1.H. Gao, B. Wu, D. Xu, R. P. Aguilera, P.

Acuna, "Model predictive

switching pattern control for current-source converters with space-
vector-based selective harmonic elimination", IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 32, no. 8, pp. 6558-6569, Aug. 2017.
This paper presents a model predictive switching pattern control
(MPSPC) for a current source converter (CSC), which achieves superb
low-order harmonics elimination performance in steady state, and
improved transient responses. Based on a proposed space vector based
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) method and prediction of load
current at the next sampling instant, MPSPC prefers to following a pre-
calculated SHE-PWM pattern in steady state, and governing the CSC
through a model predictive control (MPC) approach during transients. In
comparison with existing schemes, the advantages of MPSPC are
threefold: First, quantization error, introduced by a constant sampling
frequency in MPC and degrading steady-state low-order harmonic
elimination, is mitigated in the proposed scheme. Second, there is no
weighting factor in the cost function, as used in existing schemes. Last,
MPSPC is totally realized based on one-step prediction, which simplifies
the structure of the scheme. Both simulation and experimental results
verify the steady-state and dynamic performance of MPSPC with
different SHE-PWM patterns.
Method: model predictive switching pattern control (MPSPC)
2. R. P. Aguilera et al., "Selective harmonic elimination model
predictive control for multilevel power converters", IEEE Trans.
Power Electron., vol. 32, no. 3, pp. 2416-2426, Mar. 2017.
In this work, a Model Predictive Control (MPC) strategy that combines
Finite-Control-Set MPC (FCS-MPC) with Selective Harmonic
Elimination (SHE) modulation pattern in its formulation is proposed to
govern multilevel power converters. Based on a desired operating point
for the system state (converter current reference), an associated
predefined SHE voltage pattern is obtained as a required steady-state
control input reference. Then, the cost function is formulated with the
inclusion of both system state and control input references. According
with the proposed reference and cost function formulation, the predictive
controller prefers to track the converter output current reference in
transients, while preserving the SHE voltage pattern in steadystate.
Hence, as evidenced by experimental results, a fast dynamic response is
obtained throughout transients while a predefined voltage and current
spectrum with low switching frequency is achieved in steady-state.

Method: Finite-Control-Set MPC (FCS-MPC) with Selective Harmonic

Elimination (SHE)
3.A. Salem, E. M. Ahmed, M. Orabi, M. Ahmed, "Study and
analysis of new three-phase modular multilevel inverter", IEEE
Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 63, no. 12, pp. 7804-7813, Dec. 2016.
this paper proposes a new three-phase modular multi-level inverter
(MMLI). The proposed inverter consists of repeated modular primary
cells that are connected in series configuration. Therefore, the proposed
topology can be extended to get more output voltage levels by adding
additional cells without increasing voltage stresses across power
switches. Both sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and staircase
modulation are successfully applied to the proposed inverter. The
proposed inverter features many advantages such as reduced number of
semiconductor power switches, driver circuits, dcvoltage sources,
simplified control algorithm, and reduced voltage stresses across the
switches independent of output voltage level. Furthermore, the
performance of the proposed inverter is studied under both open-loop
and closed- loop operations for highly inductive load. Beside the
obtained simulation results, a laboratory prototype has been carried out
and tested to verify the control techniques and performances of the
topology. Simulation and experimental results are compared together to
highlight the similarity and consistence of them.
Method: three-phase modular multi-level inverter (MMLI)
4. K. S. Neralwar, P. M. Meshram, V. Borghate, "GA based hybrid
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) technique applied to five-level
nested neutral point clamped (NNPC) converter", Proc. IEEE 1st
Int. Conf. Power Electron. Intell. Control Energy Syst. (ICPEICES),
pp. 1-6, Jul. 2016.
This paper presents, genetic algorithm based hybrid selective harmonic
elimination scheme for recently introduced Nested Neutral Point
Clamped (NNPC) Converter. The Selective harmonic elimination (SHE)
modulation scheme reduces device stress, switching losses and filter size
in high power and high voltage applications. SHE technique aims to
solve non-linear and transcendental equations while keeping the
objective, to maintain the fundamental harmonic component at its
reference value and to eliminate lower order odd harmonics. To solve
these nonlinear equations Hybrid algorithm has been adopted in this
paper. This algorithm has two stages, during first stage GA has been run
for four iterations and in second stage obtained solution from GA is used
to initialize newton algorithm, which finally gives the exact converged
solution. Thus, proposed algorithm overcomes the drawback of newton
algorithm to have strong initial guess. This work also investigates the
performance of five-level NNPC inverter by doing spectral analysis of
phase and line voltages. The MATLAB/SlMULINK software is used for
comprehensive simulation of five-level NNPC inverter.
