Rimecha Deep Well SSI Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

OROMIA REGIONAL STATE SOUTH WEST SHOA ID OFFICE
Rimecha deep well SSI project Environmental

and Social Impact Assessment
By: Mesfin Asefa
Reviewed: June 2023, Woliso, Ethiopia
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Table of contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................................................... 2
EXCUTIVE SUMMARY.......................................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... 7
1.1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................................7
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY...........................................................................................................................7
1.2.1 General objective...................................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Specific objectives..................................................................................................................................7
1.3 SCOPE OF THE EIA STUDY..........................................................................................................................8
1.4 APPROACHES AND METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................................8
1.4.1 Baseline Investigation Methods..............................................................................................................9
1.4.4 Impact Evaluation and Analysis...........................................................................................................10
1.4.5 Method Adopted for Presenting and Evaluating the Results of the Investigations................................10
1.4.6 Data analysis and report writing..........................................................................................................10
2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING...................................................................................................................... 10
2.1.1 VALUED ECOSYSTEM WITHIN THE STUDY AREA........................................................................................11

2.1.2 LIMITS OF THE STUDY AREA.....................................................................................................................11
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS............................................................................................................................ 11
3.1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................................................11
3.1.2 PROJECT LOCATION...................................................................................................................................11
3.1.3 PROJECT OBJECTIVE..................................................................................................................................11
3.1.4 ENGINEERING DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT............................................................................................12
3.1.5 COMMAND AREA......................................................................................................................................12
3.1.6 Main System Layout and Command Units............................................................................................12
3.1.7 PROPOSED AGRICULTURAL INPUTS AND SUPPORTING SERVICES..............................................................12
3.1.8 IMPROVED SEEDS AND FERTILIZERS REQUIREMENT PER A HECTARE OF LAND...........................................13
3.1.9 Plant Protection...................................................................................................................................13
3.1.10 Seasonal and annual seed requirements..........................................................................................14
3.1.11 Fertilizer requirements....................................................................................................................15
3.1.12 Agro-chemical requirements............................................................................................................16
4. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL...............................................................................16
4.1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................................................16
4.1.2 BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL BASELINE INFORMATION...............................................................................17
4.1.3 Vegetation............................................................................................................................................17
4.1.4 Wildlife Resources................................................................................................................................17
4.1.5 Aquatic Ecology...................................................................................................................................17
4.1.6 TOPOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................................17
4.1.7 WATER RESOURCES OF THE WOREDA........................................................................................................17
4.1.8 SUITABILITY OF THE WATER FOR IRRIGATION..........................................................................................18
4.1.9 AGRO-ECOLOGY........................................................................................................................................18
4.1.10 CLIMATE...............................................................................................................................................19
7.1.1. Hydrological Data...........................................................................................................................20
6.1.1 Rainfall.................................................................................................................................................21
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7.1.2. Rain fall...........................................................................................................................................21

6.1.2 SOIL SUITABILITY.....................................................................................................................................22
6.1.3 EXISTING IRRIGATION PRACTICES.............................................................................................................23
7. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS................................................................................................................ 23
7.1.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................................................23
7.1.2 ASSESSMENT OF POSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF THE PROJECT.....................................................23
7.1.3 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACTS.........................................................................................................24
7.1.4 Mobilization work force and materials.................................................................................................24
7.1.5 Irrigable land ownership and distribution related conflicts.................................................................24
7.1.7 Construction phase impacts..................................................................................................................25
7.1.9 LOSS OF LAND USE OPPORTUNITIES...........................................................................................................27
7.1.10 OPERATION PHASE IMPACTS.................................................................................................................28
8. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS....................................................31
8.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE MITIGATION MEASURES..................................................................................31

8.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE IMPACT MITIGATION..............................................................................................31
8.3 OPERATION PHASE MITIGATION MEASURES...............................................................................................33
8.4 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES................................................................................................34
8.4.1 ALTERNATIVE DESIGN AND LAYOUTS......................................................................................................35
8.4.2 ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY....................................................................................................................35
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS........................................................................................................................... 38
9.1 GENERAL..................................................................................................................................................38
9.2 STAGE I: STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS..........................................................................................................38
9.3 STAGE II: STAKEHOLDER INVOLVEMENT..................................................................................................38
9.4 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION AND CONCERNS.......................................................................................38
10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................................40
10.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................40

10.2 THE OBJECTIVE OF ESMP.........................................................................................................................40
10.3 MITIGATION PLAN.....................................................................................................................................41
10.4 MONITORING PLAN....................................................................................................................................46
11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................. 52
11.1 CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................52
11.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.................................................................................................................................52
12. REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................... 53
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EXCUTIVE SUMMARY
General
Environmental and social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is a process of evaluating the likely
environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, taking into account inter-related
socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both beneficial and adverse. According to
the environmental policy and regulatory infrastructure of Ethiopia, undertaking ESIA is a
prerequisite for granting a license to operate for major development projects.
Objective
This ESIA has been undertaken in order to: a) identify adverse and positive effects on the
natural, social, including on the cultural, environment and b) put in place an environmental
management system to minimize the adverse effects likely to result during the preconstruction,
construction and operation phases of the Project.
Approaches/Methodology
The following approaches were employed during the course of environmental baseline data
evaluation study.
1. Phase I-Secondary data collection and review
2. Phase II-Field/site observation and initial data collection
3. Phase III-Reporting
Stakeholders Consultations
A consultation was made with the community and government officials at different levels. The
community has welcomed the project idea as it is expected to ensure food security and creates
job opportunity. They have expressed their commitment that they even, do not need
compensation payment for any land loss/utilized for the project because we benefits from these
project in different ways . There is traditional motor pump irrigation practice in peasant
association area.
Positive impacts
1 Creates job opportunities
The socio economic use from these project creates job opportunities during construction of
project its self and after project implementation, opportunities of worker on crops production at
farming.
2 Benefits of the women will be maximized
The socio-economic system of the country is culturally structured by making women more
responsible at the household level. The project is expected to give more access for women to
cultivate vegetables and other marketable items which they can easily sell and manage their
family livelihoods.
3 Attests good governance
The development of small scale project will have significant contribution for promoting support
and trust relationship between the government and the dwellers.
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4 Promotes beneficiary’s livelihood and food security

The main purpose of irrigation development is to increase productivity thereby ensuring food
security of the local people and to bring the surplus to the market. The increase in productivity in
turn creates local traders who bring the product the market.
6 Agricultural sector developments
The project helps in developing other sectors like forage and related developments. The
irrigation development promotes production and productivity for sustainable growth and
development of the project area and its surroundings. Besides, the project helps in attaining food
security, through producing economically important crops twice or more in a year; helps in
promoting agricultural sector development of the area and the benefits of user community
members.
Adverse impacts
Adverse effects of the project are impacts that may arise during construction and operation
phases. The impacts that may arise during construction phase are drilling land for bore hole at
point area and land scape change of tillage for uniform production of crops, soil erosion, dust and
temporary effect on water quality during borehole drilling by machine.
The effects that may arise during operation phases are agrochemicals use related impacts, crop
diseases, soil erosion and canal siltation, downstream flow reduction and with a long run water
quality change due to chemical of ground water, waterborne and water related disease cases,
irrigable land ownership and loss related resource use conflicts, impacts on water supply,
sanitation and hygiene, human and animals movement access disruptions social and health risks
by canal alignments and etc.
Mitigation Measures
The impacts that may arise during construction phase are temporary. It can be minimized through
re-use of excavated soils and materials in the appropriate project construction works and landfill
sites, construction by phase etc.
The impacts during operation/utilization phase can be minimized through;
 Utilization of organic fertilizer such as compost and vermin compost needs to be
promoted
 Integrated pest management should be implemented
 Water shade management with active participation of the community must be practiced
 Public awareness campaigns should be carried out for the beneficiary communities to
sensitise them on general environmental and social management practices;
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
The aim of the EMP is to ensure that all aspects of environmental management are carried out in
accordance with relevant legislation and best practice guidelines. This is to be achieved by taking a
fully integrated approach to project management through the complete cycle of preparation,
planning, action, monitoring, checking and review. While the primary objective of the
Environmental Monitoring plan (EMP) will be to ensure that the safeguards identified as necessary
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during the EIA process, as well as statutory obligations, are all satisfactorily complied with. The
EMP is devised to:
 Implement the mitigation measures
 Monitor the implementation programmer
 Report to the designated institutions/statutory bodies
Conclusions and Recommendations
The implementation of the project will bring several beneficial impacts including creating job
opportunity and reducing poverty, contributing to sustainable development of the nation by
playing a role in agricultural sector, playing a significant role in irrigation development as well
as agricultural technology.
Those impacts related to the construction and operation phase will be mitigated following the
recommendations of the respective EIA reports including proper policy, planning, public
relations, and selecting construction materials and proper waste disposal practices.
In addition to the above actions, the consultant also wants to forward the following
recommendations.
 Water shade management with active participation of the community must be practiced
 Public awareness campaigns should be carried out for the beneficiary communities to
sensitise them on general environmental and social management practices;
 Deliberate efforts should be made to encourage maximum participation of the community
in all stages of project planning and design, implementation and operation and;
 The project should strive to use existing local community structures in the management
and administration in order to promote ownership and sustainability of the
environmental management plans.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1 Background
This is a draft report for Rimecha deep well small scale irrigation development which is
planned to be developed Rimecha deep well Small Scale irrigation Project is located in the
Oromia Regional State, South west shoa Zone, Dawoo district and Naanno Garbel P.A.in the
flat low land area which cover by farming area during summer season.
The proposed Rimecha deep well Irrigation project will developed 120 ha of land managed
irrigated land within a gross area of 168 ha laying on flat land sloping on the North direction
from the road Bacho to Dawo districts . The scheme area is dispersedly populated by
smallholders of none mono ethnic group, whose livelihoods are based on traditional diversion,
rain fed of cereal crop agriculture.
Irrigation development has been identified as an important tool to stimulate economic growth
and rural development by implementing modern irrigation water use technologies, and is
considered as a cornerstone of food security and poverty reduction in Oromia Regional state.
Therefore, as per the Environmental Protection Act 1997, an Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA) is mandatory for the protection, conservation and sustainable management of the
environment.
1.1.2 Objective of the study

