Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity
Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity
Distributed Forces: Centroids and Centers of Gravity
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Introduction
• The earth exerts a gravitational force on each of the particles
forming a body. These forces can be replace by a single
equivalent force equal to the weight of the body and applied
at the center of gravity for the body.
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Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
• Center of gravity of a plate • Center of gravity of a wire
M y x W xW
x dW
M y yW yW
y dW
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Centroids and First Moments of Areas and Lines
x W x dW x W x dW
x At x t dA x La x a dL
x A x dA Q y x L x dL
first moment wit h respect to y yL y dL
yA y dA Qx
first moment wit h respect to x
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First Moments of Areas and Lines
• An area is symmetric with respect to an axis BB’
if for every point P there exists a point P’ such
that PP’ is perpendicular to BB’ and is divided
into two equal parts by BB’.
• The first moment of an area with respect to a
line of symmetry is zero.
• If an area possesses a line of symmetry, its
centroid lies on that axis
• If an area possesses two lines of symmetry, its
centroid lies at their intersection.
• An area is symmetric with respect to a center O
if for every element dA at (x,y) there exists an
area dA’ of equal area at (-x,-y).
• The centroid of the area coincides with the
center of symmetry.
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Centroids of Common Shapes of Areas
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Centroids of Common Shapes of Lines
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Composite Plates and Areas
• Composite plates
X W x W
Y W y W
• Composite area
X A xA
Y A yA
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Sample problem 5.0
For the plane area shown, determine the
first moments with respect to the x and y
axes and the location of the centroid.
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Sample Problem 5.1
SOLUTION:
• Divide the area into a triangle, rectangle,
and semicircle with a circular cutout.
• Calculate the first moments of each area
with respect to the axes.
• Find the total area and first moments of
the triangle, rectangle, and semicircle.
Subtract the area and first moment of the
For the plane area shown, determine circular cutout.
the first moments with respect to the • Compute the coordinates of the area
x and y axes and the location of the centroid by dividing the first moments by
centroid. the total area.
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Sample Problem 5.1
• Find the total area and first moments of the Qx 506.2 103 mm 3
triangle, rectangle, and semicircle. Subtract the
Q y 757.7 103 mm 3
area and first moment of the circular cutout.
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Sample Problem 5.1
X x A 757.7 103 mm 3
A 13.828 103 mm 2
X 54.8 mm
Y y A 506.2 103 mm 3
A 13.828 103 mm 2
Y 36.6 mm
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Determination of Centroids by Integration
x A xdA x dxdy xel dA • Double integration to find the first moment
may be avoided by defining dA as a thin
yA ydA y dxdy yel dA rectangle or strip.
x A xel dA
x A xel dA x A xel dA 2r 1 2
cos r d
x ydx ax 3 2
a x dx
yA yel dA 2 yA yel dA
yA yel dA
y 2r 1
ydx y a x dx
sin r 2 d
2 3 2
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Sample Problem 5.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
• Evaluate the total area.
• Using either vertical or horizontal
strips, perform a single integration to
find the first moments.
Determine by direct integration the
location of the centroid of a parabolic • Evaluate the centroid coordinates.
spandrel.
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Sample Problem 5.4
SOLUTION:
• Determine the constant k.
y k x2
b
b k a2 k
a2
b a
y x2 or x y1 2
a2 b1 2
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Sample Problem 5.4
• Using vertical strips, perform a single integration
to find the first moments.
a
b
Q y xel dA xydx x 2 x 2 dx
0 a
a
b x4 a 2b
2
a 4 0 4
a 2
y 1 b
Qx yel dA ydx 2 x 2 dx
2 02a
a
b2 x5 ab 2
4
2a 5 0 10
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Sample Problem 5.4
ax a x2
b 2
Q y xel dA a x dy dy
2 0 2
1 b 2 a 2 a 2
b
a y dy
2 0 b
4
a
Qx yel dA y a x dy y a 1 2 y1 2 dy
b
b
a 3 2 ab 2
ay 1 2 y dy
0 b 10
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Sample Problem 5.4
yA Q x
ab ab 2 3
y y b
3 10 10
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Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
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Theorems of Pappus-Guldinus
V 2 y A
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Sample Problem 5.7
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution
for the rectangular rim section and the
inner cutout section.
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Sample Problem 5.7
SOLUTION:
• Apply the theorem of Pappus-Guldinus
to evaluate the volumes or revolution for
the rectangular rim section and the inner
cutout section.
• Multiply by density and acceleration to
get the mass and acceleration.
9 3 3
m V 7.85 10 kg m 7.65 10 mm 10 m mm
3 3
6
3
m 60.0 kg
W mg 60.0 kg 9.81 m s 2
W 589 N
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Distributed Loads on Beams
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Sample Problem 5.9
SOLUTION:
• The magnitude of the concentrated load
is equal to the total load or the area under
the curve.
• The line of action of the concentrated
load passes through the centroid of the
area under the curve.
• Determine the support reactions by
A beam supports a distributed load as summing moments about the beam
shown. Determine the equivalent ends.
concentrated load and the reactions at
the supports.
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Sample Problem 5.9
SOLUTION:
• The magnitude of the concentrated load is equal to
the total load or the area under the curve.
F 18.0 kN
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Sample Problem 5.9
• Determine the support reactions by summing
moments about the beam ends.
M A 0 : B y 6 m 18 kN 3.5 m 0
B y 10.5 kN
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Center of Gravity of a 3D Body: Centroid of
a Volume
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Centroids of Common 3D Shapes
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Composite 3D Bodies
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Sample Problem 5.12
SOLUTION:
• Form the machine element from a
rectangular parallelepiped and a
quarter cylinder and then subtracting
two 1-in. diameter cylinders.
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Sample Problem 5.12
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Sample Problem 5.12
X xV V 3.08 in 4 5.286 in3
X 0.577 in.
Y yV V 5.047 in 4 5.286 in3
Y 0.955 in.
Z zV V 1.618 in 4 5.286 in3
Z 0.306 in.
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Questions ?