Chapter Objectives

ü To discuss the concept of the center of gravity, center of

mass, and the centroid.
ü To show how to determine the location of the center of
gravity and centroid for a system of discrete particles and a
body of arbitrary shape.
ü To present a method for finding the resultant of a general
distributed loading.
ü To show how to determine the moment of inertia of an area.
In-Class Activities

1. Reading Quiz
2. Center of Gravity, Center of Mass, and the
Centroid of a Body
3. Composite Bodies
4. Resultant of a Distributed Loading
5. Moments of Inertia for Areas
6. Parallel-Axis Theorem for an Area
7. Moments of Inertia for Composite Areas
8. Concept Quiz
READING QUIZ

1) Select the SI units for the Moment of Inertia

for an area.

a) m3

b) m4

c) kg·m2

d) kg·m3
READING QUIZ (cont)

2) The _________ is the point defining the

geometric center of an object.

a) Center of gravity

b) Center of mass

c) Centroid

d) None of the above

READING QUIZ (cont)

3) A composite body in this section refers to a

body made of ____.

a) Carbon fibers and an epoxy matrix

b) Steel and concrete

c) A collection of “simple” shaped parts or holes

d) A collection of “complex” shaped parts or holes

READING QUIZ (cont)

4) The composite method for determining the

location of the center of gravity of a
composite body requires _______.

a) Integration

b) Differentiation

c) Simple arithmetic

d) All of the above.

READING QUIZ (cont)

5) Based on the typical centroid information,

what are the minimum number of pieces you
will have to consider for determining the
centroid of the area shown at the right?

a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
READING QUIZ (cont)

6) To study problems concerned with the motion

of matter under the influence of forces, i.e.,
dynamics, it is necessary to locate a point
called ________.

a) Center of gravity

b) Center of mass

c) Centroid

d) None of the above

READING QUIZ (cont)

7) The definition of the Moment of Inertia for an

area involves an integral of the form

a) ò x dA.

b) ò x2 dA.

c) ò x2 dm.

d) ò m dA.
READING QUIZ (cont)

8) The parallel-axis theorem for an area is

applied between:

a) An axis passing through its centroid and any

corresponding parallel axis.

b) Any two parallel axes.

c) Two horizontal axes only.

d) Two vertical axes only.

READING QUIZ (cont)

9) The Moment of Inertia of a composite area

equals the ________ of the MoI of all of its
parts.

a) Vector sum

b) Algebraic sum (addition or subtraction)

c) Addition

d) Product
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY
Center of Gravity
• Locates the resultant weight of a system of particles
• Consider system of n particles fixed within a region of
space
• The weights of the particles can be replaced by a single
(equivalent) resultant weight having defined point G of
application
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Center of Gravity
• Resultant weight = total weight of n particles
WR W
• Sum of moments of weights of all the particles about x,
y, z axes = moment of resultant weight about these
axes
• Summing moments about the x axis,
x WR ~ x1W1 ~x2W2 ... ~
xnWn
• Summing moments about y axis,
yW ~
yW ~ y W ... ~yW
R 1 1 2 2 n n
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Center of Gravity
• Although the weights do not produce a moment about
z axis, by rotating the coordinate system 90°about x
or y axis with the particles fixed in it and summing
moments about the x axis,
z WR ~
z1W1 ~
z2W2 ... ~
znWn
• Generally,
~
xm ~
ym ~
zm
x ;y ,z
m m m
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Centroid of Mass
• Provided acceleration due to gravity g for every
particle is constant, then W = mg
~x m ~y m ~z m
x ;y ,z
m m m
• By comparison, the location of the center of gravity
coincides with that of center of mass
• Particles have weight only when under the influence of
gravitational attraction, whereas center of mass is
independent of gravity
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Centroid of Mass
• A rigid body is composed of an infinite number of
particles
• Consider arbitrary particle
having a weight of dW
~x dW ~ydW ~z dW
x ;y ;z
dW dW dW
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Centroid of a Volume
• Consider an object subdivided into volume elements
dV, for location of the centroid,
~x dV ~ydV ~z dV
x V ;y V ;z V
dV dV dV
V V V
CENTER OF GRAVITY, CENTER OF MASS,
AND THE CENTROID OF A BODY (cont)

Centroid of an Area
• For centroid of surface area ~x dA ~ydA ~z dA
of an object, such as plate x A ;y A ;z A
and shell, subdivide the area dA dA dA
into differential elements dA A A A
COMPOSITE BODIES
• Consists of a series of connected “simpler” shaped bodies,
which may be rectangular, triangular or semicircular
• A body can be sectioned or divided into its composite parts
• Accounting for finite
number of weights
~
xW ~
yW ~z W
x y z
W W W
COMPOSITE BODIES (cont)

