Report 2

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAYS

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
PREPARATORY STUDY FOR NORTH EAST

CONNECTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
IN INDIA
WIDENING AND IMPROVEMENT OF NH54

(AIZAWL-TUIPANG)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT
NOVEMBER 2015
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD.

NIPPON KOEI INDIA PVD. LTD.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBRIVIATIONS ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY……………………………………………………………………………………………….…… v
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Location .................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Requirement and Objective of EIA Report ........................................................................... 2
1.4 Structure of EIA Report........................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ......................................................................................... 5

2.1 Preparatory Study For North East Connectivity Improvement Project in India ..................... 5
2.2 Widening and Improvement of NH54 (Aizawl – Tuipang) ..................................................... 5
Chapter 3 policy, legal and institutional framework .....................................................................17

3.1 National Level Laws and Regulations..................................................................................17
3.2 State Level Legislation and Other Acts .............................................................................. 19
3.3 Institutional Set-up ............................................................................................................ 19
3.4 Requirements of Various Clearance in Different Stages of Project ..................................... 23
Chapter 4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ................................................ 25

4.2 Living Environment ........................................................................................................... 39
4.3 Socio-Economic Conditions ............................................................................................... 47
Chapter 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................... 52

5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 52
5.2 Consideration of Bypass for Future Phase of the Project ................................................... 56
Chapter 6 Scoping AND ASSESSMENT of environmental impact ............................................... 57
Chapter 7 Assessment of impact and mitigation measures ......................................................... 69

7.1 Natural Environment ......................................................................................................... 69
7.3 Living Environment............................................................................................................ 79
7.4 Socio-Economic Environment ........................................................................................... 88
7.5 Other Issues ....................................................................................................................... 95
Chapter 8 environmental management plan............................................................................... 99

8.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 99
8.2 Environment Management Plan for Mitigation of Negative Impacts ............................... 100
Chapter 9 public consultation and information disclosure ..........................................................125
i
9.1 1st Round Consultations with Communities .......................................................................125
9.2 2nd Round Consultations with Communities ..................................................................... 129
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Present Conditions and Provisional Improvement Cost of NH54 ............................. 5
Table 2.2 Projected Traffic Volume in NH54 till 2035 .............................................................. 6
Table 2.3 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section A .......................... 8
Table 2.4 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section B ......................... 9
Table 2.5 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section C .......................... 9
Table 2.6 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section D ....................... 10
Table 2.7 Slope Protection Work in DPR regarding and a New Proplsal .................................11
Table 2.8 Design Criteria of Cut Grade and Protection Work .................................................11
Table 2.9 Traffic Safety Facilities Proposed for NH54 ............................................................13
Table 2.10 Road Appurtenances to be Applied for NH54 ...................................................... 14
Table 2.11 Spoil Bank Volume Requirement ......................................................................... 14
Table 3.1 Clearance Requirements ....................................................................................... 23
Table 4.1 Soil Structures in Project Area............................................................................... 27
Table 4.2 Production of Forest Products – Mizoram..............................................................37
Table 4.3 Rainfall Intensity for Each Section of NH54 ........................................................... 38
Table 4.4 Number of Quarry Permit Issued and Mineral Production ..................................... 39
Table 4.5 District-wise Number of Quarry Permit Issued and Mineral Production, 2010-11 .. 39
Table 4.6 Locations Ambient Air Quality Monitoring............................................................... 40
Table 4.7 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ............................................................... 40
Table 4.8 Surface Water Quality........................................................................................... 42
Table 4.9 Ground Water Quality........................................................................................... 44
Table 4.10 Water Quality of Community Water Tank ............................................................ 45
Table 4.11 Ambient Noise Level ......................................................................................... 45
Table 4.12 Noise Level Limits of GoI [in LeqdB(A)] ............................................................. 46
Table 4.13 District-wise Population and Literacy Rate .......................................................... 47
Table 4.14 Composition of Various Mizo Tribes in the State ................................................. 48
Table 4.15 Snapshot of District in Mizoram .......................................................................... 49
Table 4.16 Economic Growth of Mizoram ............................................................................ 50
Table 5.1 Concepts of Alternatives ....................................................................................... 52
Table 5.2 Review of Alternatives ............................................................................................. 54
ii
Table 6.1 Generic Scoping Matrix for Hilly/Mountainous Road ................................................ 57
Table 6.2 Scoping Matrix for NH54 Widening and Improvement ............................................. 63
Table 7.1 Comparison for culver type ...................................................................................... 72
Table 7.2 Proposed Bus Bay Locations for NH54 ..................................................................... 76
Table 7.3 Design Criteria of Cut Slope and Slope Protection Work ........................................... 76
Table 7.4 Adaption Measures for Climate Change in NH54 ....................................................... 77
Table 7.5 Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment ...................................................... 84
Table 7.6 Required Volume for Spoil Bank ............................................................................... 87
Table 7.7 Health and Safety Measures ..................................................................................... 92
Table 8.1 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Stage .............................. 102
Table 8.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage .................................... 104
Table 8.3 Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage .......................................... 117
Table 8.4 Budget for EMP Implementation ........................................................................... 120
Table 8.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan ............................................................................. 122
Table 9.1 Participation Details of 1st Round of Consultation .................................................. 126
Table 9.2 Summary of 1st Round Consultations ..................................................................... 126
Table 9.3 Participation Details of 2nd Round of Consultation ..................................................130
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Road Alignment and Present Road Condition of NH54 ............................................. 2
Figure 1.2 Existing Road Profile of NH54 ................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.1 Daily (L) and Hourly (R) Variation of Traffic Volume of NH54 ..................................... 6
Figure 2.2 Geological Profile of Typical Landslide ..................................................................... 7
Figure 2.3 Typical Cross Section of Cut Slope .......................................................................... 12
Figure 2.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Hair-Pin Bends .........................................13
Figure 2.5 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Area ........................................... 14
Figure 2.6 Example Pictures of Sceneries taken from NH54 .................................................... 16
Figure 3.1 Organizational Structures for National Highway Development .............................. 20
Figure 4.1 Monthly rainfall and daily maximum and minimum temperature in Aizawl
(2013-2014) ..................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 4.3Protected Area in Mizoram ..................................................................................... 35
Figure 4.4Distribution of Forest in Mizoram ........................................................................... 36
Figure 4.5 Detailed isopluvial map with project location for NH54 for 25 Years (L) and 50 Years
(R) ................................................................................................................................... 38
iii
Figure 4.6 Frequency of Landslide in Mizoram ........................................................................ 47
Figure 5.1 Alternative One (Widening based on IRC Standard) ................................................ 53
Figure 5.2 Alternative Two (Limited Widening) ....................................................................... 53
Figure 5.3 Alternative Three (New Bypass) .............................................................................. 53
Figure 7.1 General arrangement plan for side ditch ..................................................................71
Figure 7.2 Concept for Parking Site/Viewpoints Development .................................................75
Figure 7.3 Typical Cross Section of Cut Slope ............................................................................ 77
Figure 7.4 Typical Cross Section of Countermeasure for Sinking.............................................. 84
Figure 7.5 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Hair-Pin Bends ......................................... 96
Figure 7.6 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Narrow Bridges........................................ 97
Figure 7.7 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Sections ...................................... 97
Figure 8.1 Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation ......................................... 100
List of Appendix
APPENDIX A: ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST
APPENDIX B: DRAFT MONITORING FORM
APPENDIX C: ATTENDEE’S LIST OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS
iv
ABBREVIATIONS
BRDB Border Roads Development Board
BRO Border Roads Organization
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
DOEF Departments of Environment and Forests
DOF Department of Forest
DPR Detailed Project Report
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
GHG Green House Gas
GOI Government of India
IRC Indian Road Congress
MLCU Martin Luther Christian University
MOEF Ministry of Environment & Forest
MORTH Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
MSPCB Mizoram State Pollution Control Board
NHAI National Highway Authority of India
NHIDCL National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation
NOC No-objection Certificates
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PUC Pollution under Control Certificate
PWD Public Works Department
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RO Regional Offices
ROB Road over Bridge
ROW Right of Way
SC Supervision consultants
SPCBs State Pollution Control Boards
v
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of India has requested the Government of Japan to provide financing for about 1,200
km of roads that enhance connectivity in North-East States. Out of 10 candidate roads and bridges,
Aizawl-Tuipang section of NH54 in the State of Mizoram has been selected as one of the two priority
projects (the other is  Tura -Dalu section of NH51 in Meghalaya).
The project objective is to improve intra-state connectivity for North East States and regional road
connectivity for Mizoram and North East India to neighboring countries. The residents of the North
East Region, Bangladesh and Myanmar and countries beyond should benefit from the increased
regional connectivity which is expected to result in increased trade and economic development over
the longer term.  
The existing road is about 381 km in length and stretches over five districts in Mizoram. NH54 is the
most important road in the State, connecting Mizoram with other States of India and other countries.
This is the lifeline of many Mizo people who depend on road network for the supply of essential
commodities. The current condition of road, however, is poor and the road is prone to landslide and
slope failures. The riding quality is poor, particularly after Lunglei district, making travelling arduous
and difficult, particularly in monsoon season.
The significant environmental impacts attributable to the widening and improvement of the road
pertains to clearance of roadside trees for widening and forest clearance for spoil bank and
resettlement site development, temporary deterioration of ambient air quality and nose/vibration
levels during construction phase from land clearing, ground shaping, and quarry and camp operations;
and community and occupational health and safety. These impacts will be mitigated through
compensatory afforestation; timing of construction activities to minimize fauna disturbance; control of
noise, dust, wastewater, fuel combustion emissions, and construction debris generation through good
construction practices; and implementation of road safety measures to separate road users from active
construction fronts.
The assessment of the potential impact revealed that the project will not affect critical habitats or
sensitive ecosystem as a road already exists and no new road construction is taking place inside
pristine or government reserved forests. The project area is largely made up of agricultural fields and
settlements.
During operation stage, the main impacts are increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist and
pedestrian. Road safety measures will be implemented as per IRC guidelines. Road safety
apputenances like information, regulatory and warning signs coupled with crash barriers will reduce
vi
serious injuries to road users. Adequate slope protection and retaining wall as well as cross drains and
side drains will be installed and maintenance will be implemented to avoid soil erosion and reduce the
risk of landslide.
Several consultations were organized during the project preparation to engage major stakeholder
representatives to incorporate their concerns in the overall design. These involved officials of PWD,
District Officials, Forest department officials, likely affected persons and village representatives in the
project area. Most of the people interviewed strongly support the project.
The NHIDCL, through its Project Implementing Unit (PIU), is the Executive Agency of the Project. It
will ensure the effective implementation of the environmental management plan. There is a need for
the PIU to organize its environmental unit to provide close support to the Project Director to ensure
the contractors maintain environmental compliance. This EIA report is based on the preliminary
design of NH54 widening and improvement, and as such, its contents will need to be updated once the
final ROW drawing is established.
vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
India has achieved remarkable economic growth in the past decades. Rapid development of in
transport infrastructures strengthened the linkage between major cities and thus contributed to the
economic growth. In particular, road is one of most important modes of transportation given that road
transportation constitutes 85% of passenger and 60% of freight transport in India. However,
development of transport infrastructure is lagging in mountainous regions of India due to financial
and technical reasons, leading to greater economic disparity between mountainous regions and plain
areas of the country which have been fully benefited from improved transport network.
Only 28.5% (63.4% is average in whole country) of the road in North-East states is paved and only
53% of national highway has more than 2-lane road. This is because the North-East states are located
far from mainland of India and access road to neighboring countries are underdeveloped due to
security concern. Severe natural conditions such as steep mountainous geography (most of the state is
located in hilly area) and prolonged monsoon season also complicates the challenge. To accelerate
economic growth in this part of the country, therefore, improvement in the road network is of great
importance. To this end, Government of India (GOI) launched “Special Accelerated Road
Development Program for North-East” committed in “Twelfth Five Years Plan (from April, 2012 to
March, 2017)” to cope with above mentioned problems by improvement of national highways that
connect major cities within the North-East states, and requested Government of Japan to provide loan
assistance in carrying out the improvement. Aizawl – Tuipang section of NH54 stretching over five
districts of Mizoram State has been selected among a total of 10 candidate roads and bridges during
the screening process in the preparatory study.
1.2 Project Location

The targeted section of NH54 starts from Aizawl in Mizoram state to Tuipang with total length of
approximately 381km. The study road mainly passes on brow of variegated mountains and alignment
of the study road consist of many small horizontal and vertical curves as shown in Figures below.
1
0km
55km
250km
125km
381km
Source: JICA Study Team

Figure 1.1 Road Alignment and Present Road Condition of NH54

Figure 1.2 Existing Road Profile of NH54
1.3 Requirement and Objective of EIA Report

As per MOEF EIA Notification dated 14.09.2006 (as amended in August 2013), any highway project
falls under Category A if the project entails i) New National Highways; and ii) Expansion of National
Highways greater than 100km involving additional right of way or land acquisition greater than 40m
2
on existing alignments and 60m on re-alignments and bypasses. The proposed expansion & widening
of NH54 does not involve additional land acquisition beyond 40m and thus does not fall under
Category A, as defined in EIA Notification. While preliminary environmental assessment was
undertaken by DPR consultant during the preparation of the NH54 DPR, the project does not require
environmental clearance from MOEF1.
On the other hand, the project has been classified as Category A as per JICA’s Environmental and
Social Guidelines, for which a full EIA study is required. Based on this backdrop, a new EIA study
has been carried out which builds on previous studies while taking into account additional
requirements as per JICA’s guidelines. The Environmental Checklist for road projects is attached in
Appendix A. The EIA aims to:
 Review environmental assessment undertaken as part of DPR study and identify gaps to satisfy
requirements under JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations
 Study baseline conditions (physical, social and environmental) along the targeted section and
influence area of NH54
 Carry out environmental analysis with respect to proposed project vis-à-vis existing condition;
identify environmental impacts that may be expected to occur during design, construction and
operation; and identify environmental issue/challenges that require further studies
 Carry out alternative analysis including comparison with “no project’ scenario
 Assess environmental impacts of the proposed project components on natural, physical and
socio-economic environments
 Develop cost effective and implementable measures for mitigating adverse environmental and
social impacts and enhancing positive aspects
 Develop a practical and implementable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigation
of impacts and monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures during design, construction
and operation stages
 Consult and inform the project affected people (PAP) and other stakeholders, and ensure their
active participation
1.4 Structure of EIA Report

The report is organized as follows:
 Chapter 2 gives key features of the project such as standards and proposed design features
1
The project requires NOC (Consent-for-Establishment and Consent-for-Operation) from the respective State
Pollution Control Board, which will be discussed in more detail Chapter 3.
3
 Chapter 3 discusses the Environmental legislation and policy within which the project is to be
implemented. The chapter presents the clearance requirements at various levels.
 Chapter 4 describes the Environmental and Social baseline along the project area.
 Chapter 5 discusses the Alternatives considered during the project design.
 Chapter 6 gives an overview of environmental and social components that are likely to be
affected during different stages of the project (Scoping)
 Chapter 7 identifies and assesses potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation
measures
 Chapter 8 discusses Environmental Management Plan and its implementation arrangement
 Chapter 9 gives an overview of the community consultation carried out during the project
preparation stage
4
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
2.1 Preparatory Study For North East Connectivity Improvement Project in India
53% of national highway has more than 2-lane road. Poor infrastructure has been the bottleneck of the
economic development of North East States. To address this challenge, the Government of India
requested Government of Japan to provide loan assistance in carrying out the improvement of existing
roads in eight sections, repairing of two existing bridges and construction of one new bridge within
six states of North East state in India. The Preparatory Study has been carried out in response to this
request with two key objectives, which are: i) to screen project and identify priority project(s) and ii)
to review existing feasibility study (Detailed Project Report) prepared by Indian consultant and
propose preliminary design of priority projects. After a screening process during the preparatory study,
Aizawl – Tuipang section of NH54, stretching for about 381km, has been selected as one of the
priority section and thus the preliminary design is proposed for its widening and improvement.
2.2 Widening and Improvement of NH54 (Aizawl – Tuipang)

The number of lanes is 1.5 lanes for the section near Aizawl and 1.0 lane for other sections. Pavement
condition between Aizawl to Lunglei is fair, while section between Lunglei and Tuipang is
deteriorated due to inadequate road maintenance. Existing condition of the targeted section of NH54
is shown in Table 2.1. The project involves the widening of existing one-lane road to two-lane roads
with installment of proper slope protection and land slide prevention measures, drainage and traffic
safety facilities. The total width of the road including carriageway and road shoulder will be 12m
except for four sections for which new bypass is proposed.
Table 2.1Present Conditions and Provisional Improvement Cost of NH54

Road
NH54 (Upper: KM distance from Aizawl,
No
Data Items Type / Unit Lower: KP)
.
0-55 55-125 125-250 250-381
181-236 236-306 306-431 431-562
Four (4): Carriageway Width
(7m+7m), Double (2):
Carriageway Width (7m/10m),
Intermediate (1.5): Carriageway
1 Number of Lanes 1.5 1 1 1
Width (5m/5.5m), Single (1):
Carriageway Width
(3.5m/3.75m)
New (0)
2 Carriageway Width m 5.5 3.75 3.75 3.75
3 Shoulder Width Average in section / m 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.45
4 Shoulder Type Paved or Unpaved Unpaved Unpaved Unpaved Unpaved
5 Average Altitude m 714 860 724 853
5
6 Average Roughness IRI 4.5 5 6.2 9.1
7 Total Area of Crack % 6.3 7.5 25 62
8 Ravelled Area % 6.3 10 5 4
9 No. of Pot Holes per km 5 5 21 7
10 Edge Break Area m2/km 50 100 50 20
11 Road Side Friction % 50 15 10 5
Average Travel
12 km/h 30 26 23 21
Speed
13 Road Capacity PCU – IRC73-1980 5,000 1,000 1,000 1,000
Mountainous (INR 49 63 12 112 13 117

Improvement 9 55 70
crore/km) 5 0 5 5 1 9
Project Cost
Rolling (INR crore/km) 5.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(W=12m:
14 Level (INR crore/km) 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Carriageway
Long Bridge (INR 12
3.5mx2+ Shoulder 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
crore/km) 0
2.5mx2)
Total (INR crore) 495 630 1125 1179
The current traffic volume of NH54 is shown below.
Aizwal - Tuipang (NH54)

1200 1066 90 Hourly Traffic
1033 1053 1016
958 974 80 Aizwal - Tuipang
1000 931 (NH54)
70
800 60
50
600
40
400 30
20
200
10
0 0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0 2 4 6

Figure 2.1 Daily (L) and Hourly (R) Variation of Traffic Volume of NH54
Traffic projections for the project road has been made based on the estimated growth rates derived
from the trend of the number of vehicle registration and economic indicators in the area. As shown in
Table 2.2 below, 2-laning of NH54 will be necessary to cater for future increase in the traffic volume.
Table 2.2 Projected Traffic Volume in NH54 till 2035

Road
Road/Section & Terrain Unit 2020 2025 2030 2035
ID
RD-1 Aizawl - Tuipang (NH 54)
Veh. 6131 8782 12216 16541
Km 0 - Km 55, PCU 6090 8611 11876 16010
RD-1.1
Mountainous No. of
2 2 >2 >2
Lanes
Km 55- Km125, Veh. 1905 2732 3802 5148
RD-1.2
Mountainous PCU 1916 2716 3749 5057
6
Road
ID
No. of
2 2 2 2
Lanes
Veh. 1558 2237 3123 4242
Km 125 - Km 250 , PCU 1598 2268 3142 4246
RD-1.3
Mountainous No. of
2 2 2 2
Lanes
Veh. 1882 2690 3741 5072
Km 250 - Km PCU 1865 2646 3664 4957
RD-1.4
381 Mountainous No. of
2 2 2 2
Lanes
Key components of widening and improvement works are summarized below.
2.2.1 Earth work, slope protection and land slide prevention
The sandstone and shale of tertiary formation distribute around NH54. Slope failure and erosion have
frequently occurred. A image of typical landslide site is shown below.
Scarp at the top of
Landslide
Bulge and Subsidence
Full View of Upper

Part of Landslide

Figure 2.2 Geological Profile of Typical Landslide
The slope inventory survey was conducted for the purpose of topographic measurement, verification
of geological and geotechnical condition, and identification of landslide risk. The road stretch was
divided into four sections in the slope inventory survey, namely: section A from Aizawl to Serchhip,
7
section B from Serchhip to Hrangchlkawn, section C from Hrangchlkawn to Lawgtlai, and Section D
from Lawgtlai to Tuipang. Locations of land slide and road deformation as identified during the
inventory survey is shown below.
Table 2.3 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section A
LS Landslide Location Disaster Road Deformation Recommended Widening Side

Sec
No. Slope No. Start ~ End Type Collapse Sinking Crack Bulge R/L H/V Landslide Countermeasure
A 01 009 2 + 555 ~ 2 + 600 MM x x L V Soil retaining wall
A 02 009 2 + 770 ~ 2 + 800 SF x x L V Soil retaining wall
A 03 011 3 + 555 ~ 3 + 585 MM x x L V Rockfall prevention wall
A 04 016 5 + 320 ~ 5 + 340 MM x R H Earth removal
A 05 017 5 + 620 ~ 5 + 650 MM x x L V Groundwater drainage
A 06 021 6 + 930 ~ 7 + 020 M M -p L V Soil retaining wall
A 07 024 7 + 630 ~ 7 + 860 SF x L V Soil retaining wall
A 08 025 7 + 980 ~ 8 + 400 SF x L V Soil retaining wall
A 09 027 9 + 030 ~ 9 + 050 M M -p R V Earth removal
A 10 034 12 + 260 ~ 12 + 340 M M -p x R V Soil retaining wall
A 11 039 13 + 420 ~ 13 + 510 M M -p L V Groundwater drainage
A 13 039 13 + 640 ~ 13 + 680 MM x x L V Soil retaining wall
Soil retaining wall,
A 14 042 14 + 380 ~ 14 + 410 MM x x L V
Groundwater drainage
A 15 051 17 + 710 ~ 17 + 760 M M x x R H Earth removal
A 17 063 21 + 080 ~ 21 + 150 M M -p x x L V Soil retaining wall
A 19 085 31 + 150 ~ 31 + 180 SF x R V Soil retaining wall
A 20 115 49 + 400 ~ 49 + 430 M M -p L V
A 21 119 52 + 280 ~ 52 + 310 MM x x L V
A 22 119 52 + 310 ~ 52 + 370 MM x x L V
A 23 119 52 + 370 ~ 52 + 550 SF x x L V Rockfall prevention wall
A 24 119 52 + 570 ~ 52 + 690 SF x x L V Rockfall prevention wall
A 25 124 56 + 100 ~ 56 + 200 M M x x x L H Anchor
A 26 140 64 + 270 ~ 64 + 320 M M -p L V - No need
A 27 151 71 + 200 ~ 71 + 220 M M -p R V Soil retaining wall
Earth removal,
A 28 152 71 + 770 ~ 71 + 830 MM x x x L H Crib work,
Rock-bolt
Earth removal,
A 29 153 73 + 990 ~ 74 + 020 MM x x R H
Soil retaining wall
A 30 178 87 + 470 ~ 87 + 510 M M -p R V Groundwater drainage
A 31 178 87 + 510 ~ 87 + 670 M M -p R V Groundwater drainage
A 32 186 91 + 130 ~ 91 + 150 SF x x R H Soil retaining wall
8
Table 2.4 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section B
Sec
B 01 009 4 + 550 ~ 4 + 585 M M -p R V Soil retaining wall
B 02 080 36 + 690 ~ 36 + 760 MM x x L V Soil retaining wall
B 03 083 37 + 960 ~ 38 + 030 MM x x L V Renew soil retaining wall
B 04 124 58 + 470 ~ 58 + 525 MM x R V Soil retaining wall
Earth removal、
B 05 127 60 + 080 ~ 60 + 150 MM x x L H
Soil retaining wall
B 06 133 62 + 860 ~ 62 + 920 SF x x R V Soil retaining wall
Counterweight fill,
B 07 134 62 + 960 ~ 63 + 030 MM x x R V
B 08 161 74 + 600 ~ 74 + 630 M M -p L V Soil retaining wall
Soil retaining walll,
B 09 174 80 + 230 ~ 80 + 340 MM x L V
B 10 195 88 + 420 ~ 88 + 480 MM x L V
B 11 196 89 + 340 ~ 89 + 430 SF x R H Soil retaining wall
B 12 198 90 + 040 ~ 90 + 100 MM x L V Soil retaining walll
B 13 214 96 + 960 ~ 97 + 030 MM x x R H Groundwater drainage
B 14 216 97 + 660 ~ 97 + 720 MM x x L V
B 15 243 108 + 930 ~ 109 + 015 M M -p R V - No need
Table 2.5 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section C
Sec
C 01 006 2 + 330 ~ 2 + 540 SF x R/L H/V Cut&Retaining wall, REW
C 09 031 11 + 700 ~ 11 + 800 M M -p R V - No need
C 10 032 11 + 850 ~ 11 + 950 M M -p R V - No need
C 11 042 15 + 470 ~ 15 + 520 MM x x R V Groundwater drainage
C 12 055 20 + 520 ~ 20 + 530 DF x R V Box culvert
Counterweight fill,
C 13 080 31 + 400 ~ 31 + 450 MM x x R V
C 14 093 37 + 710 ~ 37 + 720 DF x R V Box culvert
C 15 097 39 + 000 ~ 39 + 040 M M -p R V - No need
C 16 097 39 + 200 ~ 39 + 280 M M -p R V - No need
C 17 133 54 + 730 ~ 55 + 020 M M x L V Groundwater drainage
C 18 140 59 + 250 ~ 60 + 060 SF R V Rockfall prevention wall
C 19 143 60 + 350 ~ 60 + 400 M M -p R V - No need
C 20 145 61 + 120 ~ 61 + 410 SF R V Rockfall prevention wall
9
Table 2.6 Landslide Locations and Proposed side of Widening for Section D
Sec
D 01 004 2 + 770 ~ 2 + 880 M M -p R V - No need
D 02 019 9 + 520 ~ 9 + 740 SF x R V Rockfall prevention wall
D 03 028 13 + 480 ~ 13 + 510 M M -p L V - No need
D 04 029 13 + 750 ~ 13 + 800 MM x x L V Soil retaining wall
D 05 030 14 + 100 ~ 14 + 190 M M -p L V - No need
D 06 037 17 + 650 ~ 17 + 710 M M -p L V - No need
D 07 040 18 + 920 ~ 19 + 100 M M -p L V - No need
D 08 048 22 + 010 ~ 22 + 090 MM x L V Groundwater drainage
D 09 048 22 + 220 ~ 22 + 300 MM x R H Earth removal
D 10 050 23 + 350 ~ 23 + 420 MM x R H Anchor
D 11 052 23 + 840 ~ 23 + 940 M M -p L V Groundwater drainage
D 12 064 29 + 540 ~ 29 + 790 M M -p L V - No need
D 13 065 29 + 790 ~ 29 + 870 MM x x L V Groundwater drainage
D 14 067 31 + 090 ~ 31 + 140 MM x x L V
D 15 071 33 + 060 ~ 33 + 020 M M -p x L V - No need
D 16 072 33 + 540 ~ 33 + 560 M M -p L V - No need
D 17 076 35 + 400 ~ 35 + 450 M M x L V Soil retaining wall
D 18 077 35 + 620 ~ 35 + 705 M M x x R H Earth removal
D 19 079 36 + 740 ~ 36 + 790 MM x x L V
Rockfall prevention fence
D 20 080 36 + 950 ~ 36 + 970 SF x L V Rockfall prevention fence
D 21 087 40 + 150 ~ 40 + 190 M M x L V - No need
D 22 087 40 + 610 ~ 40 + 650 M M x L V Countermweight fill
D 23 115 53 + 430 ~ 54 + 320 SF R V Rockfall prevention fence
D 24 118 55 + 120 ~ 55 + 170 M M x L H Anchor
D 25 119 55 + 360 ~ 55 + 480 M M x R V Anchor
D 26 122 56 + 540 ~ 56 + 600 M M x L H Anchor
D 27 139 65 + 350 ~ 65 + 440 M M -p R V - No need
D 28 141 65 + 830 ~ 65 + 930 SF R V Soil retaining wall
D 29 141 66 + 060 ~ 66 + 110 M M -p R V - No need
D 30 147 68 + 980 ~ 69 + 050 SF R V Soil retaining wall
D 31 151 70 + 540 ~ 70 + 620 SF x x R V Soil retaining wall
Earth removal,
D 32 153 71 + 790 ~ 71 + 860 SF x x R V
Soil retaining wall

MM: Mass Movement, MM-p: Inactive mass movement, SF: Slope Failure, RF: Rockfall, DF: Debris Flow
R: Right side, L: Left side, H: Hill side, V: Valley side
REW: Reinforced Earth Wall
In the Detailed Project Reports prepared by several Indian consultants, road widening is planned
mostly on hill side with cutting slope, resulting in huge volume of cut soil. The large volume of cut
soil is not always economical comparing the retaining wall on the valley side due to cost for disposal
of soil, construction of temporary access road to the top of the cut slope, and safety measures in
construction for high cut slope. From the environmental point of view, generation of significant
volume of surplus soil is not recommended. Therefore, the preliminary design proposes that the
widening to be carried out on both hill and valley sides in case by case basis and apply land slide
prevention measures at sites prone to disaster and road subsidence. The comparison of DRP and the
new proposal is shown below.
10
Table 2.7 Slope Protection Work in DPR regarding and a New Proplsal
Sec I Sec II Sec III JICA Study Team
Item
0~125 km* 125~250 km** 250 km~End** Proposal***
Plan to widening to both hill
Widening Side Mainly hill side Mainly hill side Mainly hill side and valley side in case by case
basis.
Cut Grade
Soil Not defined 60° 1:0.5 Decide based on classification
Soft Rock 60° 1:0.25 of rock and soil.
Hard Rock 80° 80-90°
Cut Soil Reduce by widening on valley
Amount (m3) Unclear 23.5 million 7.1 million side and balance with
embankment volume.
Embankment Will increase with widening
Unclear 0.018 million 0.085 million
Amount (m3) on valley side.
Retaining wall Retaining wall Appropriately adopt on
Slope Protection Nil
Brest wall Gabon wall landslide risk slope.
Landslide Sites Not recognized. Recognized 2 sites Recognized 4 sites
Identify landslide risk sites in
Countermeasure Nil Gabion wall Nil
inventory survey and plan its
Plan Valley revetment
countermeasures.
(Wooden fence)
Source: *DPR as of May 2015, **DPRs as of April 2015, ***JICA Study Team
Cut grade of slope above the retaining walls along the road shall be decided based on geological and
geotechnical condition of slope. Design criteria and typical cross section of cut slopes are shown
below.
Table 2.8 Design Criteria of Cut Grade and Protection Work

IRC Standard* JICA Study Team Cut
Slope Protection Work
Classification Cut Grade Rock/Soil Classification Grade
Very Hard 1:0.2 No protection work
80 ~ 90
Hard Rock No Risk No protection work
degree Hard 1:0.3
Landslide Risk Crib work
Rock
Non-Dip Slope 1:0.5 No protection work
Ordinary 1:0.25 ~
Soft Hydroseeding (t=5
Soft Rock 1:0.125 Dip Slope 1:0.8
cm)
Ordinary Soil/ 1:1.0 ~ Dense Soil 1:1.0 Seeding and Mulching
Soil
Heavy Soil 1:0.5 Loose Soil 1:1.2 Seeding and Mulching
*IRC: SP:48:1948 Clause 7.4
11
Hard Rock Soft Rock Soil

Figure 2.3 Typical Cross Section of Cut Slope
2.2.2 Drainage design
On the existing NH-54, large number of culvert does exist crossing under the road, out of which about
80% is slab culvert. It is necessary to that culvert or side ditch on road have adequate capacity of
draining water surrounding or upstream of road to downstream properly. Specially, hill road is always
suffered from large volume of water from mountain slope towards the road. It is quite important to
protect the road by arranging cross drainage appropriately to satisfy the discharge from crossing water.
The new drainage system is designed by based on hydrological calculation result. Based on obtained
location of water crossing and water discharge, dimension and locations for drainage system are
determined. It is proposed that all existing culvers to be replaced with new one based on the IRC
standard. For cross drainage structure, appropriate culvert type is selected by taking account of
economy, construction workability, and maintenance ability. In general, box culvert will be used for
areas were large volume of water discharge is expected and pipe culvert will be used for other areas.
Photo 2.1Existing Slab Culvert (L) and GI Sheet (R) Along NH54
12
2.2.3 Bridge
It is necessary for bridges on NH-54 to provide function adapted to current National Highway
standard. If the existing bridge is adequate for requirement of current National Highway, it can be
retained with or without some repairing works. If the existing bridge is deemed to be inadequate, it
should be replaced to new bridge. A review during the preparatory study found that three bridges will
need to be replaced. Environmental impacts to river and river ecosystem are expected to be negligible
because the bridges to be replaced are quite small and will not result in changes in water flow or
altercation of riverbed. The streams almost run dry during the dry season when the engineering work
will be carried out.
2.2.4 Traffic safety
Traffic safety facilities will provided on roads or roadside to secure safety of all road users as well as
nearby residents. Considering the function of existing road as rural community roads as well as usage
trend, three types of safety-related facilities has been proposed in the preliminary design.
Table 2.9 Traffic Safety Facilities Proposed for NH54

No. Item Remarks / Related Code
1 Traffic Sign IRC67-2001, IRC7-1971, IRC-SP-31-1992
2 Road Marking IRC35-1997, IRC-SP-31-1992, IRC2-1968
3 Road Delineator IRC79-1981
4 Guard Rail
Street Furniture
5 (Blinker, Road Stud/Cats MORTH's Research Project R-63
Eye)
Example of proposed traffic safety facilities at hair-pin curves and in built-up area is shown in Figures
below.
Guard Rail
Cats Eye
Centreline Marking
(Pair of Solid Lines)
30
20 20
30

Figure 2.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Hair-Pin Bends
13
Figure 2.5 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Area
2.2.5 Road Appurtenances
Road appurtenances are miscellaneous facilities for road users to take a rest and obtain road-related
information. For road administrators, they are useful facilities for maintaining their roads efficiently.
During the preparatory study, facilities listed in Table below are proposed for consideration during the
detail design stage.
Table 2.10 Road Appurtenances to be Applied for NH54

1 Kilometer Stone IRC8-1980, IRC26-1967
2 Boundary Stone IRC25
3 Bus Bay w/Bus Shed, IRC80-1981
4 Road Amenity Public Toilet, Bazar Shed
2.2.6 Surplus Soil Management
Based on the result of preliminary design of NH54 widening and improvement, the necessary volume
of spoil bank for disposal of surplus soil has been estimated as shown below. Overall, the project will
need spoil bank with the total capacity to handle about 7.3 million m3 of surplus soil.
Table 2.11 Spoil Bank Volume Requirement
Highway Volume of Coefficient Volume of Required Volume

Sec. Item Unit
No. Generated Soil of Compation Compacted Soil of Spoil Bank
Cu.m Cu.m Cu.m

Cut Soil cu.m 3,442,909 0.9 3,098,618
S1 2,400,495
Fill Soil cu.m 698,123
Cut Soil cu.m 3,710,629 0.9 3,339,566
S2 2,437,522
NH54 Fill Soil cu.m 902,044
Cut Soil cu.m 3,560,596 0.9 3,204,536
S3 2,465,129
Total 7,303,146
14
The preparatory study has identified 115 candidate locations which altogether will have sufficient
capacity and satisfy conditions described below.
 To find out suitable place at every 5km length along NH-54 with following condition;
 Ground shape with concavity topography
 Less ground gradient than 22 degree which is assumed as average angle of spoil bank slope
with necessary steps
 No built-up area
 Not close to National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary or other ecologically sensitive areas
 To be able to construct the spoil bank in less than 30m height
Out of 115 candidate sites, 41, 32 and 42 sites have about 2.43, 2.90 and 2.51 million m3 capacities in
Section I, II and III respectively. The section-wise locations of 115 candidate sites are shown below.
The final location of the spoil bank will need to be agreed upon in consultation with local community
during the detailed design.
2.2.7 View Point
Along the NH54, there are some places where impressive views of mountains and/or rivers are seen
against the background of the wide sky. It is, therefore, recommended to develop parking spaces for
such view points along the road for the road users to enjoy natural panoramas and feel refreshed after
a long drive. The below Figure is example pictures of sceneries taken from NH54.
15
Figure 2.6 Example Pictures of Sceneries taken from NH54
16
CHAPTER 3 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
As per the Environmental Protection Act in 1986 and its enforcement rights given to Ministry of
Environment & Forest (MOEF), MOEF has overall authority for the administration and
implementation of government policies, laws and regulations, sustainable development and pollution
control in India. MOEF identifies the need to enact new laws and amend existing environmental
legislation when required, in order to continue to conserve and protect the environment. At the state
level, the Department of the Environment and the Department of Forest perform a similar role to
MOEF. The acts are implemented by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and respective State
Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). Policy Guidelines, Acts and Regulations pertaining to the
protection and improvement of environment that are relevant to this project has been identified and
discussed below.
3.1 National Level Laws and Regulations

3.1.1 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrella legislation providing for the protection of
environment in the country. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government, shall
have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of
protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating
environmental pollution. For the implementation of act Environment (Protection) Rules, had been
formulated in 1986. The Rules provided for various standards for emission and discharge of
environmental pollutants (Schedule I to IV). The Central Government has delegated the powers
vested on it (under section 5 of the Act) to the State Govt. of Mizoram. This law is applicable to this
project for environment protection in general.
3.1.2 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (amended in 1988)
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 amended in 1988 pertains to the cases of diversion of forest area
and felling of roadside plantation. Depending on the size of the tract to be cleared, clearances are
applied for at the following levels of government:
 If the area of forests to be cleared or diverted exceeds 20ha (or, 10ha in hilly area) then prior
permission of Central Government is required;
 If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is between 5 to 20ha, the Regional Office of
Chief Conservator of Forests is empowered to approve;
 If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is below or equal to 5ha, the State Government
17
can give permission; and,
 If the area to be clear-felled has a forest density of more than 40%, permission to undertake
any work is needed from the Central Government, irrespective of the area to be cleared.
3.1.3 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 resulted in the establishment of the Central
and State level Pollution Control Boards (CPCB and SPCBs) whose responsibilities include managing
water quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, prosecuting offenders and
issuing licenses for construction and operation of certain facilities.
3.1.4 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The CPCB and the SPCBs are empowered to set air quality standards, monitor and prosecute
offenders under this Act. Powers have also been conferred to give instructions for ensuring
standards for emission from automobiles to concerned authority in charge of registration of motor
vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Act 4 of 1939).
3.1.5 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
In 1988, the Indian Motor Vehicles Act empowered the State Transport Authority to enforce standards
for vehicular pollution and prevention control. The authority also checks emission standards of
registered vehicles, collects road taxes, and issues licenses. In August 1997, the Pollution under
Control Certificate (PUC) program was launched in an attempt to crackdown on the vehicular
emissions in the states.
3.1.6 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (Replaced by Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013)
The Land Acquisition Act 1894 has so far served as the base policy document on which the State
Government passes resolution to acquire land for different projects. This act is superseded by new act
(Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013), which took effect on January 1st, 2014. However, the State Government of Mizoram
issued Notification (No. H. 11018/8/2010-REV, dated January 5th, 2015) stating that the new Act will
not be used in Mizoram on the ground that being under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, land in
the State belongs to the individuals and not the Government. The Government is in the process of
developing its own rule and has draft the Draft Mizoram (Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and
Resettlement) Bill, 2015. However, this has not yet finalized as of August 2015. The proposed Bill
18
generally follows the LARR 2013 but there are differences in terms of the additional benefits to rural
area and solatium to be added to the compensation. In keeping view of the requirement under JICA
Guidelines, it is proposed that the resettlement policy and entitlement proposed in a RAP report to be
adopted in this project.
3.2 State Level Legislation and Other Acts

Apart from the new land bill discussed above, Mizoram has its own biodiversity rules (Mizoram
Biodiversity Rules 2010) and forest act (the Mizoram Forest Act, 1955 and its amendment), but they
do not trigger additional requirements in terms of environmental and social considerations other than
those already prescribed in national-level legislation.
3.3 Institutional Set-up

Strengthening & widening of NH54 has been initiated and is being carried out by the NHIDCL, under
the auspice of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH). Though the primary responsibility
of the project rests with the NHIDCL, a brief discussion on the various institutions involved and their
level of responsibilities in the project implementation is presented in the following sections.
3.3.1 Road Sector Institutions
(1) National Level Institutions
National Highways development has been promoted by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
and Regional Offices (RO) under Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (MORTH), and Border
Roads Organization (BRO) under Border Roads Development Board (BRDB). National Highways
and Infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL) was established for promoting development
of National Highways in North East and border area of India, and started operation from 1st January
2015. Figure 3.1 shows overall structure of organizations related to national highways development.
19
Ministry of Road Transport Ministry of Defense
Ministry of Science Indian Road
and Highway (MoD)
and Technology Congress (IRC)
(MoRTH)
(MoST)
Budget
National Institute 14 Regional National Highway Border Roads

Central Road
for Training of Offices Authority of India Development
Research
Highway Engineers (RO) (NHAI) Board
Institute (CRRI)
(NITHE) Public Works (BRDB)
Department National Highways Border Roads
(PWD) and Infrastructure Organization
Development (BRO)
Corporation
(NHIDCL)
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (JICA Study Team modified)
Figure 3.1 Organizational Structures for National Highway Development
NHAI was set up by the National Highways Authority of India Act of 1988. It is the main nodal
agency for developing, managing and maintaining India’s network of National Highways. It became
an autonomous body in 1995. The NHAI maintains 70,934 Km of National Highways and
Expressways across India. NHIDCL started operation from 1st January 2015 and development of the
target roads of this study is being promoted under NHIDCL.
NHIDCL is a fully owned company of the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of
India. The company promotes, surveys, establishes, designs, builds, operates, maintains and upgrades
National Highways and Strategic Roads including interconnecting roads in parts of the country which
share international boundaries with neighboring countries. The regional connectivity so enhanced
would promote cross border trade and commerce and help safeguard India’s international borders.
This would lead to the formation of a more integrated and economically consolidated South and South
East Asia. In addition, there would be overall economic benefits for the local population and help
integrate the peripheral areas with the mainstream in a more robust manner. An approximate
aggregate length of 10,000 kms has been identified to begin with for development through this
company. The company envisages creating customized and specialized skills in terms of addressing
issues like complexities of geographical terrains and addressing extensive coordination requirements
with security agencies. The company would also endeavor to undertake infrastructure projects
including but not restricted to urban infrastructure and urban or city transport and to act as an agency
for development of all types of Infrastructure. The company envisages working towards cross sharing
of technical know-how and enhancing opportunities for business development with other nations and
their agencies including the multilateral organizations and institutions.
20
The company also proposes to improve road connectivity and efficiency of the international trade
corridor, by expanding about 500 km of roads in the North Bengal and Northeastern region of India to
enable efficient and safe transport regionally with other South Asia Sub-regional economic
Cooperation (SASEC) member countries.
(2) State-level Institutions
Public Works Department (PWD) Mizoram is the premier agency of the government of Mizoram
engaged in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of
built environment and infrastructure development. Assets in infrastructure development include Roads,
Bridges, City Centers, Footpaths, New Capital Complex, and Airport, and assets in built environment
include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police Buildings, Prisons, Courts among
others. PWD Mizoram also sustains and preserves these assets through a system of maintenance
which includes amongst others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and
aesthetic treatments like interiors, landscaping etc.
3.3.2 Environmental Institutions
The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact this project,
are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. In all, as discussed in the subsequent
sections, the following agencies would play important roles in this project.
(1) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)
The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of India’s (GOI)
policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable
development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF).
Established in 1985, the MOEF is the agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of
EIAs pursuant to GOI legislation.
(2) MOEF Regional Offices
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has set up regional offices, with each region
having an office. The office that cover North Eastern zone including Mizoram is located at Shillong,
Meghalaya. This office is responsible for collecting and furnishing information relating to EIA of
projects, pollution control measures, methodology and status, legal and enforcement measures and
environmental protection in special conservation areas such as wetlands, mangroves and biological
reserves.
21
(3) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Statutory authority attached to the MOEF and located in New Delhi, the main responsibilities include
inter alia the following:
 Planning and implementing water and air pollution programs;
 Advising the Central Government on water and air pollution programs;
 Setting air and water standards; and
 Coordinating the various State Pollution Control Boards.
The role of the CPCB, (for this project) will only be in an advisory capacity while the project shall
adhere to the norms and standards set up by the Mizoram State Pollution Control Board (MSPCB).
(4) Departments of Environment and Forests (DOEF)
They perform the functions similar to the MOEF at the state level.
(5) Mizoram State Pollution Control Board (M-SPCB)
The M-SPCB has the mandate for environmental management at the state level, with emphasis on air
and water quality. The board is responsible for:
 Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives;
 Advising state government on air, water and industry issues;
 Establishing standards based on National Minimum Standards;
 Enforcing and monitoring of all activities within the State under the Air Act, the Water act and
the Cess Act, etc.;
 Conducting and organizing public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as
stipulated by the Amendment (April 1997) to the EIA Act; and,
 Issuing No-objection Certificates (NOC) for industrial development defined in such a way as
to include road projects as the Third National Highway Project.
(6) Mizoram State Forest Department
The Mizoram State Forest Department is responsible for the protection and managing the forest
designated areas within the state. The Forest Department works out Forest Working Plans for the
various forest divisions to manage and protect the forest resources. These plans form the basis for
managing the forest resources and for chalking out specific plans and policies with respect to the
conservation, protection and development of the forest areas. The Forest department will be
22
responsible for granting clearances for forest areas that need to be cleared for the project, according to
the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
3.4 Requirements of Various Clearance in Different Stages of Project

As discussed earlier, Environmental Clearance is not required for this project as the scale of widening
and land acquisition for this project is not significant enough not trigger the requirement. However,
the forest clearance permit will have to be obtained prior to the commencement of construction
activity, as per the requirement of the Forest Act. According to the discussions held with Department
of Environment and Forests, the application will be processed at various Forest Department offices at
Division, State and Central Government level depending on forest land requirement for non-forest
purposes. Part 1 of the application format has to be filled in by NHIDCL, the project proponent while
Part 2 of the application will be cleared by the Forest Division. Part 3 will be cleared at State
Environment and Forest Department while Part 4 (at Nodal Officer under Forest Conservation Act)
and Part 5 (Secretary of Department of Environment and Forest at Government of Meghalaya) will
clear them before forwarding it to Ministry of Environment and Forest in Delhi for appraising and
issuing Forest Clearance.
Also, various clearance will be required for setting up hot-mix plants, batching plants, etc., under the
Air and the Water Acts. Clearance from the State Department of Mining is required for establishing
quarries. Clearance from the Sate Ground Water Boards/Authorities is required for establishment of
new tube-wells/bore-holes in case they are required during construction work. Also, the provisions as
laid down in the Factories Act, 1948, Labor Act, 1988 and the Building and Other Construction
Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 with respect to hygiene
and health during the construction stage would apply for this project. With limited possibility, the
provisions of the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and the Chemical
Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 may also apply during the
construction and the operation periods. The applicability of environmental and other relevant rules
and acts is shown in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1 Clearance Requirements

No. Activity Statute Requirement Competent Responsible Time
Authority Agency for Required
Obtaining
Clearance
Pre-Construction Stage (Responsibility: MORTH)
2 Road-side tree Forest Permission for State and Central MORTH 2-3 months
cutting and Conservation Road-side tree Government
clearing forest Act1980 & MOEF cutting
23
Letter Dt.18.02.1998
3 Filling of State Fisheries Permission for State Irrigation MORT&H 2-3 months
Roadside Policy Draft Wetlands filling of water Department
water bodies (Conservation & bodies State Fisheries
(ponds and Management) Department
borrow pits) Rules, 2008 State Wetlands
Conservation
Committee
Construction Stage (Responsibility: Contractor)
1 Establishing Water Act of Consent-forest States Pollution The 4-6 months
stone crusher, 1974, Air Act of abolishment Control Boards Contractor
hot mix plant, 1981, Noise Rules of for respective
wet mix plant 2000 and section
and Diesel Environmental
Generator Protection Action
Sets of 1986 and as
Amended
2 Operating Water Act of Consent-for States Pollution The 4-6 months
stone 1974, Air Act of operation Control Boards Contractor
crusher, hot 1981, Noise Rules for respective
mix plant, wet of 2000 and section
mix plant and Environmental
Diesel Protection Action
Generator of 1986 and as
Sets Amended
3 Use and India Explosive Explosive licence Chief The 2-3 months
storage Act 1984 for use and Controller of Contractor
of explosive storage Explosives
for
quarry
blasting work
4 Storage of Manufacture Permission for States Pollution The 4-6 months
fueloil, storage and Import storage of Control Boards Contractor
lubricants, of Hazardous hazardous for respective
diesel etc. at Chemical Rules chemical section and or
construction 1989 Local Authority
camp (DC)
5 Quarry State Minor Quarry Lease State The 4-6 months
Operation Mineral Deed and Quarry Department of Contractor
Concession Rules, License Mines and
The Mines Act Geology
of1952, Indian
Explosive Act
of1984, Air Act
of1981 and WaterAct
of 1974
6 Extraction of Ground Water Permission for State Ground The 4-6 months
ground water Rules of 2002 extraction of Water Board Contractor
ground water
foruse in road
construction
activities
7 Engagement Labor Act Labor license Labor The 2-3 months
of labor Commissioner Contractor
24
CHAPTER 4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
This chapter assesses existing environment and socio-economic conditions against which likely
environmental and social impact of the project is analyzed. The baseline data presented below have
been collected by monitoring surveys as well as literature reviews and interactions with local people
and government officials at various levels. A more detailed socio-economic profile can be found in the
RAP report prepared for this project. The Scoping Matrix that summarizes likely scale of impacts for
various components is included in Chapter 6, and Environmental Checklist as per JICA Guideline is
included in Appendix A.
4.1.1 Climate
Mizoram has a mild climate, relatively cool in summer 20 to 29 °C (68 to 84 °F) and winter
temperatures range from 7 to 22 °C . The region is influenced by monsoons, raining heavily from
May to September with little rain in the dry-season. The climate pattern is moist tropical to moist
sub-tropical, with average state rainfall 254 centimeters per annum. In the capital Aizawl, rainfall is
about 215 centimeters and in Lunglei, another major town of the state, about 350 centimeters.
Source: Mizoram Statistical Handbook 2014

