New Parameters On Inverse Domination
New Parameters On Inverse Domination
New Parameters On Inverse Domination
Volume 10, Issue 03, March 2019, pp. 1111-1116. Article ID: IJMET_10_03_113
Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/ijmet/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
ISSN Print: 0976-6340 and ISSN Online: 0976-6359
ABSTRACT
A set D of vertices in a graph G(V, E) is a dominating set of G, if every vertex of V
not in D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. A dominating set D of G(V, E)is a k –
fair dominating set of G, for 𝑘 ≥ 1 if every vertex in V – D is adjacent to exactly k
vertices in D. The k – fair domination number 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 (𝐺) of G is the minimum cardinality
of a k – fair dominating set. In this article, we define the inverse of the k – fair
domination number and try to find it for some class of graphs.
Key words: Fair Domination, Inverse Domination, Inverse of k-fd set.
Mathematics Subject Classification: 05C69.
Cite this Article Jayasree T G and Radha Rajamani Iyer, New Parameters on Inverse
Domination, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(3),
2019, pp. 1111-1116.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJMET/issues.asp?JType=IJMET&VType=10&IType=3
1. INTRODUCTION
Let G(V, E) be a simple graph with vertex set V(G) and edge set E(G). The order and size
of G are denoted by n and m respectively. For graph theoretic terminology we refer to Gary
Chartrand and Ping Zhang [10] and Haynes et al. [11, 12]. For any vertex 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉, the open
neighborhood N(v) is the set {𝑢 ∈ 𝑉: 𝑢𝑣 ∈ 𝐸}, and the closed neighborhood N[v] is the set
𝑁(𝑣) ∪ {𝑣}. For any 𝑆 ⊆ 𝑉, 𝑁(𝑆) = ⋃𝑣∈𝑆 𝑁(𝑣) and 𝑁[𝑆] = 𝑁(𝑆) ∪ 𝑆.
A set D of vertices in a graph G(V, E) is a dominating set of G, if every vertex of V not in
D is adjacent to at least one vertex in D. Let D be a minimum dominating set of G. If V - D
contains a dominating set say D' is called an inverse dominating set with respect to D. The
inverse domination number 𝛾 ′ (𝐺) of G is the order of a smallest inverse dominating set of G.
A fair dominating set in graph G(V, E) is a dominating set D such that all vertices not in D
are dominated by same number of vertices from D, that is, every two vertices not in D has same
number of neighbors in D. The fair domination number 𝛾𝑓𝑑 (𝐺) of G is the minimum cardinality
of an fd-set.
A dominating set 𝐷 ⊆ 𝑉(𝐺) is a k-fd set in G, if for every two distinct vertices 𝑢, 𝑣 ∈ 𝑉 −
𝐷 , |𝑁(𝑢) ∩ 𝐷| = | 𝑁(𝑣) ∩ 𝐷| = 𝑘. That is, every two distinct vertices not in D have exactly
k neighbors from D.
Now, let as define the inverse of k-fair dominating set and the inverse of k-fair domination
number as follows.
Definition: A set S of vertices in a graph G (V, E) is a k-fair dominating set of G, if every
vertex of V not in S is adjacent to exactly k vertices in S. Let S be a minimum k-fair dominating
set of G. If V - S contains a set say S ' called an inverse k-fair dominating set with respect to S,
if every vertex not in S ', is adjacent to at least k vertices in S '. The inverse k-fair domination
number 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 ′(𝐺) of G is the order of a smallest inverse k-fair dominating set of G.
The following results are obvious.
′
1. For complete graph 𝐾𝑛 , 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝐾𝑛 ) = 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝐾𝑛 ) = 1 .
2. For complete bipartite graph 𝐾𝑚,𝑛 , 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝐾𝑚,𝑛 ) = 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝐾𝑚,𝑛 ) = 2.
3. Let S be a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 - set of a connected graph G. If 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ - set exists, then G has at least two
vertices.
4. Let G be a connected graph with 𝛾(𝐺) = 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝐺), then 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝐺) = 𝛾 ′ (𝐺).
5. Let G be a connected graph, then 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 (𝐺) always depends on Δ(𝐺) and 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝐺) depends
on 𝛿(𝐺). In other words, for k-fair domination, 𝑘 ≤ Δ and for inverse k-fair domination, 𝑘 ≤
𝛿.
𝑛
Lemma: Let 𝐾𝑛 be a complete graph of order n and let k be a positive integer with 𝑘 ≤ ⌊ 2⌋,
then 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝐾𝑛 ) = 𝑘.
