Exp 5 Governor

Experiments on working of governor, operation and analysis
EXPERIMENT No. 1
AIM:-To Perform Experiment On Watt And Porter Governors To Prepare Performance

Characteristic Curves, And To Find Stability & Sensitivity.
APPARATUS USED:- Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY :- The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of
an engine, when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease,
obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This
variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This
necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to
the engine has to be increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring
back the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed increases, the
supply of fuel has to be reduced.
The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specific limit
whenever there is a variation of load. The governor should have its mechanism working in such
a way, that the supply of fuel is automatically regulated according to the load requirement for
maintaining approximately a constant speed. This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal
force. The centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.
Governors are broadly classified as:
a) Centrifugal Governors.
b) Inertia Governors.
The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an
equal and opposite radial force, known as controlling force.
In Inertia governors the position of the balls are affected by the forces set by an angular
acceleration or deceleration of the given spindle in addition to centrifugal forces on the balls.
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor and centrifugal
governor. The experiments shall be performed on following centrifugal type governors:
1. Watt governor
2. Porter governor
3. Proell governor
4. Hartnell governor
WATT GOVERNOR
It is the simplest form of a centrifugal governor, which is known as Watt Governor. It is
the original form of the governor used by Watt on early steam engines. It consists of
two balls which are attached to the spindle with the helps of links or arms. It is basically a
conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass. The arms of the
governor may be connected to the spindle in the following three ways :
 The pivot P, may be on the spindle axis.
 The pivot P, may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms when produced intersect
at O.
 The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms crosses the axis at O.
Porter Governor :- The porter governor is a modification of a Watt‟s governor, with central load
attached to the sleeve. The load moves up down the central spindle. This additional downward force
increases the speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise to any to any pre-determined
level.
PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
1. Assemble the governor to be tested.
2. Complete the electrical connections.
3. Switch ON the main power.
4. Note down the initial reading of pointer on the scale.
5. Switch On the rotary switch.
6. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve is lifted from its initial position
by rotating Variac.
7. Let the governor be stabilized.
8. Increase the speed of governor in steps to get the different positions of sleeve lift at
different RPM.
different RPM.
Closing Procedure:
1. Decrease the speed of governor gradually by bringing the Variac to zero position and
then switch off the motor.
2. Switch OFF all switches.
3. Disconnect all the connections.
4. Draw the graph for governor as stated further in manual.
5. Repeat the experiment for different type of governor.
PRECAUTIONS :-
1. Take reading carefully.
2. Measure the angle very carefully.
3. Measure the height of governor carefully.
4. Speed of governor measure accurate.
OBSERVATION :-
• Mass of the ball (m) = -------------- kg.
• Weight of the ball (w)= ----------- Newtons
• Height of the governor (h) = -------- metres
• Minimum equilibrium speed (N1) = -------r.p.m.
• Frictional force (F) = -------------- Newtons
• Mean equilibrium speed (N) = (N1 + N2)/2 in r.p.m
• Mass of the central load = --------- kg.
• Weight of the central load (W) = -------- N
• Angle of inclination of the arm to the vertical (α ) = ------
• Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical (β)
=-------------
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X‟ = mm Experiment No.
Selected ball weight, w = kg Date:
S. No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM
Plot the graph for following curves: -

