Tecson Vs Comelec

1/17/2018 G.R. Nos.
161434, 161634 & 161824
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EN BANC
G.R. No. 161434 March 3, 2004
MARIA JEANETTE C. TECSON and FELIX B. DESIDERIO, JR., petitioners,
vs.

The COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, RONALD ALLAN KELLY POE (a.k.a. FERNANDO POE, JR.) and
VICTORINO X. FORNIER, respondents.
xx
G.R. No. 161634 March 3, 2004
ZOILO ANTONIO VELEZ, petitioner,
vs.

RONALD ALLAN KELLEY POE, a.k.a. FERNANDO POE, JR., respondent.
xx
G. R. No. 161824 March 3, 2004
VICTORINO X. FORNIER, petitioner,
vs.

HON. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS and RONALD ALLAN KELLEY POE, ALSO KNOWN AS FERNANDO
POE JR., respondents.
D E C I S I O N
VITUG, J.:
Citizenship is a treasured right conferred on those whom the state believes are deserving of the privilege. It
is a "precious heritage, as well as an inestimable acquisition,"1 that cannot be taken lightly by anyone
either by those who enjoy it or by those who dispute it.
Before the Court are three consolidated cases, all of which raise a single question of profound importance to the
nation. The issue of citizenship is brought up to challenge the qualifications of a presidential candidate to hold the
highest office of the land. Our people are waiting for the judgment of the Court with bated breath. Is Fernando Poe,
Jr., the hero of silver screen, and now one of the main contenders for the presidency, a naturalborn Filipino or is he
not?
The moment of introspection takes us face to face with Spanish and American colonial roots and reminds us of the
rich heritage of civil law and common law traditions, the fusion resulting in a hybrid of laws and jurisprudence that
could be no less than distinctly Filipino.
Antecedent Case Settings
On 31 December 2003, respondent Ronald Allan Kelly Poe, also known as Fernando Poe, Jr. (hereinafter "FPJ"),
filed his certificate of candidacy for the position of President of the Republic of the Philippines under the Koalisyon
ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP) Party, in the forthcoming national elections. In his certificate of candidacy, FPJ,
http://www.lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2004/mar2004/gr_161434_2004.html 1/26
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
representing himself to be a naturalborn citizen of the Philippines, stated his name to be "Fernando Jr.," or "Ronald
Allan" Poe, his date of birth to be 20 August 1939 and his place of birth to be Manila.
Victorino X. Fornier, petitioner in G.R. No. 161824, entitled "Victorino X. Fornier, Petitioner, versus Hon. Commission
on Elections and Ronald Allan Kelley Poe, also known as Fernando Poe, Jr., Respondents," initiated, on 09 January
2004, a petition docketed SPA No. 04003 before the Commission on Elections ("COMELEC") to disqualify FPJ and
to deny due course or to cancel his certificate of candidacy upon the thesis that FPJ made a material
misrepresentation in his certificate of candidacy by claiming to be a naturalborn Filipino citizen when in truth,
according to Fornier, his parents were foreigners; his mother, Bessie Kelley Poe, was an American, and his father,
Allan Poe, was a Spanish national, being the son of Lorenzo Pou, a Spanish subject. Granting, petitioner
asseverated, that Allan F. Poe was a Filipino citizen, he could not have transmitted his Filipino citizenship to FPJ,
the latter being an illegitimate child of an alien mother. Petitioner based the allegation of the illegitimate birth of
respondent on two assertions first, Allan F. Poe contracted a prior marriage to a certain Paulita Gomez before his
marriage to Bessie Kelley and, second, even if no such prior marriage had existed, Allan F. Poe, married Bessie
Kelly only a year after the birth of respondent.
In the hearing before the Third Division of the COMELEC on 19 January 2004, petitioner, in support of his claim,
presented several documentary exhibits 1) a copy of the certificate of birth of FPJ, 2) a certified photocopy of an
affidavit executed in Spanish by Paulita Poe y Gomez attesting to her having filed a case for bigamy and
concubinage against the father of respondent, Allan F. Poe, after discovering his bigamous relationship with Bessie
Kelley, 3) an English translation of the affidavit aforesaid, 4) a certified photocopy of the certificate of birth of Allan F.
Poe, 5) a certification issued by the Director of the Records Management and Archives Office, attesting to the fact
that there was no record in the National Archives that a Lorenzo Poe or Lorenzo Pou resided or entered the
Philippines before 1907, and 6) a certification from the OfficerInCharge of the Archives Division of the National
Archives to the effect that no available information could be found in the files of the National Archives regarding the
birth of Allan F. Poe.
On his part, respondent, presented twentytwo documentary pieces of evidence, the more significant ones being a)
a certification issued by Estrella M. Domingo of the Archives Division of the National Archives that there appeared to
be no available information regarding the birth of Allan F. Poe in the registry of births for San Carlos, Pangasinan, b)
a certification issued by the OfficerInCharge of the Archives Division of the National Archives that no available
information about the marriage of Allan F. Poe and Paulita Gomez could be found, c) a certificate of birth of Ronald
Allan Poe, d) Original Certificate of Title No. P2247 of the Registry of Deeds for the Province of Pangasinan, in the
name of Lorenzo Pou, e) copies of Tax Declaration No. 20844, No. 20643, No. 23477 and No. 23478 in the name of
Lorenzo Pou, f) a copy of the certificate of death of Lorenzo Pou, g) a copy of the purported marriage contract
between Fernando Pou and Bessie Kelley, and h) a certification issued by the City Civil Registrar of San Carlos City,
Pangasinan, stating that the records of birth in the said office during the period of from 1900 until May 1946 were
totally destroyed during World War II.
On 23 January 2004, the COMELEC dismissed SPA No. 04003 for lack of merit. Three days later, or on 26 January
2004, Fornier filed his motion for reconsideration. The motion was denied on 06 February 2004 by the COMELEC
en banc. On 10 February 2004, petitioner assailed the decision of the COMELEC before this Court conformably with
Rule 64, in relation to Rule 65, of the Revised Rules of Civil Procedure. The petition, docketed G. R. No. 161824,
likewise prayed for a temporary restraining order, a writ of preliminary injunction or any other resolution that would
stay the finality and/or execution of the COMELEC resolutions.
The other petitions, later consolidated with G. R. No. 161824, would include G. R. No. 161434, entitled "Maria
Jeanette C. Tecson, and Felix B. Desiderio, Jr., vs. The Commission on Elections, Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (a.k.a.
‘Fernando Poe, Jr.’), and Victorino X. Fornier," and the other, docketed G. R. No. 161634, entitled "Zoilo Antonio G.
Velez, vs. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe, a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr.," both challenging the jurisdiction of the COMELEC and
asserting that, under Article VII, Section 4, paragraph 7, of the 1987 Constitution, only the Supreme Court had
original and exclusive jurisdiction to resolve the basic issue on the case.
Jurisdiction of the Court
In G. R. No. 161824
In seeking the disqualification of the candidacy of FPJ and to have the COMELEC deny due course to or cancel
FPJ’s certificate of candidacy for alleged misrepresentation of a material fact (i.e., that FPJ was a naturalborn
citizen) before the COMELEC, petitioner Fornier invoked Section 78 of the Omnibus Election Code –
"Section 78. Petition to deny due course to or cancel a certificate of candidacy. A verified petition seeking
to deny due course or to cancel a certificate of candidacy may be filed by any person exclusively on the
ground that any material representation contained therein as required under Section 74 hereof is false" –
in consonance with the general powers of COMELEC expressed in Section 52 of the Omnibus Election Code
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
"Section 52. Powers and functions of the Commission on Elections. In addition to the powers and functions
conferred upon it by the Constitution, the Commission shall have exclusive charge of the enforcement and
administration of all laws relative to the conduct of elections for the purpose of ensuring free, orderly and
honest elections"
and in relation to Article 69 of the Omnibus Election Code which would authorize "any interested party" to file
a verified petition to deny or cancel the certificate of candidacy of any nuisance candidate.
Decisions of the COMELEC on disqualification cases may be reviewed by the Supreme Court per Rule 642 in an
action for certiorari under Rule 653 of the Revised Rules of Civil Procedure. Section 7, Article IX, of the 1987
Constitution also reads –
"Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members any case or matter brought before it
within sixty days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution. A case or matter is deemed
submitted for decision or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum, required by the
rules of the Commission or by the Commission itself. Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law,
any decision, order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the
aggrieved party within thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof."
Additionally, Section 1, Article VIII, of the same Constitution provides that judicial power is vested in one Supreme
Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law which power "includes the duty of the courts of justice
to settle actual controversies involving rights which are legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine
whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of
any branch or instrumentality of the Government."
It is sufficiently clear that the petition brought up in G. R. No. 161824 was aptly elevated to, and could well be taken
cognizance of by, this Court. A contrary view could be a gross denial to our people of their fundamental right to be
fully informed, and to make a proper choice, on who could or should be elected to occupy the highest government
post in the land.
In G. R. No. 161434 and G. R. No. 161634
Petitioners Tecson, et al., in G. R. No. 161434, and Velez, in G. R. No. 161634, invoke the provisions of Article VII,
Section 4, paragraph 7, of the 1987 Constitution in assailing the jurisdiction of the COMELEC when it took
cognizance of SPA No. 04003 and in urging the Supreme Court to instead take on the petitions they directly
instituted before it. The Constitutional provision cited reads:
"The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns,
and qualifications of the President or VicePresident, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose."
The provision is an innovation of the 1987 Constitution. The omission in the 1935 and the 1973 Constitution to
designate any tribunal to be the sole judge of presidential and vicepresidential contests, has constrained this Court
to declare, in Lopez vs. Roxas,4 as "not (being) justiciable" controversies or disputes involving contests on the
elections, returns and qualifications of the President or VicePresident. The constitutional lapse prompted Congress,
on 21 June 1957, to enact Republic Act No. 1793, "An Act Constituting an Independent Presidential Electoral
Tribunal to Try, Hear and Decide Protests Contesting the Election of the PresidentElect and the VicePresident
Elect of the Philippines and Providing for the Manner of Hearing the Same." Republic Act 1793 designated the Chief
Justice and the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court to be the members of the tribunal. Although the
subsequent adoption of the parliamentary form of government under the 1973 Constitution might have implicitly
affected Republic Act No. 1793, the statutory setup, nonetheless, would now be deemed revived under the present
Section 4, paragraph 7, of the 1987 Constitution.