Figure 4.1 Monthly rainfall and daily maximum and minimum temperature in Aizawl (2013-2014)
4.1.2 Topography, Geology, and Soil
Mizoram has the most variegated hilly terrain in eastern part of India. Mizoram is mostly covered
with hills. The hills are steep and are separated by rivers, which flow either to the north or south,
creating deep gorges between the hill ranges. Eastern sector is higher than western sector. Average
25
height of the hills is about 900 meters. The highest peak in Mizoram is the Blue Mountain
(Phawngpui) with a height of 2210 meters. Flatlands adjacent to Cachar Valley and flatlands of
Champhai, Mat, Tlabung and Chamdur have immense potentials for agriculture and horticulture
development.
The Geology of Mizoram consists of a repetitive succession of Neogene (Tertiary) arenaceous and
argillaceous sediments occurring in a series of approximately North- south trending longitudinal
plunging anticlines and synclines. The topography of the area is often a good indication of lithology
and argillaceous groups of rocks occur in relatively lower altitudes as compared to arenaceous rocks.
The parent materials are predominantly shales and siltstone, with a reasonable percentage of day
minerals. Therefore, a certain degree of cohesiveness is evident. Further, as the rocks are relatively
impermeable, the dry months provide opportunity of desiccation of the upper topsoil creating some
weak bond by geo-chemical processes (laterisation, limonisation, or sometimes kaolinisation). The
common rocks found are sandstone, shale, silt, stone, clay stones and slates. The rock system is weak
and unstable prone to frequent seismic influence. Geological map of Mizoram is shown below.
NH54
Source: Geological Survey of India

Figure 4.2 Geological Map of Mizoram
26
Soil texture, in general, varies from sandy loams, clayey loams to clay. Although the soils are mature,
profuse rainy spells in the region coupled with the high gradients have accelerated the problem of
leaching of the loose soils. These soils are highly porous with low water holding capacity and this is
the main cause of the low water table in Mizoram. The soils of Mizoram are deficient in potassium,
phosphorous, nitrogen and humus. The traditional jhum cultivation has adversely affected the
productivity. Although superficial greenery is observed owing to the profuse rainfall, the tract is
actually in the process of fast degradation. The pH of these soils is acidic to neutral due to excessive
leaching. The soil structure of the project area is summarized below.
Table 4.1 Soil Structures in Project Area
District Soil pH Nitrogen Phosphorus Potash

(Kg/ha) (Kg/ha) (Kg/ha)
Aizwal 5.25 224 14 253
Serchhip 5.53 264 12 277
Lunglei 5.38 251 10 147
Lawngtlai 5.95 229 16 221
Saiha 5.94 672 6.3 478
Source: Soil Information System
4.1.3 Flora and Fauna
Mizoram is the highest forest cover state in the India, having about 90 % of the total geographical
area is under forest (India State Forest Report FSI, 2013). Mizoram is a hilly region receiving heavy
rainfall with soil characteristics conducive for luxuriant growth. Flora and fauna assessment were
carried out for all the five districts that the targeted section of NH54 passes through.
Floral/Vegetation assessment carried out through quadrate methods; for trees 10mx10m, for shrubs
5mx5m and for Herbs 1m x1m square shaped quadrates were used. Quadrates were laid randomly in
the corridors upside and downside of the road. All species in the quadrates were recorded &
ecological parameters such as density and frequency were calculated. Faunal species were recorded
with the visual observation during site visits, secondary data from the forest department and local
information from peoples. While impacts on river and river ecosystem are expected to be negligible,
aquatic ecosystem of Turial River and Mat River – two major rivers that NH54 passes through – has
been summarized below based on a review of literature.
Being part of India-Burma biodiversity hotspot, Mizoram is known for its rich biodiversity.
Meanwhile, no pristine ecosystem remains in the areas along NH54, the main road network of the
State, due to human activities. As such, there are significant differences in the level of biodiversity
27
and richness of flora/faunal community between in the area the proximity of NH54 and in Natural
Park and Protected Areas of the State.
FLORA
Quadrate study were carried out along the road & floral elements classified in to Trees, Shrubs & Herbs.
Bombax insigne, Ficussemicordata, Schimawallichhi,Thysanolaena maxima, Melocannabaccifera,
Biden pilosa, Eupatorium odaratum, Cynodondactylonwere the dominant species in the study area. In
all, 57 tree species, 30 shrubs species & 52 herb species recorded from the study area. With the checklist
of floral elements, ecological parameters like frequency, density, relative frequency, relative density,
relative dominance and Important Value Index (IVI) of each species in all five districts were calculated.
Photo 4.1Vegetation Along the Road
List of Trees, Shrubs, & Herbs recorded during the study and its IUCN Redlist Category (if applicable)
are listed below. NE stands for not evaluated and LC stands for Least Concern.
Trees
Botanical name Family IUCN Category
Acrocarpus fraxinifolius Caaesalpiniaceae NE
Actocarpus chama Moraceae NE
Alangium chinense Alangiaceae NE
Albizia chinensis Mimosaceae NE
Albizia odoratissima Mimosaceae NE
Albizia procera Mimosaceae NE
Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae LC (ver. 2.3)
Anogeissus acuminata Combretaceae NE
Areca catechu Arecaceae NE
Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae NE
Balakatabaccata Euphorbiaceae NE
28
Bauhinia Variegata Caesalpiniaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Bischofia javanica Euphorbiaceae NE
Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae NE
Bombax insigne Bombacaceae NE
Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae NE
Cassia javanica Caesalpiniaceae NE
Cerasus cerasoides Rosaceae NE
Citrus sp Rutaceae NE
Delonix regia Caesalpiniaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Derris robusta Fabaceae NE
Duabanga grandiflora Sonneratiaceae NE
Erythrina stricta Fabaceae NE
Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae NE
Ficus hirta Moraceae NE
Ficus maclellandii Moraceae NE
Ficus semicordata Moraceae NE
Glochidion arborescens Euphorbiaceae NE
Gmelina arborea Verbenaceae NE
Jatropa curcus Euphorbiaceae NE
Lagerstroemia speciose Lythraceae NE
Lanneacoro mandelica Anacardiaceae NE
Leucaena leucocephala Mimosaceae NE
Macaranga denticulata Euphorbiaceae NE
Macaranga peltata Euphorbiaceae NE
Macropanax dispermus Araliaceae NE
Magnolia oblonga Mangnoliaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae DD (ver. 2.3)
Melia azedarach Meliaceae NE
Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae NE
Parkia timoriana Mimosaceae NE
Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthaceae NE
Pinus kesiya Pinaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Prunus cerasoides Rosaceae NE
Psidium guajava Myrtaceae NE
Quercuspolystachyus Fagaceae NE
Quercusxylocarpus Fagaceae NE
Rhus chinensis Anacardiaceae NE
Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae NE
Sauraula punduana Actinidiaceae NE
Schima wallichi Theaceae NE
Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae NE
29
Spondias piñata Anacardiaceae NE
Sterculia villosa Sterculiaceae NE
Tamarindus indica Caesalpiniaceae NE
Tectona grandis Verbenaceae NE
Toona ciliata Meliaceae LC (ver. 2.3)
Vernicia Montana Euphorbiaceae NE
Source: JICA Expert Team
Shrubs
Abelmoschus manihot Malvaceae NE
Acacia ruinescens Mimosaceae NE
Amommum dealbatum Zingiberaceae NE
Clerodendrum infortunatum Verbenaceae NE
Cyathea chinensis Cyatheaceae NE
Debregeasia longifolia Urticaceae NE
Duranta erecta Verbenaceae NE
Imperata cylindrica Gramineae NE
Lantana camara Verbenaceae NE
Maesa indica Myrsinaceae NE
Manihot esculenta Euphorbiaceae NE
Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae NE
Melocanna baccifera Poaceae NE
Musa sp. Musaceae NE
Musa sylvestris Musaceae NE
Mussaenda Roxburghii Rubiaceae NE
Rhaphidophora glauca Araceae NE
Rubus ulmifolius Rosaceae NE
Saccharum arundinaceum Poaceae NE
Securinega virosa Euphorbiaceae NE
Solanum rudepannum Solanaceae NE
Solanum xanthocarpum Solanaceae NE
Tabernaemontana divaricata Apocynaceae NE
Thysanolaena maxima Gramineae NE
Tithonia diversifolia Asreraceae NE
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Acanthaceae NE
Urena lobata Malvaceae NE
30
Herbs
Botanical Name Family IUCN Category
Achyranthes bidentata Amaranthaceae NE
Acmella uliginosa Asteraceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Adiantum philippense Adiantaceae NE
Aeschynomene indica Fabaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Ageratum conyzoides Asteraceae NE
Antidesma acidum Euphorbiaceae NE
Arisaema album Araceae NE
Arisaema consanguineum Araceae NE
Athyrium filix-femina Athyriaceae NE
Bauhinia scandens Ceasalpinaceae NE
Begonia palmate Begoniaceae NE
Bidens pilosa Asreraceae NE
Byttneria pilosa Sterculiacea NE
Centella asiatica Apiaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Cheilocostus speciosus Zingiberaceae NE
Chromoleana odorata Asteraceae NE
Cissampelos pareira Menispermaceae NE
Colocasia Affinis Aracaceae NE
Commelina nudiflora Commelinaceae NE
Costus speciosus Zingiberaceae NE
Crassocephalum crepidioides Asteraceae NE
Cyanotis Cristata Commelinaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Denrobium ochreatum Orchidaceae NE
Dicranopteris linearis Gleicheniaceae NE
Drymaria cordata Caryophyllaceae NE
Eupatorium odaratum Asteraceae NE
Galinsoga parviflora Asteraceae NE
Girardinia heterophylla Urticaceae NE
Ipomoea cairica Convolvulaceae NE
Ipomoea hederifolia Convolvulaceae NE
Laportea bulbifera Urticaceae NE
Mikania micrantha Asteraceae NE
Mimosa invisa Mimosaceae NE
Molineria capitulate Hypoxidaceae NE
Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae NE
Paederia foetida Rubiaceae NE
Passiflora nepalensis Passifloraceae NE
Phyllanthus urinaria Phylanthaceae NE
Pilea symmeria Urticaceae NE
31
Plantago major Plantaginaceae NE
Polygonum chinense Polygynaceae NE
Rhynchospora colorata Cyperaceae NE
Scorparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae NE
Sida acuta Malvaceae NE
Solanum nigrum Solanaceae NE
Solena amplexicaulis Cucurbitaceae NE
Sonchus arvensis Asreraceae NT (ver. 3.1)
Spermacoce ocymoides Rubiaceae NE
Stemona tuberosa Stemonaceae NE
Thladiantha cordifolia Cucurbitaceae NE
FAUNA
There is no unique faunal community within the project area. No “Endangered” species as per IUCN
Red List has been identified during the field survey, but one “Vulnerable” species, Slow Loris, has been
found in the project area. In addition to common species including toad, frog, crow, sparrow and myna,
several insects like moths, stick insects, dragonflies, beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers were also
found. In all 8 species of Avifauna, 6 species of Mammals have been reported from study area. As
shown below, none of the species found in the study area are listed as endangered (EN), vulnerable
(VU) or near threatened (NT), except for “Nycticebus bengalensis (Slow Loris)”.
Avifauna
Zoological Name Local Name IUCN Category
Falco peregrinus Falcon Mute LC (ver. 3.1)
Psittacula krameri Vaki LC (ver. 3.1)
Dicrurus remifer Vakul LC (ver. 3.1)
Dicrurus adsimilis Changkak LC (ver. 3.1)
Pycnonotus cafer Bulbul- Tlaiberh LC (ver. 3.1)
Psilopogon franklinii Zo-tuklo LC (ver. 3.1)
Chalcophaps indica Ram parva LC (ver. 3.1)
Psittacula krameri Vahmim LC (ver. 3.1)
Mammals
Zoological name Common/Local Name IUCN Category
Sus scrofa Wild Boar (Sanghar) LC (ver. 3.1)
Prionailurus bengalensis Wild cat (Sanghar) LC (ver. 3.1)
Caleotes vesicular Lizard (Laiking) NE
Callosciurusmacclellandi Squirrels (Thehlei) NE
Paguma larvata Palm Civet (Sazaw) LC (ver. 3.1)
Nycticebus bengalensis (Bengal/Northern) Slow Loris VU (ver. 3.1)
32
NH54 crosses Tuirial River and Mat River in the project area. Fish Fauna of these rivers are as
follows.
Fish Fauna
Zoological name Common/Local Name IUCN Tuirial Mat
Category River River
Barilius barila Barred baril NE ○
Barilius bendelisis LC (ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Barilius shacra LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Barilius tileo LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Barilius vagra LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Crossocheilus burmanicus Burmese Latia LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Crossocheilus latius Gangetic Latia LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Danio aequipinnulus DD(ver. 2.3) ○ ○
Devario naganensis VU(ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Esomus danrica LC (ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Garra annandalei Annandale garra LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Garra gotyla Gotyla LC (ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Garra lissorhynchus Khasi garra LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Neolissochilus hexagonolepis Copper mahseer NE ○ ○
Puntius conchonius Rosy Barb LC (ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Systomus sarana Olive barb NE ○ ○
Puntius ticto Ticto Barb LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Botia dario LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Botia rostrata VU (ver. 3.1) ○
Lepidocephalus macrochir DD (ver. 3.1) ○
Psilorhynchus gracilis Rainbow minnow LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Psilorhynchus balitora Balitora minnow LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Acanthocobitis botia Mottled Loach LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Balitora brucei NT(ver. 3.1) ○ ○
Schistura rupecula LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Schistura scaturigina LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Schistura vinciguerrae LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Erethistes pusillus LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Xenentodon cancila LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Mastacembelus armatus Spiny eel LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Chanda nama Elongate Glass LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Perchlet
Channa orientalis Asiatic snakehead NE ○
Badis badis LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Notopterus notopterus LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Semiplotus modestus Burmese Kingfish DD (ver. 3.1) ○
Tor tor Mahseer NT(ver. 3.1) ○
Glyptothorax cavia LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Glyptothorax sinensis DD (ver. 3.1) ○
33
Fish Fauna
Zoological name Common/Local Name IUCN Tuirial Mat
Category River River
Glyptothorax telchitta LC (ver. 3.1) ○
Source: “Fish fauna of Major rivers of Mizoram”, Fisheries Department, Government of Mizoram. Available at:
https://fisheries.mizoram.gov.in/page/fish-fauna-of-major-rivers-of-mizoram.html. Accessed October 2, 2015.
*Circle means that the species is recognized to inhabit in the river on the list of Fisheries Dept., Govt. of
Mizoram.
4.1.4 Protected Area and Forest
There are a total of nine protected area (National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary, Tiger Reserve) in Mizoram,
but the targeted section of NH54 does not traverse or border with any of them. According to the
discussion with the official in State Environment and Forest Department, two Wildlife Sanctuaries,
namely Twi WLS and Khawnglung are closest to the road but they are approximately 10km away
from the road and project will not cause direct impact to WLS.
34
NH54
Source: Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Mizoram

Figure 4.3Protected Area in Mizoram
Similarly, no reserve forest will be affected by the project. However, the project runs through open
forest, jhum land (shifting cultivation) and abandoned jhum area. Given that the forest and forest
produces play an important role in local livelihood, efforts are needed to minimize deforestation and
to disturbance during construction stage. The forest map of Mizoram is shown below (the darkness of
green color indicates thickness of forest).
35
NH54
Source: Department of Environment and Forests, Government of Mizoram

Figure 4.4Distribution of Forest in Mizoram
Table 4.2 below presents the production of major forest products during the period 2004-05 to
2012-13. A significant change in bamboo production and bamboo and related products can be
observed. In the year 2004-05 about 101 million bamboos was produced and by 2012 the production
fell drastically to 113 thousand, whereas the production of broom sticks during the same period
increased from 275 quintals (13,461 kg)to 5,787 quintals (283,274 kg). This indicates that with the
fall in production of bamboos, the production of other bamboo products was stopped in favor of
broom sticks, suggesting the changing relation of people and forest in recent years.
36
Table 4.2 Production of Forest Products – Mizoram
Year Teak Round Swan Fire – Bamboo Broom Anchiri
(Cu. M) Timber Timber Wood (‘000 Sticks (Qtls.)
(Cu. M) (Cu. M) (Cu.M) Nos) (Qtls.)
2004-05 - - 85 - 100800 275 -
2005-06 - - 117 - 75200 3375 -
2006-07 - - 1924 - 72800 4430 -
2007-08 - - 21311 - 23440 1500 -
2008-09 3672 74 1217 2115 6126 1280 3127
2009-10 - 11 605 5027 4257 9000 1078
2010-11 110 39 1203 7165 3586 1727 -
2011-12 - 6 1461 7468 452 2227 -
2012-13 1681 417 2222 73318 113 5787 -
Division-wise Production during 2012-13
Aizawl - 376 283 63768 29 40 -
Kolasib - - 140 43 30 3967 -
Mamit - - 186 29 3 498 -
Kawrthah (Champhai) 1681 - 192 - 2 1065 -
Thenzawl (Serchhip District) - - 506 41 16 15 -
Lunglei - - 169 125 1 - -
Tlabung (Lunglei District) - - - - 3 60 -
Lawngtlai - - - - - - -
N. Vanlaiphai (Serchhip - - 696 683 - - -
District)
Champhai - - 45 8610 26 -
Darlawn (Aizawl District) - 41 4 19 3 142 -
Source: Statistical Abstract of Mizoram 2013
4.1.5 River System and Hydrology
In the project area of NH54 between Aizawl to Tuipang, the project route passes several rivers and its
tributaries, including following Rivers.
- Tuirial River at Aizawl District
- Mat River at Lunglei District
- Kawchaw River at Saiha District
The hydrological study is conducted based on IRC:SP:13 “Guidelines for the design of small bridges
and culverts” which is well used technical standard for hydrological study in Indian highway design.
The analysis is conducted based on Rational Formulae for peak-off from catchment. The size of the
flood are determined by factors such as rainfall intensity, distribution in time and space, duration,
catchment area, shape, slope and permeability of the soil and vegetable cover.
The rainfall intensity is determined based on the ATLAS of State-wise Generalized ISOPLUVIAL
MAPs of Eastern India (Part-II), published by India Meteorological Department, Government of India.
The long-term rainfall intensity is modeled as shown below, which have informed the design of
drainage and culverts.
37
Table 4.3 Rainfall Intensity for Each Section of NH54
From To 25Years- 24hours 50Years- 24hours
Rainfall intensity Rainfall intensity
(mm) (mm)
Aizawl Tlungvel 240mm 280mm
(SectionA.0k) (SectionA.50k)
Tlungvel Chhingchhip 280mm 320mm
Chhingchhip Serchhip 320mm 360mm
Serchhip Tuipang 360mm 400mm
(SectionA.100k) (SectionD. last)
0k 0k
50k
50k
75k 75k
SERCHHIP
SERCHHIP 100k 100k
TUIPANG TUIPANG
380k
380k
Source: ATLAS of Statewise Generalised ISOPLUVIAL (Return Period) Maps of Eastern India (Part – II)
Figure 4.5 Detailed isopluvial map with project location for NH54 for 25 Years (L) and 50 Years (R)
4.1.6 Mineral Resources
Being a hilly state, Mizoram is rich in minerals. The figures on production of stone and sand are
shown below. The stone and sand production is mainly concentrated in Aizawl, and in Mamit, Kolasib
and Lunglei districts. Mizoram has mineral deposits of shell limestone, siltstone, clay mineral, coal
seam, oil and gas. Building-quality stones are exported to Bangladesh. Numerous natural water
springs in Mizoram also offers potential for manufacturing mineral water.
38
Table 4.4 Number of Quarry Permit Issued and Mineral Production
Production form Sand
No. of Quarry Rs. in Rs. in
Year Quarry (Stone) Production
Permit Issued Lakhs Lakhs
(Cu.M) (Cu.m)
2005-2006 191 NA NA NA NA
2006-2007 164 NA NA NA NA
2007-2008 33 312797.083 37.54 36176.54 18.09
2008-2009 78 418208.316 50.19 118585.26 59.29
2009-2010 48 261488.330 31.38 62611.40 31.31
2010-2011 97 212937.325 85.18 136303.94 68.15
Table 4.5 District-wise Number of Quarry Permit Issued and Mineral Production, 2010-11
Production form Sand
No. of Quarry Rs. in Rs. in
District Quarry (Stone) Production
Permit Issued Lakh) Lakh
(Cu.M) (Cu.m)
Mamit 4 11087.50 4.43 1980.00 0.99
Kolasib 6 11594.90 4.64 11312.20 5.66
Aizawl 28 171776.725 68.71 67189.04 33.59
Champhai 15 4913.95 1.97 29825.70 14.91
Serchhip 8 4799.70 1.92 5435.00 2.72
Lunglei 31 8294.55 3.32 20562.00 10.28
Lawngtlai 5 470 0.19 - -
Saiha - - - - -
Total 97 212937.325 85.18 136303.94 68.15
4.2 Living Environment

4.2.1 Air Quality
Being on hill, towns and villages along NH54 generally have good ambient air quality. The project
road alignment also has no polluting industry along it. There is congestion due to traffic in major the
built up. This leads to vehicular exhaust emissions and deterioration for which the proposed widening
will have positive impact.
During the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) by Indian Consultants, ambient air sampling
was carried out in eight locations along the project road in February 2011. The monitoring data for dry
season shows that all parameters are under the threshold by CPCB/MOEF. Additional monitoring for
pre-monsoon season has been carried out in April 2015 to establish base line ambient air quality in the
project area and surroundings. Monitoring was carried out along the project corridor at 15 locations at
a frequency of twice in a month, adopting a continuous 24-hours schedule in the month of April 2015
as per guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board and MOEF requirements. The locations of
ambient air quality monitoring is shown below.
39
Table 4.6 Locations Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
Station Code Location GPS
AAQ1 Puspak Junction 23044'23"N
92044'30"E
AAQ2 Tuirial Village 23043'08"N
92047'56"E
AAQ3 Tiungvel Village 23036'22"N
92051'14"E
AQ 4 Baktawng 23032'11"N
92050'57"E
AAQ 5 Chhiahtlang 23022'39"N
92050'35"E
AAQ 6 Serchhip 23019'57"N
92051'17"E
AAQ 7 Keitum 23013'55"N
92054'40"E
AAQ 8 Rawpui 23008'44"N
92053'52"E
AAQ 9 Thiltlang 23001'14"N
92055'16"E
AAQ 10 Leite 23054'06"N
92054'41"E
AAQ 11 S. Tawipui 22040'22"N
92050'43"E
AAQ 12 Thingfal 22037'08"N
92050'20"E
AAQ 13 Lawngtlai 22031'33"N
92053'47"E
AAQ 14 Kawlchaw E 22024'01"N
92057'28"E
AAQ 15 Zero Point 22027'48"N
92057'27"E
The air quality in the project area is less polluted. The AAQ of the project area is given below. The
survey results indicate that concentrations of all pollutants are well within the prescribed limits of the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards except the particulate matter PM10 at Puspak Junction where
the figure is slightly higher than permissible limit i.e.118 to 120µg/m3. The maximum concentration
of PM2.5 is 52.00µg/m3 at Puspak Junction while the minimum concentration is 20.80 µg/m3 at
Thingfal. The maximum concentration of SO2 is 7.30 µg/m3 recorded at Puspak Junction while
minimum concentration is recorded < 4.0 µg/m3 at various locations. The maximum & minimum
concentration of NOX is 30 µg/m3& 8.50 µg/m3 at Puspak Junction and Leite respectively. CO
concentration is found to be well below the permissible limit.
Table 4.7 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Station Date of Parameters (µg/m3) & Test Method
Code Monitoring PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX CO
40
Gravimetric Gravimetric Improved West Jacob NDIR
Method Method &Gaeke Method &Hochheiser Spectroscopy
Modified Method
Method
AQ1 15.04.15 to 52.00 120.50 7.30 30.00 0.6
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 48.50 118.50 6.80 28.50 0.45
23.04.15
AQ2 15.04.15 to 32.50 65.20 <4.0 15.00 <100
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 30.00 65.20 <4.0 12.50 <100
23.04.15
AQ3 16.04.15 to 35.00 72.50 <4.0 12.50 <100
17.04.15
21.04.15 to 31.50 68.10 <4.0 10.00 <100
22.04.15
AQ4 16.04.15 to 38.50 72.50 <4.0 16.50 <100
17.04.15
21.04.15 to 32.80 68.20 <4.0 15.00 <100
22.04.15
AQ5 17.04.15 to 32.50 72.50 <4.0 15.00 <100
18.04.15
20.04.15 to 28.50 68.20 <4.0 12.50 <100
21.04.15
AQ6 17.04.15 to 36.80 80.10 5.30 20.10 0.3
18.04.15
20.04.15 to 32.10 72.50 4.50 15.00 0.2
21.04.15
AQ7 18.04.15 to 28.10 62.10 <4.0 12.50 <100
19.04.15
19.04.15 to 24.50 58.10 <4.0 10.00 <100
20.04.15
AQ8 18.04.15 to 28.50 58.20 <4.0 12.50 <100
19.04.15
19.04.15 to 21.50 52.80 <4.0 9.50 <100
20.04.15
AQ9 24.04.15 to 31.50 72.50 <4.0 15.00 <100
25.04.15
30.04.15 to 28.50 65.20 <4.0 11.50 <100
01.05.15
AQ10 24.04.15 to 23.50 56.20 <4.0 10.00 <100
25.04.15
30.04.15 to 22.80 51.80 <4.0 8.50 <100
01.05.15
AQ11 25.04.15 to 28.50 56.20 <4.0 12.50 <100
26.04.15
29.04.15 to 21.80 51.80 <4.0 10.00 <100
30.04.15
AQ12 15.04.15 to 25.10 68.50 <4.0 11.50 <100
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 20.80 61.40 <4.0 8.50 <100
23.04.15
AQ13 15.04.15 to 36.50 86.50 5.10 20.10 0.35
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 32.80 76.20 4.50 15.00 0.2
23.04.15
AQ14 15.04.15 to 23.50 52.80 <4.0 11.50 <100
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 20.10 56.10 <4.0 9.50 <100
41
Station Date of Parameters (µg/m3) & Test Method
Code Monitoring PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOX CO
Gravimetric Gravimetric Improved West Jacob NDIR
Method Method &Gaeke Method &Hochheiser Spectroscopy
Modified Method
Method
23.04.15
AQ15 15.04.15 to 31.20 81.20 4.80 18.50 0.3
16.04.15
22.04.15 to 28.50 76.50 4.50 16.50 0.25
23.04.15
24 Hourly National 60 100 80 80 2000
Ambient Air Quality
(NAAQ) Standards &
CO (8 Hourly)
4.2.2 Ground and Surface Water Quality
The project road traverses through mountainous and steep terrains with several natural drainages such
as deep gorges, depressions, etc., where perennial water and rainwater runoff are collected. River
Tuirial, Tuichang, Mat, ChimTui Pui and tributaries are located within the study area. Besides, there
are many nullahs and stream crossing the project road and many ponds are available near the project
road.
Pre-monsoon water quality of the project corridor has been analyzed by collecting water samples
along the Project road between April and May in 2015. Meanwhile, the monitoring survey for dry
season (winter) was carried out in February 2011 during DPR preparation. In both seasons, parameter
such as Iron, Total Coliform Organisms and Faecal Coliform Organisms are beyond permissible limits
of Drinking water Standards (IS: 10500) and thus it is not fit for drinking purpose. The surface water
quality monitoring location and the analysis results are shown in Table 4.5.
Table 4.8 Surface Water Quality

Tuichang river Mat river ChimTuiPui Limits
Tuirial river (Near Keitum (Near Leite river IS: 10500
Parameters village village) (Kalchaw E)
pH 6.78 6.82 7.17 6.68 6.6 to 8.5
Color (Hazen unit) 1 1 1 1 -
Suspended Solid (mg/l) 11 12 <10 18 -
DO 5.4 5.6 5.6 5.2 -
BOD (mg/l) 23 20 18 25 -
COD (mg/l) 87.48 68.04 68.04 87.48 -
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/l) 6.5 4.5 5.5 7.5 -
Total Hardness (mg/l) 40 30 20 30 300
Calcium (mg/l) 8.42 6.41 4.41 7.21 75
Magnesium (mg/l) 4.56 3.36 2.16 2.88 30
42
Ammonia (mg/l) 2.5 1.8 2 2.8 -
Electric Conductivity 277.7 154.3 107 169.6 -
Chloride (mg/l) 16.97 11.32 11.32 10.37 250
Sulphate (mg/l) 39 5 6 17.5 200
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.8 0.7 0.75 0.9 -
Nitrate (mg/l) 4.8 3.5 5.2 3 45
Fluoride (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 1
Arsenic (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05
Lead (mg/l) <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 -
Mercury (mg/l) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.05
Phenols (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 -
Cyanides (mg/l) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 -
Total Dissolved solid (mg/l) 178 99 69 109 500
Iron (mg/l) 0.49 0.31 0.36 4.34 0.3
3
Total Coliform / 100 ml 1.6 x 10 1.2 x 103 1.5 x 10 3
1.8 x 103
Faecal Coliform/ 100 ml 5.1 x 102 4.3 x 102 4.8 x 102 6.2 x 102
Note: <1 indicate No Colony developed in 1 ml. Sample
<10 indicate No Colony developed in 0.1 ml. Sample
<100 indicate No Colony developed in 0.01 ml. Sample
Ground water has been found to be an important source for catering to the local needs of water
consumption for various purposes, mainly domestic. Therefore, any kind of deterioration in the
quality of ground water owing to the developmental activities will pose threat to the concerned
population and attention needs to be paid towards maintaining the quality of water using all possible
tools such as monitoring with spontaneous remedial suggestions, if required. Keeping in view the
importance of ground water to the local population, monitoring of ground water quality was carried
out in five villages along NH54 as shown in Table 4.9.
Analysis of groundwater samples shows that the water is alkaline in nature (pH <8). The total
dissolved solids (TDS) in five locations are below the permissible limit (500mg/l). Chloride
concentration is well below the desirable limit (250mg/l) in all locations. This is also the case for
ground water monitoring during the dry season, undertaken in DPR preparation stage. Sulphate and
Nitrate concentrations are low and within the permissible limit and thus indicate low degree of
organic pollution. Amongst the cations, Calcium (Ca) and Magnesium (Mg) are below the permissible
limit (200mg/l). Concentration of iron is above the desirable limit of 0.3 ml/l in all samples.
Groundwater in general is soft in the area and the Hardness is below the permissible limit of 600mg/l.
Groundwater samples are free from heavy metals like cadmium, arsenic, lead, chromium etc.
Bacterial quality of groundwater shows all samples are free form faecal coliform and total coliform
and hence the water samples are suitable for human consumption after treatment process.
43
Table 4.9 Ground Water Quality
Desirable Permissible
Limit as limit as per
Thiltlang
Tuirel Keitum Leite Lawngtlai per BIS 10500 in
Parameters village
village village village village BIS 10500 absence of
alternate
source
6.5-8.5 No
pH 7.02 6.25 6.69 7.34 6
Relaxation
Color - -
1 1 1 1 1
(Hazen unit)
Odor Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless Odorless - -
Electric - -
510.9 170 461 503.1 213.3
Conductivity
Total 500 2000
Dissolved 327 109 295 322 250
solid (mg/l)
Bicarbonate - -
59.78 30.5 51.24 74.42 80
(mg/l)
Total 300 600
Hardness 45 40 50 60 50
(mg/l)
Calcium - -
10.02 8.82 11.2 14.03 11.62
(mg/l)
Magnesium 30 100
4.8 4.32 5.28 6 5.04
(mg/l)
Chloride 250 1000
14.14 16.97 17.92 10.37 15.08
(mg/l)
Sulphate 200 400
4.5 5.5 5.5 10 19.5
(mg/l)
Phosphate - -
0.6 0.8 0.86 0.5 0.8
(mg/l)
Nitrate (mg/l) 4.5 3.8 4 3.5 4 45 100
Fluoride 1.0 1.50
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
(mg/l)
Arsenic - -
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
(mg/l)
Lead (mg/l) <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 0.05 No relaxation
Mercury - -
<0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001
(mg/l)
Phenols - -
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
(mg/l)
Cyanides - -
<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
(mg/l)
Iron (mg/l) 7.4 9.74 1.56 4.05 13.82 0.30 1.00
Total Colirom - -
<100 <100 <100 <100 <100
/ 100 ml
Faecal - -
Coliform/ 100 <100 <100 <100 <100 <100
ml
Note: <100 indicate No Colony developed in 0.01 ml. Sample
In addition to surface water and ground water monitoring, the water samples from three community
water tanks have been collected. As shown in Table 4.10 below, the results indicates that water quality
44
of community water tanks is good and suitable for human consumption.
Table 4.10 Water Quality of Community Water Tank

Standard
Parameters Serchhip Tawpui village Zero point (IS10500)
pH 7.49 7.47 7.38 6.5-8.5
Color (Hazen unit) 1 1 1 5
Odor Odorless Odorless Odorless Unobjectionable
Electric Conductivity 170.9 408.5 173.6
Total Dissolved solid (mg/l) 110 262 111 500
Bicarbonate (mg/l) 29.28 50.02 29.28
Total Hardness (mg/l) 20 30 20 300
Calcium (mg/l) 4.81 7.21 4.01 75
Magnesium (mg/l) 1.92 2.88 2.4 30
Chloride (mg/l) 7.54 7.54 12.26 250
Sulphate (mg/l) 6 30 6.5 150
Phosphate (mg/l) 0.81 0.68 0.86
Nitrate (mg/l) 1.5 2.8 1.5 45
Fluoride (mg/l) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 0.6-1.2
Arsenic (mg/l) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05
Lead (mg/l) <0.088 <0.088 <0.088 0.1
Mercury (mg/l) <0.0001 <0.0001 <0.0001 0.001
Phenols (mg/l) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001
Cyanides (mg/l) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05
Iron (mg/l) 0.06 0.15 0.21 0.3
Total Colirom / 100 ml Must not be
<100 <100 <100
detected
Faecal Coliform/ 100 ml Must not be
<100 <100 <100
detected
Note: <100 indicate No Colony developed in 0.01 ml. Sample
4.2.3 Noise Level
Noise is an important environmental attribute in all road projects because vehicular traffic is a source
of noise pollution. During DPR preparation, noise level monitoring was carried out in 19 locations in
February 2011 (dry season). For pre-monsoon monitoring, fifteen monitoring sites were identified for
to characterize the baseline noise levels in the project area. The results in both seasons shows that the
ambient noise level of the project areas in some locations are over the standard prescribed by the
Central Pollution Control Board, indicating the need for speed limit and other measures to reduce
noise level, particularly in areas near sensitive receptors such as hospitals.
Table 4.11 Ambient Noise Level

Ambient Noise Level Leq.dB(A)
Sr. No. Location Day Time (07.00 AM to 11.00 Night Time (10.00 AM to 12.00
PM) PM)
45
Lmin Lmax Leq Lmin Lmax Leq
1 Pushpak Junction 58.4 70.5 66.51 46.2 53.8 48.16
2 Tuirel village 52.5 64.2 60.22 35.1 46.3 35.28
3 Tlungvel village 52 66 61.22 36.8 47.2 38.5
4 Bktawang village 52.9 65.3 60.52 37.8 46.5 40.18
5 Chhiahtlang village 50.4 65.7 60.81 34.2 43.8 36.28
6 Serchhip (NT) 54.6 65.1 60.25 42.3 51.2 46.2
7 Keitum village 56.5 65 61.79 35.2 41.8 36.28
8 Rawpui village 55.8 64.7 61.13 34.2 48.5 38.12
9 Thiltlang village 50.4 60.4 56.78 32.5 41.8 37.5
10 Leite village 45.9 54.8 50.66 34.2 42.6 38.12
11 S. Tawipui village 53 59.1 56.48 32.5 41.5 35.18
12 Thingfal village 51 61.3 57.25 34.8 43.5 37.78
13 Lawngtlai (NT) 54.3 62.4 58.68 46.2 53.2 48.5
14 Zero point village 52.8 64.5 58.88 32.8 43.8 35.12
15 Kawlchaw village 54.8 64.5 59.63 38.5 42.5 40.18
Table 4.12 Noise Level Limits of GoI [in LeqdB(A)]

Area/Class Day Time Night Time
(6.00 AM to 9.00 PM) (9.00 PM to 6.00 AM)
Standard Standard
Industrial 75 70
Commercial 65 55
Residential 55 45
Silence 50 40
Source: CPCB
4.2.4 Hazards
With the inherently weak geology of fractured rock, the steep, unstable slops are further weakened by
water flows during monsoons and result in landslides. Deforestation due to felling of trees for timber,
animal fodder and removal of vegetation for jhum cultivation are also contributing to soil erosions
and destabilization of slopes.
In addition to the field identification of landslide discussed in Section 2.2.1, information on past
landslide disaster in and around Mizoram states has been collected to ascertain the trend of natural
hazard in area. The number of landslide reported in newspapers and academic paper from 1992 to
2015 is summarized in Figure below, which clearly indicates elevalted risk of landslide in monsoon
season. In September 2014, a large landslide occurred near PWD office at Laipuitang in Aizawl and
killed 17 people and destroyed 15 houses including PWD office buildings. These disasters often
46
causing severe disruption in the lifeline, which deprive the local population along NH54 from supply
of essential commodities.
Source: Mizoram Statistical Handbook 2015

Figure 4.6 Frequency of Landslide in Mizoram
4.3 Socio-Economic Conditions

4.3.1 Mizo People
Mizoram name derived from Mi (Peoples), Zo (Hills) & Ram (Land) thus Mizoram implies ‘land of
the hilly peoples’. The meaning itself shows social structure of the Mizoram state. The Mizos are
broadly divided into 5 major tribes and 11 minor tribes. The 5 major tribes are Lushai, Ralte, Hmar,
Paite and Pawi. Mizo is the official language and most widely used language for verbal interactions,
but English being important for education, administration, formalities and governance, is also widely
used. The Duhlian dialect, also known as the Lusei, was the first language of Mizoram and has come
to be known as Mizo language. All the tribes still have their own unique dialects which are slightly
different from the dominant Mizo (Duhlian), but they can understand each other without problems. As
per 2011 census, total population of Mizoram is 1,097,206. Out of these, the number of male and
female are 555,339 and 541,867 respectively. The Lushai tribes constituted the majority of the Mizo
population. Population density of Mizoram is 52 per km2. The literacy rate in Mizoram is 91.33
percent as per 2011 census. District-wise and Tribe-wise population of Mizoram is shown below. Out
of 8 districts, the targeted section of NH54 passes through five districts (highlighted in below Table).
Table 4.13 District-wise Population and Literacy Rate

District Population Density Sex Ratio Literacy %
47
Male Female Total (per Sq Km)
Mamit 44,567 41,190 85,757 28 924 60
Kolasib 42,456 40,598 83,054 60 956 94.54
Aizawl 201,072 202,982 404,054 113 1009 98.50
Champhai 63,299 62,071 125,370 39 981 93.51
Serchhip 32,824 32,051 64,875 46 976 98.76
Lunglei 79,252 74,842 154,094 34 944 89.40
Lawngtlai 60,379 57,065 117,444 46 945 66.41
Saiha 28,490 27,876 56,366 40 978 88.41
Total 552,339 538,675 1,091,014 52 875 91.85

Source: 2011 Census
Table 4.14 Composition of Various Mizo Tribes in the State

Tribe Number Percentage (%)
Lushai 646,117 77
Chakma 71,283 8.5
Pawi 42,230 5
Lakher 36,018 4.3
Any Kuki tribes 21,040 2.5
Hmar 18,155 2.2
Source: 2001 Census2
The Mizo ancestors had no written language and the British missionaries, F.W. Savidge and J.H.
Lorrain, created the Mizo alphabets based on the Roman scripts. The arrival of these two missionaries
marked the formal origin of education in Mizoram. After only two and half months, Savidge started
the first school on 1st April, 1894. They also prepared a Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai
language (Duhlian dialect) in 1898, which became the foundation of Mizo language. Today, Mizoram
enjoys one of the highest rate of literacy in India, at 91.3%
The Mizo ancestors had no written language and were completely devoted to animism, worshipping
all sorts of objects and natural phenomena. The British has to simply modernise them. The first
missionary who came to Lushai hill was Rev. William Williams, a Welsh missionary for investigative
visit for a week. On 11th January, 1894, F.W. Savidge and J.H. Lorrain arrived at Aizawl and this
marked the origin of formal Christianity in Mizoram.
The majority of the Mizo people are Christian. The major Christian denominations are Presbyterian,
2
2001 Census is the latest data available as per-tribe population data is not included in 2011 Census.
48
Baptist, United Pentecostal Church, Roman Catholic, the Salvation Army, Congregational Church of
India (Maraland), Seventh-day Adventist, among others. There are other religions like Buddhism,
Hinduism, Muslim and Sikh. There are few people who practice Judaism claiming to be one of the
lost Judaic tribe group Bnei Menashe and a modernized traditional Mizo religion called Hnam sakhua,
which put a particular emphasis on Mizo culture and seeks to revive traditional Mizo values. There
are also few tribal religions such as Lalchhungkua, Lalhnam and Nunna Lalchhungkua.
The Mizo celebrate many festivals among which the Chapchar kut and the Pawl kut are the most
important. Chapchar kut is celebrated in the month of March and it is a spring festival. Pawl kut is a
harvest festival celebrated in the months of December and January. They also celebrated Mim kut in
the month of September. This festival is for the dead members of the family and they used to prepare
foods for them. The Mizo people celebrated the festivals with many dances among which Cheraw is
the most colorful dance. All the festivals are connected with agricultural activities.
The summary of each district in Mizoram is shown below.
Table 4.15 Snapshot of District in Mizoram
District Description
Situated between the Tlawng River valley in the West and Tuirial River valley in the East. It is
home to the Mizo tribes who are said to have migrated from Myanmar's Chin Hills 300 years
Aizawl ago. Being the capital city of Mizoram it is a political, commercial, educational and cultural
hub of the state, housing all important government offices, the State assembly and secretariat,
and tourist spots, including some beautiful churches and markets.
It is the biggest district (21.52 % of the total land area) bounded on the north by Mamit and
Lunglei Serchhip Districts, on the south by Lawngtlai and Saiha districts, on the east by Myanmar and
on the west by Bangladesh, having dense forest area covering 524.63 sq.kms.
Located near the India-Myanmar border, it serves as a gateway of all business activities
between India and Myanmar. It is a fast developing venue on the Indo-Myanmar border. The
Champhai famous Rihdil Lake is only about 50 kms away from the town of Champhai. Champhai valley
known as "The Rice bowl of Mizoram" is located towards the base of the town. A chain of
green hills encircle luxuriant rice fields, which add to the beauty of this place.
Located in the southern most part of Mizoram having common international borders with
Bangladesh in the west and Myanmar in the east. It also shares common boundaries with
Lunglei and Saiha District in the north and south respectively. Unlike other districts, it has two
Lawngtlai Autonomous District Councils within the District, namely the Lai Autonomous District
Council (LADC) and the Chakma Autonomous District Council (CADC) with their
headquarters at Lawngtlai and Kamalanagar respectively, and are administered in accordance
with the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India.
Mamit District was created after bifurcation of the erstwhile Aizawl District in 1998. It is
bounded on the north by Assam state, on the west by Tripura state and Bangladesh, on the
south by Lunglei district, and on the east by Kolasib and Aizawl districts. It is 4th largest
Mamit
district in Mizoram in terms of total area. It receives abundant rainfall. The five main big rivers
are Tlawng, Tut,Teirei, Langkaih and Khawthlangtuipui. Women Play major role in the society
as well as in the family.
49
The District is bounded by Assam on the north and north west side, on the south and east by
Aizawl, and on the south west by Mamit District. The location of the district occupies an
important site as it is the main stream of road communication from other state of Mizoram. NH
Kolasib
54 passes through the middle of the district from north to south direction. The only Rail head
in the state located at Bairabi. There are some worth visiting sites in and around the district
which include Dampa Wildlife Sanctuary and Tlawng River.
Serchhip is located in the central part of the state of Mizoram; adjoined by Champhai District
in the East, Aizawl in the North and North West, and Lunglei District in the South. The district
has the highest literacy all over India. It lies between the two very important rivers of Mat and
Serchhip
Tuikum. While River Tuikum is source for drinking water for Serchhip, River Mat is source
for irrigation water for Zawlpui, the rice bowl of Serchhip. Serchhip is also the main
producer of cabbages and mustards in Mizoram.
Saiha District is situated on the southern-most fringe of the North-eastern region of India and
shares border with Myanmar on the eastern and southern side. Administratively, it is divided
Saiha into two blocks-Saiha and Tuipang. It is the third most developed and also the third most
populous town in Mizoram State apart from the state Capital - Aizawl and Lunglei. It is also
the capital of the third largest tribe - the Maras in Mizoram.
4.3.2 Mizo economy
As per the data available, the Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) for the year 2012-13 was about Rs
7,556 Crores, and the Per Capita Income (PCI) during the same period was Rs. 63,413. It has also
been observed that during the period 2004-05 to 2012-13 the economy of the state grew at a
compound annual growth rate of 9.3%, with Primary Sector growing at 7.6%, Secondary Sector at
7.9% and the Tertiary Sector at 10.3%. During the same period the per capita income of the state grew
at 6.8%. The sector-wise growth rates as well as the growth of PCI are summarized in Table 10.1.1.2.
Table 4.16 Economic Growth of Mizoram

CAGR (2004-05 to
Sector
2012-13)
Agriculture & Allied – P (Primary Sector) 7.64%
Industry - S (Secondary Sector) 7.87%
Services – T (Tertiary Sector)) 10.30%
NSDP (Net State Domestic Product) 9.30%
PCI (Per Capita Income) 6.77%
Note: CAGR – Compound Annual Growth Rate
The main occupation of the people is agriculture. About 80% of the population are agriculturist. Rice is
the main crop of Mizoram and besides rice, maize, potato, ginger, tumeric, black pepper, chilies and a
variety of fruits are grown. In Mizoram, the ownership of land is vested with the government, which
issues periodic pattas to individual cultivators. The Village Council distributes the plots of land among
the villagers for cultivation every year. The agricultural system practiced is of the primitive type of
‘jhum’ or ‘slash and burn’, a practice that has been regarded as detrimental to the top layer of the soil,
rendering it to become loose and soft and susceptible to frequent soil erosion. The government is
50
attempting to bring about a change to the practice of ‘jhum’ by introducing ‘terrace cultivation’ which is
ideal for the hill slope. The main horticulture crops are fruit crops like Mandarin orange, banana,
passion fruit, grapes, hatkora, pineapple, papaya, etc. and flowers like anthurium, bird of paradise,
orchid, rose and other subsidiary seasonal flowers. People have also started extensive cultivation of oil
palm, medicinal and aromatic plants. Anthurium is being sent for sale to places to major cities like
Kolkata, Delhi, Mumbai and Hyderabad. The arecanut fibre, which is plentiful in the state, is very good
for making disposable plates and saucers
51
CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
5.1 Overview
The scope for alternative is limited due to hilly nature of the terrain and the nature of the project,
which essentially aims to improve and widen existing road. In developing a proposed preliminary
road design, three concepts of alternatives have been as shown in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1 Concepts of Alternatives
No. Option Contents

0 Zero-Option Existing road and slope conditions will persist. Poor pavement
(without project) condition will lead to more vehicular emissions with
detrimental impacts on health and ecosystem. Also,
continuation of uncontrolled encroachment will increase the
risk of traffic accident in built-up areas. Poor road network
continues to be a bottleneck of economic development and also
undermine positive benefits of ongoing Kaladan Multimodal
Transport Project, which provides additional network from
Mizoram to Haldia/Kolkata ports through NH54 and Kaladan
River in Myanmar.
1 Applying the same The same standard for widening/improvement will be applied
design standard across the whole stretch irrespective to geological condition
across the whole and socio-economic conditions. While the positive impact of
stretch based on widening is significant, the project will trigger significantly
the IRC more resettlement compared with option 2. Also, geometric
improvement of many hair-pin curves will trigger more cutting
and filling, increasing impacts on forest and leads to higher
project implementation cost. The number of traffic accident
will also increase due to the increased speed of vehicles
passing through built-up areas.
2 Selective widening The level of widening will be minimized in heavily built-up
considering social area to reduce the scale of resettlement. This option is
impacts desirable from socio-economic point of view, but the positive
impact in terms of improvement of the road network in the
region may be slightly limited compared with option 1.
3 New bypass to A new bypass will be constructed in densely built-up areas to
avoid densely avoid resettlement. The option will minimize the scale of
built-up areas resettlement, but the impact on forest and agricultural land
(jhum) will be significant as the new road will be constructed
in open forest. The bypass will be required in the longer-term
to accommodate project increase in traffic demand in the
future, but its environmental impact as well as economic
feasibility will have to be studied in more details.
The illustrative images of widening concepts are shown below.
52
現況改良例（インド基準に従う）
道路用地幅：約 7 - 9 m 道路幅：12 m
路肩幅： 2.5 m 車線舗装幅： 7.0 m (3.5 m + 3.5 m) 路肩幅： 2.5 m