1. Sleeve (X) vs. Ntho
2. Sleeve (X) vs Nact.
CALCULATION :-
• N2 = 895/h (For watt governor)
• N2 = m + M (1+q)/2 x 895/h
(For porter
governor ), where,
q = tan β/ tan α m
• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2
(ω2 - ω1)/ ω2 + ω1
• A governor is said to be stable when for
every speed within the working range there is a
definite configuration i.e; there is only one
radius of rotation of the governor balls at which
the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable
governor, if the equilibrium speed increases,
the radius of governor balls must also increase.
RESULT :-
• Sensitiveness of the governor is = --------------
PORTER GOVERNOR
AIM: To prepare the performance characteristic curves on porter governor
APPARATUS: Universal governor apparatus
THEORY: The additional downward force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the
balls to raise to any predetermined level.
STABLE GOVERNOR: If equilibrium speed increases, radius of governor balls must also
increases.
UNSTABILITY GOVERNOR: A governor is said to be unstable, if the radius of rotation decreases
as the speed increases.
EQUILIBRIUM SPEED: It is the speed at which the governor balls, arns etc. are in complete
equilibrium and the sleeve does not tend to move upwards or downwards.
SENSITIVITY: It is depend as the ratio of the difference between the maximum & minimum
equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE:
The porter Governor mechanism is fitted with chosen weights to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut
& bolts of all the moving parts and of the spindle shaft are properly tightened. Then following simple
procedure is to be followed.
1. Keep the knob of the dimmer-stat in zero position before switching on the main supply.
2. Switch on the main supply and gradually go on increasing the speed of the motor. Due to this the
center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial lift of the
sleeve.
3. Note down the readings of the sleeve position and speed for this initial lift. Speed of the motor is
to be measured by hand tachometer, from the counter hole provided on the spindle.
4. Then increase the speed in steps to give suitable sleeve movement and note down the readings of
sleeve displacement and the corresponding speed. All the readings are to be entered in a tabular
observation table.
5. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmer-stat to its original position i.e. zero
slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.
Dimensions
a) Length of each link - L = 0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor – ho = 0.105 m.
c) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.120 m.
d) Weight of each ball - W = 0.6 kg.
e) Weight of Sleeve weight = 0.5 kg.
Radius of rotation `r` at any position could be found as follows
a) Find height h = ho – X/2 m. ho = 0.105 m
b) Find “  “ by using  = Cos –1 (h/L) in Degrees
c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  m.
d) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/s
OBSERVATION TABLE Experiment No.
Date:
Sl. No. Speed Sleeve Height Radius of Force

Displacement rotation
N rpm X in meter h in m F = m 2 r
r in m
in N
Following graphs to be plotted:
a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.
b) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Increase the speed slowly & gradually. Avoid abrupt
use of dimmer-stat for controlling the speed.
2. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the

pointer is steady.
3. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit
the upper sleeve of the Governor.
4. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero

position and then switch OFF the motor.
RESULT
PROEL GOVERNOR
AIM: To prepare the performance characteristic curves on proel governor
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
The proel Governor mechanism is fitted with chosen weights to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut
center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial lift of
the sleeve.
observation table.
5. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmerstat to its original position i.e.
zero slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.
Dimensions

d) Mass of ball - m = 0.6 kg.
e) Extension of length BG = 0.075 m.
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ and
corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’. Complete the following observation table.
Sl. No. Speed Sleeve Radius of Force
N rpm X in meter F = m 2 r
r in m
in N
a) Find height h = ho – ( x/2 )

c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  m.
d) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement
e) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec
a) Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.

To draw this graph proceeds as follows:
1) Keep the Governor in static position.
2) By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the sleeve displacement and
corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.
b) Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.
c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Increase the speed slowly & gradually. Avoid abrupt use of dimmer-stat for controlling the
speed.
2. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer is steady.
3. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the Governor.
4. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero position and then switch OFF the motor.
RESULT
WATT GOVERNOR
Experiment No.
Date:
AIM: To prepare the performance characteristic curves on watt governor
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :
The wattGovernor mechanism is fitted with chosen weights to the spindle shaft. Ensure that the nut
center sleeve rises from the lower stop aligning with the marking on the scale. This is initial lift of
the sleeve.
observation table.
5. After completing the experiment bring the knob of the dimmerstat to its original position i.e.
zero slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.
Dimensions

