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A note on complementary tree domination number of a tree

Article · June 2015

DOI: 10.4067/S0716-09172015000200002

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Proyecciones Journal of Mathematics
Vol. 34, No 2, pp. 127-136, June 2015.
Universidad Católica del Norte
Antofagasta - Chile

A note on complementary tree domination

number of a tree

B. Krishnakumari
SASTRA University, India
and
Y. B. Venkatakrishnan
SASTRA University, India
Received : August 2014. Accepted : April 2015

Abstract
A complementary tree dominating set of a graph G, is a set D of
vertices of G such that D is a dominating set and the induced sub
graph hV \ Di is a tree. The complementary tree domination number
of a graph G, denoted by γctd (G), is the minimum cardinality of a
complementary tree dominating set of G. An edge-vertex dominat-
ing set of a graph G is a set D of edges of G such that every vertex
of G is incident with an edge of D or incident with an edge adja-
cent to an edge of D. The edge-vertex domination number of a graph,
denoted by γev (G), is the minimum cardinality of an edge-vertex dom-
inating set of G. We characterize trees for which γ(T ) = γctd (T ) and
γctd (T ) = γev (T ) + 1.

Keywords : Dominating set; Complementary tree dominating set;

edge-vertex dominating set; tree.

AMS Subject Classification : 05C69.

128 B. Krishnakumari and Y. B. Venkatakrishnan

1. Introduction

Let G = (V, E) be a graph. By the neighborhood of a vertex v of G we

mean the set NG (v) = {u ∈ V (G) : uv ∈ E(G)}. The degree of a vertex v,
denoted by dG (v), is the cardinality of its neighborhood. By a leaf we mean
a vertex of degree one, while a support vertex is a vertex adjacent to a leaf.
We say that a support vertex is strong (weak, respectively) if it is adjacent
to at least two leaves (exactly one leaf, respectively). We denote by Pn the
path on n vertices. Let T be a tree, and let v be a vertex of T . We say
that v is adjacent to a path Pn if there is a neighbor of v, say x, such that
the subtree resulting from T by removing the edge vx and which contains
the vertex x as a leaf, is a path Pn . By a star we mean a connected graph
in which exactly one vertex has degree greater than one.
A subset D ⊆ V (G) is a dominating set of G if every vertex of V (G) \ D
has a neighbor in D. The domination number of G is the minimum cardi-
nality of a dominating set of G. For a comprehensive survey of domination
in graphs, the reader is referred to [1, 2].
A set D ⊂ V (G) is a complementary tree dominating set, abbreviated
CTDS, of G if it is a dominating set and the induced sub graph hV \ Di
is a tree. The complementary tree domination number of G, denoted by
γctd (G), is the minimum cardinality of a complementary tree dominating set
of G. A complementary tree dominating set of G of minimum cardinality is
called a γctd (G)-set. Complementary tree domination was introduced and
studied in [5].
An edge e ∈ E(G) dominates a vertex v ∈ V (G) if e is incident with v
or e is incident with a vertex adjacent to v. A subset D ⊆ E(G) is an edge
vertex dominating set, abbreviated EVDS, of a graph G if every vertex of
G is edge vertex dominated by an edge of D. The edge vertex domination
number of a graph G, denoted by γev (G), is the minimum cardinality of an
edge vertex dominating set of G. Edge vertex domination in graphs was
introduced in [6].
Trees with equal domination and total domination numbers are char-
acterized in [3] and in [4], trees with double domination number equal to
2-domination number plus one were characterized. We characterize all trees
with equal domination and complementary tree domination numbers and
in section 3, we characterize all trees with complementary tree domination
number equal to edge-vertex domination number plus one.
 A note on complementary tree domination number of a tree 129

2. Trees with equal domination and complementary tree dom-

ination numbers

In [5] we can find out the following elementary but useful observations.

Observation 1. Every leaf is in every γctd (T )-set.

Observation 2. For every graph G we have γ(G) ≤ γctd (G).

We characterize all trees with equal domination and complementary

tree domination numbers. For this purpose we introduce a family T of
trees T = Tk that can be obtained as follows. Let T1 be a path P4 . If k is
a positive integer, then Tk+1 can be obtained recursively from Tk by one of
the following operations.

• Operation O1 : Attach a path P2 by joining its any vertex to a vertex

of Tk , which is not a leaf and is adjacent to a support vertex of degree
two.