1.1.3 General objective
The general objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment of the proposed project is to
inform the process of decision-making by identifying the potentially significant environmental
effects of the irrigation project through promoting management of environmental resources of
the area and the livelihood of the communities or farmers used from the project area.
1.1.4 Specific objectives
The specific objectives of undertaking the Environmental Impact Assessment:
 meet the requirements national EIA legislation and relevant directives and standards
 incorporate environmental issues into the design of irrigation and drainage canals and
other components;
 describe the bio-physical and socioeconomic baseline conditions of the project affected
area;
 conduct consultation with stakeholders, (e.g., governmental bodies, and local
communities whose livelihood is dependent on environmental resources of the project
area, and other interested and affected parties) and capture relevant issues and concerns;
 assess in detail the physical, biological and social impacts that would result from the
proposed project;
 identify environmental and social mitigation measures to address the identified adverse
impacts and propose enhancement measures for the positive impacts of the proposed
project; and
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 Develop the environmental and social management and monitoring plan based on the
identified impacts.
1.1.5 Scope of the EIA Study
The scope of the study has covered areas under direct influence of the project components and its
immediate environs and indirect impact areas (if any) that will be influenced by the project and
that will have an influence on the project. The environmental impact study has included
assessment of all baseline condition such as physical, biological, ecological and socioeconomic
issues prevailing in and around the project area.
1.1.6 Approaches and Methodology
The approach followed for conducting the ESIA study was based on the guiding principles of the
EIA adopted by the federal EPA, which among other comprises of participation of interested and
affected parties, integration with other sectoral studies of the project such as irrigation
engineering, agronomy and soil survey and focus on major issues of significant impacts. The
specific methods employed in carrying out the Environmental Impact Assessment study of the
project were:
 Review relevant sectoral studies of the project which is serving as source of water for this
irrigation project;
 Review of relevant literature, pertinent legislative and policies and existing sectoral and
procedural national EIA guidelines;
 Preparation of checklists and/or questionnaires, as appropriate to facilitate data collection
from relevant sources;
 Site observation to the project impact area ( under construction, main structure, command
area, drainage canals, access roads, other project components, downstream area and the
surrounding environment including settlement areas) to have the view of biophysical and
social features;
 Water sample collection from systematically selected representative sampling points of
followed by laboratory test and analysis;
 Application of GIS in the description of the environmental setting of the study area;
 Collect secondary data from relevant sources at regional, Woreda and kebele levels;
 Conducting community consultation and focus group discussion with representatives of
different segments of the society and consider their views and concerns; and
 Analysis of the collected data and information to assess and predict the potential impacts
of the project as it is designed.
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Activities
i) Desk and Field Activities
Major activities accomplished at field and desk during the undertaking of the Environmental
Impact Assessment Study of the Project is given here under.
ii) Pre-fieldwork
 Reviewing of relevant Sectorial studies conducted for project proponent;
 Reviewing of relevant available literatures and pertinent legal, policy and standards
governing environmental issues;
 Preparation of checklists, questionnaires and identification of data sources; and
 Preparation and arrangements for field visit including the necessary logistic, financial,
materials and equipment.
iii) Field work
 Conducting field observation within the project area and its surrounding environs;
 Conducting community consultation and focus group discussion;
 Assessment of environmentally sensitive areas and valued resources that may need
special protection;
 Assessment of other existing or proposed development projects within the study area that
can likely cause cumulative impacts;
 Collection of water sample from representative areas to confirm for the compatibility of
irrigation; and
 Assess the physical, ecological, social conditions within the project area
1.1.7 Baseline Investigation Methods
The term "baseline" refers to the collection of background information on the biophysical, social
and economic settings of proposed project area. Normally, information was obtained from
secondary sources, and the acquisition of new information was made through field samplings,
interviews, surveys and consultations with the public. The task of collecting baseline data has
started right from the period of project inception.
Baseline data was collected for two main purposes

 To provide a description of the current status and trends of environmental factors of the host
area against which predicted changes can be compared and evaluated in terms of
significance, and
 To provide a means of detecting actual change by monitoring once a project has been
initiated.
1.1.8 Geological and Hydro Geological Investigation Methodology

The geology of the study area together with stratigraphic formations were derived from the
records of the Geological Survey of the Zone and primary data generated and environmental
features of watershed catchment of area were project will be implemented.
1.1.9 Environmental Impact Identification Methodology

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Identification of key impacts bring together the previous steps with the aim of ensuring that all
potentially significant environmental impacts (adverse and beneficial) are identified and taken
into account in the process. To identify the project environmental and social impacts, all the
proposed activities during different phases of the envisaged project have been considered. In
addition, concerns and issues raised by members of the community and/or project stakeholders
during the consultation were included in the process. Through such steps, the activities involved
in the development of the projects and the possible interaction of each activity with
environmental and socio-economic receptors were assessed.
To achieve this, several key inputs were used, including project design documentation, feasibility
study conducted on the project and similar projects implemented elsewhere. Following
identification of all project activities, legal, environmental and socio-economic receptors are
identified. The key inputs for the identification of the receptors include the legislative review, the
environmental baseline, the socio-economic baseline and stakeholder consultation. As previously
described, the environmental and socio-economic baseline was compiled using a combination of
existing data and the results of a number of data acquisition focused baseline survey and
stakeholder consultation programs.
1.1.10 Impact Evaluation and Analysis
The major steps involved for predicting, analyzing and judging environmental impacts in which
objective and subjective judgments were made are the following:
1. Identifying major activities;
2. Selecting environmental components;
3. Selecting types of impacts;
4. Assessing the possibilities and or probabilities of occurrences;
5. Determining the degree and time frame of impacts;
6. Designating impacts as positive, neutral or negative;
7. Determining trade-offs among activities and impacts.
1.1.11 Method Adopted for Presenting and Evaluating the Results of the Investigations
Due to the fact that there is no official international consensus on an agreed approach for
assessing the significance of impacts on the environment, the following evaluation procedure is
followed in the ESIA study. The procedure includes identification, prediction and evaluation of
the significant impacts based on legal requirements. The focus of the used evaluation procedure
is to decide whether the project is likely to cause significant adverse environmental effects
resulting from the construction and operation of the project.
1.1.12 Data analysis and report writing

Collected data and information from all sources were evaluated, existing environmental and social
aspects of the project area were described and potential positive and negative impacts of the project
were described. Following identification and analysis of significance of identified impacts,
appropriate mitigation measures were determined and environmental management and monitoring
plans developed. Finally, the project environmental and social impact assessment report was
prepared.
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2. ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING
With the aim of deciding upon the limits of the study area and drawing the list of activities and
impacts to be studied during the assessment, an initial environmental examination and scoping
have been carried out. The scoping exercise has been carried out with the following main
objectives:
 To define the limits of the study area,
 To define list of valued ecosystem components within the study area,
 To define list of activities, type and magnitude of the proposed project, and
 To define list of Impacts to be studied.
In order to carry out the above tasks, different tools and techniques relevant to the proposed
project were employed. Environmental scoping checklists and consultation of different
stakeholders (experts, project affected peoples, local administrators and people, etc.) were
applied.
2.1.1 Valued ecosystem within the study area
Most of the area is grazing land. The area is sparsely distributed trees at one side and Vegetable
is the most common traditionally irrigated plant in the area.
2.1.2 Limits of the Study Area
The Environmental Impact Assessment study is conducted for those areas that would be
influenced by the impact of the proposed project’s implementation. The project site, the land
adjacent to the project site and the neighboring environment are the most impacted areas either
directly or indirectly due to the implementation of the project. The socio-economic and
environmental impacts can, however, be felt beyond those limits.
use Integrated Pest Management (IPM) techniques and encourage their use. The ESMF has
responded sufficiently to this concern by specifying actions that must be undertaken to minimize
the environmental, health, and safety impacts of pesticide use. If environmental and safety hazards
are identified or expected from use of agrochemicals, the project shall prepare Pest Management
Plans (PMPs)/Integrated Pest Management Plans (IPMPs) prior to commencement of the sub-
projects.
3. PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS
3.1.1 General
The proposed Naannoo Garbel deep well Irrigation project will developed 120ha of smallholder
managed irrigated land within a gross area of 168 ha laying on flatting land and low sloping
land on the right side of Tulu bolo town to Busa town road. The scheme area is dispersedly
populated by smallholders of one mono ethnic group, whose livelihoods are based on traditional
hand pump irrigated and rain fed of cereal crop agriculture.
3.1.2 Project location

Naannoo Garbel deep well Small Scale irrigation Project is located in the Oromia Regional State,
South West Shoa Zone, Dawoo district and Naanno Garbel P.A. The deep well is located at
geographical coordinate of Adindan, UTM, Zone-37, and 408274.9, 965443.6 N. with
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elevation of 2163.4 selected point place. The command area lies on right side of Tulu Bolo town
to Busa town road. The project site is near to beneficiary village and 8 km form district town
Busa and 50 km from Woliso which is zonal capital town, 96 km from regional’s Capital
Finfinne.
3.1.3 Project objective

The main objective of the project is to increase agricultural production and farmers’ living
standards in target areas by implementing studies on and constructing small-scale irrigation
systems in the woreda through environmental friendly manner. It is to increase the productivity
and production of the crops on the proposed command area through introduction of modern
irrigated agriculture and by using modern farming technology which is deep well irrigation water
development project on specific area.
3.1.4 Engineering description of the project
3.1.5 Command Area
The command area is bounded by the Main canal to the North and, the adjacent rivers Course to
the South, east and West.
In practice, where fields are not already formed and irrigated farming is not well practiced, the
boundary was extended in places tail end of the riverine. Settlement areas as well rocky areas,
wetland areas subject to prolonged water logging and all other areas deemed unsuited by the soil
survey were excluded from the command. Having delineated boundaries, the gross and net
command areas were determined based on the availability of suitable irrigable land as follows:
 Study Area: 168 ha
 Gross Command Area 168 ha
 Net Command Area: 120 ha (within the gross command area)
The planned with-project land use is tabulated below. Double cropping is expected over the net
Irrigable area of 120ha. A conservative estimate of land taken up for new infrastructure and for
linear plantations along the drainage cut off canals, major canals and all-weather roads has (2
0%).New infrastructure includes the new access road, Project camping and inspection roads,
Irrigation canals and structures including drainage infrastructure.
The existing cash crop areas remain unchanged, though project interventions may include, for
Example, buildings for farmer cooperatives and water use associations, and forestry plantation.
The riverine areas, hillocks and other land unsuited for irrigation, including seasonally water
logged land and the smaller (non bunded) natural stream gullies would mostly also be used for
grazing.
The with-project land use envisages substantial changes from the current (present) land use
requiring active participation of beneficiaries in the land acquisition and consolidation process.
3.1.6 Main System Layout and Command Units
The main canal starts from Bore hole north east end of the scheme, where irrigation water
discharge in to main canal at an elevation of +2164 m and is aligned close to the steam bank and
then supplying water to secondary and tertiary canals which flow south or south-east wards of
tail end. Agronomic description of the project
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3.1.7 Proposed Agricultural Inputs and Supporting Services