d) Mass of ball - m = 0.6 kg.
e) Extension of length BG = 0.075 m.
a) Find height h = ho – ( x/2 )
c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  m.
d) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement
e) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec
Go on increasing the speed gradually and take the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ and
corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’. Complete the following observation table.
Sl. No. Speed Sleeve Radius of Force
N rpm X in meter F = m 2 r
r in m
in N
a) Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.
To draw this graph proceeds as follows:
1) Keep the Governor in static position.
2) By lifting the Governor Mechanism manually measure the sleeve displacement and
corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.
b) Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.
c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. Increase the speed slowly & gradually. Avoid abrupt use of dimmer-stat for controlling the speed.
2. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer is steady.
3. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper sleeve of the Governor.
4. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero position and then switch OFF the motor.
RESULT
EXPERIMENT No. 2
AIM :-To Perform Experiment On Proell Governor To Prepare Performance Characteristic
Curves, And To Find Stability & Sensitivity.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY :- The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed
of an engine, when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or
decrease, obviously its speed will, respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of
load. This variation of speed has to be controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean
speed. This necessitates that when the load increase and consequently the speed decreases, the
supply of fuel to the engine has to be increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the
speed, so as to bring back the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and
speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced. The function of the governor is to maintain
the speed of an engine within specific limit whenever there is a variation of load. The governor
should have its mechanism working in such a way, that the supply of fuel is automatically
regulated according to the load requirement for maintaining approximately a constant speed.
This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal force. The centrifugal type governors are based
on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force,
known as the controlling force.
The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by an equal and opposite radial force, known as controlling force.
Proell Governor :- Proell governor is similar to the porter governor having a heavy central
load at sleeve. But it differs from porter governor in the arrangement of balls. The balls are
carried on the extension of the lower arms instead of at the junction of upper and lower arms.
The center sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to which
weights can be added. The Hartnell governor consists of a frame, spring and bell crank lever. The
spring tension can be increased or decreased to study the governor.
PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
by rotating Variac.
different RPM.
different RPM.
Closing Procedure:
PRECAUTIONS :-
OBSERVATION :-
• Mass of the ball (m) = -------------- kg.
• Weight of the ball (w)= ----------- Newtons
• Frictional force (F) = -------------- Newtons
• Mass of the central load = --------- kg.
• Weight of the central load (W) = -------- N
• Angle of inclination of the link to the vertical (β ) = ------
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X‟ = mm
Selected ball weight, w = kg

CALCULATION :-
• N2 = FM x [m +[ M (1+q)]/2 ] x 895 (For porter governor ) where, q = tan β/ tan α

BM m h
• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2 (ω2 - ω1)/ ω2 + ω1

• A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there is a
definite configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which
the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the
radius of governor balls must also increase.
RESULT :-
• Sensitiveness of the governor is = --------------
EXPERIMENT No. 3
AIM:-To Perform Experiment On Hartnell Governor To Prepare Performance Characteristic Curves,
And To Find Stability & Sensitivity.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY :- The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine,
when there are variations in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will,
respectively decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be controlled
by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This necessitates that when the load increase and
consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be increased accordingly to compensate
for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back the speed to the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases
and speed increases, the supply of fuel has to be reduced.
The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specific limit whenever
there is a variation of load. The governor should have its mechanism working in such a way,
that the supply of fuel is automatically regulated according to the load requirement for maintaining
approximately a constant speed. This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal force. The
centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an
equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.
The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls by an equal and
opposite radial force, known as controlling force.
HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Hartnell governor is spring controlled governor. Two bell crank levers, each carrying a ball at on one end and a
roller on the other end. The roller fit into a groove in the sleeve. The frame is attached to the governor spindle
and hence rotates with it. A helical spring in compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers
through a collar on the sleeve.
PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
by rotating Variac.
different RPM.
different RPM.
Closing Procedure:
PRECAUTIONS :-
OBSERVATION :-
• Mass of the each ball (m) =------------- kg.
• Mass of the sleeve (M)= ----------- Newtons
• Minimum radius of rotation (r1) = -------- metres
• Maximum radius of rotation (r2) = ------- metres
• Angular speed of the governor at minimum radius (ω1) = ------ rad./s
• Angular speed of the governor at maximum radius (ω2) =------ rad./s
• Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω1 (S1) = ------- Nt.
• Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω2 (S2) = ------- Nt.
• Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever (x) = ----- metres.
• Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever (y) = ------ metres.
• Distance of fulcrum „O‟ from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when the
governor is in mid-position ( r ) = ------- metres.
• Minimum equilibrium speed (N1) = ------- r.p.m.
• Frictional force (F) = ------------- Newtons
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X‟ = mm

CALCULATION :-
• Fc = Fc1+(Fc2 - Fc1) x (r- r1) = Fc2 - (Fc2 - Fc1) x (r1-r) (when friction is taken) (r2-
r1) (r2-r1)
• N = Fc x 3600/4π m.r
2 2
• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2 (ω2 - ω1)/ ω2 + ω1