• Operation O2 : Attach a path P2 by joining its any vertex to a support

vertex of Tk .

We now prove that for every tree T of the family T , the domination
and the complementary tree domination numbers are equal.

Lemma 1. If T ∈ T , then γctd (T ) = γ(T ).

Proof. We use the induction on the number k of operations performed to

construct the tree T . If T = T1 = P4 , then γctd (T ) = 2 = γ(T ). Let k ≥ 2
be an integer. Assume the result is true for every tree T 0 = Tk of the family
T constructed by k − 1 operations. Let T = Tk+1 be a tree of the family T
constructed by k operations.
First assume that T is obtained from T 0 by operation O1 . The vertex
to which is attached P2 we denote by x. Let u1 u2 be the attached path.
Let u1 be joined to x. Let y be a support vertex of degree two adjacent
to x and different from u1 . Let z be the leaf adjacent to y. Let D0 be
a γctd (T 0 )-set. By observation 1, the leaf z ∈ D0 . Either y ∈ D0 and
N [x] \ {y} ∈ / D0 or N (x) \ {y} ∈ D0 . In either case it is easy to see that
D ∪ {u2 } is a CTDS of the tree T . Thus γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1. Now let
0

D be a γ(T )-set. To dominate u2 , z, the vertex u1 , y ∈ D. It is obvious

that D \ {u2 } is a DS of the tree T 0 . Thus γ(T 0 ) ≤ γ(T ) − 1. Now we
130 B. Krishnakumari and Y. B. Venkatakrishnan

get γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1 = γ(T 0 ) + 1 ≤ γ(T ). By observation 2 we have

γctd (T ) ≥ γ(T ). This implies that γctd (T ) ≥ γ(T ).
Assume that T is obtained from T 0 by operation O2 . The vertex to
which is attached P2 we denote by x. Let y be the leaf adjacent to x. Let
v1 v2 be the attached path. Let v1 be joined to x. Let D0 be a γctd (T 0 )-
set. By observation 1, the vertex y ∈ D0 . It is clear that D0 ∪ {v2 } is
a CTDS of the tree T . Thus γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1. Now let D be a
γ(T )-set. To dominate v2 , y, the vertex v1 , x ∈ D. It is obvious that
D \ {v1 } is a DS of the tree T 0 . Thus γ(T 0 ) ≤ γ(T ) − 1. Now we get
γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1 = γ(T 0 ) + 1 ≤ γ(T ). By observation 2 we have
γctd (T ) ≥ γ(T ). This implies that γctd (T ) ≥ γ(T ).

We now prove that if the domination and complementary tree domi-

nation numbers of a tree are equal, then the tree belongs to the family
T.

Lemma 2. Let T be a tree. If γctd (T ) = γ(T ), then T ∈ T .

Proof. Let n mean the number of vertices of the tree T . We proceed

by induction on this number. If diam(T ) = 1, then T = P2 . We have
γctd (T ) = 1 = γ(T ). Now assume that diam(T ) = 2. Thus T is a star. We
have γctd (T ) = n − 1 > 1 = γ(T ).
Now assume that diam(T ) ≥ 3. Thus the order n of the tree T is at
least four. We obtain the result by the induction on the number n. Assume
that the theorem is true for every tree T 0 or order n0 < n.
First assume that some support vertex of T , say x is strong. Let y, z be
a leaf adjacent to x. Let T 0 = T −y. Let D be a γctd (T )-set. By observation
1, the leaf y, z ∈ D. It is obvious that D \ {y} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 .
Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1. Let D0 be a γ(T 0 )-set. To dominate z, the
vertex x ∈ D. It is clear that D0 is a DS of the tree T . Thus γ(T ) ≤ γ(T 0 ).
We get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1 = γ(T ) − 1 ≤ γ(T 0 ) − 1 < γ(T 0 ).
We now root T at a vertex r of maximum eccentricity diam(T ). Let t
be a leaf at maximum distance from r, v be the parent of t, and u be the
parent of v in the rooted tree. If diam(T ) ≥ 4, then let w be the parent of
u. If diam(T ) ≥ 5, then let d be the parent of w. If diam(T ) ≥ 6, then let
e be the parent of d. By Tx we denote the subtree induced by a vertex x
and its descendants in the rooted tree T .
Assume that among the children of u there is a support vertex x, other
than v. Let y be the leaf adjacent to x. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let D be a
γctd (T )-set. By observation 1, the vertices y, t ∈ D. To dominate u either
 A note on complementary tree domination number of a tree 131

v or x belongs to D. If x ∈ D then D \ {t} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 .