In crop husbandry, agricultural inputs play a significant role in boosting up the yield of crops per
unit area. Besides the inputs, appropriate use of agronomic practices also has a great effect in
crop production. Therefore, these important factors should be integrated, which could be
achieved through giving strong extension services for the farmers. Strong extension services
should be given to the farmers by the development agents on the use of inputs, agronomic
practices, water land, etc accordingly as proposed on the project. Thus, training the farmers
timely based on the time of operations is very essential. Since irrigated agriculture requires more
inputs and power (labor intensive), continuous follow up by the development agents is needed to
work with the farmers by initiating them timely. The major inputs recommended for the
proposed crops are improved seeds, fertilizers, and chemicals for the control of pests and
diseases. The types and rates of inputs are shown on the table below.
3.1.8 Improved seeds and fertilizers requirement per a hectare of land
Adequate fertilizer application supply plant nutrients needed to sustain maximum crop
productivity and profitability while minimizing environmental impact from nutrient use. In
essence, fertilizers are used so that soil fertility is not a limiting factor in crop production. In
addition, improved seeds which are adaptable to the climatic condition of the area are needed to
get the optimum yield. The seed rate and fertilizers rate recommended are described on the table
below.
Table 1: Seed rate, fertilizer rate and planting distance for the proposed crops
No Types of Seed rate/ha Fertilizer rate/ha Planting distance
crops (kg) DAP Urea Between Between
(kg) (kg) plants (cm) rows (cm)
1 Maize 25 100 100 25 75
2 Potato 1800-2000 200 150 30 70
3 Pepper 0.75-1.0 100 100 40 60
4 Tomato 0.3 150 100 45 100
5 Onion 3.5-4 100 150 10 30
6 H/cabbage 0.35 100 100 40 60
7 Sorghum 5 100 50 20 75
8 Peanut 100 100 ------ 10 60
3.1.9 Plant Protection

Controlling insect pests, diseases, and weeds is very essential for the achievement of optimum
crop yield from irrigated agriculture. Pesticides may be expensive and may cause also
environmental problems of the area for both human and animals. They also kill other important
pests which are enemies of the non-advantageous pests. Thus, during the cultivation period, non-
chemical methods of pest control should also be applied together with that of chemical ones
(integrated method). Accordingly, the following protection methods are summarized to be used
in the future plant protection activities of the proposed project.
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Table 2: Chemicals required for crop protection
Crops Diseases Chemicals Rate/ha Freq.

Maize Grey leaf spot (GLS), Leaf blight Mancozeb 80% 2kg 1
Potato Early blight Helcozeb 80% 2kg 1
Late blight Helcozeb 80% 2kg 1
Bacterial leaf spot Copper oxychloride 50g 1
Pepper 0.50%
Powdery mildew Kocide 0.2% 20g 1
Early blight Helcozeb 80% 2kg 1
Tomato
Late blight Helcozeb 80% 2kg 1
Downey mildew Mancozeb 3.5kg 1
Onion
Purple blotch Ridomil 3.0kg 1
H/cabbage - - - 1
Pests
Maize Stalk borer Carbaryl 85% Wp 1.5kg 1
Army worm Malathion 50% 1.5kg 1
Potato Potato tuber moth Diamacron 0.8lt 1
Aphids Malathione or 2.0lt 1
endosulphan
Cutworms Symbush or carbaryl 2.0lt 1
Tomato 85% wp
Aphids Endosulphan 40% 2.0lt 1
pepper - - - 1
Onion thrips Cypermethrin 10% 0.5lt 1
Onion
EC
H/cabbage
*The average unit cost of chemicals is estimated to be 3000 birr
3.1.10 Seasonal and annual seed requirements
Seasonal distribution of improved seed demand would have important role in input supply
management and procurement process to provide the seeds at the required time for the farmers.
Then indicating the amount of seeds for dry and wet seasons is necessary for the project
managers and irrigation users’ cooperatives. Thus, the calculated seed requirements of the
proposed crops based on the seasonal allocation of cropland and seed rate is described as
follows.
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Table 3: Summary of seed requirement for first year

Crop Seed Full irrigation Wet season Annual total
rate Area Dry season Are Wet season seed
(kg/ha) (Ha) requirement a requirement requirement
(kg) (Ha) (kg) (kg)
Maize 25 6 150 8 200 350
Potato 2000 5 10000 - - 10000
Tomato 0.3 4 1.2 - - 1.2
Pepper 1 2 2 - - 2
Onion 4 3 12 - - 12
H/cabbage 0.35 5 1.75 - - 1.75
Sorghum 5 - - 7 35 35
Peanut 100 - - 10 1000 1000
3.1.11 Fertilizer requirements

There is an intimate relationship between soil moisture and nutrient availability, the greatest
benefits from fertilizer application can be obtained under irrigated conditions. Literatures, noted
that there is a significant correlation between soil moisture regime, fertilizer requirement and
availability of fertilizer for plants use. The experiments revealed that the mineralization of
nitrogen increases as the water content of the soil increases from permanent wilting percentage to
field capacity. As the fertilizer nitrogen is applied to the surface soil, it uptake is inhibited when
the soil dries. Water use efficiency is raised by fertilizer which increases dry matter production.
For instance in case of phosphorous element, under optimum moisture level the availability of
phosphorous to plants is increasing, however, excessive soil moisture may reduce (P) absorption
possible because of reduced aeration and root penetration.
It is believed that the applications of appropriate and required quantity of fertilizers has
remarkable contribution to the plant water use efficiency and ultimately increase the productivity
of the crops.
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Table 4: Seasonal and annual fertilizer requirement for first year
Crop Full irrigation Wet season Total requirement

(Qt)
Rat Rate N Ure Sub Are NP Ure Su NPS Ure Gra
Ar
e of of PS a Tot a S a b (Qt) a nd
ea
NPS Urea (Q (Qt al (Ha (Qt (Qt Tot (Qt) Tota
(H
/ha /ha t) ) ) ) ) al l
a)
(kg) (kg)
Maize 6 100 100 6 6 12 8 8 8 16 14 14 28
200 150 10 7.5 17. - -
Potato 5 5 - - 10 7.5 17.5
Pepper 2 100 100 2 2 4 - - - - 2 2 4
Tomato 4 150 100 6 4 10 - - - - 6 4 10
Onion 3 100 150 3 4.5 7.5 - - - - 3 4.5 7.5
H/ 100 100 5 5 10 - -
cabbage 5 - - 5 5 10
Sorghu 100 50 - - - 3.5 3.5 10.
m - 7 5 7 3.5 10.5
Peanut - 100 - - - - 10 10 - 10 10 - 10
3.1.12 Agro-chemical requirements
Similar to other inputs, agro-chemicals should be quantified and cost for further analysis and to
provide relevant information for planners and implementers. Unlike to above mentioned inputs
the agro-chemical requirement computation need slight modification in approach to avoid
exaggerated figures which could not practically applied during the cropping seasons. What are
unique characteristics of this input requirement calculation compare to others? These are;
 Agro-chemicals requirements should not be calculated for the whole cropland unless in some
cases like if the crop filed needs a prophylactic measure then the calculation could cover the
whole area for specific crop. Otherwise the expert effort is valuable to fix the quantity of the
agro-chemicals to plan for the cropping year.
 The frequency of pest occurrence is unpredictable
 Storage capacity and toxicity nature to human and animals of agrochemicals
 High investment requirement for purchasing
In order to avoid risks on project feasibility and to compromise with the actual experiences, the
percent of the area to be considered for requirement estimation should be fixed for each crop.
Based on the actual pest prevalence conditions of the project area, 30% of the crop area is
suggested to be considered for chemical application.
16 | P a g e
4. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL

4.1.1 General
The description of the environmental setting of the proposed project area is a record of
conditions prior to implementation of the proposed project. It is primarily a benchmark against
which to measure environmental changes and to assess impacts. The existing physical, biological
and socio-economic environment of the project area including the dam under construction,
stretch of main canal, command area and other project components are described based on
primary and secondary data sources obtained from the study area and other relevant sources.
4.1.2 Biological and physical baseline information
4.1.3 Vegetation
The natural vegetation coverage of the area is fair. Based on socio-economic profile of the
Wereda, the major tree species are indigenous.
4.1.4 Wildlife Resources

