gk!
vcdh nh u fn[kkbZ ogA
mls ns[kus ej?kV dks gh

x;k nkSM+rk gqvk ogk¡]
esjs ifjfpr caèkq izFke gh
iwQ¡d pqosQ Fks mls tgk¡A
cq>h iM+h Fkh fprk ogk¡ ij
Nkrh èkèkd mBh esjh]
gk;! iwQy&lh dksey cPph
gqbZ jk[k dh Fkh <sjh!
vafre ckj xksn esa csVh]

rq>dks ys u ldk eSa gk!
,d iwQy ek¡ dk izlkn Hkh
rq>dks ns u ldk eSa gk!
,d iwQy dh pkg/109
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) dfork dh mu iafDr;ksa dks fyf[k,] ftuls fuEufyf[kr vFkZ dk cksèk gksrk gSµ
(i) lqf[k;k osQ ckgj tkus ij firk dk ân; dk¡i mBrk FkkA
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
(ii) ioZr dh pksVh ij fLFkr eafnj dh vuqie 'kksHkkA
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
(iii) iqtkjh ls izlkn@iwQy ikus ij lqf[k;k osQ firk dh eu%fLFkfrA
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
(iv) firk dh osnuk vkSj mldk i'pkrkiA
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------
([k) chekj cPph us D;k bPNk izdV dh\
(x) lqf[k;k osQ firk ij dkSu&lk vkjksi yxkdj mls nafMr fd;k x;k\
(?k) tsy ls NwVus osQ ckn lqf[k;k osQ firk us viuh cPph dks fdl :i esa ik;k\
(Ä) bl dfork dk osaQnzh; Hkko vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
110/Li'kZ
(p) bl dfork esa ls oqQN Hkkf"kd izrhdksa@fcacksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ

mnkgj.k% vaèkdkj dh Nk;k
(i) ------------------------------------- (ii) -------------------------------------
(iii) ------------------------------------- (iv) -------------------------------------
(v) -------------------------------------
2. fuEufyf[kr iafDr;ksa dk vk'k; Li"V djrs gq, mudk vFkZ&lkSan;Z crkb,µ
(d) vfoJkar cjlk djosQ Hkh
vk¡[kas rfud ugha jhrha
([k) cq>h iM+h Fkh fprk ogk¡ ij
Nkrh èkèkd mBh esjh
(x) gk;! ogh pqipki iM+h Fkh
vVy 'kkafr&lh èkkj.k dj
(?k) ikih us eafnj esa ?kqldj
fd;k vuFkZ cM+k Hkkjh
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
1- ^,d iwQy dh pkg* ,d dFkkRed dfork gSA bldh dgkuh dks la{ksi esa fyf[k,A
2- ^csVh* ij vkèkkfjr fujkyk dh jpuk ^ljkst&Le`fr* if<+,A
3. rRdkyhu lekt esa O;kIr Li`'; vkSj vLi`'; Hkkouk esa vkt vk, ifjorZuksa ij ,d ppkZ
vk;ksftr dhft,A
m}sfyr µ Hkko&foày
vJq&jkf'k;k¡ µ vk¡lqvksa dh >M+h
egkekjh µ cMs+ Lrj ij iSQyusokyh chekjh
izpaM µ rhoz
{kh.k & nch vkok”k] de”kksj
e`RkoRlk µ ftl ek¡ dh larku ej xbZ gks
#nu µ jksuk
nqnk±r µ ân;fonkjd] ftls nckuk ;k o'k esa djuk dfBu gks
furkar µ fcYkoqQy] vyx] vR;ar
Ñ'k µ iryk] de”kksj
jo µ 'kksj
,d iwQy dh pkg/111
ruq µ 'kjhj
rki&rIr µ Toj ls ihfM+r
f'kfFky µ de”kksj] <hyk
vo;o & vax
foày µ nq%[kh] cspSu
Lo.kZ ?ku µ lqugys ckny
xzluk µ fuxyuk
frfej µ vaèkdkj
foLrh.kZ µ iSQyk gqvk
ljflt µ dey
jfodj tky µ lw;Z&fdj.kksa dk lewg
vkeksfnr µ vkuaniw.kZ
vfoJkar µ fcuk #osQ gq,] yxkrkj
f<dyk µ Bsyk x;k] èkosQyk x;k
flag ikSj µ eafnj dk eq[; }kj
ifjèkku µ oL=k
'kqfprk µ ifo=krk
oaQB {kh.k gksuk µ jksus osQ dkj.k Loj dk {kh.k ;k de”kksj gksuk
izHkkr ltx µ gypy ls Hkjh lqcg
vyl nksigjh µ vkyL; ls Hkjh nksigjh
112/Li'kZ
jkeèkkjh flag fnudj