Now assume that v ∈ D. Then (D \ {v, t}) ∪ {x} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 .
Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1. Let D0 be a γ(T 0 )-set. To dominate y, u the
vertex x ∈ D0 . It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {v} is a DS of the tree T . Thus
γ(T ) ≤ γ(T 0 ) + 1. We get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1 = γ(T ) − 1 ≤ γ(T 0 ). This
implies that γctd (T 0 ) = γ(T 0 ). By the inductive hypothesis T 0 ∈ T . The
tree T is obtained from T 0 by operation O1 . Thus T ∈ T .
Assume that some child of u, say x, is a leaf. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let
D be a γctd (T )-set. By observation 1, the vertices x, t ∈ D. It is easy to
see that (D \ {t}) is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1.
Let D0 be a γ(T 0 )-set. To dominate x the vertex u ∈ D0 . It is easy
to see that D0 ∪ {v} is a DS of the tree T . Thus γ(T ) ≤ γ(T 0 ) + 1.
We get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1 = γ(T ) − 1 ≤ γ(T 0 ). This implies that
γctd (T 0 ) = γ(T 0 ). By the inductive hypothesis T 0 ∈ T . The tree T is
obtained from T 0 by operation O2 . Thus T ∈ T .
Assume that dT (u) = 2. First assume that dT (w) ≥ 3. Let T 0 = T −Tu .
Let D0 be a γ(T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {v} is a DS of the tree T .
Thus γ(T ) ≤ γ(T 0 ) + 1. Let D be a γctd (T )-set. By observation 1, t ∈ D.
Since the induced sub graph of V \ D is a tree, the vertex v ∈ D. It is
clear that w is dominated by a vertex adjacent to it other than u. We have
D \ {v, t} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2. We now
get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2 = γ(T ) − 2 ≤ γ(T 0 ) − 1 < γ(T 0 ).
Assume that dT (w) = 1. We have T = P4 . This gives γctd (T ) = 2 =
γ(T ). Thus T ∈ T . Now assume that dT (w) = 2. Let T 0 = T − Tu .
Let D0 be a γ(T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {v} is a DS of the tree
T . Thus γ(T ) ≤ γ(T 0 ) + 1. Let D be a γctd (T )-set. The induced sub
graph hV \ Di is a tree therefore, we have t, v, u, w ∈ D. It is obvious that
D \ {v, u, t} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 3. We get
γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 3 = γ(T ) − 3 ≤ γ(T 0 ) − 2 < γ(T 0 ).

As an immediate consequence of Lemmas 1 and 2, we have the following

characterization of the trees with equal domination and complementary tree
domination numbers.

Theorem 3. Let T be a tree. Then γctd (T ) = γ(T ) if and only if T ∈ T .

3. Complementary tree domination and edge-vertex domina-

tion numbers of trees

We start this section by proving that for any tree T , γctd (T ) > γev (T ).
132 B. Krishnakumari and Y. B. Venkatakrishnan

Lemma 4. For every tree T we have γctd (T ) > γev (T ).