切土擁壁
舗装幅：約 5 m
C/L 家屋 C/L
盛土擁壁
Figure 5.1 Alternative One (Widening based on IRC Standard)
現況改良例（設計基準の緩和）
道路用地幅：約 7 - 9 m
道路幅：8.5 m
路肩：
路肩：
舗装幅：約 5 m 切土擁壁 1.0 m
1.5 m 舗装：6.0 m (3.0 m +3.0 m)
C/L 家屋
C/L 家屋
Figure 5.2 Alternative Two (Limited Widening)
住宅立地箇所
既存国道54号線
新設バイパスの計画
Figure 5.3 Alternative Three (New Bypass)
A comparison of three options is provided in Table 5.2.
53
Table 5.2 Review of Alternatives
Alternative Zero Option One Two Three
General Objective No project. Continue Follow Indian standard and Minimize the scale of Avoid resettlement
business as usual without ensure road capacity will resettlement
intervention. be sufficient over the
long-run
Resettlement N/A × ○ ◎
Trigger significant ROW 12m will be adopted in Minimum impact, but
resettlement. Preliminary general, except for hair pin create negative impact on
assessment suggest that curves. Impact will be natural environment
expansion beyond 15m can reduced compared with
result in resettlement of Option One.
more than 5,000 1,937 households will be
households. affected in total.
Impact on △ ○ ◎ ×
natural environment No immediate impact, but Limited impact as the Limited impact as the A more detailed analysis
slope failure and soil engineering work will be engineering work will be is needed to assess
erosion without proper limited in the side of limited in the side of existing potential impact for new
management will existing road. Result in road. Volume of spoil soil is bypass to be constructed
eventually degrade natural significant volume of spoil less than Alternative One. in open forest
environment soil.
Pollution × ○ △ ◎
No immediate impact, but The option leads to least More congestion will be Traffic will not pass
poor road and growing level of congestion and expected compared with through densely built up
level of congestion will thus least to relatively option one, but still leads to area and thus the health
lead to elevated pollution small increase in vehicular better situation compared impact associated with
level in the long-run, emissions. with without project greater vehicular
particularly in built-up area scenario. emission will be
minimized.
Traffic Safety × ○ ○ ◎
Likely to deteriorate Proper safety measures inc. Proper safety measures inc. The traffic does not pass
54
Alternative Zero Option One Two Three
further as no safety traffic signs will be traffic signs will be required through densely built-up
measures will be required as the speed of as the speed of vehicles area and thus the risk of
implemented. vehicles passing through passing through built-up area accident will be reduced.
built-up area is likely to is likely to increase.
increase.
Construction cost △ ◎ ×
Require significant cost The cost associated with land While the cost associated
N/A associated with land acquisition and resettlement with resettlement will be
acquisition and will be less than option one. least among three
resettlement. options, cost of
constructing new bypass
will be significant.
Overall Evaluation 4 3 1 2
(Ranking in bracket ) Given the vulnerability of The option will trigger The scale of widening is The scale of resettlement
existing road against significant resettlement. compromised in some areas, will be minimum, but the
landslide and the Given the limited but this level of widening high cost associated with
importance as the key availability of open and flat will be sufficient for caring bypass construction will
infrastructure in the state, it land, preparation of new existing and projected traffic undermine economic
is not recommended to resettlement site will be volume in mid-terms. viability of the project.
keep the condition as it is. necessary.
Note: ◎: most desirable, best among the option; ○: desirable but better option is available; △: other option is preferable; × should be avoided
55
5.2 Consideration of Bypass for Future Phase of the Project
Option two has been identified as the most viable option for this project. However, considerable
expectation for new bypasses has been observed during consultation meetings, particularly from
residents in large village in which widening is likely to trigger significant resettlement. The
construction of new bypass requires various additional studies, including topographic survey and
environmental assessment, particularly review of forest fauna and flora. After a review of likely
resettlement impact, future traffic volume and economic viability of the project in the long-term, and
feasibility from engineering g point of view, four major villages with over 4,000 population, namely:
Chhiahtlang, Serchhip, Hnathial and Lawngtlai, have been selected for bypass construction. Since the
detailed environmental assessment for four bypass option is outside the scope of this EIA, a separate
study for proposed bypass sections, including detailed flora and fauna survey, will be carried out.
Preliminary drawing of Bypass route is included in DPR Chapter 7.
For sections where bypass is under consideration, it is proposed that the project will only improve
existing road (e.g. install new drainage, improve pavement) without widening. One of the main
rational of constructing new bypass is to avoid disturbance to local livelihood in densely built-up area.
From the traffic demand of point of view, the new bypass will have sufficient capacity to hand
additional traffic volume in the future and thus widening (and resettlement associated with it) will not
be necessary for section where bypass is proposed. Nevertheless, to improve traffic flow and safety,
and increase resilience against natural disaster, improvement, such as installing proper drainage, will
be carried out.
56
CHAPTER 6 SCOPING AND ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed project vary both spatially and
temporally depending on the baseline environmental quality along the targeted section as well as the
scale and nature of project intervention during the various stages of the project. The Scoping Matrix
below summarizes various environmental and social components that are likely to be affected by the
project as assessed during scoping stage. Thpis has been prepared as a generic scoping matrix that can
be applicable to mountainous/hilly road in general.
Table 6.1 Generic Scoping Matrix for Hilly/Mountainous Road
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
Rational of the Assessment
Natural Environment
Climate/ D D D P: No impact is expected as the project in this stage does not affect climate.
Meteorologi C/O: The impacts on micro-climate and micro meteorological phenomena
cal are negligible because the project-related structures will not disturb wind
Phenomena path.
Topography D B- D P: No impact is expected as no change to topography will be made in this
stage.
C: Changes in topographic conditions are expected due to the requirement
of cutting filling work. Balancing the volume of cutting and filling is
recommended to minimize the volume of spoil soil.
O: Topographic condition will b stable after the completion of construction
work which include slope protection and slope stabilization.
Geology D D D P, C, O: No impact is expected as the project does not change geological
feature of the project area.
Soil Erosion D B- B+/ P: No impact is expected.
B- C: Soil erosion is expected particularly during the monsoon period.
Construction work should avoid the monsoon period.
O: Poor condition of drainage causes soil erosion in existing road. The
project is expected to improve the condition and thus reduce the risk of soil
erosion, but measures for slope protection and stabilization and prevent soil
erosion, particularly during the monsoon period, must be in place and
regularly monitored.
Hydrology D C- C- P: No impact is expected.
C: Construction work may cause minor, temporary impacts on hydrology.
O: Cutting and/or filling may result in changes in local hydrology. The

impact should be managed through adequate drainage measures.
Groundwate D D D/ P: No impact is expected since no engineering work will be carried out at
r B- this stage.
C: The project does not envision the use of groundwater and thus no impact
is expected. If the tunnel is constructed for bypass sections, however,
appropriate measures should be undertaken to avoid/minimize the impact.
O: No impact is expected during the operation stage, but measures should be
undertaken if the project involves construction of tunnel.
57
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
Ecosystem, D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work will be carried out at this

Flora, Fauna stage.
and C: The project will not affect pristine ecosystem as the work will be carried
Biodiversity out along the existing road. However, construction work could affect
mountain ecosystem and local flora and fauna including jhum and
plantation.
O: Increases in traffic volume will have negative impact ecosystem and
flora and fauna along the road.
Protected D B- B- P: The highways proposed for expansion/improvement does not traverse or
Areas/Forest border with national parks. However, one of the proposed road (NH62 in
Meghalaya) traverses reserve forest.
C: By the construction work, some of the forest area will be opened up.
O: The level of sunshine may increase due to the expansion of the open
area, potentially influencing the vegetation in the edge of the forest.
Increases in emissions due to greater traffic volume will negatively affect
forest and surrounding ecosystem.
Coastal D D D P/C/O: No impacts are expected, because the alignment is far away from the
Zone coastal zone and the planned alignment will not pass the tidelands and the
mangrove forests which are peculiar to the coastal region.
Landscape D D B+ P: No impact is expected as no engineering work will be carried out at this
stage.
C: Changes in landscape during the construction work will be minor and
temporary. The project should explore possibilities to utilize scenic/view
points along the road to strengthen tourism potential in north eastern region
of India.
O: Improved road network facilitates access to scenic places and tourist
attractions, thereby positively contributing tourism in the region.
Natural D B- B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does not alter
Disaster existing condition.
C: Many areas of the road are prone to landslide and thus appropriate
measures should be in place during the construction work to avoid
accidents. Construction during the monsoon period is risky and should be
avoided.
O: Slope protection/stabilization measures and drainage are expected to
significantly reduce the risk of natural disaster.
Living Environment
Air D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Pollution C: Some negative impacts are expected due to operation of construction
equipment and vehicles. One of these is the dust incidental to earthwork
especially during the dry season.
O: Air pollution is expected to increase due to increase traffic volume on the
road.
Offensive D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not involve the use of
Odor chemical and other materials that may cause offensive odor.
Water D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Pollution C: Turbid water due to the earthworks, bridge pier construction work and
wastewater effluents from construction workers’ camps/yards are expected
to pollute the surrounding rivers/canals to some extent.
58
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
O: Some impacts on water quality in surrounding water bodies are expected

due to water discharge from road users and wastewater from maintenance
activities.
Bottom D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Sediment C: Some construction materials such as cement and sand are expected to be
Contaminati washed out mainly by the rain, but the impacts on bottom sediment are
on expected to be negligible.
O: Some wastewater will be generated from maintenance activities along the
road, the impacts on bottom sediment from the wastewater will be
negligible.
Soil D C- D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Contaminati C: Impacts on soil from deposition of pollutants from construction materials
on in the construction site are expected to be small. Since there is no major
industrial activity along the road, it is unlikely that soil along the road is
already polluted.
O: No impact is expected except for the risk of accidental spillage of oil and
lubricant, which will be managed by proper safety measures.
Ground D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected. The project will improve
Subsidence subsidence/damaged area of existing road and will install measures to
prevent future subsidence.
Noise/ D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Vibration C: Noise and vibration are generated by operation of construction equipment
and vehicles, although they are temporary. Construction schedule should
take into account the location of schools, hospitals and religious facilities
that require silence in part of the day.
O: Noise and vibration level are likely to increase due to greater traffic
volume along the road. Specific measures may be required to minimize
impacts on schools, hospitals and religious facilities.
Sunshine D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected since the project does not involve
Obstruction construction of tall building that may block sunshine.
Wastes/Haza D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.

rdous C: Waste from construction workers’ camps are expected to be generated.
Materials Waste generated from construction and demolition work may include
hazardous materials that must be treated before final disposal.
O: Waste will be generated from road users and workers of maintenance
works.
Social Environment
Involuntary A- A- A- P: The project will result in large-scale involuntary resettlement, particularly
Resettlement in built-up areas where structures exist in both sides of the road. Minimizing
the resettlement should be the priority for road design.
C: Temporary relocation might be required for accommodation of
construction yards and workers’ camps. Resettlement may cause cultural
and social conflict between resettling people and host community.
O: Resettlement may cause cultural and social conflict between resettling
people and host community.
Land Use A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to cause changes
in existing land use pattern.
59
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
C: The project will be carried out along the existing road, and as such,
changes in land use associated with construction work are relatively minor,
and land clearance for construction yards and workers’ camps is temporary.
O: Greater traffic volume may affect the use of road and surrounding area
by local residents. Uncontrolled jhum (shifting cultivation) along the road
may undermine the effectiveness of slope protection/ stabilization measures
and increase the risk of land slide and soil erosion.
Utilization D A- A- P: No impact is expected.
of Local C: Mass-scale use of local resources such as sand and quarrying for the
Resources construction activities may obstruct there utilization by the local people for
other purposes.
O: Improvement in road infrastructure may change the flow of commodity
distribution, potentially impacting the use of local resources.
General, D D C+/ P: No impact is expected.
Regional C- C: No impact is expected.
/City Plans O: Better infrastructure network may trigger influx of outsiders and
economic development in the region.
Social A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to affect social
Institutions institutions such existing as social capital and local decision-making
and Local institutions.
Decision-ma C: Existing as social capital and local decision-making institutions will be
king affected by the influx of resettling population and construction workers.
Institutions O: Existing as social capital and local decision-making institutions will be
affected by the influx of resettling population.
Social A- A- A- P: Communal facilities such as public hall may be affected by the project,
Infrastructur which negatively affect social infrastructure and services.
e and C: Access to social infrastructure and services may be temporarily affected
Services due to construction of construction yard and accommodation for workers
as well as traffic jams due to the operation of construction vehicles.
O: The resettlement can result in prolonged disturbance in social
infrastructure and services. In the long term, however, the project is
expected to improve access to social infrastructure and services by
providing better road network.
Local A- A- A- P: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary resettlement are
Economy expected to negatively affect the local economic and livelihood.
and C: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary resettlement are
Livelihood expected to negatively affect the local economic and livelihood. On the
other hand, construction work will have positive impact on local economy
by creating employment and business opportunities in the project area.
O: The project may trigger unintended side effect with detrimental impact
on local community, e.g. influx of non-local people and more competition in
business and pressure on local natural resources. Over the long term, the
project is expected to have positive impact on local economy as improved
road network ensures more stable supply of essential goods. However, the
end of construction work may create short-term unemployment of
construction workers.
Unequal A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement will lead to unequal
Distribution distribution of benefits and damage between groups who are directly
of Benefit affected by the project and who are not.
60
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
and Damage C: While resettling households bear much of the damage, others may even
enjoy benefits from new business opportunities created by construction
work, resulting in unequal distribution of benefit and damage
O: People residing along the road may accrue greater benefits compared
with others, potentially increasing rich-poor gap within the community.
Local A- A- A- P/C/O: Unequal distribution of benefit and damage may trigger and/or
Conflicts of intensify local conflicts of interests in the community.
Interest
Water C- C- D P: Water usage and water rights of the affected households may be curtailed
Usage, due to resettlement. However, irrigation is not common in the region and
Water Rights thus, the impact will be minor, if any.
and C: Disturbance to water usage, water rights and communal rights during
Communal construction work is expected to be minor and short-term in nature.
Rights However, communal rights and distribution should be carefully examined to
avoid negative impacts.
O: No impact is expected.
Cultural and C- C- D P: The targeted roads do not traverse or runs near major ruins and/or cultural
Historical heritage. There are, however, several observation decks and memorial stones
Heritage along the road which may be affected depending on the widening width.
C: Several observation decks and memorial stones along the road which
may be affected depending on the widening width.
Religious A- A- A- P: Several memorial stones and graves are located along the road and may
Facilities be affected depending on the widening width. Small religious facilities in
built-up areas may also be affected.
C/O: Roadside religious facilities may be affected by noise and vibration
during construction and operation due to construction work and greater
traffic volume.
Sensitive A- A- A- P: Community facilities (public halls etc.) will have to be relocated incase
Facilities road widening is implemented within the built-up area.
(ex. hospital, C: Noise and vibration during construction work may affect school and
school, hospitals.
precision O: These facilities can be affected due to noise and vibration resulting from
machine increase in traffic volume. Also, congestion may undermine the utility of
factory) such facilities.
Poor People A- A- A- P: Given the limited coping capacity of the poor, it is necessary to assess
their vulnerability and develop appropriate mitigation measures.
C: The poor may bear disproportionally higher burden due to their limited
coping capacity, although they can be benefited from employment
opportunities during construction work.
P: In the long-term, economic development in the region is likely to benefit
the poor, however, the poor may fail to benefit from the project due to the
lack of skills and coping capacity
Ethnic A- A- A- P/C/O: North East States are home of diverse tribal groups (Scheduled
Minorities/ Tribe) with distinct language and cultures. Preparation of RAP and
Indigenous livelihood restoration plan, therefore, must take into account this diversity.
People
Gender D C- B+ P: No impact is expected.
61
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
C: Equal opportunity should be sought for employment during construction

work. Prevailing social and cultural norms must be carefully studied to
avoid gender-related conflict.
O: Better road condition is expected to reduce the burden of girls and
women who carry water and fuel wood and improve their safety.
Children's D D D P: No impact is expected at this stage.
Rights C/O：Child labor is unlawful according to article 24 of Indian Constitution.
Only adult is eligible for potential employment opportunity created by the
project.
Public D B- B- P: No impact is expected at this stage.
Health C: Influx of construction workers is likely to increase the health risk,
(sanitation particularly that of STD/STI and HIV/AIDS. The risk of malaria should be
and properly managed in construction work in areas where malaria is prevalent.
infectious O: An increase in traffic volume and road users may have negative impact
diseases) on public health.
Occupationa D B- B- P: No impact is expected at this stage.
l Health C: Occupational health and safety of construction work should be properly
and Safety managed through adequate Environment Management Plan.
(OHS) O: Maintenance and repair work should take into account the occupational
health and safety of the workers.
Other
Accidents D B- C+/
P: No impact is expected as the project at this stage does not alter existing
C-
condition.
C: Increase of risks of accidents associated with construction activities is
expected due to the operation of heavy equipment and vehicles.
O: Risks of accidents is expected to increase due to greater traffic volume
and speed. On the other hand, installment of accident-prevention measures
(such as mirrors at curves) will reduce the risk of accidents.
Climate D B- B+/ P: No impact is expected.
Change B- C: The use of construction machines and operation of vehicles will result in
an increase in GHG emissions, though the impact is small and short-term.
O: The GHG emission will increase due to an increase in traffic volume.
The project is expected to improve the resilience of road against climate
change by factoring long-term climate change (changes/increase in
precipitation etc.) into the road design.
Note: P: Pre-Construction; C: Construction; and O: Operation
A: Significant impact is expected (+: Positive impact, -: Negative impact),
B: Some impact is expected (+: Positive impact, -: Negative impact),
C: Extent of impact is unknown, further examination will be required (+: Positive impact, -: Negative impact),
D: No impact is expected,
Table 6.2 below shows the Scoping Matrix specific for NH54. This has been prepared based on the
environmental assessment, taking into account specific project features as well as of as environmental
and social conditions. The item is highlighted if likely negative impact after the assessment is found
to be larger than estimated in generic scoping matrix.
62
Table 6.2 Scoping Matrix for NH54 Widening and Improvement
Sl. Scoping Result
N
Item Rational of Assessment
o P C O
.
Natural Environment
1.1 Climate/ D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
Meteorological at this stage.
Phenomena C/O: The impacts on micro-climate and micro meteorological
phenomena are negligible because the project-related
structures will not disturb wind path.
1.2 Topography D B- D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Changes in topographic conditions are expected due to the
requirement of cutting filling work. Balancing the volume of
cutting and filling is recommended to minimize the volume of
spoil soil.
O: Topographic condition will be stable after the completion
of construction work which include slope protection and slope
stabilization.
1.3 Geology D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not alter
geological condition of the area.
1.4 Soil Erosion D B- B+/B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Soil erosion is expected particularly during the monsoon
period. Construction work should avoid the monsoon period.
O: Poor condition of drainage causes soil erosion in existing
road. The project is expected to improve the condition and
thus reduce the risk of soil erosion, but measures for slope
protection and stabilization and prevent soil erosion,
particularly during the monsoon period, must be in place and
1.5 Hydrology D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Construction work may cause minor, temporary impacts on
hydrology.
O: Cutting and/or filling may result in changes in local
hydrology. New drainage and culvert will be installed, taking
into account the likely water flow in the area.
1.6 Groundwater D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: The project does not envision the use of groundwater and
thus no impact is expected. However, appropriate measures
should be undertaken to properly manage effluent during
construction.
O: No impact is expected during the operation stage.
1.7 Ecosystem, Flora, D B- B- P: No impact is expected. No unique/endangered species have
Fauna and been identified during assessment.
Biodiversity C: The project will not affect pristine ecosystem as the work
will be carried out along the existing road. However,
construction work will affect mountain ecosystem and local
flora and fauna including jhum and plantation.
O: Increases in traffic volume will have negative impact
ecosystem and flora and fauna along the road.
1.8 Protected D B- B- P: The targeted section of NH54 does not traverse or border
Areas/Forest with national parks or protected forest.
63
C: By the construction work, some of the forest (including
plantation and village forest) area will be affected.
O: Increases in emissions due to greater traffic volume will
negatively affect forest and surrounding ecosystem.
Monitoring shall be carried out to check the impact of
increased emissions on forest/plantation and measures (e.g.
additional plantation) shall be undertaken to mitigate negative
impacts as necessary.
1.9 Coastal Zone D D D P/C/O: No impacts are expected, because the alignment is far
away from the coastal zone and the planned alignment will not
pass the tidelands and the mangrove forests.
1.10 Landscape D D B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
not alter existing condition.
C: Changes in landscape during the construction work will be
minor and temporary. The project should explore possibilities
to utilize scenic/view points along the road to strengthen
tourism potential in north eastern region of India.
O: Improved road network facilitates access to scenic places
and tourist attractions, thereby positively contributing tourism
in the region. Bus bay and other road amenities also help
improve aesthetic conditions of the road.
1.11 Natural Disaster D B- B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Many areas of the road are prone to landslide and thus
appropriate measures should be in place during the
construction work to avoid accidents. Construction during the
monsoon period is risky and should be avoided.
O: Slope protection/stabilization measures and drainage are
expected to significantly reduce the risk of natural disaster.
Living Environment (Pollution Control)
2.1 Air Pollution D B- B- P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Some negative impacts are expected due to operation of
construction equipment and vehicles. One of these is the dust
incidental to earthwork especially during the dry season.
O: Air pollution is expected to increase due to increase traffic
volume on the road. Relevant data (e.g. actual/projected traffic
volume) shall be shared with relevant State authority so that
mitigation measures can be developed.
2.2 Offensive Odor D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not involve
the use of chemical and other materials that may cause
offensive odor.
2.3 Water Pollution D B- B- P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Turbid water due to the earthworks, bridge pier
construction work and wastewater effluents from construction
workers’ camps/yards are expected to pollute the surrounding
rivers/canals to some extent.
O: Some impacts on water quality in surrounding water bodies
are expected due to water discharge from road users and
wastewater from maintenance activities.
2.4 Bottom Sediment D B- D P: No impact is expected.
Contamination C: The project involves construction of new small bridges.
Silt-trap will be used to avoid construction materials such as
cement and sand being washed out during construction work.
64
O: Some wastewater will be generated from maintenance
activities along the road, the impacts on bottom sediment from
the wastewater will be negligible.
2.5 Soil Contamination D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering activity will be
carried out at this stage
C: Impacts on soil from deposition of pollutants from
construction materials in the construction site are expected to
be small. Since there is no major industrial activity along the
road, it is unlikely that soil along the road is already polluted.
O: No impact is expected except for the risk of accidental
spillage of oil and lubricant, which will be managed by proper
safety measures.
2.6 Ground Subsidence D D B+ P/C: No impact is expected as existing conditions will not be
altered.
O: The project will improve subsidence/damaged area of
existing road and will install measures to prevent future
subsidence.
2.7 Noise/ D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
Vibration C: Noise and vibration are generated by operation of
construction equipment and vehicles, although they are
temporary. Construction schedule should take into account the
location of schools, hospitals and religious facilities that
require silence in part of the day.
O: Noise and vibration level are likely to increase due to
greater traffic volume along the road. Specific measures may
be required to minimize impacts on schools, hospitals and
religious facilities.
2.8 Sunshine D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected.
Obstruction
2.9 Wastes/Hazardous D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
Materials C: Waste from construction workers’ camps are expected to be
generated. Waste generated from construction and demolition
work may include hazardous materials that must be treated
before final disposal.
O: Waste will be generated from road users and workers of
maintenance works.
Social Environment
3.1 Involuntary A- D D P: The project will result in large-scale involuntary
Resettlement resettlement at villages along the road. Minimizing the
resettlement should be the priority for road design.
C: Resettlement will be completed before construction begins
and thus no resettlement is expected during operation
O: No impact is expected as relocation is completed before
relocation.
3.2 Land Use A- A- D P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to
cause changes in existing land use pattern.
C: The project will be carried out along the existing road, and
as such, changes in land use associated with construction work
are relatively minor, and land clearance for construction yards
and workers’ camps is temporary.
No impact is expected as sufficient slope
protection/stabilization measures to protect land use.
3.3 Utilization of Local D A- D P: No impact is expected.
Resources C: Mass-scale use of local resources such as sand and
quarrying for the construction activities may obstruct there
utilization by the local people for other purposes.
65
O: No impact is expected as use of local resources is not
expected during operation.
3.4 General, Regional D D D P: No impact is expected.
/City Plans C: No impact is expected.
O: Better infrastructure network may trigger influx of
outsiders and economic development in the region.
3.5 Social Institutions D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as there will be no change in
and Local social institutions and local decision-making institutions such
Decision-making as village councils and women groups
Institutions
3.6 Social Infrastructure A- A- B+ P: Communal facilities such as public hall may be affected by
and Services the project, which negatively affect social infrastructure and
services.
C: Access to social infrastructure and services may be
temporarily affected due to construction of construction yard
and accommodation for workers as well as traffic jams due to
the operation of construction vehicles.
O: The project is expected to improve access to social
infrastructure and services by providing better road network.
3.7 Local Economy and A- A- B+ P: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary
Livelihood resettlement are expected to negatively affect the local
economic and livelihood.
C: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary
resettlement are expected to negatively affect the local
economic and livelihood. On the other hand, construction
work will have positive impact on local economy by creating
employment and business opportunities in the project area.
O: The project will have positive impact on local economy as
improved road network ensures more stable supply of essential
goods. In the long-term, this will lead to regional economic
development with more job and business opportunities.
Meanwhile, it is suggested that a proposal will be made to
Village/District Council to ensure that improved infrastructure
network will not lead to uncontrolled development and
deforestation.
3.8 Unequal A- A- D P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement will lead to
Distribution of unequal distribution of benefits and damage between groups
Benefit and Damage who are directly affected by the project and who are not.
C: While resettling households bear much of the damage,
others may even enjoy benefits from new business
opportunities created by construction work, resulting in
unequal distribution of benefit and damage.
O: No impact is expected as the project is an improvement of
an existing road and the road will continue as before to accrue
benefits to those along the road.
3.9 Local Conflicts of D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project is an improvement
Interest of an existing road and structures/services will be equally
restored
3.10 Water Usage, Water D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as rain water is used for both
Rights and household and agricultural use
Communal Rights
3.11 Cultural and C- D D P: The targeted roads do not traverse or runs near major ruins
Historical Heritage and/or cultural heritage.
C/O: No impact is expected as the project will not affect
cultural and historical heritages
66
3.12 Religious Facilities A- A- D P: Several memorial stones located along the road may be
affected. Small religious facilities in built-up areas may also
be affected.
C: Roadside religious facilities may be affected by noise and
vibration during construction and operation due to
construction work and greater traffic volume.
O: No impact is expected as sufficient noise control measures
will be implemented.
3.13 Sensitive Facilities B- B- D P: Small community facilities (public halls etc.) may have to
(ex. hospital, be relocated incase road widening is implemented within the
school, precision built-up area.
machine factory) C: Noise and vibration during construction work may affect
school and hospitals but the impacts are expected to be minor.
O: Greater traffic volume is expected to increase noise and
vibration level, but adequate mitigation measures will be
implemented.
3.14 Poor People A- A- D P: Given the limited coping capacity of the poor, it is
necessary to assess their vulnerability and develop appropriate
mitigation measures to be included in rehabilitation plan.
C: The poor may bear disproportionally higher burden due to
their limited coping capacity, although they can be benefited
from employment opportunities during construction work.
P: No impact is expected. In the long-term, economic
development in the region is likely to benefit the poor.
3.15 Ethnic Minorities/ A- A- D P/C: Aizawl-Tuipan section is inhabited by several different
Indigenous People clans of Mizo people. Different groups tend to live together in
relatively developed part of the section between Aizawl to
Lunglei, but in Lawngtlai and Saiha district, Lai and Mara
people occupy majority of the population respectively.
Preparation of RAP and livelihood restoration plan, therefore,
must take into account this factor.
an existing road and lifestyles of the project affected people
will not be altered
3.16 Gender D C- B+ P: No impact is expected.
C: Equal opportunity should be sought for employment during
construction work. Prevailing social and cultural norms must
be carefully studied to avoid gender-related conflict.
O: Better road condition is expected to reduce the burden of
girls and women who carry water and fuel wood and improve
their safety.
3.17 Children's Rights D D D P: No impact is expected.
C/O：Child labor is unlawful according to article 24 of Indian
Constitution. Only adult is eligible for potential employment
opportunity created by the project.
3.18 Public Health D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
(sanitation and C: Influx of construction workers is likely to increase the
infectious diseases) health risk, particularly that of STD and HIV/AIDS. The risk
of malaria should be properly managed in construction work in
areas where malaria is prevalent.
O: An increase in traffic volume and road users may have
negative impact on public health.
3.19 Occupational Health D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
and Safety (OHS) C: Occupational health and safety of construction work should
be properly managed through adequate Environment
Management Plan.
67
O: Maintenance and repair work should take into account the
occupational health and safety of the workers.
Others
4.1 Accidents D B- B+/ P: No impact is expected as the project at this stage does not
B- alter existing condition.
C: Increase of risks of accidents associated with construction
activities is expected due to the operation of heavy equipment
and vehicles.
O: Risks of accidents is expected to increase due to greater
traffic volume and speed. On the other hand, installment of
accident-prevention measures (such as mirrors at curves) will
reduce the risk of accidents.
4.2 GHG emissions D B- B+/B- P: No impact is expected.
C: The use of construction machines and operation of vehicles
will result in an increase in GHG emissions, though the impact
is small and short-term.
O: The GHG emission will increase due to an increase in
traffic volume. The project is expected to improve the
resilience of road against climate change by factoring
long-term climate change (changes/increase in precipitation
etc.) into the road design.
68
CHAPTER 7 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Widening and improvement of the targeted section of NH54 involves major upgrading works
including relaying of pavement and widening road width to 12 m. The proposed project will have both
positive and negative impacts on the surrounding environment during different stages of the project
planning and implementation. This chapter assesses the nature, type and magnitude of the potential
negative impacts on the various relevant environmental and social components along the project area
as identified during the Scoping stage (see Chapter 6). For the assessment of impacts, the baseline
information has been supplemented by the field visits and the primary surveys of the various
environmental components carried out during the study.
7.1 Natural Environment

7.1.1 Climate (1.13)
Pre-Construction and Construction Phase

Since the proposed project is only widening and strengthening to 2 lane road, no change in the
macroclimate i.e. precipitation, temperature and wind is envisaged. However, there will be localized,
temporary impact due to vegetation removal and the creation of paved surface for road. There may be
an increase in daytime temperature around alignment due to loss of vegetation. The impact will be
more prominent at locations where the cutting of trees is in clusters.
Operation Phase
During operation phase, increased traffic plying will lead to increase in temperature levels locally
along the carriageway though it will be insignificant and temporary.
7.1.2 Topography and geology (1.2, 1.3)

The change in topography (that of existing) is envisaged to some extent at various places along the
entire length of the road while developing 2 lane standard. The change in topography will also happen
due to operation of borrow areas. The construction of material handling yards and labor camps will
also alter the existing topography temporarily.
Operation Phase
During the operation phase, there will be probable induced developments in the form of tourism and
3
The number in bracket corresponds to the serial number in Scoping Matrix (Table 6.1)
69
commercial establishments along the highway. During monsoon, the change in topography will also
be visible due to landslide and damage to side slope and breast wall. The benefits in the form of land
leveling and tree plantations in the vicinity of the project road shall enhance the local aesthetics.
Mitigation Measures
During construction phase, the existing vegetation including shrubs and grasses along the route
(except within the strip directly under embankment or cutting) will be properly maintained. The
borrow areas shall be operated and closed as per the specifications for road and bridge construction
manual of MORTH. The borrow areas shall be filled with the rejected waste/material, spoil and then
finally a layer of topsoil shall be spread over it before carrying out plantation and turfing. For turfing,
plant species that are native to the area will be used.
During operation phase, maintenance of embankment will be carried out to avoid soil erosion. The
slope protection/ retaining wall if damaged due to land slide will be repaired promptly. The slope
protection will also be established/strengthened regularly through plantation of shrubs and vegetation.
7.1.3 Soil Erosion (1.4)

Site preparation will involve demolition of building, clearing of brushwood, tree removal and
temporary re-routing of utilities. This brings risks of erosion to the exposed ground and topsoil. The
soil erosion in construction stage may take place at the slope of the embankments, construction sites
of cross drainage structures, at borrow areas and at construction sites which will be cleared.
Operation Phase
The soil erosion in operation stage may take place during operation at side slopes of road and near the
approaches to bridges and interchanges. The risk is higher during monsoon.
Mitigation Measures
To control roadside soil erosion, turfing with grasses and shrubs will be carried out in accordance with
the recommended practice in IRC guidelines. At the locations of steep slopes near crossings of
highway with major rivers suitable protection measures such as stone pitching will be adopted. The
surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and grubbing, excavation, borrow and fill
material operations shall be limited to the extent practicable. The contractor will provide immediate
permanent erosion control measures to prevent soil erosion that will adversely affect construction
70
operations, damage adjacent properties or cause contamination of nearby streams or other
watercourses, village ponds or water bodies etc. The green belt will be developed simultaneously
along with construction activities to control the erosion process. In addition, gabion and apron
concrete will be installed at the outlet of culverts to avoid soil erosion due to water runoff.
During the operation phase, the slope protection measures like sodding, turfing shall be done and
monitored regularly. The green belt will be monitored and replantation for the loss of plants species
will be done immediately. The side ditch on road is designed as concrete lined ditch for all section of
cut side to prevent damage from water runoff. General arrangement plan for side ditch is shown in
figure below.
Figure 7.1 General arrangement plan for side ditch
7.1.4 Hydrology (1.5)

Potential impact on hydrology will be minor, as the project does not involve diversion or re-routing of
existing water resources. However, the existing drainage will be slightly obstructed during the
construction period, but for a limited period. Hence, change in natural drainage pattern is very
insignificant from the present state of the project.
Operation Phase
The projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during operational stages due to increase in
impervious surface and sediment will be accumulation in nearby water bodies.
71
Mitigation Measures
determined. For cross drainage structure, appropriate culvert type is selected by taking account of
economy, construction workability, and maintenance ability. Comparison of different culvert types is
shown below. In principle, pipe culvert is used where the water discharge is comparably small. BOX
culvert is proposed where the water discharge is comparable large. The size is determined to satisfy
the water discharge obtained by hydrological calculation.
Table 7.1 Comparison for culver type
Pipe culvert BOX culvert Slab culvert

Layout
Economy ◎ ○ △
East of ◎ ○ △
Construction
Durability ○ ○ △
Capacity ○ ◎ ◎
Comment To be applied for small To be applied for large Not applied
discharge point discharge point
7.1.5 Groundwater (1.6)
No tunnel is proposed in this project and as such, the project will not affect groundwater level or
quality in the area. If contractor propose to use water from under surface water source, however,
permission from the Water Resource Department and Local Administration is mandatory. The
contractor is expected to properly manage effluents and waste water during the construction stage to
avoid potential influence to the groundwater.
7.1.6 Ecosystem, Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity (1.7)
The main impact on flora involves the removal of trees and grubbing of vegetative cover for
construction and a clear zone within the Right of Way (ROW) and for spoil bank. Widening of the
1-lane to 2 lanes would have negative impact on plant species by way of cutting the trees and shrubs
72
for construction activities. The types of impacts on flora can be as follows:
 Loss of trees;
 Loss of canopies;
 Compaction of vegetation, and
 Pollution and dust accumulation on vegetation.
Mitigation Measures
In addition to the efforts to minimize the scale of forest clearing and impacts associated with
construction activity, following measure will be taken care during construction phase to avoid
collision of wild as well domestic animals:
 It is suggested that regular monitoring by the forest department should be done;

 Anti-poaching measures during construction phase should be strengthened to check violation
of existing regulations;
 Side barriers will be provided to avoid collision of animals in forest area; and
During the construction stage, signboards will be used to make sure that workers will be aware of the
vulnerable and other important species. Relevant information (e.g. encounter with vulnerable species
during engineering work) shall be shared with State Environment and Forest Department with which
the project authority will discuss potential measures to promote conservation and monitoring of
ecosystem shall be carried out as was undertaken during the EIA study.
The tree plantation felled will be replaced and compensated according to the Compensatory
Afforestation Policy under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Apart from trees earmarked for feeling,
no additional tree clearing within the ROW will be allowed. All construction workers should adhere to
this rule.
Plantation of shrubs and under trees in the median shall be undertaken to prevent the glare of the
vehicles coming in the opposite direction. Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will move
or be stationed in the (ROW) to prevent compaction of vegetation. While operating on temporarily
acquired land for traffic detours, storage, material handling or any other construction related or
incidental activities, it will be ensured that the trampling of soil will be avoided.
Construction of road will involve removal of topsoil and cutting resulting in clearing of vegetation
cover and felling of trees. However such impacts will primarily occur at the project site during initial
73
period of the construction phase and will be minimized through adoption of mitigation measures. It is
recommended that the lost trees will be compensated at 1:3 ratio. The site of compensatory
afforestation will be specified by the Forest Department during the process of obtaining forest
clearance. As per its guidance, the project proponent will plant saplings (types and number to be
specified) at designated location (either degraded forest or vacant/abandoned jhum area).
Following measure will be taken during construction phase.

 It is suggested that regular monitoring by the forest department should be done. In keeping
view of likely increase in vehicular emissions in the future, the monitoring should include the
assessment of impact due to greater air pollution;
 A suitable landscaping plan for the project road has been prepared to enhance the ecological
status of the area;
 It was noticed, that the project road did not have tree cover at few locations (Jhum lands) tree
plantation at these location will enhance the aesthetics as well as reduce the pollution level of
the area; and
 Initiative should be taken to remove the impacted small girth size trees with the help of Forest
Department and replanted them at designed place. Though cost involvement against this type
of work can be high, it will save the life of growing plants.
7.1.7 Protected Areas/Forest (1.8)

The project road does not traverse or border with national park, wildlife sanctuary or reserved forest.
As discussed above, however, the project will cause deforestation due to removal of trees and
grubbing of vegetative cover for construction and a clear zone within ROW. Based on the field survey
and satellite data, forest area accounts about 60% of the area to be acquired (or 375 ha out of 625 ha).
Operation Phase
Increases in traffic volume are likely to have negative impact on forest ecosystem.
Mitigation Measures
At the planning stage, efforts to avoid or minimize the number of trees to be cut have been done as
part of the design for widening of the road. There will also be measures including replanting the trees
at suitable location during the construction stage. Further the plantation at the Jhum lands can also be
taken up as a part of plantation program for the loss of tress. See also section 7.1.6 for measures for
74
deforestation.
Improved road network may trigger poaching. At the moment, educational activities and removal of
traps by rangers are undertaken to reduce poaching. While NHIDCL is not responsible for the control
of poaching, a proposal shall be made to relevant authority regarding the potential increase in
poaching and the necessity of adequate management system, such as restriction of precious wildlife
trade.
7.1.8 Landscape (1.10)
For sites where good view can attract tourists, parking spaces/viewpoints can be developed utilizing
flat spaces which are produced by improvement of the horizontal alignment to be made especially in
sharp curves as illustrated in below Figure. In the preliminary design, about twenty such locations can
be developed along NH54.
Realignment
Possible Parking Space
Figure 7.2 Concept for Parking Site/Viewpoints Development
In addition, road and traffic markings to be installed in accordance with IRC:35-1997 will ensure
smooth and orderly flow of traffic and contributes to better aesthetic condition of the road by reducing
congestion. Buses standing indiscriminately on the carriageway to drop or pick-up passengers can
seriously affect capacity of the roadway, besides being a source of accidents. It is, therefore, desirable
that on all busy non-urban highways, consideration should be given to the construction of bus
lay-byes of suitable design at required locations to ensure orderly movement of the through traffic.
75
For conveneince of tourists, it is also proposed that bus bay will be equipped with amenities including
public toilets and bazar shed.
Table 7.2 Proposed Bus Bay Locations for NH54
Distance from Section Length Distance from Section Length
No. Section Location No. Section Location
Aizawl (km) (km) Aizawl (km) (km)
1 1 Aizawl - 22 2 Dawn 206 16
2 1 Zemabawk 4 4 23 2 Zobawk 219 13
3 1 Tuirial 22 18 24 2 Hrangchalkawn 222 3
4 1 Seling 38 16 25 2 Bualte 231 9
5 1 Thingsulthliah 42 4 26 2 Thualthu 243 12
6 1 Darlawng 53 11 27 3 Tawipui N-II 251 8
7 1 Tlungvel 57 4 28 3 Tawipui N-I 256 5
8 1 Phulmawi 61 4 29 3 Tawipui S 264 8
9 1 Khumtung 63 2 30 3 Thingfal 277 13
10 1 Baktawng 67 4 31 3 Lawngtlai 292 15
11 1 Chhingchhip 77 10 32 3 Saikah 311 19
12 1 Chhiahtlang 97 20 33 3 Paithar 314 3
13 1 Serchhip 107 10 34 3 Chawitlangpui I 316 2
14 2 Keitum 122 15 35 3 Sihtlangpui 319 3
15 2 Bungtlang 130 8 36 3 Kawlchaw 324 5
16 2 Rawpui 135 5 37 3 Zero Point 337 13
17 2 Pangzawl 148 13 38 3 Maubawk 354 17
18 2 Thiltlang 158 10 39 3 Theiva 355 1
19 2 Hnahthial 169 11 40 3 Theiri 363 8
20 2 Leite 182 13 41 3 Tuipang 379 16
21 2 Maudarh 190 8
At the moment, no regular garbage collection is carried out outside the village. Educational activities
or awareness raising campaign shall be carried out to reduce littering and promote garbage collection
in partnership with State Urban Development & Poverty Reduction Department (UDPA), villages
near such facilities and NGOs active in this field.
7.1.9 Natural Disaster (1.11)
Slope along NH54 is covered by very loose quaternary alluvium. It is concerned that slope failure and
erosion have frequently occurred on cut slope along NH54. Therefore, such loose soil slope shall be
cut with 1:1.2 gentler than IRC standard for landslide prevention as shown below. The cut slope shall
be greened by seeding and mulching consisting of jute netting including seeds which cover all over
the slope and prevent erosion by rain water. See also section 7.1.3 and 7.1.4 for measures to improve
road resilience against disaster.
Table 7.3 Design Criteria of Cut Slope and Slope Protection Work
Very Hard 1:0.2 No protection work
80 ~ 90
Hard Rock No Risk No protection work
degree Rock Hard 1:0.3
Landslide Risk Crib work
Ordinary 1:0.25 ~ Soft Non-Dip Slope 1:0.5 No protection work
76
Soft Rock 1:0.125 Hydroseeding (t=5
Dip Slope 1:0.8
cm)
Soil
Hard Rock Soft Rock Soil

Figure 7.3 Typical Cross Section of Cut Slope
Inproper maintenance of road facilities such as sediment deposition in culverts can cause natural
disasters or exacerbate their impacts. NHIDCI will be responsbible for regular maintenance of road
facilities to reduce the risk of natural disaster during the operation period.
Frequency and intensity of heavy rain is likely to increase due to climate change. In the project area,
an increase of annual rainfall is predicted to be 5-15% for the period from 2021 to 2050. The design
of various components of the road (slope protection, drainage etc.) takes into account likely effect of
climate change. With increase of the rainfall frequency and intensity, river water and groundwater
level are expected to be high, which could cause inundation and damage to the road facilities.
Therefore, spring water points have been carefully studied and subsurface drainage is proposed where
necessary. Flood marker was checked in site reconnaissance and interview survey for the disaster
countermeasure design to inform the road design. The table below shows adaptation measures for
climate change taken into consideration in this road design.
Table 7.4 Adaption Measures for Climate Change in NH54

Factor Design Policy considering Adaptation
· Retaining wall is built all along the road.
Side Slope · Slope protection work is constructed on some weathered and loosen slopes.
· Cut slope is covered with vegetation works to prevent erosion and collapse.
· Replacement of subgrade and subsurface drainage are planned as
77
countermeasure against sinking.
· Drain filter is sandwiched in embankment.
Embankment · Flood level is confirmed in site reconnaissance and interview survey near river
bank in south of NH54.
· Rainfall intensity is carefully determined based on the authorized data : ATLAS
of Statewise Generalised ISOPLUVIAL MAPs of Eastern India published by
Bridge & Indian Meteorological Department. The isopluvial value from higher edge of
Drainage System counter range is applied.
· The capacity of all structures is determined to be capable for the discharge of
50 years return period.
Pavement · Super elevation is installed properly.
· Pavement material is examined not to rise over 60 °C on the surface.
Road Sign · Wind load and visibility is taken into consideration.
78
7.3.1 Air Pollution (2.1)

The short-term and localized degradation of air quality will occur from dust generation due to
procurement and transport of raw materials from quarries and borrow pits, site clearance, use of heavy
vehicles, machinery/ equipment, stone crushing handling and storage of aggregates and generation of
fine particulate matter (smoke) in asphalt processing. Dust would be generated from haulage of
materials and detouring of traffic on non-permanent, temporary pavement etc.
Hot mix plants contribute substantially to the deterioration of air quality due to emissions of oxides of
Sulphur, Hydrocarbons and particulate matter. During the construction period, temporary impacts
include generation of Odor from construction activities as well as from construction camps. During
construction of road, the movement of different types of construction machinery and vehicle will be
increased. This in other way increases the fuel consumption.
From the results of the ambient air quality monitoring conducted along the road, it is noticed that the
monitoring parameters are within the standards as prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board
The concentration of the air pollutants will further increase during construction period but for limited
period only. The impacts on air quality during construction will be mostly localized and concentrated
within the ROW. The impacts due to dust generation may felt downwind of the site rather than the site
itself due to local wind pattern.
Operation Phase
The project road is mostly passing through the rural areas with alluvial soil. Dust generation due to
movement of vehicles is envisaged along the project road, but not in significant amount. Due to
increase in speed and volumes of vehicular traffic on the project corridor, marginal increase in the air
pollutant levels is expected but not significant. Widening of road will attract larger community to use
this corridor which in-turn increase the fuel consumption and has direct impact on national economy
and local ecosystem.
Mitigation Measures
The hot mix plants, crushers and the batching plants will be sited at least 500 m in the downwind
direction from the nearest settlement. All precautions to reduce the level of dust emissions from the
hot mix plants, crushers and batching plants will be taken up. The hot mix plant will be fitted with
79
dust extraction system. Asphalt and concrete plants will be operated in conformity with government
pollution control legislation, and located away from the settlements as far as possible. All vehicles,
equipment and machinery used for construction will be regularly maintained to ensure that the
pollution emission levels conform to the SPCB norms. Regular monitoring of particulate Matter at
crusher sites, during the construction, will be conducted. Regular water sprinkling will be done on the
cement and earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing site and temporary service and access roads. After
compacting the earthwork, water will be sprayed to prevent dust emission. The vehicles delivering
construction material will be covered to avoid spilling. Planting of trees/vegetation on the periphery
of the construction site will be taken up.
During the operation stage of the project, vehicular emissions of critical pollutants (RSPM, CO, HC,
SO2, and NOx) will be monitored and roadside tree plantation will be maintained. Over the long-term,
projected increase in traffic volume, particularly ones of heavy trucks, may pose health threat in
roadside community. The peak hourly estimated traffic volumes for the years 2020 and 2035 have
been considered to project future air quality scenarios to provide an indication of long-term variations
in air quality. The future level of air pollution, modeled based on the projected increase in traffic
volume indicates that the level of pollution (CO and NOx levels) will remain below the standard
during the projected period (2035). Nevertheless, mitigation measures such as introducing speed limit
and other measures to control congestion in built-up area may be necessary in the longer term. Also,
local communities should be well informed of the risk of air pollution. Awareness raising campaign
may include distribution of facemask to mitigate risk of air pollution and other information kit. Finally,
relevant data (e.g. actual/projected traffic volume and likely emissions) shall be shared with relevant
State authority so that mitigation measures can be developed.
7.3.2 Water Pollution (2.3)

There are 4 major rivers and numerous streams that cross the NH54 highway alignment under
consideration. Road projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during construction stages,
which will increase sediment accumulation in nearby water bodies. Though most of the natural
watercourses are perennial in nature, the impacts due to the increased run-off would be negligible due
to the project road. During construction, the disposal of solid and liquid waste from labor camps, fuel
and lubricant spills or leaks from construction vehicles, pollution from fuel storage and distribution
sites and that from hot-mix plants is likely to affect water quality unless adequate mitigation measures
are designed. The existing drainage will be slightly obstructed during the construction period, but for
80
a limited period. Hence, change in natural drainage pattern is very insignificant from the present state
of the project.
Use of water for construction activities such as compaction, suppression, concrete work may pose
pressure on local water supplies; the demand would be met from surface water bodies like ponds,
canal and rivers. Municipal water supply will be used only for drinking purposes (for construction
camps), if available and if permitted by the local municipal authority. No local/municipal water
supply would be used for construction purpose.
Operation Stage Impacts

Road projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during operational stages due to increase in
impervious surface and sediment will be accumulation in nearby water bodies. Though most of the
natural watercourses are non-perennial in nature, the impacts due to the increased run-off would be
negligible due to the project road and will be restricted only during monsoon and early part of
post-monsoon seasons.
In the operation stage, pollutants from vehicles, and accidental fuel spills may make their way into the
receiving environment. The major pollutants of concern are suspended solids, oil and grease, lead etc.
All the rivers present at this road section are non-perennial surface water bodies. No adverse direct
impact on the water quality (both underground and surface water bodies) is expected during the
operation period. The change in natural drainage pattern is very insignificant from the present state of
the project.
Mitigation Measures
To avoid contamination of the various water bodies and drainage channels, construction work close to
the canals or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period. All necessary
precautions will be taken to construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution due
to increased siltation and turbidity. All wastes arising from the project will be disposed off, as per the
State Pollution Control Board norms, so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes
will be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal sites.
To avoid contamination of the water body and drainage channels from fuel and lubricants, the
vehicles and equipment will be properly maintained and re-fuelled only at designated places. The
slopes of embankment leading to water bodies will be modified and re-canalized so that contaminants
do not enter the water body. Oil and grease traps will be provided at fuelling locations, to prevent
81
contamination of water.
Discharge of oil and grease is most likely from construction vehicle parking area, vehicle repair area
and workshops. An oil interceptor shall be provided to ensure that all wastewater flows into the
interceptor prior to its discharge. The device has a chamber for separation of oil and water and can
handle 200 L/hour of wastewater. The oil float appearing on the surface is removed by periodic
cleaning once a week by skimming off the oil film from the surface.
The sewage system (including septic tanks and soak pits) for construction camps will be properly
designed and built so that no water pollution takes place to any water body or watercourse. The
workplace will have proper medical approval by local medical, health or municipal authorities. The
contractor will make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water
availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Due to the non-availability of water
required for construction, if a new tube-well is to be bored, prior sanction and approval by the Central
Ground Water Board (CGWB) will be obtained. Wastage of water during the construction will be
minimized.
In most cases, effluents from existing public toilet along NH54 are discharged without any treatment.
For new public toiles to be constructed in bus bays/viewpoints or replacement of existing toilets that
will be affected by the road widening, septic tack or toilet with an opening for collecting night soil
will be installed to reduce negative impacts.
7.3.3 Bottom Sediment Contamination (2.4)
It is proposed that three existing bridge with poor conditions to be replaced with the new ones. During
engineering work of the bridges over the rivers, sediment pollution may occur. As one of the
mitigation measures, silt fencing will be provided to restrict runoff into the water during construction
phase.
7.3.4 Soil Contamination (2.5)

The contamination of soil during construction stage is primarily due to construction and allied
activities. The soil contamination may take place due to solid waste from the labor camps setup
during construction stage. This impact is significant at locations of construction camps; stockyards,
hot mix plants, etc. The sites where construction vehicles are parked and serviced are likely to be
82
contaminated because of leakage or spillage of fuel and lubricants. The contamination of soils can
also occur at the site of hot-mix plants from leakage or spillage of asphalt or bitumen. At the site of
batching plants, because of spillage of cement, leakage of curing agents the soil contamination can
occur. The contamination of soil may take place due to dumping of solid waste in unscientific manner,
leaching of fuel/oil & grease from workshops, petrol stations and DG sets.