• A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there is a definite
configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the governor balls at which the governor is in
equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must
also increase.
RESULT :-
EXPERIMENT No.- 1
AIM :-To perform experiment on watt and Porter Governors to prepare performance
characteristic Curves, and to find stability & sensitivity.
APPARATUS USED:- Watt and Porter Governors.
INTRODUCTION & THEORY: - The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed
of an engine, when there are variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases,
its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working
fluid.When the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is
required. The governor automatically controls the supply of working fluid to the engine with
3
the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed within certain limits.
The governors may, broadly, be classified as
1. Centrifugal governor
2. Inertia governor
The centrifugal governors, may further be classified as follows :
1. Pendulum type (Watt governor )
2. Loaded type
(i) Dead weight governor (Porter governor and Proell governor)
(ii) Spring controlled governors (Hartnell governor, Hartung governor,
Wilson-Hartnell governor and Pickering governor)
Watt Governor: - The simplest form of a centrifugal governor is a Watt governor. It is
basically a conical pendulum with links attached to a sleeve of negligible mass. The arms of
the governor may be connected to the spindle in the following three ways :
1. The pivot P, may be on the spindle axis.
2. The pivot P, may be offset from the spindle axis and the arms when produced
intersect at O.
3. The pivot P, may be offset, but the arms crosses the axis at O.
Porter Governor :- The porter governor is a modification of a Watt’s governor, with central
load attached to the sleeve. The load moves up down the central spindle. This additional
downward force increases the speed of revolution required to enable the balls to rise to any to
any pre-determined level.
OBSERVATION:-
• Mass of the ball (m) = ------------- kg.
• Weight of the ball (w)=------------Newtons
• Mass of the central load =--------- kg.
• Weight of the central load (W) = ------- N
4
CALCULATION:-
• N2 = 895/h (For watt governor)
N2 = m + M (1+q)/2 x 895 (For porter governor ), where, q = tan β/ tan α

•
m h
• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 – N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2 (ω2 – ω1)/ ω2 + ω1
• A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there
is a definite configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the governor
balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the
equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase.
PRECAUTIONS :-
VIVA – QUESTIONS :-
1. What is the function of a governor ? How does it differ from that of a flywheel ?
2. State the different types of governors. What is the difference between centrifugal and
inertia type governors ?
3. Explain the term height of the governor. What are the limitations of a Watt governor ?
4. What is the stability of a governor ?
5. Define the Sensitiveness of governor.
6. Which of the governor is used to drive a gramophone ?
7. The power of a governor is equal to -------- --.
8. What is hunt?
4
EXPERIMENT No.- 2
AIM:-To perform experiment on Proell Governor to prepare performance characteristic

Curves, and to find stability & sensitivity.
APPARATUS USED:- Proell Governor.
its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid.
When the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is
2. Inertia governor
2. Loaded type
(a) Dead weight governor (Porter governor and Proell governor)
(b) Spring controlled governors (Hartnell governor, Hartung governor, Wilson-
Hartnell governor and Pickering governor)
Proell Governor :- The porter governor is known as a Proell governor if the two balls (masses)
are fixed on the upward extensions of the lower links which are in the form of bent links DFB
and EGC (show in fig.).
OBSERVATION :-
• Mass of the ball (m) = ------------- kg.
• Weight of the ball (w)=------------Newtons
• Mass of the central load =--------- kg.
• Weight of the central load (W) = ------- N
5
CALCULATION :-
• N2 = FM x [m +[ M (1+q)]/2 ] x 895 (For porter governor ) where, q = tan β/ tan α

BM m h

• A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range there
is a definite configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the governor
balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if the
equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase.
PRECAUTIONS :-
• Take reading carefully.
• Measure the angle very carefully.
• Measure the height of governor carefully.
• Speed of governor measure accurate.
2. State the different types of governors. What is the difference between centrifugal and
inertia type governors ?
8. What is hunt?
6
EXPERIMENT No.- 3
AIM :-To perform experiment on Hartnell Governor to prepare performance characteristic