The major wildlife resources of the project area are dominant wildlife found all over. They are
hyena, apes, monkey, midakua, and “Jart” in local language. As the proposed project area is
characterized as arable land, no potential wildlife is expected. Common bird species were also
observed. No wildlife and bird species with scientific and research significance was reported in the
proposed project command area.
4.1.5 Aquatic Ecology
As the river is very small, no potential aquatic life such as fish and other large animals found.
Similarly, much cannot be said about phytoplankton and zooplankton of the aquatic environment
of the water body.
4.1.6 Topography
As the soil and land suitability study reveals, the dominant topography of the project area is
falling into plain gentle slope and the slope range from 0 to 3%. It is suitable for surface
irrigation. Furrow irrigation is the most widely used for row crops. It is usually practiced in
gently sloping land up to 3% in arid climates but restricted to 0.3% in humid areas because of the
risk of erosion during intensive rainfall.
Furrows are small channels, which carry water down the land slope between the crop rows.
Water infiltrates into the soil as it moves along the slope. The crop is usually grown on the ridges
between the furrows. This method is suitable for all row crops and for crops that cannot
4.1.7 Water resources of the woreda
a. Surface Water
The Perennial River around project area Jaliwan River is the main surface water body in the
irrigation area in district. It raises from the mountains, principally from the western faces of the
Mountain.
b. Ground water
Since most of the jaliwan river drainage of the basin is covered by young volcanic rocks,
obviously, it is clear that the ground water of the area is contained in weathered volcanic
17 | P a g e
horizons between successive lava flows and in fractured, fissured and jointed rocks. Perched
water which occurs in patches of alluvium that overlay impervious volcanic is also not common
in the area. Thus, the ground water in the jaliwan river basin occurs both in an unconfined and
confined condition.
Besides, the ‘’ high’’ level springs are the other sources of ground water in the area. These high-
level’’ springs occur above 2148m msl close to either the major or minor water divides and are
cold, small discharge and perennial.
4.1.8 Suitability of the Water for Irrigation
During the field visit, determination of the parameters like EC, PH and Temperature were done
on the site. Although a complete chemical analysis should include determination of all
substances present, here only such substances are determined that materially affect the utility of
water for specific purposes.
It is obvious that considering only the chemical analysis of water cannot be used for the mere
determination of the suitability of water for irrigation purposes, other factors being vital are soil
type, crop type, sub-surface drainage, climatic condition and relative proportion of irrigation
water to rainfall
However, considering all the other factors as average for crop growth in an area, the
determination of suitability of water for irrigation purpose can be evaluated by the following
parameters.
Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Electrical Conductivity (EC) of collected samples are
required for judging the suitability of water for irrigation. High values for SAR imply a hazard of
sodium of water replacing calcium and magnesium of the clay, and this replacement damages
soil structure. Clays that takes up sodium becomes sticky and stick when wet and has low
permeability. When dry, the clay shrinks in to hard clods which are difficult to cultivate.
4.1.9 Agro-ecology
Based on the thermal zone (i.e. altitude and temperature), the agro-ecological classification of the
proposed project area is classified as Weina Dega (Mid Altitude). The major crops produced in
this agro-ecology Teff, maize, sorghum, millet, haricot beans, chickpeas, groundnuts, potatoes,
sweet potatoes, lentils, soybean, noug, linseed, peppers, tomatoes, fruits (avocado, guava, citrus,
and bananas). The Agro-climatic Distribution and Crop Patterns in the Oromia Region are
depicted on the table below.
Table 5:Agro-climatic Distribution and crop patterns in the region
Agro- Max-
climatic Altitude , m a.s.l Area % temperature Crops
0
zone C
Wurch Above 3,000 0.9 Less than 7.5 Barley
Barley, wheat, teff, faba
beans, field peas,
Dega
2,500–3,500 11.8 7.5-22 chickpeas, lentils, potatoes,
(Highland)
rapeseeds, noug, fruits
(apples), garlic, onions
18 | P a g e
Agro- Max-
climatic Altitude , m a.s.l Area % temperature Crops
0
zone C
Teff, maize, sorghum,
millet, haricot beans,
chickpeas, groundnuts,
Weina
potatoes, sweet potatoes,
Dega (Mid 1,500-2,500 36.6 22-27.5
lentils, soybean, noug,
Altitude)
linseed, peppers, tomatoes,
fruits (avocado, guava,
citrus, bananas )
Maize, sorghum, rice,
millet, soybeans, sesame,
Kolla
Below 1,500 50.7 22-30 (more) linseeds, cotton, peppers,
(Low land)
tomatoes, onions, fruits
(mango, bananas)
4.1.10 Climate
Climate is one of the components of an environment that determines formation and
characteristics of natural vegetation, soil formation and farming systems of a particular area.
Based on the climatic factors, the length of the growing period (LGP) for the crops produced in
the study area will be described. Climate and soils gives information on the types of climate and
soil that are best suited to the crop under consideration.
The climate in the project area is characterized by a distinct rainy season between mid-April and
mid-October and a dry season is between beginning November and end February. Monthly
average maximum and mimimum temperatures are estimated as 31.9 0Cand 16.8 0C in the month
of March and April, respectively. The climatic data of the project area is depicted on the table
below.
19 | P a g e
5. Table 6:- Station: Weliso(Ghion) by Newlocclim
Month Max.T MinT Humidi Wind Sun Solar Ref Rain fall Effective
0 0
s ty (%) shine radiatio evapora (mm/month rain fall
(km/ n tion )
day) (hr)
(mm/
month)
Jan 25.6 11.4 52 112 8.6 20.2 3.9 5.0 5
Feb. 26.7 11.7 49 121 7.9 20.4 4.3 39.0 36.6
Mar 26.7 12.1 50 121 7.5 21.0 4.5 63 56.6
Apr 26.6 12.5 58 112 6.6 19.7 4.2 79 69
May 26.9 11.5 65 121 6.9 19.7 4.2 99 83.3
Jun 24.0 11.2 78 78 5.0 16.4 3.2 256 150.6
Jul 21.6 11.5 89 69 2.7 13.2 2.5 277 152.7
Aug 21.5 10.9 90 69 3.3 14.4 2.7 239 147.6
Sep 23.2 10.3 83 86 4.9 16.9 3.1 109 90
Oct 24.5 10.4 59 138 7.7 20.4 4.1 20 19.4
Nov 24.2 10.4 48 130 9.1 21.1 4.1 16 15.6
Dec 25.6 10.3 56 130 9.1 20.4 4.0 6 5.9
Year 24.8 11.2 65 107 6.6 18.7 1361 1208 832.3
6. Source: National Meteorological Agency (NMA) (Data compiled by FAO)
7.1.1. Hydrological Data

Hydrological data from gauging stations in the project area have been tried to identify for the
detail analysis, but no hydrometric gauging stations exist in or around the study area.
Therefore, it is important to use rainfall data to estimate runoff by using optional methods such
as SCS Synthetic unit hydrographs. Catchment characteristic (drainage system) of the study
area is shown in the following map.
Figure 1:- Naanno Garble Watershed catchment.
6.1.1 Rainfall
7.1.2. Rain fall

The total annual precipitation is 1208mm on averagely. Details are depicted as under. Mean
monthly profiles illustrate local seasonal rainfall variations as well as spatial differences within
the river sub-basin. Relevant statistics of the selected stations base series rainfall values within
this region as indicated in the location sketch map are given in Table 3. The monthly profiles
show the occurrence and relative strength of the dry, wet and intermediate season monthly
rainfall in the given station.
Table 7:- Mean monthly rainfall (mm)

1400
1200
1000
800
600 Rain Fall (mm)

400 Effective RF (mm)
200
0
y ry ch ril ay e y t r r r r al
ar ua ar
n
Ju
l us be be be be t
nu br Ap M Ju g
em to em em To
Ja Fe
M Au p t Oc v c
Se No De
Figure 2. Seasonal rainfall variation in and around the project area
6.1.2 Soil Suitability

The soil of the command area was studied by the soil expert and the result of the investigation is
explained as follows.
 The dominant topography of the project area is falling into plain gentle slope and the
slope range from 0 to 12%.
 Texture – Clay
 Deep effective soil depth (100cm)
 Available water holding Capacity (165.8 mm/m)
6.1.3 Existing Irrigation Practices
Irrigated agriculture has been practiced in the woreda. There is no a practice of traditional
irrigation on the proposed command area. But they started pump irrigation to irrigate chat on
some area.
As of the information obtained from the woreda Irrigation Development Authority office, the
crops produced by traditional irrigation are maize, Potato, Head cabbage, tomato and, Onion.
The area cultivated, and the production and the productivity are described on the table below.
7. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

7.1.1 General
Impact identification is a critical step in ESIA study. The impact identification for the proposed
project was carried out based on defining significant positive and negative impacts. Before
undertaking the tasks of impact analysis, the relevant project activities or components that are
expected to cause the potential impacts were identified. Impact identification and prediction
were undertaken against the baseline environmental conditions of the project area. After the
identification and prediction of potential impacts the significances of these impacts were
analyzed and proposed mitigation measures for the anticipated impacts are provided under
section seven of the report.
7.1.2 Assessment of Positive Environmental Impact of the project

1 Anticipated Positive Impacts
The positive impacts could be treated here under two major categories: temporary and
permanent advantages. Job opportunity for the local unemployed population is the major
temporary advantages expected from the project. The influx of numbers of construction workers
to the project area anticipated to create income-generating schemes for women who have the
interest and capacity for selling of consumable items (tea, coffee, food staffs etc) for
construction workers and settlement to form local village.
2 Creates job opportunities
The project will create temporary and permanent job opportunity to the local people. During the
construction phase the project demands man power for activities that can be performed by the
local people. During hiring employees priority should be given to unemployed youths and poor
women especially widows.
3 Benefits of the women will be maximized
The socio-economic system of the country is culturally structured by making women more
responsible at the household level. This has significantly increased the vulnerability of women
and children during seasonal food shortage and other disasters.
The project is expected to give more access for women to cultivate vegetables and other
marketable items which they can easily sell and manage their family livelihoods. As irrigation
promotes productivity, these can indirectly lower the family problems which can minimizes
double cultural and gender inequality problems on female.
4 Attests good governance
Provision of essential social services to citizens is one of the major factors attesting the
competence of a government in managing and administering of its subjects. It is also one of the
major factor indicating the commitment and effort of the government for the attainment of social
development in the country. Thus, the development of small scale project will have significant
contribution for promoting rapport and trust relationship between the government and the
dwellers.
5 Promotes beneficiary’s livelihood and food security
The main purpose of irrigation development is to increase productivity thereby ensuring food
security of the local people and to bring the surplus to the market. The increase in productivity
in turn creates local traders who bring the product the market.
6 Agricultural sector developments

The project helps in developing other sectors like forage and related developments. The
irrigation development promotes production and productivity for sustainable growth and
development of the project area and its surroundings. Besides, the project helps in attaining food
security, through producing economically important crops twice or more in a year; helps in
promoting agricultural sector development of the area and the benefits of user community
members.
7 stabilizes local climate conditions

The project promotes to grow variety of crops in the area. Chat (Catha edulis) is an ever green
tree/shrub widely cultivated and liked in the kebele. Irrespective of health impacts Chat protects
the soil from erosion and the carbon sequestration capacity of this plant is also very high which
In turn plays vital role in stabilizing climate change.
7.1.3 pre-construction phase impacts
The project activities construction includes work force mobilization, site clearing, site
excavation and other earthworks and the like.
7.1.4 Mobilization work force and materials
The major impacts during this phase arise mainly from activities related to the movement of
people and materials necessary for the construction work. The significant impacts that will result
during the construction period are due to the expected increase in traffic. This results from the
movement of workers to and from the site via local the main road. Workforce mobilization
through the employment of large numbers of skilled and unskilled workers will result in
increased traffic due to the movement of vehicles to and out of the project site. Traffic at the site
during construction will be more intensive and much heavier than at the present and normal
operating conditions.
7.1.5 Irrigable land ownership and distribution related conflicts
There are certain characteristics of different types of natural resources that can result in
conflicts. Resources have spatial and temporal dimensions; can be exploited in different ways
and have unique physical properties which affect the likelihood of their being managed
adequately and of conflicts emerging. Water - and more specifically, irrigation water - is a
resource that is most often shared by a large number of users spread over a command area.
All inhabitants of the project kebelle who are within and around the project command areas may
claim or expect plots of irrigable lands which they previously do not have within the project
command area. In addition to normal water use problems, conflicts may exist with those
community members that own farmlands in the command area before or within canal networks
and with those who do not have such irrigable lands. Conflicts obviously can exist unless
managed or solved based on existing or to be adopted irrigation land distribution related rules
and regulations of the region and or the country if exists.
7.1.6 Site clearing
The initial stage of construction will involve the clearance of vegetation and removal of topsoil.
As explained in section four of the report the project site marshy (wetland area) most of which is
left for grazing animal and part of the project area is covered with coffee forest. Clearance
operation and site preparation has potential to result in the loss of top soil and or to cause
mechanical disturbance.
The disadvantages of tree clearing include loss of habitat and biodiversity, potential increase in
Salinization in susceptible landscapes from altered hydrological regime, reduced cycling of soil
nutrients from deep soil layers, reduced shade and shelter, a more extreme micro-environment,
woody regrowth, and loss of timber resources. Some effects of tree clearing are apparent on site,
while other effects such as changes in salinity status or catchment hydrology, are manifested
offsite and at the regional scale.
7.1.7 Construction phase impacts
Environmental impacts can affect both humans and ecological resources. Potential impacts are
discussed here in broad terms only, as their nature and intensity will depend on the physical
characteristics of the project during implementation and the composition of any polluting
materials. An EIA of proposed construction works is expected to take these factors into account
in assessing potential impacts on the environment.
(1) Water
As the construction takes place in the vicinity of a watercourse, bank destruction and instability
may occur and the watercourse itself may suffer from increased sediment load and oil and fuel
contamination from vehicles and access roads. The construction activities can affect the
receiving water body. The use of heavy machinery and vehicles during construction may result
in the compaction of topsoil and, therefore, a change in surface water drainage patterns.
Watercourses may be affected by any engineering works that are required for features on site
such as diverting watercourses. The removal of vegetation and topsoil during site preparation
will lead to increased erosion which may, in turn, cause increased sediment loads in stated rivers
and streams. Furthermore, changes in flow patterns and volumes which are a result of site works
can have a significant adverse impact after development. In addition, sewage effluent from the
workforce may also contaminate nearby rivers, streams and ground water as well.
(2) Land /SOIL
Construction will require some land-take and much of the site is likely to be subject to intense
use during construction activities. Temporary construction facilities such as storage areas,
canteens, parking areas and offices, may cause considerable damage away from the main
concentration of construction activity. Land may also be required off site for temporary workers’
accommodation, which may affect agricultural land, natural habitat or sites of environmental.
The use of machinery and vehicles during construction may cause short and medium-term
adverse impacts on landscape character. This could take the form of loss of natural features or
features of visual interest, or loss or change in vegetative cover. Construction itself may
introduce artificial structures into what may be a very natural landscape. The magnitude of such
a visual impact will depend on the management of the site as well as the sitting, purpose and
design of the components of the project. Works undertaken in line with environmental principles
are likely to reduce impact on the landscape.
The use of construction vehicles and machinery may cause compaction of soils and a change in
soil structure. Soils may become exposed during construction, leading to increased erosion.
Construction may also involve the removal or mixing of soils on site which may have an impact
on soil characteristics. During construction and maintenance, soils may become contaminated
from spills or leaks of fuel and oil. On completion of the project it may be necessary to import
soils for landscaping purpose, which may lead to the introduction of invasive species present in
the soil. Alternatively, soil stored on site may be used for landscaping although stored soils will
lose some of their fertility and structure during prolonged storage.
(3) Air and Climatic Factors