During the operation stage, soil pollution due to accidental vehicle spills or leaks is a low probability
but potentially disastrous to the receiving environment, should they occur. These impacts can belong
term and irreversible depending upon the extent of spill.
Mitigation Measures
At construction yards, the vehicles/equipment will be maintained and re-fuelled in such a fashion that
oil/diesel spillage does not occur and contaminate the surrounding soil. It will be ensured that the fuel
storage and re-fuelling sites are kept away from drainage channels and important water bodies. At the
washdown and re-fuelling areas, “Oil Water Separators” shall be provided. All spills and discarded
petroleum products shall be disposed off in accordance to the Hazardous Waste Management and
Handling Rules. Fuel storage and re-fuelling areas will be located at least 500 m from all water bodies
near the road alignment. The fuel storage and re-fuelling areas shall not be located on agricultural
lands or productive lands to avoid topsoil contamination. The earthwork will be carried out strictly in
accordance with the design so that no excess earth is borrowed. The construction waste generated will
be reused in the construction of highway.
Bituminous waste will be used after milling and in case bituminous waste is required to be disposed
off it shall be disposed in secured way by providing 50 mm tick clay layer. The solid waste generated
during construction phase which includes municipal waste both organic & inorganic in nature which
shall be stored/treated/disposed off in accordance with Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules. The hazardous waste may include oil waste, biomedical waste, E-waste etc. This
shall be disposed off in accordance with the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling &
Transboundary Movement) Rules, Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules and E-Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules respectively.
In the operation stage, the petrol pumps & vehicle washing area located along the ROW will be
monitored regularly for any spillages and corrective remedial measures like spread of sand, provision
of oil & greases separators for passing wash water of petrol pumps & vehicle washing area before
83
diverting it to water bodies shall be done regularly. The solid waste generated from the way side
amenities will include Municipal Waste both organic and inorganic, hazardous waste (like used
batteries), will be treated in accordance with Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rule
and Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules.
7.3.5 Ground subsidence (2.6)
Many road subsidence sites have been identified in the slope inventory survey, which was assumed to
occur due to consolidation of loosen subsurface soil and high groundwater level except for
embankment sliding. Replacement of subgrade with 1.0m thick and subsurface drainage is planned as
countermeasures of sinking as shown in below Figure, which will significantly improve the existing
condition.
1
Replacement
m
of Subgrade Subsurface Drainage

Figure 7.4 Typical Cross Section of Countermeasure for Sinking
7.3.6 Noise and vibration (2.7)

During the construction, the major sources of noise pollution are movement of vehicles transporting
the construction material to the construction yard and the noise generating activities at the yard itself.
Mixing, casting and material movement are primary noise generating activities in the yard and will be
uniformly distributed over the entire construction period. Construction activities are expected to
produce noise levels in the range of 80 - 95 dB (A). The major work will be carried out during the
daytime. The noise levels in the project area during the construction stage will be intermittent and
temporary in nature. Typical noise levels associated with the various construction activities and
construction equipment are presented below.
Table 7.5 Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment
84
Construction Equipment Noise Level dB(A)
Bulldozer 80
Front end loader 72-84
Jack hammer 81-98
Crane with ball 75-87
Crane 75-77
Bulldozer 80
Backhoe 72-93
Cement & Dump trucks 83-94
Jack hammer 81-98
Scraper 80-93
Welding generator 71-82
Grader 80-93
Roller 73-75
Concrete mixer 74-88
Concrete pump 81-84
Concrete vibrator 76
Paver 86-88
Truck 83-94
Tamper 74-77
Air compressor 74-87
Pneumatic tools 81-98
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, noise from Construction Equipment
and Operations. Building Equipment and Home Appliance. NJID. 300.1. December 31, 1971
At the moment, noise level is within the desired level. The noise level will be increased during
construction period, which have significant impact for a limited period on the surrounding
environment. The noise levels in the working environment are compared with the standards
prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA-USA) which in-turn are being
enforced by Government of India through Model rules framed under the Factories Act. The acceptable
limits for each shift being of 8 hour duration, the equivalent noise level exposure during the shift is 90
dB(A). Hence noise generated due to various activities in the construction camps may affect workers,
if equivalent 8 hour exposure is more than the safety limit. ACGIH (American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists) proposed an 8 hour Leq limit of 85 dB(A). Exposure to impulses
or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB(A). The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an
equivalent noise level of 80-90 dB(A) in an 8 hour shift for which all statutory precautions as per laws
should be taken into consideration.

During the operation stage of the project, reduction of vehicular engine noise (as a result of reduced
congestion from earlier, smoother flow of traffic due to 2 separate lanes), vehicular body noise (as a
result of reduced development roughness) and reduction of blowing of horns will bring the noise
levels down, but as volume of traffic, mainly heavy duty traffic will be increase in future due to rapid
85
development and industrialization along the road corridor this may increase noise slightly.
Mitigation Measures
The high noise levels may cause discomfort to local residents and workers. Following mitigation
measures shall be adopted to keep the noise and vibration levels under control.
 The plants and equipment used for construction will strictly conform to Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) noise standards. Vehicles, equipment and construction machinery
shall be monitored regularly with particular attention to silencers and mufflers to maintain
noise levels to minimum;
 Workers in the vicinity of high noise levels must wear ear plugs, helmets and should be
engaged in diversified activities to prevent prolonged exposure to noise levels of more
than90dB(A);
 In construction sites within 150 m of human settlements, noisy construction will be stopped
between 10 PM and 6 AM except in case of laying of cement concrete pavement for which
lower working temperature is a requirement;
 Hot mix plant, batching or aggregate plants shall not be located within 500 m of sensitive
land use as schools and hospitals;
 Near to the sensitive receptors such as hospitals and schools, noise barriers such as earth,
concrete, wood, metal or double-glazing of windows for façade insulation shall be used;
 Phase demolition, earthmoving and ground-impacting operations so as not to occur in the
same time period. Unlike noise, the total vibration level produced could be significantly less
when each vibration source operates separately
 Construction machinery will be located away from the settlements;
 Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations can reduce the noise
levels. Use of equipment, emitting noise not greater than 90 dB(A) for the eight-hour
operations shift and locating of construction yards at a distance of at least 500 m from any
residential areas can be adhered to;
 Use of noise shields to construction machinery and provision of earplugs to the heavy
machine operators are some of the mitigation measures, which should be followed by the
contractors during the civil works;
 The noise control measures include limitations on allowable grades. Open-graded asphalt and
avoidance of surface dressings to reduce tire noise in sensitive areas. Maintenance of proper
road surface repairs also helps in reducing noise levels;
86
 Use of air horns should be minimized on the highway during nighttime. During daytime use
of horns should be restricted at few sensitive locations. This can be achieved through the use
of sign boards along the roadside;
 Future development along the road should follow correct land use norms so that sensitive
receptors are not located along the road, specifically along the bypasses; and
 Development of greenbelt along the main road can also bring about considerable reduction in
noise levels. The area available on both sides of the road should be used to develop green
belt comprising selected species of trees with high canopy to provide added attenuation of
noise
7.3.7 Wastes/Hazardous Materials (2.9)
Types of construction waste which are expected to be generated include asphalt chunks, chunks of
concrete, surplus soil, construction scrap materials and organic waste generated by construction
workers. The amount and percentage composition of construction waste will depend on the final
design and the schedule of the construction, and thus generic mitigation measures proposed in EMP
should be updated once the final ROW drawing is completed. All other construction wastes are also
planned to comply with relevant Center or State laws pertaining to waste management.
Table 7.6 Required Volume for Spoil Bank

Sec. Item Unit
Cu.m Cu.m Cu.m

Cut Soil cu.m 3,442,909 0.9 3,098,618
S1 2,400,495
Cut Soil cu.m 3,710,629 0.9 3,339,566
S2 2,437,522
Cut Soil cu.m 3,560,596 0.9 3,204,536
S3 2,465,129
Total 7,303,146
The volume of surplus soil is estimated as below. Candidate locations with sufficient and necessary
conditions for spoil bank construction have been screened with following criteria:
 To minimize transport of surplus soil, spoil bank should be located at every 5km distance
along NH54 with following condition;
87
 No national sanctuary area
Based on the above criteria, 115 locations in 381 km stretch of NH54 has been identified for spoil
bank construction. There are 41, 32 and 42 spoil bank with about 2.43, 2.90 and 2.51 million cu.m
capacities in Section I, II and III respectively.
7.4 Socio-Economic Environment

7.4.1 Involuntary Resettlement (3.1)
As per the preliminary ROW design, the project will affect 2,037 households (1,971 households
whose houses will be affected and 66 households whose businesses will be affected). The total
number of affected people is 8,230. Out of these, 1307 households (1,265 households whose houses
will be affected and 42 households whose businesses will be affected) will have to be relocated. Based
on the preliminary ROW design, remaining 730 households will be affected but relocation will not be
necessary. More details about resettlement impact, resettlement policy and proposed compensation
package can be found in the RAP report.
7.4.2 Land Use (3.2)
The project does not lead to large-scale change in land use as the engineering work will be
constrained mostly along the existing road. On the other hand, development of resettlement site to
accommodate relocated households and construction of spoil bank is likely to cause changes in land
use pattern, potentially affecting existing agricultural and plantation activities. Also, jhum cultivation,
which is practiced in roadside as in Photo below, will be affected by slope protection/embankment
work. The jhum practice directly next to the road is likely to have negative impacts from the road
maintenance point of view and thus measures will be developed to shift existing jhum to areas far
from the road or transform jhum to other agricultura practice.
88
Photo 7.1 Jhum next to NH54
For sections where NH54 passes through community forest, jhum area and plantation, engineering
work should be scheduled in a way that minimize disruption of access by local people. At the same
time, proper management of effluent and soil erosion shall be carried out to avoid negative impact on
such resources.
7.4.3 Utilization of Local Resources (3.3) and Local Economy and Livelihood (3.7)
Significant volume of local resources such as sand may be used for construction work. This could
cloud out the use of such resources for other purposes in the short-term. In the long-term, the better
road network may attract new business, possibly from outside the state with detrimental impact on
local business/traders. While the project overall will have significant positive impacts on the local and
regional economy, the better transport network may put some groups at risk at least in the short and
medium-term. These potential high-risk groups should be identified in the preparation of R&R plan to
ensure that they will not be in a disadvantaged position due to the project.
7.4.4 General, Regional /City Plans (3.4)
The project will create new opportunities for village and district-level development planning. In
particular, the construction of spoil bank will create large area of flat land where such surface is a
scarce commodity. The development of spoil bank, therefore, should be coordinated with the
village/district’s development plan so that the land will benefit the community. Similarly,
development of resettlement site should be well coordinated with village development plan to ensure
proper supply of basic utilities and integration of new sites with the existing village area.
89
7.4.5 Social Institutions and Local Decision-making Institutions (3.5)
Except for Lawngtlai and Saiha district where Lai and Hmar population account for the majority of
the population respectively, different tribes of Mizo people co-exist across the stretch of NH54
without tribe-rooted conflicts. To minimize potential disturbance and avoid the risk of conflicts,
however, the resettlement will be planned within the village where relocation takes place. Being a
tribal state, district and village council and traditional community leaders have significant influence
on decision-making process in the area. As such, their support and cooperation is critical in smooth
implementation of the project, particularly activities related to resettlement. The implementation of
EMP as well as RAP/R&R should be built on existing social institutions and will be best guided by
local people, rather than outside experts.
7.4.6 Social Infrastructure and Services (3.6)
For most people residing along NH54, the highway is the only route of access to social infrastructures
such as schools and hospitals. Construction activity is likely to cause temporary disturbance to their
access to such infrastructure and service and therefore, schedule and timing of the engineering activity
should be developed in consultation with the local community. When road blockage is necessary, e.g.
for blasting, the local community should be informed in advance so that they can make alternate plan
accordingly.
7.4.7 Unequal Distribution of Benefit and Damage (3.8) and Local Conflicts of Interest (3.9)
Roadside location offers critical advantages for local business (tea stalls, restaurant, petty shops).
Resettlement from roadside to inner part o the village may significantly undermine the viability of
these businesses, and therefore, business owners to be affected may be worse off compared with
farmers to be relocated. Likewise, allocation of plot in resettlement site may become a source of
conflicts among affected households who wish to be relocated to more advantageous plots. Sound
arbitration and conflict resolution mechanism by local leaders should be in place for smooth
implementation of RAP and R&R activity.
7.4.8 Water Usage, Water Rights and Communal Rights (3.10)
Irrigation is not practiced along the project area and thus water is not likely to become a source of
conflicts in the course of project implementation.
7.4.9 Cultural and Historical Heritage (3.11)
No sites of cultural or historical significance have been identified along the project road.
90
7.4.10 Religious Facilities (3.12) and Sensitive Facilities (3.13)
It is expected that the project will affect 8 small churches along the road. Given the importance of
religion and religious belief in the project area, the project should explore options avoid/minimize
impacts to such facilities during the detailed design once additional topographic data is obtained. Also,
access to these facilities, particularly Sunday mass, should not be disturbed by construction activities.
Similarly, more stringent standard for noise and vibration and air quality should be adopted where
sensitive facilities such as school and hospitals are located.
7.4.11 Poor People (3.14)
The baseline survey has identified gap between official poverty level and poverty level as reported by
the people. R&R activity should take into account the limited coping capacity of the local community
and develop measures that leads to sustainable income generation of the affected people, rather than
one-off payment of compensation and assistance.
7.4.12 Ethnic Minorities/ Indigenous People (3.15)
In the state of Mizoram, the tribal (Scheduled Tribe: ST) population constitutes about 95% of the total
population. Overwhelming majority of the affected people also belong to ST, and hence they are not
minority. While tribal groups in project area holds traditional culture, including shifting cultivation in
forest called jhum, they freely interact and share their sources of water, folklore, food, infrastructure
and other belongings with the non-ST and other tribal population within and outside community. This
is particularly evident in the section between Aizawl and Lunglei where differnet sub-tribe of Mizo,
including Lushai, Lai and Mara and non-Mizo people co-exist peacefully without ethnicity-related
tensions. Moreover, ST population in project area is not isolated from outside and they are open to
new ideas such as family planning and formal education.
7.4.13 Gender (3.16)
Tribal and non-tribal women in North East States enjoy a relatively higher position in the society than
what their non-tribal counterparts do, which is reflected in their high literacy rate. Mizo women are
largely involved in household work, collection of forest produce, firewood collection, cultivation and
other agricultural activities and thus they will be affected in a way that is different from their male
counterpart. In order to ensure that affected women will not be disadvantaged, a dedicated chapter on
gender issue is included in women in which options to facilitate women’s participation in project
implementation and various opportunities to be created by the project is discussed. In particular,
91
women shall have preferential access to specific types of project-related job opportunities, including
light-duty work and part-time jobs that do not interfere with women’s responsibility at home.
7.4.14 Public Health (sanitation and infectious diseases) (3.18) and Occupational Health and
Safety (OHS) (3.19)
The health and safety measures at design, construction and operation phase are given below.
Table 7.7 Health and Safety Measures

Design Stage
Geometric Correction at Critical Critical curves have been rectified to maintain project design speed and
Curves visibility. (IRC-86-1983 “ Geometric Design for Road in Plains”)
Construction Stage
Health hazard to workers due to At every workplace, good and sufficient potable water (as per IS) supply
bad water and sanitation shall be ensured to avoid water-borne diseases and to secure the health of
workers.
Adequate drainage, sanitation and waste disposal shall be provided at
workplaces.
Preventive Medical care shall be provided to workers.
Health/ social hazard, sexual Segregation of male and female areas in labor camp shall be executed.
harassment to female workers
Hygiene at Construction Camps The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and
maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary
facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the resident
engineer.
There shall be provided within the precincts of every workplace,
latrines and urinals in an accessible place, and the accommodation,
separately for each for these, as per standards set by the Building and
other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions
of Service) Act. Except in workplaces provided with water-flushed
latrines connected with a well designed septic tank, all latrines shall be
provided with low cost ‘Twin Pit Latrine’ system. The pit can be closed
after the construction is over. There shall be adequate supply of water,
close to latrines and urinals.
All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in
such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking,
cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp must be
properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs
and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place.
Compliance with the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered to.
Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and
the garbage disposed off in a lined landfill sites. Construction camps
are to be sited away from vulnerable people and adequate health care is
to be provided for the work force.
On completion of the works, the whole of such temporary structures
shall be cleared away, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or
trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the whole of the site left
clean and tidy, at the Contractor’s expense, to the entire satisfaction of
the Engineer.
Abandoned Quarry will Reclamation measure shall be adopted with garland of trees around the
accumulate water and act as a periphery. The quarry dust and waste shall be used for refilling. The
breeding ground for disease remaining portion should be covered with trees. If the quarry site is
vectors. porous, it shall be used by groundwater recharging.
Risk from Operations The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as
92
required for the safety of the workmen as far as those are applicable to
this project. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances
such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff.
The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding safe
scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells,
excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.
Risk from Electrical Equipment Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical
equipment. No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed
as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. All
necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public. All
machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant
Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be
kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly
maintained as per IS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Risk at Hazardous Activity All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, cement, lime
mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and
protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, would
be provided with welder’s protective eye-shields. Stone-breakers will
be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at
sufficiently safe intervals.
The use of any herbicide or other toxic chemical shall be strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer shall be
given at least 6 working day notice of the proposed use of any herbicide
or toxic chemical. A register of all herbicides and other toxic chemicals
delivered to the siteshall be kept and maintained up to date by the
Contractor. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties
and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard
information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and
first aid procedures for the product.
Risk of Lead Pollution No man below the age of 18 years and no woman shall be employed on
the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. No
paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of
paste or readymade paint. Face masks will be supplied for use by the
workers when paint is applied in the form of spray or a surface having
lead paint dry rubbed and scrapped.
Risk caused by Force’ Majure All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the
workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary
steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to
be sustained during the course of work.
Risk from Explosives Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall not use explosives.
The Contractor shall at all times take every possible precaution and shall
comply with appropriate laws and regulations relating to the importation,
handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives and shall, at all
times when engaged in blasting operations, post sufficient warning
flagmen, to the full satisfaction of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall at all times make full liaison with and inform well in
advance and obtain such permission as is required from all Government
Authorities, public bodies and private parties whatsoever concerned or
affected or likely to be concerned or affected by blasting operations.
Malaria risk The Contractor shall, at his own expense, conform to all anti-malarial
instructions given to him by the Engineer, including filling up any
borrow pits which may have been dug by him
Loss of Access At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage
for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side roads and
property accesses connecting the project road. Work that affects the use
93
of side roads and existing accesses shall not be undertaken without
providing adequate provisions to the prior satisfaction of the Engineer.
The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with the
convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or
private roads, railways and any other access footpaths to or of
properties whether public or private.
Traffic Jams and Congestion Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and submitted to the
Site Engineer/ Project Director for approval 5 days prior to
commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control
plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of
arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic
arrangement after cessation of work each day.
Temporary diversion (including scheme of temporary and acquisition)
will be constructed with the approval of the designated Engineer.
Special consideration shall be given in the preparation of the traffic
control plan to the safety of pedestrians and workers at night.
The Contractor shall ensure that the running surface is always properly
maintained, particularly during the monsoon so that no disruption to the
traffic flow occurs. As far as possible idling of engines shall be avoided
to curb pollution.
The temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by frequent
application of water, if necessary.
Traffic Control and Safety The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic
during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades,
including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may be required
by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic
approaching or passing through the section of the highway under
improvement.
All signs, barricades, pavement markings shall be as per the MORT&H
specification. Before taking up construction on any section of the
highway, a traffic control plan shall be devised to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. Excavated pits shall be filled to avoid falling of animals/
human beings.
Operation Phase
Dwellers in settlements may rush Specially design urban section and footpath sections shall be applied to
to high way and meet accident the necessary locations.
Vehicles parked in settlements Specially designed parking areas shall be executed at the required
may lead to narrow carriageway locations.
Fast moving vehicles may threat Specially designed pedestrian crossings shall be constructed at required
safety in settlements. locations.
Accidents involving hazardous The rules s defined Hazardous waste handling Act shall be compiled.
materials. Vehicles delivering hazardous substances shall be printed with
appropriate signs.
In case of spillage, the report to relevant departments will be made and
instructions followed in taking up the contingency measures.
Other Safety Measures Traffic Management plan shall be developed especially along congested
locations.
Traffic control measures including speed limits will be enforced strictly.
Further growth of encroachment and squatting within row shall be
discoursed.
94
7.5 Other Issues
7.5.1 Accidents (4.1)
Construction Phase Impacts

The project will improve the road safety through design measures identified during the various road
surveys. Road safety will be enhanced in the project through engineering (design), enforcement
(safety measures, signage, etc.) and education. The issue of road safety is one of the key issues that
may surface in construction stage. During the construction stage, dismantling of structure, cutting of
trees, haulage material obstructing vision, spillage of lubricants on road making it slippery is
generally the cause of road accidents. Similarly, in operation stage, increase in traffic and increase in
speed would tend to increase in accidents. In spite of these, the social benefits from the project are
quite significant.
It is likely that there will be some concern of safety for highway users during construction period, as
haulage of material and other equipment would restrict movement of vehicles. Highway patrolling
system with ambulance facility and crane will render assistance to users in distress and disabled
vehicles which in-turn will improve the safety level.
Operation Phase Impacts

The proposed project implementation would improve the road safety for the highway users as well as
locals living by the side of the road. In operation stage, increase in traffic and increase in speed would
tend to increase in accidents. In-spite of these, the social benefits from the project are quite significant.
In operation phase, increase in vehicle speed may cause thereof to the safety of pedestrians and for
cattle for crossing road.
Mitigation Measures
Street furniture known as road studs, blinker or cat’s eye include equipment installed on road or
roadside to assist visibility of road alignment/structures. They are retro-reflective safety devices used
in road marking. Generally, it consists of two pairs of reflective glass spheres set into a white rubber
dome, mounted in a cast-iron housing. This is the kind that marks the center of the road, with one pair
of devices showing in each direction. A single-ended form has become widely used in other colors at
road margins and as lane dividers.
Since the NH54 is located in mountainous region, hair-pin bends are unavoidable from the viewpoint
of cost and environmental impact. Design speed of 20km/h is applied for hair-pin bends, while design
95
speed of 30km/h is adopted in general. Small horizontal curves such as R20m-R25m are used in steep
terrain to avoid large-scale earthwork and/or demolition of houses. At those sub-standard sections,
securing traffic safety by applying combination of facilities shall be considered.
In hair-pin bends, it is difficult to secure overtaking sight distance and thus, the section shall be
designated as no-overtaking section. In order to inform that to drivers, the double centre line with
marking of pair of solid lines is applied. Cats eyes to delineate road alignment are to be installed on
the centre line and lane edges so that drivers will be able to identify the direction he should go before
entering into the curve. Furthermore, traffic signs and guard rails shall be properly equipped to avoid
hazardous accidents. The Figure below shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to be
installed at hair-pin bends.
Guard Rail
Cats Eye
Centreline Marking
30
20 20
30
In the locations where the existing bridges are to be utilized with rehabilitation works, carriageway
width becomes narrower than that of earthwork sections due to the difference in shoulder width. It is,
therefore, proposed to install facilities that notify drivers the decrease in carriageway width and
existence of concrete curb. The below Figure shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to
be installed at narrow bridges.
96
Cats Eye

Figure 7.6 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Narrow Bridges
The project road passes through 48 villages and there are a lot of buildings, shops or houses at
roadside as well as pedestrians going along the sidewalk and crossing the road. Furthermore, more
road facilities such as bus stops are necessary than rural sections. Therefore, drivers have to handle
much information on roads/traffic and decide their maneuvers in a short time at built-up areas. In
order to assist road users in obtaining information, appropriate traffic signs and road markings shall be
provided properly. The below Figure shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to be
installed at built-up sections.

Figure 7.7 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Sections
7.5.2 GHG emissions (4.2)
There is a possibility of increased GHG emission due to the operation of heavy vehicles as well as
traffic jams incidental to the construction works, this impact will be temporary. On the other hand, it
is expected that the GHG emission will be increase due to increase traffic volume. The increase will
be mitigated by keeping good road conditions which will reduce consumption of extra fuel and
97
congestion, thereby mitigating GHG emissions over time.
98
CHAPTER 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.1 Overview
Descriptions of environment management measures during different stages of the project are provided
in this chapter.
8.1.1 Pre-construction Stage
Required management measures during the pre-construction stage include the clearance of the ROW,
plantation of trees, the measures for protecting/replacing community resources such as electric poles,
public urinals and water points that are likely to be impacted. Their enhancement shall also be
completed before construction work starts so that the community can start using these when the
construction activity begins.
8.1.2 Construction Stage
This will be most crucial and active stage for the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). In addition
to the monitoring of the construction activity itself to ensure that the environment is not damaged
beyond permissible limits, the enhancement of cultural and community properties, mitigation and
enhancement measures for water bodies through proper treatment of spoil soils will be undertaken as
the construction progresses. To facilitate implementation of the enhancement and mitigation measures
suggested, working drawings of the same have been provided in the Appendices. In addition, the
provision of proper risk management with respect to construction activities such as accidental spillage
is critical at this stage to avoid damage to flora and fauna, agricultural land and other sensitive
resources. Typical locations of concerns include the locations of hot-mix plants (spillage of fuel,
bitumen etc.) and labor camp sites.
8.1.3 Operation Stage
The operation stage will essentially entail monitoring activity along the project area. In addition to
checking the efficacy of the protection/ mitigation/ enhancement measures implemented, this will help
verify or refuse the predictions made as a part of the impact assessment. Thus, it will complete a very
important feedback loop for the project.
99
8.2 Environment Management Plan for Mitigation of Negative Impacts
The detailed measures adopted and/or to be adopted during different stages of the project to mitigate
negative impacts and enhance positive aspects are shown in Table 9.1 to 9.3. The responsibility for
implementation and supervision of EMPs are vested with three agencies, namely Contractors, PIU,
and Supervision consultants (SC). The Contractors herein mean the agency hired for execution of the
construction works for the respective contract packages. PIU would be implementation agency. The
Figure below indicates implementation structure of the EMP.
PIU (Aizawl) NHIDCL Regional

Office and HQ
Executive Engineer Supervision Consultant
Assistant Engineer Environment Specialist
Contractor
NGO Local community

Figure 8.1 Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation
It has been proposed that Executive Engineer (environment) based in Aizawl will be in charge for the
implementation of EIA and EMP for this project. Such an engineer will be assisted by Assistant
Engineer (Environment), who will be assisted by a Junior Engineer as well as Supervision consultant
(and Environment Specialist) and contractor.
The construction supervision consultant are expected to have in-house capacity to advise on and
supervise the implementation of the EMP including suggesting enhancement design options and
modifications, as necessary. For this purpose, the supervision consultant will employ a full-time
environmental specialist.
100
The NGO will be one of the stakeholders in the entire project cycle with primary responsibility of
facilitating the implementation of RAP and help NHIDCL/State Government in mitigating the adverse
impacts of the project. Meanwhile, they can play a role in successful implementation of EMP, for
example by supporting afforestation activity and awareness-raising campaign for traffic safety/risk of
HIV/AIDS among others. Compensatory plantation and maintenance and protection of vegetation will
be required as part of environmental mitigation and enhancement works. Likewise, spoil soils shall be
used, where possible, to create community assets such as playground as per request of the community.
In these types of works, the project may engage NGO such as Young Mizo Association (YMA) to
liaise with local community for effective implementation of the project.
101
Table 8.1 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Stage
Sl. No Location Time Frame Responsibility
Environmental Impacts/Issues Mitigation Measures
Implementation Supervision
 All requirements of the RAP as All areas Before construction
P1 applicable shall be complete before begins Government of
start of construction stage. The Mizoram, District
activities broadly include acquisition Revenue authorities,
Relocation of Project Affected Persons
of land and structures, relocation of Village Councils, PIU, SC
(PAP)
utilities, payment of compensation NGO
and provision assistance
 Minimize the scale of vegetation All areas Before construction

P2 clearing by factoring begins
vegetation/forest cover in the final
design of the road alignment process
 Removal of trees to be carried out (Reforestration/replan
PIU, Contractor, PIU, SC, Forest
Removal of vegetation after forest clearance is obtained tation may extend to
Forest Dept. Dept.
 Reforestation/replantation of trees at during/after
a term as instructed by the Forest construction)
Dept. . or by the Forest Dept.
 Activity shall be supervised to avoid
poaching of animals
102
 Camps shall be located at least 500m All construction campsite During Establishment,
P3 away from the nearest built-up area. identified by the Operation and
 Sewage system for a construction contractor and approved Dismantling of Such
laborer’s camp shall be designed, by SC Camps.
built and operated so that no
pollution to ground or adjacent water
bodies/ watercourses takes place.
Garbage bins shall be provided in the
camps and regularly emptied and the
garbage disposed off in a hygienic
manner, to the satisfaction of the
Setting up construction camps relevant norms and the Engineer. Contractor PIU, SC
 In relation to underground water
resources, the contractor shall take
all necessary precaution to prevent
interference with such water
resources.
 All relevant provisions of the
Factories Act, 1948 and the Building
and other Construction Workers
(regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
shall be adhered to.
 Hot mix plants and batching plants All hot-mix and batching During Erection,
P4 shall be located sufficiently away plants Testing, Operation
from habitation and agricultural and Dismantling of
Setting up hot mix plants operations. Such Plants. Contractor PIU, SC
 Where possible such plants will be
located at least 1000m away from the
nearest habitation.
 Location of dumping sites shall be All areas identified as During mobilization
P5 finalized. The sites shall meet potential dumping sites
following conditions: i) dumping
Finalizing sites for surplus soil dumping Contractor PIU, SC
does not impact natural drainage
courses; ii) no endangered/rare flora
is impacted by such dumping
 The contractor shall identify All area During mobilization
P6 locations sensitive to landslides (in
addition to the ones that area already
Identification of hazard-prone locations Contractor PIU, SC
identified) and shall duly report these
to the Supervision Consultant (SC)
and to PIU.
103
P7  Location of relocation sites shall be Near villages with
identified in consultation with large-scale resettlement
district/village authorities and PAPs.
Identify and prepare relocation sites PIU PIU
 Sites to be developed including
provision of necessary utilities such
as water and electricity.
Table 8.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage

Soil
C1 Soil Erosion in Borrow Pits  The depth of borrow pits shall be On approved locations of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
restricted so that sides of the borrow pits. Supervision
excavation shall have a slope not Consultant
steeper than 1:4, from the edge of the
final section of the bank. (if
applicable)
C2 Loss of top soil in Borrow pits  Agricultural fields or productive land On approved locations of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be avoided for borrowing earth. borrow pits. Supervision
If unavoidable topsoil shall be Consultant
preserved and used for tree
plantation. (if applicable)
C3 Compaction of Soil  Construction equipment and vehicles Throughout corridor. Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be restricted to move only Supervision
within designated area to avoid Consultant
compaction of productive soil.
C4 Soil erosion in embankments  Pitching shall be done for slope At the places of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
stabilization as per the IRC embankments Supervision
guidelines (if applicable) Consultant
C5 Contamination of soil from fuel and  Construction vehicles and equipment Near Labor camp and Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
lubricants shall be operated and maintained in sites of installation of Supervision
such a manner so that soil Construction machineries. Consultant
contamination due to its spillage
shall be minimum.
 Fuel storage shall only be done on
wasteland and will be kept away
from drainage channels and natural
water bodies.
104
C6 Contamination of land from construction  Debris generated due to the Solid waste dump Site Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
waste and quarry materials dismantling of the existing pavement identified and approved Supervision
structure and the cutting of the by SPCB. or competent Consultant
hillside for the widening shall be authority.
suitably reused in the proposed Throughout the area
construction, such as for fill
materials for embankments.
 Debris and other material obtained
from existing embankment shall be
dumped in approved landfill site
already identified by concerned
agency. All spoils shall be disposed
off as desired and the site shall be
fully cleaned before handing over.
 Construction waste including non-
bituminous and bituminous waste
shall be dumped in approved landfill
site identified by State Pollution
Control Board (SPCB) or competent
authority. All spoils shall be disposed
C7 Loss of top soil in land acquisition  Topsoil shall be stripped, stored and Throughout the area Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be laid on ground for Supervision
landscaping purpose. (if feasible) Consultant
Water
C8 Contamination of water by fuel/ oil  Construction vehicles / equipment Near labor camp and sites Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
spillage of vehicle shall be operated and maintained in of installation of Supervision
such a manner to avoid Construction machineries. Consultant
contamination of water bodies due to
oil spillage.
water bodies.
C9 Contamination of stagnant water body by  Labor camp shall not be allowed Preapproved locations Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
fecal matters from labor camp. near any of the water bodies. away from the water Supervision
 The proper sanitation facilities shall bodies. Consultant
be provided.
105
C10 Deposition of dust in open wells near  The mouth/opening of the well shall All the wells along the Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction site be covered with suitable material project corridor. Supervision
during any of the construction Consultant
activity so as to prevent dust entering
in the well.
C11 Using drinking water for construction  The contractor shall make At respective planned Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
purpose arrangements for water required for construction sites Supervision
construction in such a way that water Consultant
availability and supply to nearby
community is unaffected.
 Wastage of water shall be kept
minimum during construction.
C12 Hand pump close to road may get  All the Hand pumps shall be At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affected in widening relocated to suitable alternate place. locations Supervision
Consultant
C13 Wells or water stoarge system may get  Alternate arrangements will be made At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affected in widening for all the Wells or water storage locations Supervision
system. Consultant
C14 Altering flow of natural drains  Drain shall be channelized with At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
Slope protection - Gabion Structure. locations Supervision
Consultant
C15 Sanitation of waste disposal in  The construction of camps will be Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction camps done with sufficient buffer from located Supervision
habitation. Consultant
 At construction sites and labor camps
sufficient no of latrines will be
provided.
 The sewage generated from the
camps will be properly disposed off
so that it does not affect water bodies
Air
C16 Emission from construction vehicles and  All vehicles, equipment and Wherever the hot mix Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
machinery. machinery shall be selected to meet plant and batching plant is Supervision
recognized international and national setup. Consultant
standards for emissions and shall be
maintained and operated in a manner
that ensures relevant air, noise and
discharge rules.
 Only unleaded petrol and low
sulphur diesel or sulphur free diesel
shall be used as fuel for vehicles,
equipment and machinery.
106
C17 Air pollution from various plants  The asphalt plants, crushers and Locations near Settlement Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affecting settlements batching plants shall not be sited at Supervision
least 500 m in leeward direction Consultant
from nearest human settlement
C18 Air pollution may exceed the limits  Regular monitoring or air quality Locations given in Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
prescribed by Central Pollution Control parameters during the construction Environmental Supervision
Board. period as envisaged in the Monitoring Plan. Consultant
Environmental Monitoring Plan.
C19 Vehicles will generate dust and suspended  The dust generated by vehicles on Wherever the plants are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
particles. site shall be arrested using a water setup and sensitive Supervision
tanker fitted with sprinkler capable locations as suggested in Consultant
of applying water uniformly with a monitoring plan.
controllable rate of flow to variable
widths of surface but without any
flooding.
Noise
C20 Noise levels from vehicles. Asphalt plants  The plants and equipment used for Wherever the plants are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and equipment construction shall confirm to CPCB setup. Supervision
norms. Consultant
 Vehicles and equipment used shall be
fitted with silencer.
 Any vehicle and machinery shall be
kept in good working order and
engines turned off when not in use.
 All equipment and plants shall
strictly be placed away from
educational institutes and hospitals.
 Regular monitoring of noise
parameters (Leq) during the
construction period as envisaged in
the Environmental Monitoring Plan.
C21 Noise from blasting operations  Blasting as per Indian Explosives act At the sites where the Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
will be carried out. blasting is required and in Supervision
 People living near such blasting quarry sites Consultant
operation sites shall be informed
before the operational hours.
 Workers at blasting sites shall be
provided with earplugs.
107
C22 Noise barriers  Construction of noise barriers in the All along the corridor Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
form of walls at Sensitive locations wherever the sensitive Supervision
upon consultation with stakeholders.. locations like schools, Consultant
hospitals and other
community places are
located.
Flora and Fauna
C23 Tree cutting for widening  Three trees shall replace each tree Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
cut for the purpose. area Supervision
 The Engineer shall approve such Consultant
felling only when the NHIDCL
receives a “clearance” for such Forest Dept.
felling from the MOEF, as
applicable.
 Trees felled shall be replaced as per
the compensatory afforestation
criteria in accordance with the
Forests (Conservation) Act, 1980.
C24 Damage or Loss of Important Flora  During construction, at any point of Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
time, if a rare/ threatened/endangered area. Supervision
flora species is found, it shall be Consultant
conserved in a suitable manner in
consultation with authorities. The
Engineer shall approve detailed
conservation processes, plans and
designs as well as associated
modification in the project design.
Health and Hygiene
C25 Health hazard to workers due to bad  At every workplace, good and Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
water and sanitation sufficient potable water (as per IS setup Supervision
10500) supply shall be ensured to Consultant
avoid water-borne diseases and to
secure the health of workers.
 Adequate drainage, sanitation and
waste disposal shall be provided at
workplaces.
 Preventive Medical care shall be
provided to workers.
C26 Health hazard to workers by various  Personal protective equipment shall Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction activity be provided to worker as per the area Supervision
Factories Act. Consultant
108
C27 Health/ social hazard, sexual harassment  Segregation of male and female areas Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
to female workers in labor camp shall be executed. setup Supervision
Consultant
C28 Hygiene at Construction Camps  The Contractor during the progress Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
of work will provide, erect and setup Supervision
maintain necessary (temporary) Consultant
living accommodation and ancillary
facilities for labor to standards and
scales approved by the resident
engineer.
 These shall be provided within the
precincts of every workplace, latrines
and urinals in an accessible place,
and the accommodation, separately
for each for these, as per standards
set by the Building and other
Construction Workers (regulation of
Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996. There shall be
adequate supply of water, close to
latrines and urinals.
 All temporary accommodation must
be constructed and maintained in
such a fashion that uncontaminated
water is available for drinking,
cooking and washing. The sewage
system for the camp must be
properly designed, built and operated
so that no health hazard occurs and
no pollution to the air, ground or
adjacent watercourses takes place.
Compliance with the relevant
legislation must be strictly adhered
to. Garbage bins must be provided in
the camp and regularly emptied and
the garbage disposed off in a lined
landfill sites. Construction camps are
to be sited away from vulnerable
people and adequate health care is to
be provided for the work force.
109
C28 Hygiene at Construction Camps  On completion of the works, the
whole of such temporary structures
shall be cleared away, all rubbish
burnt, excreta or other disposal pits
or trenches filled in and effectively
sealed off and the whole of the site
left clean and tidy, at the
Contractor’s expense, to the entire
satisfaction of the Engineer.
C29 Abandoned Quarry will accumulate water  Reclamation measure shall be All quarry locations. Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and act as a breading ground for disease adopted with garland of trees around Supervision
vectors. the periphery. The quarry dust and Consultant
waste shall be used for refilling. The
remaining portion should be covered
with trees.
Safety
C30 Safety of vehicles plying on road while  Prior arrangement/traffic diversion Throughout the project Construction stage Contractor and PIU
the construction activity is going on. for safe passage of vehicles shall be area Supervision
made with proper direction and Consultant
signage at the construction site.
 Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall
be prepared and submitted to the Site
Engineer/ Project Director for
approval 5 days prior to
commencement of works on any
section of road. The traffic control
plans shall contain details of
temporary diversions, details of
arrangements for construction under
traffic and details of traffic
arrangement after cessation of work
each day.
110
C31 Risk from Operations  The Contractor is required to comply All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
with all the precautions as required Supervision
for the safety of the workmen as far Consultant
as those are applicable to this
contract.
 The contractor shall supply all
necessary safety appliances such as
safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc.,
to the workers and staff. The
contractor has to comply with all
regulation regarding safe scaffolding,
ladders, working platforms,
gangway, stairwells, excavations,
trenches and safe means of entry and
egress.
C32 Risk from Electrical Equipment  Adequate precautions will be taken All construction Site Construction stage Contractor and PIU
to prevent danger from electrical Supervision
equipment. No material or any of the Consultant
sites will be so stacked or placed as
to cause danger or inconvenience to
any person or the public.
 All necessary fencing and lights will
be provided to protect the public. All
machines to be used in the
construction will conform to the
relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes,
will be free from patent defect, will
be kept in good working order, will
be regularly inspected and properly
maintained as per IS provisions and
to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
111
C33 Risk at Hazardous Activity  All workers employed on mixing All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
asphaltic material, cement, lime Supervision
mortars, concrete etc., will be Consultant
provided with protective footwear
and protective goggles. Workers,
who are engaged in welding works,
would be provided with welder’s
protective eye-shields.
Stone-breakers will be provided with
protective goggles and clothing and
will be seated at sufficiently safe
intervals.
 The use of any herbicide or other
toxic chemical shall be strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. The Engineer shall be
given at least 6 working day’s notice
of the proposed use of any herbicide
or toxic chemical. A register of all
herbicides and other toxic chemicals
delivered to the site shall be kept and
maintained up to date by the
Contractor. The register shall include
the trade name, physical properties
and characteristics, chemical
ingredients, health and safety hazard
information, safe handling and
storage procedures, and emergency
and first aid procedures for the
product. This should comply with
Hazardous Material Act.
C34 Risk of Lead Pollution  Nobody below the age of 18 years All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
and no woman shall be employed on Supervision
the work of painting with products Consultant
containing lead in any form. No paint
containing lead or lead products will
be used except in the form of paste
or readymade paint.
 Facemasks will be supplied for use
by the workers when paint is applied
in the form of spray or a surface
having lead paint dry rubbed and
scrapped
112
C35 Risk caused by Force’ Majure  All reasonable precaution will be All construction Site Construction stage Contractor and PIU
taken to prevent danger of the Supervision
workers and the public from fire, Consultant
flood, drowning, etc. All necessary
steps will be taken for prompt first
aid treatment of all injuries likely to
be sustained during the course of
work.
C36 Risk from Explosives  Except as may be provided in the Place of use of Explosives Construction stage Contractor and PIU
contract or ordered or authorized by Supervision
the Engineer, the Contractor shall not Consultant
use explosives. Where the use of
explosives is so provided or ordered
or authorized, the Contractor shall
comply with the requirements of the
following Sub-Clauses of this Clause
besides the law of the land as
applicable.
 The Contractor shall at all times take
every possible precaution and shall
comply with appropriate laws and
regulations relating to the
importation, handling, transportation,
storage and use of explosives and
shall, at all times when engaged in
blasting operations, post sufficient
warning flagmen, to the full
 The Contractor shall at all times
make full liaison with and inform
well in advance and obtain such
permission as is required from all
Government Authorities, public
bodies and private parties
whatsoever concerned or affected or
likely to be concerned or affected by
blasting operations.
C37 Malarial risk  The Contractor shall, at his own All construction sites, Construction stage Contractor and PIU
expense, conform to all anti-malarial particularly beyond Supervision
instructions given to him by the Lunglei district Consultant
Engineer, including filling up any
borrow pits which may have been
dug by him
113
C38 First Aid  At every workplace, a readily At the construction site Construction stage Contractor PIU
available first aid unit including an /labor camp
adequate supply of sterilized
dressing material and appliances will
be provided.
Disruption to Users
C39 Loss of Access  At all times, the Contractor shall Throughout the project During Construction. Contractor Engineer
provide safe and convenient passage area, particularly in
for vehicles, pedestrians and built-up areas
livestock to and from side roads and
property accesses connecting the
project road. Work that affects the
use of side roads and existing
accesses shall not be undertaken
without providing adequate
provisions to the prior satisfaction of
the Engineer.
 The works shall not interfere
unnecessarily or improperly with the
convenience of public or the access
to, use and occupation of public or
private roads, railways and any other
access footpaths to or of properties
whether public or private.
114
C40 Traffic Jams and Congestion  Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall Throughout Corridor During Construction. Contractor Engineer
each day.
 Temporary diversion (including
scheme of temporary and
acquisition) will be constructed with
the approval of the designated
Engineer. While approving
temporary diversion construction, the
Engineer will seek endorsement from
the PIU.
 Special consideration shall be given
in the preparation of the traffic
control plan to the safety of
pedestrians and workers at night.
 The Contractor shall ensure that the
running surface is always properly
maintained, particularly during the
monsoon so that no disruption to the
traffic flow occurs. As far as possible
idling of engines shall be avoided to
curb pollution.
 The temporary traffic detours shall
be kept free of dust by frequent
115
C41 Traffic Control and Safety  The Contractor shall take all Throughout the project During Construction. Contractor Engineer
necessary measures for the safety of area
traffic during construction and
provide, erect and maintain such
barricades, including signs,
markings, flags, lights and flagmen
as may be required by the Engineer
for the information and protection of
traffic approaching or passing
through the section of the highway
under improvement.
 All signs, barricades, pavement
markings shall be as per the MORTH
specification. Before taking up
construction on any section of the
highway, a traffic control plan shall
be devised to the satisfaction of the
Engineer as per EMP. Excavated pits
shall be filled to avoid falling of
animals/ human beings.
Environment Enhancement
C42 Hand pumps enhancement/relocation for  Hand pumps within Right of Way At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
ground water recharging shall be enhanced/relocated. locations along the Supervision
corridor. Consultant
C43 Roadside landscape development  Avenue plantation of foliage trees Throughout the corridor Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
mixed with flowering trees, shrubs Supervision
and aromatic plants shall be carried Consultant
out where ever land is available
between ditches and Right of Way.
C44 Providing better bus bays  Bus shelters shall be provided at As per traffic plan Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
given locations Supervision
Consultant
C45 Better sitting arrangements where small  Designed sitting arrangements shall As per the design Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
space is available be provided. Supervision
Consultant
C46 Landscaping of junctions  All rotary junctions shall be As per landscape design Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
landscaped suitably at the respective locations Supervision
Consultant
C47 Abandoned Quarry will accumulate water  The abandoned quarry locations shall Wherever quarries are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and act as a breeding ground for disease be planted suitably as the plan located and abandoned Supervision
vectors. Consultant
116
C48 Erosion of embankments, shoulders, side  Earth works specifications will At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
slopes, and pavement leading to include provision for stable slope locations throughout the Supervision
deterioration and affecting stability and construction, compacting and laying project area. Consultant
integrity of road out turf including watering until
ground cover is fully established
 Proper construction of Breast wall
and retaining wall at the locations
identified by the design team to
avoid soil erosion
 The measures proposed for slope
stabilization are: Discharge zones of
drainage structures (culverts and
minor bridges) provided with riprap
 Construction in erosion and flood
prone areas will not be in monsoon
/season.
 Side slopes will be kept flatter
wherever possible, and in case of
steeper slopes it will be supported by
the retaining wall.
Table 8.3 Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage

O1  Silt fencing, oil & grease traps, etc. As specified in the As per monitoring PIU
shall be provided at sensitive water monitoring plan plan
bodies to ensure that the water
Water quality degradation due to
quality is not impaired due to PIU, SPCB
road-run-off
contaminants from road run-off
 Monitoring shall be carried out as
specified in the monitoring plan
O2  Contingency plans to be in place for All area and as specified Plan to be developed PIU
cleaning up of spills of oil, fuel and in the monitoring plan at state/district level
Soil and water contamination from PIU, SPCB, Local
toxic chemicals by early operation
accidental spills Government Bodies
 Monitoring shall be carried out as stage
specified in the Monitoring Plan
117
O3  Monitoring shall be carried out as As specified in the As per monitoring PIU, SPCB PIU
specified in the Monitoring plan monitoring plan plan
 Share air quality data with SPBC and
Air quality degradation due to increases
relevant agencies and discuss options
in traffic volume
for mitigate air quality degradation
associated with greater traffic
volume
Q4  Monitoring shall be carried out as As specified in the As per monitoring PIU, SPCB PIU
Increases in noise and vibration due to specified in the Monitoring plan monitoring plan plan
greater traffic volume  Install noise barrier (wall etc.) in
sensitive areas, if necessary
O5  Traffic control measures including All area Throughout operation PIU
speed limits to be enforced strictly. stage
 Local government bodies and PIU, Local
Traffic safety
development authorities will be Government Bodies
encouraged to control building
development along the highway.
O6  Compliance with the Hazardous All area Manual/guideline to PIU PIU
Wastes (Management and Handling) be prepared during
Rules, 1989 including: early operation stage
 For delivery of hazardous
substances, permit license, driving
license and guidance license will
be required.
Accidents involving hazardous materials  These vehicles will only be
harbored at designated parking
lots.
 In case of spill of hazardous
materials, the relevant departments
will be notified at once to deal
with it with the spill contingency
plan.
O7  Trees planted along the corridor shall All area and as per the Immediately from the PIU, NGO PIU
be maintained for a period of three monitoring plan planting of sapling,
years. Maintenance works include, and as per monitoring
watering of the saplings, replacement plan
of the bamboo fence every year for 3
Roadside tree plantation, flora and fauna years and all necessary measures for
survival of the sapling.
 Monitoring of flora and fauna along
the highway shall be carried out to
assess conditions of ecosystem
against the baseline
118
119
Based on the above, the cost for implementation of EMP is estimated as below.
Table 8.4 Budget for EMP Implementation

Unit
C
Item Detail Unit Quantity
o Total (Rs)
s
t
I. Monitoring
Monitoring near hot mix plant
locations approved
by the Engineer as per
Air NAAQS ,2009 CPCB No. 5,000 80 400,000
At locations specified in the
monitoring plan
Water as per IS 10,500 & IS 2296 No. 5,000 60 300,000
At equipment yards as directed by
Engineer
Noise as per CPCB guideline 1989 No. 2,000 80 160,000
Monitoring of impact on
Flora and Fauna biodiversity No. 50,000 24 1,200,000
Sub-Total (I) 2,060,000
Compensatory afforestation, in
accordance with Forest
Conservation Act (1980) as per
II. Afforestation guideline provided in EMP No. 200 50,000 10,000,000
Sub-Total (II) 10,000,000
III. Institutional Cost
Expert fees Lump sum 6,000,000
Staff training Lump sum 1,500,000
Ext. monitoring Lump sum 2,000,000
Information
disclosure Lump sum 500,000
Sub-Total (III) 10,000,000
Sub-Total
(I+II+III) 22,060,000
Contingency
(10%) 2,206,000
Total 24,226,000
8.3 Environment Monitoring Plan