Method: Nested Neutral Point Clamped (NNPC) Converter
5.Y. Sinha, A. Nampally, "Modular multilevel converter modulation
using fundamental switching selective harmonic elimination
method", Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Renew. Energy Res. Appl. (ICRERA),
pp. 736-741, Nov. 2016.
This paper address the issue of low order harmonics in a modular
multilevel converter (MMC). Using fundamental switching selective
harmonic elimination (SHE), the control angles are calculated from
nonlinear equations by Newton-Raphson method. The selective
harmonic elimination equations are solved in such a way that the first
switching angle is used to control the magnitude of the fundamental
voltage and the remaining angles are used to eliminate the lowest odd,
non-triplen harmonics components as they dominate the total harmonic
distortion of the converter. The concept is validated using a 9-level
detailed model of MMC in PSCAD/EMTDC®. The simulation result
shows a good agreement with theoretical analysis and in comparison
with conventional sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM), the
proposed method, eliminates low order harmonics, leading to a low total
harmonic distortion.
Method: switching selective harmonic elimination (SHE)
6.Z. Wang, B. Wu, D. Xu, and N. R. Zargari, "Hybrid PWM for
High-Power Current-Source-Inverter-Fed Drives With Low
Switching Frequency," Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on,
vol. 26, pp. 1754-1764, 2011.
In this paper, a hybrid pulsewidth modulation (PWM) scheme is
proposed to suppress the LC resonance for the high-power current-
source inverter (CSI) fed drives with low switching frequency. In CSI
drive systems, the selective harmonic elimination (SHE) is selected due
to the better performance of harmonics, but the LC resonance cannot be
effectively damped due to the lack of control flexibility of SHE. In this
paper, SHE is only used for the steady-state operation. The modulation
scheme is then switched to space vector modulation with dynamic
capacitor voltage control when the transient event occurs. The smoothed
transitions between different modulation schemes are proposed. The
proposed hybrid method effectively solves the resonant issues in CSI
drives, while maintaining the power quality. Both simulation and
experiments verify the performance of the proposed hybrid PWM
scheme.
7.S. Kouro, M. A. Perez, J. Rodriguez, A. M. Llor, and H. A. Young,
"Model Predictive Control: MPC's Role in the Evolution of Power
Electronics," IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 9, pp. 8-21,
2015.
The evolution of power electronics and its control has been mainly
driven by industry applications and influenced by the development
achieved in several technologies, such as power semiconductors,
converter topologies, automatic control, and analog and digital
electronics. Digital signal processors (DSPs), in particular, have
experienced an exponential development in processing power, which
until now has not been fully exploited for control purposes in power
converters and drive applications. Presently, the control system
technology finds itself in a paradigm-changing tipping point, in which
more demanding control goals, system flexibility, and functionalities
required by emerging applications are driving the control system
technology development, in addition to stabilization and robustness,
which was the main focus in the past. This article walks briefly through
the history of the mainstream power converter control scene, with an
emphasis on the more recent introduction of predictive control, and
gives a glimpse on the challenges and possibilities ahead. Special
attention is given to finite control set (FCS)-model predictive control
(MPC), because of its simplicity, flexibility, inherent adaptation to power
electronic circuits and their discrete nature, both in the finite amount of
switching states and the digital implementation with microprocessors.
8.V. Yaramasu, B. Wu, and J. Chen, "Model-Predictive Control of
Grid-Tied Four-Level Diode-Clamped Inverters for High-Power
Wind Energy Conversion Systems," Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 29, pp. 2861-2873, 2014.
In this paper, a model-predictive control of medium voltage, grid-tied
four-level diode-clamped inverter for use in high-power wind energy
conversion systems is presented. The control objectives such as
regulation of net dc-link voltage, reactive power generation to meet the
grid operator request, dc-link capacitor voltages balancing, and
switching frequency minimization are included in the cost function. The
latter objective is an important requirement for high-power converters,
and this has been achieved without any modifications to the software or
hardware configuration. The future behavior of the grid currents and dc-
link voltages is predicted for all the possible switching states using the
discrete-time model of the inverter, dc-link, inductive filter, and grid.