Ordinary usage would characterize a "contest" in reference to a postelection scenario. Election contests consist of
either an election protest or a quo warranto which, although two distinct remedies, would have one objective in view,
i.e., to dislodge the winning candidate from office. A perusal of the phraseology in Rule 12, Rule 13, and Rule 14 of
the "Rules of the Presidential Electoral Tribunal," promulgated by the Supreme Court en banc on 18 April 1992,
would support this premise
"Rule 12. Jurisdiction. The Tribunal shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election, returns,
and qualifications of the President or VicePresident of the Philippines.
"Rule 13. How Initiated. An election contest is initiated by the filing of an election protest or a petition for quo
warranto against the President or VicePresident. An election protest shall not include a petition for quo
warranto. A petition for quo warranto shall not include an election protest.
"Rule 14. Election Protest. Only the registered candidate for President or for VicePresident of the
Philippines who received the second or third highest number of votes may contest the election of the
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
President or the VicePresident, as the case may be, by filing a verified petition with the Clerk of the
Presidential Electoral Tribunal within thirty (30) days after the proclamation of the winner."
The rules categorically speak of the jurisdiction of the tribunal over contests relating to the election, returns and
qualifications of the "President" or "VicePresident", of the Philippines, and not of "candidates" for President or Vice
President. A quo warranto proceeding is generally defined as being an action against a person who usurps, intrudes
into, or unlawfully holds or exercises a public office.5 In such context, the election contest can only contemplate a
postelection scenario. In Rule 14, only a registered candidate who would have received either the second or third
highest number of votes could file an election protest. This rule again presupposes a postelection scenario.
It is fair to conclude that the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, defined by Section 4, paragraph 7, of the 1987
Constitution, would not include cases directly brought before it, questioning the qualifications of a candidate for the
presidency or vicepresidency before the elections are held.
Accordingly, G. R. No. 161434, entitled "Maria Jeanette C. Tecson, et al., vs. Commission on Elections et al.," and
G. R. No. 161634, entitled "Zoilo Antonio Velez vs. Ronald Allan Kelley Poe a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr." would have to
be dismissed for want of jurisdiction.
The Citizenship Issue
Now, to the basic issue; it should be helpful to first give a brief historical background on the concept of citizenship.
Perhaps, the earliest understanding of citizenship was that given by Aristotle, who, sometime in 384 to 322 B.C.,
described the "citizen" to refer to a man who shared in the administration of justice and in the holding of an office.6
Aristotle saw its significance if only to determine the constituency of the "State," which he described as being
composed of such persons who would be adequate in number to achieve a selfsufficient existence.7 The concept
grew to include one who would both govern and be governed, for which qualifications like autonomy, judgment and
loyalty could be expected. Citizenship was seen to deal with rights and entitlements, on the one hand, and with
concomitant obligations, on the other.8 In its ideal setting, a citizen was active in public life and fundamentally willing
to submit his private interests to the general interest of society.
The concept of citizenship had undergone changes over the centuries. In the 18th century, the concept was limited,
by and large, to civil citizenship, which established the rights necessary for individual freedom, such as rights to
property, personal liberty and justice.9 Its meaning expanded during the 19th century to include political citizenship,
which encompassed the right to participate in the exercise of political power.10 The 20th century saw the next stage
of the development of social citizenship, which laid emphasis on the right of the citizen to economic wellbeing and
social security.11 The idea of citizenship has gained expression in the modern welfare state as it so developed in
Western Europe. An ongoing and final stage of development, in keeping with the rapidly shrinking global village,
might well be the internationalization of citizenship.12
The Local Setting from Spanish Times to the Present
There was no such term as "Philippine citizens" during the Spanish regime but "subjects of Spain" or "Spanish
subjects."13 In church records, the natives were called 'indios', denoting a low regard for the inhabitants of the
archipelago. Spanish laws on citizenship became highly codified during the 19th century but their sheer number
made it difficult to point to one comprehensive law. Not all of these citizenship laws of Spain however, were made to
apply to the Philippine Islands except for those explicitly extended by Royal Decrees.14
Spanish laws on citizenship were traced back to the Novisima Recopilacion, promulgated in Spain on 16 July 1805
but as to whether the law was extended to the Philippines remained to be the subject of differing views among
experts;15 however, three royal decrees were undisputably made applicable to Spaniards in the Philippines the
Order de la Regencia of 14 August 1841,16 the Royal Decree of 23 August 1868 specifically defining the political
status of children born in the Philippine Islands,17 and finally, the Ley Extranjera de Ultramar of 04 July 1870, which
was expressly made applicable to the Philippines by the Royal Decree of 13 July 1870.18
The Spanish Constitution of 1876 was never extended to the Philippine Islands because of the express mandate of
its Article 89, according to which the provisions of the Ultramar among which this country was included, would be
governed by special laws.19
It was only the Civil Code of Spain, made effective in this jurisdiction on 18 December 1889, which came out with
the first categorical enumeration of who were Spanish citizens.
"(a) Persons born in Spanish territory,
"(b) Children of a Spanish father or mother, even if they were born outside of Spain,
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
"(c) Foreigners who have obtained naturalization papers,
"(d) Those who, without such papers, may have become domiciled inhabitants of any town of the
Monarchy."20
The year 1898 was another turning point in Philippine history. Already in the state of decline as a superpower, Spain
was forced to so cede her sole colony in the East to an upcoming world power, the United States. An accepted
principle of international law dictated that a change in sovereignty, while resulting in an abrogation of all political
laws then in force, would have no effect on civil laws, which would remain virtually intact.
The Treaty of Paris was entered into on 10 December 1898 between Spain and the United States.21 Under Article
IX of the treaty, the civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories ceded to the United
States would be determined by its Congress
"Spanish subjects, natives of the Peninsula, residing in the territory over which Spain by the present treaty
relinquishes or cedes her sovereignty may remain in such territory or may remove therefrom, retaining in
either event all their rights of property, including the right to sell or dispose of such property or of its proceeds;
and they shall also have the right to carry on their industry, commerce, and professions, being subject in
respect thereof to such laws as are applicable to foreigners. In case they remain in the territory they may
preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain by making, before a court of record, within a year from the
date of the exchange of ratifications of this treaty, a declaration of their decision to preserve such allegiance;
in default of which declaration they shall be held to have renounced it and to have adopted the nationality of
the territory in which they reside.
Thus –
"The civil rights and political status of the native inhabitants of the territories hereby ceded to the United
States shall be determined by the Congress."22
Upon the ratification of the treaty, and pending legislation by the United States Congress on the subject, the native
inhabitants of the Philippines ceased to be Spanish subjects. Although they did not become American citizens, they,
however, also ceased to be "aliens" under American laws and were thus issued passports describing them to be
citizens of the Philippines entitled to the protection of the United States.
The term "citizens of the Philippine Islands" appeared for the first time in the Philippine Bill of 1902, also commonly
referred to as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902, the first comprehensive legislation of the Congress of the United
States on the Philippines
".... that all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands continuing to reside therein, who were Spanish subjects on
the 11th day of April, 1891, and then resided in said Islands, and their children born subsequent thereto, shall
be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands and as such entitled to the protection of the
United States, except such as shall have elected to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in
accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain, signed at Paris,
December tenth eighteen hundred and ninety eight."23
Under the organic act, a "citizen of the Philippines" was one who was an inhabitant of the Philippines, and a Spanish
subject on the 11th day of April 1899. The term "inhabitant" was taken to include 1) a nativeborn inhabitant, 2) an
inhabitant who was a native of Peninsular Spain, and 3) an inhabitant who obtained Spanish papers on or before 11
April 1899.24
Controversy arose on to the status of children born in the Philippines from 11 April 1899 to 01 July 1902, during
which period no citizenship law was extant in the Philippines. Weight was given to the view, articulated in
jurisprudential writing at the time, that the common law principle of jus soli, otherwise also known as the principle of
territoriality, operative in the United States and England, governed those born in the Philippine Archipelago within
that period.25 More about this later.
In 23 March 1912, the Congress of the United States made the following amendment to the Philippine Bill of 1902
"Provided, That the Philippine Legislature is hereby authorized to provide by law for the acquisition of
Philippine citizenship by those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing
provisions, the natives of other insular possession of the United States, and such other persons residing in
the Philippine Islands who would become citizens of the United States, under the laws of the United States, if
residing therein."26
With the adoption of the Philippine Bill of 1902, the concept of "Philippine citizens" had for the first time crystallized.
The word "Filipino" was used by William H. Taft, the first Civil Governor General in the Philippines when he initially
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
made mention of it in his slogan, "The Philippines for the Filipinos." In 1916, the Philippine Autonomy Act, also
known as the Jones Law restated virtually the provisions of the Philippine Bill of 1902, as so amended by the Act of
Congress in 1912
"That all inhabitants of the Philippine Islands who were Spanish subjects on the eleventh day of April,
eighteen hundred and ninetynine, and then resided in said Islands, and their children born subsequently
thereto, shall be deemed and held to be citizens of the Philippine Islands, except such as shall have elected
to preserve their allegiance to the Crown of Spain in accordance with the provisions of the treaty of peace
between the United States and Spain, signed at Paris December tenth, eighteen hundred and ninetyeight
and except such others as have since become citizens of some other country; Provided, That the Philippine
Legislature, herein provided for, is hereby authorized to provide for the acquisition of Philippine citizenship by
those natives of the Philippine Islands who do not come within the foregoing provisions, the natives of the
insular possessions of the United States, and such other persons residing in the Philippine Islands who are
citizens of the United States, or who could become citizens of the United States under the laws of the United
States, if residing therein."
Under the Jones Law, a nativeborn inhabitant of the Philippines was deemed to be a citizen of the Philippines as of
11 April 1899 if he was 1) a subject of Spain on 11 April 1899, 2) residing in the Philippines on said date, and, 3)
since that date, not a citizen of some other country.
While there was, at one brief time, divergent views on whether or not jus soli was a mode of acquiring citizenship,
the 1935 Constitution brought to an end to any such link with common law, by adopting, once and for all, jus
sanguinis or blood relationship as being the basis of Filipino citizenship
"Section 1, Article III, 1935 Constitution. The following are citizens of the Philippines
"(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
"(2) Those born in the Philippines Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had
been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands.
"(3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines.
"(4) Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and upon reaching the age of majority, elect
Philippine citizenship.
"(5) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law."