Curves, and to find stability & sensitivity.
APPARATUS USED:- Hartnell Governor.
its speed decreases, therefore it becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid.
When the load on the engine decreases, its speed increases and thus less working fluid is
2. Inertia governor
2. Loaded type
i. Dead weight governor (Porter governor and Proell governor)
ii. Spring controlled governors (Hartnell governor, Hartung governor,
Wilson-Hartnell governor and Pickering governor)
Hartnell Governor :- A Hartnell governor is a spring loaded governor as shown in fig.-A. It
consists of two bell crank levers pivoted at the points O,O to the frame. The frame is attached
to the governor spindle and therefore rotates with it. Each lever carries a ball at the end of the
vertical arm OB and a roller at the end of the horizontal arm OR. A helical spring in
compression provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve.
The spring force be adjusted by screwing at nut up or down on the sleeve.
OBSERVATION :-
• Mass of the each ball (m) = ------------- kg.
• Mass of the sleeve (M)=------------ Newtons
• Minimum radius of rotation (r1) = -------- metres
• Maximum radius of rotation (r2) = ------- metres
• Angular speed of the governor at minimum radius (ω1) = ------ rad./s
• Angular speed of the governor at maximum radius (ω2) = ------ rad./s
• Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω1 (S1) = ----------- Nt.
• Spring force exerted on the sleeve at ω2 (S2) = ----------- Nt.
• Length of the vertical or ball arm of the lever (x) = ------ metres.
• Length of the horizontal or sleeve arm of the lever (y) =------- metres.
• Distance of fulcrum ‘O’ from the governor axis or the radius of rotation when
the governor is in mid-position ( r ) = -------- metres.
7
CALCULATION :-
• Fc = Fc1+(Fc2 – Fc1)x(r- r1) = Fc2 - (Fc2 – Fc1) x (r1-r) (when friction is taken)
(r2-r1) (r2-r1)
• N2 = Fc x 3600/4π2m.r
• A governor is said to be stable when for every speed within the working range
there is a definite configuration i.e; there is only one radius of rotation of the
governor balls at which the governor is in equilibrium. For a stable governor, if
the equilibrium speed increases, the radius of governor balls must also increase.
PRECAUTIONS :-
• Take reading carefully.
• Measure the angle very carefully.
• Measure the height of governor carefully.
• Speed of governor measure accurate.
2. State the different types of governors. What is the difference between centrifugal
and inertia type governors ?
8. What is hunt?
Experiment No.-1
Aim: To study the different types of centrifugal and inertia governors and
demonstrate any one.
REQUIREMENT: Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.
THEORY:
INTRODUCTION:
he function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are variations
in loads e.g. when load on an engine increase or decrease, obviously its speed will, respectively
decrease or increase to the extent of variation of load. This variation of speed has to be 8
controlled by the governor, within small limits of mean speed. This necessitates that when the
load increase and consequently the speed decreases, the supply of fuel to the engine has to be
increased accordingly to compensate for the loss of the speed, so as to bring back the speed to
the mean speed. Conversely, when the load decreases and speed increases, the supply of fuel
has to be reduced.
The function of the governor is to maintain the speed of an engine within specific limit
whenever there is a variation of load. The governor should have its mechanism working in such
a way, that the supply of fuel is automatically regulated according to the load requirement for
maintaining approximately a constant speed. This is achieved by the principle of centrifugal
force. The centrifugal type governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the
rotating balls by an equal and opposite radial force, known as the controlling force.
The centrifugal governors are based on the balancing of centrifugal force on the rotating balls
by an equal and opposite radial force, known as controlling force.
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring-loaded governor and
centrifugal governor. The experiments shall be performed on following centrifugal type
governors:
1. Watt governor
2. Porter governor
3. Proell governor
4. Hartnell governor
WATT GOVERNOR
It is the simplest form of a centrifugal governor, which is known as Watt Governor. It is
the original form of the governor used by Watt on early steam engines. It consists of
two balls which are attached to the spindle with the helps of links or arms.
9
Figure: Watt Governor
The drive unit consists of a DC motor connected to the shaft through V belt. Motor and shaft
are mounted on a rigid MS base frame in vertical position. The spindle is supported in ball
bearing.
PORTER GOVERNOR
In case of porter governor, a central heavy load is attached to the sleeve. The central load
and sleeve moves up & down the spindle.
Figure: Porter Governor

The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. The speed control unit controls
the precise speed and speed of the shaft is measured with the help of hand tachometer. A
counter sunk has been provided at the topmost bolt of the spindle. A graduated scale is fixed
to measure the sleeve lift.
PROELL GOVERNOR
Proell governor is similar to the porter governor having a heavy central load at sleeve. But it
differs from porter governor in the arrangement of balls. The balls are carried on the extension
of the lower arms instead of at the junction of upper and lower arms.
The center sleeve of the Porter and Proell governors incorporates a weight sleeve to which
weights can be added. The Hartnell governor consists of a frame, spring and bell crank lever.
The spring tension can be increased or decreased to study the governor.
1
0
Figure: Proell governor
HARTNELL GOVERNOR
Hartnell governor is spring controlled governor. Two bell crank levers, each carrying a ball at
on one end and a roller on the other end. The roller fit into a groove in the sleeve. The frame is
attached to the governor spindle and hence rotates with it. A helical spring in compression
provides equal downward forces on the two rollers through a collar on the sleeve.
Figure: Hartnell Governor
PROCEDURE:
Starting Procedure:
6. Slowly increase the speed of governor until the sleeve is lifted from its initial position 1
by rotating Variac. 1
different RPM.
different RPM.
Closing Procedure:
WATT GOVERNOR
It is assumed that mass of the arms; links & sleeve are negligible in comparison with the
mass of the balls and are neglected in the analysis.
In Figure 1, taking moments about point A
Fc x H = mg x R
2
i.e., m R x H= mg x R
Therefore, H = g
2
Also  = 2N radians/sec
60
Therefore, H = g
(2N)2
60
= 91.2 g
N2
N = 91.2 g
FORMULAE:
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
2. Height gained by sleeve, X = (X” – X’) mm

