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    Chem 1011

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    Arfa Ali Khan
    The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. Specifically: 1) Redox reactions involve both oxidation, where electrons are lost, and reduction, where electrons are gained. 2) Oxidation states are assigned to atoms to identify redox reactions and see how electrons are transferred. 3) Balancing redox equations requires balancing for both atoms and charge using the half-reaction method.

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    Chem 1011

    Uploaded by

    Arfa Ali Khan
    310 views4 pages
    The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. Specifically: 1) Redox reactions involve both oxidation, where electrons are lost, and reduction, where electrons are gained. 2) Oxidation states are assigned to atoms to identify redox reactions and see how electrons are transferred. 3) Balancing redox equations requires balancing for both atoms and charge using the half-reaction method.

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    CHEM 1011

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    The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. Specifically: 1) Redox reactions involve both oxidation, where electrons are lost, and reduction, where electrons are gained. 2) Oxidation states are assigned to atoms to identify redox reactions and see how electrons are transferred. 3) Balancing redox equations requires balancing for both atoms and charge using the half-reaction method.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    310 views4 pages

    Chem 1011

    Uploaded by

    Arfa Ali Khan
    The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions, which involve the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another. Specifically: 1) Redox reactions involve both oxidation, where electrons are lost, and reduction, where electrons are gained. 2) Oxidation states are assigned to atoms to identify redox reactions and see how electrons are transferred. 3) Balancing redox equations requires balancing for both atoms and charge using the half-reaction method.

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    of 4

    Oxidation-Reduction

    (REDOX) reactions
    Involve a transfer of electrons from one reactant
    to another

    Tutorial 1 Oxidation

    - Oxidation States Loss of electrons


    - Balancing Redox Equations
    Reduction

    Gain of electrons

    LEO the lion says GER


    Tro - Sections 4.9, 18.2
    Lose Electrons: Gain Electrons:
    Oxidation Reduction
    1 2

    Redox Reaction Example


    Iron Rusts

    4 Fe(s) + 3 O2(g) 2 Fe2O3

    Notice that the atomic iron has become a Oxidation States


    cation and oxygen has become an anion

    Metals have a tendency to be oxidized

    Non-Metals have a tendency to be


    reduced

    3 4

    Assigning Oxidation States


    Oxidation States
    Rule Applies to... Oxidation Number Exceptions
    Elements 0 NONE
    An oxidation state is a “pretend charge” that Monoatomic ions Ion’s charge NONE
    is assigned to an atom in compound. They In peroxides
    Oxygen -2
    allow us to: (H2O2) -1
    Identify a redox reaction In hydrides
    Hydrogen +1
    (CaH2) -1
    See how electrons are transferred from The element(s) which attract electrons
    Molecular most strongly will have an oxidation
    one reactant to another. N/A
    Compounds number equal to the charge it would
    have if it was an ion
    Remember, the total charge on an ion or compound is
    equal to the sum of all of the oxidation numbers
    5 6
    Worked Example Worked Example
    Determine the oxidation numbers of As and S in As2S3 Determine the oxidation numbers of P, S and Cl in PSCl3

    Sulfur (S) attracts electrons more than Arsenic (As) and Sulfur and Chlorine attract electrons most strongly.
    therefore it would have an oxidation number of -2 (equal Sulfur normally has a charge of -2 and chlorine
    to the charge it would normally have) normally has a charge of -1.

    For the sum of the oxidation numbers to be zero, For the sum of the oxidation numbers to be zero,
    arsenic (As) must have a positive oxidation number: phosphorus must have a positive oxidation number:

    0 = (2) (Ox # As) + (3) (Ox # S) 0 = (1) (Ox # P) + (1) (Ox # S) + (3) (Ox # Cl)
    0 = (2) (x) + (3) (-2) 0 = (1) (x) + (1) (-2) + (3) (-1)

    x = +3 x = +5
    7 8

    Sample Problem (A)