Subsection (4), Article III, of the 1935 Constitution, taken together with existing civil law provisions at the time, which
provided that women would automatically lose their Filipino citizenship and acquire that of their foreign husbands,
resulted in discriminatory situations that effectively incapacitated the women from transmitting their Filipino
citizenship to their legitimate children and required illegitimate children of Filipino mothers to still elect Filipino
citizenship upon reaching the age of majority. Seeking to correct this anomaly, as well as fully cognizant of the newly
found status of Filipino women as equals to men, the framers of the 1973 Constitution crafted the provisions of the
new Constitution on citizenship to reflect such concerns
"Section 1, Article III, 1973 Constitution The following are citizens of the Philippines:
"(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution.
"(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
"(3) Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of nineteen hundred
and thirtyfive.
For good measure, Section 2 of the same article also further provided that –
"A female citizen of the Philippines who marries an alien retains her Philippine citizenship, unless by her act
or omission she is deemed, under the law to have renounced her citizenship."
The 1987 Constitution generally adopted the provisions of the 1973 Constitution, except for subsection (3) thereof
that aimed to correct the irregular situation generated by the questionable proviso in the 1935 Constitution.
Section I, Article IV, 1987 Constitution now provides:
"The following are citizens of the Philippines:
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"(1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution.
"(2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines.
"(3) Those born before January 17, 1973 of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon
reaching the age of majority; and
The Case Of FPJ
Section 2, Article VII, of the 1987 Constitution expresses:
"No person may be elected President unless he is a naturalborn citizen of the Philippines, a registered voter,
able to read and write, at least forty years of age on the day of the election, and a resident of the Philippines
for at least ten years immediately preceding such election."
The term "naturalborn citizens," is defined to include "those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without
having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship."27
The date, month and year of birth of FPJ appeared to be 20 August 1939 during the regime of the 1935 Constitution.
Through its history, four modes of acquiring citizenship naturalization, jus soli, res judicata and jus sanguinis28 –
had been in vogue. Only two, i.e., jus soli and jus sanguinis, could qualify a person to being a "naturalborn" citizen
of the Philippines. Jus soli, per Roa vs. Collector of Customs29 (1912), did not last long. With the adoption of the
1935 Constitution and the reversal of Roa in Tan Chong vs. Secretary of Labor30 (1947), jus sanguinis or blood
relationship would now become the primary basis of citizenship by birth.
Documentary evidence adduced by petitioner would tend to indicate that the earliest established direct ascendant of
FPJ was his paternal grandfather Lorenzo Pou, married to Marta Reyes, the father of Allan F. Poe. While the record
of birth of Lorenzo Pou had not been presented in evidence, his death certificate, however, identified him to be a
Filipino, a resident of San Carlos, Pangasinan, and 84 years old at the time of his death on 11 September 1954. The
certificate of birth of the father of FPJ, Allan F. Poe, showed that he was born on 17 May 1915 to an Español father,
Lorenzo Pou, and a mestiza Español mother, Marta Reyes. Introduced by petitioner was an "uncertified" copy of a
supposed certificate of the alleged marriage of Allan F. Poe and Paulita Gomez on 05 July 1936. The marriage
certificate of Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley reflected the date of their marriage to be on 16 September 1940. In the
same certificate, Allan F. Poe was stated to be twentyfive years old, unmarried, and a Filipino citizen, and Bessie
Kelley to be twentytwo years old, unmarried, and an American citizen. The birth certificate of FPJ, would disclose
that he was born on 20 August 1939 to Allan F. Poe, a Filipino, twentyfour years old, married to Bessie Kelly, an
American citizen, twentyone years old and married.
Considering the reservations made by the parties on the veracity of some of the entries on the birth certificate of
respondent and the marriage certificate of his parents, the only conclusions that could be drawn with some degree
of certainty from the documents would be that
1. The parents of FPJ were Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley;
2. FPJ was born to them on 20 August 1939;
3. Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley were married to each other on 16 September, 1940;
4. The father of Allan F. Poe was Lorenzo Poe; and
5. At the time of his death on 11 September 1954, Lorenzo Poe was 84 years old.
Would the above facts be sufficient or insufficient to establish the fact that FPJ is a naturalborn Filipino citizen? The
marriage certificate of Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley, the birth certificate of FPJ, and the death certificate of
Lorenzo Pou are documents of public record in the custody of a public officer. The documents have been submitted
in evidence by both contending parties during the proceedings before the COMELEC.
The birth certificate of FPJ was marked Exhibit "A" for petitioner and Exhibit "3" for respondent. The marriage
certificate of Allan F. Poe to Bessie Kelley was submitted as Exhibit "21" for respondent. The death certificate of
Lorenzo Pou was submitted by respondent as his Exhibit "5." While the last two documents were submitted in
evidence for respondent, the admissibility thereof, particularly in reference to the facts which they purported to show,
i.e., the marriage certificate in relation to the date of marriage of Allan F. Poe to Bessie Kelley and the death
certificate relative to the death of Lorenzo Pou on 11 September 1954 in San Carlos, Pangasinan, were all admitted
by petitioner, who had utilized those material statements in his argument. All three documents were certified true
copies of the originals.
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Section 3, Rule 130, Rules of Court states that
"Original document must be produced; exceptions. When the subject of inquiry is the contents of a
document, no evidence shall be admissible other than the original document itself, except in the following
cases:
"x x x x x x x x x
"(d) When the original is a public record in the custody of a public office or is recorded in a public office."
Being public documents, the death certificate of Lorenzo Pou, the marriage certificate of Allan F. Poe and Bessie
Kelly, and the birth certificate of FPJ, constitute prima facie proof of their contents. Section 44, Rule 130, of the
Rules of Court provides:
"Entries in official records. Entries in official records made in the performance of his duty by a public officer of
the Philippines, or by a person in the performance of a duty specially enjoined by law, are prima facie
evidence of the facts therein stated."
The trustworthiness of public documents and the value given to the entries made therein could be grounded on 1)
the sense of official duty in the preparation of the statement made, 2) the penalty which is usually affixed to a breach
of that duty, 3) the routine and disinterested origin of most such statements, and 4) the publicity of record which
makes more likely the prior exposure of such errors as might have occurred.31
The death certificate of Lorenzo Pou would indicate that he died on 11 September 1954, at the age of 84 years, in
San Carlos, Pangasinan. It could thus be assumed that Lorenzo Pou was born sometime in the year 1870 when the
Philippines was still a colony of Spain. Petitioner would argue that Lorenzo Pou was not in the Philippines during the
crucial period of from 1898 to 1902 considering that there was no existing record about such fact in the Records
Management and Archives Office. Petitioner, however, likewise failed to show that Lorenzo Pou was at any other
place during the same period. In his death certificate, the residence of Lorenzo Pou was stated to be San Carlos,
Pangasinan. In the absence of any evidence to the contrary, it should be sound to conclude, or at least to presume,
that the place of residence of a person at the time of his death was also his residence before death. It would be
extremely doubtful if the Records Management and Archives Office would have had complete records of all
residents of the Philippines from 1898 to 1902.
Proof of Paternity and Filiation
Under Civil Law.
Petitioner submits, in any case, that in establishing filiation (relationship or civil status of the child to the father [or
mother]) or paternity (relationship or civil status of the father to the child) of an illegitimate child, FPJ evidently being
an illegitimate son according to petitioner, the mandatory rules under civil law must be used.
Under the Civil Code of Spain, which was in force in the Philippines from 08 December 1889 up until the day prior to
30 August 1950 when the Civil Code of the Philippines took effect, acknowledgment was required to establish
filiation or paternity. Acknowledgment was either judicial (compulsory) or voluntary. Judicial or compulsory
acknowledgment was possible only if done during the lifetime of the putative parent; voluntary acknowledgment
could only be had in a record of birth, a will, or a public document.32 Complementary to the new code was Act No.
3753 or the Civil Registry Law expressing in Section 5 thereof, that
"In case of an illegitimate child, the birth certificate shall be signed and sworn to jointly by the parents of the
infant or only by the mother if the father refuses. In the latter case, it shall not be permissible to state or reveal
in the document the name of the father who refuses to acknowledge the child, or to give therein any
information by which such father could be identified."
In order that the birth certificate could then be utilized to prove voluntary acknowledgment of filiation or paternity, the
certificate was required to be signed or sworn to by the father. The failure of such requirement rendered the same
useless as being an authoritative document of recognition.33 In Mendoza vs. Mella,34 the Court ruled
"Since Rodolfo was born in 1935, after the registry law was enacted, the question here really is whether or not
his birth certificate (Exhibit 1), which is merely a certified copy of the registry record, may be relied upon as
sufficient proof of his having been voluntarily recognized. No such reliance, in our judgment, may be placed
upon it. While it contains the names of both parents, there is no showing that they signed the original, let
alone swore to its contents as required in Section 5 of Act No. 3753. For all that might have happened, it was
not even they or either of them who furnished the data to be entered in the civil register. Petitioners say that in
any event the birth certificate is in the nature of a public document wherein voluntary recognition of a natural
child may also be made, according to the same Article 131. True enough, but in such a case, there must be a
clear statement in the document that the parent recognizes the child as his or her own."
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
In the birth certificate of respondent FPJ, presented by both parties, nowhere in the document was the signature of
Allan F. Poe found. There being no will apparently executed, or at least shown to have been executed, by decedent
Allan F. Poe, the only other proof of voluntary recognition remained to be "some other public document." In Pareja
vs. Pareja,35 this Court defined what could constitute such a document as proof of voluntary acknowledgment:
"Under the Spanish Civil Code there are two classes of public documents, those executed by private
individuals which must be authenticated by notaries, and those issued by competent public officials by reason
of their office. The public document pointed out in Article 131 as one of the means by which recognition may
be made belongs to the first class."
Let us leave it at that for the moment.
The 1950 Civil Code categorized the acknowledgment or recognition of illegitimate children into voluntary, legal or
compulsory. Voluntary recognition was required to be expressedly made in a record of birth, a will, a statement
before a court of record or in any authentic writing. Legal acknowledgment took place in favor of full blood brothers
and sisters of an illegitimate child who was recognized or judicially declared as natural. Compulsory
acknowledgment could be demanded generally in cases when the child had in his favor any evidence to prove
filiation. Unlike an action to claim legitimacy which would last during the lifetime of the child, and might pass
exceptionally to the heirs of the child, an action to claim acknowledgment, however, could only be brought during the
lifetime of the presumed parent.
Amicus Curiae Ruben F. Balane defined, during the oral argument, "authentic writing," so as to be an authentic
writing for purposes of voluntary recognition, simply as being a genuine or indubitable writing of the father. The term
would include a public instrument (one duly acknowledged before a notary public or other competent official) or a
private writing admitted by the father to be his.