(1908 - 1974)
jkeèkkjh flag fnudj dk tUe fcgkj osQ eqaxsj f”kys osQ flefj;k xk¡o esa 30 flracj 1908 dks
gqvkA os lu~ 1952 esa jkT;lHkk osQ lnL; euksuhr fd, x,A Hkkjr ljdkj us bUgsa îÁHkw"k.k*
vyadj.k ls Hkh vyaÑr fd;kA fnudj th dks ^laLÑfr osQ pkj vè;k;* iqLrd ij lkfgR;
vdkneh iqjLdkj feykA viuh dkO;Ñfr ^moZ'kh* osQ fy, bUgsa KkuihB iqjLdkj ls lEekfur
fd;k x;kA
fnudj dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % gq¡dkj] oqQ#{ks=k] jf'ejFkh] ij'kqjke dh izrh{kk] moZ'kh vkSj
laLÑfr osQ pkj vè;k;A
fnudj vkst osQ dfo ekus tkrs gSaA budh Hkk"kk vR;ar izokgiw.kZ] vkstLoh vkSj ljy gSA
fnudj dh lcls cM+h fo'ks"krk gS vius ns'k vkSj ;qx osQ lR; osQ izfr ltxrkA fnudj esa
fopkj vkSj laosnuk dk lqanj leUo; fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA budh oqQN Ñfr;ksa esa izse vkSj lkSan;Z dk
Hkh fp=k.k gSA
izLrqr dfork ^xhr&vxhr* esa Hkh izÑfr osQ lkSan;Z osQ vfrfjDr tho&tarqvksa osQ eeRo]
ekuoh; jkx vkSj izseHkko dk Hkh ltho fp=k.k gSA dfo dks unh osQ cgko esa xhr dk l`tu
gksrk tku iM+rk gS] rks 'kqd&'kqdh osQ dk;Zdykiksa esa Hkh xhr lqukbZ nsrk gS vkSj vkYgk xkrk
Xokycky rks xhr&xku esa fueXu fn[kkbZ nsrk gh gSA dfo dk ekuuk gS fd unh vkSj 'kqd
xhr&l`tu ;k xhr&xku Hkys gh u dj jgs gksa] ij njvly ogk¡ xhr dk l`tu vkSj xku Hkh
gks jgk gSA dfo dh nqfoèkk eg”k bruh gS fd mudk og vxhr (tks xk;k ugha tk jgk] eg”k
blfy, vxhr gS) laqnj gS ;k Xokycky }kjk lLoj xk;k tk jgk xhr\
xhr&vxhr/113
xhr&vxhr
xhr] vxhr] dkSu lqanj gS\
(1)
xkdj xhr fojg osQ rfVuh
osxorh cgrh tkrh gS]
fny gydk dj ys u s dks
miyksa ls oqQN dgrh tkrh gSA
rV ij ,d xqykc lksprk]
¶nsrs Loj ;fn eq>s foèkkrk]
vius ir>j osQ liuksa dk
eSa Hkh tx dks xhr lqukrkA¸
xk&xkdj cg jgh fu>Zjh]

ikVy ewd [kM+k rV ij gSA
114/Li'kZ
(2)
cSBk 'kqd ml ?kuh Mky ij
tks [kksars ij Nk;k nsrhA
ia[k iqQyk uhps [kksars esa
'kqdh cSB vaMs gS lsrhA
xkrk 'kqd tc fdj.k olarh
Nwrh vax i.kZ ls NudjA
foaQrq] 'kqdh osQ xhr meM+dj
jg tkrs lusg esa ludjA
xw¡t jgk 'kqd dk Loj ou esa]