    Assigning Oxidation Numbers

    Assign oxidation numbers to each atom in


    the following compounds and polyatomic ions:
    1. KMnO4 6. F2 Identifying and Describing
    2. H2SO4 7.C4H6O Redox Reactions
    3. H2PtCl6 8.Cl2O7

    4. PO43-

    5. Cr2O72-

    9 10

    Identifying Redox Worked Example


    Reactions
    Is the following reaction a redox reaction?
    A redox reaction involves both reduction and
    2 Li(s) + Cl2(g) 2 LiCl(s)
    oxidation
    Reduction
    To determine if a reaction is a redox reaction we 0 -1
    must assign oxidation numbers to all atoms on both 0 +1
    Oxidation
    sides of the equation.
    The oxidation states for both Li and Cl are not
    If the oxidation number for any kind of atom is the same on both sides of the equation,
    not the same on both sides of the equation the therefore, THIS IS A REDOX REACTION.
    reaction involves oxidation and reduction. Li is oxidized Cl2 is reduced

    11 12
    Oxidizing and Reducing Sample Problem (B)
    Agents Identifying and Describing Redox Equations

    The oxidizing and reducing agents in a redox reaction will Do each following reactions represent a redox
    always be one of the reactants. reaction? If so, identify the oxidizing and
    reducing agents.
    To determine them, we look at what one reactant is doing to
    the another reactant. 1. HCl(aq) + NaOH H2O(l) + NaCl(aq)
    Essentially... 2. Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Li(s) LiNO3(aq) + Cu(s)
    The reactant that is oxidized is reducing the other
    3. CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) 2 H2O(l) + CO2(g)
    reactant, it is said to be the reducing agent

    The reactant that is reduced is oxidizing the other 4. Na(s) + Cl2(g) NaCl(s)
    reactant, it is said to be the oxidizing agent

    13 14

    Balancing Redox Equations


    Remember, redox reactions involve a transfer of
    electrons from one reactant to another.

    Balancing Redox Equations To balance an equation for a redox reaction we must


    make sure that the equation is balanced for atoms
    (using the half-reaction method)
    and balanced for charge.

    Balancing redox equations is more complicated than


    balancing other types of equations.

    The procedure is listed in steps on the following


    slide...

    15 16

    Redox Equation Worked Example


    Balancing Procedure Balance the following redox reaction if it occurs in
    acidic conditions:
    1. Assign oxidation numbers to all atoms

    2. Split the reaction into two half-reactions (one for oxidation and one Al(s) + MnO4-(aq) MnO2(s) + Al(OH)4-(aq)
    for reduction)

    3. Balance atoms other O and H. Balance O with water. Balance H with


    H+
    The half-reactions and oxidation states are:
    4. Balance charge with electrons

    5. Make the number of electrons in each half-reaction equal by


    Al(s) Al(OH)4-
    0 +3 -2 +1
    multiplying one or both reactions by an integer.

    6. Recombine the half-reactions canceling electrons and other species

    7. If the conditions are basic, add the same number of OH- ions to both MnO4-(aq) MnO2(s)
    sides of the equation to cancel H+. +7 -2 +4 -2

    17 18
    Balance atoms (other atoms, then O, then H):

    Al(s) + 4 H2O(l) Al(OH)4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq)


    Sample Problem (C)
    Balancing Redox Equations
    MnO4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l)

    Balance Charge (with e-) Balance the following redox equation in acidic
    solution:
    Al(s) + 4 H2O(l) Al(OH)4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3e-
    MnO4-(aq) + 4 H+(aq) + 3e- MnO2(s) + 2 H2O(l) I-(aq) + NO2-(aq) I2(s) + NO(g)

    * No need to multiply equations by integers since the


    number of electrons in each is already equal.
    Balance the following redox equation in basic
    Recombine the two half-reactions (cancelling species) soluion:

    Al(s) + 2 H2O(l) + MnO4-(aq) Al(OH)4-(aq) + MnO2(s) H2O2(aq) + ClO2(aq) ClO2-(aq) + O2(g)

    19 20

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