The Family Code has further liberalized the rules; Article 172, Article 173, and Article 175 provide:
"Art. 172. The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the following:
"(1) The record of birth appearing in the civil register or a final judgment; or
"(2) An admission of legitimate filiation in a public document or a private handwritten instrument and signed by
the parent concerned.
"In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be proved by:
"(1) The open and continuous possession of the status of a legitimate child; or
"(2) Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws.
"Art. 173. The action to claim legitimacy may be brought by the child during his or her lifetime and shall be
transmitted to the heirs should the child die during minority or in a state of insanity. In these cases, the heirs
shall have a period of five years within which to institute the action.
"The action already commenced by the child shall survive notwithstanding the death of either or both of the
parties.
"x x x x x x x x x.
"Art. 175. Illegitimate children may establish their illegitimate filiation in the same way and on the same,
evidence as legitimate children.
"The action must be brought within the same period specified in Article 173, except when the action is based
on the second paragraph of Article 172, in which case the action may be brought during the lifetime of the
alleged parent."
The provisions of the Family Code are retroactively applied; Article 256 of the code reads:
"Art. 256. This Code shall have retroactive effect insofar as it does not prejudice or impair vested or acquired
rights in accordance with the Civil Code or other laws."
Thus, in Vda. de SyQuia vs. Court of Appeals,36 the Court has ruled:
"We hold that whether Jose was a voluntarily recognized natural child should be decided under Article 278 of
the Civil Code of the Philippines. Article 2260 of that Code provides that 'the voluntary recognition of a natural
child shall take place according to this Code, even if the child was born before the effectivity of this body of
laws' or before August 30, 1950. Hence, Article 278 may be given retroactive effect."
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
It should be apparent that the growing trend to liberalize the acknowledgment or recognition of illegitimate children is
an attempt to break away from the traditional idea of keeping well apart legitimate and nonlegitimate relationships
within the family in favor of the greater interest and welfare of the child. The provisions are intended to merely
govern the private and personal affairs of the family. There is little, if any, to indicate that the legitimate or illegitimate
civil status of the individual would also affect his political rights or, in general, his relationship to the State. While,
indeed, provisions on "citizenship" could be found in the Civil Code, such provisions must be taken in the context of
private relations, the domain of civil law; particularly
"Civil Law is that branch of law which has for its double purpose the organization of the family and the
regulation of property. It has thus [been] defined as the mass of precepts which determine and regulate the
relations of assistance, authority and obedience among members of a family, and those which exist among
members of a society for the protection of private interests."37
In Yañez de Barnuevo vs. Fuster,38 the Court has held:
"In accordance with Article 9 of the Civil Code of Spain, x x x the laws relating to family rights and duties, or to
the status, condition and legal capacity of persons, govern Spaniards although they reside in a foreign
country; that, in consequence, 'all questions of a civil nature, such as those dealing with the validity or nullity
of the matrimonial bond, the domicile of the husband and wife, their support, as between them, the separation
of their properties, the rules governing property, marital authority, division of conjugal property, the
classification of their property, legal causes for divorce, the extent of the latter, the authority to decree it, and,
in general, the civil effects of marriage and divorce upon the persons and properties of the spouses, are
questions that are governed exclusively by the national law of the husband and wife."
The relevance of "citizenship" or "nationality" to Civil Law is best exemplified in Article 15 of the Civil Code, stating
that
"Laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, condition and legal capacity of persons are binding
upon citizens of the Philippines, even though living abroad"
that explains the need to incorporate in the code a reiteration of the Constitutional provisions on citizenship.
Similarly, citizenship is significant in civil relationships found in different parts of the Civil Code,39 such as on
successional rights and family relations.40 In adoption, for instance, an adopted child would be considered the child
of his adoptive parents and accorded the same rights as their legitimate child but such legal fiction extended only to
define his rights under civil law41 and not his political status.
Civil law provisions point to an obvious bias against illegitimacy. This discriminatory attitude may be traced to the
Spanish family and property laws, which, while defining proprietary and successional rights of members of the
family, provided distinctions in the rights of legitimate and illegitimate children. In the monarchial setup of old Spain,
the distribution and inheritance of titles and wealth were strictly according to bloodlines and the concern to keep
these bloodlines uncontaminated by foreign blood was paramount.
These distinctions between legitimacy and illegitimacy were codified in the Spanish Civil Code, and the invidious
discrimination survived when the Spanish Civil Code became the primary source of our own Civil Code. Such
distinction, however, remains and should remain only in the sphere of civil law and not unduly impede or impinge on
the domain of political law.
The proof of filiation or paternity for purposes of determining his citizenship status should thus be deemed
independent from and not inextricably tied up with that prescribed for civil law purposes. The Civil Code or Family
Code provisions on proof of filiation or paternity, although good law, do not have preclusive effects on matters alien
to personal and family relations. The ordinary rules on evidence could well and should govern. For instance, the
matter about pedigree is not necessarily precluded from being applicable by the Civil Code or Family Code
provisions.
Section 39, Rule 130, of the Rules of Court provides
"Act or Declaration about pedigree. The act or declaration of a person deceased, or unable to testify, in
respect to the pedigree of another person related to him by birth or marriage, may be received in evidence
where it occurred before the controversy, and the relationship between the two persons is shown by evidence
other than such act or declaration. The word `pedigree’ includes relationship, family genealogy, birth,
marriage, death, the dates when and the places where these facts occurred, and the names of the relatives. It
embraces also facts of family history intimately connected with pedigree."
For the above rule to apply, it would be necessary that (a) the declarant is already dead or unable to testify, (b) the
pedigree of a person must be at issue, (c) the declarant must be a relative of the person whose pedigree is in
question, (d) declaration must be made before the controversy has occurred, and (e) the relationship between the
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
declarant and the person whose pedigree is in question must be shown by evidence other than such act or
declaration.
Thus, the duly notarized declaration made by Ruby Kelley Mangahas, sister of Bessie Kelley Poe submitted as
Exhibit 20 before the COMELEC, might be accepted to prove the acts of Allan F. Poe, recognizing his own paternal
relationship with FPJ, i.e, living together with Bessie Kelley and his children (including respondent FPJ) in one
house, and as one family
"I, Ruby Kelley Mangahas, of legal age and sound mind, presently residing in Stockton, California, U.S.A.,
after being sworn in accordance with law do hereby declare that:
"1. I am the sister of the late Bessie Kelley Poe.
"2. Bessie Kelley Poe was the wife of Fernando Poe, Sr.
"3. Fernando and Bessie Poe had a son by the name of Ronald Allan Poe, more popularly known in the
Philippines as `Fernando Poe, Jr.,’ or `FPJ’.
"4. Ronald Allan Poe `FPJ’ was born on August 20, 1939 at St. Luke's Hospital, Magdalena Street, Manila.
"x x x x x x x x x
"7. Fernando Poe Sr., and my sister Bessie, met and became engaged while they were students at the
University of the Philippines in 1936. I was also introduced to Fernando Poe, Sr., by my sister that same year.
"8. Fernando Poe, Sr., and my sister Bessie had their first child in 1938.
"9. Fernando Poe, Sr., my sister Bessie and their first three children, Elizabeth, Ronald, Allan and Fernando
II, and myself lived together with our mother at our family's house on Dakota St. (now Jorge Bocobo St.),
Malate until the liberation of Manila in 1945, except for some months between 19431944.
"10. Fernando Poe, Sr., and my sister, Bessie, were blessed with four (4) more children after Ronald Allan
Poe.
"x x x x x x x x x
"18. I am executing this Declaration to attest to the fact that my nephew, Ronald Allan Poe is a natural born
Filipino, and that he is the legitimate child of Fernando Poe, Sr.
"Done in City of Stockton, California, U.S.A., this 12th day of January 2004.
Ruby Kelley Mangahas Declarant DNA Testing
In case proof of filiation or paternity would be unlikely to satisfactorily establish or would be difficult to obtain, DNA
testing, which examines genetic codes obtained from body cells of the illegitimate child and any physical residue of
the long dead parent could be resorted to. A positive match would clear up filiation or paternity. In Tijing vs. Court of
Appeals,42 this Court has acknowledged the strong weight of DNA testing
"Parentage will still be resolved using conventional methods unless we adopt the modern and scientific ways
available. Fortunately, we have now the facility and expertise in using DNA test for identification and parentage
testing. The University of the Philippines Natural Science Research Institute (UPNSRI) DNA Analysis Laboratory
has now the capability to conduct DNA typing using short tandem repeat (STR) analysis. The analysis is based on
the fact that the DNA of a child/person has two (2) copies, one copy from the mother and the other from the father.
The DNA from the mother, the alleged father and the child are analyzed to establish parentage. Of course, being a
novel scientific technique, the use of DNA test as evidence is still open to challenge. Eventually, as the appropriate
case comes, courts should not hesitate to rule on the admissibility of DNA evidence. For it was said, that courts
should apply the results of science when competently obtained in aid of situations presented, since to reject said
result is to deny progress."
Petitioner’s Argument For Jurisprudential Conclusiveness
Petitioner would have it that even if Allan F. Poe were a Filipino citizen, he could not have transmitted his citizenship
to respondent FPJ, the latter being an illegitimate child. According to petitioner, prior to his marriage to Bessie
Kelley, Allan F. Poe, on July 5, 1936, contracted marriage with a certain Paulita Gomez, making his subsequent
marriage to Bessie Kelley bigamous and respondent FPJ an illegitimate child. The veracity of the supposed
certificate of marriage between Allan F. Poe and Paulita Gomez could be most doubtful at best. But the
documentary evidence introduced by no less than respondent himself, consisting of a birth certificate of respondent
and a marriage certificate of his parents showed that FPJ was born on 20 August 1939 to a Filipino father and an
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
American mother who were married to each other a year later, or on 16 September 1940. Birth to unmarried parents
would make FPJ an illegitimate child. Petitioner contended that as an illegitimate child, FPJ so followed the
citizenship of his mother, Bessie Kelley, an American citizen, basing his stand on the ruling of this Court in Morano
vs. Vivo,43 citing Chiongbian vs. de Leo44 and Serra vs. Republic.45
On the above score, the disquisition made by amicus curiae Joaquin G. Bernas, SJ, is most convincing; he states
"We must analyze these cases and ask what the lis mota was in each of them. If the pronouncement of the
Court on jus sanguinis was on the lis mota, the pronouncement would be a decision constituting doctrine
under the rule of stare decisis. But if the pronouncement was irrelevant to the lis mota, the pronouncement
would not be a decision but a mere obiter dictum which did not establish doctrine. I therefore invite the Court
to look closely into these cases.
