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    A Level Physics Notes On Op Amp

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    shimoni rathore
    The document discusses the operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It explains that op-amps have three main components: a differential amplifier for the input stage, a voltage amplifier for gain, and a push-pull amplifier for the output stage. It also describes how negative feedback is used to reduce the open-loop gain of op-amps and make them function as linear amplifiers by keeping the inputs nearly equal. Various op-amp configurations can be created using negative feedback, including inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower circuits.

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    A Level Physics Notes On Op Amp

    Uploaded by

    shimoni rathore
    926 views3 pages
    The document discusses the operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It explains that op-amps have three main components: a differential amplifier for the input stage, a voltage amplifier for gain, and a push-pull amplifier for the output stage. It also describes how negative feedback is used to reduce the open-loop gain of op-amps and make them function as linear amplifiers by keeping the inputs nearly equal. Various op-amp configurations can be created using negative feedback, including inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower circuits.

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    A Level Physics Notes on Op Amp

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    The document discusses the operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It explains that op-amps have three main components: a differential amplifier for the input stage, a voltage amplifier for gain, and a push-pull amplifier for the output stage. It also describes how negative feedback is used to reduce the open-loop gain of op-amps and make them function as linear amplifiers by keeping the inputs nearly equal. Various op-amp configurations can be created using negative feedback, including inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower circuits.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    926 views3 pages

    A Level Physics Notes On Op Amp

    Uploaded by

    shimoni rathore
    The document discusses the operation of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It explains that op-amps have three main components: a differential amplifier for the input stage, a voltage amplifier for gain, and a push-pull amplifier for the output stage. It also describes how negative feedback is used to reduce the open-loop gain of op-amps and make them function as linear amplifiers by keeping the inputs nearly equal. Various op-amp configurations can be created using negative feedback, including inverting, non-inverting, and voltage follower circuits.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 3

    The Differential Amplifier

    • A typical op-amp is made up of three types


    of amplifier circuits:
    – Differential amplifier
    • Input stage for the op-amp; it has two inputs and provides
    amplification of the difference voltage
    – Voltage amplifier
    • Usually a class A amplifier that provides gain
    – Push-pull amplifier
    • Class B amplifier is used for the output stage
    Negative Feedback
    • The inverting input (-)
    effectively makes the
    feedback signal 180°
    out of phase with the
    input signal
    • When negative
    feedback is present,
    the noninverting and
    inverting inputs are
    nearly identical

    Negative Feedback
    • Since the inherent open-loop gain of a typical opamp
    is very high, usually > 100,000, an extremely
    small difference in the two input voltages drives
    the op-amp into its saturated output states
    – The usefulness of an op-amp operated in this manner is
    severely restricted and is generally limited to
    comparator applications
    – With negative feedback, the overall closed-loop gain
    (Ao) can be reduce and controlled so that the op-amp
    can function as a linear amplifier

    Imran Mirza (MSc Physics, PGCC Scotland, UK) 033365


    FIGURE : Without negative feedback, an extremely small difference in
    the two input voltages drives the op-amp to
    its output limits and it becomes nonlinear.

    •Vout is limited by the positive


    and negative voltage supply
    •For example, if the supply
    was +/-15 Volts, the output
    signal would clip at +/- 15
    Volts

    Op-amp Configurations with Negative Feedback


    • Closed-loop voltage
    gain
    – Closed-loop
    voltage gain is the
    voltage gain of an
    opamp
    with negative
    feedback
    – An external
    feedback network
    connects the output
    to the inverting input
    – The closed-loop voltage gain is determined by the
    component values in the feedback network

    Imran Mirza (MSc Physics, PGCC Scotland, UK) 033365


    Summary
    • The op-amp has three terminals, not including power and ground:
    inverting (-), non-inverting (+), and output
    • Most op-amps require both a positive and a negative dc supply voltage
    • The ideal op-amp has infinite input impedance, zero output impedance
    and infinite voltage gain
    • A practical op-amp has high input impedance, low output impedance,
    and high open-loop voltage gain

    Summary
    • A diff-amp is normally used for the input stage of an op-amp
    • A differential input voltage appears between the inverting and non-
    inverting inputs of a diff-amp
    • A differential output voltage appears between two output terminals of a
    diff-amp
    • Common mode occurs when equal, in-phase voltages are applied to
    both input terminals

    Summary
    • Negative feedback occurs when a portion of the output voltage is
    connected back to the inverting input such that it subtracts from the
    input voltage, thus reducing the voltage gain but increasing the stability
    and bandwidth
    • There are three basic op-amp configurations:
    inverting, non-inverting, and voltage-follower
    • All op-amp configurations (except comparators, covered in the next
    chapter) employ negative feedback

    Imran Mirza (MSc Physics, PGCC Scotland, UK) 033365

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