The switching state that minimizes the cost function has been chosen
and applied to the inverter directly. During different operating
conditions, the switching frequency is regulated between 750 and 850
Hz with the help of a lookup-table-based weighting factor, and thus, the
proposed methodology appears as a promising tool to control the high-
power grid-tied inverters. The results obtained through the MATLAB
simulations on 4 MVA/4000 V system and dSPACE DS1103-based
experiments on 5 kW/208 V prototype are in a close relationship and
thus validate the proposed control strategy.
9.Y. C. Zhang and H. T. Yang, "Model Predictive Torque Control of
Induction Motor Drives With Optimal Duty Cycle Control," Power
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 29, pp. 6593-6603, 2014.
Model predictive torque control (MPTC) is emerging as a powerful
control scheme for high performance control of induction motor (IM)
drives. Compared to direct torque control, MPTC is more effective and
accurate in voltage vector selection by incorporating the system model
directly with the finite switching states. However, for two-level inverter-
fed IM drives, the sampling frequency of MPTC has to be high to
achieve good performance due to the limited number of voltage vectors.
Recently, the concept of duty cycle control was introduced in MPTC by
inserting a null vector along with the selected active voltage vector to
achieve torque ripple reduction. The active vector is first selected from
conventional MPTC and then its duration is determined based on a
certain principle. The cascaded processing of active vector and its
duration leads to poor low-speed performance and the sampling
frequency still has to be high. This paper proposes an improved MPTC
with duty cycle control by optimizing the vector selection and its
duration simultaneously when minimizing both torque and flux errors.
As a result, better steady-state performance at both low and high speeds
is achieved, even if the sampling frequency is reduced by half. The
effectiveness of the proposed MPTC is verified by both simulation and
experimental results.
10.Y. C. Zhang and H. T. Yang, "Generalized Two-Vector-Based
Model-Predictive Torque Control of Induction Motor Drives,"
Power Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 30, pp. 3818-3829,
2015.
Conventional single-vector-based model-predictive torque control
(MPTC) has been widely studied owing to its intuitive concept and
quick response. To improve the steady-state performance, recently, the
concept of duty cycle control was introduced in MPTC by inserting a
null vector along with an active vector during one control period.
However, this still fails to reduce the torque error to a minimal value due
to the imposed restriction on vector combination and the cascaded
processing of vector selection and vector duration. This paper proposes a
generalized two-vectors-based MPTC (GTV-MPTC) by relaxing the
vector combination to two arbitrary voltage vectors. By evaluating the
vector combination and their durations simultaneously in the predefined
cost function, global minimization of torque error can be obtained in
theory. However, the computational burden is also significantly
increased. By choosing a proper method to determine the vector
durations, the redundant vector combinations can be eliminated, which
makes the proposed GTV-MPTC suitable for real-time implementation.
Both simulation and experimental results were carried out to verify the
effectiveness of the proposed method. The presented results show that,
compared to prior MPTC with or without duty cycle control, the
proposed GTV-MPTC achieves much better performance with lower
sampling frequency over a wide speed range. Furthermore, the average
switching frequency is even lower than that of conventional MPTC in
the medium speed range.
11.. Zavala, M. Rivera, S. Kouro, J. Rodriguez, B. Wu, V. Yaramasu,
et al., "Predictive control of a current source rectifier with imposed
sinusoidal input currents," in Industrial Electronics Society, IECON
2013 - 39th Annual Conference of the IEEE, 2013, pp. 5842-5847.
A new predictive control strategy for current source rectifiers which
allows an effective control of source and load currents is presented in
this paper. This method uses the commutation states of the converter in
the subsequent sampling time according to an optimization algorithm
given by a cost function and the discrete system model. The two control
goals are: (a) regulation of dc-link current according to an arbitrary
reference, and (b) a good tracking of the source current to its sinusoidal
reference. The feasibility of the proposed method is verified by
MATLAB/Simulink software.
12.T. Geyer and D. E. Quevedo, "Performance of Multistep Finite
Control Set Model Predictive Control for Power Electronics," Power
Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 30, pp. 1633-1644, 2015.
The performance of direct model predictive control (MPC) with
reference tracking and long prediction horizons is evaluated through
simulations, using the current control problem of a variable speed drive
system with a voltage source inverter as an illustrative example. A
modified sphere decoding algorithm is used to efficiently solve the
optimization problem underlying MPC for long horizons. For a horizon
of five and a three-level inverter, for example, the computational burden
is reduced by four orders of magnitude, compared to the standard
exhaustive search approach. This paper illustrates the performance gains
that are achievable by using prediction horizons larger than one.
Specifically, for long prediction horizons and a low switching frequency,
the total harmonic distortion of the current is significantly lower than for
space vector modulation, making direct MPC with long horizons an
attractive and computationally viable control scheme
13.R. Aguilera, P. Acuna, P. Lezana, G. Konstantinou, B. Wu, S.