iwQyk eXu 'kqdh dk ij gSA
(3)
nks iszeh gSa ;gk¡] ,d tc
cMs + lk¡ > vkYgk xkrk gS ]
igyk Loj mldh jkèkk dks
?kj ls ;gk¡ [khap ykrk gSA
pksjh&pksjh [kM+h uhe dh
Nk;k esa fNidj lqurh gS]
^gqbZ u D;ksa eSa dM+h xhr dh
fcèkuk*] ;ksa eu esa xqurh gSA
xhr&vxhr/115
og xkrk] ij fdlh osx ls
iwQy jgk bldk varj gSA
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) unh dk fdukjksa ls oqQN dgrs gq, cg tkus ij xqykc D;k lksp jgk gS\ blls
lacafèkr iafDr;ksa dks fyf[k,A
([k) tc 'kqd xkrk gS] rks 'kqdh osQ ân; ij D;k izHkko iM+rk gS\
(x) izseh tc xhr xkrk gS] rc izsfedk dh D;k bPNk gksrh gS\
(?k) izFke Nan esa of.kZr izÑfr&fp=k.k dks fyf[k,A
(Ä) izÑfr osQ lkFk i'kq&if{k;ksa osQ lacaèk dh O;k[;k dhft,A
(p) euq"; dks izÑfr fdl :i esa vkanksfyr djrh gS\ vius 'kCnksa esa fyf[k,A
(N) lHkh oqQN xhr gS] vxhr oqQN ugha gksrkA oqQN vxhr Hkh gksrk gS D;k\ Li"V dhft,A
(t) ^xhr&vxhr* osQ osaQnzh; Hkko dks fyf[k,A
2. lanHkZ&lfgr O;k[;k dhft,µ
(d) vius ir>j osQ liuksa dk
eSa Hkh tx dks xhr lqukrk
([k) xkrk 'kqd tc fdj.k olarh
Nwrh vax i.kZ ls Nudj
(x) gqbZ u D;ksa eSa dM+h xhr dh
fcèkuk ;ksa eu esa xqurh gS
3. fuEufyf[kr mnkgj.k esa ôkD;&fopyu* dks le>us dk iz;kl dhft,A blh vkèkkj
ij izpfyr okD;&foU;kl fyf[k,µ
mnkgj.k % rV ij ,d xqykc lksprk
,d xqykc rV ij lksprk gSA
116/Li'kZ
(d) nsrs Loj ;fn eq>s foèkkrk

---------------------------------------------------
([k) cSBk 'kqd ml ?kuh Mky ij
---------------------------------------------------
(x) xw¡t jgk 'kqd dk Loj ou esa
---------------------------------------------------
(?k) gqbZ u D;ksa eSa dM+h xhr dh
---------------------------------------------------
(Ä) 'kqdh cSB vaMs gS lsrh
---------------------------------------------------
rfVuh µ unh] rVksa osQ chp cgrh gqbZ
osxorh µ rs”k xfr ls
miyksa µ fdukjksa ls
foèkkrk µ bZ'oj
fu>Zjh µ >juk] unh
ikVy µ xqykc
'kqd µ rksrk
[kksars µ ?kksalyk
i.kZ µ iÙkk] ia[k
'kqdh µ eknk rksrk
vkYgk µ ,d yksd&dkO; dk uke
dM+h µ os Nan tks xhr dks tksM+rs gSa
fcèkuk µ HkkX;] foèkkrk
xqurh µ fopkj djrh gS
osx µ xfr
vfXu iFk/117
gfjoa'kjk; cPpu
(1907 - 2003)
gfjoa'kjk; cPpu dk tUe mÙkj izns'k osQ bykgkckn 'kgj esa 27 uoacj 1907 dks gqvkA ^cPpu*
buoQk ekrk&firk }kjk I;kj ls fy;k tkusokyk uke Fkk] ftls bUgksaus viuk miuke cuk fy;k FkkA
cPpu oqQN le; rd fo'ofo|ky; esa izkè;kid jgus osQ ckn Hkkjrh; fons'k lsok esa pys x,
FksA bl nkSjku bUgksaus dbZ ns'kksa dk Hkze.k fd;k vkSj eap ij vkstLoh ok.kh esa dkO;ikB osQ fy,
fo[;kr gq,A cPpu dh dfork,¡ lgt vkSj laosnu'khy gSaA budh jpukvksa esa O;fDr&osnuk]
jk"Vª&psruk vkSj thou&n'kZu osQ Loj feyrs gSaA bUgksaus vkRefo'ys"k.kokyh dfork,¡ Hkh fy[kh gSaA
jktuSfrd thou osQ <ksax] lkekftd vlekurk vkSj oqQjhfr;ksa ij O;aX; fd;k gSA dfork osQ
vykok cPpu us viuh vkRedFkk Hkh fy[kh] tks fganh x| dh cstksM+ Ñfr ekuh xbZA
cPpu dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % eèkq'kkyk] fu'kk&fuea=k.k] ,dkar laxhr] feyu&;kfeuh] vkjrh
vkSj vaxkjs] VwVrh p^kusa] :i rjafx.kh (lHkh dfork&laxzg) vkSj vkRedFkk osQ pkj [kaM % D;k
Hkwyw¡ D;k ;kn d:¡] uhM+ dk fuekZ.k fiQj] clsjs ls nwj] n'k}kj ls lksiku rdA
cPpu lkfgR; vdkneh iqjLdkj] lksfo;r Hkwfe usg: iqjLdkj vkSj ljLorh lEeku ls
lEekfur gq,A
izLrqr dfork esa dfo us la?k"kZe; thou dks ^vfXu iFk* dgrs gq, euq"; dks ;g lans'k
fn;k gS fd jkg esa lq[k :ih Nk¡g dh pkg u dj viuh eaf”ky dh vksj deZBrkiwoZd fcuk
Fkdku eglwl fd, c<+rs gh tkuk pkfg,A dfork esa 'kCnksa dh iqujko`fÙk oSQls euq"; dks vkxs
c<+us dh izsj.kk nsrh gS] ;g ns[kus ;ksX; gSA
118/Li'kZ
vfXu iFk
vfXu iFk! vfXu iFk! vfXu iFk!
o`{k gksa Hkys [kM+]s

