Pmas-Arid University of Agriculture Rawalpindi Bs-It: ITC Assignment 02

PMAS-ARID UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE RAWALPINDI
BS-IT
ITC
ASSIGNMENT 02
SUBMITTED TO: FARKHANDA QAMAR
NAME: RAJA SALMAN HASSAN
DEPARTMENT: IT
CLASS: 1
SECTION: B
Contents:
A.CONJUNCTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 3
DEFINATION:............................................................................................................................. 3
B.What are the Different Types of Conjunctions?........................................................................... 3
1. Coordinating Conjunction ........................................................................................................ 3
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 3
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 4
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 4
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 4
2. Subordinating Conjunction ...................................................................................................... 4
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 5
3. Correlative Conjunction ........................................................................................................... 5
Examples: ................................................................................................................................. 5
4. Conjunctive Adverb ................................................................................................................. 6
A.CONJUNCTIONS
DEFINATION:
The conjunction is the part of speech used as a “joiner” for words, phrases, or clauses in a particular
sentence. It links these words or groups of words together, in such a way that certain relationships among
these different parts of the sentence will be established, and the thoughts that all of these convey will be
connected.
B.What are the Different Types of Conjunctions?

In the English language, conjunctions come in three basic types: the coordinating conjunctions,
the subordinating conjunctions, and the correlative conjunctions.
1. Coordinating Conjunction
Among the three types of conjunctions, this is probably the most common one. The main
function of coordinating conjunctions is to join words, phrases, and clauses together, which are
usually grammatically equal. Aside from that, this type of conjunctions is placed in between the
words or groups of words that it links together, and not at the beginning or at the end.
Examples:
 Pizza and burgers are my favorite snacks.
In the sample sentence above, the underlined word serves as a coordinating conjunction that
links two words together (pizza + burgers).
 The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the underground lagoon.

The example above shows how coordinating conjunctions can join together two (or more)
phrases. The coordinating conjunction “or” in the sentence above links “in the cave” and “in the
underground lagoon.”
 What those girls say and what they actually do are completely different.
In this sentence, you’ll see how the same coordinating conjunction ”and” from the first sample
sentence can be used to link clauses together (“what those girls say” and “what they actually
do”), instead of just single words.
How to Punctuate Coordinating Conjunctions
 In joining two words, phrases, or dependent clauses together, a comma is not required
before the coordinating conjunction.
Examples:
 aliens and predators
 by the beach or on the hill
 what you see and what you get
 If, on the other hand, you are linking more than two words, phrases, and dependent
clauses together, a series of commas must be placed in between the distinct elements.
Examples:
 spiders, snakes, and scorpions
 in the bedroom, in the garage, or at the garden
 Lastly, for joining together two independent clauses, a comma must be used before placing the
coordinating conjunction.
Examples:
 Cassandra fell asleep, so Joaquin just went home.
 I don’t really like spaghetti, but I can eat lasagna any day.
For you to easily recall the different coordinating conjunctions that you can use, you can just remember
the word “FANBOYS,” which stands for:
2. Subordinating Conjunction
This type of conjunctions is used in linking two clauses together. Aside from the fact that they introduce a
dependent clause, subordinating conjunctions also describe the relationship between the dependent
clause and the independent clause in the sentence.
List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions:
 while
 as soon as
 although
 before
 even if
 because
 no matter how
 whether
 wherever
 when
 until
 after
 as if
 how
 if
 provided
 in that
 once
 supposing
 while
 unless
 in case
 as far as
 now that
 as
 so that
 though
 since
Sample Sentences:
 It is so cold outside, so I brought you a jacket.

 Because it is so cold outside, I brought you a jacket.
By looking at the sentences above, you will easily notice that a subordinating conjunction can be found
either at the beginning of the sentence or between the clauses that it links together. Aside from that, a
comma should also be placed in between the two clauses (independent clause and dependent clause) of
the sentence.
Examples:
 We asked him why he was there. (‘why’ is the subordinator that introduces the clause ‘why he
was there’)
 I could not go because she failed to remind me.
 Although she did her best, she failed the test.
 She could not remember when last she had a warm bath.
 He vowed not to relent until he set a new record.
 Unless an urgent step is taken, the disease will spread.
 You may leave if you do not see me by then.
3. Correlative Conjunction
The correlative conjunctions are simply pairs of conjunctions which are used to join equal sentence
elements together.
List of Common Correlative Conjunctions:
 either… or
 neither… nor
 not only… but also
 both… and
 whether… or
 so… as
Sample Sentences:
 Both my brother and my father are lawyers.

 I can’t decide whether I’ll take Chemical Engineering or take Medical Technology in college.
Examples:
 No sooner had he entered than he left again
 Either his mother or his father visits him on Sundays.
 Neither the woman nor her daughter was guilty of the crime.
 Not only the criminal but also his gangs got trapped in the house.
 It was both Janet and Jenny who served the punishment
4. Conjunctive Adverb
Although a conjunctive adverb is not a real conjunction, this kind of words functions as conjunctions in a
sentence. Some examples of conjunctive adverbs are:
 in addition
 for example
 however
 therefore
 on the contrary
 hence
 in fact
 otherwise
 as a result
 indeed
 still
 thus
 on the other hand
 furthermore
 instead
 incidentally
 after all
 finally
 likewise
 meanwhile
 consequently

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PMAS-ARID UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE RAWALPINDI

SUBMITTED TO: FARKHANDA QAMAR

NAME: RAJA SALMAN HASSAN

B.What are the Different Types of Conjunctions?

 The treasure was hidden in the cave or in the underground lagoon.

List of Common Subordinating Conjunctions:

 It is so cold outside, so I brought you a jacket.

List of Common Correlative Conjunctions:

 Both my brother and my father are lawyers.

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