To ensure effective implementation of the EMP, it is essential that an effective monitoring plan be
designed and carried out. The environmental monitoring plan provides such information on which
management decision may be taken during construction and operational phases. It provides basis for
evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures and suggest further actions that
need to be taken to achieve the desired effect. The monitoring includes: i) Visual observations; ii)
Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations; and iii) Sampling and regular testing of
these parameters.
120
Monitoring methodology covers the following key aspects: Components to be monitored; parameters
for monitoring of the above components; monitoring frequency; monitoring standards; responsibilities
for monitoring; direct responsibility, overall responsibility; and monitoring costs. Environmental
monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specified are discussed below.
Ambient air quality

Ambient air quality parameters recommended for monitoring road transportation developments are
PM10, PM 2.5, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Lead
(Pb). These will be monitored at designated locations starting from the commencement of
construction activity. Data should be generated at all identified locations in accordance to the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009. The location, duration and the pollution parameters will be
monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed out in the Monitoring Plan.
Water quality
The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant to road
development projects are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, oil and grease,
COD, chloride, lead, zinc and cadmium. The location, duration and the pollution parameters to be
monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental
Monitoring Plan. The monitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations in
accordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500: 1991.
Noise
The measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designated locations in
accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in
1989. Noise should be recorded at an “A” weighted frequency using a “slow time response mode” of
the measuring instrument. The location, duration and the noise pollution parameters to be monitored
and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan
The monitoring plan for the various performance indicators of the project in the construction and
operation stages is summarized in the Table 8.4. Draft Monitoring Form for each parameter to be
monitored in different stages of the project is included in Appendix B.
121
Table 8.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Sl. Standards Location Frequency Duration Responsibility
Project
No Item Parameters Guidance
Stage Implementation Supervision
M1  Dust sampler to be located Air (P&CP) Hot mix Twice a Continuous Contractor PIU
SPM,
50m from the plan in the Rules, plant/ year for 24 hours through
RSMP, SO2,
Construction downwind direction. CPCB, 1994 batching three years approved
NOx, CO,
 Use method specified by plant monitoring
HC
CPCB for analysis agency
M2  Dust sampler to be located Air (P&CP) Stretch of Twice a Continuous Contractor PIU
50m from the earthworks Rules, road where year for 24 hours through
Air
Construction SPM, RSPM site downwind direction. CPCB, 1994 construction three years approved
Follow CPCD method for is underway monitoring
analysis agency
M3 SPM, Air (P&CP) Sampling Twice a Continuous PIU
RSMP, SO2,  Use method specified by Rules, location year for one 24 hours
Operation PIU
NOx, CO, CPCB for analysis CPCB, 1994 specified in year
HC EIA report
M4 Construction pH, BOD,  Sample collected from Water Sampling Twice a Contractor PIU
COD, TDS, source and analyze as per quality locations year for through
TSS, DO, Standard Methods for standards by specified in three years approved
Oil & Examination of Water and CPCB EIA report monitoring
Grease and Wastewater agency
Pb
M5 Operation pH, BOD,  Grab sample collected Water Sampling Twice a PIU
COD, TDS,  from source and analyze quality locations year for one
TSS, DO, as per Standard Methods standards by specified in year PIU
Water
Oil & for Examination of Water CPCB EIA report
Grease and  and Wastewater
Pb
M6 Operation Cleaning of  Choked drains, water To the All area Post- PIU
drains and bodies undergoing satisfaction monsoon
water bodies siltation and subject to of the PIU
debris disposal should be engineer
monitored under cleaning (PWD)
operations
122
M7 Construction Noise levels  Free field at 1m from the Noise At Once every Reading to PIU
on dB (A) equipment whose noise standards by equipment 3 Month be taken at
Contractor
scale levels are being CPCB yard (max) for 15 seconds
through
determined three years, interval for
approved
as required 15 minutes
monitoring
by the every hour
agency
Noise engineer and then
and averaged
M8 vibratio Operation Noise levels  Equivalent Noise levels Noise At Twice a Readings to
n on dB (A) using an integrated noise standards by maximum year for 1 be taken at
scale level meter kept at a CPCB 15 sites inc. years 15 seconds PIU PIU
distance of 15 m from those listed interval for
edge of Pavement in EIA report 15 minutes
for noise every hour
monitoring and then
locations averaged.
M9 Construction Turbidity in  Visual observations during As specified At locations Pre- PIU
Storm water; site visits by the of stream monsoon
Silt load in engineer / crossings and post- Contractor
ponds, water Water and at monsoon
courses quality locations of for three
standards retaining years
Soil wall and
erosion breast wall
M10 Operation Turbidity in  Visual observations during As specified As directed Pre- PIU
Storm water; site visits by the by the monsoon
Silt load in engineer / engineer and post- PIU
ponds, water Water monsoon
courses quality for one year
standards
M11 Construction Monitoring  Visual Observations and To the At storage Quarterly PIU
of: 1.Storage as directed by the engineer satisfaction area and during PIU
Constru Area; 2. of the construction construction
ction Drainage engineer and workers’ stage
camp Arrangement Water camp
3. Sanitation quality
in Camps standards
123
M12 Construction Plant  The success of tree All area Minimum PIU
and survival planting. Monitor the rate three years
Affores operation of survival after six after NGO, PIU
tation months, one year and 18 planting
months in relation to total
numbers of trees planted
M13 Flora Construction Condition of  Comparison to pre-project As specified As specified Twice a PIU
and and ecosystem flora and fauna in TOR in TOR year for PIU
Fauna Operation three years
124
CHAPTER 9 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
Stakeholder consultation is an important method of involving various stakeholders particularly, local

community with reference to the proposed development initiatives. Consultations provide a platform
to participants to express their views, concerns and apprehensions that might affect them positively or
negatively. This process is of particular importance for this project given the high ST share among the
affected population. The World Bank OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples emphasizes “a process of free,
prior, and informed consultation with the affected Indigenous People’s communities at each stage of
the project, and particularly during project preparation, to fully identify their views and ascertain their
broad community support for the project. Stakeholder Through participation and consultation
stakeholders influence development initiatives, and decision-making process. The effectiveness of
participation and consultation is directly related to the degree of involvement by the likely project
affected persons and the local community and integration of outcome of consultations wherever
feasible in the proposed development initiatives.
The purpose of consultations was to inform people about the project, take note of their issues,
concerns and preferences, and allow them to make meaningful choices. It ensured participation of
potential project affected persons (PAPs), local community and other stakeholders. People in general
were informed in advance, and allowed to participate in free and fair manner. Consultations provided
meaningful contributions with regard to reducing adverse impacts, address safety issues, etc.
Concerns, views and suggestions expressed by the participants during these consultations were
integrated into the design aspects wherever feasible. The following sections present details of the
consultations.
9.1 1st Round Consultations with Communities

The first round of district level meetings was held in all the 5 districts. It witnessed participation from
project affected persons, representatives from district level line departments, elected representatives,
civil society, local NGOs and other opinion leaders. These consultations/meetings were used as the
platform for dissemination and disclosure of key information about the project, key components,
alignment, affected villages, applicable laws and policies related to environmental and social
considerations etc. It also sought to capture participants’ perception about project, concerns and
suggestions with respect to proposed alignment and existing policies and practices for management of
environmental issues. The type and number of participants to each meeting is shown below.
125
st
Table 9.1 Participation Details of 1 Round of Consultation
Total No. of
Participants Representation (No.) from
District Date District
Govt. Village Affected
Total M F NGO MCHP* Taxi
Dept. Council HHs
Union
Aizawl 14-May-15 25 22 3 4 3 3 3 1 11
Serchhip 08-May-15 90 75 15 6 12 14 8 2 48
Lunglei 05-May-15 144 110 34 7 25 22 19 2 69
Lawngtlai 16-Apr-15 46 40 6 2 11 10 6 1 16
Saiha 13-Apr-15 58 42 16 3 8 7 12 1 27
Note: * Mizo Hmeichhe Inswikhawm Pawl (MHIP) is the women groups present across Mizoram.
The summary of discussion outcomes from district level stakeholder consultation/meetings is

presented in the section following. The list of participants of these meeting are attached in Appendix
C.
st
Table 9.2 Summary of 1 Round Consultations
Districts Key Outcomes/Concerns/Suggestions from Meeting
Aizawl
General: About Project, alignment, components and its significance
• Participants, specifically line department officials present in the meeting underscored
the significance of the project and advantages that will come with widening and
improvement of existing highway.
• A public representative suggested that the road widening should not be uniform across
the entire length, and it should also consider the habitation pattern and its density and
designed accordingly.
• A public VC representative from Tlangnuam, extended support of the community,
despite this affecting the several houses, if it was for the benefit of the society and the
state.
• Another representative from Tuirial, opined that the state will any way be providing
compensation for losses, so it is better that the residents prepare themselves for
impacts, positive or negative. The sentiment found echo from the representatives from
Tlangnuam who believed that community should also join in with their support for the
project if it desires for development.
Project Concerns and Issues: Environment and Ecology

• While recognizing the benefits linked with the project and likely impacts on
environment, the forest department official in the meeting hoped the project
proponents will ensure minimal damage to the forest vegetation and the environment
over all.
• The environmental impacts need to be considered in every aspect. Proper dumping
areas should be allocated for debris created because of the project.
• Participants while recognizing that some deforestation will essentially be done because
of the project, suggested that to offset the damage, afforestation will also need to be
considered. Endangered species, if any, should be protected during project execution.
• Further, natural stream and springs should not be affected by the soil debris created by
the project or cutting of hills etc.
Others
126
• A representative from local drivers’ union suggested that there should be coordination
committee set up for the execution of the project that will also keep away greedy and
opportunistic elements away from siphoning of the benefits of the project. The union
will be in full support of the project.
• Recognizing the benefits of the project, participants highlighted the need for awareness
campaign as part of community mobilization and preparedness for the project, to make
them aware about the project and its benefits. This would require rounds of public
meetings and consultations, and also a sound compensation award system.
In summary, the project finds a positive response from the people with broad suggestions
being around engaging with local affected community, their representatives,
compensation at market value, and efforts to minimize environmental impact. The
affected otherwise are willing to cooperate and support the infrastructure development
project.
Serchhip
• Public representatives in general appreciated the project and significance it will have in
people’s life. Similar sentiments were made by other participants and specifically in the
context of Serchhip town, for which they wanted it to be diverted away from the main
town area.

• In relation to environmental concerns, some of the participants from New Serchhip
wanted the project to secure their water source ‘Tuikum’ from any damage.
• Participants also linked risks of landslides and soil erosion that will not only affect the
safety and serviceability condition of roads but also have chain effects on the farmers
(loss of crops or farmland), land (degradation due to silt/debris deposition), water
(degradation of quality), vegetation (loss and impact) and on other infrastructures like
reservoirs (silting). The project keeps these issues in consideration in its design and
execution.
Others
• Participants in general suggested for public meeting in village to know about their
opinion, concerns and suggestions related to alignment. They also wanted the
alignment to minimize blind curves by construction of bridges or cutting. However, as
the bottom line they also want minimal damage to environment and the ecology in their
villages.
In summary, the project is expected to find support among the people. Suggestions
include the need to have public meeting in each village, need for fair compensation policy
and practice and ensuring minimal damage to environment.
Lunglei
• Representatives from YMA while sharing their opinion recognized the importance of
the project but at the same shared their belief that the project is being executed as part
country’s strategic defense policy.

• Representatives from agriculture and forest department shared that the project will
have very limited direct impact on the two sectors. However, there are few forest
plantations proposed along the corridor which can be sorted out between the respective
departments.
• Suggestions were made regarding dumping of soil debris which should be done in
some safe place, and not in the downside or valley side of the road which can destroy
the vegetation. Forests need to preserved and protected as much as possible with least
or minimal clearing of the vegetation.
• On the contrary, some of the participants (from Rawpui) expressed their fear of huge
deforestation that will caused because of the project and queried how does the state
propose to address this issue should made known. Another participant from Thiltlang
127
feared that the shifted house and land will be under constant threat of land slide, and
that how will the government deal with such issues.
• Suggestions were also made on improving internal link roads in the district.
Others
• Forest department representative also highlighted that the road construction needs to be
of good quality and should use stone chips brought from other states as the soil and the
rock type in the state is very soft in texture and strength and not suitable for
construction. He cited the example one such road constructed by Tantia group in the
recent past. He further suggested that adding asphalt to construction materials would
add to the strength and life of the road constructed.
• An ex MLA expressed his apprehension emanating from corruption that may hit the
quality aspects of the project though the project in itself is about the good of people.
Similar sentiments were expressed by some other participants as well, mainly
identifying state administration for this practice. Participants were visibly unhappy
about the road condition in the state especially when compared with the road quality in
some of other Indian states.
Meeting discussion suggested for over all approval and appreciation for the project.
However, corruption and compensation were two major discussion points. Further,
concerns around landslide, dumping of excavated soil etc too were raised by the
participants. Width of road was another item discussed in the meeting and suggestions
made on the necessity of widening it by 12 m unifomally across the length of the road.
Lawngtalai
• Participants in general shared positive opinion during the discussion. They nonetheless
had some concerns about compensation and environmental and health hazard
(mentioned below).

• Putting caution, participants narrated that during MMTP project, the sand/soil debris
were dumped in just downside the road. Such practices are hazardous for the
environment, vegetation, flora & fauna. It was requested that these aspects should be
kept in mind during implementation of this project.
• Participants also requested for more attention to be given towards afforestation &
ensuring minimal project related disturbance for the ecological balance in the area.
• The project found support among most of the participants, however, few of them had
concerns on the issue environmental hazards that the project may bring in. Improper
sanitation of workers in camp or local inhabitants may also pollute water, particularly
drinking water sources. Participants suggested that the construction camp, if needed,
should be provided with appropriate waste disposal and sanitation facilities in order to
avoid such pollution.
• Another village representative shared that households displaced will be forced to
relocate on a newly developed site and such locations will invariably be more prone to
landslide. Such changes and growth in settlement areas will add to the events of
landslides.
• Another worry expressed was related to creation of burrow pits, shallow pits and
quarries because of road construction activities. These will become breeding sites for
vector borne diseases. Similarly, there will be threat of HIV/AIDS from migrant
construction workers from outside.
Participants broadly have positive view about the project and its significance. They
however have bad experiences regarding compensation award process from similar
projects in the past. This was the major discussion point during the meeting.
Saiha
• Meeting proceedings began with some of the public representatives exhorting all
present to extend support to the project. Almost all participants expressed their opinion
in support of the project, particularly in view of the poor condition of the existing road.
128
• Some of the participants had concerns about the land slide and soil erosion that might
occur in the area because of construction activities.
Overall, the participants had very positive opinion about the project, particularly in view
of the bad condition of the existing road.
Stakeholder Meeting in Aizwal Stakeholder Meeting in Serchip
Stakeholder Meeting in Lunglei Stakeholder Meeting in Lawngtlai
Photo 9.1 Selected Picture of 1st Round Consultation
9.2 2nd Round Consultations with Communities

The second round of district level meetings was held in all the 5 districts. Reflecting the number of
villages in Lunglei district, two meetings were held in Lunglei this time. The type and number of
participants to each meeting is shown below.
129
nd
Table 9.3 Participation Details of 2 Round of Consultation
Total No. of
Participants Representation (No.) from
District Date District
Govt. Village Affected
Total M F NGO MCHP* Taxi
Dept. Council HHs
Union
Aizawl 26-Aug-15 37 34 3 2 13 9 6 2 15
Serchhip 24-Aug-15 85 60 25 3 26 22 14 1 32
13-Aug-15 78 55 23 4 28 19 10 2 34
Lunglei
17-Aug-15 90 64 26 1 31 28 22 1 38
Lawngtlai 16-Aug-15 56 40 16 2 18 18 8 2 18
Saiha 20-Aug-15 52 39 13 3 19 14 6 1 16
Note: * Mizo Hmeichhe Inswikhawm Pawl (MHIP) is the women groups present across Mizoram.
130
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAYS
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
PREPARATORY STUDY FOR NORTH EAST

CONNECTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
IN INDIA
WIDENING AND IMPROVEMENT OF NH51

(TURA-DALU)
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

REPORT
NOVEMBER 2015
JAPAN INTERNATIONAL
COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA)
NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD.

NIPPON KOEI INDIA PVD. LTD.
131
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABBRIVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………... iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………..……………………………………….… v
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Location .................................................................................................................. 1
1.3 Requirement and Objective of EIA Report ........................................................................... 2
1.4 Structure of EIA Report........................................................................................................ 3
Chapter 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ......................................................................................... 5

2.1 Preparatory Study For North East Connectivity Improvement Project in India ..................... 5
2.2 Widening and Improvement of NH51 (Tura-Dalu) ................................................................ 5
Chapter 3 policy, legal and institutional framework .....................................................................13

3.1 National Level Laws and Regulations..................................................................................13
3.2 State Level Legislation and Other Acts .............................................................................. 14
3.3 Institutional Set-up ............................................................................................................ 15
3.4 Requirements of Various Clearance in Different Stages of Project ..................................... 18
Chapter 4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ................................................ 22

4.2 Living Environment ........................................................................................................... 32
4.3 Socio-Economic Conditions ............................................................................................... 36
Chapter 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................... 40

5.1 Alternatives ....................................................................................................................... 40
5.2 Options for Mitigating Traffic Congestion in Tura ............................................................... 41
5.3 Comparison of Alternatives with the Proposed Design ...................................................... 41
Chapter 6 Scoping of environmental impact ............................................................................... 43
Chapter 7 Assessment of impact and mitigation measures ......................................................... 55

7.3 Living Environment............................................................................................................ 64
7.4 Socio-Economic Environment ............................................................................................73
7.5 Other Issues ....................................................................................................................... 79
Chapter 8 environmental management plan............................................................................... 83

8.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 83
i
8.2 Environment Management Plan for Mitigation of Negative Impacts ................................. 84
8.3 Environment Monitoring Plan ......................................................................................... 105
Chapter 9 public consultation and information disclosure ..........................................................110

st
9.1 1 Round Consultations with Communities .......................................................................110
9.2 2nd Round Consultations with Communities ......................................................................112
9.3 Meeting with Government Officials and Other Key Persons.............................................. 113
9.4 Information Disclosure .....................................................................................................114
List of Tables
Table 2.1 Present Conditions and Provisional Improvement Cost of NH51 ................................ 5
Table 2.2 Projected Traffic Volume in NH51 till 2035 ............................................................... 6
Table 2.3 Recommendation of NH51 Widening Side ................................................................. 7
Table 2.4 Design Criteria of Cut Slope and Slope Protection Work ......................................... 8
Table 2.5 Traffic Safety Facilities Proposed for NH51 ............................................................. 9
Table 2.6 Road Appurtenances to be Applied for NH51 ........................................................ 10
Table 2.7 Spoil Bank Volume Requirement ............................................................................11
Table 2.8 List of Spoil Bank Candidate Sites ......................................................................... 12
Table 3.1 Clearance Requirements .......................................................................................... 19
Table 4.1 Rainfall intensity for each section in NH-51 .............................................................. 31
Table 4.2 Locations Ambient Air Quality Monitoring............................................................... 32
Table 4.3 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring ............................................................... 32
Table 4.4 Ground and Surface Water Quality ....................................................................... 34
Table 4.5 Ambient Noise Level........................................................................................... 34
Table 4.4 Landslide Lications identified on NH51 .................................................................... 36
Table 4.5 Demographic Profile of West Garo Hills District ........................................................37
Table 4.6 Literacy in West Garo Hills in 2001 and 2011 ..............................................................37
Table 4.7 Block-wise Literacy Rate in 2011 ...............................................................................37
Table 5.1 Comparison of With and Without Project Scenarios .............................................. 41
Table 6.1 Generic Scoping Matrix for Hilly/Mountainous Road ................................................ 43
Table 6.2 Scoping Matrix for NH54 Widening and Improvement ............................................. 49
Table 7.1 Comparison for culver type ...................................................................................... 58
Table 7.2 Proposed Bus Bay Locations for NH51 ..................................................................... 61
Table 7.2 Design Criteria of Cut Slope and Slope Protection Work ........................................... 62
Table 7.3 Adaption Measures for Climate Change in NH51 ...................................................... 63
ii
Table 7.1 Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment ...................................................... 69
Table 7.6 Required Volume for Spoil Bank ............................................................................... 72
Table 7.7 List of Spoil Banks .....................................................................................................73
Table 7.8 Health and Safety Measures .................................................................................... 76
Table 8.1 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Stage................................. 86
Table 8.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage ....................................... 88
Table 8.3 Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage ......................................... 102
Table 8.4 Budget for EMP Implementation ........................................................................... 105
Table 8.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan ..............................................................................107
Table 9.1 Summary of 1st Round of Consultation Meetings .................................................... 111
Table 9.2 Participation Details of 1st Round of Consultation .................................................. 111
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Road Alignment and Present Condition of NH51....................................................... 2
Figure 1.2 NH51 Existing Road Profile ....................................................................................... 2
Figure 2.1 Daily (L) and Hourly (R) Variation of Traffic Volume of NH51 ..................................... 6
Figure 2.2 Typical Cross Section of Countermeasure for Sinking ............................................... 8
Figure 2.3 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Hair-Pin Bends......................................... 10
Figure 2.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Area ........................................... 10
Figure 3.1 Organizational Structures for National Highway Development .............................. 15
Figure 4.1 Monthly rainfall and daily maximum and minimum temperature in Tura (2011-2013)
........................................................................................................................................ 22
Figure 4.2 Geological Map of Meghalaya ................................................................................ 23
Figure 4.3 Map of Protected/Reserved Forest and National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary............ 30
Figure 5.4 Detailed isopluvial map with project location for NH51 for 25 Years (L) and 50 Years
(R) ................................................................................................................................... 31
Figure 7.1 General arrangement plan for side ditch ................................................................. 57
Figure 7.2 Typical Cross Section of Countermeasure for Sinking.............................................. 69
Figure 7.3 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Hair-Pin Bends ......................................... 81
Figure 7.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Narrow Bridges........................................ 81
Figure 7.5 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Sections ..................................... 82
Figure 8.1 Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation ........................................... 84
iii
List of Appendix
APPENDIX A: ENVIRONMENTAL CHECKLIST
APPENDIX B: DRAFT MONITORING FORM
APPENDIX C: ATTENDEE’S LIST OF CONSULTATION MEETINGS
iv
ABBREVIATIONS
BRDB Border Roads Development Board
BRO Border Roads Organization
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CPCB Central Pollution Control Board
DOEF Departments of Environment and Forests
DOF Department of Forest
DPR Detailed Project Report
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMP Environmental Management Plan
GHG Green House Gas
GOI Government of India
IRC Indian Road Congress
MLCU Martin Luther Christian University
MOEF Ministry of Environment & Forest
MORTH Ministry of Road Transport & Highways
MSPCB Mizoram State Pollution Control Board
NHAI National Highway Authority of India
NHIDCL National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation
NOC No-objection Certificates
PAPs Project Affected Persons
PIU Project Implementation Unit
PUC Pollution under Control Certificate
v
PWD Public Works Department
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RO Regional Offices
ROB Road over Bridge
ROW Right of Way
SC Supervision consultants
SPCBs State Pollution Control Boards
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Government of India has requested the Government of Japan to provide financing for about 1,200
km of roads that enhance connectivity in North-East States. Out of 10 candidate roads and bridges,
Tura-Dalu section of NH51 in West Garo Hills District in Meghalaya has been selected as one of the
two priority projects (the other is   Aizawl-Tuipang section of NH54 in Mizoram).
The project objective is to improve intra-state connectivity for North East States and regional road
connectivity for Meghalaya and North East India to Bangladesh. The residents of the North East
Region, Bangladesh and Myanmar and countries beyond should benefit from the increased regional
connectivity which is expected to result in increased trade and economic development over the longer
term.  
The existing road is about 54 km in length, and consists of two separate sections between KP85-95
and KP101-145 of NH51. This is to avoid large scale disturbance to Tura town for which a separate
bypass is being considered. The project road lies within the administrative boundary of West Garo
Hills District of Meghalaya. From Tura, the road provides connectivity to international boarder with
Bangladesh. The current condition of road, however, is poor and the road is prone to road subsidence
and slope failures. The riding quality is poor, making travelling arduous and difficult, particularly in
monsoon season.
The significant environmental impacts attributable to the widening and improvement of the road
pertains to clearance of roadside trees for widening and forest clearance for spoil bank sites,
temporary deterioration of ambient air quality and nose/vibration levels during construction phase
from land clearing, ground shaping, and quarry and camp operations; and community and
occupational health and safety. These impacts will be mitigated through compensatory afforestation;
timing of construction activities to minimize fauna disturbance; control of noise, dust, wastewater,
fuel combustion emissions, and construction debris generation through good construction practices;
and implementation of road safety measures to separate road users from active construction fronts.
The assessment of the potential impact revealed that the project will not affect critical habitats or
sensitive ecosystem as a road already exists and no new road construction is taking place inside
pristine or government reserved forests. The project area is largely made up of agricultural fields and
settlements.
During operation stage, the main impacts are increase in mobile emissions, road safety to motorist and
pedestrian. Road safety measures will be implemented as per IRC guidelines. Road safety
apputenances like information, regulatory and warning signs coupled with crash barriers will reduce
vii
serious injuries to road users. Adequate slope protection and retaining wall as well as cross drains and
side drains will be installed and maintenance will be implemented to avoid soil erosion and reduce the
risk of landslide.
Several consultations were organized during the project preparation to engage major stakeholder
representatives to incorporate their concerns in the overall design. These involved officials of PWD,
District Officials, Forest department officials, likely affected persons and village heads (Nokma) in
the project area. Most of the people interviewed strongly support the project.
The NHIDCL, through its Project Implementing Unit (PIU), is the Executive Agency of the Project. It
will ensure the effective implementation of the environmental management plan. There is a need for
the PIU to organize its environmental unit to provide close support to the Project Director to ensure
the contractors maintain environmental compliance. This EIA report is based on the preliminary
design of NH51 widening and improvement, and as such, its contents will need to be updated once the
final ROW drawing is established.
viii
CHAPTER 10 INTRODUCTION
10.1 Background
India has achieved remarkable economic growth in the past decades. Rapid development of in
transport infrastructures strengthened the linkage between major cities and thus contributed to the
economic growth. In particular, road is one of most important modes of transportation given that road
transportation constitutes 85% of passenger and 60% of freight transport in India. However,
development of transport infrastructure is lagging in mountainous regions of India due to financial
and technical reasons, leading to greater economic disparity between mountainous regions and plain
areas of the country which have been fully benefited from improved transport network.
53% of national highway has more than 2-lane road. This is because the North-East states are located
far from mainland of India and access road to neighboring countries are underdeveloped due to
security concern. Severe natural conditions such as steep mountainous geography (most of the state is
located in hilly area) and heavy rainfall (Mawsynram in East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya is
known to be the wettest place on Earth with an average annual rainfall of 11,872 mm) also
complicates the challenge. To accelerate economic growth in this part of the country, therefore,
improvement in the road network is of great importance. To this end, Government of India (GOI)
launched “Special Accelerated Road Development Program for North-East” committed in “Twelfth
Five Years Plan (from April, 2012 to March, 2017)” to cope with above mentioned problems by
improvement of national highways that connect major cities within the North-East states, and
requested Government of Japan to provide loan assistance in carrying out the improvement.
Tura-Dalu section of NH51 located in West Garo Hills District of Meghalaya States has been selected
among a total of 10 candidate roads and bridges during the screening process as part of the
preparatory study.
10.2 Project Location

The study road of NH51 starts from Tura to Dalu in Meghalaya state with the total length of
approximately 54km. The study road passes mostly on rolling terrain, and alignment of the study road
consists of combination of medium horizontal and vertical curves as shown in Figure 1.1 and 1.2
below. The number of existing lane is one for the entire section. Pavement condition is rather
deteriorated in the whole section due to inadequate road maintenance. The project aims to improve the
road network by widening and improvement of the targeted section of NH51 and thereby contributing
to the accelerated economic growth and poverty reduction in the region.
1
3.2.3 NH51
3.2.3 NH51 (Tura-Dalu)
(Tura-Dalu)
TheThe study
study road
road of of
NH51NH51 starts
starts fromfrom
TuraTura to Dalu
to Dalu in Meghalaya
in Meghalaya statetotal
state with withlength
total length of approximately
of approximately
54km.The
54km. Thestudystudy
roadroad passes
passes mostly
mostly on rolling
on rolling terrain,
terrain, and alignment
and alignment of theofstudy
the road
studyconsist
road consist
of of
combination
combination of of medium
medium horizontal
horizontal and and vertical
vertical curves
curves as shown
as shown in Figure
in Figure 3.2.6
3.2.6 and and Figure
Figure 3.2.7. Number
3.2.7. Number
ofoflane
laneis is
1.01.0
lane forfor
lane whole
wholesection. Pavement
section. Pavementcondition is rather
condition deteriorated
is rather on whole
deteriorated section section
on whole due to due to
inadequate
inadequate road maintenance.
road maintenance.
0km
10km
0km
16km10km
16km
60km
60km

Figure 10.1 Road Alignment and Present Condition of NH51
Figure 3.2.6 Road Alignment and Present Road Condition of NH51
Figure 3.2.6 Road Alignment and Present Road Condition of NH51
Altitude (m)
Altitude (m)
Distance (km)
Figure 3.2.7 Existing Road Profile of NH51
Distance (km)
Source:
Bypass route JICAcity
at Tura Study
is Team
proposed and draft DPR for the Bypass, named Tura Bypass, was prepared.
Figureas3.2.7
Total length of Tura Bypass is 30.9km shown Existing Road Profile of NH51
Figure 10.2in Figure
NH51 3.2.8
Existing and
Road12m road
Profile width (7.0m carriage way +
1.5m hard shoulder x2 + 1.0m earthen shoulder x2) is given. There is only few existing earthen road under
Bypass
proposed route atofTura
alignment Turacity is proposed
Bypass accordingand draftinvestigation.
to site DPR for the Bypass, named Tura Bypass, was prepared.
Total length of Tura Bypass is 30.9km as shown in Figure 3.2.8 and 12m road width (7.0m carriage way +
1.5m hard shoulder x2 + 1.0m earthen shoulder 34x2) is given. There is only few existing earthen road under
10.3 Requirement and Objective of EIAsite
proposed alignment of Tura Bypass according to investigation.
Report
As per MOEF EIA Notification dated 14.09.2006 34
(as amended in August 2013), any highway project
falls under Category A if the project entails i) New National Highways; and ii) Expansion of National
2
Highways greater than 100km involving additional right of way or land acquisition greater than 40m
on existing alignments and 60m on re-alignments and bypasses. The proposed expansion & widening
of NH51 does not involve additional land acquisition beyond 40m and thus does not fall under
Category A, as defined in EIA Notification. While preliminary environmental assessment was
undertaken by DPR consultant during the preparation of the NH51 DPR, the project does not require
environmental clearance from MOEF4.
On the other hand, the project has been classified as Category A as per JICA’s Environmental and
Social Guidelines, for which a full EIA study is required. Based on this backdrop, a new EIA study
has been carried out which builds on previous studies while taking into account additional
requirements as per JICA’s guidelines. The Environmental Checklist for road projects is attached in
Annex X. The EIA aims to:
 Review environmental assessment undertaken as part of DPR study and identify gaps to satisfy
requirements under JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations
 Study baseline conditions (physical, social and environmental) along the targeted section and
influence area of NH51
 Carry out environmental analysis with respect to proposed project vis-à-vis existing condition;
identify environmental impacts that may be expected to occur during design, construction and
operation; and identify environmental issue/challenges that require further studies
 Carry out alternative analysis including comparison with “no project’ scenario
 Assess environmental impacts of the proposed project components on natural, physical and
socio-economic environments
 Develop cost effective and implementable measures for mitigating adverse environmental and
social impacts and enhancing positive aspects
 Develop a practical and implementable Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for mitigation
of impacts and monitoring of implementation of mitigation measures during design, construction
and operation stages
 Consult and inform the project affected people (PAP) and other stakeholders, and ensure their
active participation
10.4 Structure of EIA Report

The report is organized as follows:
4
The project requires NOC (Consent-for-Establishment and Consent-for-Operation) from the respective State
Pollution Control Board, which will be discussed in more detail Chapter 3.
3
 Chapter 2 gives key features of the project such as standards and proposed design features
 Chapter 3 discusses the Environmental legislation and policy within which the project is to be
implemented. The chapter presents the clearance requirements at various levels.
 Chapter 4 describes the Environmental and Social baseline along the project area.
 Chapter 5 discusses the Alternatives considered during the project design.
 Chapter 6 gives an overview of environmental and social components that are likely to be
affected during different stages of the project (Scoping)
 Chapter 7 identifies and assesses potential environmental impacts and proposes mitigation
measures
 Chapter 8 discusses Environmental Management Plan and its implementation arrangement
 Chapter 9 gives an overview of the community consultation carried out during the project
preparation stage
4
CHAPTER 11 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT
11.1 Preparatory Study For North East Connectivity Improvement Project in India
53% of national highway has more than 2-lane road. Poor infrastructure has been the bottleneck of the
economic development of North East States. To address this challenge, the Government of India
requested Government of Japan to provide loan assistance in carrying out the improvement of existing
roads in eight sections, repairing of two existing bridges and construction of one new bridge within
six states of North East state in India. The Preparatory Study has been carried out in response to this
request with two key objectives, which are: i) to screen project and identify priority project(s) and ii)
to review existing feasibility study (Detailed Project Report) prepared by Indian consultant and
propose preliminary design of priority projects. Tura-Dalu section, stretching for about 54km, has
been selected as one of the priority section and thus the preliminary design is proposed for its
widening and improvement.
11.2 Widening and Improvement of NH51 (Tura-Dalu)

Existing condition of the targeted section of NH51 is shown in Table 2.1. The project involves the
widening of existing one-lane road to two-lane roads with installment of proper slope protection and
land slide prevention measures, drainage and traffic safety facilities. The total width of the road
including carriageway and road shoulder will be 12m.
Table 11.1 Present Conditions and Provisional Improvement Cost of NH51

Road
NH51 (Upper: KM distance from Tura, Lower:
No
Data Items Type / Unit KP)
.
0-10 16-60
85-95 101-145
Four (4): Carriageway Width
(7m+7m), Double (2):
Carriageway Width (7m/10m),
Intermediate (1.5): Carriageway
1 Number of Lanes 1 1
Width (5m/5.5m), Single (1):
Carriageway Width
(3.5m/3.75m)
New (0)
2 Carriageway Width m 3.75 3.75
3 Shoulder Width Average in section / m 1 1
4 Shoulder Type Paved or Unpaved Unpaved Unpaved
5 Average Altitude m 258 110
6 Average Roughness IRI 5.2 6.5
7 Total Area of Crack % 25 32
8 Ravelled Area % 1.5 2
9 No. of Pot Holes per km 30 24
10 Edge Break Area m2/km 162 162
5
Road
NH51 (Upper: KM distance from Tura, Lower:
No
Data Items Type / Unit KP)
.
0-10 16-60
85-95 101-145
11 Road Side Friction % 40 27
Average Travel
12 km/h 21 36
Speed
13 Road Capacity PCU – IRC73-1980 1,000 1,000
Mountainous (INR
Improvement 9 0 0 0 0
crore/km)
Project Cost
Rolling (INR crore/km) 5.5 10 55 44 242
(W=12m:
14 Level (INR crore/km) 4 0 0 0 0
Carriageway
Long Bridge (INR 12
3.5mx2+ Shoulder 0 0 0 0
crore/km) 0
2.5mx2)
Total (INR crore) 55 242
The current traffic volume of NH51 is shown below.
Tura -Dalu (NH51) 180

3000 160 Hourly Traffic
2505 Tura -Dalu (NH51)
2500 2318 2283 140
2218
2076 120
2000 1864
1746
100
1500 80
1000 60
40
500
20
0 0
Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Figure 11.1 Daily (L) and Hourly (R) Variation of Traffic Volume of NH51
Traffic projections for the project road has been made based on the estimated growth rates derived
from the trend of the number of vehicle registration and economic indicators in the area. As shown in
Table 2.2 below, 2-laning of NH51 is necessary to cater for future increase in the traffic volume.
Table 11.2 Projected Traffic Volume in NH51 till 2035

Road
ID
Veh. 2524 4435 7653 11123
PCU 2498 3999 6328 8996
RD-3.1 Km 0 -Km 10, Rolling
No. of
2 2 2 2
Lanes
Veh. 5001 8420 14135 20251
RD-3.2 Km16 -Km 60 , Rolling
PCU 5482 8489 12997 18176
6
Road
ID
No. of
2 2 2 2
Lanes
Key components of widening and improvement are summarized below.
11.2.1 Earth work, slope protection and land slide prevention
Locations of land slide and road deformation as identified during the inventory survey is shown
below.
Table 11.3 Recommendation of NH51 Widening Side

Sec
NH-51 01 221 93 + 400 ~ 93 + 420 SF x L V Soil retaining wall
02 014 4 + 480 ~ 4 + 540 SF x R V Soil retaining wall
03 015 4 + 540 ~ 4 + 580 SF R V Soil retaining wall
04 030 10 + 181 ~ 10 + 219 SF x x x L H Earth removal
05 046 15 + 440 ~ 15 + 480 SF x x - - Subsurface drainage
06 055 18 + 520 ~ 18 + 560 SB x - - Subsurface drainage
13 061 20 + 850 ~ 20 + 870 MM x x R V Road realignment
19 070 23 + 940 ~ 24 + 010 M M -p x R H - No need
22 074 25 + 680 ~ 25 + 700 MM x L V Soil retaining wall
23 091 32 + 020 ~ 32 + 040 MM x L V Retaining wall
MM: Mass Movement, MM-p: Inactive mass movement, SF: Slope Failure, SB: Subsidence
Slope along NH51 is covered by very loose quaternary alluvium. As such, slope failure and erosion
have frequently occurred on cut slope along NH51. In order to reduce the cult soil volume it is
proposed that the widening should be done on both hill and valley sides in case by case basis and
apply land slide prevention measures at sites prone to disaster and road subsidence.
To reduce the risk of slope failure, such loose soil slope shall be cut with 1:1.2 gentler than IRC
standard for landslide prevention as shown below. The cut slope shall be greened by seeding and
7
mulching consisting of jute netting including seeds which cover all over the slope and prevent erosion
by rain water.
Soil
A number of road subsidence sites have been identified in the slope inventory survey, which occur
due to consolidation of loosen subsurface soil and high groundwater level except for embankment
sliding. Therefore, replacement of subgrade with 1.0m thick and subsurface drainage are proposed as
countermeasures of sinking as shown below.
1
Replacement
m

11.2.2 Drainage design
It is necessary to that culvert or side ditch on road have adequate capacity of draining water
surrounding or upstream of road to downstream properly. Specially, hill road is always suffered from
large volume of water from mountain slope towards the road. It is quite important to protect the road
by arranging cross drainage appropriately to satisfy the discharge from crossing water. According to
the inventory survey conducted as part of the preparatory study, hume pipe culvert consists of
approximately 70% of existing culverts in the targeted section of NH-51. However, diameter of some
pipes are not enough to handle expected volume of water flows and aging and soil accumulation also
undermine the function of existing culverts. It is therefore proposed that all existing culvers to be
replaced with new one based on the IRC standard.
8
Photo 11.1Existing Pipe Culvert (L) and Slab Culvert (R) Along NH51
11.2.3 Bridge
It is necessary for bridges to provide function adapted to current National Highway standard. If the
existing bridge is adequate for requirement of current National Highway, it can be retained with or
without some repairing works. If the existing bridge is deemed to be inadequate, it should be replaced
to new bridge. The design is based on the IRC standard in principal. A review during the preparatory
study found that out of fourteen existing bridges in project area of NH51, one 6m-long bridge requires
re-construction and seven others require replacement of super-structure. Six bridges are found to be in
good condition and can be used as they are.
11.2.4 Traffic safety
Traffic safety facilities will provided on roads or roadside to secure safety of all road users as well as
nearby residents. Considering the function of existing road as rural community roads as well as usage
trend, three types of safety-related facilities has been proposed in the preliminary design.
Table 11.5 Traffic Safety Facilities Proposed for NH51

1 Traffic Sign IRC67-2001, IRC7-1971, IRC-SP-31-1992
2 Road Marking IRC35-1997, IRC-SP-31-1992, IRC2-1968
3 Road Delineator IRC79-1981
4 Guard Rail
Street Furniture
5 (Blinker, Road Stud/Cats MoRTH's Research Project R-63
Eye)
9
Example of proposed traffic safety facilities at hair-pin curves and in built-up area is shown in Figures
below.
Guard Rail
Cats Eye
Centreline Marking
30
20 20
30


Figure 11.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Area
11.2.5 Road Appurtenances
Road appurtenances are miscellaneous facilities for road users to take a rest and obtain road-related
information. For road administrators, they are useful facilities for maintaining their roads efficiently.
During the preparatory study, facilities listed in Table below are proposed for consideration during the
detail design stage.
Table 11.6 Road Appurtenances to be Applied for NH51

1 Kilometer Stone IRC8-1980, IRC26-1967
2 Boundary Stone IRC25
3 Bus Bay w/Bus Shed, IRC80-1981
4 Road Amenity Public Toilet, Bazar Shed
11.2.6 Surplus Soil Management
Based on the result of preliminary design of NH51 widening and improvement, the necessary volume
10
of spoil bank for disposal of surplus soil has been estimated as shown below. Overall, the project will
need spoil bank with the total capacity to handle about 268 thousand m3 of surplus soil.
Table 11.7 Spoil Bank Volume Requirement

Sec. Item Unit
Cu.m Cu.m Cu.m

Cut Soil cu.m 41,840 0.9 37,656
1 37,656
Fill Soil cu.m 0
Cut Soil cu.m 77,562 0.9 69,806
2 29,177
Removed Soil
3 cu.m 201,600 201,600
for Replacement
Total 268,433
The preparatory study has identified 9 candidate locations which altogether will have sufficient
capacity and satisfy conditions described below.
 To find out suitable place at every 5km length along NH-51 with following condition;
 Not close to National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary or other ecologically sensitive areas
The locations of 9 candidate sites in 51 km are shown below. The final location of the spoil bank
will need to be agreed upon in consultation with local community during the detailed design.
11
Table 11.8 List of Spoil Bank Candidate Sites
Capacity of
No. Section Sta.
Spoil Bank
Cu.m
1 Sta. 85-94 88+000 47,120
2 105+805 4,620
3 110+000 86,190
4 110+550 58,260
5 119+340 16,856
STA.101-143
6 124+800 77,440
7 130+800 15,526
8 135+420 22,806
9 139+100 12,883
Total in NH-51 341,701
12
CHAPTER 12 POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
As per the Environmental Protection Act in 1986 and its enforcement rights given to Ministry of
Environment & Forest (MOEF), MOEF has overall authority for the administration and
implementation of government policies, laws and regulations, sustainable development and pollution
control in India. MOEF identifies the need to enact new laws and amend existing environmental
legislation when required, in order to continue to conserve and protect the environment. At the state
level, the Department of the Environment and the Department of Forest perform a similar role to
MOEF. The acts are implemented by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and respective State
Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs). Policy Guidelines, Acts and Regulations pertaining to the
protection and improvement of environment that are relevant to this project has been identified and
discussed below.
12.1 National Level Laws and Regulations

12.1.1 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 is the umbrella legislation providing for the protection of
environment in the country. Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Central Government, shall
have the power to take all such measures as it deems necessary or expedient for the purpose of
protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing controlling and abating
environmental pollution. For the implementation of act Environment (Protection) Rules, had been
formulated in 1986. The Rules provided for various standards for emission and discharge of
environmental pollutants (Schedule I to IV). The Central Government has delegated the powers
vested on it (under section 5 of the Act) to the State Govt. of Mizoram. This law is applicable to this
project for environment protection in general.
12.1.2 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (amended in 1988)
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 amended in 1988 pertains to the cases of diversion of forest area
and felling of roadside plantation. Depending on the size of the tract to be cleared, clearances are
applied for at the following levels of government:
 If the area of forests to be cleared or diverted exceeds 20ha (or, 10ha in hilly area) then prior
permission of Central Government is required;
 If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is between 5 to 20ha, the Regional Office of
Chief Conservator of Forests is empowered to approve;
 If the area of forest to be cleared or diverted is below or equal to 5ha, the State Government
13
can give permission; and,
 If the area to be clear-felled has a forest density of more than 40%, permission to undertake
any work is needed from the Central Government, irrespective of the area to be cleared.
12.1.3 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
The Water (prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 resulted in the establishment of the Central
and State level Pollution Control Boards (CPCB and SPCBs) whose responsibilities include managing
water quality and effluent standards, as well as monitoring water quality, prosecuting offenders and
issuing licenses for construction and operation of certain facilities.
12.1.4 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
The CPCB and the SPCBs are empowered to set air quality standards, monitor and prosecute
offenders under this Act. Powers have also been conferred to give instructions for ensuring
standards for emission from automobiles to concerned authority in charge of registration of motor
vehicles under the Motor Vehicles Act, 1939 (Act 4 of 1939).
12.1.5 The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988
In 1988, the Indian Motor Vehicles Act empowered the State Transport Authority to enforce standards
for vehicular pollution and prevention control. The authority also checks emission standards of
registered vehicles, collects road taxes, and issues licenses. In August 1997, the Pollution under
Control Certificate (PUC) program was launched in an attempt to crackdown on the vehicular
emissions in the states.
12.1.6 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894 (Replaced by Right to Fair Compensation and
Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013)
The Land Acquisition Act 1894 has so far served as the base policy document on which the State
Government passes resolution to acquire land for different projects. This act is superseded by new act
(Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Act, 2013), which took effect on January 1st, 2014. However, the State Government of Meghalaya
opposes the new Act on the ground that being under the Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, land in
the State belongs to the individuals and not the Government.
12.2 State Level Legislation and Other Acts

No specific state-level legislation relevant to the environmental clearance requirements, other than
14
those mentioned above are in force in the State of Meghalaya.
12.3 Institutional Set-up

Strengthening & widening of NH51 has been initiated and is being carried out by the NHIDCL, under
the auspice of Ministry of Road Transport & Highways (MORTH). Though the primary responsibility
of the project rests with the NHIDCL, a brief discussion on the various institutions involved and their
level of responsibilities in the project implementation is presented in the following sections.
12.3.1 Road Sector Institutions
(1) National Level Institutions
National Highways development has been promoted by National Highway Authority of India (NHAI)
and Regional Offices (RO) under Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (MORTH), and Border
Roads Organization (BRO) under Border Roads Development Board (BRDB). National Highways
and Infrastructure Development Corporation (NHIDCL) was established for promoting development
of National Highways in North East and border area of India, and started operation from 1st January
2015. Figure 3.1 shows overall structure of organizations related to national highways development.
Ministry of Road Transport Ministry of Defense

Ministry of Science Indian Road
and Highway (MoD)
and Technology Congress (IRC)
(MoRTH)
(MoST)
Budget
National Institute 14 Regional National Highway Border Roads

Central Road
for Training of Offices Authority of India Development
Research
Highway Engineers (RO) (NHAI) Board
Institute (CRRI)
(NITHE) Public Works (BRDB)
Department National Highways Border Roads
(PWD) and Infrastructure Organization
Development (BRO)
Corporation
(NHIDCL)
Source: Ministry of Road Transport and Highway (JICA Study Team modified)
Figure 12.1 Organizational Structures for National Highway Development
NHAI was set up by the National Highways Authority of India Act of 1988. It is the main nodal
agency for developing, managing and maintaining India’s network of National Highways. It became
an autonomous body in 1995. The NHAI maintains 70,934 Km of National Highways and
Expressways across India. NHIDCL started operation from 1st January 2015 and development of the
target roads of this study is being promoted under NHIDCL.
15
NHIDCL is a fully owned company of the Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, Government of
India. The company promotes, surveys, establishes, designs, builds, operates, maintains and upgrades
National Highways and Strategic Roads including interconnecting roads in parts of the country which
share international boundaries with neighboring countries. The regional connectivity so enhanced
would promote cross border trade and commerce and help safeguard India’s international borders.
This would lead to the formation of a more integrated and economically consolidated South and South
East Asia. In addition, there would be overall economic benefits for the local population and help
integrate the peripheral areas with the mainstream in a more robust manner. An approximate
aggregate length of 10,000 kms has been identified to begin with for development through this
company. The company envisages creating customized and specialized skills in terms of addressing
issues like complexities of geographical terrains and addressing extensive coordination requirements
with security agencies. The company would also endeavor to undertake infrastructure projects
including but not restricted to urban infrastructure and urban or city transport and to act as an agency
for development of all types of Infrastructure. The company envisages working towards cross sharing
of technical know-how and enhancing opportunities for business development with other nations and
their agencies including the multilateral organizations and institutions.
The company also proposes to improve road connectivity and efficiency of the international trade
corridor, by expanding about 500 km of roads in the North Bengal and Northeastern region of India to
enable efficient and safe transport regionally with other South Asia Sub-regional economic
Cooperation (SASEC) member countries. These projects are being funded by Asian Development
Bank.
(2) State-level Institutions
Public Works Department (PWD) Meghalaya is the premier agency of the government of Meghalaya
engaged in planning, designing, construction and maintenance of Government assets in the field of
built environment and infrastructure development. Assets in infrastructure development include Roads,
Bridges, City Centers, Footpaths, New Capital Complex, and Airport, and assets in built environment
include Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Technical Institutes, Police Buildings, Prisons, Courts among
others. PWD Meghalaya also sustains and preserves these assets through a system of maintenance
which includes amongst others specialized services like rehabilitation works, roads signage and
aesthetic treatments like interiors, landscaping etc.
16
12.3.2 Environmental Institutions
The environmental regulations, legislation, policy guidelines and control that may impact this project,
are the responsibility of a variety of government agencies. In all, as discussed in the subsequent
sections, the following agencies would play important roles in this project.
(1) Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)
The primary responsibility for administration and implementation of the Government of India’s (GOI)
policy with respect to environmental management, conservation, ecologically sustainable
development and pollution control rests with the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF).
Established in 1985, the MOEF is the agency primarily responsible for the review and approval of
EIAs pursuant to GOI legislation.
(2) MOEF Regional Offices
The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has set up regional offices, with each region
having an office. The office for the present project is located at Shillong, Meghalaya. This office is
responsible for collecting and furnishing information relating to EIA of projects, pollution control
measures, methodology and status, legal and enforcement measures and environmental protection in
special conservation areas such as wetlands, mangroves and biological reserves.
(3) Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
Statutory authority attached to the MOEF and located in New Delhi, the main responsibilities include
inter alia the following:
 Planning and implementing water and air pollution programs;
 Advising the Central Government on water and air pollution programs;
 Setting air and water standards; and
 Coordinating the various State Pollution Control Boards.
The role of the CPCB, (for this project) will only be in an advisory capacity while the project shall
adhere to the norms and standards set up by the Mizoram State Pollution Control Board (MSPCB).
(4) Departments of Environment and Forests (DOEF)
They perform the functions similar to the MOEF at the state level.
17
(5) Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board (M-SPCB)
The M-SPCB has the mandate for environmental management at the state level, with emphasis on air
and water quality. The board is responsible for:
 Planning and executing state-level air and water initiatives;
 Advising state government on air, water and industry issues;
 Establishing standards based on National Minimum Standards;
 Enforcing and monitoring of all activities within the State under the Air Act, the Water act and
the Cess Act, etc.;
 Conducting and organizing public hearings for projects as defined by the various Acts and as
stipulated by the Amendment (April 1997) to the EIA Act; and,
 Issuing No-objection Certificates (NOC) for industrial development defined in such a way as
to include road projects as the Third National Highway Project.
(6) Meghalaya State Forest Department
The Meghalaya State Forest Department is responsible for the protection and managing the forest
designated areas within the state. The Forest Department works out Forest Working Plans for the
various forest divisions to manage and protect the forest resources. These plans form the basis for
managing the forest resources and for chalking out specific plans and policies with respect to the
conservation, protection and development of the forest areas. The Forest department will be
responsible for granting clearances for forest areas that need to be cleared for the project, according to
the provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
12.4 Requirements of Various Clearance in Different Stages of Project

As discussed earlier, Environmental Clearance is not required for this project as the scale of widening
and land acquisition for this project is not significant enough not trigger the requirement. However,
the forest clearance permit will have to be obtained prior to the commencement of construction
activity, as per the requirement of the Forest Act. According to the discussions held with Department
of Environment and Forests, the application will be processed at various Forest Department offices at
Division, State and Central Government level depending on forest land requirement for non-forest
purposes. Part 1 of the application format has to be filled in by NHIDCL, the project proponent while
Part 2 of the application will be cleared by the Forest Division. Part 3 will be cleared at State
Environment and Forest Department while Part 4 (at Nodal Officer under Forest Conservation Act)
and Part 5 (Secretary of Department of Environment and Forest at Government of Meghalaya) will
clear them before forwarding it to Ministry of Environment and Forest in Delhi for appraising and
18
issuing Forest Clearance.
Also, various clearance will be required for setting up hot-mix plants, batching plants, etc., under the
Air and the Water Acts. Clearance from the State Department of Mining is required for establishing
quarries. Clearance from the Sate Ground Water Boards/Authorities is required for establishment of
new tube-wells/bore-holes in case they are required during construction work. Also, the provisions as
laid down in the Factories Act, 1948, Labor Act, 1988 and the Building and Other Construction
Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 with respect to hygiene
and health during the construction stage would apply for this project. With limited possibility, the
provisions of the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and the Chemical
Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 may also apply during the
construction and the operation periods. The applicability of environmental and other relevant rules
and acts is shown in Table 3.1 below.
Table 3.1 Clearance Requirements
No. Activity Statute Requirement Competent Responsible Time
Authority Agency for Required
Obtaining
Clearance
Pre-Construction Stage (Responsibility: MORTH)
2 Road-side tree Forest Permission for State and Central MORTH 2-3 months
cutting and Conservation Act1980 Road-side tree Government
clearing forest & MOEF Letter cutting
Dt.18.02.1998
3 Filling of State Fisheries Permission for State Irrigation MORT&H 2-3 months
Roadside Policy Draft Wetlands filling of water Department
water bodies (Conservation & bodies State Fisheries
(ponds and Management) Department
borrow pits) Rules, 2008 State Wetlands
Conservation
Committee
Construction Stage (Responsibility: Contractor)
1 Establishing Water Act of Consent-forest States Pollution The 4-6 months
stone crusher, 1974, Air Act of abolishment Control Boards Contractor
hot mix plant, 1981, Noise Rules of for respective
19
wet mix plant 2000 and section
and Diesel Environmental

Generator Protection Action
Sets of 1986 and as
Amended
2 Operating Water Act of Consent-for States Pollution The 4-6 months
stone 1974, Air Act of operation Control Boards Contractor
crusher, hot 1981, Noise Rules for respective

mix plant, wet of 2000 and section
mix plant and Environmental
Diesel Protection Action

Generator of 1986 and as
Sets Amended
3 Use and India Explosive Explosive licence Chief The 2-3 months
storage Act 1984 for use and Controller of Contractor
of explosive storage Explosives
for
quarry
blasting work
4 Storage of Manufacture Permission for States Pollution The 4-6 months

fueloil, storage and Import storage of Control Boards Contractor
lubricants, of Hazardous hazardous for respective
diesel etc. at Chemical Rules chemical section and or
construction 1989 Local Authority
camp (DC)
5 Quarry State Minor Quarry Lease State The 4-6 months
Operation Mineral Deed and Quarry Department of Contractor
Concession Rules, License Mines and
The Mines Act Geology
of1952, Indian
Explosive Act of1984,
Air Act of1981 and
WaterAct of 1974
6 Extraction of Ground Water Permission for State Ground The 4-6 months
20
ground water Rules of 2002 extraction of Water Board Contractor
ground water
foruse in road
construction
activities
7 Engagement Labor Act Labor license Labor The 2-3 months
of labor Commissioner Contractor

21
CHAPTER 13 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE
This chapter assesses existing environment and socio-economic conditions against which likely
environmental and social impact of the project is analyzed. The baseline data presented below have
been collected by monitoring surveys as well as literature reviews and interactions with local people
and government officials at various levels. A more detailed socio-economic profile can be found in the
RAP report prepared for this project. The Scoping Matrix that summarizes likely scale of impacts for
various components is included in Chapter 6, and Environmental Checklist as per JICA Guideline is
included in Appendix A.