Procedure for Analysis

Composite Parts
• Divide the body or object into a finite number of
composite parts that have simpler shapes
• Treat the hole in composite as an additional
composite part having negative weight or size

Moment Arms
• Establish the coordinate axes and determine the
coordinates of the center of gravity or centroid of each
part
COMPOSITE BODIES (cont)

Procedure for Analysis

Summations
• Determine the coordinates of the center of gravity by
applying the center of gravity equations
• If an object is symmetrical about an axis, the centroid
of the objects lies on the axis
EXAMPLE 1

Locate the centroid of the plate area.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)
Solution

Composite Parts
• Plate divided into 3 segments.
• Area of small rectangle considered “negative”.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 1 (cont)

Solution
Moment Arm
• Location of the centroid for each piece is determined and
indicated in the diagram.

Summations ~
xA 4
x 0.348mm
A 11.5
~
y A 14
y 1.22mm
A 11.5
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
RESULTANT OF A DISTRIBUTED LOADING

Pressure Distribution over a Surface

• Consider the flat plate subjected to the loading function
p = p(x, y) Pa
• Determine the force dF acting on the differential area
dA m2 of the plate, located at the differential point (x, y)
dF = [p(x, y) N/m2](dA m2)
= [p(x, y) dA] N
• Entire loading represented as
infinite parallel forces acting on
separate differential area dA
RESULTANT OF A DISTRIBUTED LOADING
(cont)

Pressure Distribution over a Surface

• This system will be simplified to a single resultant force
FR acting through a unique point on the plate
RESULTANT OF A DISTRIBUTED LOADING
(cont)
Magnitude of Resultant Force
• To determine magnitude of FR, sum up the differential forces
dF acting over the plate’s entire surface area dA
• Magnitude of resultant force = total volume under the
distributed loading diagram
• Location of Resultant Force is

xp ( x, y )dA xdV
x A A

p ( x, y )dA dV
A A

yp ( x, y )dA ydV
y A A

p ( x, y )dA dV
A A
MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR AREAS

• Centroid for an area is determined by the first moment

of an area about an axis
• Second moment of an area is referred as the moment
of inertia
• Moment of inertia of an area originates whenever one
relates the normal stress σ or force per unit area
MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR AREAS (cont)
Moment of Inertia
• Consider area A lying in the x-y plane
• Be definition, moments of inertia of the differential
plane area dA about the x and y axes
dI x y 2dA dI y x 2dA
• For entire area, moments of
inertia are given by
Ix y 2dA
A
Iy x 2dA
A
 MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR AREAS (cont)

Moment of Inertia
• Formulate the 2nd moment of dA about the pole O or z axis
• This is known as the polar axis
dJ O r 2 dA
where r is perpendicular from the pole (z axis) to the element dA

• Polar moment of inertia for entire area,

JO r 2 dA Ix Iy
A
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA

• For moment of inertia of an area known about an axis

passing through its centroid, determine the moment of
inertia of area about a corresponding parallel axis using
the parallel axis theorem
• Consider moment of
inertia of the shaded area
• A differential element dA is
located at an arbitrary distance
y’ from the centroidal x’ axis
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA
(cont)

• The fixed distance between the parallel x and x’ axes is

defined as dy
• For moment of inertia of dA
about x axis
2
dI x y ' d y dA
• For entire area
2
Ix y ' d y dA
A

y '2 dA 2d y y ' dA d y2 dA
A A A

• First integral represent the moment of inertia of the

area about the centroidal axis
PARALLEL AXIS THEOREM FOR AN AREA
(cont)

• Second integral = 0 since x’ passes through the area’s

centroid C y ' dA y dA 0; y 0

• Third integral represents the total area A

Ix Ix Ad y2
• Similarly
Iy Iy Ad x2

• For polar moment of inertia about an axis

perpendicular to the x-y plane and passing through
pole O (z axis)
JO JC Ad 2
EXAMPLE 2

Determine the moment of

inertia for the rectangular
area with respect to (a) the
centroidal x’ axis, (b) the
axis xb passing through the
base of the rectangular, and
(c) the pole or z’ axis
perpendicular to the x’-y’
plane and passing through
the centroid C.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution

Part (a)
• Differential element chosen, distance y’ from x’ axis.
• Since dA = b dy’,
2
h /2
2
h /2
2 1 3
Ix y dA y (bdy ) b y dy bh
A h /2 h /2 12
Part (b)
• By applying parallel axis theorem,
2
2 1 3 h 1 3
I xb Ix Ad bh bh bh
12 2 3

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 2 (cont)
Solution

Part (c)
• For polar moment of inertia about point C,
1 3
I y' hb
12
1
JC Ix I y' bh(h 2 b 2 )
12