1
3. Height, h = h – (X) mm 2
4.  = cos-1 ( h )
L
5. Governor height, H = (a) + h mm
1
3
tan 
6. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho =  (91.2 x g x 1000 RPM H
7. Radius of rotation, R = a + ( L sin ) mm

8. Centrifugal force (actual), Fact = w  R  2 kg
g  1000
9. Angular Velocity,  = 2    N radians/sec
60
10. Centrifugal force (theo), Fact = w  R kg
H
OBSERVATIONS & CALCULATIONS:
1. Length of each link (L) = 105 mm
2. Initial height, (h’) = 100 mm
3. Weight of each ball (w) = 0.75 + 0.75 = 1.5 kg
= 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
4. Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/s2
5. Weight of Aluminium sleeve = 1.04 kg
6. Distance of pivot to center of spindle (a) = 50 mm
7. Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X’ mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm

1
4
PORTER GOVERNOR:
Porter Governor differs from Watt’s Governor only in extra sleeve weight, else is similar to
Watt Governor.
FORMULAE:
3. Height, h = h – (X) mm
4.  = cos-1 (h)
tan 

6. Radius of rotation, R = a + (L sin) mm
g  1000
8. Angular Velocity,  = 2    N/60 radians/sec
9. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho =  (w + W x 91.2 g x 1000) RPM
w H
10. Centrifugal force (theo), Fact = w + W (1+k) tan kg
Where, k = tan
tan
tan = r
Length of arms is equal to the length of links and the points E and C lies on the sam e vertical
line. 1
Then tan = tan 5
Or k = 1
Therefore, Fact. = (w + W)  tan kg
1
6
OBSERVATION & CALCULATION:
3. Radius of rotation (R) = mm
= 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
7. Weight of Cast Iron sleeve (W1) = 2.06 kg
8. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W2) = 0.950 /0.7 kg (one each)
9. Total dead weight on sleeve (W) = (W1 + W2)
10. Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X’ mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X” = mm
Weight applied on sleeve, (W2) = kg

1
7
PROELL GOVERNOR:
FORMULAE:
1
8
3. Height, h = h – (X) mm
4.  = cos-1 (h)
tan 
6. Ύ = ( - ’) + Υ 
7. Radius of rotation, R = a + (GC sinΥ) mm
g  1000
9. Angular Velocity,  = 2    N radians/sec
60
10. DG = (GC cosΥ) mm
11. BD = h – (X/2) = h mm
12. Centrifugal Force (theo) Fact = (W+2w)*BD *tan-w*tan Υ  kg
GC cosΥ
13. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho =  (W + w)* Fact*g*1000 RPM

w*R
Length of arms is equal to the length of links and the points E and C lies on the same vertical
line.
Then tan = tan

3. Initial angle,  = 17.753º 1

9
4. Initial angle, Ύ’ = 23.611º
5. Initial Radius of rotation ® = mm
2
0
= 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
9. Displacement between points G & C of lower link
11. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W2) = 0.950 /0.7 kg (one each)
Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X” mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X’ = mm
Weight applied on sleeve, (W2) = kg

2. Sleeve (X) vs. Nact.
HARTNELL GOVERNOR:
FORMULAE:
1. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X” = mm
3. Radius of rotation, R = R’ + X a) mm
g  1000
5. Angular Velocity,  = 2    N radians/sec