gksa ?kus] gksa cMs+]
,d i=kµNk¡g Hkh ek¡x er] ek¡x er] ek¡x er!
rw u FkosQxk dHkh!
rw u Fkesxk dHkh!
rw u eqMs+xk dHkh!µdj 'kiFk] dj 'kiFk] dj 'kiFk!
;g egku n`'; gSµ

py jgk euq"; gS
vJq&Losn&jDr ls yFkiFk] yFkiFk] yFkiFk!
vfXu iFk/119
iz'u&vH;kl
(d) dfo us ^vfXu iFk* fdlosQ izrhd Lo:i iz;ksx fd;k gS\
([k) êk¡x er*] ^dj 'kiFk*] ^yFkiFk* bu 'kCnksa dk ckj&ckj iz;ksx dj dfo D;k dguk
pkgrk gS\
(x) ^,d i=kµNk¡g Hkh ek¡x er* bl iafDr dk vk'k; Li"V dhft,A
2. fuEufyf[kr dk Hkko Li"V dhft,µ
(d) rw u Fkesxk dHkh
rw u eqMs+xk dHkh
([k) py jgk euq"; gS
vJq&Losn&jDr ls yFkiFk] yFkiFk] yFkiFk
3. bl dfork dk ewyHkko D;k gS\ Li"V dhft,A
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
^thou la?k"kZ dk gh uke gS* bl fo"k; ij d{kk esa ifjppkZ dk vk;kstu dhft,A
ifj;kstuk dk;Z
^thou la?k"kZe; gS] blls ?kcjkdj Fkeuk ugha pkfg,* blls lacafèkr vU; dfo;ksa dh
dforkvksa dks ,d=k dj ,d ,yce cukb,A
vfXu iFk µ dfBukb;ksa ls Hkjk gqvk ekxZ] vkx;qDr ekxZ
i=k µ iÙkk
'kiFk µ dle] lkSxaèk
vJq µ vk¡lw
Losn µ ilhuk
jDr µ [kwu] 'kksf.kr
yFkiFk µ luk gqvk
120/Li'kZ
v#.k dey
(1954)
v#.k dey dk tUe fcgkj osQ jksgrkl f”kys osQ ukljhxat esa 15 iQjojh 1954 dks gqvkA
;s bu fnuksa iVuk fo'ofo|ky; esa izkè;kid gSaA bUgsa viuh dforkvksa osQ fy, lkfgR;
vdkneh iqjLdkj lfgr dbZ vU; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh lEekfur fd;k x;kA bUgksaus dfork&ys[ku
osQ vykok dbZ iqLrdksa vkSj jpukvksa dk vuqokn Hkh fd;k gSA
v#.k dey dh izeq[k Ñfr;k¡ gSa % viuh osQoy èkkj] lcwr] u, bykosQ esa] iqryh
esa lalkj (pkjkas dfork&laxzg) rFkk dfork vkSj le; (vkykspukRed Ñfr)A buosQ
vykok v#.k dey us ek;dksO;Ldh dh vkRedFkk vkSj taxy cqd dk fganh esa vkSj fganh
osQ ;qok dfo;ksa dh dforkvksa dk vaxzs”kh esa vuqokn fd;k] tks ôkW;lst* uke ls izdkf'kr
gqvkA
v#.k dey dh dforkvksa esa u, fcac] cksypky dh Hkk"kk] [kM+h cksyh osQ vusd
y;&Nanksa dk lekos'k gSA budh dfork,¡ ftruh vkichrh gSa] mruh gh txchrh HkhA budh
dforkvksa esa thou osQ fofoèk {ks=kksa dk fp=k.k gSA bl fofoèkrk osQ dkj.k budh Hkk"kk esa