13.1.1 Climate
Meghalaya experiences tropical monsoon climate, which varies from western to eastern parts of the
plateau. The Garo Hills District, which lies in the western part of the state has tropical climate
characterized by high rainfall and humidity, generally warm summer and moderately cold winter. For
the entire state, the mean summer temperature is 26° C and the mean winter temperature is 9° C. The
mean annual rainfall varies from 2,000-4,000 mm with most rainfall occur during May to September.
Maximum rainfall of 12,000 mm has been recorded in the southern slope of Khasi Hills along the
Cherrapunjee-Mawsynram belt. The monthly total rainfall and maximum/minimum temperature of
Tura is presented below.
40.0 700
35.0 600
30.0 500
25.0
400
20.0
300
15.0
10.0 200
5.0 100
0.0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Total Rainfall (mm) Daily Max. (degree C) Daily Min. (degree C)
Source: West Garo Hills District Statistical Handbook 2015

Figure 13.1 Monthly rainfall and daily maximum and minimum temperature in Tura (2011-2013)
22
13.1.2 Topography, Geology, and Soil
The geology of Meghalaya consists of older and stable rock types, which are resistant to weathering,
mostly belonging to Periods of Archean Gnessic complex, Shillong Groups of rocks, Lower
Gondwana rocks, Sylhet Traps and Cretaceous-Tertiary sediments. The layers of land surface in the
project area mainly comprises of Schist, Gneisses, Quartzite, sand stone, Shale, Lime Stone, Granite,
Granodiorite and Pegmatite.
West Garo Hills District shows different types of soil as the provenance differs. Red Gravelly Soil and
Red Sandy Loam in the hilly slopes and Clayey Loam in the plans are the common soil types in the
project area. The soils are acidic in nature and comparatively rich in organic matter and nitrogen but
poor in phosphorous. Tura, the district capital, is a valley located at the foothills of the Tura Hills and
right below the Tura Peak. The elevation of Tura is approximately 350m. It is filled with small
rivulets and green valleys all around. Meanwhile, Dalu, located 33 km North-east of Tura at the end of
NH51 and NH62, has the elevation of about 20m. The geological map of Meghalaya is shown below.
NH51
Source: Department of Mining and Geology, Government of Meghalaya

Figure 13.2 Geological Map of Meghalaya
23
13.1.3 Flora and Fauna
Meghalaya State is known as one of the wettest places in the world and supposed to be the storehouse
of various exotic and endangered species. 139 species of Mammals, 540 species of Aves, 94 species of
Reptilians, 33 species of Amphibians and 152 species of Pisces have been reported in Meghalaya.
Community/village forest along the targeted section of NH51 is home to various flora and fauna. The
Meghalaya Government records show the following flora and fauna. Floral/vegetation assessment
carried out through quadrate methods: for trees 10mx10m, for shrubs 5mx5m and for Herbs 1m x1m
square shaped quadrates were used. Quadrates were laid randomly in the corridors upside and downside
of the road. All species in the quadrates were recorded & ecological parameters including density,
frequency were calculated. Faunal species were recorded with the visual observation during site visits,
secondary data from the Environment and Forest department and local information from local
community.
FAUNA
1) Mammalian Fauna
Common Name Zoological Name IUCN Category
Western Hoolock gibbon Hoolock hoolock EN (ver. 3.1)
Stump-tailed macaque Macaca arctoides VU (ver. 3.1)
Rhesus macaque Macaca mulatta LC (ver. 3.1)
Assamese macaque Macaca assamensis NT (ver. 3.1)
Northern Pig-tailed Macaque Macaca leonina VU (ver. 3.1)
Bengal Slow loris Nycticebus bengalensis VU (ver. 3.1)
Golden langur Trachypithecus geei EN (ver. 3.1)
Capped langur Trachypithecus pileatus VU (ver. 3.1)
Golden cat Catopuma temminckii NT (ver. 3.1)
Leopard cat Prionailurus bengalensis LC (ver. 3.1)
Jungle cat Felis chaus LC (ver. 3.1)
Large Indian civet Viverra zibetha NT (ver. 3.1)
Masked Palm civet Paguma larvata LC (ver. 3.1)
Indian Grey mongoose Herpestes edwardsii LC (ver. 3.1)
Indian fox Vulpes bengalensis LC (ver. 3.1)
Himalayan Black bear Ursus thibetanus VU (ver. 3.1)
Yellow Throated marten Martes flavigula LC (ver. 3.1)
Yellow-Bellied weasel Mustela kathiah LC (ver. 3.1)
24
Indian flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis NE
Malayan Giant squirrel Ratufa bicolor NT (ver. 3.1)
Lsser Bandicoot Rat LC (ver. 3.1)
Greater Bandicoot Rat Bandicota indica LC (ver. 3.1)
Short-tailed Bandicoot Rat Nesokia indica LC (ver. 3.1)
Indian Crested porcupine Hystrix indica LC (ver. 3.1)
Lesser Bamboo rat Cannomys badius LC (ver. 3.1)
Source JICA Expert Team
2) Avian Fauna
Indian black baza Aviceda leuphotes LC (ver. 3.1)
Barred jungle owlet Glaucidium radiatum LC (ver. 3.1)
Peafowl Pavo cristatus LC (ver. 3.1)
Green Peafwol Pavo muticus EN (ver. 3.1)
Red jungle-fowl Gallus gallus LC (ver. 3.1)
Thick-billed green pigeon Treron curvirostra LC (ver. 3.1)
Blue throated barbet Psilopogon asiaticus LC (ver. 3.1)
Long-tailed broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae LC (ver. 3.1)
Grey-headed myna Sturnus malabaricus LC (ver. 3.1)
Jungle myna Acridotheres fuscus LC (ver. 3.1)
Green magpie Cissa chinensis LC (ver. 3.1)
Indian house crow Corvus splendens LC (ver. 3.1)
Red winged crested cuckoo Clamator coromandus LC (ver. 3.1)
Large green-billed malkoh Phaenicophaeus tristis LC (ver. 3.1)
Crow pheasant Centropus sinensis LC (ver. 3.1)
Red headed trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus LC (ver. 3.1)
Red wattled lapwing Vanellus indicus LC (ver. 3.1)
Burmese roller Coracias affinis LC (ver. 3.1)
3) Reptile Fauna
25
Different varieties of lizards, snakes, turtle/tortoises, geckos are recorded. Different species of snakes
include Blind snakes, Indian Gamma, Checkered Keelback, Red necked Keelback and others.
Important poisonous species include Indian Cobra and Vipers.
Blind snakes(Few-scaled Worm Snake) Gerrhopilus oligolepis DD (ver. 3.1)
Indian Gamma Boiga trigonata LC (ver. 3.1)
Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator NE
Red necked Keelback Rhabdophis subminiatus LC (ver. 3.1)
Indian Cobra Naja naja NE
FLORA
1) Tall trees
Schima wallichii Theaceae NE
Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae NE
Engelhardtia spicata Juglandaceae LC (ver. 2.3)
Aesculus assamica Sapindaceae NE
Aporosa wallichii Phyllanthaceae NE
Bridelia retusa Phyllanthaceae NE
Cryptocarya andersonii Lauraceae NE
Talauma hodgsonii Magnoliaceae LC (ver. 3.1)
Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae NE
Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae NE
Shorea robusta Dipterocarpaceae LC (ver. 2.3)
2) Lower canopy
Miliusa velutina Annonaceae NE
Ziziphus rugosa Rhamnaceae NE
Helicia robusta Proteaceae NE
26
Engelhardtia spicata Juglandaceae LC (ver. 2.3)
Ficus prostrata Moraceae NE
3) Shrubby species
Capparis zeylanica Annonaceae NE
Bauhinia acuminata Leguminosae LC (ver. 3.1)
Mimosa himalayana Fabaceae NE
Mussaenda roxburghii Rubiaceae NE
Eupatorium morifolium Asteraceae NE
Solanum kurzii Solanaceae NE
Phlogacanthus tubiflorus Acanthaceae NE
4) Intertwining trees
Dysolobium grande Annonaceae NE
Mucuna bracteata Leguminosae LC (ver. 3.1)
Fissistigma wallichii Annonaceae NE
Paederia scandens Rubiaceae NE
Solena heterophylla Cucurbitaceae NE
Aristolochia saccata Aristolochiaceae NE
5) Epiphytic climbers
Rhaphidophora spp., members of Loranthaceae, Cuscuta reflexa and few species of epiphytic orchids
like Rhynchostylis retusa, Cleisostoma simondii are also present.
Rhaphidophora spp. Araceae
Loranthaceae Leguminosae LC (ver. 3.1)
27
Cuscuta reflexa Convolvulaceae NE
Rhynchostylis retusa Orchidaceae NE
Cleisostoma simondii Orchidaceae NE
6) Herbaceous plants
Acanthaceae, Aneilema scaberrimum, Anemone spp Burmania Sp., Coiictyospermum,
Dictyospermum, Coix sp. Cyprus spp., Ericcaulon, Fabaceae, Oxalis corniculate, Poaceae etc are
noticed. Ferns and fern-allies, liverworts and mosses etc. are also seen on old tree trunks and stones
etc. near water sources, in shady places.
Acanthaceae Acanthaceae
Aneilema scaberrimum Commelinaceae NE
Anemone spp. Actiniidae
Burmania Sp.
Coiictyospermum
Dictyospermum spp. Commelinaceae NE
Coix sp. Gramineae LC (ver. 3.1)
Cyprus spp.
Eriocaulon sp. Eriocaulaceae NE
Fabaceae Fabaceae NE
Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae NE
Poaceae Poaceae NE
A detailed field observation of the study area was done in June and August 2015. Extensive study was
done in four locations/spots. They are chosen as a site that feature different ecological characteristics
of the project area. The observations are enumerated below.
1) Paddy Field (KM post 144-145)

In the paddy field land preparation was going on and seeding was done for transplantation of rice
seedlings. Small fishes like Channa spp., Colisa spp., Puntius spp., Noemacheilus spp. Rasbora spp.,
Crane and Indian common crow were seen in the rice field.
28
2) Amongpara Village Forest (KM post 125-126)
It is a vast area with diverse floral vegetation. The commonly seen species are Albizza
spp., Ammora spp., Artocarpus heterophyllus, Bambuseae, Bauhinia spp., Bombax ceiba, Colocasia
spp., Dalbergia, Ficus spp., Gmelina spp., Lagerstroemia spp., Mimosa pudica, Musa spp., Paederia
scandens, Phoebe spp, Phlogacanthus tubiflorus, Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Terminalia spp..
Cuscuta reflexa and few species of epiphytic orchids like Rhynchostylis retusa, Cleisostoma simondii
were also found. Bryophytes and liverworts were also seen in the trunk of old trees. In certain areas of
the community forest the natural vegetation was cleared and teak, areca plantation was done.
3) Jhum Cultivation (KM post 119)

Terrestial observation was carried out in the area. Floral species of Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Manihot esculenta, Matricaria discoidea, Mimosa pudica, Musa spp., Oryza sativa, Taraxacum
officinale, Urochloa mutica, Zea may. Faunal species of Hirudinea and Rhopalocera were observed.
Mixed cropping of maize, banana, rice and tapioca was carried out.
4) Rubber, Areca Plantation (KM post 107-109)

In many areas of the community forest the natural vegetation were cleared and commercial plantation
of rubber and areca nut was carried out on the slopes. The lower canopy was covered with grasses.
Cashewnut were also commercially cultivated in many pockets throughout the road. Sparrow,
butterfly, lizards, owl, common monkey, golden langur, red jungle-fowl, Indian black baza,
thick-billed green pigeon, cobra were encountered during the field survey. Sound of Gryllidae was
heard in abundance. There is a citrus garden of the Department of Agriculture and Ganol Ecopark.
During the field survey it was noticed that shifting cultivation/ ‘Jhum’ practice is very common and in
many areas the forest/natural vegetation are cleared and secondary monoculture of cashewnut (Sal
(Shorea robusta), Teak (Tectona grandis) are established. Rice, maize, banana, pineapple cultivation
are done in pockets. Several species of bamboo (Bambuseae spp.), stretch for long distances forming
thickets of secondary vegetation.
13.1.4 Protected Area and Forest
Forest of Western Garo Hills can be broadly classified into tropical, subtropical and temperate forests.
The Indian Institute of Remote Sensing has classified vegetation of Meghalaya into following
categories: tropical evergreen, tropical semi-evergreen, tropical mosit deciduous, subtropical broad
leaved, subtropical pine and temperate forest types, grasslands and savanna.
29
As shown in Figure 4.3 below, the target section of NH51 does not pass through or border with
existing National Park, Wildlife Sanctuary and Protected/Reserved Forest. Being a sixth schedule
state, the forest area is under the village Council and is known as community forest/village forest. The
targeted section of NH51 passes through forest and plantation (teak, rubber and cashews) for which
appropriate measures to mitigate negative impacts due to road widening will be required.
Source: Forest and Environment Department, Meghalaya

Figure 13.3 Map of Protected/Reserved Forest and National Park & Wildlife Sanctuary
13.1.5 River System and Hydrology
In the project area of NH51 between Tura to Dalu, the project route passes several rivers and its
tributaries, including following Rivers.
Ganol River Mason River
Rongkhon River Rongnabak River
Jintal River Debok River
The hydrological study is conducted based on IRC: SP:13 “Guidelines for the design of small bridges
30
and culverts” which is well used technical standard for hydrological study in Indian highway design.
The analysis is conducted based on Rational Formulae for peak-off from catchment. The size of
floods is determined by factors such as rainfall intensity, distribution in time and space, duration,
catchment area, shape, slope and permeability of the soil and vegetable cover.
The rainfall intensity is determined based on the ATLAS of State-wise Generalized ISOPLUVIAL
MAPs of Eastern India (Part-II), published by India Meteorological Department, Government of India.
The long-term rainfall intensity is modeled as shown below, which have informed the design of
drainage and culverts.
Table 13.1 Rainfall intensity for each section in NH-51

From To 25Years- 24hours 50Years- 24hours
Rainfall intensity (mm) Rainfall intensity (mm)
KP90 of NH51, Tura KP148, Dalu 360mm 400mm
Source: ATLAS of Statewise Generalised ISOPLUVIAL (Return Period) Maps of Eastern India (Part – II)
Figure 13.4 Detailed isopluvial map with project location for NH51 for 25 Years (L) and 50 Years (R)
13.1.6 Mineral Resources
West Garo Hills District is endowed with rich mineral resources including coal, limestone,
lithomargic clay, fireclay, phosphorite, gypsum and glass sand. The total estimated coal reserve in
Garo Hills Districts is of the order of 35,900 million tones and is mainly located at three fields in the
districts. Meanwhile, Garo Hills Districts are estimated to hold 510 million tones of limestone,
majority of which is located in South Garo Hills District. NH51 is one of the corridors along which
31
coal and other mineral resources are exported to Bangladesh.

13.2.1 Air Quality
During the preparation of Detailed Project Report (DPR) by Indian Consultants, ambient air sampling
was carried out in eight locations along the project road in February 2011. The monitoring data for dry
season shows that all parameters are under the threshold by CPCB/MOEF. Additional monitoring for
pre-monsoon season has been carried out between May to June 2015 in three locations. The locations
for each monitoring station are shown below.
Table 13.2 Locations Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Station Code Location GPS
AAQ1 G K Sangma Petrol Pump, Tura N25 26.451, E90 12.598
AAQ2 Forest Gate, Tura Dalu Road, N25 30.174, E90 12.905
AAQ3 Near Woodland School, Barengapara, Dalu N25 30.174, E90 12.598
Being a rural area without a major industrial activity, there are not major sources of air pollution along
the project road except for vehicular traffic 5 . As shown in the table below, it is evident that
concentrations of all pollutants are well within the prescribed limits of the National Ambient Air
Quality Standards.
Table 13.3 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Station Date Parameters
Code Respirable Suspended Sulphur Dioxide Oxides of Lead (as Pb)
Particulate (as SO2)
Suspended Matter (μg/m3) (μg/m3) Nitrogen (as (μg/m3)
Particulate NO2) (μg/m3)
Matter (as PM10
(μg/m3)
AAQ1 5/30-5/31 75 190 22 24 0.05
6/1-6/2 70 165 22 24 0.06
6/2-6/3 72 185 22 24 0.07
6/11-6/12 68 179 22 23 0.08
6/12-6/13 77 168 22 23 0.05
6/18-6/19 71 155 18 21 0.03
6/20-6/21 52 164 19 23 0.03
6/25-6/26 68 165 17 23 0.06
5
The level of air pollution is expected to be higher in central Tura, which is outside the scope of this project. The proposal
for Tura bypass currently under consideration will contribute to mitigate the pollution level by reducing
congestion within Tura town.
32
6/27-6/28 72 188 20 23 0.04
6/29-6/30 69 176 22 25 0.04
AAQ2 5/30-5/31 75 190 22 24 0.05
6/1-6/2 65 155 23 25 BDL
6/2-6/3 52 130 21 23 BDL
6/11-6/12 59 148 22 25 BDL
6/12-6/13 50 134 17 21 BDL
6/18-6/19 47 150 12 17 BDL
6/20-6/21 39 140 15 23 BDL
6/25-6/26 48 130 19 22 BDL
6/27-6/28 44 136 14 18 BDL
6/29-6/30 75 190 22 24 0.05
AAQ3 5/30-5/31 78 170 24 26 0.03
6/1-6/2 75 185 24 26 0.05
6/2-6/3 68 160 21 23 0.06
6/11-6/12 70 185 22 24 0.04
6/12-6/13 70 155 20 28 0.06
6/18-6/19 70 170 19 21 BDL
6/20-6/21 70 170 19 21 0.05
6/25-6/26 70 170 19 21 0.05
6/27-6/28 69 166 20 24 0.06
6/29-6/30 78 170 24 26 0.03
CPCB Limit 100 200 80 80 1.0
13.2.2 Ground and Surface Water Quality
There are no major pollution sources in the area and water quality along the road is good as per the
report by Public Heath Engineering Department, Shillong. In order to find out existing condition,
monitoring of ground and surface water quality was carried out in February 2011 (dry season) during
the DPR preparation. The data from seven sites for ground water testing (KM post 93+950, 115+200
and 142+450) and four surface water monitoring show that water quality is fair within the desirable
limits.
Water quality for pre-monsoon and monsoon period the project area has been analyzed by collecting
surface water sample along the road in June and July 2015. Analysis of the samples shows that the
water is alkaline in nature (pH <8), is soft in the area and the Hardness is below the permissible limit.
Chloride concentration is well below the desirable limit in all locations. Sulphate and Nitrate
concentrations are low and within the permissible limit and thus indicate low degree of organic
pollution. Iron levei is higher than the desirable standard, reflecting local soil condition in the area.
33
Table 13.4 Ground and Surface Water Quality
River at Limits
Duragre around Tibapara IS: 10500
locality halfway locality Dalu
Parameters (south of between Tura (noth of
Tura) and Dalualu Dalu)
GW1 SW1 GW2 SW2
Temperature 32.1 32.1 32.3 32.1
pH 7.49 7.46 7.03 7.64 6.6 to 8.5
Color (Hazen unit) <5 <5 <5 <5 -
Odor and smell Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
Suspended Solid (mg/l) 24 17 33 2.0 -
BOD (mg/l) Nil Nil Nil Nil -
COD (mg/l) Nil Nil Nil Nil -
Total Hardness (mg/l) 68 24 80 20 300
Calcium (mg/l) 25.65 6.41 11.22 4.81 75
Magnesium (mg/l) 0.97 1.94 5.83 1.94 30
Electric Conductivity 174.6 85.7 126.9 73 -
Chloride (mg/l) 8.11 2.02 6.08 2.02 250
Sulphate (mg/l) 4 5.71 33.52 3.24 200
Nitrate (mg/l) 1.2 1.51 0.37 0.37 45
Fluoride (mg/l) 0.17 0.12 0.04 0.19 1
Total Dissolved solid (mg/l) 110 54 80 46 500
Iron (mg/l) 33.52 4.07 2.0 0.1 0.3
Coliform Organism / 100 ml Absent Absent Absent Absent
Note: GW stands for groundwater, SW stands for surface water
13.2.3 Noise Level
Noise is an important environmental attribute in all road projects because vehicular traffic is a source
of noise pollution. During DPR preparation, noise level monitoring was carried out in six locations in
February 2011 (dry season). Apart from the areas near Tura and Dalu town, the project road mostly
passes through open forest and plantation and thus noise is not a major issue and the monitoring result
were within the limit prescribed by PCPB. The monitoring for pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons has
been carried out as part of the preparatory study in three locations. The nose level near school in Dalu
town is within the limit of residential area (55dB for daytime and 45dB for nighttime, but slightly
above the limit for silence zone (50dB for daytime and 40dB for nighttime), indicating the need of
proper noise level mitigation measures around sensitive facilities. The figures in other locations are
within the limit.
Table 13.5 Ambient Noise Level
34
Ambient Noise Level Leq.dB(A)
Sr. Day Time (07.00 AM to 11.00 Night Time (10.00 AM to 12.00
Location
No. PM) PM)
Lmin Lmax Leq Lmin Lmax Leq
Monitoring 1. Date: May 30, 2015 to May 31, 2015
1 GK Sangma Petrol Pump 70 52 60 58 46 47
Near Woodland school,
2 71 53 58 55 44 46
Barengapara, Dalu
3 Forest Gate, Chokpot, Tura 68 51 57 53 47.2 38.5
Monitoring 2. Date June 29, 2015 to June 30, 2015
1 GK Sangma Petrol Pump 70 46 52 54 41 43
Near Woodland school,
2 70 46 51 54 40 42
Barengapara, Dalu
3 Forest Gate, Chokpot, Tura 69 50 52 53 40 40
Standard for commercial area 65 55
for residential area - - 55 - - 45
for silence zone 50 40
13.2.4 Hazards
With the inherently weak geology of fractured rock, the steep, unstable slops are further weakened by
water flows during monsoons and result in landslides. Deforestation due to felling of trees for timber,
animal fodder and removal of vegetation for jhum cultivation are also contributing to soil erosions
and destabilization of slopes. Occurrence of landslide is more frequent in monsoon, often causing
severe disruption in the lifeline, which deprive the local population along NH51 from supply of
essential commodities. The locations of the landslide prone areas along the targeted section of NH51
has been identified during the road/slope inventor survey, which was carried out as part of the
Preparatory Study, and the various slope protection measures have been included in the scope of this
project. The sites of landslide and road deformation as identified by the inventory survey are shown
below.
35
Table 13.6 Landslide Lications identified on NH51

Sec
NH-51 01 221 93 + 400 ~ 93 + 420 SF x L V Soil retaining wall
02 014 4 + 480 ~ 4 + 540 SF x R V Soil retaining wall
03 015 4 + 540 ~ 4 + 580 SF R V Soil retaining wall
04 030 10 + 181 ~ 10 + 219 SF x x x L H Earth removal
05 046 15 + 440 ~ 15 + 480 SF x x - - Subsurface drainage
13 061 20 + 850 ~ 20 + 870 MM x x R V Road realignment
19 070 23 + 940 ~ 24 + 010 M M -p x R H - No need
22 074 25 + 680 ~ 25 + 700 MM x L V Soil retaining wall
23 091 32 + 020 ~ 32 + 040 MM x L V Retaining wall
MM: Mass Movement, MM-p: Inactive mass movement, SF: Slope Failure, SB: Subsidence
13.3 Socio-Economic Conditions

13.3.1 Ethnic and Demographic Profile
According to the 2011 Census, the population of Meghalaya is 2,967,000. Out of those, 86% belong
to scheduled tribe. A total of 17 notified STs are recognised in the state with the Khasi, Garo and
Jaintia6 being the three major tribes. The Khasi constitutes more than half of the total ST population
of the state (56.4%), and Garo accounts for 34.6%. Altogether, they constitute more than 90% of the
total ST population. The Khasi, Garo and Jaintia had their own kingdoms until they came under
British administration in the 19th century. Other tribes include the Koch, the Biate of Saipung
Constituency and Jowai, the related Rajbongshi, Boro, Hajong, Dimasa, Hmar, Paite, Kuki, Lakhar,
Karbi, Rabha and Nepali. All of them were generally known as “hill tribes” by the British. English is
the official and widely spoken language of the state. Other principal languages are Khasi, Pnar and
Garo. Hindi and Bengali are also widely spoken in the state.
The total population of West Garo Hills is 470,796 according to 2011 Census. The share of ST, SC
and other categories and changes between 2001 and 2011 are shown in Table 5.1 below.
6
Jaintia (Synteng or Pnar) is listed both as a sub-tribe under Khasi and as a separate ST.
36
Table 13.7 Demographic Profile of West Garo Hills District
Census Year % variation
No WGH-2001 2011 1991- 2001- 2001-
1991 Incl. Excl. Incl. Excl. 2001 2011 2011 excl.
SWGH SWGH. SWGH SWGH. SWGH
1 Scheduled Tribe
Male 158066 194457 135460 236772 167379 23 22 24
Female 155374 191741 133508 237237 168462 23 24 26
Total 313440 386198 268968 474009 335841 23 23 25
2 Scheduled Caste
Male 2787 3743 2630 4535 3458 34 21 31
Female 2503 3546 2453 4275 3257 42 21 33
Total 5290 7289 5083 8810 6715 38 21 32

3 Others
Male 44850 60987 48428 82852 66187 36 36 37
Female 39447 55769 45093 77620 62053 41 39 38
Total 84297 116756 93521 160472 128240 39 37 37
West Garo
403027 510243 367572 643291 470796 27 26 28
Hills
Source: District Statistical Handbook 2015
13.3.2 Literacy Rate
Trend of literacy rate between 2001 and 2011 in West Garo Hills District and its development blocks
are shown below. Significant progress has been achieved in terms of literacy rate, particularly among
women.
Table 13.8 Literacy in West Garo Hills in 2001 and 2011
Group Literacy Rate
2011 2011
Male 57% 72 %
Female 43% 63 %
Total 51% 67 %
Urban 80% 91 %
Rural 46% 62 %
Source: 2015 District Statistical Handbook
Table 13.9 Block-wise Literacy Rate in 2011
37
Group Male Female Total
Persons % Persons % Persons %
Rongram (urban) 30,418 93 29,836 90 60,254 91
Rongram (rural) 19,614 80 16,607 70 36,220 75
Dadenggre 11,087 65 8,486 50 19,573 58
Selsella 37,188 58 30,825 49 68,013 53
Tikrikilla 17,424 72 14,176 59 31,600 65
Dalu 16,207 76 13,613 65 29,820 71
Gambegre 8,359 76 7,072 66 15,431 71
Total 140,297 72 120,615 63 260,912 67
Source: 2015 District Statistical Handbook
13.3.3 Economic Activities
Meghalaya is primarily a rural-agrarian economy with 80% of the population residing in rural areas
and around 65.8% of the working population engaging in agricultural and allied activities. Although
efforts have been made by the Government to discourage jhum practice (shifting cultivation), it
continues in certain parts, restricting overall productivity of land. Cultivators both of shifting and
settled cultivation substantially depend on monsoon, as area under irrigation is virtually negligible.
Though the production of principal crops like rice, maize and wheat reveals increasing trends during
the last few years, yet the production of rice which is a staple food of the state is not sufficient to meet
the requirement of the state.
Meghalaya is an example of an industrially poor region in an industrially backward economy. It is

undeveloped in terms of almost all criteria applied for identifying industrially backward states such as
per capita income from industry and mining, workers engaged in registered units, per capita
consumption of electricity, length of surfaced road, railway mileage and so forth. The number of
registered manufacturing units in the state stood merely at 31 in 2001, which in fact was less than half
of the number that existed in 1998. Out of 31 units, 27 are located in the East Khasi Hills and Ri-Bhoi
districts alone, two each in Jaintia Hills and East Garo Hills and none in the districts of West Khasi
Hills, South Garo Hills and West Garo Hills where the project road is located.
13.3.4 Cultural Resources
Tura is a place of historical importance and a tourist destination with traces of Christian missionaries
whose records are found as early as in mid 19th century. Omed Momin and his nephew, Ramke
Momin are reportedly first Garos to have been baptized in the area in 1863. Catholic missionaries
began organized evangelization work among Garo people in 1933.
38
The region is famous for the Wangala Dance, a Garo post-harvest festival that marks the end of the
agricultural year. It is an act of thanksgiving to the sun god of fertility, known as
Misi-A-Gilpa-Saljong-Galapa. This is the most popular festival of the Garo Hills, and is held in
November (the precise date being fixed by the village headman). According to the District Statistical
Handbook, there were 319,058 visitors to West Garo Hills District during 2011-2012 period. In terms
of tourist attractions, the district has 6 waterfalls, 2 caves, 11 viewpoints and 3 trekking paths.
39
CHAPTER 14 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE
The scope for alternative is limited due to hilly nature of the terrain and the nature of the project,
which essentially aims to improve and widen existing road. The chapter reviews two alternative
options (without project scenario (zero option) and another widening/improvement option based on a
different concept) and compares them with the proposed option. The chapter also reviews the option
for bypass/flyover to alleviate traffic congestion in Tura town.
14.1 Alternatives
14.1.1 Without project scenario (zero option)
The existing road has many roadside settlements, particularly in and around two major built-up areas
– Tura and Dalu. The traffic flow is impacted by conflicts between the local and through traffic, which
is further compounded by various land use conflicts including uncontrolled development along the
highway and encroachment. Given the current level of population growth and economic development,
traffic volume is likely to expand further, adding more pressure to already constrained road capacity.
The without project scenario entails that existing road and slope conditions will persist. Poor
pavement condition will lead to more vehicular emissions with detrimental impacts on health and
ecosystem. Also, continuation of uncontrolled encroachment will increase the risk of traffic accident
in built-up areas, particularly in Dalu where street vendors market daily goods on the road today. In
addition, landslide will be more frequent in this scenario, depriving the local population along NH51
from supply of essential commodities and undermine the potential of economic growth. In particular,
NH51 serves as one of the major trade routes connecting Meghalaya and Bangladesh and as such,
blockage of NH51 will negatively affect the potential of mineral and horticultural product exports to
Bangladesh.
14.1.2 Widening and improvement Option 1 (as proposed in DPR)
A design proposal for widening and improvement for NH51 is proposed in DPR prepared by Indian
Consultants. While the project is expected to bring positive benefits, the design proposed in DPR is
likely to cause significant environmental impacts which can be avoided or mitigated. Some of the
issues include:
 Widening is proposed only toward hill side, resulting in higher volume of cut soil;
 Proposal of re-installing all existing culverts is made without hydrological analysis. Drainage
without proper runoff estimate can cause soil erosion and damage the road; and
40
 Re-construction was proposed for one minor bridge and rehabilitation was proposed for ten
minor bridges without information about damage condition and specific details of
rehabilitation.
14.2 Options for Mitigating Traffic Congestion in Tura

The proposed project has two sections (85km – 95km and 101km to 148km) and avoids intervention
with densely built-up section of Tura town. Preliminary design and concept of Tura bypass have been
proposed in DPR report with additional proposal for ROB/flyover to smoothen traffic flow in a major
intersection in the town. However, the proposed ROB/flyover passes through areas known as
Christian Compound, which accommodate sensitive and important facilities such as church, school
and hospital and there is already anti-ROB/flyover sentiment among local population. As such, it is
found that the potential benefits of ROB/flyover cannot justify negative impacts associated with it,
particularly in places where Christianity is deeply rooted in the life of local people. Measures to
mitigate congestions in Tura is required in the long-term, but it is recommended that a more detailed
study be carried out to identify optimal route for bypass and ROB/flyover with respect to
environmental and social impacts. Hence, the bypass and ROB/flyover have been dropped from the
scope of the preparatory study and EIA.
14.3 Comparison of Alternatives with the Proposed Design

Comparison of with and without project scenario is provided below.
Table 14.1 Comparison of With and Without Project Scenarios

Component Without Project DPR Proposed Design
30m ROW is proposed
and thus
more than
Social Impact No change in the double the
short-term, land is
but required
12m ROW is adopted in
congestion compared
general. Required
and poor with the
acquisition of 67 ha of
road quality proposed
land for ROW and 11.6
will design.
ha for spoil bank. 367
undermine Three
households will be
the road churches
affected.
utility over and one
the policy
long-term station, one
fire station
will be
affected.
Widening Hill side only Both sides as
N/A
appropriate
41
Cut Grade Same across the entire Decide based on
N/A strech classification of rock
and soil.
Surplus soil N/A Significant Minimized
Landslide High risk (no slope Landslide sites
protection identified
measures and slope
High risk
proposed) protection
measures
proposed
Congestion in
built-u Continue to deteriorate
p area
Larger due to the need Minimized by balancing
of disposing cut and fill.
greater Candidate
Impact on forest N/A
volume of sites for
surplus soil spoil bank
proposed.
No information Proper traffic signs and
Existing risks remain safety
Safety
unresolved facilities to
be installed
Road-side KM stone, bus bay etc. KM stone, bus bay,
amenit N/A public toilet
ies etc.
Continue to deteriorate
due to
Greater traffic volume Greater traffic volume
higher
Environmental may cause may cause
emissions
quality higher higher
caused by
emissions emissions
poor road
condition
42
CHAPTER 15 SCOPING OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
The positive and negative impacts associated with the proposed project vary both spatially and
temporally depending on the baseline environmental quality along the targeted section as well as the
scale and nature of project intervention during the various stages of the project. The Scoping Matrix
below summarizes various environmental and social components that are likely to be affected by the
project.
Table 15.1 Generic Scoping Matrix for Hilly/Mountainous Road
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
Natural Environment
Climate/ D D D P: No impact is expected as the project in this stage does not affect climate.
Meteorologi C/O: The impacts on micro-climate and micro meteorological phenomena
cal are negligible because the project-related structures will not disturb wind
Phenomena path.
Topography D B- D P: No impact is expected as no change to topography will be made in this
stage.
C: Changes in topographic conditions are expected due to the requirement
of cutting filling work. Balancing the volume of cutting and filling is
recommended to minimize the volume of spoil soil.
O: Topographic condition will b stable after the completion of construction
work which include slope protection and slope stabilization.
Geology D D D P, C, O: No impact is expected as the project does not change geological
feature of the project area.
Soil Erosion D B- B+/ P: No impact is expected.
B- C: Soil erosion is expected particularly during the monsoon period.
Construction work should avoid the monsoon period.
O: Poor condition of drainage causes soil erosion in existing road. The
project is expected to improve the condition and thus reduce the risk of soil
erosion, but measures for slope protection and stabilization and prevent soil
erosion, particularly during the monsoon period, must be in place and
Hydrology D C- C- P: No impact is expected.
C: Construction work may cause minor, temporary impacts on hydrology.
O: Cutting and/or filling may result in changes in local hydrology. The

impact should be managed through adequate drainage measures.
Groundwate D D D/ P: No impact is expected since no engineering work will be carried out at
r B- this stage.
C: The project does not envision the use of groundwater and thus no impact
is expected. If the tunnel is constructed for bypass sections, however,
appropriate measures should be undertaken to avoid/minimize the impact.
O: No impact is expected during the operation stage, but measures should be
undertaken if the project involves construction of tunnel.
43
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
Ecosystem, D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work will be carried out at this

Flora, Fauna stage.
and C: The project will not affect pristine ecosystem as the work will be carried
Biodiversity out along the existing road. However, construction work could affect
mountain ecosystem and local flora and fauna including jhum and
plantation.
O: Increases in traffic volume will have negative impact ecosystem and
flora and fauna along the road.
Protected D B- B- P: The highways proposed for expansion/improvement does not traverse or
Areas/Forest border with national parks. However, one of the proposed road (NH62 in
Meghalaya) traverses reserve forest.
C: By the construction work, some of the forest area will be opened up.
O: The level of sunshine may increase due to the expansion of the open
area, potentially influencing the vegetation in the edge of the forest.
Increases in emissions due to greater traffic volume will negatively affect
forest and surrounding ecosystem.
Coastal D D D P/C/O: No impacts are expected, because the alignment is far away from the
Zone coastal zone and the planned alignment will not pass the tidelands and the
mangrove forests which are peculiar to the coastal region.
Landscape D D B+ P: No impact is expected as no engineering work will be carried out at this
stage.
C: Changes in landscape during the construction work will be minor and
temporary. The project should explore possibilities to utilize scenic/view
points along the road to strengthen tourism potential in north eastern region
of India.
O: Improved road network facilitates access to scenic places and tourist
attractions, thereby positively contributing tourism in the region.
Natural D B- B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does not alter
Disaster existing condition.
C: Many areas of the road are prone to landslide and thus appropriate
measures should be in place during the construction work to avoid
accidents. Construction during the monsoon period is risky and should be
avoided.
O: Slope protection/stabilization measures and drainage are expected to
significantly reduce the risk of natural disaster.
Living Environment
Air D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Pollution C: Some negative impacts are expected due to operation of construction
equipment and vehicles. One of these is the dust incidental to earthwork
especially during the dry season.
O: Air pollution is expected to increase due to increase traffic volume on the
road.
Offensive D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not involve the use of
Odor chemical and other materials that may cause offensive odor.
Water D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Pollution C: Turbid water due to the earthworks, bridge pier construction work and
wastewater effluents from construction workers’ camps/yards are expected
to pollute the surrounding rivers/canals to some extent.
44
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
O: Some impacts on water quality in surrounding water bodies are expected

due to water discharge from road users and wastewater from maintenance
activities.
Bottom D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Sediment C: Some construction materials such as cement and sand are expected to be
Contaminati washed out mainly by the rain, but the impacts on bottom sediment are
on expected to be negligible.
O: Some wastewater will be generated from maintenance activities along the
road, the impacts on bottom sediment from the wastewater will be
negligible.
Soil D C- D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Contaminati C: Impacts on soil from deposition of pollutants from construction materials
on in the construction site are expected to be small. Since there is no major
industrial activity along the road, it is unlikely that soil along the road is
already polluted.
O: No impact is expected except for the risk of accidental spillage of oil and
lubricant, which will be managed by proper safety measures.
Ground D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected. The project will improve
Subsidence subsidence/damaged area of existing road and will install measures to
prevent future subsidence.
Noise/ D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.
Vibration C: Noise and vibration are generated by operation of construction equipment
and vehicles, although they are temporary. Construction schedule should
take into account the location of schools, hospitals and religious facilities
that require silence in part of the day.
O: Noise and vibration level are likely to increase due to greater traffic
volume along the road. Specific measures may be required to minimize
impacts on schools, hospitals and religious facilities.
Sunshine D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected since the project does not involve
Obstruction construction of tall building that may block sunshine.
Wastes/Haza D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out at this stage.

