Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 43 views

    Origins: Brief History of Ottoman Empire

    Uploaded by

    Shahpoor Khan Wazir
    The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century as a small Turkish state that grew to absorb other local states. By the mid-15th century under leaders like Mehmed II, the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople and established their empire, gaining territory in the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa over the next centuries. The empire reached its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent and controlled most of southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. However, the empire then entered a long period of decline due to military defeats, loss of territories, and internal problems. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and was dissolved following World

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Origins: Brief History of Ottoman Empire

    Uploaded by

    Shahpoor Khan Wazir
    43 views3 pages
    The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century as a small Turkish state that grew to absorb other local states. By the mid-15th century under leaders like Mehmed II, the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople and established their empire, gaining territory in the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa over the next centuries. The empire reached its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent and controlled most of southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. However, the empire then entered a long period of decline due to military defeats, loss of territories, and internal problems. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and was dissolved following World

    Original Description:

    ottoman's history

    Original Title

    ottoman Brief History

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century as a small Turkish state that grew to absorb other local states. By the mid-15th century under leaders like Mehmed II, the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople and established their empire, gaining territory in the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa over the next centuries. The empire reached its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent and controlled most of southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. However, the empire then entered a long period of decline due to military defeats, loss of territories, and internal problems. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and was dissolved following World

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    43 views3 pages

    Origins: Brief History of Ottoman Empire

    Uploaded by

    Shahpoor Khan Wazir
    The Ottoman Empire began in the late 13th century as a small Turkish state that grew to absorb other local states. By the mid-15th century under leaders like Mehmed II, the Ottomans had conquered Constantinople and established their empire, gaining territory in the Balkans, Middle East, and North Africa over the next centuries. The empire reached its peak in the 16th century under Suleiman the Magnificent and controlled most of southeastern Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. However, the empire then entered a long period of decline due to military defeats, loss of territories, and internal problems. By the early 20th century, the Ottoman Empire had collapsed and was dissolved following World

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    Brief History of Ottoman Empire

    Origins

    The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor
    during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottoman Turks began to absorb
    the other states, and during the reign (1451–81) of Muhammad II they ended all other local
    Turkish dynasties. The early phase of Ottoman expansion took place under Osman I, Orkhan,
    Murad I, and Beyazid I at the expense of the Byzantine Empire, Bulgaria, and Serbia. Bursa fell
    in 1326 and Adrianople (the modern Edirne) in 1361; each in turn became the capital of the
    empire. The great Ottoman victories of Kosovo (1389) and Nikopol (1396) placed large parts of
    the Balkan Peninsula under Ottoman rule and awakened Europe to the Ottoman danger. The
    Ottoman siege of Constantinople was lifted at the appearance of Timur, who defeated and
    captured Beyazid in 1402. The Ottomans, however, soon rallied.

    The Period of Great Expansion

    The empire, reunited by Muhammad I, expanded victoriously under Muhammad’s successors


    Murad II and Muhammad II. The victory (1444) at Varna over a crusading army led by
    Ladislaus III of Poland was followed in 1453 by the capture of Constantinople. Within a century
    the Ottomans had changed from a nomadic horde to the heirs of the most ancient surviving
    empire of Europe. Their success was due partly to the weakness and disunity of their
    adversaries, partly to their excellent and far superior military organization. Their army
    comprised numerous Christians—not only conscripts, who were organized as the corps of
    Janissaries, but also volunteers. Turkish expansion reached its peak in the 16th cent. under
    Selim I and Sulayman I (Sulayman the Magnificent).

    The Hungarian defeat (1526) at Mohács prepared the way for the capture (1541) of Buda and
    the absorption of the major part of Hungary by the Ottoman Empire; Transylvania became a
    tributary principality, as did Walachia and Moldavia. The Asian borders of the empire were
    pushed deep into Persia and Arabia. Selim I defeated the Mamluks of Egypt and Syria, took
    Cairo in 1517, and assumed the succession to the caliphate. Algiers was taken in 1518, and
    Mediterranean commerce was threatened by corsairs, such as Barbarossa, who sailed under
    Turkish auspices. Most of the Venetian and other Latin possessions in Greece also fell to the
    sultans.