Proof: As we have, 𝐾𝑛 be a complete graph of order n, there exist k-fd sets for all 𝑘 ≤
(𝑛 − 1), with 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 (𝐾𝑛 ) = 𝑘 for all 𝑛 ≥ 2. But 𝛾- set and 𝛾 ′ -set forms partition of vertex set
and in a complete graph, 2- distinct vertices are connected by edges, if there is a k-fd set, the
inverse set can have at the most (n - k) vertices. Hence for the maximum case, k = (n - k). In
𝑛 𝑛
other words, 𝑘 = 2 , or in general, 𝑘 ≤ ⌊ 2⌋. Then the result follows.
the set of all support vertices of a tree T, and 𝐿𝑇 denotes the set of all leaves. A vertex adjacent
to at least two leaves in a tree T is known as strong support vertex of the tree. The graph obtained
by attaching a leaf to each vertex of a graph H is called corona of graph H and is denoted by
cor(H).
Observation: Every 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ - set in a tree T contains all its leaves.
Proof: Already we have by [9], every 1-fd set contains all its strong support vertices. Also
we know that 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 set and 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ set are mutually disjoint sets, the result follows.
𝑛
Observation: If T is the corona of a tree H and T has order n, then 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝑇) = .
2
Proof: If T is the corona of a tree of order n,[9], V(T) can be partitioned as 𝑆𝑇 and 𝐿𝑇 of
𝑛
cardinality 2 and these two sets are 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 - sets. Hence the result.
Observation: In a tree, if 𝛾𝑘𝑓𝑑 ′ exists, then k = 1.
Proof: Let T be a tree and let D be a fd-set. Then by the result of Yair Caro et.al.,[9], D is
a 1fd-set. But we have by the above observation, every 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ set in a tree T contains all is leaves,
the result follows.
Proposition: Let T be a tree with 𝑛 ≥ 3 vertices with 𝑒 pendent vertices and 𝑏 supports.
′
Then 𝑏 ≤ 𝛾 ≤ 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ≤ 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ≤ 𝑒.
Theorem: Let S be a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 - set of the tree T. Then T has a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ - set, if and only if the
following conditions satisfied.
T should be connected, that is, T contains no isolated vertices.
T has more than two end vertices.
|𝑆| ≤ |𝑉 − 𝑆|.
Proof: Given S be a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 - set of the tree T, if T contains isolated vertex, say v, then 𝑣 ∈ 𝑆
and we can’t find a disjoined dominating set containing v. It contradicts our assumption that T
has a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ - set. Hence T should be connected.
Let as assume that T contains no isolated vertices. If T has only one end vertex, as T is
connected, T may contain cycles. And if T has no end vertices also assure the presence of cycles
in T. So these two cases contradict the assumption that T is a tree. Hence T must have more
than two end vertices.
Now let as assume that T has more than two end vertices. Then by the definition of S, all
the support vertices must belongs to S and all the leaves belongs to V - S. Hence, |𝑆| ≤ |𝑉 − 𝑆|.
Let |𝑆| ≤ |𝑉 − 𝑆|. We have to prove, T contains no isolated vertices. On the contrary, if
possible, assume that T is disconnected. Then each component contain 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 - set and if T contain
isolated vertex, they must be members of S and this contradicts our assumption that |𝑆| ≤
|𝑉 − 𝑆|. Hence, T must be connected.
Here we have, 1 ⟹ 2 ⟹ 3 ⟹ 1 . Hence the theorem.
𝑛+1
Theorem: If T is a tree of order 𝑛 ≥ 2, then 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 ′ (𝑇) ≥ ⌈ ⌉ and the equality will be
3
attained when T is a path 𝑃𝑛 .
Proof: Let T be a tree of order 𝑛 ≥ 2. A path is an acyclic graph or a tree by its construction
′
which has only two end vertices. If T is a path 𝑃𝑛 , then already we have the result, 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝑃𝑛 ) =
𝑛+1
⌈ ⌉ and the result follows.
3
If there exist more than two end vertices in a tree, then 𝐿𝑇 set contains more elements than
𝑆𝑇 . Hence in such cases, the inverse domination set contains more terms than the dominating
′ 𝑛+1
sets. Hence 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝑇) ≥ ⌈ ⌉.
3
′
Theorem: If T is a tree of order 𝑛 ≥ 2, then 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝑇) ≤ (𝑛 − 1) and the equality will be
attained when T is a star 𝑆1,(𝑛−1) .
Proof: Let T be a tree of order 𝑛 ≥ 2. If T is a star, 𝑆1,(𝑛−1), the central vertex of T is a 𝛾1𝑓𝑑
′ ′
- set, hence 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝑇) = (𝑛 − 1). Also, this should be the maximum possible value for 𝛾1𝑓𝑑 (𝑇).
Hence the result.
the graph is dominated exactly twice by the vertices of D. Same fashion, take another set say
D' in such a way that every second vertex u of (𝐶𝑛 )2 and fourth vertex of (𝐶𝑛 )2 in the same
direction. Then we get two sets D and D', both are disjoint sets but they dominate in a two fair
𝑛
dominating set of (𝐶𝑛 )2. Hence 𝛾2𝑓𝑑 ′ [(𝐶𝑛 )2 ] = ⌈ 3⌉.
5. CONCLUSION
In this work we define the inverse concept for k-fair domination number and find the same for
some class of graphs.
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