Hkh fofoèkrk osQ n'kZu gksrs gSaA ;s cM+h oqQ'kyrk vkSj lgtrk ls thou&izlaxksa dks dfork
esa :ikarfjr dj nsrs gaSA budh dfork esa orZeku 'kks"k.kewyd O;oLFkk osQ f[kykI+kQ
vkØks'k] uI+kQjr vkSj mls myVdj ,d u;h ekuoh; O;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djus dh vkoqQyrk
loZ=k fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
iz L rq r ikB dh igyh dfork û, bykosQ es a * es a ,d ,s l h nq f u;k es a iz o s ' k dk
vkea = k.k gS ] tks ,d gh fnu es a iq j kuh iM+ tkrh gS A ;g bl ckr dk cks è k djkrh gS
fd thou es a oqQN Hkh LFkk;h ugha gks r kA bl iy&iy curh&fcxM+ r h nq f u;k es a
Le` f r;ks a os Q Hkjks l s ugha ft;k tk ldrkA bl ikB dh nwljh dfork ^[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk*
lkekftd fo"kerkvksa dks csudkc djrh gSA ;g fdldh vkSj oSQlh dkjLrkuh gS fd tks
u, bykosQ esa/[kq'kcw jprs
v#.k gSdey
a gkFk/121
oxZ lekt esa lkSan;Z dh l`f"V dj jgk gS vkSj mls [kq'kgky cuk jgk gS] ogh oxZ vHkko esa]
xanxh esa thou clj dj jgk gS\ yksxksa osQ thou esa lqxaèk fc[ksjusokys gkFk Hk;kog fLFkfr;ksa
esa viuk thou fcrkus ij etcwj gSa! D;k foMacuk gS fd [kq'kcw jpusokys ;s gkFk nwjnjk”k
osQ lcls xans vkSj cncwnkj bykdksa esa thou fcrk jgs gSaA LoLFk lekt osQ fuekZ.k esa ;ksxnku
djusokys ;s yksx brus misf{kr gSa! vkf[kj dc rd\
122/Li'kZ
(1) u, bykosQ esa

bu u, clrs bykdksa esa
tgk¡ jks”k cu jgs gSa u,&u, edku
eSa vdlj jkLrk Hkwy tkrk gw¡
èkks[kk ns tkrs gSa iqjkus fu'kku

[kkstrk gw¡ rkdrk ihiy dk isM+
[kkstrk gw¡ <gk gqvk ?kj
vkSj ”kehu dk [kkyh VqdM+k tgk¡ ls ck,¡
eqM+uk Fkk eq>s
fiQj nks edku ckn fcuk jaxokys yksgs osQ iQkVd dk
?kj Fkk bdeaf”kyk
vkSj eSa gj ckj ,d ?kj ihNs

py nsrk gw¡
;k nks ?kj vkxs Bdedkrk
;gk¡ jks”k oqQN cu jgk gS

jks”k oqQN ?kV jgk gS
;gk¡ Le`fr dk Hkjkslk ugha
u, bykosQ esa/[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk/123
,d gh fnu esa iqjkuh iM+ tkrh gS nqfu;k
tSls olar dk x;k ir>M+ dks ykSVk gw¡
tSls cSlk[k dk x;k Hkknksa dks ykSVk gw¡
vc ;gh gS mik; fd gj njok”kk [kV[kVkvks
vkSj iwNksµ D;k ;gh gS oks ?kj\
le; cgqr de gS rqEgkjs ikl