rdous C: Waste from construction workers’ camps are expected to be generated.
Materials Waste generated from construction and demolition work may include
hazardous materials that must be treated before final disposal.
O: Waste will be generated from road users and workers of maintenance
works.
Social Environment
Involuntary A- A- A- P: The project will result in large-scale involuntary resettlement, particularly
Resettlement in built-up areas where structures exist in both sides of the road. Minimizing
C: Temporary relocation might be required for accommodation of
construction yards and workers’ camps. Resettlement may cause cultural
and social conflict between resettling people and host community.
O: Resettlement may cause cultural and social conflict between resettling
people and host community.
Land Use A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to cause changes
in existing land use pattern.
45
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
C: The project will be carried out along the existing road, and as such,
changes in land use associated with construction work are relatively minor,
and land clearance for construction yards and workers’ camps is temporary.
O: Greater traffic volume may affect the use of road and surrounding area
by local residents. Uncontrolled jhum (shifting cultivation) along the road
may undermine the effectiveness of slope protection/ stabilization measures
and increase the risk of land slide and soil erosion.
Utilization D A- A- P: No impact is expected.
of Local C: Mass-scale use of local resources such as sand and quarrying for the
Resources construction activities may obstruct there utilization by the local people for
other purposes.
O: Improvement in road infrastructure may change the flow of commodity
distribution, potentially impacting the use of local resources.
General, D D C+/ P: No impact is expected.
Regional C- C: No impact is expected.
/City Plans O: Better infrastructure network may trigger influx of outsiders and
economic development in the region.
Social A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to affect social
Institutions institutions such existing as social capital and local decision-making
and Local institutions.
Decision-ma C: Existing as social capital and local decision-making institutions will be
king affected by the influx of resettling population and construction workers.
Institutions O: Existing as social capital and local decision-making institutions will be
affected by the influx of resettling population.
Social A- A- A- P: Communal facilities such as public hall may be affected by the project,
Infrastructur which negatively affect social infrastructure and services.
e and C: Access to social infrastructure and services may be temporarily affected
Services due to construction of construction yard and accommodation for workers
as well as traffic jams due to the operation of construction vehicles.
O: The resettlement can result in prolonged disturbance in social
infrastructure and services. In the long term, however, the project is
expected to improve access to social infrastructure and services by
providing better road network.
Local A- A- A- P: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary resettlement are
Economy expected to negatively affect the local economic and livelihood.
and C: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary resettlement are
Livelihood expected to negatively affect the local economic and livelihood. On the
other hand, construction work will have positive impact on local economy
by creating employment and business opportunities in the project area.
O: The project may trigger unintended side effect with detrimental impact
on local community, e.g. influx of non-local people and more competition in
business and pressure on local natural resources. Over the long term, the
project is expected to have positive impact on local economy as improved
road network ensures more stable supply of essential goods. However, the
end of construction work may create short-term unemployment of
construction workers.
Unequal A- A- A- P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement will lead to unequal
Distribution distribution of benefits and damage between groups who are directly
of Benefit affected by the project and who are not.
46
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
and Damage C: While resettling households bear much of the damage, others may even
enjoy benefits from new business opportunities created by construction
work, resulting in unequal distribution of benefit and damage
O: People residing along the road may accrue greater benefits compared
with others, potentially increasing rich-poor gap within the community.
Local A- A- A- P/C/O: Unequal distribution of benefit and damage may trigger and/or
Conflicts of intensify local conflicts of interests in the community.
Interest
Water C- C- D P: Water usage and water rights of the affected households may be curtailed
Usage, due to resettlement. However, irrigation is not common in the region and
Water Rights thus, the impact will be minor, if any.
and C: Disturbance to water usage, water rights and communal rights during
Communal construction work is expected to be minor and short-term in nature.
Rights However, communal rights and distribution should be carefully examined to
avoid negative impacts.
Cultural and C- C- D P: The targeted roads do not traverse or runs near major ruins and/or cultural
Historical heritage. There are, however, several observation decks and memorial stones
Heritage along the road which may be affected depending on the widening width.
C: Several observation decks and memorial stones along the road which
may be affected depending on the widening width.
Religious A- A- A- P: Several memorial stones and graves are located along the road and may
Facilities be affected depending on the widening width. Small religious facilities in
built-up areas may also be affected.
C/O: Roadside religious facilities may be affected by noise and vibration
during construction and operation due to construction work and greater
traffic volume.
Sensitive A- A- A- P: Community facilities (public halls etc.) will have to be relocated incase
Facilities road widening is implemented within the built-up area.
(ex. hospital, C: Noise and vibration during construction work may affect school and
school, hospitals.
precision O: These facilities can be affected due to noise and vibration resulting from
machine increase in traffic volume. Also, congestion may undermine the utility of
factory) such facilities.
Poor People A- A- A- P: Given the limited coping capacity of the poor, it is necessary to assess
their vulnerability and develop appropriate mitigation measures.
C: The poor may bear disproportionally higher burden due to their limited
coping capacity, although they can be benefited from employment
opportunities during construction work.
P: In the long-term, economic development in the region is likely to benefit
the poor, however, the poor may fail to benefit from the project due to the
lack of skills and coping capacity
Ethnic A- A- A- P/C/O: North East States are home of diverse tribal groups (Scheduled
Minorities/ Tribe) with distinct language and cultures. Preparation of RAP and
Indigenous livelihood restoration plan, therefore, must take into account this diversity.
People
Gender D C- B+ P: No impact is expected.
47
Scoping Results
Pre-constructi
Construction
Operation
on Stage
Item
Stage
Stage
C: Equal opportunity should be sought for employment during construction

work. Prevailing social and cultural norms must be carefully studied to
avoid gender-related conflict.
O: Better road condition is expected to reduce the burden of girls and
women who carry water and fuel wood and improve their safety.
Children's D D D P: No impact is expected at this stage.
Rights C/O：Child labor is unlawful according to article 24 of Indian Constitution.
Only adult is eligible for potential employment opportunity created by the
project.
Public D B- B- P: No impact is expected at this stage.
Health C: Influx of construction workers is likely to increase the health risk,
(sanitation particularly that of STD/STI and HIV/AIDS. The risk of malaria should be
and properly managed in construction work in areas where malaria is prevalent.
infectious O: An increase in traffic volume and road users may have negative impact
diseases) on public health.
Occupationa D B- B- P: No impact is expected at this stage.
l Health C: Occupational health and safety of construction work should be properly
and Safety managed through adequate Environment Management Plan.
(OHS) O: Maintenance and repair work should take into account the occupational
health and safety of the workers.
Other
Accidents D B- C+/
P: No impact is expected as the project at this stage does not alter existing
C-
condition.
C: Increase of risks of accidents associated with construction activities is
expected due to the operation of heavy equipment and vehicles.
O: Risks of accidents is expected to increase due to greater traffic volume
and speed. On the other hand, installment of accident-prevention measures
(such as mirrors at curves) will reduce the risk of accidents.
Climate D B- B+/ P: No impact is expected.
Change B- C: The use of construction machines and operation of vehicles will result in
an increase in GHG emissions, though the impact is small and short-term.
O: The GHG emission will increase due to an increase in traffic volume.
The project is expected to improve the resilience of road against climate
change by factoring long-term climate change (changes/increase in
precipitation etc.) into the road design.
Table 6.2 below shows the Scoping Matrix specific for NH51. This has been prepared based on the
environmental assessment, taking into account specific project features as well as of as environmental
and social conditions. The item is highlighted if likely impact after the assessment is found to be
larger than estimated in generic scoping matrix.
48
Table 15.2 Scoping Matrix for NH54 Widening and Improvement
Sl. Scoping Result
N
Item Rational of Assessment
o P C O
.
Natural Environment
1.1 Climate/ D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
Meteorological at this stage.
Phenomena C/O: The impacts on micro-climate and micro meteorological
phenomena are negligible because the project-related
structures will not disturb wind path.
1.2 Topography D B- D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Changes in topographic conditions are expected due to the
requirement of cutting filling work. Balancing the volume of
cutting and filling is recommended to minimize the volume of
spoil soil.
O: Topographic condition will be stable after the completion
of construction work which include slope protection and slope
stabilization.
1.3 Geology D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not alter
geological condition of the area.
1.4 Soil Erosion D B- B+/B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Soil erosion is expected particularly during the monsoon
period. Construction work should avoid the monsoon period.
O: Poor condition of drainage causes soil erosion in existing
road. The project is expected to improve the condition and
thus reduce the risk of soil erosion, but measures for slope
protection and stabilization and prevent soil erosion,
particularly during the monsoon period, must be in place and
1.5 Hydrology D B- B- P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: Construction work may cause minor, temporary impacts on
hydrology.
O: Cutting and/or filling may result in changes in local
hydrology. New drainage and culvert will be installed, taking
into account the likely water flow in the area.
1.6 Groundwater D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering work is carried out
at this stage.
C: The project does not envision the use of groundwater and
thus no impact is expected. However, appropriate measures
should be undertaken to properly manage effluent during
construction.
O: No impact is expected during the operation stage.
1.7 Ecosystem, Flora, D B- B- P: No impact is expected. No unique/endangered species have
Fauna and been identified during assessment.
Biodiversity C: The project will not affect pristine ecosystem as the work
will be carried out along the existing road. However,
construction work will affect mountain ecosystem and local
flora and fauna including jhum and plantation.
O: Increases in traffic volume will have negative impact
ecosystem and flora and fauna along the road.
1.8 Protected D B- B- P: The targeted section of NH54 does not traverse or border
Areas/Forest with national parks or protected forest.
49
C: By the construction work, some of the forest (including
plantation and village forest) area will be affected.
O: Increases in emissions due to greater traffic volume will
negatively affect forest and surrounding ecosystem.
Monitoring shall be carried out to check the impact of
increased emissions on forest/plantation and measures (e.g.
additional plantation) shall be undertaken to mitigate negative
impacts as necessary.
1.9 Coastal Zone D D D P/C/O: No impacts are expected, because the alignment is far
away from the coastal zone and the planned alignment will not
pass the tidelands and the mangrove forests which are peculiar
to the coastal region.
1.10 Landscape D D B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Changes in landscape during the construction work will be
minor and temporary. The project should explore possibilities
to utilize scenic/view points along the road to strengthen
tourism potential in north eastern region of India.
O: Improved road network facilitates access to scenic places
and tourist attractions, thereby positively contributing tourism
in the region. Bus bay and other road amenities also help
improve aesthetic conditions of the road.
1.11 Natural Disaster D B- B+ P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Many areas of the road are prone to landslide and thus
appropriate measures should be in place during the
construction work to avoid accidents. Construction during the
monsoon period is risky and should be avoided.
O: Slope protection/stabilization measures and drainage are
expected to significantly reduce the risk of natural disaster.
Living Environment (Pollution Control)
2.1 Air Pollution D B- B- P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Some negative impacts are expected due to operation of
construction equipment and vehicles. One of these is the dust
incidental to earthwork especially during the dry season.
O: Air pollution is expected to increase due to increase traffic
volume on the road. Relevant data (e.g. actual/projected traffic
volume) shall be shared with relevant State authority so that
mitigation measures can be developed.
2.2 Offensive Odor D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project does not involve
the use of chemical and other materials that may cause
offensive odor.
2.3 Water Pollution D B- B- P: No impact is expected since the project at this stage does
C: Turbid water due to the earthworks, bridge pier
construction work and wastewater effluents from construction
workers’ camps/yards are expected to pollute the surrounding
rivers/canals to some extent.
O: Some impacts on water quality in surrounding water bodies
are expected due to water discharge from road users and
wastewater from maintenance activities.
2.4 Bottom Sediment D B- D P: No impact is expected.
Contamination C: The project involves construction of new small bridges.
Silt-trap will be used to avoid construction materials such as
cement and sand being washed out during construction work.
50
O: Some wastewater will be generated from maintenance
activities along the road, the impacts on bottom sediment from
the wastewater will be negligible.
2.5 Soil Contamination D D D P: No impact is expected as no engineering activity will be
carried out at this stage
C: Impacts on soil from deposition of pollutants from
construction materials in the construction site are expected to
be small. Since there is no major industrial activity along the
road, it is unlikely that soil along the road is already polluted.
O: No impact is expected except for the risk of accidental
spillage of oil and lubricant, which will be managed by proper
safety measures.
2.6 Ground Subsidence D D B+ P/C: No impact is expected as existing conditions will not be
altered.
O: The project will improve subsidence/damaged area of
existing road and will install measures to prevent future
subsidence.
2.7 Noise/ D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
Vibration C: Noise and vibration are generated by operation of
construction equipment and vehicles, although they are
temporary. Construction schedule should take into account the
location of schools, hospitals and religious facilities that
require silence in part of the day.
O: Noise and vibration level are likely to increase due to
greater traffic volume along the road. Specific measures may
be required to minimize impacts on schools, hospitals and
religious facilities.
2.8 Sunshine D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected.
Obstruction
2.9 Wastes/Hazardous D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
Materials C: Waste from construction workers’ camps are expected to be
generated. Waste generated from construction and demolition
work may include hazardous materials that must be treated
before final disposal.
O: Waste will be generated from road users and workers of
maintenance works.
Social Environment
3.1 Involuntary A- D D P: The project will result in large-scale involuntary
Resettlement resettlement, particularly in built-up areas near Tura and Dalu
where structures exist in both sides of the road. Minimizing
C: Resettlement will be completed before construction begins
and thus no resettlement is expected during operation
O: No impact is expected, as relocation will be completed
before construction begins.
3.2 Land Use A- A- D P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement are likely to
cause changes in existing land use pattern.
C: The project will be carried out along the existing road, and
as such, changes in land use associated with construction work
are relatively minor, and land clearance for construction yards
and workers’ camps is temporary.
No impact is expected as sufficient slope
protection/stabilization measures to protect land use.
3.3 Utilization of Local D A- D P: No impact is expected.
Resources C: Mass-scale use of local resources such as sand and
quarrying for the construction activities may obstruct there
utilization by the local people for other purposes.
51
O: No impact is expected as use of local resources is not
expected during operation.
3.4 General, Regional D D D P: No impact is expected.
/City Plans C: No impact is expected.
O: Better infrastructure network may trigger influx of
outsiders and economic development in the region.
3.5 Social Institutions D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as there will be no change in
and Local social institutions and local decision-making institutions such
Decision-making as village councils and women groups
Institutions
3.6 Social Infrastructure A- A- B+ P: Communal facilities such as public hall may be affected by
and Services the project, which negatively affect social infrastructure and
services.
C: Access to social infrastructure and services may be
temporarily affected due to construction of construction yard
and accommodation for workers as well as traffic jams due to
the operation of construction vehicles.
O: The project is expected to improve access to social
infrastructure and services by providing better road network.
3.7 Local Economy and A- A- B+ P: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary
Livelihood resettlement are expected to negatively affect the local
economic and livelihood.
C: Loss of income source and livelihood due to involuntary
resettlement are expected to negatively affect the local
economic and livelihood. On the other hand, construction
work will have positive impact on local economy by creating
employment and business opportunities in the project area.
O: The project will have positive impact on local economy as
improved road network ensures more stable supply of essential
goods. In the long-term, this will lead to regional economic
development with more job and business opportunities.
3.8 Unequal A- A- D P: Land acquisition and involuntary resettlement will lead to
Distribution of unequal distribution of benefits and damage between groups
Benefit and Damage who are directly affected by the project and who are not.
C: While resettling households bear much of the damage,
others may even enjoy benefits from new business
opportunities created by construction work, resulting in
unequal distribution of benefit and damage.
an existing road and the road will continue as before to accrue
benefits to those along the road.
3.9 Local Conflicts of D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as the project is an improvement
Interest of an existing road and structures/services will be equally
restored
3.10 Water Usage, Water D D D P/C/O: No impact is expected as rain water is used for both
Rights and household and agricultural use
Communal Rights
3.11 Cultural and C- D D P: The targeted roads do not traverse or runs near major ruins
Historical Heritage and/or cultural heritage.
C/O: No impact is expected as the project will not affect
cultural and historical heritages
3.12 Religious Facilities A- A- D P: Several memorial stones located along the road may be
affected. Small religious facilities in built-up areas may also
be affected.
52
C: Roadside religious facilities may be affected by noise and
vibration during construction and operation due to
construction work and greater traffic volume.
O: No impact is expected as sufficient noise control measures
will be implemented.
3.13 Sensitive Facilities B- B- D P: Small community facilities (public halls etc.) may have to
(ex. hospital, be relocated incase road widening is implemented within the
school, precision built-up area.
machine factory) C: Noise and vibration during construction work may affect
school and hospitals but the impacts are expected to be minor.
O: Greater traffic volume is expected to increase noise and
vibration level, but adequate mitigation measures will be
implemented.
3.14 Poor People A- A- D P: Given the limited coping capacity of the poor, it is
necessary to assess their vulnerability and develop appropriate
mitigation measures to be included in rehabilitation plan.
C: The poor may bear disproportionally higher burden due to
their limited coping capacity, although they can be benefited
from employment opportunities during construction work.
P: No impact is expected. In the long-term, economic
development in the region is likely to benefit the poor.
3.15 Ethnic Minorities/ A- A- D P/C/O: Tura-Dalu section of NH51 is mainly inhabited by
Indigenous People Garo people, registered Scheduled Tribe in India, with distinct
culture and language. Preparation of RAP and livelihood
restoration plan, therefore, must take into account this factor.
3.16 Gender D C- B+ P: No impact is expected.

C: Equal opportunity should be sought for employment during
construction work. Prevailing social and cultural norms must
be carefully studied to avoid gender-related conflict.
O: Better road condition is expected to reduce the burden of
girls and women who carry water and fuel wood and improve
their safety.
3.17 Children's Rights D D D P: No impact is expected.
C/O：Child labor is unlawful according to article 24 of Indian
Constitution. Only adult is eligible for potential employment
opportunity created by the project.
3.18 Public Health D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
(sanitation and C: Influx of construction workers is likely to increase the
infectious diseases) health risk, particularly that of STD and HIV/AIDS. The risk
of malaria should be properly managed in construction work in
areas where malaria is prevalent.
O: An increase in traffic volume and road users may have
negative impact on public health.
3.19 Occupational Health D B- B- P: No impact is expected.
and Safety (OHS) C: Occupational health and safety of construction work should
be properly managed through adequate Environment
Management Plan.
O: Maintenance and repair work should take into account the
occupational health and safety of the workers.
Others
4.1 Accidents D B- B+/B- P: No impact is expected as the project at this stage does not
alter existing condition.
C: Increase of risks of accidents associated with construction
activities is expected due to the operation of heavy equipment
and vehicles.
53
O: Risks of accidents is expected to increase due to greater
traffic volume and speed. On the other hand, installment of
accident-prevention measures (such as mirrors at curves) will
reduce the risk of accidents.
4.2 GHG emissions D B- B+/B- P: No impact is expected.
C: The use of construction machines and operation of vehicles
will result in an increase in GHG emissions, though the impact
is small and short-term.
O: The GHG emission will increase due to an increase in
traffic volume. The project is expected to improve the
resilience of road against climate change by factoring
long-term climate change (changes/increase in precipitation
etc.) into the road design.
54
CHAPTER 16 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Widening and improvement of the targeted section of NH51 involves major upgrading works
including relaying of pavement and widening road width to 12 m. The proposed project will have both
positive and negative impacts on the surrounding environment during different stages of the project
planning and implementation. This chapter assesses the nature, type and magnitude of the potential
negative impacts on the various relevant environmental and social components along the project area
as identified during the Scoping stage (see Chapter 6). For the assessment of impacts, the baseline
information has been supplemented by the field visits and the primary surveys of the various
environmental components carried out during the study.

16.1.1 Climate (1.17)

Since the proposed project is only widening and strengthening to 2 lane road, no change in the
macroclimate i.e. precipitation, temperature and wind is envisaged. However, there will be localized,
temporary impact due to vegetation removal and the creation of paved surface for road. There may be
an increase in daytime temperature around alignment due to loss of vegetation. The impact will be
more prominent at locations where the cutting of trees is in clusters.
Operation Phase
During operation phase, increased traffic plying will lead to increase in temperature levels
locally along the carriageway though it will be insignificant and temporary.
16.1.2 Topography and geology (1.2, 1.3)

The change in topography (that of existing) is envisaged to some extent at various places along the
entire length of the road while developing 2 lane standard. The change in topography will also happen
due to operation of borrow areas. The construction of material handling yards and labor camps will
also alter the existing topography temporarily.
Operation Phase
During the operation phase, there will be probable induced developments in the form of tourism and
7
The number in bracket corresponds to the serial number in Scoping Matrix (Table 6.1)
55
commercial establishments along the highway. During monsoon, the change in topography will also
be visible due to landslide and damage to side slope and breast wall. The benefits in the form of land
leveling and tree plantations in the vicinity of the project road shall enhance the local aesthetics.
Mitigation Measures
During construction phase, the existing vegetation including shrubs and grasses along the route
(except within the strip directly under embankment or cutting) will be properly maintained. The
borrow areas shall be operated and closed as per the specifications for road and bridge construction
manual of MORTH. The borrow areas shall be filled with the rejected waste/material, spoil and then
finally a layer of topsoil shall be spread over it before carrying out plantation and turfing.
During operation phase, maintenance of embankment will be carried out to avoid soil erosion. The
slope protection/ retaining wall if damaged due to land slide will be repaired promptly. The slope
protection will also be established/strengthened regularly through plantation of shrubs and vegetation.
16.1.3 Soil Erosion (1.4)

Site preparation will involve demolition of building, clearing of brushwood, tree removal and
temporary re-routing of utilities. This brings risks of erosion to the exposed ground and topsoil. The
soil erosion in construction stage may take place at the slope of the embankments, construction sites
of cross drainage structures, at borrow areas and at construction sites which will be cleared.
Operation Phase
The soil erosion in operation stage may take place during operation at side slopes of road and near the
approaches to bridges and interchanges. The risk is higher during monsoon.
Mitigation Measures
To control roadside soil erosion, turfing with grasses and shrubs will be carried out in accordance with
the recommended practice in IRC guidelines. At the locations of steep slopes near crossings of
highway with major rivers suitable protection measures such as stone pitching will be adopted. The
surface area of erodible earth material exposed by clearing and grubbing, excavation, borrow and fill
material operations shall be limited to the extent practicable. The contractor will provide immediate
permanent erosion control measures to prevent soil erosion that will adversely affect construction
operations, damage adjacent properties or cause contamination of nearby streams or other
56
watercourses, village ponds or water bodies etc. The green belt will be developed simultaneously
along with construction activities to control the erosion process. In addition, gabion and apron
concrete will be installed at the outlet of culverts to avoid soil erosion due to water runoff.
During the operation phase, the slope protection measures like sodding, turfing shall be done and
monitored regularly. The green belt will be monitored and replantation for the loss of plants species
will be done immediately. The side ditch on road is designed as concrete lined ditch for all section of
cut side to prevent damage from water runoff. General arrangement plan for side ditch is shown in
figure below.
Figure 16.1 General arrangement plan for side ditch
16.1.4 Hydrology (1.5)

Potential impact on hydrology will be minor, as the project does not involve diversion or re-routing of
existing water resources. However, the existing drainage will be slightly obstructed during the
construction period, but for a limited period. Hence, change in natural drainage pattern is very
insignificant from the present state of the project.
Operation Phase
The projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during operational stages due to increase in
impervious surface and sediment will be accumulation in nearby water bodies.
Mitigation Measures
57
determined. For cross drainage structure, appropriate culvert type is selected by taking account of
economy, construction workability, and maintenance ability. Comparison of different culvert types is
shown below. In principle, pipe culvert is used where the water discharge is comparably small. BOX
culvert is proposed where the water discharge is comparable large. The size is determined to satisfy
the water discharge obtained by hydrological calculation.
Table 16.1 Comparison for culver type
Pipe culvert BOX culvert Slab culvert

Layout
Economy ◎ ○ △
East of ◎ ○ △
Construction
Durability ○ ○ △
Capacity ○ ◎ ◎
Comment To be applied for To be applied for large Not applied
small discharge point discharge point
16.1.5 Groundwater (1.6)
No tunnel is proposed in this project and as such, the project will not affect groundwater level or
quality in the area. If contractor propose to use water from under surface water source, however,
permission from the Water Resource Department and Local Administration is mandatory. The
contractor is expected to properly manage effluents and waste water during the construction stage to
avoid potential influence to the groundwater.
16.1.6 Ecosystem, Flora, Fauna and Biodiversity (1.7)
The main impact on flora involves the removal of trees and grubbing of vegetative cover for
construction and a clear zone within the Right of Way (ROW) and for spoil bank. Widening of the
1-lane to 2 lanes would have negative impact on plant species by way of cutting the trees and shrubs
58
for construction activities. The types of impacts on flora can be as follows:
 Loss of trees;
 Loss of canopies;
 Compaction of vegetation, and
 Pollution and dust accumulation on vegetation.
Meghalaya is one of the wettest regions in the world and home of rich biodiversity. Meghalaya
biodiversity board has listed 139 mammals, 540 birds, 94 reptiles, 33 amphibians and 152 fish species
in the State. While no unique faunal community has been found in the proximity of the project area,
signboards will be used to make sure that workers will be aware of the important species during the
construction state to promote conservation. Relevant information (e.g. encounter with vulnerable
species during engineering work) shall be shared with State Environment and Forest Department with
which the project authority will discuss potential measures to promote conservation and monitoring of
ecosystem shall be carried out as was undertaken during the EIA study. In addition to the efforts to
minimize the scale of forest clearing and impacts associated with construction activity, following
measure will be taken care during construction phase to avoid collision of some wild as well domestic
animals:
 It is suggested that regular monitoring by the forest department should be done;

 Anti-poaching measures during construction phase should be strengthened to check violation
of existing regulations;
 Side barriers will be provided to avoid collision of animals in forest area; and
 Animal under passes will be provided at various suitable locations to avoid accident.
Mitigation Measures
The tree plantation felled will be replaced and compensated according to the Compensatory
Afforestation Policy under the Forest Conservation Act, 1980. Apart from trees earmarked for feeling,
no additional tree clearing within the ROW will be allowed. All construction workers should adhere to
this rule.
Plantation of shrubs and under trees in the median shall be undertaken to prevent the glare of the
vehicles coming in the opposite direction. Construction vehicles, machinery and equipment will move
or be stationed in the (ROW) to prevent compaction of vegetation. While operating on temporarily
acquired land for traffic detours, storage, material handling or any other construction related or
incidental activities, it will be ensured that the trampling of soil will be avoided.
59
Construction of road will involve removal of topsoil and cutting resulting in clearing of vegetation
cover and felling of trees. However such impacts will primarily occur at the project site during initial
period of the construction phase and will be minimized through adoption of mitigation measures. It is
recommended that the lost trees will be compensated at 1:3 ratio. The site of compensatory
afforestation will be specified by the Forest Department during the process of obtaining forest
clearance. As per its guidance, the project proponent will plant saplings (types and number to be
specified) at designated location (either degraded forest or vacant/abandoned jhum area).
Following measure will be taken during construction phase.

 It is suggested that regular monitoring by the forest department should be done. In keeping
view of likely increase in vehicular emissions in the future, the monitoring should include the
assessment of impact due to greater air pollution;
 A suitable landscaping plan for the project road has been prepared to enhance the ecological
status of the area;
 It was noticed, that the project road did not have tree cover at few locations (Jhum lands) tree
plantation at these location will enhance the aesthetics as well as reduce the pollution level of
the area; and
 Initiative should be taken to remove the impacted small girth size trees with the help of Forest
Department and replanted them at designed place. Though cost involvement against this type
of work can be high, it will save the life of growing plants.
Improved road network may trigger poaching. At the moment, educational activities and removal of
traps by rangers are undertaken to reduce poaching. While NHIDCL is not responsible for the control
of poaching, a proposal shall be made to relevant authority regarding the potential increase in
poaching and the necessity of adequate management system, such as restriction of precious wildlife
trade.
16.1.7 Protected Areas/Forest (1.8)

The project road does not traverse or border with national park, wildlife sanctuary or reserved forest.
As discussed above, however, the project will cause deforestation due to removal of trees and
grubbing of vegetative cover for construction and a clear zone within ROW. Based on the field survey
60
and satellite data, forest area accounts about 53.2% of the area to be acquired (or 41.8 ha out of 78.6
ha).
Operation Phase
Increases in traffic volume are likely to have negative impact on forest ecosystem.
Mitigation Measures
At the planning stage, efforts to avoid or minimize the number of trees to be cut have been done as
part of the design for widening of the road. There will also be measures including replanting the trees
at suitable location during the construction stage. Further the plantation at the Jhum lands can also be
taken up as a part of plantation program for the loss of tress. See also section 7.1.6 for measures for
deforestation.
16.1.8 Landscape (1.10)
No site of significant scenic value has been identified along the targeted section of NH51. However,
road and traffic markings to be installed in accordance with IRC:35-1997 will ensure smooth and
orderly flow of traffic and contributes to better aesthetic condition of the road by reducing congestion.
Buses standing indiscriminately on the carriageway to drop or pick-up passengers can seriously affect
capacity of the roadway, besides being a source of accidents. It is, therefore, desirable that on all busy
non-urban highways, consideration should be given to the construction of bus lay-byes of suitable
design at required locations to ensure orderly movement of the through traffic. For convenience of
tourists, it is also proposed that bus bay will be equipped with amenities including public toilets and
bazar shed.
Table 16.2 Proposed Bus Bay Locations for NH51
61
Distance from Section Length
No. Location
Babadam (km) (km)
1 Babadam -
2 Champarea 0.2 0.2
3 Ganol 1 0.6
4 Rongan Hiran 4 3
5 Dap. of Agriculture Rongkhon 6 3
6 Tura 8 2
7 Dadaungiri 19 10
8 Rubber 19 0.2
9 Purakashya 26 7
10 Chokpot 30 4
11 Moropgre 41 12
12 Rengsipara 47 6
13 Rendapara 48 0.8
14 Megupara 55 7
15 Purakhasia 56 0.9
16 Dalu 57 1
In most cases, effluents from existing public toilet along NH51 are discharged without any treatment.
For new public toiles to be constructed in bus bays or replacement of existing toilets that will be
affected by the road widening, septic tack or toilet with an opening for collecting night soil will be
installed to reduce negative impacts.
16.1.9 Natural Disaster (1.11)
Slope along NH51 is covered by very loose quaternary alluvium. It is concerned that slope failure and
erosion have frequently occurred on cut slope along NH51. Therefore, such loose soil slope shall be
cut with 1:1.2 gentler than IRC standard for landslide prevention as shown below. The cut slope shall
be greened by seeding and mulching consisting of jute netting including seeds which cover all over
the slope and prevent erosion by rain water. See also section 7.1.3 and 7.1.4 for measures to improve
road resilience against disaster.

Soil
62
Inproper maintenance of road facilities such as sediment deposition in culverts can cause natural
disasters or exacerbate their impacts. NHIDCI will be responsbible for regular maintenance of road
facilities to reduce the risk of natural disaster during the operation period.
Frequency and intensity of heavy rain is likely to increase due to climate change. In the project area,
an increase of annual rainfall is predicted to be 5-10% for the period from 2021 to 2050. The design
of various components of the road (slope protection, drainage etc.) takes into account likely effect of
climate change. With increase of the rainfall frequency and intensity, river water and groundwater
level are expected to be high, which could cause inundation and damage to the road facilities.
Therefore, spring water points have been carefully studied and subsurface drainage is proposed where
necessary. Flood marker was checked in site reconnaissance and interview survey for the disaster
countermeasure design to inform the road design. The table below shows adaptation measures for
climate change taken into consideration in this road design.
Table 16.4 Adaption Measures for Climate Change in NH51

Factor Design Policy considering Adaptation
· Retaining wall is built all along the road.
· Slope protection work is constructed on some weathered and loosen slopes.
Side Slope · Cut slope is covered with vegetation works to prevent erosion and collapse.
· Replacement of subgrade and subsurface drainage are planned as
countermeasure against sinking.
· Drain filter is sandwiched in embankment.
Embankment · Flood level is confirmed in site reconnaissance and interview survey near river
bank in south of NH51.
· Rainfall intensity is carefully determined based on the authorized data : ATLAS
of Statewise Generalised ISOPLUVIAL MAPs of Eastern India published by
Bridge & Indian Meteorological Department. The isopluvial value from higher edge of
Drainage System counter range is applied.
· The capacity of all structures is determined to be capable for the discharge of
50 years return period.
Pavement · Super elevation is installed properly.
· Pavement material is examined not to rise over 60 °C on the surface.
Road Sign · Wind load and visibility is taken into consideration.
63
16.3.1 Air Pollution (2.1)

The short-term and localized degradation of air quality will occur from dust generation due to
procurement and transport of raw materials from quarries and borrow pits, site clearance, use of heavy
vehicles, machinery/ equipment, stone crushing handling and storage of aggregates and generation of
fine particulate matter (smoke) in asphalt processing. Dust would be generated from haulage of
materials and detouring of traffic on non-permanent, temporary pavement etc.
Hot mix plants contribute substantially to the deterioration of air quality due to emissions of oxides of
Sulphur, Hydrocarbons and particulate matter. During the construction period, temporary impacts
include generation of Odor from construction activities as well as from construction camps. During
construction of road, the movement of different types of construction machinery and vehicle will be
increased. This in other way increases the fuel consumption.
From the results of the ambient air quality monitoring conducted along the road, it is noticed that the
monitoring parameters are within the standards as prescribed by the Central Pollution Control Board
The concentration of the air pollutants will further increase during construction period but for limited
period only. The impacts on air quality during construction will be mostly localized and concentrated
within the ROW. The impacts due to dust generation may felt downwind of the site rather than the site
itself due to local wind pattern.
Operation Phase
The project road is mostly passing through the rural areas with alluvial soil. Dust generation due to
movement of vehicles is envisaged along the project road, but not in significant amount. Due to
increase in speed and volumes of vehicular traffic on the project corridor, marginal increase in the air
pollutant levels is expected but not significant. Widening of road will attract larger community to use
this corridor which in-turn increase the fuel consumption and has direct impact on national economy
and local ecosystem.
Mitigation Measures
The hot mix plants, crushers and the batching plants will be sited at least 500 m in the downwind
direction from the nearest settlement. All precautions to reduce the level of dust emissions from the
hot mix plants, crushers and batching plants will be taken up. The hot mix plant will be fitted with
64
dust extraction system. Asphalt and concrete plants will be operated in conformity with government
pollution control legislation, and located away from the settlements as far as possible. All vehicles,
equipment and machinery used for construction will be regularly maintained to ensure that the
pollution emission levels conform to the SPCB norms. Regular monitoring of particulate Matter at
crusher sites, during the construction, will be conducted. Regular water sprinkling will be done on the
cement and earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing site and temporary service and access roads. After
compacting the earthwork, water will be sprayed to prevent dust emission. The vehicles delivering
construction material will be covered to avoid spilling. Planting of trees/vegetation on the periphery
of the construction site will be taken up.
During the operation stage of the project, vehicular emissions of critical pollutants (RSPM, CO, HC,
SO2, and NOx) will be monitored and roadside tree plantation will be maintained. Over the long-term,
projected increase in traffic volume, particularly ones of heavy trucks, may pose health threat in
roadside community. The peak hourly estimated traffic volumes for the years 2020 and 2035 have
been considered to project future air quality scenarios to provide an indication of long-term variations
in air quality. The future level of air pollution, modeled based on the projected increase in traffic
volume indicates that the level of pollution (CO and NOx levels) will remain below the standard
during the projected period (2035). Nevertheless, mitigation measures such as introducing speed limit
and other measures to control congestion in built-up area may be necessary in the longer term. Also,
local communities should be well informed of the risk of air pollution. Awareness raising campaign
may include distribution of facemask to mitigate risk of air pollution and other information kit.
16.3.2 Water Pollution (2.3)

The Tura-Dau section of NH51 traverses one small stream, and passes through paddy area near Dalu.
Road projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during construction stages, which will
increase sediment accumulation in nearby water bodies. Though most of the natural watercourses are
perennial in nature, the impacts due to the increased run-off would be negligible due to the project
road. During construction, the disposal of solid and liquid waste from labor camps, fuel and lubricant
spills or leaks from construction vehicles, pollution from fuel storage and distribution sites and that
from hot-mix plants is likely to affect water quality unless adequate mitigation measures are designed.
The existing drainage will be slightly obstructed during the construction period, but for a limited
period. Hence, change in natural drainage pattern is very insignificant from the present state of the
project.
65
Use of water for construction activities such as compaction, suppression, concrete work may pose
pressure on local water supplies; the demand would be met from surface water bodies like ponds,
canal and rivers. Municipal water supply will be used only for drinking purposes (for construction
camps), if available and if permitted by the local municipal authority. No local/municipal water
supply would be used for construction purpose.

Road projects may marginally lead to increased run-off during operational stages due to increase in
impervious surface and sediment will be accumulation in nearby water bodies. Though most of the
natural watercourses are non-perennial in nature, the impacts due to the increased run-off would be
negligible due to the project road and will be restricted only during monsoon and early part of
post-monsoon seasons.
In the operation stage, pollutants from vehicles, and accidental fuel spills may make their way into the
receiving environment. The major pollutants of concern are suspended solids, oil and grease, lead etc.
All the rivers present at this road section are non-perennial surface water bodies. No adverse direct
impact on the water quality (both underground and surface water bodies) is expected during the
operation period. The change in natural drainage pattern is very insignificant from the present state of
the project.
Mitigation Measures
To avoid contamination of the various water bodies and drainage channels, construction work close to
the canals or other water bodies will be avoided, especially during monsoon period. All necessary
precautions will be taken to construct temporary or permanent devices to prevent water pollution due
to increased siltation and turbidity. All wastes arising from the project will be disposed off, as per the
State Pollution Control Board norms, so as not to block the flow of water in the channels. The wastes
will be collected, stored and taken to approve disposal sites.
To avoid contamination of the water body and drainage channels from fuel and lubricants, the
vehicles and equipment will be properly maintained and re-fuelled only at designated places. The
slopes of embankment leading to water bodies will be modified and re-canalized so that contaminants
do not enter the water body. Oil and grease traps will be provided at fuelling locations, to prevent
contamination of water.
66
Discharge of oil and grease is most likely from construction vehicle parking area, vehicle repair area
and workshops. An oil interceptor shall be provided to ensure that all wastewater flows into the
interceptor prior to its discharge. The device has a chamber for separation of oil and water and can
handle 200 L/hour of wastewater. The oil float appearing on the surface is removed by periodic
cleaning once a week by skimming off the oil film from the surface.
The sewage system (including septic tanks and soak pits) for construction camps will be properly
designed and built so that no water pollution takes place to any water body or watercourse. The
workplace will have proper medical approval by local medical, health or municipal authorities. The
contractor will make arrangements for water required for construction in such a way that the water
availability and supply to nearby communities remain unaffected. Due to the non-availability of water
required for construction, if a new tube-well is to be bored, prior sanction and approval by the Central
Ground Water Board (CGWB) will be obtained. Wastage of water during the construction will be
minimized.
16.3.3 Bottom Sediment Contamination (2.4)
It is proposed that one 6m long bridge will be replaced with the new one and the super-structure of
seven small bridges will be replaced. During engineering work of the bridges over the rivers,
sediment pollution may occur. As one of the mitigation measures, silt fencing will be provided to
restrict runoff into the water during construction phase.
16.3.4 Soil Contamination (2.5)

The contamination of soil during construction stage is primarily due to construction and allied
activities. The soil contamination may take place due to solid waste from the labor camps setup
during construction stage. This impact is significant at locations of construction camps; stockyards,
hot mix plants, etc. The sites where construction vehicles are parked and serviced are likely to be
contaminated because of leakage or spillage of fuel and lubricants. The contamination of soils can
also occur at the site of hot-mix plants from leakage or spillage of asphalt or bitumen. At the site of
batching plants, because of spillage of cement, leakage of curing agents the soil contamination can
occur. The contamination of soil may take place due to dumping of solid waste in unscientific manner,
leaching of fuel/oil & grease from workshops, petrol stations and DG sets.
67
During the operation stage, soil pollution due to accidental vehicle spills or leaks is a low probability
but potentially disastrous to the receiving environment, should they occur. These impacts can belong
term and irreversible depending upon the extent of spill.
Mitigation Measures
At construction yards, the vehicles/equipment will be maintained and re-fuelled in such a fashion that
oil/diesel spillage does not occur and contaminate the surrounding soil. It will be ensured that the fuel
storage and re-fuelling sites are kept away from drainage channels and important water bodies. At the
washdown and re-fuelling areas, “Oil Water Separators” shall be provided. All spills and discarded
petroleum products shall be disposed off in accordance to the Hazardous Waste Management and
Handling Rules. Fuel storage and re-fuelling areas will be located at least 500 m from all water bodies
near the road alignment. The fuel storage and re-fuelling areas shall not be located on agricultural
lands or productive lands to avoid topsoil contamination. The earthwork will be carried out strictly in
accordance with the design so that no excess earth is borrowed. The construction waste generated will
be reused in the construction of highway.
Bituminous waste will be used after milling and in case bituminous waste is required to be disposed
off it shall be disposed in secured way by providing 50 mm tick clay layer. The solid waste generated
during construction phase which includes municipal waste both organic & inorganic in nature which
shall be stored/treated/disposed off in accordance with Municipal Solid Waste (Management &
Handling) Rules. The hazardous waste may include oil waste, biomedical waste, E-waste etc. This
shall be disposed off in accordance with the Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling &
Transboundary Movement) Rules, Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules and E-Waste
(Management and Handling) Rules respectively.
In the operation stage, the petrol pumps & vehicle washing area located along the ROW will be
monitored regularly for any spillages and corrective remedial measures like spread of sand, provision
of oil & greases separators for passing wash water of petrol pumps & vehicle washing area before
diverting it to water bodies shall be done regularly. The solid waste generated from the way side
amenities will include Municipal Waste both organic and inorganic, hazardous waste (like used
batteries), will be treated in accordance with Municipal Solid Waste (Management & Handling) Rule
and Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules.
68
16.3.5 Ground subsidence (2.6)
Many road subsidence sites have been identified in the slope inventory survey, which was assumed to
occur due to consolidation of loosen subsurface soil and high groundwater level except for
embankment sliding. Replacement of subgrade with 1.0m thick and subsurface drainage is planned as
countermeasures of sinking as shown in below Figure, which will significantly improve the existing
condition.
1
Replacement
m

16.3.6 Noise and vibration (2.7)

During the construction, the major sources of noise pollution are movement of vehicles transporting
the construction material to the construction yard and the noise generating activities at the yard itself.
Mixing, casting and material movement are primary noise generating activities in the yard and will be
uniformly distributed over the entire construction period. Construction activities are expected to
produce noise levels in the range of 80 - 95 dB (A). The major work will be carried out during the
daytime. The noise levels in the project area during the construction stage will be intermittent and
temporary in nature. Typical noise levels associated with the various construction activities and
construction equipment are presented below.
Table 16.5 Typical Noise Levels of Construction Equipment

Construction Equipment Noise Level dB(A)
Bulldozer 80
Jack hammer 81-98
Crane with ball 75-87
Crane 75-77
Bulldozer 80
69
Backhoe 72-93
Cement & Dump trucks 83-94
Jack hammer 81-98
Scraper 80-93
Welding generator 71-82
Grader 80-93
Roller 73-75
Concrete mixer 74-88
Concrete pump 81-84
Concrete vibrator 76
Paver 86-88
Truck 83-94
Tamper 74-77
Air compressor 74-87
Pneumatic tools 81-98
Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, noise from Construction Equipment
and Operations. Building Equipment and Home Appliance. NJID. 300.1. December 31, 1971
At the moment, noise level is within the desired level. The noise level will be increased during
construction period, which have significant impact for a limited period on the surrounding
environment. The noise levels in the working environment are compared with the standards
prescribed by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA-USA) which in-turn are being
enforced by Government of India through Model rules framed under the Factories Act. The acceptable
limits for each shift being of 8 hour duration, the equivalent noise level exposure during the shift is 90
dB(A). Hence noise generated due to various activities in the construction camps may affect workers,
if equivalent 8 hour exposure is more than the safety limit. ACGIH (American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists) proposed an 8 hour Leq limit of 85 dB(A). Exposure to impulses
or impact noise should not exceed 140 dB(A). The workers in general are likely to be exposed to an
equivalent noise level of 80-90 dB(A) in an 8 hour shift for which all statutory precautions as per laws
should be taken into consideration.

During the operation stage of the project, reduction of vehicular engine noise (as a result of reduced
congestion from earlier, smoother flow of traffic due to 2 separate lanes), vehicular body noise (as a
result of reduced development roughness) and reduction of blowing of horns will bring the noise
levels down, but as volume of traffic, mainly heavy duty traffic will be increase in future due to rapid
development and industrialization along the road corridor this may increase noise. The noise
prediction at different scenarios indicate that the noise levels can be exceeding the Noise standards of
55 dB(A) for daytime and 45 dB(A) for night time at several receptor locations without barrier
scenario.
70
Mitigation Measures
The high noise levels will cause discomfort to local residents and workers. Following mitigation
measures shall be adopted to keep the noise and vibration levels under control.
 The plants and equipment used for construction will strictly conform to Central Pollution
Control Board (CPCB) noise standards. Vehicles, equipment and construction machinery
shall be monitored regularly with particular attention to silencers and mufflers to maintain
noise levels to minimum;
 Workers in the vicinity of high noise levels must wear ear plugs, helmets and should be
engaged in diversified activities to prevent prolonged exposure to noise levels of more
than90dB(A);
 In construction sites within 150 m of human settlements, noisy construction will be stopped
between 10 PM and 6 AM except in case of laying of cement concrete pavement for which
lower working temperature is a requirement;
 Hot mix plant, batching or aggregate plants shall not be located within 500 m of sensitive
land use as schools and hospitals;
 Near to the sensitive receptors such as hospitals and schools, noise barriers such as earth,
concrete, wood, metal or double-glazing of windows for façade insulation shall be used;
 Phase demolition, earthmoving and ground-impacting operations so as not to occur in the
same time period. Unlike noise, the total vibration level produced could be significantly less
when each vibration source operates separately
 Construction machinery will be located away from the settlements;
 Careful planning of machinery operation and scheduling of operations can reduce the noise
levels. Use of equipment, emitting noise not greater than 90 dB(A) for the eight-hour
operations shift and locating of construction yards at a distance of at least 500 m from any
residential areas can be adhered to;
 Use of noise shields to construction machinery and provision of earplugs to the heavy
machine operators are some of the mitigation measures, which should be followed by the
contractors during the civil works;
 The noise control measures include limitations on allowable grades. Open-graded asphalt and
avoidance of surface dressings to reduce tire noise in sensitive areas. Maintenance of proper
road surface repairs also helps in reducing noise levels;
 Use of air horns should be minimized on the highway during nighttime. During daytime use
of horns should be restricted at few sensitive locations. This can be achieved through the use
of sign boards along the roadside;
71
 Future development along the road should follow correct land use norms so that sensitive
receptors are not located along the road, specifically along the bypasses; and
 Development of greenbelt along the main road can also bring about considerable reduction in
noise levels. The area available on both sides of the road should be used to develop green
belt comprising selected species of trees with high canopy to provide added attenuation of
noise
16.3.7 Wastes/Hazardous Materials (2.9)
Types of construction waste which are expected to be generated include asphalt chunks, chunks of
concrete, surplus soil, construction scrap materials and organic waste generated by construction
workers. The amount and percentage composition of construction waste will depend on the final
design and the schedule of the construction, and thus generic mitigation measures proposed in EMP
should be updated once the final ROW drawing is completed. All other construction wastes are also
planned to comply with relevant Center or State laws pertaining to waste management.
Table 16.6 Required Volume for Spoil Bank

Sec. Item Unit
Cu.m Cu.m Cu.m

Cut Soil cu.m 41,840 0.9 37,656
1 37,656
Fill Soil cu.m 0
Cut Soil cu.m 77,562 0.9 69,806
2 29,177
Removed Soil
3 cu.m 201,600 201,600
for Replacement
Total 268,433
The volume of surplus soil is estimated as below. Candidate locations with sufficient and necessary
conditions for spoil bank construction have been screened with following criteria:
 To minimize transport of surplus soil, spoil bank should be located at every 5km distance
along NH-51 with following condition;
 No national sanctuary area
72
Based on the above criteria, 9 locations along the stretch of NH-51 have been identified for spoil spoil
bank construction with the total capacity of about 342 cu.m. The list of each candidate site is shown
below.
Table 16.7 List of Spoil Banks
Capacity of
No. Section Sta.
Spoil Bank
Cu.m
1 Sta. 85-94 88+000 47,120
2 105+805 4,620
3 110+000 86,190
4 110+550 58,260
5 119+340 16,856
STA.101-143
6 124+800 77,440
7 130+800 15,526
8 135+420 22,806
9 139+100 12,883
Total in NH-51 341,701
16.4 Socio-Economic Environment

16.4.1 Involuntary Resettlement (3.1)
As per the preliminary ROW design, 367 households (173 households whose houses will be affected
and 194 households whose businesses will be affected) will be affected by the project. The total
number of people is 1,820. Out of these, 319 households (161 households whose houses will be
affected and 158 households whose businesses will be affected) will have to be relocated. The
remaining 48 will be partially affected but relocation will not be necessary. More details about
resettlement impact, resettlement policy and proposed compensation package can be found in the
RAP report.
16.4.2 Land Use (3.2)
The project does not lead to large-scale change in land use as the engineering work will be
constrained mostly along the existing road. On the other hand, construction of spoil bank is likely to
cause changes in land use pattern, potentially affecting existing agricultural and plantation activities.
In particular, several plantation is located by the road and installment of retaining walls, embankment
and slope protection measures not only affect the land but potentially alter long-term productivity by
changing micro-level hydrology. This issue should be taken into account when the compensation for
73
agricultural land/plantation next to existing road is finalized by District Collector.
For sections where NH51 passes through community forest, jhum area and plantation, engineering
work should be scheduled in a way that minimize disruption of access by local people. At the same
time, proper management of effluent and soil erosion shall be carried out to avoid negative impact on
such resources.
16.4.3 Utilization of Local Resources (3.3) and Local Economy and Livelihood (3.7)
Significant volume of local resources such as sand may be used for construction work. This could
cloud out the use of such resources for other purposes in the short-term. In the long-term, the better
road network may attract new business, possibly from outside the state with detrimental impact on
local business/traders. While the project overall will have significant positive impacts on the local and
regional economy, the better transport network may put some groups at risk at least in the short and
medium-term. This is of particular concern because Dalu is at the border with Bangladesh. For
example, if the travel time is reduced thanks to the improved road condition, truck drivers may stop
taking rest in Dalu or other places, negatively affecting local businesses in the project area. These
potential high-risk groups should be identified in the preparation of R&R plan to ensure that they will
not be in a disadvantaged position due to the project.
16.4.4 General, Regional /City Plans (3.4)
The project will create new opportunities for village and block-level development planning. In
particular, the construction of spoil bank will create large area of flat land where such surface is a
scarce commodity. The development of spoil bank, therefore, should be coordinated with the
village/block development plan so that the land will benefit the community.
16.4.5 Social Institutions and Local Decision-making Institutions (3.5)
Being a tribal state, block and village council and traditional community leaders called Nokma have
significant influence on decision-making process in the area. As such, their support and cooperation is
critical in smooth implementation of the project, particularly activities related to resettlement. The
implementation of EMP as well as RAP/R&R should be built on existing social institutions and will
be best guided by local people, rather than outside experts.
16.4.6 Social Infrastructure and Services (3.6)
For most people residing along NH51, the highway is the only route of access to social infrastructures
74
such as schools and hospitals. Construction activity is likely to cause temporary disturbance to their
access to such infrastructure and service and therefore, schedule and timing of the engineering activity
should be developed in consultation with the local community. When road blockage is necessary, e.g.
for blasting, the local community should be informed in advance so that they can make alternate plan
accordingly.
16.4.7 Unequal Distribution of Benefit and Damage (3.8) and Local Conflicts of Interest (3.9)
Roadside location offers critical advantages for local business (tea stalls, restaurant, petty shops).
Resettlement from roadside to inner part o the village may significantly undermine the viability of
these businesses, and therefore, business owners to be affected may be worse off compared with
farmers to be relocated. Likewise, allocation of plot in resettlement site may become a source of
conflicts among affected households who wish to be relocated to more advantageous plots. Sound
arbitration and conflict resolution mechanism by local leaders should be in place for smooth
implementation of RAP and R&R activity.
16.4.8 Water Usage, Water Rights and Communal Rights (3.10)
Irrigation is not practiced along the project area and thus water is not likely to become a source of
conflicts in the course of project implementation.
16.4.9 Cultural and Historical Heritage (3.11)
No sites of cultural or historical significance have been identified along the project road.
16.4.10 Religious Facilities (3.12) and Sensitive Facilities (3.13)
The project will not affect religious facility, but the access to churches may be impaired during the
construction stage. Given the significance of religious belief in the area, access to these facilities,
particularly Sunday mass, should not be disturbed by construction activities. Similarly, more stringent
standard for noise and vibration and air quality should be adopted where sensitive facilities such as
school and hospitals are located.
16.4.11 Poor People (3.14)
The baseline survey has identified gap between official poverty level and poverty level as reported by
the people. R&R activity should take into account the limited coping capacity of the local community
and develop measures that leads to sustainable income generation of the affected people, rather than
one-off payment of compensation and assistance.
75
16.4.12 Ethnic Minorities/ Indigenous People (3.15)
In the state of Meghalaya, the tribal (Scheduled Tribe: ST) population constitutes about 85% of the
total population. Most of affected people belong to Garo tribe except for Dalu town with sizable
Bengali community. Majority of the affected people also belong to ST, and hence they are not
minority. While tribal groups in project area holds traditional culture, including shifting cultivation in
forest called jhum, they freely interact and share their sources of water, folklore, food, infrastructure
and other belongings with the non-ST and other tribal population within and outside community. This
is clear from the fact that Bengali and Garo community along NH51 co-exist peacefully without
ethnicity-related tensions. Moreover, ST population in project area is not isolated from outside and
they are open to new ideas such as family planning and formal education.
16.4.13 Gender (3.16)
Tribal and non-tribal women in North East States enjoy a relatively higher position in the society than
what their non-tribal counterparts do, which is reflected in their high literacy rate. Garo women are
largely involved in household work, collection of forest produce, firewood collection, cultivation and
other agricultural activities and thus they will be affected in a way that is different from their male
counterpart. In order to ensure that affected women will not be disadvantaged, a dedicated chapter on
gender issue is included in this RAP in which options to facilitate women’s participation in project
implementation and various opportunities to be created by the project is discussed. In particular,
women shall have preferential access to specific types of project-related job opportunities, including
light-duty work and part-time jobs that do not interfere with women’s responsibility at home.
16.4.14 Public Health (sanitation and infectious diseases) (3.18) and Occupational Health and
Safety (OHS) (3.19)
The health and safety measures at design, construction and operation phase are given below.
Table 16.8 Health and Safety Measures