Bernet, et al., "Selective Harmonic Elimination Model Predictive
Control for Multilevel Power Converters," IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. PP, pp. 1-1, 2016.
In this study, a model predictive control (MPC) strategy that combines
finite-control-set MPC with selective harmonic elimination (SHE)
modulation pattern in its formulation is proposed to govern multilevel
power converters. Based on a desired operating point for the system
state (converter current reference), an associated predefined SHE voltage
pattern is obtained as a required steady-state control input reference.
Then, the cost function is formulated with the inclusion of both system
state and control input references. According with the proposed
reference and cost function formulation, the predictive controller prefers
to track the converter output current reference in transients, while
preserving the SHE voltage pattern in steady state. Hence, as evidenced
by experimental results, a fast dynamic response is obtained throughout
transients while a predefined voltage and current spectrum with low
switching frequency is achieved in steady state
14.Y. C. Zhang and W. Xie, "Low Complexity Model Predictive
Control - Single Vector-Based Approach," Power Electronics, IEEE
Transactions on, vol. 29, pp. 5532-5541, 2014.
Finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) is emerging as a
powerful control scheme in the control of power converters, because it
takes the discrete nature of power converters into account and offers a
flexible way to consider various constraints. However, conventional
FCS-MPC requires to evaluate a cost function for each discrete
switching states, which poses high computational burden. This paper
proposes a low-complexity MPC (LC-MPC), which only requires one
prediction to find the best voltage vector. The principle of LC-MPC is
inherited from prior direct current control (DCC), but has been
generalized by identifying its advantages, limitations, and potential
application areas. Furthermore, the relationship between LC-MPC and
FCS-MPC is studied and it is found that in some cases, the LC-MPC is
completely equivalent to FCS-MPC. This paper presents the application
example of LC-MPC in power control of three-phase ac/dc converter. To
make it a success, the negative conjugate of complex power in
synchronous frame is selected as the control variable. Detailed principle
of vector selection is introduced and the reason for requiring only one
prediction in the proposed LC-MPC is strictly proven using
mathematical tools. The proposed LC-MPC is compared with
conventional FCS-MPC and its effectiveness is verified by both
simulation and experimental results from a two-level ac/dc converter.
15.A. Edpuganti and A. K. Rathore, “A Survey of Low Switching
Frequency Modulation Techniques for Medium-Voltage Multilevel
Converters,” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 51,
no. 5, pp. 4212–4228, 2015.
Multilevel converters (MLCs) have emerged as standard power
electronic converters for medium-voltage high-power industrial
applications. Owing to dominating device switching losses in high-
power applications, it is preferable to use low device switching
frequency (LDSF) modulation techniques. Then, it is possible to achieve
higher device utilization, higher converter efficiency, and reduced
cooling requirements. However, there exists a tradeoff between device
switching frequency and harmonic distortion of converter output
currents. Therefore, the main challenge for LDSF modulation techniques
is to minimize the harmonic distortion of the output currents. The goal of
this paper is to provide a review of various LDSF modulation techniques
proposed in the literature and also discuss in detail about one of the
emerging LDSF control techniques known as synchronous optimal
pulsewidth modulation. Finally, challenges to LDSF modulation
techniques for emerging multilevel topologies and future trends in
applications of MLCs are discussed to motivate further research, to
enhance the proposed LDSF techniques, and to explore for new
alternatives.
16.J. Leon, S. Kouro, L. Franquelo, J. Rodr´ıguez, and B. Wu, “The
Essential Role and the Continuous Evolution of Modulation
Techniques for Voltage Source Inverters in Past, Present and Future
Power Electronics,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol. 63, pp. 2688–2701, May 2016.
The cost reduction of power-electronic devices, the increase in their
reliability, efficiency, and power capability, and lower development
times, together with more demanding application requirements, has
driven the development of several new inverter topologies recently
introduced in the industry, particularly medium-voltage converters. New
more complex inverter topologies and new application fields come along
with additional control challenges, such as voltage imbalances, power-
quality issues, higher efficiency needs, and fault-tolerant operation,
which necessarily requires the parallel development of modulation
schemes. Therefore, recently, there have been significant advances in the
field of modulation of dc/ac converters, which conceptually has been
dominated during the last several decades almost exclusively by classic
pulse-width modulation (PWM) methods. This paper aims to concentrate
and discuss the latest developments on this exciting technology, to
provide insight on where the state-of-the-art stands today, and analyze
the trends and challenges driving its future.