"First, Morano vs. Vivo. The case was not about an illegitimate child of a Filipino father. It was about a
stepson of a Filipino, a stepson who was the child of a Chinese mother and a Chinese father. The issue was
whether the stepson followed the naturalization of the stepfather. Nothing about jus sanguinis there. The
stepson did not have the blood of the naturalized stepfather.
"Second, Chiongbian vs. de Leon. This case was not about the illegitimate son of a Filipino father. It was
about a legitimate son of a father who had become Filipino by election to public office before the 1935
Constitution pursuant to Article IV, Section 1(2) of the 1935 Constitution. No one was illegitimate here.
"Third, Serra vs. Republic. The case was not about the illegitimate son of a Filipino father. Serra was an
illegitimate child of a Chinese father and a Filipino mother. The issue was whether one who was already a
Filipino because of his mother who still needed to be naturalized. There is nothing there about invidious jus
sanguinis.
"Finally, Paa vs. Chan.46 This is a more complicated case. The case was about the citizenship of Quintin
Chan who was the son of Leoncio Chan. Quintin Chan claimed that his father, Leoncio, was the illegitimate
son of a Chinese father and a Filipino mother. Quintin therefore argued that he got his citizenship from
Leoncio, his father. But the Supreme Court said that there was no valid proof that Leoncio was in fact the son
of a Filipina mother. The Court therefore concluded that Leoncio was not Filipino. If Leoncio was not Filipino,
neither was his son Quintin. Quintin therefore was not only not a naturalborn Filipino but was not even a
Filipino.
"The Court should have stopped there. But instead it followed with an obiter dictum. The Court said obiter that
even if Leoncio, Quintin's father, were Filipino, Quintin would not be Filipino because Quintin was illegitimate.
This statement about Quintin, based on a contrary to fact assumption, was absolutely unnecessary for the
case. x x x It was obiter dictum, pure and simple, simply repeating the obiter dictum in Morano vs. Vivo.
"x x x x x x x x x
"Aside from the fact that such a pronouncement would have no textual foundation in the Constitution, it would
also violate the equal protection clause of the Constitution not once but twice. First, it would make an
illegitimate distinction between a legitimate child and an illegitimate child, and second, it would make an
illegitimate distinction between the illegitimate child of a Filipino father and the illegitimate child of a Filipino
mother.
"The doctrine on constitutionally allowable distinctions was established long ago by People vs. Cayat.47 I
would grant that the distinction between legitimate children and illegitimate children rests on real differences.
x x x But real differences alone do not justify invidious distinction. Real differences may justify distinction for
one purpose but not for another purpose.
"x x x What is the relevance of legitimacy or illegitimacy to elective public service? What possible state
interest can there be for disqualifying an illegitimate child from becoming a public officer. It was not the fault of
the child that his parents had illicit liaison. Why deprive the child of the fullness of political rights for no fault of
his own? To disqualify an illegitimate child from holding an important public office is to punish him for the
indiscretion of his parents. There is neither justice nor rationality in that. And if there is neither justice nor
rationality in the distinction, then the distinction transgresses the equal protection clause and must be
reprobated."
The other amici curiae, Mr. Justice Vicente Mendoza (a former member of this Court), Professor Ruben Balane and
Dean Martin Magallona, at bottom, have expressed similar views. The thesis of petitioner, unfortunately hinging
solely on pure obiter dicta, should indeed fail.
Where jurisprudence regarded an illegitimate child as taking after the citizenship of its mother, it did so for the
benefit the child. It was to ensure a Filipino nationality for the illegitimate child of an alien father in line with the
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
assumption that the mother had custody, would exercise parental authority and had the duty to support her
illegitimate child. It was to help the child, not to prejudice or discriminate against him.
The fact of the matter – perhaps the most significant consideration – is that the 1935 Constitution, the fundamental
law prevailing on the day, month and year of birth of respondent FPJ, can never be more explicit than it is. Providing
neither conditions nor distinctions, the Constitution states that among the citizens of the Philippines are "those
whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines." There utterly is no cogent justification to prescribe conditions or
distinctions where there clearly are none provided.
In Sum –
(1) The Court, in the exercise of its power of judicial review, possesses jurisdiction over the petition in G. R.
No. 161824, filed under Rule 64, in relation to Rule 65, of the Revised Rules of Civil Procedure. G.R. No.
161824 assails the resolution of the COMELEC for alleged grave abuse of discretion in dismissing, for lack of
merit, the petition in SPA No. 04003 which has prayed for the disqualification of respondent FPJ from running
for the position of President in the 10th May 2004 national elections on the contention that FPJ has committed
material representation in his certificate of candidacy by representing himself to be a naturalborn citizen of
the Philippines.
(2) The Court must dismiss, for lack of jurisdiction and prematurity, the petitions in G. R. No. 161434 and No.
161634 both having been directly elevated to this Court in the latter’s capacity as the only tribunal to resolve a
presidential and vicepresidential election contest under the Constitution. Evidently, the primary jurisdiction of
the Court can directly be invoked only after, not before, the elections are held.
(3) In ascertaining, in G.R. No. 161824, whether grave abuse of discretion has been committed by the
COMELEC, it is necessary to take on the matter of whether or not respondent FPJ is a naturalborn citizen,
which, in turn, depended on whether or not the father of respondent, Allan F. Poe, would have himself been a
Filipino citizen and, in the affirmative, whether or not the alleged illegitimacy of respondent prevents him from
taking after the Filipino citizenship of his putative father. Any conclusion on the Filipino citizenship of Lorenzo
Pou could only be drawn from the presumption that having died in 1954 at 84 years old, Lorenzo would have
been born sometime in the year 1870, when the Philippines was under Spanish rule, and that San Carlos,
Pangasinan, his place of residence upon his death in 1954, in the absence of any other evidence, could have
well been his place of residence before death, such that Lorenzo Pou would have benefited from the "en
masse Filipinization" that the Philippine Bill had effected in 1902. That citizenship (of Lorenzo Pou), if
acquired, would thereby extend to his son, Allan F. Poe, father of respondent FPJ. The 1935 Constitution,
during which regime respondent FPJ has seen first light, confers citizenship to all persons whose fathers are
Filipino citizens regardless of whether such children are legitimate or illegitimate.
(4) But while the totality of the evidence may not establish conclusively that respondent FPJ is a naturalborn
citizen of the Philippines, the evidence on hand still would preponderate in his favor enough to hold that he
cannot be held guilty of having made a material misrepresentation in his certificate of candidacy in violation of
Section 78, in relation to Section 74, of the Omnibus Election Code. Petitioner has utterly failed to
substantiate his case before the Court, notwithstanding the ample opportunity given to the parties to present
their position and evidence, and to prove whether or not there has been material misrepresentation, which, as
so ruled in RomualdezMarcos vs. COMELEC,48 must not only be material, but also deliberate and willful.
WHEREFORE, the Court RESOLVES to DISMISS –
1. G. R. No. 161434, entitled "Maria Jeanette C. Tecson and Felix B. Desiderio, Jr., Petitioners, versus
Commission on Elections, Ronald Allan Kelley Poe (a.k.a. "Fernando Poe, Jr.,) and Victorino X. Fornier,
Respondents," and G. R. No. 161634, entitled "Zoilo Antonio Velez, Petitioner, versus Ronald Allan Kelley
Poe, a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr., Respondent," for want of jurisdiction.
2. G. R. No. 161824, entitled "Victorino X. Fornier, Petitioner, versus Hon. Commission on Elections and
Ronald Allan Kelley Poe, also known as Fernando Poe, Jr.," for failure to show grave abuse of discretion on
the part of respondent Commission on Elections in dismissing the petition in SPA No. 04003.
No Costs.
SO ORDERED.
Davide, Jr., C.J., see separate opinion, concurring.

Puno, J., on leave but was allowed to vote; see separate opinion.

Panganiban, J., on official leave; allowed to vote but did not send his vote on the matter.

Quisumbing, J., joins the dissent of Justices Tinga and Morales; case should have been remanded.
YnaresSantiago, J., concurs and also with J. Puno’s separate opinion.
SandovalGutierrez, J., concurs, please see separate opinion.
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
Carpio, J., see dissenting opinion.

AustriaMartinez, J., concurs, please see separate opinion.
Corona, J., joins the dissenting opinion of Justice Morales.
CarpioMorales, J., see dissenting opinion.

Callejo, Sr., J., please see concurring opinion.
Azcuna, J., concurs in a separate opinion.
Tinga, J., dissents per separate opinion.
SEPARATE OPINION
DAVIDE, JR. C.J.:
The procedural and factual antecedents of these consolidated cases are as follows:
On 9 January 2004, petitioner Victorino X. Fornier filed with public respondent Commission on Elections
(COMELEC) a petition to disqualify private respondent Fernando Poe, Jr. (FPJ) and to deny due course to or cancel
his certificate of candidacy for the position of President in the forthcoming 10 May 2004 presidential elections. As a
ground therefore, he averred that FPJ committed falsity in a material representation in his certificate of candidacy in
declaring that he is a naturalborn Filipino citizen when in truth and in fact he is not, since he is the illegitimate son of
Bessie Kelley, an American citizen, and Allan Poe, a Spanish national. The case was docketed as COMELEC Case
SPA No. 04003 and assigned to the COMELEC’s First Division.
At the hearing before the First Division of the COMELEC, petitioner Fornier offered FPJ’s record of birth to prove
that FPJ was born on 20 August 1939 to Bessie Kelley, an American citizen, and Allan Poe, who was then married
to Paulita Gomez. Upon the other hand, FPJ tried to establish that his father was a Filipino citizen whose parents,
although Spanish nationals, were Filipino citizens. He adduced in evidence a copy of the marriage contract of Allan
Poe and Bessie Kelley, showing that they were married on 16 September 1940 in Manila.
In its Resolution of 23 January 2004, the First Division of the COMELEC dismissed COMELEC Case SPA No. 04
003 for lack of merit. It declared that COMELEC’s jurisdiction is limited to all matters relating to election, returns and
qualifications of all elective regional, provincial and city officials, but not those of national officials like the President.
It has, however, jurisdiction to pass upon the issue of citizenship of national officials under Section 78 of the
Omnibus Election Code on petitions to deny due course or cancel certificates of candidacy on the ground that any
material representation contained therein is false. It found that the evidence adduced by petitioner Fornier is not
substantial, and that FPJ did not commit any falsehood in material representation when he stated in his certificate of
candidacy that he is a naturalborn Filipino citizen.