vk pyk ikuh <gk vk jgk vdkl
'kk;n iqdkj ys dksbZ igpkuk mQij ls ns[kdjA
(2) [kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk

dbZ xfy;ksa osQ chp
dbZ ukyksa osQ ikj
owQM+&s djdV
osQ <sjksa osQ ckn
cncw ls iQVrs tkrs bl
Vksys osQ vanj
mHkjh ulksaokys gkFk

f?kls uk[kwukssaokys gkFk
ihiy osQ iÙks&ls u,&u, gkFk
twgh dh Mky&ls [kq'kcwnkj gkFk
124/Li'kZ
xans dVs&fiVs gkFk

”k[e ls iQVs gq, gkFk
;gha bl xyh esa curh gSa

eqYd dh e'kgwj vxjcfÙk;k¡
bUgha xans eqgYyksa osQ xans yksx
cukrs gaS osQoM+k xqykc [kl vkSj jkrjkuh
vxjcfÙk;k¡
nqfu;k dh lkjh xanxh osQ chp
nqfu;k dh lkjh [kq'kcw
jprs jgrs gSa gkFk

iz'u&vH;kl
(1) u, bykosQ esa

(d) u, clrs bykosQ esa dfo jkLrk D;ksa Hkwy tkrk gS\
([k) dfork esa dkSu&dkSu ls iqjkus fu'kkuksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS\
(x) dfo ,d ?kj ihNs ;k nks ?kj vkxs D;ksa py nsrk gS\
(?k) ôlar dk x;k ir>M+* vkSj ^cSlk[k dk x;k Hkknksa dks ykSVk* ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\
(Ä) dfo us bl dfork esa ^le; dh deh* dh vksj D;ksa b'kkjk fd;k gS\
u, bykosQ esa/[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk/125
(p) bl dfork esa dfo us 'kgjksa dh fdl foMacuk dh vksj laosQr fd;k gS\
2. O;k[;k dhft,µ
(d) ;gk¡ Le`fr dk Hkjkslk ugha
,d gh fnu esa iqjkuh iM+ tkrh gS nqfu;k
([k) le; cgqr de gS rqEgkjs ikl
vk pyk ikuh <gk vk jgk vdkl
'kk;n iqdkj ys dksbZ igpkuk mQij ls ns[kdj
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
ikB esa fganh eghuksa osQ oqQN uke vk, gSaA vki lHkh fganh eghuksa osQ uke Øe ls fyf[k,A
(2) [kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk

(d) ^[kq'kcw jpusokys gkFk* oSQlh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa rFkk dgk¡&dgk¡ jgrs gSa\
([k) dfork esa fdrus rjg osQ gkFkksa dh ppkZ gqbZ gS\
(x) dfo us ;g D;ksa dgk gS fd ^[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk*\
(?k) tgk¡ vxjcfÙk;k¡ curh gSa] ogk¡ dk ekgkSy oSQlk gksrk gS\
(Ä) bl dfork dks fy[kus dk eq[; mís'; D;k gS\
2. O;k[;k dhft,µ
(d) (i) ihiy osQ iÙks&ls u,&u, gkFk
twgh dh Mky&ls [kq'kcwnkj gkFk
(ii) nqfu;k dh lkjh xanxh osQ chp
nqfu;k dh lkjh [kq'kcw
jprs jgrs gSa gkFk
([k) dfo us bl dfork esa ^cgqopu* dk iz;ksx vfèkd fd;k gS\ bldk D;k dkj.k gS\
(x) dfo us gkFkksa osQ fy, dkSu&dkSu ls fo'ks"k.kksa dk iz;ksx fd;k gS\
;ksX;rk&foLrkj
vxjcÙkh cukuk] ekfpl cukuk] eksecÙkh cukuk] fyIk+ QkI+ksQ cukuk] ikiM+ cukuk] elkys
owQVuk vkfn y?kq m|ksxksa osQ fo"k; esa tkudkjh ,df=kr dhft,A
126/Li'kZ