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE
AREAS

• Composite area consist of a series of connected

simpler parts or shapes
• Moment of inertia of the composite area = algebraic
sum of the moments of inertia of all its parts

Procedure for Analysis

Composite Parts
• Divide area into its composite parts and indicate the
centroid of each part to the reference axis
Parallel Axis Theorem
• Moment of inertia of each part is determined about its
centroidal axis
MOMENTS OF INERTIA FOR COMPOSITE
AREAS (cont)

Procedure for Analysis

Parallel Axis Theorem
• When centroidal axis does not coincide with the
reference axis, the parallel axis theorem is used
Summation
• Moment of inertia of the entire area about the
reference axis is determined by summing the results
of its composite parts
EXAMPLE 3

Compute the moment of inertia of the composite area

about the x axis.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)

Solution
Composite Parts
• Composite area obtained by subtracting the circle form
the rectangle.
• Centroid of each area is located in the figure below.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)

Solution

Parallel Axis Theorem

Circle
Ix I x' Ad y2
1 4 2 2
25 25 75 11.4 106 mm 4
4

Rectangle
I x I x ' Ad y2
1 3 2
100 150 100 150 75 112.5 106 mm 4
12

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

EXAMPLE 3 (cont)

Solution

Summation

For moment of inertia for the composite area,

Ix 11.4 106 112.5 106
101 106 mm 4

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd

CONCEPT QUIZ

1) A pipe is subjected to a bending moment

as shown. Which property of the pipe will
result in lower stress (assuming a
constant cross-sectional area)?

a) Smaller Ix
M M

b) Smaller Iy y
x
c) Larger Ix
Pipe section
d) Larger Iy
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

2) In the figure to the right, what is the

differential moment of inertia of the
element with respect to the y-axis (dIy)?

y
a) x2 ydx y=x3

b) (1/12)x3dy
x,y
c) y2 x dy

d) (1/3)ydy x
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

3) For the area A, we know the centroid’s (C)

location, area, distances between the four
parallel axes, and the MoI about axis 1. We
can determine the MoI about axis 2 by
applying the parallel axis theorem ___ .

a) Directly between the axes 1 and 2. Axis

b) Between axes 1 and 3 and A
4
then between the axes 3 and 2. d3 C
• 3
c) Between axes 1 and 4 and d2
then axes 4 and 2. 2
d1
d) None of the above. 1
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

4) For the same case, consider the MoI about

each of the four axes. About which axis will
the MoI be the smallest number?
Axis
a) Axis 1 A
b) Axis 2 4
c) Axis 3 d3 C
3
d) Axis 4 •
d2
e) Can not tell. 2
d1
1
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

5) For the given area, the Moment of Inertia

about axis 1 is 200 cm4 . What is the MoI
about axis 3?
A=10 cm2

a) 90 cm4

b) 110 cm4
C
•
C 3
c) 60 cm4 d2 •
2
d1
d) 40 cm4 1

d1 = d2 = 2 cm
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

6) The Moment of Inertia of the rectangle about

the x-axis equals:

3cm
a) 8 cm4.

b) 56 cm4 . 2cm

c) 24 cm4 .
2cm
d) 26 cm4 . x
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

7) If a vertical rectangular strip is chosen as

the differential element, then all the
variables, including the integral limit, should
be in terms of ____________ .

a) x

b) y

c) z

d) Any of the above.

CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

8) If a vertical rectangular strip is chosen, then

~ ~
what are the values of x and y?

a) (x , y)

b) (x / 2 , y / 2)

c) (x , 0)

d) (x , y / 2)
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

9) A storage box is tilted up to clean the rug

underneath the box. It is tilted up by pulling
the handle C, with edge A remaining on the
ground. What is the maximum angle of tilt
(measured between bottom AB and the
ground) possible before the box tips over?

a) 30° b) 45°

c) 60° d) 90°
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

10) What are the min number of pieces

you will have to consider for determining
the centroid of the area?

a) 1 1 cm
3cm
b) 2
1 cm
c) 3

d) 4 3cm
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

11) A storage box is tilted up by pulling C, with edge

A remaining on the ground. What is the max
angle of tilt possible before the box tips over?

C
a) 30°

b) 45°

c) 60° G
d) 90°
30º
B A
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

12) For determining the centroid, what is the

minimum number of pieces you can use?
y
a) Two

b) Three 2cm

c) Four
4cm
d) Five
x
2cm 2cm
CONCEPT QUIZ (cont)

13) For determining the centroid of the area, what

are the coordinates (x, y ) of the centroid of
square DEFG?
y 1m 1m
a) (1, 1) m
A D
E 1m
b) (1.25, 1.25) m
G
c) (0.5, 0.5 ) m F 1m

B x
d) (1.5, 1.5) m C