His motion for reconsideration filed before the COMELEC en banc having been denied, petitioner Fornier filed a
petition with this Court, which was docketed as G.R. No. 161824.
Meanwhile, petitioners Maria Jeanette C. Tecson and Felix B. Desiderio, Jr. came to this Court via a special civil
action for certiorari under Rule 65 of the Rules of Court, docketed as G.R. No. 161434, to challenge the jurisdiction
of the COMELEC over the issue of the citizenship of FPJ. They assert that only this Court has jurisdiction over the
issue in light of the last paragraph of Section 4 of Article VII of the Constitution, which provides:
The Supreme Court, sitting en banc, shall be the sole judge of all contests relating to the election returns, and
qualifications of the President or VicePresident, and may promulgate its rules for the purpose.
On 29 January 2004 petitioner Velez filed a similar petition, which was docketed as G.R. No. 161634.
The core issues in these consolidated cases, as defined by the Court during the oral argument, are as follows:
(1) Whether the COMELEC has jurisdiction over petitions to deny due course to or cancel certificates of
candidacy of Presidential candidates;
(2) Whether the Supreme Court has jurisdiction over the petitions of (a) Tecson, et al., (b) Velez, and (c)
Fornier; and
(3) Whether respondent FPJ is a Filipino citizen, and if so, whether he is a naturalborn Filipino citizen.
These consolidated petitions must be dismissed.
Both the petitions of Tecson and Velez invoke the jurisdiction of this Court as provided for in the last paragraph of
Section 4 of Article VII of the Constitution, and raise the issue of the ineligibility of a candidate for President on the
ground that he is not a naturalborn citizen of the Philippines. The actions contemplated in the said provision of the
Constitution are postelection remedies, namely, regular election contests and quo warranto. The petitioner should
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
have, instead, resorted to preelection remedies, such as those prescribed in Section 68 (Disqualifications), in
relation to Section 72; Section 69 (Nuisance candidates); and Section 78 (Petition to deny course to or cancel a
certificate of candidacy), in relation to Section 74, of the Omnibus Election Code, which are implemented in Rules
23, 24 and 25 of the COMELEC Rules of Procedure. These preelection remedies or actions do not, however, fall
within the original jurisdiction of this Court.
Under the Omnibus Election Code and the COMELEC Rules of Procedure, the COMELEC has the original
jurisdiction to determine in an appropriate proceeding whether a candidate for an elective office is eligible for the
office for which he filed his certificate of candidacy or is disqualified to be a candidate or to continue such candidacy
because of any of the recognized grounds for disqualification. Its jurisdiction over COMELEC SPA No. 04003 is,
therefore, beyond question.
Upon the other hand, this Court has jurisdiction over Fornier’s petition (G.R. No. 161824) under Section 7 of Article
IXA of the Constitution, which provides:
Section 7. Each Commission shall decide by a majority vote of all its Members any case or matter brought before it
within sixty days from the date of its submission for decision or resolution. A case or matter is deemed submitted for
decision or resolution upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum required by the rules of the
Commission or by the Commission itself. Unless otherwise provided by this Constitution or by law, any decision,
order, or ruling of each Commission may be brought to the Supreme Court on certiorari by the aggrieved party within
thirty days from receipt of a copy thereof.
This Court can also take cognizance of the issue of whether the COMELEC committed grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction in issuing the challenged resolution in COMELEC SPA No. 04003 by
virtue of Section 1 of Article VIII of the Constitution, which reads as follows:
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established
by law.
Judicial power includes the duty of the courts of justice to settle actual controversies involving rights which are
legally demandable and enforceable, and to determine whether or not there has been a grave abuse of discretion
amounting to lack or excess of jurisdiction on the part of nay branch or instrumentality of the Government.
On the issue of whether private respondent FPJ is a naturalborn Filipino citizen, the following facts have been
established by a weighty preponderance of evidence either in the pleadings and the documents attached thereto or
from the admissions of the parties, through their counsels, during the oral arguments:
1. FPJ was born on 20 August 1939 in Manila, Philippines.
2. FPJ was born to Allan Poe and Bessie Kelley.
3. Bessie Kelley and Allan Poe were married on 16 September 1940.
4. Allan Poe was a Filipino because his father, Lorenzo Poe, albeit a Spanish subject, was not shown to have
declared his allegiance to Spain by virtue of the Treaty of Paris and the Philippine Bill of 1902.
From the foregoing it is clear that respondent FPJ was born before the marriage of his parents. Thus, pursuant to
the Civil Code then in force, he could either be (a) a natural child if both his parents had no legal impediments to
marry each other; or (b) an illegitimate child if, indeed, Allan Poe was married to another woman who was still alive
at the time FPJ was born.
Petitioner Fornier never alleged that Allan Poe was not the father of FPJ. By revolving his case around the
illegitimacy of FPJ, Fornier effectively conceded paternity or filiation as a nonissue. For purposes of the citizenship
of an illegitimate child whose father is a Filipino and whose mother is an alien, proof of paternity or filiation is enough
for the child to follow the citizenship of his putative father, as advanced by Fr. Joaquin Bernas, one of the amici
curiae. Since paternity or filiation is in fact admitted by petitioner Fornier, the COMELEC committed no grave abuse
of discretion in holding that FPJ is a Filipino citizen, pursuant to paragraph 3 of Section 1 of Article IV of the 1935
Constitution, which reads:
Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines:
(3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines.
I agree with the amici curiae that this provision makes no distinction between legitimate and illegitimate children of
Filipino fathers. It is enough that filiation is established or that the child is acknowledged or recognized by the father.
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
DISSENTING OPINION
CARPIO, J.:
I dissent from the majority opinion.
The Antecedent Proceedings
Petitioner Fornier filed before the Commission on Elections ("Comelec") a "Petition for Disqualification of
Presidential Candidate Ronald Allan Kelley Poe a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr." on the ground that Fernando Poe, Jr.
("FPJ") is not a naturalborn Philippine citizen. The Comelec First Division dismissed the petition, ruling that
petitioner failed to present substantial evidence that FPJ committed "any material misrepresentation when he stated
in his Certificate of Candidacy that he is a naturalborn citizen." On motion for reconsideration, the Comelec En
Banc affirmed the ruling of the First Division. Petitioner Fornier now assails the Comelec En Banc resolution under
Rule 64 in relation to Rule 65 of the Rules of Court.
The Undisputed Facts
The undisputed facts are based on two documents and the admission of FPJ. The first document is the Birth
Certificate of FPJ, showing he was born on 20 August 1939. The Birth Certificate is an evidence of FPJ.[1] The
second document is the Marriage Certificate of Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley, showing that their marriage took
place on 16 September 1940. The Marriage Certificate is also an evidence of FPJ.[2] Moreover, FPJ admits that his
mother Bessie Kelley was an American citizen.[3]
Based on these two documents and admission, the undisputed facts are: (1) FPJ was born out of wedlock and
therefore illegitimate,[4] and (2) the mother of FPJ was an American citizen.
The Issues
The issues raised in Fornier’s petition are:
(a) Whether the Court has jurisdiction over the petition to disqualify FPJ as a candidate for President on the
ground that FPJ is not a naturalborn Philippine citizen;
(b) Whether FPJ is a naturalborn citizen of the Philippines.
Jurisdiction
The Comelec has jurisdiction to determine initially the qualifications of all candidates. Under Section 2(1), Article IX
C of the Constitution, the Comelec has the power and function to "[E]nforce and administer all laws and regulations
relative to the conduct of an election." The initial determination of who are qualified to file certificates of candidacies
with the Comelec clearly falls within this allencompassing constitutional mandate of the Comelec. The conduct of
an election necessarily includes the initial determination of who are qualified under existing laws to run for public
office in an election. Otherwise, the Comelec’s certified list of candidates will be cluttered with unqualified
candidates making the conduct of elections unmanageable. For this reason, the Comelec weeds out every
presidential election dozens of candidates for president who are deemed nuisance candidates by the Comelec.[5]
Section 2(3), Article IXC of the Constitution also empowers the Comelec to "[D]ecide, except those involving the
right to vote, all questions affecting elections x x x." The power to decide "all questions affecting elections"
necessarily includes the power to decide whether a candidate possesses the qualifications required by law for
election to public office. This broad constitutional power and function vested in the Comelec is designed precisely to
avoid any situation where a dispute affecting elections is left without any legal remedy. If one who is obviously not a
naturalborn Philippine citizen, like Arnold Schwarzenneger, runs for President, the Comelec is certainly not
powerless to cancel the certificate of candidacy of such candidate. There is no need to wait until after the elections
before such candidate may be disqualified.
Under Rule 25 on "Disqualification of Candidates" of the Comelec Rules of Procedure, a voter may question before
the Comelec the qualifications of any candidate for public office. Thus, Rule 25 provides:
Section 1. Grounds for Disqualification. — Any candidate who does not possess all the qualifications of a candidate
as provided for by the Constitution or by existing law or who commits any act declared by law to be grounds for
disqualification may be disqualified from continuing as a candidate.
Section 2. Who May File Petition for Disqualification. — Any citizen of voting age, or duly registered political party,
organization or coalition of political parties may file with the Law Department of the Commission a petition to
disqualify a candidate on grounds provided by law. (Emphasis supplied)
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
The Comelec adopted its Rules of Procedure pursuant to its constitutional power to promulgate its own rules of
procedure[6] to expedite the disposition of cases or controversies falling within its jurisdiction.
The Comelec has ruled upon the qualifications of candidates, even if the Constitution provides that some other body
shall be the "sole judge" of the qualifications of the holders of the public offices involved. The Court has upheld the
jurisdiction of Comelec to issue such rulings,[7] even when the issue is the citizenship of a candidate.[8] Thus, the
Comelec has jurisdiction to determine initially if FPJ meets the citizenship qualification to run for President.
However, the Comelec En Banc, in its scanty resolution, failed to state the factual bases of its ruling. The Comelec
En Banc also failed to rule conclusively on the issue presented – whether FPJ is a naturalborn Philippine citizen.
The Comelec En Banc affirmed the First Division ruling that "[W]e feel we are not at liberty to finally declare whether
or not the respondent is a naturalborn citizen." In short, the Comelec En Banc allowed a candidate for President to
run in the coming elections without being convinced that the candidate is a naturalborn Philippine citizen. Clearly,
the Comelec En Banc acted with grave abuse of discretion. Under Section 1, Article VIII, as well as Section 5,
Article VIII, of the Constitution, the Court has jurisdiction to hear and decide the issue in a petition for certiorari under
Rule 64 in relation to Rule 65.