During site preparation and construction works, local air quality may decline somewhat as a
result of dust created by such activities. In addition, dust will be generated by vehicles moving
on exposed surfaces during dry weather. Dust generation and impact is very temporary is
dependent on site specific factors including meteorological conditions.
(4) Ecology
Infrastructure associated with the development site may involve direct land take resulting in
disturbance or destruction of terrestrial environments. This may occur throughout the site
preparation and construction phases. The removal of vegetative cover may result in the loss of
feeding and breeding habitats. Some species may be displaced and may migrate to unfamiliar or
less suitable territory. Noise generated by site preparation and construction activities may also
cause sensitive species such as birds and others to be displaced.
(5) Occupational Health and safety
The high number of accidents and cases of ill health in the construction industry indicate that
action is needed. Now a day it is common to hear many construction workers are died or injured
as a result of their work. Many others suffer ill health, including musculoskeletal problems,
dermatitis, occupational deafness, and asbestos related diseases.
The main causes of accidents and ill health are well known:
 Falls from ladders, other workplaces;
 Transport, vehicles, construction machinery;
 Rock slides and contacts with masses in movement;
 Falling objects, equipment and structures;
 Poor manual handling practices;
 exposure to noise, and vibrating work equipment;
 Exposure to hazardous substances, such as solvents, fumes, dust and cement.
The following factors have been found to play a part in more than half the accidents occurring in
construction:
 Unsatisfactory architectural options;
 Unsatisfactory organizational options, particularly because of inadequate
 Coordination between the different undertakings working on a construction Project;
 Poor planning at the project preparation stage.
(6) Quarry site and construction materials related impacts
The noise created by construction vehicles, machine and equipment may not exceed the
tolerable limit /permissible limit of human ears; repetition and long duration noise of quarry site
and transporting construction materials can have slight effect on project area inhabitants.
All quarrying activities, excavation of overburden materials, transportation or mobility of

construction materials are potential causes for release of dust particles which can have effects.
Dust particles can also affect the scenery of the area. This situation will be worst during dry
periods and prevailing winds. The occurrence of dusting is periodic and short-term, lasting only
for the duration of the quarrying and construction activities. Therefore, to control such air
pollution problems of the area, essential controlling mechanisms shall be used during the
implementations of the project.
Quarry activities can also cause land degradation. Striping excavation and dumping of
overburden soil are serious cases of soil erosion, frequent soil creeps, hyalinization of down
streams and formation of pits, borehole and surface ragging or cliff. Impacts on agricultural
lands through sedimentation and agricultural productivity reduction, loses of natural aesthetics,
as well as biodiversity can lead to overall quarry site land degradation. It also changes the
landscape and visual of the quarry site.
7.1.8 Health and hazardous due to Borrow Pit
Borrow pit are generally associated with scaring of the general environment and landscape
owing to the excavation related works. If not backfilled immediately and replanted, the borrow
pits end up becoming a health hazard and a source of spread of water borne related diseases like
malaria etc. This is because the pits end up collecting water that stagnate and hence becoming a
rich breeding ground for the disease vectors. Borrow pits are also known to be potential sources
of hazards especially accidental drowning of livestock and human beings.
7.1.9 Loss of land use opportunities
Because of the small size and fragmentation of land holdings some of households in the project
command area will be directly affected by land loss to some extent. During construction phase,
various types of equipment will be brought to the site. The sitting of this construction equipment
would require significant amount of space. In addition, land will be required for storage of
various construction materials as well. This may temporarily displace some of the project area
households.
Impact on health
If proper integrated waste management system is not in place the liquid, solid and air emission
associate with the establishment of the project during different phases will affect the life and
livelihood of the people by polluting the soil, air and water. Moreover, it will create an
opportunity for dissemination of communicable disease special for HIV/ADIS.
Impact on Historical, Archeological and Architectural Sites

There are no historical or archeological monuments of significance within the study area. Hence,
no negative impact is anticipated in this regard.
Impact on Law & Order
As local people will be employed to run the project, no law & order problem is envisaged. It is
expected that the workers will attend to their duties from their residence and return to their homes
after the day’s work is over. There would have been law & order problem if the workers were
migrants and lived in shanties closed to the area. However, to meet any untoward incident one
police post must be set up close to the project area.
Infrastructural Development
The increasing infrastructural activity will boost the commercial and economic status of the
locality. The Machinery and Equipment Manufacturing Industrial Park development will be
helpful to further boost the industrial development especially small scale industries so that large
number of local people will be benefitted.
7.1.10 Operation phase impacts

(i) Erosion in command area
Sediment originating in these catchments will continue to affect watercourses downstream
unless watershed conditions are greatly improved.
(ii) Drowning of livestock and children
If the sub project design does not include live fencing there could be incidences of drowning for
humans or livestock in the reservoir.
(iii) Impact associated with reservoir and canals management
A/ Sediment and Silted up
The accumulation of sediment in the reservoir, irrigation canals, headwork site reduces the
availability of water for irrigation purpose. The reservoir supposed to store water may filled up
with sediment and Silted up.
B/ Seepage and leakage
The soil type of the reservoir site is relatively permeable; hence the reservoir may not hold the
stored water properly. Seepage problem due to the crankiness are the possible foreseen hazard of
the schemes. Loss of water due to seepage leads to the sub-surface drainage that can result in
unplanned irrigation water loss.
C /Canals block due to weed
Aquatic weeds are those unwanted and undesirable vegetation, which reproduce and grow in
water and if unchecked, may choke the water body posing a serious Menace to canal
management. Various control measures can be implemented for control of aquatic weeds.
D/ Mis management of the reservoir
The entire project depends on effective management of the Reservoir. Water is released from the
reservoir, in accordance with irrigation demand. This will require a high level of technical
capability. Incorrect reservoir management could result in inadequate water released for daily
Command area demands or excessive water released.
E/Water Pollution in the reservoir and incidence of malaria and waterborne diseases
Direct addition of organic matter like cow dung, urine or addition of chemical as well as organic
fertilizers, manures through runoff could be source of pollutions in the reservoirs. There would
be an increase in the incidences of malaria because the water reservoir would serve as a breeding
ground for mosquitoes and water borne diseases like Amoebiasis, giardiasis, schistosomiasis.
(iv) Agro-Chemical Pollution
Intensification of agriculture will result in a significant increase in the use of fertilizers and
operation of the scheme will result in the generation of a variety of wastes, both solid and liquid
wastes. The use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides in the farming areas is going to be a
potential source of introducing pollutants into the water body downstream of the command area.
Runoff loaded with agrochemicals (compound of phosphate, nitrates and ammonium) and
pesticides are most likely being pollute downstream water body. This makes the downstream
water less fit for household use and may lead to reduced public health.
(v) Groundwater Rise and Secondary Salinization
Incorrect water management at farm level (due to lack of skills and knowledge) and inadequate
drainage (due to poor drain maintenance) could result in a rise in the water table, and
consequently secondary Salinization of the topsoil.
(vi) Water logging problem
The main causative factors for water-logging can be cropping patterns, improper land development,
low efficiency in water use /overwatering/use, and unchecked sub-surface drainage/inadequate
drainage/. The symptoms of such lands affected by water-logging are salt efflorescence, water
stagnation, poor germination and formation of hard soil structure. Waterlogged soil can cause the
roots in waterlogged soil unable to breathe; as a result, plants wilt, turn yellow, rot, and die.
(vii) Weak institutional set up
Without having an appropriate institution setup, it is impossible to fit the needs and requirements
of the project. The success of the project will depend on whether or not the project adequately
considers the development of institutions, water user association and other types of co-
ordination between the local population (users: households, farmers,) and local and central
authorities to achieve an environmentally sound management of the water resources and other
natural resources
(vii) Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilities and irrigated agriculture
There are no modern or traditional Irrigated agricultural activities in the project Kebele.
Therefore, the command area community could lack capacity to manage facilities and
experience for irrigated agriculture practice.
Table 8: Impact rating for proposed irrigation sub-project