Proof. If diam(T ) ≤ 3, then we get γev (T ) = 1 < 2 ≤ γctd (T ). Now

assume that diam(T ) ≥ 4. Thus the order n of the tree T is at least five.
The result we obtain by the induction on the number n. Assume that the
lemma is true for every tree T 0 of order n0 < n.
First assume that some support vertex of T , say x, is strong. Let y be
a leaf adjacent to x. Let T 0 = T − y. Let D0 be any γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy
to see that D0 is an EVDS of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ). Let D
be a γctd (T )-set. It is obvious that D \ {t} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus
γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1. We now get γctd (T ) ≥ γctd (T 0 ) + 1 > γev (T 0 ) + 1 ≥
γev (T ) + 1 > γev (T ).
We now root T at a vertex r of maximum eccentricity diam(T ). Let t
be a leaf at maximum distance from r, v be the parent of t, u be the parent
of v, and w be the parent of u in the rooted tree. By Tx we denote the
subtree induced by a vertex x and its descendants in the rooted tree T .
Assume that some child of u, say x, is a leaf. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let
D0 be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is obvious that D \ {uv} is an EVDS of the tree T .
Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. Let D be a γctd (T )-set. Obviously D \ {t, v}
is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2. We now get
γctd (T ) ≥ γctd (T 0 ) + 2 > γev (T 0 ) + 2 ≥ γev (T ) + 1 > γev (T ).
Assume that among the children of u there is a support vertex, say x,
other than v. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let D0 be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is obvious
that D \ {uv} is an EVDS of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. Let
D be a γctd (T )-set. Obviously D \ {t, v} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus
γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2. We now get γctd (T ) ≥ γctd (T 0 ) + 2 > γev (T 0 ) + 2 ≥
γev (T ) + 1 > γev (T ).
Assume that dT (u) = 2. Let T 0 = T − Tu . Let D0 be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is
obvious that D \ {uv} is an EVDS of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 )+1.
Let D be a γctd (T )-set. Let k be a neighbor of w. If k ∈ D, the D\{t, v} is a
CTDS of the tree T 0 . If k ∈ / D, the set (D \ {u, v, t}) ∪ {k} is a CTDS of the
tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2. We now get γctd (T ) ≥ γctd (T 0 ) + 2 >
γev (T 0 ) + 2 ≥ γev (T ) + 1 > γev (T ).

We characterize all trees with complementary tree domination number

equal to ev-domination number plus one. For this purpose we introduce a
family F of trees T = Tk that can be obtained as follows. Let T1 ∈ {P3 , P4 }.
If k is a positive integer, then Tk+1 can be obtained recursively from Tk by
one of the following operations.
 A note on complementary tree domination number of a tree 133

• Operation O1 : Attach a path P2 by joining its any vertex to a vertex

of Tk 6= P3 , which is not a leaf and is adjacent to a support vertex of
degree two.

Now we prove that for every tree of the family F , the complementary
tree domination number is equal to ev-domination number plus one.

Lemma 5. If T ∈ F , then γctd (T ) = γev (T ) + 1.

Proof. We use the induction on the number k of operations performed to

construct the tree. If T = T1 = P3 , then obviously γctd (T ) = 2 = 1 + 1 =
γev (T )+1. If T = T1 = P4 , then obviously γctd (T ) = 2 = 1+1 = γev (T )+1.
Let k ≥ 2 be an integer. Assume that the result is true for every T 0 = Tk
of the family F constructed by k operations.
First assume that T is obtained from T 0 by operation O1 . The vertex
to which is attached P2 we denote by x. Let u1 u2 mean the attached path.
Let u1 be joined to x. The path P2 adjacent to x and different from u1 u2
we denote by v1 v2 . Let v1 be adjacent to x. Let D0 be a γctd (T 0 )-set. The
vertex v2 ∈ D0 . It is obvious that D0 ∪ {u2 } is a CTDS of a tree T . Thus
γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1. Let D be a γev (T )-set. To dominate u2 and v2 ,
the edges xu1 , xv1 ∈ D. It is clear that D \ {xu1 } is an EVDS of the tree
T 0 . Thus γev (T 0 ) ≤ γev (T ) − 1. Now we get γctd (T ) ≤ γctd (T 0 ) + 1 =
γev (T 0 ) + 1 + 1 ≤ γev (T ) + 1. On the other hand, by lemma 4, we have
γctd (T ) ≥ γev (T ) + 1. This implies that γctd (T ) = γev (T ) + 1.

Lemma 6. Let T be a tree of order n ≥ 3. If γctd (T ) = γev (T ) + 1, then

T ∈ F.

Proof. If diam(T ) = 2, then T is a star. If T = P3 , then T ∈ F . If T

is a star different from P3 , then γctd (T ) = n − 1 > 2 = γev (T ) + 1. Now
assume that diam(T ) ≥ 3. Thus the order n of the tree T is at least four.
The result we obtain by the induction on the number n. Assume that the
theorem is true for every tree T 0 or order n0 < n.
First assume that some support vertex of T , say u, is strong. Let y be
a leaf adjacent to x. Let T 0 = T − y. Let D0 be any γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy
to see that D0 is an EVDS of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ). Let D
be a γctd (T )-set. By observation 1, the leaf y ∈ D. It is easy to see that
D \ {y} is an CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1. We now
get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 1 = γev (T ) + 1 − 1 ≤ γev (T 0 ) < γev (T 0 ) + 1.
134 B. Krishnakumari and Y. B. Venkatakrishnan