To hold that the Court acquires jurisdiction to determine the qualification of a candidate for President only after the
elections would lead to an absurd situation. The Court would have to wait for an alien to be elected on election day
before he could be disqualified to run for President. If the case is not decided immediately after the election, an alien
who wins the election may even assume office as President before he is finally disqualified. Certainly, this is not
what the Constitution says when it provides that "[N]o person may be elected President unless he is a naturalborn
citizen of the Philippines."[9] The clear and specific language of the Constitution prohibits the election of one who is
not a naturalborn citizen. Thus, the issue of whether a candidate for President is a naturalborn Philippine citizen
must be decided before the election.
Governing Laws
Since FPJ was born on 20 August 1939, his citizenship at the time of his birth depends on the Constitution and
statutes in force at the time of his birth.[10] FPJ’s citizenship at the time of his birth in 1939, applying the laws in
force in 1939, determines whether he is a naturalborn Philippine citizen.
Naturalborn Philippine citizens are "those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform
any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship."[11] If a person has to perform an act, such as proving in an
administrative or judicial proceeding, that an event subsequent to his birth transpired thus entitling him to Philippine
citizenship, such person is not a natural born citizen.[12]
The 1935 Constitution and the Spanish Civil Code, the laws in force in 1939, are the governing laws that determine
whether a person born in 1939 is a Philippine citizen at the time of his birth in 1939. Any subsequent legislation
cannot change the citizenship at birth of a person born in 1939 because such legislation would violate the
constitutional definition of a naturalborn citizen as one who is a Philippine citizen from birth. In short, one who is not
a Philippine citizen at birth in 1939 cannot be declared by subsequent legislation a naturalborn citizen.
General Principles
A legitimate child of a Filipino father follows the citizenship of the father. A child born within wedlock is presumed to
be the son of the father[13] and thus carries the blood of the father. Under the doctrine of jus sanguinis, as provided
for in Section 1(3), Article III of the 1935 Constitution, a legitimate child, by the fact of legitimacy, automatically
follows the citizenship of the Filipino father.
An illegitimate child, however, enjoys no presumption at birth of blood relation to any father unless the father
acknowledges the child at birth.[14] The law has always required that "in all cases of illegitimate children, their
filiation must be duly proved."[15] The only legally known parent of an illegitimate child, by the fact of illegitimacy, is
the mother of the child who conclusively carries the blood of the mother. Thus, unless the father acknowledges the
illegitimate child at birth, the illegitimate child can only acquire the citizenship of the only legally known parent the
mother.
However, if the Filipino father is legally known because the filiation (blood relation of illegitimate child to the father) of
the child to the Filipino father is established in accordance with law, the child follows the citizenship of the Filipino
father. This gives effect, without discrimination between legitimate and illegitimate children, to the provision of the
1935 Constitution that "[T]hose whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines"[16] are Philippine citizens.
Nature of Citizenship
If the Filipino father acknowledges the illegitimate child at birth, the child is a naturalborn Philippine citizen because
no other act after his birth is required to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship. The child possesses all the
qualifications to be a Philippine citizen at birth.
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
If the Filipino father acknowledges the child after birth, the child is a Philippine citizen as of the time of the
acknowledgment. In this case, the child does not possess all the qualifications to be a Philippine citizen at birth
because an act the acknowledgement of the Filipino father is required for the child to acquire or perfect his
Philippine citizenship. Statutory provisions on retroactivity of acknowledgment cannot be given effect because they
would be contrary to the constitutional definition of natural born citizens as those who are Philippine citizens at birth
without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship.
If the illegitimacy of a child is established, there is no presumption that the child has the blood of any man who is
supposed to be the father. There is only a conclusive presumption that the child has the blood of the mother. If an
illegitimate child claims to have the blood of a man who is supposed to be the child’s father, such blood relation must
be established in accordance with proof of filiation as required by law.
Where the illegitimate child of an alien mother claims to follow the citizenship of the putative father, the burden is on
the illegitimate child to establish a blood relation to the putative Filipino father since there is no presumption that an
illegitimate child has the blood of the putative father. Even if the putative father admits paternity after the birth of the
illegitimate child, there must be an administrative or judicial approval that such blood relation exists upon proof of
paternity as required by law.
Citizenship, being a matter of public and State interest, cannot be conferred on an illegitimate child of an alien
mother on the mere say so of the putative Filipino father. The State has a right to examine the veracity of the claim
of paternity. Otherwise, the grant of Philippine citizenship to an illegitimate child of an alien mother is left to the sole
discretion of the putative Filipino father. For example, a Philippine citizen of Chinese descent can simply claim that
he has several illegitimate children in China. The State cannot be required to grant Philippine passports to these
supposed illegitimate children born in China of Chinese mothers just because the putative Filipino father
acknowledges paternity of these illegitimate children. There must be either an administrative or judicial
determination that the claim of the putative Filipino father is true.
The case of the illegitimate Vietnamese children, born in Vietnam of Vietnamese mothers and allegedly of Filipino
fathers, is illustrative. These children grew up in Vietnam, many of them studying there until high school. These
children grew up knowing they were Vietnamese citizens. In 1975, a Philippine Navy vessel brought them, together
with their Vietnamese mothers, to the Philippines as Saigon fell to the communists. The mothers of these children
became stateless when the Republic of (South) Vietnam ceased to exist in 1975. The Department of Justice
rendered Opinion No. 49 dated 3 May 1995 that being children of Filipino fathers, these Vietnamese children, even if
illegitimate, are Philippine citizens under Section 1(3), Article IV of the 1935 Constitution and Section 1(2), Article III
of the 1973 Constitution. This Opinion is cited by FPJ as basis for his claim of being a naturalborn Philippine citizen.
[17] However, this Opinion categorically stated that before the illegitimate Vietnamese children may be considered
Filipino citizens "it is necessary in every case referred to that such paternity be established by sufficient and
convincing documentary evidence."[18]
In short, the illegitimate child must prove to the proper administrative or judicial authority the paternity of the alleged
Filipino father by "sufficient and convincing documentary evidence." Clearly, an administrative or judicial act is
necessary to confer on the illegitimate Vietnamese children Philippine citizenship. The mere claim of the illegitimate
child of filiation to a Filipino father, or the mere acknowledgment of the alleged Filipino father, does not automatically
confer Philippine citizenship on the child. The State must be convinced of the veracity of such claim and approve the
same. Since the illegitimate Vietnamese children need to perform an act to acquire or perfect Philippine citizenship,
they are not naturalborn Philippine citizens. They become Philippine citizens only from the moment the proper
administrative or judicial authority approve and recognize their filiation to their alleged Filipino fathers.
The rationale behind requiring that only naturalborn citizens may hold certain high public offices[19] is to insure that
the holders of these high public offices grew up knowing they were at birth citizens of the Philippines. In their
formative years they knew they owed from birth their allegiance to the Philippines. In case any other country claims
their allegiance, they would be faithful and loyal to the Philippines of which they were citizens from birth. This is
particularly true to the President who is the commanderinchief of the armed forces.[20] The President of the
Philippines must owe, from birth, allegiance to the Philippines and must have grown up knowing that he was a
citizen of the Philippines at birth. The constitutional definition of a naturalborn Philippine citizen would lose its
meaning and efficacy if one who was at birth recognized by law as an alien were declared forty years later[21] a
naturalborn Philippine citizen just because his alleged Filipino father subsequently admitted his paternity.
Proof of Filiation
Article 131[22] of the Spanish Civil Code, the law in force in 1939, recognized only the following as proof of filiation
of a natural child:
a. acknowledgment in a record of birth;
b. acknowledgment in a will;
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
c. acknowledgment in some other public document.
To establish his Philippine citizenship at birth, FPJ must present either an acknowledgement in a record of birth, or
an acknowledgment in some other public document executed at the time of his birth. An acknowledgment executed
after birth does not make one a citizen at birth but a citizen from the time of such acknowledgment since the
acknowledgment is an act done after birth to acquire or perfect Philippine citizenship.
After the birth of one who is not a naturalborn Philippine citizen, a subsequent legislation liberalizing proof of filiation
cannot apply to such person to make him a naturalborn citizen. A naturalborn Philippine citizen is expressly
defined in the Constitution as one who is a citizen at birth. If a person is not a citizen at birth, no subsequent
legislation can retroactively declare him a citizen at birth since it would violate the constitutional definition of a
naturalborn citizen.
Burden of Proof
Any person who claims to be a citizen of the Philippines has the burden of proving his Philippine citizenship. Any
person who claims to be qualified to run for President because he is, among others, a naturalborn Philippine
citizen, has the burden of proving he is a naturalborn citizen. Any doubt whether or not he is naturalborn citizen is
resolved against him. The constitutional requirement of a naturalborn citizen, being an express qualification for
election as President, must be complied with strictly as defined in the Constitution. As the Court ruled in Paa v.
Chan: [23]
It is incumbent upon a person who claims Philippine citizenship to prove to the satisfaction of the Court that he is
really a Filipino. No presumption can be indulged in favor of the claimant of Philippine citizenship, and any doubt
regarding citizenship must be resolved in favor of the State.
Since the undisputed facts show that FPJ is an illegitimate child, having been born out of wedlock, the burden is on
FPJ to prove his blood relation to his alleged Filipino father. An illegitimate child enjoys no presumption of blood
relation to any father. Such blood relationship must be established in the appropriate proceedings in accordance
with law.
Private party litigants cannot stipulate on the Philippine citizenship of a person because citizenship is not a private
right or property, but a matter of public and State interest. Even if petitioner Fornier admits that FPJ, although
illegitimate, is the son of Allan F. Poe, such admission cannot bind the State for the purpose of conferring on FPJ the
status of a naturalborn Philippine citizen or even of a naturalized citizen. Certainly, the Court will not recognize a
person as a naturalborn Philippine citizen just because the private party litigants have admitted or stipulated on
such a status. In the present case, the Solicitor General, as representative of the Government, is strongly disputing
the status of FPJ as a naturalborn Philippine citizen.
Legitimation
Under Article 123[24] of the Spanish Civil Code, legitimation took effect as of the date of marriage. There was no
retroactivity of the effects of legitimation on the rights of the legitimated child. Thus, a legitimated child acquired the
rights of a legitimate child only as of the date of marriage of the natural parents. Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley were
married on 16 September 1940 while FPJ was born more than one year earlier on 20 August 1939. Assuming that
Allan F. Poe was FPJ’s natural father, the effects of legitimation did not retroact to the birth of FPJ on 20 August
1939.