mitigation measure
potential for adverse impact
Impact category needed
None low med High Yes or NO
Depletion of supply/yield Existing water √ No
sources
Disruption of Existing water users No
Disruption of Downstream water users √ No
Water storage requirement and viability (soil Yes
permeability)
Vulnerability to water logging (poor Yes
drainage)
Erosion in command area & sedimentation Yes
from upstream
Flooding and inadequate flood protection Yes
Vulnerability to soil and water Salinization Yes
due to water logging
Slope instability Yes
Canals blockage due to weed Yes
Increased incidence of water-related diseases Yes
Existence of sensitive downstream habitats No
and water bodies
Soil acidity due to increased and improper Yes
application of inorganic fertilizer
Impacts of inappropriate reservoir Yes
Management
Inadequate pest management and Yes
increased use of hazardous pesticides
Moisture dependent plant communities No
Spawning sites of migratory or resident fish No
species
Moisture dependent plant species of No
conservation concern
Soil erosion as a result of the irrigation No
method selected
Water quality deteriorated or made unusable Yes
by upstream land use and pollutants discharge
Deterioration of river water quality below Yes
irrigation project and contamination of local
ground water (higher salinity, nutrients,
agrochemicals) affecting downstream users
Disturbance to Environmentally sensitive No
areas
Disturbance to Cultural or religious sites No
mitigation measure
potential for adverse impact
Impact category needed
None low med High Yes or NO
Local incapacity/inexperience to manage Yes
facilities
Local incapacity/inexperience with irrigated Yes
agriculture
Introduction of invasive species Yes
Creation of pathogen breeding ground Yes
Pollution from agrochemicals, salinity and Yes
waste
Inefficient Water Use Yes
Damage to ecosystem services No
Land Acquisition No
Private assets displaced No
Increased inequitable access to irrigation Yes
water
Hinterland effect due to Increased migration yes
into area due to successful project
Informal land uses displaced or access No
restricted
Increased social tensions/conflict over water Yes
allocation
8. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
8.1.1 pre-construction phase mitigation measures
(i) Mitigation measures for site clearing impacts
 Impact mitigation here seeks to retain and store as much of the original and natural
forested condition of the site
 Site clearance should be carried out in a manner that retains the larger trees while
building footprints are pegged out
 Construction of the internal roads needs to be carried out after identifying and locating
all the mature and ecologically valuable trees (using qualified personnel) and aligning
the roads as much as possible so as to save these trees.
(ii) Mitigation measure for Irrigable land ownership and distribution related conflicts
To promote community livelihood enhancements and control such land ownership and resource
use based conflicts:
 Irrigation plots should be provided based on existing or to be adopted by the wereda or

region rules and regulation;
 Any communal resource uses among beneficiaries shall be guided by committee
composed of the project beneficiaries.
 Promote community awareness on livelihood enhancement and harmonizing any
negative effects of the planned development with the existing project area ecological,
social and economic environmental conditions.
8.1.2 construction phase impact mitigation

The following measures have been arranged according to their primary receptor, however, it
should be noted that many of the following mitigation measures are inter-related. For example,
correct handling and storage of chemicals, plus bunding to contain spills, would serve to reduce
the impacts of such an incident on soils, surface and ground waters and ecology.
(i)Protecting water
In order to minimize potential impacts on water, the design and execution of construction works
must ensure that:
 An appropriate water management system must be used, including, for example,
sustainable drainage systems to minimize the impacts of the developers’ site on receiving
watercourses;
 permeable surfaces shall be used wherever possible to reduce runoff and facilitate
groundwater recharge (runoff reduction will assist in soil protection);
 hazardous or potentially polluting materials such as fuel, oil or wastes, must be sited on
an impervious base away from water, properly bounded and kept locked when
unattended;
 access roads avoid riparian zones and are built using appropriate construction materials;
 car parks must carefully site and, perhaps, built at an early stage to provide areas for
temporary storage compounds and parking areas for workers;
 stream diversions must be minimized and, where they are necessary, constructed to
reproduce the geomorphologic conditions of the diverted reach;
 if necessary, a sump area is created on the lowest part of the site to intercept site drainage
water providing settlement of suspended solids prior to discharge;
 a risk assessment must be carried out for each substance to be used or stored on site, and
the appropriate containment measures installed;
(ii) Protecting land/soil
Certain measures noted above for protecting water, such as bunding to contain spills of fuel, will
also reduce the likelihood of soil contamination. Impacts on soils and landscape may also be
mitigated by:
 use of techniques to minimize compaction of soil, such as restricting access during
wet conditions, and using protective boarding and low ground pressure machinery. If
necessary, soil should be carefully removed and stored for subsequent reinstatement;
 storage and handling of soils should be undertaken so as to maintain soil structure as
far as possible;
 appropriate designs for buildings and structures on site;
 appropriate screening for visual impacts;
 effective stabilization (e.g. by use of vegetation) of altered landforms to minimize
soil erosion and the potential for water pollution from suspended solids;
 use of drip trays under stationary machinery to prevent oil and grease contaminating
soil and groundwater;
 Adoption of waste minimization strategies.
(iii) Protecting air
Suitable mitigation measures to reduce impacts to air include:
 minimize exposed areas to reduce dust generation;
 areas generating dust during dry weather should be sprayed with water to reduce dust
nuisance, but this may not be acceptable during periods of drought;
 the use of vegetation screens to act as a barrier to dust;

(iV) Protecting ecology
Measures designed to prevent or reduce impacts on water or land will also benefit ecological
populations. The following list identifies further strategies for reducing or avoiding impacts to
terrestrial and aquatic species and their habitats:
 phasing of construction work to minimize disturbance to wildlife at sensitive times of the
year, such as during flowering,
 sensitive terrestrial habitats and trees should be avoided during construction work;
 existing habitat features should be incorporated into site design and protected from
change;
 further habitats should be created to compensate for habitat losses and to improve the
landscape and ecological potential of the site;
 restoration plans should incorporate measures to improve the ecological status of the site;
(v) Protecting the human environment
 Prior notice must be given to the competent authorities to inform them that a
construction project is about to start.
 A safety and health plan must be drawn up before the start of work.
 One or more coordinators may be appointed to ensure that the safety and health
requirements are complied with. Their purpose is to ensure that the general principles of
accident prevention are applied
 Responsibilities for occupational safety and health are shared among the client who
procures the construction project, the project supervisor, the contractors and workers,
and the coordinator.
8.1.3 Operation phase mitigation measures
(i) Erosion in command area
Erosion is unlikely to happen in this project area however it may happen in some relatively steep
areas depending on the water utilization and farming condition.
Mitigation measure recommended
 Use of vetiver grass for bank stabilization and erosion control in the command area and
promote if successful.
 Terracing of the sloppy areas of the land
 Contour drainage to slow down surface runoff.
 The slope/gradient of field channels should be designed not to cause erosion during
distribution and application of water
(ii) Drowning of livestock and children
Mitigation Measure(s) recommended
 Education and aware the local about the hazards related to unrestricted entry into the
reservoir.
 Fencing the reservoir area,
(iii) Impact associated with reservoir and canals management
A/ Sediment and Silted up
 Extending successful watershed practices above the command area,
 Regular supervision and removal of silts from the irrigation canals, headwork site and
the reservoir have dike/cut off drain above the reservoir to protect it.
 The project team should provide training for the local farmers on how to operate and
maintain the water intake points and canals to ensure that there is no blockages
B/ Seepage and leakage
 Therefore to avoid or minimize the water loss problem from the reservoir it is better to
work
 Masonry or other feasible lining material based on the size of the reservoir.
C /Canals block due to weed
Measures against weeds comprise mechanical (cultivation and mowing), cultural or cropping,
biological and chemical means. These include: hand weeding, adopting farming practices that
change the conditions in such a way as to enable plants to compete with weeds.
D/ Incorrect reservoir management
Develop a Reservoir Management Plan and Ensure the reservoir operating rules include "fail-
safe" provisions concerning maximum normal Water levels.
E/Water Pollution in the reservoir and incidence of malaria and waterborne diseases
Malaria prevention program including use of Insecticide, distribution treated nets and
introduction of fish species in to the reservoir. Prevention of water borne diseases training the
society to proper use of latrine well and avoiding open defecation. Training water users
community how to keep safe the reservoir water. Preventing the entrance of runoff from upper
side of the reservoir by constructing cutoff daring/dike and treating the watershed with
appropriate soil and water conservation measures.
(iV) Agro-Chemical Pollution
Mitigation measure recommended-:
 Implementation of pest management plan
 Implement appropriate runoff management soil and water conservation measure on the
command area to protect transportation of agrochemicals (fertilizer and pesticide)
(v) Groundwater Rise and Secondary Salinization
Mitigation measure recommended is to ensure farmers and Irrigation water user associations
(IWUAS) have the knowledge and skills necessary to minimize surplus Water applications using
more efficient irrigation method as much as possible.
(vi) Water logging problem
 Assess soil characteristics and either avoid or provide adequate drainage for areas
prone to water logging
 Design a high water-efficient irrigation system/methods, Encourage farmers to value
water resources by establishing a system of water user fees tied to consumption and
Use of lined canals or pipes to prevent seepage wherever applicable
 Use good irrigation management, matching water demand and supply by location
(vii) Weak institutional set up
 Develop water user association
 Create co-ordination among water users and local authorities

(viii) Local incapacity/inexperience to manage facilities and irrigated agriculture
 Establish an operations and maintenance manual, authority and provide training to
persons responsible for operating the system and Provide training to farmers on
sustainable irrigated agriculture.
8.1.4 Analysis of alternative approaches
Project Alternatives: The project alternative concerns issue of "With" and "With No Project"
options. Obviously, the "No Project" option does not offer any socio-economic
advantages/benefits that would come with the implementation of the project. These include loss
of employment, economic, knowledge and skill development opportunities that would come
with the establishment of the development of small scale irrigation project. Hence, the "No
Action" option is not proposed.
Implementation of the project will raise some concerns with regard to its potential negative
impact on the environment. To protect the environment from adverse impacts state of the art
environmental protection technology and management system has to be put in place.
8.1.5 Alternative Design and Layouts
Design options can be considered as one of the best alternative in avoiding adverse
environmental and social impacts of an irrigation project without compromising the objective of
the project.
8.1.6 Alternative Technology
A/Furrow Irrigation
Furrow is a small, evenly spaced, shallow channel installed down or across slopes of irrigation
fields to irrigate parallel to row direction. It is one of the oldest controlled irrigation methods
known and one of the few methods that has changed the least. It is also an efficient system if
properly managed and a most inefficient one if improperly used. Hence, with proper adherence
to efficient application, this method is the most preferable and recommendable due to low
capital cost requirements and easy application for Small Scale Irrigation Project.
B/ Sprinkler irrigation
Sprinkler or spray irrigation applies water to the entire irrigated area via a pressurized pipe
through single or multiple nozzles. It is a flexible system that can be used to supply adequate
moisture for plant growth, as well as for frost control or crop cooling during dry months. The
system can be used for application of pesticides and fertilizers. It is also an excellent technique
for managing water efficiently, but requires higher levels of investment than surface irrigation
(for pumps, pipes and sprinklers). Thus it has higher running costs, more complex technology
and higher skills requirements for operation and water scheduling. Therefore, this alternative
was not selected for the proposed Small Scale Irrigation Project due to the fact that it requires
huge capital cost and highly qualified manpower beyond the project status though it has more
advantages from environmental point of view.
Table 9: Impact mitigation summary proposed for operation phase