17.A. Ghias, J. Pou, G. J. Capella, V. G. Agelidis, R. P. Aguilera, and
T. A. Meynard, “Single-Carrier Phase-Disposition PWM
Implementation for Multilevel Flying Capacitor Converters,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, pp. 5376–5380, Oct.
2015.
This letter proposes a new implementation of phase-disposition pulse-
width modulation (PD-PWM) for multilevel flying capacitor (FC)
converters using a single triangular carrier. The proposed
implementation is much simpler than conventional PD-PWM techniques
based on multiple trapezoidal-shaped carriers, generates the same results
as far as natural capacitor voltage balance is concerned and offers better
quality line-to-line voltages when compared to phase-shifted PWM. The
proposed algorithm is based on reshaping the reference signal to fit
within the range of a single carrier and assigning each crossing of the
reference signal with the carrier to a particular pair of switches at any
time. The proposed algorithm is suitable for digital implementation
taking maximum benefit from the PWM units available in the processor.
Simulation and experimental results are presented from the five-level FC
converter to verify the proposed PD-PWM implementation.

18.M. S. A. Dahidah, G. Konstantinou, and V. G. Agelidis, “A

Review of Multilevel Selective Harmonic Elimination PWM:
Formulations, Solving Algorithms, Implementation and
Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 30, no.
8, pp. 4091–4106, 2015.
Selective harmonic elimination pulse width modulation (SHE-PWM)
offers tight control of the harmonic spectrum of a given voltage and/or
current waveform generated by a power electronics converter. Owing to
its formulation and focus on elimination of low-order harmonics, it is
highly beneficial for high-power converters operating with low
switching frequencies. Over the last decade, the application of SHE-
PWM has been extended to include multilevel converters. This paper
provides a comprehensive review of the SHE-PWM modulation
technique, aimed at its application to multilevel converters. This review
focuses on various aspects of multilevel SHE-PWM, including different
problem formulations, solving algorithms, and implementation in
various multilevel converter topologies. An overview of current and
future applications of multilevel SHE-PWM is also provided.
19.W. Xie, X. Wang, F. Wang, W. Xu, R. Kennel, and D. Gerling,
“Dynamic Loss Minimization of Finite Control Set-Model Predictive
Torque Control for Electric Drive System,” IEEE Transactions on
Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 849–860, Jan. 2016.
This paper proposes a dynamic optimization strategy of finite control
set-model predictive torque control for permanent magnet synchronous
machines, which takes into account the inverter losses and machine
losses simultaneously. In order to reduce the switching losses (or to
optimize the switching sequence) of the inverter, a recognized and
feasible constrain which considers the accumulated ON/OFF times of
the switches is implemented. The machine losses are taken into account
by utilizing an optimal stator flux reference. An alternative loss model
control method is proposed to calculate the optimal stator flux reference,
which combines the conventional maximum torque/ampere method and
the conventional loss model control method. Furthermore, a discrete-
time machine model is introduced, which can reduce the predictive error
at relative low switching frequency. The key results are illustrated by a
combination of simulation and prototype interior permanent magnet
machine drive measurements.

20.Z. Zhang, F. Wang, T. Sun, J. Rodr´ıguez, and R. Kennel,

“FPGA-Based Experimental Investigation of a Quasi-Centralized
Model Predictive Control for Back-to-Back Converters,” IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 662–674, Jan.
2016.
Voltage source back-to-back power converters are widely used in grid-
tied applications. This paper presents a quasi-centralized direct model
predictive control (QC-DMPC) scheme for back-to-back converter
control without a dc-link outer-loop controller. Furthermore, the QC-
DMPC is experimentally compared with a conventional proportional-
integration (PI) dc-link controller-based DMPC (PI-DMPC) scheme. For
the QC-DMPC scheme, the dc-link voltage is directly controlled by a
grid-side predictive controller using a dynamic reference generation
concept and load-side power estimation. For the PI-DMPC scheme, the
dc-link voltage is controlled by an external PI controller. Both schemes
are implemented on a field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based
platform. Effectiveness of the proposed QC-DMPC is verified by both
simulation and experimental data. Moreover, FPGA implementation
issues (resource usage and timing information), dc-link control
performance, and robustness to parameter variation of the two DMPC
schemes are compared in detail. The results emphasize that the QC-
DMPC may outperform the PI-DMPC scheme in normal operation but
with a slightly higher usage of FPGA resources. However, PI-DMPC
scheme is more robust when parameter variations are considered.