We now root T at a vertex r of maximum eccentricity diam(T ). Let t

be a leaf at maximum distance from r, v be the parent of t, and u be the
parent of v in the rooted tree. If diam(T ) ≥ 4, then let w be the parent
of u. If diam(T ) ≥ 5, then let d be the parent of w. By Tx we denote the
subtree induced by a vertex x and its descendants in the rooted tree T .
Assume that among the children of u there is a support vertex, say x,
other than v. Let y be a leaf adjacent to x. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let D0 be any
γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {uv} is an EVDS of the tree T . Thus
γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. Now let D be a γctd (T )-set. By observation 1, the
leaves y, t ∈ D. If v ∈ D, then clearly (D \ {v, t}) ∪ {x} is a CTDS of the
tree T 0 . If v ∈/ D, then D \ {t} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤
γctd (T )−1. We now get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T )−1 = γev (T )+1−1 ≤ γev (T 0 )+1.
On the other hand by Lemma 4 we have γctd (T 0 ) ≥ γev (T 0 )+1. This implies
that γctd (T 0 ) = γev (T 0 ) + 1. By the inductive hypothesis we have T 0 ∈ F .
The tree T can be obtained from T 0 by operation O1 . Thus T ∈ T .
Assume that some child of u, say x, is a leaf. Let T 0 = T − Tv . Let D0
be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {uv} is an EVDS of the tree T .
Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. Let D be a γctd (T )-set. Clearly t, x, v ∈ D. It is
obvious that D\{t, v} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T )−2.
We now get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 2 = γev (T ) + 1 − 2 ≤ γev (T 0 ) < γev (T 0 ) + 1.
Now assume that dT (u) = 2. If dT (w) = 1, then T = P4 ∈ F . Now
assume that dT (w) ≥ 3. Assume that there is a child of w other than u,
say x, such that the distance of w to the most distant vertex of Tk is three
or two or one. It suffices to consider the case Tk is P3 or P2 or P1 . Let
T 0 = T − Tu . Let D0 be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {uv} is an
EVDS of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. There exists a γctd (T )-set
that does not contain the vertex u. Let D be such a set. It is obvious that
t, v ∈ D. It is easy to see that D \ {t, v} is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus
γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T )−2. We now get γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T )−2 = γev (T )+1−2 ≤
γev (T 0 ) < γev (T 0 ) + 1.
Now assume that dT (w) = 2. If dT (d) = 1, then T = P5 . We have
γctd (T ) = 4 = 3+1 > γev (T ) = 1. Assume that dT (e) ≥ 2. Let T 0 = T −Tu .
Let D0 be a γev (T 0 )-set. It is easy to see that D0 ∪ {uv} is an EVDS
of the tree T . Thus γev (T ) ≤ γev (T 0 ) + 1. Let D be such a γctd (T )-
set. It is obvious that t, v, u, w ∈ D. It is easy to see that D \ {t, v, u}
is a CTDS of the tree T 0 . Thus γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 3. We now get
γctd (T 0 ) ≤ γctd (T ) − 3 = γev (T ) + 1 − 3 ≤ γev (T 0 ) − 1 < γev (T 0 ) + 1.
 A note on complementary tree domination number of a tree 135

As an immediate consequence of Lemmas 5 and 6, we have the following

characterization of the trees with complementary tree domination number
and edge-vertex domination number plus one.

Theorem 7. Let T be a tree. Then γctd (T ) = γev (T ) + 1 if and only if

T ∈ F.

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[2] T. Haynes, S. Hedetniemi and P. Slater (eds.), Domination in Graphs:

Advanced Topics, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1998).

[3] X. Hou, A characterization of trees with equal domination and total

domination numbers, Ars Combinatoria 97A, pp. 499—508, (2010).

[4] M. Krzywkowski, On trees with double domination number equal to

2-domination number plus one, Houston Journal of Mathematics 39,
pp. 427-440, (2013).

[5] S. Muthammai, M. Bhanumathi and P. Vidhya, Complementary tree

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B. Krishnakumari
Department of Mathematics
School of Humanities and Sciences
SASTRA University,
Thanjavur-613 401,
Tamilnadu,
India
e-mail : [email protected]

and
 136 B. Krishnakumari and Y. B. Venkatakrishnan

Y. B. Venkatakrishnan
Department of Mathematics
School of Humanities and Sciences
SASTRA University,
Thanjavur-613 401,
Tamilnadu,
India
e-mail : [email protected]

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