Problems Mitigation measures
Degradation of irrigated land: Improve irrigation operation to match demand both “how much & when”.
Salinization • Maintain channels to prevent seepage, and reduce inefficiencies resulting from siltation and weeds.
Alkalization Allow for access to channels for maintenance in design.
Soil acidification • Provide water for leaching as a specific operation.
• Set-up or adjust irrigation management infrastructure to ensure sufficient income to maintain the
irrigation systems.
• Analyze soils and monitor changes so that potential problems can be managed.
Reduced socio-economic conditions: Manage the irrigation system to prevent disease spread.
Increased incidence of water-related • Educate about causes of disease.
disease • Improve health facilities.
Increased inequity Weaker • Allow sufficient time and money for extensive public participation to
community infrastructure ensure that plans are optimal, that all sections of affected society are
considered and that local institutions are in place to sustain irrigated
Agriculture, particularly in respect of land and water rights.
• Consider markets, financial services and agricultural extension in
Conjunction with proposed irrigation changes.
• Ensure that agricultural intensification does not preclude other economic or subsistence activity,
such as household vegetables, fodder or growing trees for firewood.
• Provide short-term support and/or skills for an alternative livelihood if
irrigation removes existing livelihood
Poor water quality: Define and enforce return water quality levels (including monitoring).
Reduction in irrigation water quality • Control industrial development.
Water quality problems for • Designate land for saline water disposal; build separate disposal channels.
downstream • Educate for pesticide or sewage contamination dangers.
users caused by irrigation return flow • Monitor irrigation water quality
quality
Ecological degradation: Define ecological requirements.

Reduced bio-diversity in project area • Operate dams to suit downstream requirements and encourage
Damage to downstream ecosystems wildlife around reservoirs
due to reduced water quantity and • Designate land (in law and supported by protection institutions) for flood plains; wetlands;
quality watersheds; drainage water disposal; river corridors.
Ground water depletion: Define and enforce abstraction regulations.
Dry drinking & irrigation wells • Monitor ground water levels.
Saline intrusion at coasts • Adjust abstraction charges.
Reduced base flow / wetlands
9. PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
9.1.1 General
Dealing with the interested and the likely affected community group are integral tasks within the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) process in Ethiopia. It has got legal
backing both by the national EIA guideline and World Bank safe guard policy to form part of a
best practice in the areas of sustainable development.
Accordingly, the ESIA study team has undertaken different public consultation processes with
key stakeholders both from the government and community representatives in the woreda
Agricultural office, Dawoo district and Nanno Garbel P.A Administration and community
representatives. The program was to encompass: a) informing stakeholders about the proposed
investment, and soliciting their concerns; b) involving stakeholders in further refining the
definition of issues to be addressed in the ESIA, of what adverse impacts might be created, and
of what mitigation approaches and measures might thus be appropriate; and c) soliciting
comments on the draft final ESIA report. The study team proposed work plan for this program to
meet the requirements of the EIA guidelines and the World Bank, a procedural and determinant
consultation program has been implemented by the EIA study team including:
9.1.2 Stage I: Stakeholder Analysis
Stakeholder analysis involved several steps, in order: (i) stakeholder identification, (ii) initial
consultation, (iii) analysis of stakeholders' interests and capacities, including relative
importance, degree of influence, social capital and experience with participation, and (iv)
development of a framework (check list and questionnaire) for further consultation with and
participation by these stakeholders in accordance with their capacity and relevance to each issue.
9.1.3 Stage II: Stakeholder Involvement
During this stage stakeholder were consulted (i) with respect to the significance of impacts, and
(ii) to assist in formulating mitigation measures. This stage was extremely important since it
ensured, through stakeholder internalization ('buy-in'), that the mitigation measures will be (a)
acceptable to the organizations responsible for funding and applying them, and (b) practical, and
therefore will actually be implemented. Mechanisms for this process varied
From straight forward discussions with specialists and decision makers in concerned
organizations to meetings at Woreda and Kebeles level and focus group discussions with project
beneficiaries.
9.1.4 Stakeholder Consultation and Concerns

Substantive discussions have been held with the primary stakeholder’s government officials,
Dawoo district and Nanno Garbel P.A community with our study team in the localities. The
study team members raised basic questions on the importance of the project, its likely impacts
on the social and natural environment. Similarly, during community consultation, the
mechanisms of managing the likely impacts were also dealt in depth. The community
representatives expressed their interest of the launching of the project and their commitment
during the construction and implementation time in the following manner.
 The community have traditional experience of irrigation development
 They promised to give their land for free if it is required for project development
 They are fully agreed and highly egger to the launching of project in order to ensure their
food security by producing different crop two or three times in a year by using irrigation
water.
 They are ready to facilitate and give support to the project during the time of construction
by the contribution of their labor and providing the local building materials.
 They are voluntary to keep and improve their environment by river bank and canal
plantation and also soil and water conservation practice.
 They are committed to receive the irrigation scheme as their own assets and ready for its
maintenance during the implementation.
 They are voluntary to follow woreda Agriculture office experts to proper application of
Agrochemicals and water user association for water efficiency of irrigation water.
 The main concern of the society was the sustainability of the project as the fertility of the
soil is very poor
 They also raised their concern that they cannot afford to pay the irrigation water tariff that
might be set by Oromia Regional state
10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

10.1.1 Introduction and Background
Small scale development projects are subject of a comprehensive Environmental and Social
Impact Assessment (ESIA) in accordance with prevailing Ethiopian policies, laws and
guidelines. The ESIA has identified a number of potential adverse environmental and social
impacts associated with the sub project and has developed mitigation measures for these. The
ESIA has also identified a number of measures required to ensure that the sub project's physical
investment is converted into sustainable socio-economic improvements of the lives of the
intended beneficiaries.
The sub project's potential adverse environmental impacts will be mitigated and its sustainability
promoted by implementation of an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP),
prepared in accordance with the EPA's draft guidance on sectoral EMPs (EPA 2004) and with
the Bank's OP 4.01 (World Bank 1999). Consequently the ESMP outlines a number of measures
recommended for Consideration by the project proponent in order to enhance the project's
sustainability.
10.1.2 The Objective of ESMP

The objectives of this Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are:
To bring the project into compliance with applicable national environmental and social legal
Requirements and the World Bank’s environmental and social policies OP 4.01; To outline the
mitigating/enhancing, monitoring measures required to prevent, minimize, mitigate or
compensate for adverse environmental and social impacts and/or to enhance the subproject
beneficial impacts.
10.1.3 Mitigation plan

Table 10: Environmental and social Management Plan
Project Potential E&S impact Proposed Mitigation Measures Institutional Cost
Activity Responsibility estimates(ETB)
Pre- Construction Phase
1 Temporary land loss due to Camping site be located on government or Kebele administrator and None as
Camping site communal land only woreda municipality communal land is
available in the
kebele
2 Permanent land loss due to Compensation for land lost Kebele and woreda Cost is expected
construction of reservoir and administrators to be estimated
canals per the regional
estimation
standards
Construction Phase
1 Loss of Soil Fertility Undertake agronomic soil fertility improvement woreda agriculture None as the
due to erosion in the Command practice at farm level office woreda
Agricultural office
has his own
budget for such
interventions
2 Occupational health hazard due Appropriate health and safety measures
to casual workers’ work in the contractor Part of the
construction contractor costs
3 Creation of breeding ground for Back filling and leveling of the borrow pits to Contractor Part of the
disease vector and hazards to prevent water percolation and hazard to animal contractor cost
animals due to excavation for
construction
materials
4 Spread of communicable Providing HIV/AIDS and STD awareness and woreda Health office 2000.00
disease including HIV/AIDS prevention training including free access to
due to social interaction of the condoms.
construction workers with the
project area community
5 Deterioration of water quality Adequate facilities for collection, conveyance and
in the water body due to disposal of solid waste needs to be Part of the
contractor
sewage generation from labor Developed. contractor costs
camp
6 Risk of flooding due to Maintain adequate drainage contractor Part of the
erosion in the command area contractor costs
7 Destruction of structures and contractor Part of the
also loss of life due to contractor costs
Spillway designed for flood discharge
overflow of water during
heavy rain season
8 Destruction of structures due to Retaining wall construction on the bank contractor Part of the
slope instability triggered by contractor costs
heavy rain
9 Seepage and leakage hence work masonry or other lining material that contractor Part of the
reduced water for irrigation prevent seepage contractor costs
purpose due to construction of
reservoir in highly permeable
ground
10 Water logging due to excessive Implement Reservoir Management Plan command area
water release appropriately community None
/over watering/ Establishing and implement system of water user
fees tied to consumption
11 Spread of water borne disease Create awareness on malaria prevention methods woreda health office in 2000.00
including Provide treated mosquitoes collaboration with woreda
Malaria due to lack of proper Agriculture office
reservoir management
12 Sinking of livestock and Fencing of the reservoir area contractor Part of the
children into the pool due to contractor costs
lack of proper reservoir
Conduct community awareness and
management woreda irrigation office 1000.00
sensitization
Operational Phase
1 Erosion in the Command area Contour drainage to slow down surface runoff
due to the implementation of contractor Part of the
the irrigation project in steep contractor costs
slope
2 Loss of Soil Fertility Terracing of the sloppy areas of the land planting woreda agriculture office 1000.00
due to erosion in the Command of vetiver grass for bank stabilization and erosion
control
3 Risk of flooding due to erosion Improvement of watershed conditions in
in the command area upstream and below the reservoir, project community and 1000.00
woreda agriculture office
4 Pollution of downstream water implement Integrated project community None

due to the application of Pest Management Plan (PMP).
agrochemicals (fertilizer and A training program woreda agriculture office 2000.00
pesticides) for application of agrochemicals woreda irrigation work
under field process
Conditions.
5 Siltation due to poor operation contractor Part of the

of Canals, reservoir and Construct Silt traps contractor costs
eventually reduces the
availability of water for
irrigation purpose which in turn
reduce the crop yields project community None
Regular supervision and removal of silts
Provide training for the local farmers on how to woreda Agriculture office 2000.00
operate and maintain the water intake points and and woreda irrigation
canals work process
6 Canal block due to weed manual weeding command area community 2000.00
growth around canals during
implementation of irrigation
7 Increased social tensions Establish WUA and establish and enforce a Command area
/Social conflict/ within the volume-based water fee community. 2000.00
society due to inequitable
distribution of water
8 Shortage of irrigation water, Ensure adequate social and other infrastructure Irrigation Agency, 2000.00
pressure on other natural to meet needs of immigrants Woreda Agriculture
resource resulting erosion due office and water use
to hinterland effect triggered by association
irrigation development
9 Problem of sustainability in the Provide training to farmers on sustainable Irrigation Agency, 2000.00
irrigation scheme due to irrigated agriculture Woreda Agriculture office
improper management of Establish an operations and maintenance manual,
irrigation facilities and and provide training to persons responsible for