bykdk µ {ks=k
vdlj µ izk;%] cgqèkk
rkdrk µ ns[krk
<gk µ fxjk gqvk] èoLr
Bdedkrk µ èkhjs&èkhjs] Mxexkrs gq,
Le`fr µ ;kn
olar µ Ng Írqvksa esa ls ,d
ir>M+ µ ,d Írq tc isM+ksa osQ iÙks >M+rs gSa
oSlk[k (oS'kk[k) µ pSr (pS=k) osQ ckn vkus okyk eghuk
Hkknksa µ lkou osQ ckn vkus okyk eghuk
vdkl (vkdk'k) µ xxu
ukyksa µ ?kjksa vkSj lM+dksa osQ fdukjs xans ikuh osQ cgko osQ fy,
cuk;k x;k jkLrk
owQM+k&djdV µ jíh] dpjk
Vksys µ NksVh cLrh
”k[e µ ?kko] pksV
eqYd µ ns'k
osQoM+k µ ,d NksVk o`{k ftlosQ iwQy viuh lqxaèk osQ fy, izfl¼ gSa
[kl µ iksLrk
jkrjkuh µ ,d lqxafèkr iwQy
e'kgwj µ izfl¼

NCERT Class 9 Hindi Book Part Two

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i

izFke laLdj.k lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr

,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ dk;kZy;

ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k¡

cpsanzh us ,ojsLV fot; dh viuh jksekapd ioZrkjksg.k&;k=kk dk laiw.kZ fooj.k Lo;a gh

,ojsLV % esjh f'k[kj ;k=kk

6. p<+kbZ osQ le; ,ojsLV dh pksVh dh fLFkfr oSQlh Fkh\

'kCnkFkZ vkSj fVIif.k;k¡

rqe dc tkvksx]s vfrfFk

3- ifr&iRuh us esgeku dk Lokxr oSQls fd;k\

lrr & fujarj] yxkrkj

oSKkfud psruk osQ okgd

izk;ksfxd & iz;ksx lacafèkr

([k) dhpM+ ns[kuk gks rks lhèks [kaHkkr igq¡puk pkfg,A

'kqØrkjs osQ leku

lkfgfR;d iqLrdksa dh rjg

3. fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa dk vius okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,µ

L;kg & dkyk

vc oSQls NwVS jke uke jV ykxhA

,slh yky rq> fcuq dmuq djSA

jfgeu nsf[k cM+su dks] y?kq u nhft;s MkfjA

vfBySgSa µ bBykuk] e”kkd mM+kuk

([k) ixM+h Hkh vkneh dh mrkjs gS vkneh

cgqr jksdrk Fkk lqf[k;k dks]

Hkhrj tks Mj jgk fNik,]

Øe'k% oaQB {kh.k gks vk;k]

lHkh vksj fn[kykbZ nh cl]

m¡Qps 'kSy&f'k[kj osQ mQij

HkDr&oàn e`nq&eèkqj oaQB ls

esjs nhi&iwQy ysdj os

flag ikSj rd Hkh vk¡xu ls

ikih us eafnj esa ?kqldj

esjs gkFkksa ls izlkn Hkh

eSaus LohÑr fd;k naM og

naM Hkksxdj tc eSa NwVk]

mls ns[kus ej?kV dks gh

vafre ckj xksn esa csVh]

(p) bl dfork esa ls oqQN Hkkf"kd izrhdksa@fcacksa dks Nk¡Vdj fyf[k,µ

jkeèkkjh flag fnudj

xk&xkdj cg jgh fu>Zjh]

xw¡t jgk 'kqd dk Loj ou esa]

(d) nsrs Loj ;fn eq>s foèkkrk

o`{k gksa Hkys [kM+]s

;g egku n`'; gSµ

(1) u, bykosQ esa

èkks[kk ns tkrs gSa iqjkus fu'kku

vkSj eSa gj ckj ,d ?kj ihNs

;gk¡ jks”k oqQN cu jgk gS

le; cgqr de gS rqEgkjs ikl

(2) [kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk

mHkjh ulksaokys gkFk

xans dVs&fiVs gkFk

;gha bl xyh esa curh gSa

[kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk

1. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ

(2) [kq'kcw jprs gSa gkFk

1. fuEufyf[kr iz'uksa osQ mÙkj nhft,µ