    During the reign of Sulayman I began (1535) the traditional friendship between France and
    Turkey, directed against Hapsburg Austria and Spain. Sulayman reorganized the Turkish
    judicial system, and his reign saw the flowering of Turkish literature, art, and architecture. In
    practice the prerogatives of the sultan were limited by the spirit of Muslim canonical law
    (sharia), and he usually shared his authority with the chief preserver (sheyhülislam) of the
    sharia and with the grand vizier (chief executive officer).

    In the progressive decay that followed Sulayman’s death, the clergy (ulema) and the Janissaries
    gained power and exercised a profound, corrupting influence. The first serious blow by Europe
    to the empire was the naval defeat of Lepanto (1571; inflicted on the fleet of Selim II by the
    Spanish and Venetians under John of Austria. However, Murad IV in the 17th cent. temporarily
    restored Turkish military prestige by his victory (1638) over Persia. Crete was conquered from
    Venice, and in 1683 a huge Turkish army under Grand Vizier Kara Mustafa surrounded Vienna.
    The relief of Vienna by John III of Poland and the subsequent campaigns of Charles V of
    Lorraine, Louis of Baden, and Eugene of Savoy ended in negotiations in 1699 which cost
    Turkey Hungary and other territories.

    Decline

    The breakup of the state gained impetus with the Russo-Turkish Wars in the 18th cent. Egypt
    was only temporarily lost to Napoleon’s army, but the Greek War of Independence and its
    sequels, the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–29 and the war with Muhammad Ali of Egypt resulted
    in the loss of Greece and Egypt, the protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Walachia, and the
    semi-independence of Serbia. Drastic reforms were introduced in the late 18th and early 19th
    cent. by Selim III and Mahmud II, but they came too late. By the 19th cent. Turkey was known
    as the Sick Man of Europe.

    Through a series of treaties of capitulation from the 16th to the 18th cent. the Ottoman Empire
    gradually lost its economic independence. Although Turkey was theoretically among the victors
    in the Crimean War, it emerged from the war economically exhausted. The Congress of Paris
    (1856) recognized the independence and integrity of the Ottoman Empire, but this event marked
    the confirmation of the empire’s dependency rather than of its rights as a European power.

    The rebellion (1875) of Bosnia and Herzegovina precipitated the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–
    78, in which Turkey was defeated despite its surprisingly vigorous stand. Romania (i.e.,
    Walachia and Moldavia), Serbia, and Montenegro were declared fully independent, and Bosnia
    and Herzegovina passed under Austrian administration. Bulgaria, made a virtually independent
    principality, annexed (1885) Eastern Rumelia with impunity.

    Sultan Abd al-Majid, who in 1839 issued a decree containing an important body of civil
    reforms, was followed (1861) by Abd al-Aziz, whose reign witnessed the rise of the liberal
    party. Its leader, Midhat Pasha, succeeded in deposing (1876) Abd al-Aziz. Abd al-Hamid II
    acceded (1876) after the brief reign of Murad V. A liberal constitution was framed by Midhat,
    and the first Turkish parliament opened in 1877, but the sultan soon dismissed it and began a
    rule of personal despotism. The Armenian massacres of the late 19th cent. turned world public
    opinion against Turkey. Abd al-Hamid was victorious in the Greco-Turkish war of 1897, but
    Crete, which had been the issue, was ultimately gained by Greece.

    Collapse

    In 1908 the Young Turk movement, a reformist and strongly nationalist group, with many
    adherents in the army, forced the restoration of the constitution of 1876, and in 1909 the
    parliament deposed the sultan and put Muhammad V on the throne. In the two successive
    Balkan Wars (1912–13), Turkey lost nearly its entire territory in Europe to Bulgaria, Serbia,
    Greece, and newly independent Albania. The nationalism of the Young Turks, whose leader
    Enver Pasha gained virtual dictatorial power by a coup in 1913, antagonized the remaining
    minorities in the empire.

    The outbreak of World War I found Turkey lined up with the Central Powers. Although Turkish
    troops succeeded against the Allies in the Gallipoli campaign (1915), Arabia rose against
    Turkish rule, and British forces occupied (1917) Baghdad and Jerusalem. In 1918, Turkish
    resistance collapsed in Asia and Europe. An armistice was concluded in October, and the
    Ottoman Empire came to an end. The Treaty of Sèvres confirmed its dissolution. With the
    victory of the Turkish nationalists, who had refused to accept the peace terms and overthrew the
    sultan in 1922, modern Turkey’s history began.

    You might also like