irrigation practices operating the system
Total 21,000.00
10.1.4 Monitoring plan

Table 11: Summary of Environmental and social Monitoring Plan
Identified Impacts Proposed Parameter to Location Measurement Frequency of Responsibility Cost ETB
mitigation be monitored method measurement (equipment
measures (equipment) &
personnel)
Pre-Construction phase
House hold land loss Use only None affected project area visual once before Woreda 2000.00
due during camp government house hold due inspection construction Agriculture
construction Or communal to camp site office /IA/ and
Land for woreda EPA
camp site woreda water
resources
development
offices
compensate land for The presence ofcommand observation once before Woreda Per the
land lost house hold house hold thatarea construction Agriculture guideline of
owned the office /IA/and the Region
compensated woreda
land WEPA,woreda
water resources
development
offices
Construction phase
Spread of Providing Identification of project report once Woreda 2000.00
HIV/AIDS diseases HIV/AIDS and STD woreda immediately as Agriculture
STD awareness related health construction office and
creation training diseases, sites institute start woreda EPA,
including free woreda Health
access to condoms office
Water Establishment of the availability camp site visual regular Woreda 3000.00
Pollution due to lack adequate facilities of waste inspection supervision Agriculture
of proper waste for collection, management office and
management conveyance and facility woreda EPA,
disposal of solid woreda Health
waste office
Occupational Appropriate health The absence of project area compliance regular Woreda 2000.00
Hazard due to lack of and safety compliance reported supervision Agriculture
safety rules measures from worker Interview the during office /IA/ and
worker construction woreda EPA,
woreda Health
office
Operational Phase
Water pool which Backfilling and leveled and quarry site visual once Woreda 1500.00
can be hazard to leveling of the back filled inspection immediately Agriculture
animal borrow borrow site after office and
construction WEPA,woreda
water resources
development
offices
Soil erosion due to Contour drainage Soil cover loss Project visual Regular Woreda 3000.00
improper scheme Terracing the command inspection supervision Agriculture
operation sloppy areas area office
planting of vetiver Regional and
grass woreda EPA
Loss of soil fertility use crop-specific pH, EC, texture, command report once in a year Woreda 2000.00
due to fertilizer and organic matter area Agriculture
unrecommended use provide easy access office/IA/
of fertilizer to inorganic regional and
fertilizers woreda EPA
Flooding disaster Maintain adequate Improved water command Observation Regular Woreda 2000.00
drainage shade and built area and supervision Agriculture
Improvement of drainage water shade reported cases office,Regional
watershed of flooding and woreda EPA
conditions in
upstream and below
the reservoir
Agrochemical Implement project area project area seasonally Woreda 2000.00
pollution Integrated Pest water quality Agriculture
Management Plan office
(PMP). Regional and
A training program woreda
for application of WEPA,woreda
agro chemicals water resources
development
offices
Siltation due to Construct Silt traps Availability of command Observation Quarterly Woreda 2000.00
improper scheme -Regular supervision silt tap structure area and and report Agriculture
operation and removal of silts No. of project office
-Provide training for participant in kebele Regional and
the local farmers on the training woreda EPA,
how to operate and woreda water
maintain the water resources
intake points and development
canals offices
canal block by Hand weeding Effectiveness of Command Visual Twice a year Woreda 1000.00
Weeds weed control area inspection Agriculture
Measures office
Regional and
woreda EPA
Slop instability Retaining wall The presence or project area visual Once a year Woreda 2000.00
construction on the absence of inspection Agriculture
bank unstable slope office
Regional and
woreda EPA
Seepage due to work masonry or the presence or reservoir visual during Woreda 3000.00
leakage other lining material absence of site inspection reservoir Agriculture
leakage of the construction office/IA/
reservoir Regional and
woreda EPA
water logging due to Implantation of The existence of command observation regular Woreda 1000.00
inappropriate Reservoir Reservoir area supervision Agriculture
reservoir Management Plan Management office
management /Design a high Plan regional and
water-efficient woreda EPA,
irrigation woreda water
system/methods resources
Establishing a development
system of water user offices
fees tied to
consumption
Malaria outbreak Create awareness on Disease project Review of Three times a Woreda 2000.00
malaria prevention prevalence/ kebele health records Year Agriculture
methods ProvideIdentification of office
treated mosquito net water related regional and
diseases, woreda EPA
adequacy of
local vector
control and
curative
measure, etc/
Sinking accident in Fencing of the Safety of live project area Visual Once before Woreda 5000.00
to the reservoir to reservoir area stock and inspection and construction Agriculture
human/children and Conduct community humans report n completed office/IA/
animals awareness training Regional and
woreda EPA
Inequitable water Establish and Documented Project Observation Once during -Woreda 3000:00
distribution enforce a volume- information for kebele operation Agriculture
based water fee fee agreement office W EPA
Hinterland effect Ensure adequate Absence of command public Annually Woreda 2000.00
social and other conflict for area consultation Agriculture
infrastructure to water shortage through office
meet needs of interview Regional and
immigrants woreda EPA
Unsustainability of Provide training to Proper Project Visual Quarterly Woreda 2000:00
the irrigation farmers on functioning of kebele inspection and Agriculture

scheme sustainable irrigated the developed report office,
agriculture irrigation Regional and
Establish an scheme woreda EPA
operations and
maintenance
manual, and to the
operators providing
training
Total 42,500.00
11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

11.1 Conclusion
The ESIA study identified that; the project is feasible based on the following socioeconomic
and environmental grounds:
 Sound to the prevailing current problem of the people living in the PA
 Accepted by the proposed beneficiaries and expressed interest to their share in
development of the project
 Has policy backing as stated under section three of this report
 Has multidimensional benefits which will be reflected in the areas of health,
environment, job opportunity etc
 Has no that much sever socioeconomic and environmental negative impact
11.2 Recommendations
The Consultant is devoted to avail proper design that emanates from baseline socioeconomic
condition of the proposed project beneficiaries. The client has to ensure the construction of
the project is implemented as per the design. Finally, the following socioeconomic factors
have to be taken in to consideration to make the project effective and sustainable.
Mobilizing Community Participation
During construction, the client and the contractor have to conduct frequent consultation with
the local people. After construction or during operation phase, the Client has to consult and
follow the attitude of the local people to the project. The local people consultation should be
organized by the respective wereda administrations.
Effecting compensation in accordance with existing legal frameworks
The project is impacting currently the farm land of people in the Wereda. Therefore, compensation
has to be effected for the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) in accordance with the existing legal
frameworks before proceeding to implementation. Some of the PAPs forwarded their apprehension
during the public consultation, regarding working project activities on their land before effecting
compensation.
Land consolidation (exchange) is required to: (i) enable the revised land use under the
project; (ii) provide at least 0.1 ha of irrigable land to the landless; (iii) reduce the current
fragmented landholdings.
 The Irrigation projects must be supported by efficient infrastructure and support
services such as focused extension services, transport and communications, more
affordable energy sources, ware housing and other links for the production and
distribution of agricultural products.
12. REFERENCES
 Howards. Peavy, Donald R.Rowe and George Techobanoglous (2013) Indian edition,
Environmental Engineering Handbook.
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Rimecha Deep Well SSI Project Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

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OROMIA REGIONAL STATE SOUTH WEST SHOA ID OFFICE

Rimecha deep well SSI project Environmental

By: Mesfin Asefa

Reviewed: June 2023, Woliso, Ethiopia

2.1.1 VALUED ECOSYSTEM WITHIN THE STUDY AREA........................................................................................11

4. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL...............................................................................16

7.1.2. Rain fall...........................................................................................................................................21

7. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS................................................................................................................ 23

8. MITIGATION MEASURES FOR ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS....................................................31

8.1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE MITIGATION MEASURES..................................................................................31

10. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................................40

10.1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND..........................................................................................................40

11. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION.............................................................................................. 52

4 Promotes beneficiary’s livelihood and food security

1.1.2 Objective of the study

Baseline data was collected for two main purposes

1.1.8 Geological and Hydro Geological Investigation Methodology

1.1.9 Environmental Impact Identification Methodology

1.1.12 Data analysis and report writing

3.1.2 Project location

3.1.3 Project objective

3.1.7 Proposed Agricultural Inputs and Supporting Services

3.1.9 Plant Protection

Table 2: Chemicals required for crop protection

Crops Diseases Chemicals Rate/ha Freq.

Table 3: Summary of seed requirement for first year

3.1.11 Fertilizer requirements

Table 4: Seasonal and annual fertilizer requirement for first year

Crop Full irrigation Wet season Total requirement

4. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE PROJECT PROPOSAL

4.1.4 Wildlife Resources

5. Table 6:- Station: Weliso(Ghion) by Newlocclim

Jan 25.6 11.4 52 112 8.6 20.2 3.9 5.0 5

Feb. 26.7 11.7 49 121 7.9 20.4 4.3 39.0 36.6

Mar 26.7 12.1 50 121 7.5 21.0 4.5 63 56.6

Apr 26.6 12.5 58 112 6.6 19.7 4.2 79 69

May 26.9 11.5 65 121 6.9 19.7 4.2 99 83.3

Jun 24.0 11.2 78 78 5.0 16.4 3.2 256 150.6

Jul 21.6 11.5 89 69 2.7 13.2 2.5 277 152.7

Aug 21.5 10.9 90 69 3.3 14.4 2.7 239 147.6

Sep 23.2 10.3 83 86 4.9 16.9 3.1 109 90

Oct 24.5 10.4 59 138 7.7 20.4 4.1 20 19.4

Nov 24.2 10.4 48 130 9.1 21.1 4.1 16 15.6

Dec 25.6 10.3 56 130 9.1 20.4 4.0 6 5.9

Year 24.8 11.2 65 107 6.6 18.7 1361 1208 832.3

6. Source: National Meteorological Agency (NMA) (Data compiled by FAO)

7.1.1. Hydrological Data

Figure 1:- Naanno Garble Watershed catchment.

7.1.2. Rain fall

Table 7:- Mean monthly rainfall (mm)

600 Rain Fall (mm)

Figure 2. Seasonal rainfall variation in and around the project area

6.1.2 Soil Suitability

7. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

7.1.2 Assessment of Positive Environmental Impact of the project

6 Agricultural sector developments

7 stabilizes local climate conditions

(3) Air and Climatic Factors

All quarrying activities, excavation of overburden materials, transportation or mobility of