10
60
11
6. Force exerted by spring, S = [2  F  a/b] –W kg
7. Stiffness of spring, s = 2 * (a/b)2*(Fc-Fc’)
R-R’
If  = 0
Then Fc’ = 0
Hence, s = 2*2 * (a/b)2*(Fc) kg/mm
R-R ’
Length of arms is equal to the length of links and the points E and C lies on the same vertical
line.
Then tan = tan

1. Length of arm (a) = 75 mm
2. Length of arm (b) = 120 mm
3. Initial Radius of rutation R’ = 182.6 mm
= 0.37 + 0.37 = 0.74 kg
7. Dead weight applied on sleeve (W2) = 0.347 gm
9. Initial reading of pointer on scale, X” = mm
10. Reading of pointer on scale at N rpm = X” mm
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Data:
Initial reading of pointer on scale, X”‘ = mm
Plot the graph for following curve: -
12
1. Sleeve (X) vs. Nact.
PRECAUSTIONS:
1. No voltage fluctuation is desirable, as it may hamper results.
2. Always increase the speed gradually.
3. Take the sleeve displacement reading when steady state is achieved.
4. At higher speed the load on sleeve does not hit the upper
sleeve of the governor.
5. Always switch off the motor after bringing the variac to zero position.
6. Keep the apparatus free from dust.
7. Before performing any experiment clean the sleeve properly
and lubricate it properly.
RESULT:
Studied the different types of centrifugal and inertia governors & graph is plotted
between
r.p.m & Displacement.
13

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Experiments on working of governor, operation and analysis

AIM:-To Perform Experiment On Watt And Porter Governors To Prepare Performance

APPARATUS USED:- Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.

S. No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM

Plot the graph for following curves: -

AIM: To prepare the performance characteristic curves on porter governor

APPARATUS: Universal governor apparatus

UNSTABILITY GOVERNOR: A governor is said to be unstable, if the radius of rotation decreases

as the speed increases.

equilibrium speeds to the mean equilibrium speed.

slowly and gradually. Then switch off the main supply.

a) Length of each link - L = 0.125 m.

Sl. No. Speed Sleeve Height Radius of Force

Following graphs to be plotted:

a) Force Vs Radius of rotation.

b) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

1. Increase the speed slowly & gradually. Avoid abrupt

use of dimmer-stat for controlling the speed.

2. Take the sleeve displacement reading when the

4. While closing the test bring the dimmer to zero

APPARATUS: Universal governor apparatus

a) Length of each link - L = 0.125 m.

b) Initial height of Governor – ho = 0.100 m.

d) Mass of ball - m = 0.6 kg.

e) Extension of length BG = 0.075 m.

a) Find height h = ho – ( x/2 )

b) Find “  “ by using  = Cos –1 (h/L) in Degrees

a) Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.

corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.

b) Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.

c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

AIM: To prepare the performance characteristic curves on watt governor

APPARATUS: Universal governor apparatus

a) Length of each link - L = 0.125 m.

c) Initial radius of rotation – ro = 0.127 m.

d) Mass of ball - m = 0.6 kg.

e) Extension of length BG = 0.075 m.

a) Find height h = ho – ( x/2 )

b) Find “  “ by using  = Cos –1 (h/L) in Degrees

c) Then r = 0.05 + L Sin  m.

d) Find r in static condition for different sleeve displacement

e) Angular Velocity ‘’ = 2N/60 rad/sec

a) Sleeve Disp. 'X' Vs 'r' Radius of rotation.

To draw this graph proceeds as follows:

1) Keep the Governor in static position.

corresponding radius of rotation ‘r’ of balls.

b) Force Vs Radius of rotation 'r'.

c) Speed Vs Sleeve Displacement.

APPARATUS USED:- Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.

Selected ball weight, w = kg

S. No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM

Plot the graph for following curves: -

• N2 = FM x [m +[ M (1+q)]/2 ] x 895 (For porter governor ) where, q = tan β/ tan α

• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2 (ω2 - ω1)/ ω2 + ω1

APPARATUS USED:- Universal Governor Apparatus & Tachometer.

Selected ball weight, w = kg

S. No. Sleeve displacement, X” mm Speed, Nact RPM

Plot the graph for following curves: -

• Sensitiveness of the governor = 2(N1 - N2)/ N1 + N2 = 2 (ω2 - ω1)/ ω2 + ω1

12. Centrifugal Force (theo) Fact = (W+2w)BD tan-w*tan Υ  kg

13. Governor speed (theo.), Ntho =  (W + w)* Factg1000 RPM

Hence, s = 22 (a/b)2*(Fc) kg/mm