Design Stage
Geometric Correction at Critical Critical curves have been rectified to maintain project design speed and
Curves visibility. (IRC-86-1983 “ Geometric Design for Road in Plains”)
Construction Stage
Health hazard to workers due to At every workplace, good and sufficient potable water (as per IS) supply
bad water and sanitation shall be ensured to avoid water-borne diseases and to secure the health of
workers.
Adequate drainage, sanitation and waste disposal shall be provided at
workplaces.
Preventive Medical care shall be provided to workers.
76
Health/ social hazard, sexual Segregation of male and female areas in labor camp shall be executed.
harassment to female workers
Hygiene at Construction Camps The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, erect and
maintain necessary (temporary) living accommodation and ancillary
facilities for labour to standards and scales approved by the resident
engineer.
There shall be provided within the precincts of every workplace,
latrines and urinals in an accessible place, and the accommodation,
separately for each for these, as per standards set by the Building and
other Construction Workers (regulation of Employment and Conditions
of Service) Act. Except in workplaces provided with water-flushed
latrines connected with a well designed septic tank, all latrines shall be
provided with low cost ‘Twin Pit Latrine’ system. The pit can be closed
after the construction is over. There shall be adequate supply of water,
close to latrines and urinals.
All temporary accommodation must be constructed and maintained in
such a fashion that uncontaminated water is available for drinking,
cooking and washing. The sewage system for the camp must be
properly designed, built and operated so that no health hazard occurs
and no pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses takes place.
Compliance with the relevant legislation must be strictly adhered to.
Garbage bins must be provided in the camp and regularly emptied and
the garbage disposed off in a lined landfill sites. Construction camps
are to be sited away from vulnerable people and adequate health care is
to be provided for the work force.
On completion of the works, the whole of such temporary structures
shall be cleared away, all rubbish burnt, excreta or other disposal pits or
trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the whole of the site left
clean and tidy, at the Contractor’s expense, to the entire satisfaction of
the Engineer.
Abandoned Quarry will Reclamation measure shall be adopted with garland of trees around the
accumulate water and act as a periphery. The quarry dust and waste shall be used for refilling. The
breeding ground for disease remaining portion should be covered with trees. If the quarry site is
vectors. porous, it shall be used by groundwater recharging.
Risk from Operations The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as
required for the safety of the workmen as far as those are applicable to
this project. The contractor shall supply all necessary safety appliances
such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff.
The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding safe
scaffolding, ladders, working platforms, gangway, stairwells,
excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.
Risk from Electrical Equipment Adequate precautions will be taken to prevent danger from electrical
equipment. No material or any of the sites will be so stacked or placed
as to cause danger or inconvenience to any person or the public. All
necessary fencing and lights will be provided to protect the public. All
machines to be used in the construction will conform to the relevant
Indian Standards (IS) codes, will be free from patent defect, will be
kept in good working order, will be regularly inspected and properly
maintained as per IS provisions and to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
Risk at Hazardous Activity All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, cement, lime
mortars, concrete etc., will be provided with protective footwear and
protective goggles. Workers, who are engaged in welding works, would
be provided with welder’s protective eye-shields. Stone-breakers will
be provided with protective goggles and clothing and will be seated at
sufficiently safe intervals.
The use of any herbicide or other toxic chemical shall be strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. The Engineer shall be
given at least 6 working day notice of the proposed use of any herbicide
77
or toxic chemical. A register of all herbicides and other toxic chemicals
delivered to the siteshall be kept and maintained up to date by the
Contractor. The register shall include the trade name, physical properties
and characteristics, chemical ingredients, health and safety hazard
information, safe handling and storage procedures, and emergency and
first aid procedures for the product.
Risk of Lead Pollution No man below the age of 18 years and no woman shall be employed on
the work of painting with products containing lead in any form. No
paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of
paste or readymade paint. Face masks will be supplied for use by the
workers when paint is applied in the form of spray or a surface having
lead paint dry rubbed and scrapped.
Risk caused by Force’ Majure All reasonable precaution will be taken to prevent danger of the
workers and the public from fire, flood, drowning, etc. All necessary
steps will be taken for prompt first aid treatment of all injuries likely to
be sustained during the course of work.
Risk from Explosives Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered or authorized by the
Engineer, the Contractor shall not use explosives.
The Contractor shall at all times take every possible precaution and shall
comply with appropriate laws and regulations relating to the importation,
handling, transportation, storage and use of explosives and shall, at all
times when engaged in blasting operations, post sufficient warning
flagmen, to the full satisfaction of the Engineer.
The Contractor shall at all times make full liaison with and inform well in
advance and obtain such permission as is required from all Government
Authorities, public bodies and private parties whatsoever concerned or
affected or likely to be concerned or affected by blasting operations.
Malaria risk The Contractor shall, at his own expense, conform to all anti-malarial
instructions given to him by the Engineer, including filling up any
borrow pits which may have been dug by him
Loss of Access At all times, the Contractor shall provide safe and convenient passage
for vehicles, pedestrians and livestock to and from side roads and
property accesses connecting the project road. Work that affects the use
of side roads and existing accesses shall not be undertaken without
providing adequate provisions to the prior satisfaction of the Engineer.
The works shall not interfere unnecessarily or improperly with the
convenience of public or the access to, use and occupation of public or
private roads, railways and any other access footpaths to or of
properties whether public or private.
Traffic Jams and Congestion Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall be prepared and submitted to the
Site Engineer/ Project Director for approval 5 days prior to
commencement of works on any section of road. The traffic control
plans shall contain details of temporary diversions, details of
arrangements for construction under traffic and details of traffic
arrangement after cessation of work each day.
Temporary diversion (including scheme of temporary and acquisition)
will be constructed with the approval of the designated Engineer.
Special consideration shall be given in the preparation of the traffic
control plan to the safety of pedestrians and workers at night.
The Contractor shall ensure that the running surface is always
properly maintained, particularly during the monsoon
so that no disruption to the traffic flow occurs. As far as
possible idling of engines shall be avoided to curb
pollution.
The temporary traffic detours shall be kept free of dust by frequent
78
Traffic Control and Safety The Contractor shall take all necessary measures for the safety of traffic
during construction and provide, erect and maintain such barricades,
including signs, markings, flags, lights and flagmen as may be required
by the Engineer for the information and protection of traffic
approaching or passing through the section of the highway under
improvement.
All signs, barricades, pavement markings shall be as per the MORT&H
specification. Before taking up construction on any section of the
highway, a traffic control plan shall be devised to the satisfaction of the
Engineer. Excavated pits shall be filled to avoid falling of animals/
human beings.
Operation Phase
Dwellers in settlements may rush Specially design urban section and footpath sections shall be applied to
to high way and meet accident the necessary locations.
Vehicles parked in settlements Specially designed parking areas shall be executed at the required
may lead to narrow carriageway locations.
Fast moving vehicles may threat Specially designed pedestrian crossings shall be constructed at required
safety in settlements. locations.
Accidents involving hazardous The rules s defined Hazardous waste handling Act shall be compiled.
materials. Vehicles delivering hazardous substances shall be printed with
appropriate signs.
In case of spillage, the report to relevant departments will be made and
instructions followed in taking up the contingency measures.
Other Safety Measures Traffic Management plan shall be developed especially along congested
locations.
Traffic control measures including speed limits will be enforced strictly.
Further growth of encroachment and squatting within row shall be
discoursed.
16.5 Other Issues

16.5.1 Accidents (4.1)
Construction Phase Impacts

The project will improve the road safety through design measures identified during the various road
surveys. Road safety will be enhanced in the project through engineering (design), enforcement
(safety measures, signage, etc.) and education. The issue of road safety is one of the key issues that
may surface in construction stage. During the construction stage, dismantling of structure, cutting of
trees, haulage material obstructing vision, spillage of lubricants on road making it slippery is
generally the cause of road accidents. Similarly, in operation stage, increase in traffic and increase in
speed would tend to increase in accidents. In spite of these, the social benefits from the project are
quite significant.
It is likely that there will be some concern of safety for highway users during construction period, as
haulage of material and other equipment would restrict movement of vehicles. Highway patrolling
system with ambulance facility and crane will render assistance to users in distress and disabled
79
vehicles which in-turn will improve the safety level.
Operation Phase Impacts

The proposed project implementation would improve the road safety for the highway users as well as
locals living by the side of the road. In operation stage, increase in traffic and increase in speed would
tend to increase in accidents. In-spite of these, the social benefits from the project are quite significant.
In operation phase, increase in vehicle speed may cause thereof to the safety of pedestrians and for
cattle for crossing road.
Mitigation Measures
Street furniture known as road studs, blinker or cat’s eye include equipment installed on road or
roadside to assist visibility of road alignment/structures. They are retro-reflective safety devices used
in road marking. Generally, it consists of two pairs of reflective glass spheres set into a white rubber
dome, mounted in a cast-iron housing. This is the kind that marks the centre of the road, with one pair
of devices showing in each direction. A single-ended form has become widely used in other colors at
road margins and as lane dividers.
Since the NH51 is located in mountainous region, hair-pin bends are unavoidable from the viewpoint
of cost and environmental impact. Design speed of 20km/h is applied for hair-pin bends, while design
speed of 30km/h is adopted in general. Small horizontal curves such as R20m-R25m are used in steep
terrain to avoid large-scale earthwork and/or demolition of houses. At those sub-standard sections,
securing traffic safety by applying combination of facilities shall be considered.
In hair-pin bends, it is difficult to secure overtaking sight distance and thus, the section shall be
designated as no-overtaking section. In order to inform that to drivers, the double centre line with
marking of pair of solid lines is applied. Cats eyes to delineate road alignment are to be installed on
the centre line and lane edges so that drivers will be able to identify the direction he should go before
entering into the curve. Furthermore, traffic signs and guard rails shall be properly equipped to avoid
hazardous accidents. Figure 7.3 shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to be installed
at hair-pin bends.
80
Guard Rail
Cats Eye
Centreline Marking
30
20 20
30
In the locations where the existing bridges are to be utilized with rehabilitation works, carriageway
width becomes narrower than that of earthwork sections due to the difference in shoulder width. It is,
therefore, proposed to install facilities that notify drivers the decrease in carriageway width and
existence of concrete curb. Figure 7.4 shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to be
installed at narrow bridges.
Cats Eye

Figure 16.4 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Narrow Bridges
In built-up areas near Tura and Dalu, there are a lot of buildings, shops or houses at roadside as well
as pedestrians going along the sidewalk and crossing the road. Furthermore, more road facilities such
81
as bus stops are necessary than rural sections. Therefore, drivers have to handle much information on
roads/traffic and decide their maneuvers in a short time at built-up areas. In order to assist road users
in obtaining information, appropriate traffic signs and road markings shall be provided properly.
Figure 7.5 shows an example of combined traffic safety facilities to be installed at built-up sections.

Figure 16.5 Traffic Safety Facilities to be installed at Built-up Sections
16.5.2 GHG emissions (4.2)
There is a possibility of increased GHG emission due to the operation of heavy vehicles as well as
traffic jams incidental to the construction works, this impact will be temporary. On the other hand, it
is expected that the GHG emission will be increase due to increase traffic volume. The increase will
be mitigated by keeping good road conditions which will reduce consumption of extra fuel and
congestion, thereby mitigating GHG emissions over time.
Monitoring shall be carried out to check the impact of increased emissions on forest/plantation and
measures (e.g. additional plantation) shall be undertaken to mitigate negative impacts as necessary.
82
CHAPTER 17 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
17.1 Overview
Descriptions of environment management measures during different stages of the project are provided
in this chapter.
17.1.1 Pre-construction Stage
Required management measures during the pre-construction stage include the clearance of the ROW,
plantation of trees, the measures for protecting/replacing community resources such as electric poles,
public urinals and water points that are likely to be impacted. Their enhancement shall also be
completed before construction work starts so that the community can start using these when the
construction activity begins.
17.1.2 Construction Stage
This will be most crucial and active stage for the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). In addition
to the monitoring of the construction activity itself to ensure that the environment is not damaged
beyond permissible limits, the enhancement of cultural and community properties, mitigation and
enhancement measures for water bodies through proper treatment of spoil soils will be undertaken as
the construction progresses. To facilitate implementation of the enhancement and mitigation measures
suggested, working drawings of the same have been provided in the Appendices. In addition, the
provision of proper risk management with respect to construction activities such as accidental spillage
is critical at this stage to avoid damage to flora and fauna, agricultural land and other sensitive
resources. Typical locations of concerns include the locations of hot-mix plants (spillage of fuel,
bitumen etc.) and labor camp sites.
17.1.3 Operation Stage
The operation stage will essentially entail monitoring activity along the project area. In addition to
checking the efficacy of the protection/ mitigation/ enhancement measures implemented, this will help
verify or refuse the predictions made as a part of the impact assessment. Thus, it will complete a very
important feedback loop for the project.
83
17.2 Environment Management Plan for Mitigation of Negative Impacts
The detailed measures adopted and/or to be adopted during different stages of the project to mitigate
negative impacts and enhance positive aspects are shown in Table 8.1 to 8.3. The responsibility for
implementation and supervision of EMPs are vested with three agencies, namely Contractors, PIU,
and Supervision consultants (SC). The Contractors herein mean the agency hired for execution of the
construction works for the respective contract packages. PIU would be implementation agency with
the support of PWD. The Figure below indicates implementation structure of the EMP.
PIU (Tura) NHIDCL Regional

Office and HQ
Executive Engineer Supervision Consultant
Assistant Engineer Environment Specialist
Contractor
NGO/Consultant/Academia Local community
Figure 17.1 Institutional Arrangement for EMP Implementation
It has been proposed that Executive Engineer (environment) based in Tura will be in charge for the
implementation of EIA and EMP for this project. Such an engineer will be assisted by Assistant
Engineer (Environment), who will be assisted by a Junior Engineer as well as Supervision consultant
(and Environment Specialist) and contractor.
The construction supervision consultant are expected to have in-house capacity to advise on and
supervise the implementation of the EMP including suggesting enhancement design options and
modifications, as necessary. For this purpose, the supervision consultant will employ a full-time
environmental specialist.
84
Compensatory plantation and maintenance and protection of vegetation will be required as part of
environmental mitigation and enhancement works. Likewise, spoil soils shall be used, where possible,
to create community assets such as playground as per request of the community. In these types of
works, the project may engage NGO, Consultant or experts from local universities to liaise with local
community for effective implementation of the project.
85
Table 17.1 Environmental Management Plan for Pre-Construction Stage
 All requirements of the RAP as All areas Before construction
P1 applicable shall be complete before begins Government of
start of construction stage. The Meghalaya,
activities broadly include acquisition District Revenue
Relocation of Project Affected Persons
of land and structures, relocation of authorities, Nokma PIU, SC
(PAP)
utilities, payment of compensation and
and provision assistance NGO/Consultant/Ac
ademica
 Minimize the scale of vegetation All areas Before construction

P2 clearing by factoring begins
vegetation/forest cover in the final
design of the road alignment process
 Removal of trees to be carried out (Reforestration/replan
PIU, Contractor, PIU, SC, Forest
Removal of vegetation after forest clearance is obtained tation may extend to
Forest Dept. Dept.
 Reforestation/replantation of trees at during/after
a term as instructed by the Forest construction)
Dept. or by the Forest Dept.
 Activity shall be supervised to avoid
poaching of animals
86
 Camps shall be located at least 500m All construction campsite During Establishment,
P3 away from the nearest built-up area. identified by the Operation and
 Sewage system for a construction contractor and approved Dismantling of Such
laborer’s camp shall be designed, by SC Camps.
built and operated so that no
pollution to ground or adjacent water
bodies/ watercourses takes place.
Garbage bins shall be provided in the
camps and regularly emptied and the
garbage disposed off in a hygienic
manner, to the satisfaction of the
Setting up construction camps relevant norms and the Engineer. Contractor PIU, SC
 In relation to underground water
resources, the contractor shall take
all necessary precaution to prevent
interference with such water
resources.
 All relevant provisions of the
Factories Act, 1948 and the Building
and other Construction Workers
(regulation of Employment and
Conditions of Service) Act, 1996
shall be adhered to.
 Hot mix plants and batching plants All hot-mix and batching During Erection,
P4 shall be located sufficiently away plants Testing, Operation
from habitation and agricultural and Dismantling of
Setting up hot mix plants operations. Such Plants. Contractor PIU, SC
 Where possible such plants will be
located at least 1000m away from the
nearest habitation.
 Location of dumping sites shall be All areas identified as During mobilization
P5 finalized. The sites shall meet potential dumping sites
following conditions: i) dumping
Finalizing sites for surplus soil dumping Contractor PIU, SC
does not impact natural drainage
courses; ii) no endangered/rare flora
is impacted by such dumping
 The contractor shall identify All area During mobilization
P6 locations sensitive to landslides (in
addition to the ones that area already
Identification of hazard-prone locations Contractor PIU, SC
identified) and shall duly report these
to the Supervision Consultant (SC)
and to PIU.
87
P7  Location of relocation sites shall be Near villages with
identified in consultation with large-scale resettlement
district/village authorities and PAPs.
Identify and prepare relocation sites PIU PIU
 Sites to be developed including
provision of necessary utilities such
as water and electricity.
Table 17.2 Environmental Management Plan for Construction Stage

Soil
C1 Soil Erosion in Borrow Pits  The depth of borrow pits shall be On approved locations of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
restricted so that sides of the borrow pits. Supervision
excavation shall have a slope not Consultant
steeper than 1:4, from the edge of the
final section of the bank.
C2 Loss of top soil in Borrow pits  Agricultural fields or productive land On approved locations of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be avoided for borrowing earth. borrow pits. Supervision
If unavoidable topsoil shall be Consultant
preserved and used for tree
plantation.
C3 Compaction of Soil  Construction equipment and vehicles Throughout corridor. Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be restricted to move only Supervision
within designated area to avoid Consultant
compaction of productive soil.
C4 Soil erosion in embankments  Pitching shall be done for slope At the places of Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
stabilization as per the IRC embankments Supervision
guidelines Consultant
88
C5 Contamination of soil from fuel and  Construction vehicles and equipment Near Labor camp and Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
lubricants shall be operated and maintained in sites of installation of Supervision
such a manner so that soil Construction machineries. Consultant
contamination due to its spillage
shall be minimum.
water bodies.
C6 Contamination of land from construction  Debris generated due to the Solid waste dump Site Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
waste and quarry materials dismantling of the existing pavement identified and approved Supervision
structure and the cutting of the by SPCB or competent Consultant
hillside for the widening shall be authority.
suitably reused in the proposed Throughout the area
construction, such as for fill
materials for embankments.
 Debris and other material obtained
from existing embankment shall be
dumped in approved landfill site
already identified by concerned
agency. All spoils shall be disposed
 Construction waste including non-
bituminous and bituminous waste
shall be dumped in approved landfill
site identified by State Pollution
Control Board (SPCB) or competent
authority. All spoils shall be disposed
C7 Loss of top soil in land acquisition  Topsoil shall be stripped, stored and Throughout the area Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
shall be laid on ground for Supervision
landscaping purpose. Consultant
Water
89
C8 Contamination of water by fuel/ oil  Construction vehicles / equipment Near labor camp and sites Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
spillage of vehicle shall be operated and maintained in of installation of Supervision
such a manner to avoid Construction machineries. Consultant
contamination of water bodies due to
oil spillage.
water bodies.
C9 Contamination of stagnant water body by  Labor camp shall not be allowed Preapproved locations Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
fecal matters from labor camp. near any of the water bodies. away from the water Supervision
 The proper sanitation facilities shall bodies. Consultant
be provided.
C10 Deposition of dust in open wells near  The mouth/opening of the well shall All the wells along the Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction site be covered with suitable material project corridor. Supervision
during any of the construction Consultant
activity so as to prevent dust entering
in the well.
C11 Using drinking water for construction  The contractor shall make At respective planned Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
purpose arrangements for water required for construction sites Supervision
construction in such a way that water Consultant
availability and supply to nearby
community is unaffected.
 Wastage of water shall be kept
minimum during construction.
C12 Hand pump close to road may get  All the Hand pumps shall be At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affected in widening relocated to suitable alternate place. locations Supervision
Consultant
C13 Wells or water storage system may get  Alternate arrangements will be made At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affected in widening for all the Wells or water storage locations Supervision
system Consultant
C14 Altering flow of natural drains  Drain shall be channelized with At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
Slope protection - Gabion Structure. locations Supervision
Consultant
C15 Sanitation of waste disposal in  The construction of camps will be Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction camps done with sufficient buffer from located Supervision
habitation. Consultant
 At construction sites and labor camps
sufficient no of latrines will be
provided.
 The sewage generated from the
camps will be properly disposed off
so that it does not affect water bodies
90
Air
C16 Emission from construction vehicles and  All vehicles, equipment and Wherever the hot mix Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
machinery. machinery shall be selected to meet plant and batching plant is Supervision
recognized international and national setup. Consultant
standards for emissions and shall be
maintained and operated in a manner
that ensures relevant air, noise and
discharge rules.
 Only unleaded petrol and low
sulphur diesel or sulphur free diesel
shall be used as fuel for vehicles,
equipment and machinery.
C17 Air pollution from various plants  The asphalt plants, crushers and Locations near Settlement Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
affecting settlements batching plants shall not be sited at Supervision
least 500 m in leeward direction Consultant
from nearest human settlement
C18 Air pollution may exceed the limits  Regular monitoring or air quality Locations given in Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
prescribed by Central Pollution Control parameters during the construction Environmental Supervision
Board. period as envisaged in the Monitoring Plan. Consultant
Environmental Monitoring Plan.
C19 Vehicles will generate dust and suspended  The dust generated by vehicles on Wherever the plants are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
particles. site shall be arrested using a water setup and sensitive Supervision
tanker fitted with sprinkler capable locations as suggested in Consultant
of applying water uniformly with a monitoring plan.
controllable rate of flow to variable
widths of surface but without any
flooding.
Noise
C20 Noise levels from vehicles. Asphalt plants  The plants and equipment used for Wherever the plants are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and equipment construction shall confirm to CPCB setup. Supervision
norms. Consultant
 Vehicles and equipment used shall be
fitted with silencer.
 Any vehicle and machinery shall be
kept in good working order and
engines turned off when not in use.
 All equipment and plants shall
strictly be placed away from
educational institutes and hospitals.
 Regular monitoring of noise
parameters (Leq) during the
construction period as envisaged in
the Environmental Monitoring Plan.
91
C21 Noise from blasting operations  Blasting as per Indian Explosives act At the sites where the Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
will be carried out. blasting is required and in Supervision
 People living near such blasting quarry sites Consultant
operation sites shall be informed
before the operational hours.
 Workers at blasting sites shall be
provided with earplugs.
C22 Noise barriers  Construction of noise barriers in the All along the corridor Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
form of walls at Sensitive locations wherever the sensitive Supervision
upon consultation with stakeholders. locations like schools, Consultant
hospitals and other
community places are
located.
Flora and Fauna
C23 Tree cutting for widening  Three trees shall replace each tree Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
cut for the purpose. area Supervision
 The Engineer shall approve such Consultant
felling only when the NHIDCL Forest Dept.
receives a “clearance” for such
felling from the MOEF, as
applicable.
 Trees felled shall be replaced as per
the compensatory afforestation
criteria in accordance with the
Forests (Conservation) Act, 1980.
C24 Damage or Loss of Important Flora  During construction, at any point of Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
time, if a rare/ threatened/endangered area. Supervision
flora species is found, it shall be Consultant
conserved in a suitable manner in
consultation with authorities. The
Engineer shall approve detailed
conservation processes, plans and
designs as well as associated
modification in the project design.
Health and Hygiene
92
C25 Health hazard to workers due to bad  At every workplace, good and Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
water and sanitation sufficient potable water (as per IS setup Supervision
10500) supply shall be ensured to Consultant
avoid water-borne diseases and to
secure the health of workers.
 Adequate drainage, sanitation and
waste disposal shall be provided at
workplaces.
 Preventive Medical care shall be
provided to workers.
C26 Health hazard to workers by various  Personal protective equipment shall Throughout the project Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
construction activity be provided to worker as per the area Supervision
Factories Act. Consultant
C27 Health/ social hazard, sexual harassment  Segregation of male and female areas Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
to female workers in labor camp shall be executed. setup Supervision
Consultant
93
C28 Hygiene at Construction Camps  The Contractor during the progress Wherever labor camp is Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
of work will provide, erect and setup Supervision
maintain necessary (temporary) Consultant
living accommodation and ancillary
facilities for labor to standards and
scales approved by the resident
engineer.
 These shall be provided within the
precincts of every workplace, latrines
and urinals in an accessible place,
and the accommodation, separately
for each for these, as per standards
set by the Building and other
Construction Workers (regulation of
Employment and Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996. There shall be
adequate supply of water, close to
latrines and urinals.
 All temporary accommodation must
be constructed and maintained in
such a fashion that uncontaminated
water is available for drinking,
cooking and washing. The sewage
system for the camp must be
properly designed, built and operated
so that no health hazard occurs and
no pollution to the air, ground or
adjacent watercourses takes place.
Compliance with the relevant
legislation must be strictly adhered
to. Garbage bins must be provided in
the camp and regularly emptied and
the garbage disposed off in a lined
landfill sites. Construction camps are
to be sited away from vulnerable
people and adequate health care is to
be provided for the work force.
94
C28 Hygiene at Construction Camps  On completion of the works, the
whole of such temporary structures
shall be cleared away, all rubbish
burnt, excreta or other disposal pits
or trenches filled in and effectively
sealed off and the whole of the site
left clean and tidy, at the
Contractor’s expense, to the entire
C29 Abandoned Quarry will accumulate water  Reclamation measure shall be All quarry locations. Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and act as a breading ground for disease adopted with garland of trees around Supervision
vectors. the periphery. The quarry dust and Consultant
waste shall be used for refilling. The
remaining portion should be covered
with trees.
Safety
C30 Safety of vehicles plying on road while  Prior arrangement/traffic diversion Throughout the project Construction stage Contractor and PIU
the construction activity is going on. for safe passage of vehicles shall be area Supervision
made with proper direction and Consultant
signage at the construction site.
 Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall
each day.
95
C31 Risk from Operations  The Contractor is required to comply All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
with all the precautions as required Supervision
for the safety of the workmen as far Consultant
as those are applicable to this
contract.
 The contractor shall supply all
necessary safety appliances such as
safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc.,
to the workers and staff. The
contractor has to comply with all
regulation regarding safe scaffolding,
ladders, working platforms,
gangway, stairwells, excavations,
trenches and safe means of entry and
egress.
C32 Risk from Electrical Equipment  Adequate precautions will be taken All construction Site Construction stage Contractor and PIU
to prevent danger from electrical Supervision
equipment. No material or any of the Consultant
sites will be so stacked or placed as
to cause danger or inconvenience to
any person or the public.
 All necessary fencing and lights will
be provided to protect the public. All
machines to be used in the
construction will conform to the
relevant Indian Standards (IS) codes,
will be free from patent defect, will
be kept in good working order, will
be regularly inspected and properly
maintained as per IS provisions and
to the satisfaction of the Engineer.
96
C33 Risk at Hazardous Activity  All workers employed on mixing All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
asphaltic material, cement, lime Supervision
mortars, concrete etc., will be Consultant
provided with protective footwear
and protective goggles. Workers,
who are engaged in welding works,
would be provided with welder’s
protective eye-shields.
Stone-breakers will be provided with
protective goggles and clothing and
will be seated at sufficiently safe
intervals.
 The use of any herbicide or other
toxic chemical shall be strictly in
accordance with the manufacturer’s
instructions. The Engineer shall be
given at least 6 working day’s notice
of the proposed use of any herbicide
or toxic chemical. A register of all
herbicides and other toxic chemicals
delivered to the site shall be kept and
maintained up to date by the
Contractor. The register shall include
the trade name, physical properties
and characteristics, chemical
ingredients, health and safety hazard
information, safe handling and
storage procedures, and emergency
and first aid procedures for the
product. This should comply with
Hazardous Material Act.
C34 Risk of Lead Pollution  Nobody below the age of 18 years All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
and no woman shall be employed on Supervision
the work of painting with products Consultant
containing lead in any form. No paint
containing lead or lead products will
be used except in the form of paste
or readymade paint.
 Facemasks will be supplied for use
by the workers when paint is applied
in the form of spray or a surface
having lead paint dry rubbed and
scrapped
97
C35 Risk caused by Force’ Majure  All reasonable precaution will be All construction Site Construction stage Contractor and PIU
taken to prevent danger of the Supervision
workers and the public from fire, Consultant
flood, drowning, etc. All necessary
steps will be taken for prompt first
aid treatment of all injuries likely to
be sustained during the course of
work.
C36 Risk from Explosives  Except as may be provided in the Place of use of Explosives Construction stage Contractor and PIU
contract or ordered or authorized by Supervision
the Engineer, the Contractor shall not Consultant
use explosives. Where the use of
explosives is so provided or ordered
or authorized, the Contractor shall
comply with the requirements of the
following Sub-Clauses of this Clause
besides the law of the land as
applicable.
 The Contractor shall at all times take
every possible precaution and shall
comply with appropriate laws and
regulations relating to the
importation, handling, transportation,
storage and use of explosives and
shall, at all times when engaged in
blasting operations, post sufficient
warning flagmen, to the full
 The Contractor shall at all times
make full liaison with and inform
well in advance and obtain such
permission as is required from all
Government Authorities, public
bodies and private parties
whatsoever concerned or affected or
likely to be concerned or affected by
blasting operations.
C37 Malarial risk  The Contractor shall, at his own All construction sites Construction stage Contractor and PIU
expense, conform to all anti-malarial Supervision
instructions given to him by the Consultant
Engineer, including filling up any
borrow pits which may have been
dug by him
98
C38 First Aid  At every workplace, a readily At the construction site Construction stage Contractor PIU
available first aid unit including an /labor camp
adequate supply of sterilized
dressing material and appliances will
be provided.
Disruption to Users
C39 Loss of Access  At all times, the Contractor shall Throughout the project During Construction. Contractor Engineer
provide safe and convenient passage area, particularly in
for vehicles, pedestrians and built-up areas
livestock to and from side roads and
property accesses connecting the
project road. Work that affects the
use of side roads and existing
accesses shall not be undertaken
without providing adequate
provisions to the prior satisfaction of
the Engineer.
 The works shall not interfere
unnecessarily or improperly with the
convenience of public or the access
to, use and occupation of public or
private roads, railways and any other
access footpaths to or of properties
whether public or private.
99
C40 Traffic Jams and Congestion  Detailed Traffic Control Plans shall Throughout Corridor During Construction. Contractor Engineer
each day.
 Temporary diversion (including
scheme of temporary and
acquisition) will be constructed with
the approval of the designated
Engineer. While approving
temporary diversion construction, the
Engineer will seek endorsement from
the PIU.
 Special consideration shall be given
in the preparation of the traffic
control plan to the safety of
pedestrians and workers at night.
 The Contractor shall ensure that the
running surface is always properly
maintained, particularly during the
monsoon so that no disruption to the
traffic flow occurs. As far as possible
idling of engines shall be avoided to
curb pollution.
 The temporary traffic detours shall
be kept free of dust by frequent
100
C41 Traffic Control and Safety  The Contractor shall take all Throughout the project During Construction. Contractor Engineer
necessary measures for the safety of area
traffic during construction and
provide, erect and maintain such
barricades, including signs,
markings, flags, lights and flagmen
as may be required by the Engineer
for the information and protection of
traffic approaching or passing
through the section of the highway
under improvement.
 All signs, barricades, pavement
markings shall be as per the MORTH
specification. Before taking up
construction on any section of the
highway, a traffic control plan shall
be devised to the satisfaction of the
Engineer as per EMP. Excavated pits
shall be filled to avoid falling of
animals/ human beings.
Environment Enhancement
C42 Hand pumps enhancement/relocation for  Hand pumps within Right of Way At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
ground water recharging shall be enhanced/relocated. locations along the Supervision
corridor. Consultant
C43 Roadside landscape development  Avenue plantation of foliage trees Throughout the corridor Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
mixed with flowering trees, shrubs Supervision
and aromatic plants shall be carried Consultant
out where ever land is available
between ditches and Right of Way.
C44 Providing better bus bays  Bus shelters shall be provided at As per traffic plan Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
given locations Supervision
Consultant
C45 Better sitting arrangements where small  Designed sitting arrangements shall As per the design Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
space is available be provided. Supervision
Consultant
C46 Landscaping of junctions  All rotary junctions shall be As per landscape design Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
landscaped suitably at the respective locations Supervision
Consultant
C47 Abandoned Quarry will accumulate water  The abandoned quarry locations shall Wherever quarries are Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
and act as a breeding ground for disease be planted suitably as the plan located and abandoned Supervision
vectors. Consultant
101
C48 Erosion of embankments, shoulders, side  Earth works specifications will At the respective Construction Stage Contractor and PIU
slopes, and pavement leading to include provision for stable slope locations throughout the Supervision
deterioration and affecting stability and construction, compacting and laying project area. Consultant
integrity of road out turf including watering until
ground cover is fully established
 Proper construction of Breast wall
and retaining wall at the locations
identified by the design team to
avoid soil erosion
 The measures proposed for slope
stabilization are: Discharge zones of
drainage structures (culverts and
minor bridges) provided with riprap
 Construction in erosion and flood
prone areas will not be in monsoon
/season.
 Side slopes will be kept flatter
wherever possible, and in case of
steeper slopes it will be supported by
the retaining wall.
Table 17.3 Environmental Management Plan for Operation Stage

O1  Silt fencing, oil & grease traps, etc. As specified in the As per monitoring PIU
shall be provided at sensitive water monitoring plan plan
bodies to ensure that the water
Water quality degradation due to
quality is not impaired due to PIU, SPCB
road-run-off
contaminants from road run-off
 Monitoring shall be carried out as
specified in the monitoring plan
102
O2  Contingency plans to be in place for All area and as specified Plan to be developed PIU
cleaning up of spills of oil, fuel and in the monitoring plan at state/district level
Soil and water contamination from PIU, SPCB, Local
toxic chemicals by early operation
accidental spills Government Bodies
 Monitoring shall be carried out as stage
specified in the Monitoring Plan
O3  Monitoring shall be carried out as As specified in the As per monitoring PIU, SPCB PIU
specified in the Monitoring plan monitoring plan plan
 Share air quality data with SPBC and
Air quality degradation due to increases
relevant agencies and discuss options
in traffic volume
for mitigate air quality degradation
associated with greater traffic
volume
Q4  Monitoring shall be carried out as As specified in the As per monitoring PIU, SPCB PIU
Increases in noise and vibration due to specified in the Monitoring plan monitoring plan plan
greater traffic volume  Install noise barrier (wall etc.) in
sensitive areas, if necessary
O5  Traffic control measures including All area Throughout operation PIU
speed limits to be enforced strictly. stage
 Local government bodies and PIU, Local
Traffic safety
development authorities will be Government Bodies
encouraged to control building
development along the highway.
O6  Compliance with the Hazardous All area Manual/guideline to PIU PIU
Wastes (Management and Handling) be prepared during
Rules, 1989 including: early operation stage
 For delivery of hazardous
substances, permit license, driving
license and guidance license will
be required.
Accidents involving hazardous materials  These vehicles will only be
harbored at designated parking
lots.
 In case of spill of hazardous
materials, the relevant departments
will be notified at once to deal
with it with the spill contingency
plan.
103
O7  Trees planted along the corridor shall All area and as per the Immediately from the PIU, NGO PIU
be maintained for a period of three monitoring plan planting of sapling,
years. Maintenance works include, and as per monitoring
watering of the saplings, replacement plan
of the bamboo fence every year for 3
Roadside tree plantation, flora and fauna years and all necessary measures for
survival of the sapling.
 Monitoring of flora and fauna along
the highway shall be carried out to
assess conditions of ecosystem
against the baseline
104
Based on the above, the cost for implementation of EMP is estimated as below.
Table 17.4 Budget for EMP Implementation

Unit
C
Item Detail Unit o
Quantity Total (Rs)
s
t
I. Monitoring
Monitoring near hot mix plant
locations approved
by the Engineer as per
Air NAAQS ,2009 CPCB No. 5,000 30 150,000
At locations specified in the
monitoring plan
Water as per IS 10,500 & IS 2296 No. 5,000 20 100,000
At equipment yards as directed by
Engineer
Noise as per CPCB guideline 1989 No. 2,000 30 60,000
Monitoring of impact on
Flora and Fauna biodiversity No. 50,000 12 600,000
Sub-Total (I) 910,000
Compensatory afforestation, in
accordance with Forest
Conservation Act (1980) as per
II. Afforestation guideline provided in EMP No. 200 10,000 2,000,000
Sub-Total (II) 2,000,000
III. Institutional Cost
Expert fees Lump sum 4,000,000
Staff training Lump sum 500,000
Ext. monitoring Lump sum 1,000,000
Information
disclosure Lump sum 300,000
Sub-Total (III) 5,800,000
Sub-Total
(I+II+III) 8,710,000
Contingency
(10%) 871,000
Total 9,581,000
17.3 Environment Monitoring Plan

To ensure effective implementation of the EMP, it is essential that an effective monitoring plan be
designed and carried out. The environmental monitoring plan provides such information on which
management decision may be taken during construction and operational phases. It provides basis for
evaluating the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures and suggest further actions that
need to be taken to achieve the desired effect. The monitoring includes: i) Visual observations; ii)
Selection of environmental parameters at specific locations; and iii) Sampling and regular testing of
these parameters.
105
Monitoring methodology covers the following key aspects: Components to be monitored; parameters
for monitoring of the above components; monitoring frequency; monitoring standards; responsibilities
for monitoring; direct responsibility, overall responsibility; and monitoring costs. Environmental
monitoring of the parameters involved and the threshold limits specified are discussed below.
Ambient air quality

Ambient air quality parameters recommended for monitoring road transportation developments are
PM10, PM 2.5, Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Lead
(Pb). These will be monitored at designated locations starting from the commencement of
construction activity. Data should be generated at all identified locations in accordance to the National
Ambient Air Quality Standards, 2009. The location, duration and the pollution parameters will be
monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed out in the Monitoring Plan.
Water quality
The physical and chemical parameters recommended for analysis of water quality relevant to road
development projects are pH, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, oil and grease,
COD, chloride, lead, zinc and cadmium. The location, duration and the pollution parameters to be
monitored and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental
Monitoring Plan. The monitoring of the water quality is to be carried out at all identified locations in
accordance to the Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification – IS 10500: 1991.
Noise
The measurements for monitoring noise levels would be carried out at all designated locations in
accordance to the Ambient Noise Standards formulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in
1989. Noise should be recorded at an “A” weighted frequency using a “slow time response mode” of
the measuring instrument. The location, duration and the noise pollution parameters to be monitored
and the responsible institutional arrangements are detailed in the Environmental Monitoring Plan
The monitoring plan for the various performance indicators of the project in the construction and
operation stages is summarized in the Table 8.4. Draft Monitoring Form for each parameter to be
monitored in different stages of the project is included in Appendix B.
106
Table 17.5 Environmental Monitoring Plan
Sl. No Standards Location Frequency Duration Responsibility
Item Project Stage Parameters Guidance
M1  Dust sampler to be Air (P&CP) Hot mix plant/ Twice a year Continuous PIU
located 50m from the Rules, CPCB, batching plant for three 24 hours Contractor
SPM, RSMP,
plan in the downwind 1994 years through approved
Construction SO2, NOx,
direction. monitoring
CO, HC
 Use method specified by agency
CPCB for analysis
M2  Dust sampler to be Air (P&CP) Stretch of Twice a year Continuous PIU
located 50m from the Rules, CPCB, road where for three 24 hours Contractor
Air
earthworks site 1994 construction is years through approved
Construction SPM, RSPM
downwind direction. underway monitoring
Follow CPCD method agency
for analysis
M3 Air (P&CP) Sampling Twice a year Continuous PIU
SPM, RSMP,
 Use method specified by Rules, CPCB, location for one year 24 hours
Operation SO2, NOx, PIU
CPCB for analysis 1994 specified in
CO, HC
EIA report
M4 Construction pH, BOD,  Sample collected from Water quality Sampling Twice a year Contractor PIU
COD, TDS, source and analyze as per standards by locations for three through approved
TSS, DO, Oil Standard Methods for CPCB specified in years monitoring
& Grease and Examination of Water EIA report agency
Pb and Wastewater
M5 Operation pH, BOD,  Grab sample collected Water quality Sampling Twice a year PIU
COD, TDS,  from source and analyze standards by locations for one year
TSS, DO, Oil as per Standard Methods CPCB specified in PIU
Water
& Grease and for Examination of Water EIA report
Pb  and Wastewater
M6 Operation Cleaning of  Choked drains, water To the All area Post- PIU
drains and bodies undergoing satisfaction of monsoon
water bodies siltation and subject to the engineer PIU
debris disposal should be (PWD)
monitored under cleaning
operations
107
M7 Construction Noise levels  Free field at 1m from the Noise At equipment Once every 3 Reading to PIU
on dB (A) equipment whose noise standards by yard Month (max) be taken at
scale levels are being CPCB for three 15 seconds Contractor
determined years, as interval for through approved
required by 15 minutes monitoring
the engineer every hour agency
Noise and then
and averaged
M8 vibratio Operation Noise levels  Equivalent Noise levels Noise At maximum Twice a year Readings to
n on dB (A) using an integrated noise standards by 5 for 1 years be taken at
scale level meter kept at a CPCB sites inc. those 15 seconds PIU PIU
distance of 15 m from listed in EIA interval for
edge of Pavement report for 15 minutes
noise every hour
monitoring and then
locations averaged.
M9 Construction Turbidity in  Visual observations As specified At locations Pre- PIU
Storm water; during site visits by the of stream monsoon and
Silt load in engineer / crossings and post- Contractor
ponds, water Water quality at locations of monsoon for
courses standards retaining wall three years
Soil and breast
erosion wall
M10 Operation Turbidity in  Visual observations As specified As directed by Pre- PIU
Storm water; during site visits by the the engineer monsoon and
Silt load in engineer / post- PIU
ponds, water Water quality monsoon for
courses standards one year
M11 Construction Monitoring  Visual Observations and To the At storage Quarterly PIU
of: 1.Storage as directed by the satisfaction of area and during PIU
Constru Area; 2. engineer the engineer construction construction
ction Drainage and Water workers’ stage
camp Arrangement quality camp
3. Sanitation standards
in Camps
M12 Construction Plant survival  The success of tree All area Minimum PIU
and operation planting. Monitor the rate three years
of survival after six after planting NGO, PIU
Afforest
months, one year and 18
ation
months in relation to
total numbers of trees
planted
108
M13 Flora Construction Condition of  Comparison to As specified As specified Twice a year PIU
and and operation ecosystem pre-project flora and in TOR in TOR for three PIU
Fauna fauna years
109
CHAPTER 18 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE
Stakeholder consultation is an important method of involving various stakeholders particularly, local

community with reference to the proposed development initiatives. Consultations provide a platform
to participants to express their views, concerns and apprehensions that might affect them positively or
negatively. This process is of particular importance for this project given the high ST share among the
affected population. The World Bank OP 4.10 on Indigenous Peoples emphasizes “a process of free,
prior, and informed consultation with the affected Indigenous People’s communities at each stage of
the project, and particularly during project preparation, to fully identify their views and ascertain their
broad community support for the project. Stakeholder Through participation and consultation
stakeholders influence development initiatives, and decision-making process. The effectiveness of
participation and consultation is directly related to the degree of involvement by the likely project
affected persons and the local community and integration of outcome of consultations wherever
feasible in the proposed development initiatives.
The purpose of consultations was to inform people about the project, take note of their issues,
concerns and preferences, and allow them to make meaningful choices. It ensured participation of
potential project affected persons (PAPs), local community and other stakeholders. People in general
were informed in advance, and allowed to participate in free and fair manner. Consultations provided
meaningful contributions with regard to reducing adverse impacts, address safety issues, etc.
Concerns, views and suggestions expressed by the participants during these consultations were
integrated into the design aspects wherever feasible. The following sections present details of the
consultations.
18.1 1st Round Consultations with Communities

The initial briefing was made to every village representatives (Nokma) prior to the commencement of
the baseline survey. MLCU team as well as Environmental and Social Expert of the Study Team
visited villages along the targeted section of NH51 to inform them of the project, seek their support to
the survey, and to verify the validity of the survey questionnaire. The first round of consultations was
held in conjunction with the baseline survey. Initially, it was planned that one consultation meeting to
be held in each development block at this stage. However, after such meeting in Rongram Block,
there were requests from the PAPs to hold follow-up meetings for community members so that more
members can be engaged in the process. Responding to this request, two additional meetings were
held in Rongram block, providing opportunities for more stakeholders to voice their opinions about
the project. The details of the meeting are summarized below, and the list of attendees in each meeting
110
is included in Appendix C.
st
Table 18.1 Summary of 1 Round of Consultation Meetings
Block Date Venue
Dalu Multi-facility
Building,
May 21st, 2015 Dalu 17
Gambegre Bharat Nirman
Rashtriy
a Gram
Seva
Kendra,
Darakgr
May 22nd, 2015 e Bazar 36
Rongram June 26th, 2015 Circuit House, Tura 11
Follow-up meeting 1 Chibgral
Commu
June 29th, 2015 nity Hall 67
Follow-up meeting 2 July 4th, 2015 Rongkohn School 74
Table 18.2 Participation Details of 1st Round of Consultation
Representation (No.) from

District Date Total No. of Nokma/
Govt.
Participants Vilalge Rep
Dept. Affected Persons
Dalu May 21st, 2015 17 2 11 4
Gambegre May 22nd, 2015 36 2 11 23
Rongram June 26th, 2015 11 3 8 0
Follow-up
meeting 1 June 29th, 2015 67 2 4 61
Follow-up
2 0 72
meeting 2 July 4th, 2015 74
Photo 6.1 Consultation at Gambegre Block (L) and Rongram Block (follow-up meeting 2) (R)
111
The consultation meetings were attended mainly by village representatives (Nokma and Village
Council members), who then shared the meeting contents with other members in the village. At the
outset, PWD and village representative introduced the consultant’s team with the participants and
stated the broad objective of such consultations. The MLCU team and Environment and Social Expert
of the Study Team provided brief description about the project, highlighting importance of
consultations with likely project affected persons, local community and other stakeholders. Design
concepts (e.g. minimize surplus soil, install proper slope protection) with preliminary alignments were
also informed and explained. Expected benefits and likely anticipated adverse impacts as well as
resettlement policy framework as per JICA Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations
were conveyed as well. The consultations were held in local language (Garo) with assistance from a
local person who helped in interpretation as well as preparation of transcripts. The proceedings of the
consultations were audio recorded as part of documentation process. A summary of consultations on
various issues is presented below:
 The community people mentioned about their grievances and experiences of not getting any
compensation from the Government during previous road improvement projects and land
acquisitions. Villagers without any land documents also raised their concerns about
compensation payments.
18.2 2nd Round Consultations with Communities

The second round of consultation meetings with communities was planned to be held in October to
share the result of the EIA survey with the community and discuss Environment Management Plan
and other matters related to environmental and social considerations. Due to prolonged heavy rain in
the project area since mid-August, however, such meetings could not be held as of August 28th.
While the formal consultation meetings was postponed, the phone interview with village
representatives was proposed as a means to seek stakeholders’ feedback before formal consultation at
this stage. However, the proposal was dropped on the ground that i) all stakeholders should be
informed of the opportunity of any kind of consultation in advance and ii) in keeping with the FPIC
principle, stakeholders should be allowed to express their views and concerns in an open forum.
While the phone meeting does not replace the formal consultation, it might give wrong impression to
affected community and backfire to the project. While the consultant team makes an effort to share
the results of the EIA study to affected communities, feedback on the same will be sought in formal
112
consultation meetings with proper venue and prior notice to all affected communities.
18.3 Meeting with Government Officials and Other Key Persons

In addition to the block-wise public meetings, several meetings were held with various state and
district level department officials at different stages during the course of the EIA study. Discussions
were focused on developing an understanding of existing state policies and practices with respect to
management of environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project, likely
challenges, perceived impact and suggestions and recommendations, among others.
During interaction and discussion with Govt. officials and Council Members, it generally emerged
that people in the area are eager to see the commencement of the actual widening and strengthening of
NH51. They pointed out that several attempts have been made in the past to improve the condition of
the highway, but every time it turned out to be a false start. They further averred that this preparatory
survey would lead to action on the ground. The highway has been in a state of neglect since the last
three decades and a similar situation prevails on NH62, which together with NH51, forms the lifeline
of West Garo Hills and South Garo Hills, connecting towns like Tura, Baghmara, William Nagar, to
the major cities in the area, like Dhubri, Guwahati, Shillong, Agartala and Siliguri.
They strongly opined that improvement and strengthening of NH51 and NH62 should be prioritized.
This they averred, would open up the market and other opportunities for people in the area. They
pointed out that development of the area could be taken up based on the bio resources of the region on
a sustainable basis. Tourism would be incentivized, thus generating employment opportunities for the
thousands of locals passing out of educational institutions in the area. Locally available fruits, like
Pineapple, Jackfruit, Litchis and Bananas could be quickly dispatched to other parts of the country
and the surplus crop processed locally. Floriculture would also receive an impetus, considering the
floral diversity of the area, thus becoming a revenue source for the locals and the govt. too.
The officials pointed out that the machinery to organize and implement various schemes are in place.
However, due to the lack of a proper road network, all schemes are operating below par. They further
averred, that the Project would receive their full cooperation and the locals would also participate in it
eagerly. Considering the high expectations that the locals have for the Project, there would be very
few hurdles, according to them. The Forest Officials, both State and District Government pointed out
that there are no forest reserves on NH51, nor any protected area or elephant corridor in NH51. Hence,
improvement of this highway could be prioritized without tedious process of de-reservation, which, in
113
some cases, takes more than a decade.
18.4 Information Disclosure

The EIA report will be posted on the website of JICA as well as NHIDCL. Also, the Garo version of
the executive summary will be distributed to Nokma in each village along the targeted section of
NH51 and will be shared with other members of the village.
114

Report 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Report 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

MINISTRY OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION AND HIGHWAYS

PREPARATORY STUDY FOR NORTH EAST

WIDENING AND IMPROVEMENT OF NH54

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

NIPPON KOEI CO.,LTD.

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

Chapter 2 DESCRIPTION OF PROJECT ......................................................................................... 5

Chapter 3 policy, legal and institutional framework .....................................................................17

Chapter 4 ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC BASELINE ................................................ 25

Chapter 5 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE ...................................................................................... 52

Chapter 6 Scoping AND ASSESSMENT of environmental impact ............................................... 57

Chapter 7 Assessment of impact and mitigation measures ......................................................... 69

Chapter 8 environmental management plan............................................................................... 99

Chapter 9 public consultation and information disclosure ..........................................................125

BRO Border Roads Organization

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

DOEF Departments of Environment and Forests

DOF Department of Forest

DPR Detailed Project Report

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP Environmental Management Plan

GHG Green House Gas

GOI Government of India

IRC Indian Road Congress

MLCU Martin Luther Christian University

MOEF Ministry of Environment & Forest

MORTH Ministry of Road Transport & Highways

MSPCB Mizoram State Pollution Control Board

NHAI National Highway Authority of India

NHIDCL National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation

NOC No-objection Certificates

PAPs Project Affected Persons

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PUC Pollution under Control Certificate

PWD Public Works Department

RAP Resettlement Action Plan

ROB Road over Bridge

ROW Right of Way

SPCBs State Pollution Control Boards

1.2 Project Location

Source: JICA Study Team

Source: JICA Study Team

1.3 Requirement and Objective of EIA Report

1.4 Structure of EIA Report

2.2 Widening and Improvement of NH54 (Aizawl – Tuipang)

Table 2.1Present Conditions and Provisional Improvement Cost of NH54

Mountainous (INR 49 63 12 112 13 117

The current traffic volume of NH54 is shown below.

Aizwal - Tuipang (NH54)

Source: JICA Study Team

Table 2.2 Projected Traffic Volume in NH54 till 2035

Key components of widening and improvement works are summarized below.

2.2.1 Earth work, slope protection and land slide prevention

Scarp at the top of

Bulge and Subsidence

Full View of Upper