Besides, legitimation vests only civil, not political rights, to the legitimated child. As the Court held in Ching Leng:[25]
The framers of the Civil Code had no intention whatsoever to regulate therein political questions. Hence, apart from
reproducing the provisions of the Constitution on citizenship, the Code contains no precept thereon except that
which refers all matters of "naturalization", as well as those related to the "loss and reacquisition of citizenship" to
"special laws." Consistently with this policy, our Civil Code does not include therein any rule analogous to Articles 18
to 28 of the Civil Code of Spain, regulating citizenship. (Underscoring in the original)
Clearly, even assuming that the marriage of Allan F. Poe and Bessie Kelley legitimated FPJ, such legitimation did
not vest retroactively any civil or political rights to FPJ.
Treaty of Paris of 1898 and Philippine Bill of 1902
FPJ admits that his grandfather, Lorenzo Pou, was a Spanish citizen who came to the Philippines from Spain.[26] To
benefit from the mass naturalization under the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and the Philippine Bill of 1902, FPJ must
prove that Lorenzo Pou was an inhabitant and resident of the Philippines on 11 April 1899. Once it is established
that Lorenzo Pou was an inhabitant and resident of the Philippines on 11 April 1899, then he is presumed to have
acquired Philippine citizenship under the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and the Philippine Bill of 1902.[27] Being an
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
inhabitant and resident of the Philippines on 11 April 1899 is the determinative fact to fall under the coverage of the
Treaty of Paris of 1898 and the Philippine Bill of 1902.[28]
There is, however, no evidence on record that Lorenzo Pou was a Philippine inhabitant and resident on 11 April
1899. The date of arrival of Lorenzo Pou in the Philippines is not known. If he arrived in the Philippines after 11 April
1899, then he could not benefit from the mass naturalization under the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and the Philippine Bill
of 1902. There is also no evidence that Lorenzo Pou was naturalized as a Philippine citizen after 11 April 1899.
Thus, there can be no presumption that Lorenzo Pou was a Philippine citizen.
There is also no evidence on record that Allan F. Poe, the son of Lorenzo Pou and the alleged father of FPJ, was
naturalized as a Philippine citizen. Thus, based on the evidence adduced there is no legal basis for claiming that
Allan F. Poe is a Philippine citizen. Nevertheless, there is no need to delve further into this issue since the Court can
decide this case without determining the citizenship of Lorenzo Pou and Allan F. Poe. Whether or not Lorenzo Pou
and Allan F. Poe were Philippine citizens is not material in resolving whether FPJ is a naturalborn Philippine citizen.
Convention on the Rights of the Child
The Philippines signed the Convention on the Rights of the Child on 26 January 1990 and ratified the same on 21
August 1990. The Convention defines a child to mean "every human being below the age of eighteen years unless,
under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier." Obviously, FPJ cannot invoke the Convention since
he is not a child as defined in the Convention, and he was born half a century before the Convention came into
existence. FPJ’s citizenship at birth in 1939 could not in any way be affected by the Convention which entered into
force only on 2 September 1990.
The Convention has the status of a municipal law[29] and its ratification by the Philippines could not have amended
the express requirement in the Constitution that only naturalborn citizens of Philippines are qualified to be
President. While the Constitution apparently favors naturalborn citizens over those who are not, that is the explicit
requirement of the Constitution which neither the Executive Department nor the Legislature, in ratifying a treaty,
could amend. In short, the Convention cannot amend the definition in the Constitution that naturalborn citizens are
"those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their
Philippine citizenship."
In any event, the Convention guarantees a child "the right to acquire a nationality,"[30] and requires States Parties to
"ensure the implementation" of this right, "in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless."[31] Thus, as
far as nationality or citizenship is concerned, the Convention guarantees the right of the child to acquire a nationality
so that he may not be stateless. The Convention does not guarantee a child a citizenship at birth, but merely "the
right to acquire a nationality" in accordance with municipal law. When FPJ was born in 1939, he was apparently
under United States law an American citizen at birth.[32] After his birth FPJ also had the right to acquire Philippine
citizenship by proving his filiation to his alleged Filipino father in accordance with Philippine law. At no point in time
was FPJ in danger of being stateless. Clearly, FPJ cannot invoke the Convention to claim he is a naturalborn
Philippine citizen.
The Doctrine in Ching Leng v. Galang
The prevailing doctrine today is that an illegitimate child of a Filipino father and an alien mother follows the
citizenship of the alien mother as the only legally known parent. The illegitimate child, even if acknowledged and
legally adopted by the Filipino father, cannot acquire the citizenship of the father. The Court made this definitive
doctrinal ruling in Ching Leng v. Galang,[33] which involved the illegitimate minor children of a naturalized Filipino of
Chinese descent with a Chinese woman, Sy An. The illegitimate children were later on jointly adopted by the
naturalized Filipino and his legal wife, So Buan Ty.
The facts in Ching Leng as quoted by the Court from the trial court’s decision are as follows:
After the petitioner Ching Leng Alias Ching Ban Lee obtained judgment in this Court dated May 2, 1950 granting his
petition for naturalization, he together with his wife So Buan Ty filed another petition also in this Court in Special
Proc. No. 1216 for the adoption of Ching Tiong Seng, Ching Liong Ding, Victoria Ching Liong Yam, Sydney Ching
and Ching Tiong An, all minors and admittedly the illegitimate children of petitioner Ching Leng with one Sy An, a
Chinese citizen. Finding the petition for adoption proper, this Court granted the same in a decision dated September
12, 1950, declaring the said minors free from all legal obligations of obedience and maintenance with respect to
their mother Sy An and to all legal intents and purposes the children of the adopter Ching Leng alias Ching Ban Lee
and So Buan Ty with all the legal rights and obligations provided by law.
On September 29, 1955, Ching Leng took his oath of allegiance and became therefore a full pledge (sic) Filipino
citizen. Believing now that his adopted illegitimate children became Filipino citizens by virtue of his naturalization,
petitioner Ching Leng addressed a communication to the respondent Commissioner of Immigration requesting that
the alien certificate of registration of the said minors be cancelled. (Bold underscoring supplied)
1/17/2018 G.R. Nos. 161434, 161634 & 161824
In Ching Leng, the Court made a definitive ruling on the meaning of "minor child or children" in Section 15 of the
Naturalization Law,[34] as well as the meaning of children "whose parents are citizens of the Philippines" under the
Constitution. The Court categorically ruled that these children refer to legitimate children only, and not to illegitimate
children. Thus, the Court held:
It is claimed that the phrases "minor children" and "minor child", used in these provisions, include adopted children.
The argument is predicated upon the theory that an adopted child is, for all intents and purposes, a legitimate child.
Whenever, the word "children" or "child" is used in statutes, it is generally understood, however, to refer to legitimate
children, unless the context of the law and its spirit indicate clearly the contrary. Thus, for instance, when the
Constitution provides that "those whose parents are citizens of the Philippines, "and "those whose mothers are
citizens of the Philippines," who shall elect Philippine citizenship "upon reaching the age of majority", are citizens of
the Philippines (Article IV, Section 1, subdivisions 3 and 4), our fundamental law clearly refers to legitimate children
(Chiong Bian vs. De Leon, 46 Off. Gaz., 36523654; Serra v. Republic, L4223, May 12, 1952).
Similarly, the children alluded to in said section 15 are those begotten in lawful wedlock, when the adopter, at least
is the father. In fact, illegitimate children are under the parental authority of the mother and follow her nationality, not
that of the illegitimate father (U.S. vs. Ong Tianse, 29 Phil. 332, 335336; Santos Co vs. Gov’t of the Philippines, 52
Phil. 543, 544; Serra v. Republic, supra; Gallofin v. Ordoñez, 70 Phil. 287; Quimsuan vs. Republic, L4693, Feb. 16,
1953). Although, adoption gives "to the adopted person the same rights and duties as if he were a legitimate child of
the adopter", pursuant to said Article 341 of our Civil Code, we have already seen that the rights therein alluded to
are merely those enumerated in Article 264, and do not include the acquisition of the nationality of the adopter.
Moreover, as used in said section 15 of the Naturalization Law, the term "children" could not possibly refer to those
whose relation to the naturalized person is one created by legal fiction, as, for instance, by adoption, for, otherwise,
the place and time of birth of the child would be immaterial. The fact that the adopted persons involved in the case
at bar are illegitimate children of appellant Ching Leng does not affect substantially the legal situation before us, for,
by legal fiction, they are now being sought to be given the status of legitimate children of said appellant, despite the
circumstance that the Civil Code of the Philippine does not permit their legitimation. (Bold underscoring supplied)
Ching Leng, penned by Justice Roberto Concepcion in October 1958, was a unanimous decision of the Court En
Banc. Subsequent Court decisions, including Paa v. Chan[35] and Morano et al. v. Vivo,[36] have cited the doctrine
laid down in Ching Leng that the provision in the 1935 Constitution stating "those whose fathers are citizens of the
Philippines" refers only to legitimate children. When the 1973 and 1987 Constitutions were drafted, the framers did
not attempt to change the intent of this provision, even as they were presumably aware of the Ching Leng doctrine.
Nevertheless, I believe that it is now time to abandon the Ching Leng doctrine. The inexorable direction of the law,
both international and domestic in the last 100 years, is to eliminate all forms of discrimination between legitimate
and illegitimate children. Where the Constitution does not distinguish between legitimate and illegitimate children,
we should not also distinguish, especially when private rights are not involved as in questions of citizenship.
Abandoning the Ching Leng doctrine upholds the equal protection clause of the Constitution. Abandoning the Ching
Leng doctrine is also in compliance with our treaty obligation under the Covenant on the Rights of Children
mandating States Parties to eliminate all forms of discrimination based on the status of children, save of course
those distinctions prescribed in the Constitution itself like the reservation of certain high public offices to naturalborn
citizens.
Abandoning the Ching Leng doctrine does not mean, however, that an illegitimate child of a Filipino father and an
alien mother automatically becomes a Philippine citizen at birth. We have repeatedly ruled that an illegitimate child
does not enjoy any presumption of blood relation to the alleged father until filiation or blood relation is proved as
provided by law.[37] Article 887 of the Civil Code expressly provides that "[I]n all cases of illegitimate children, their
filiation must be duly proved." The illegitimate child becomes a Philippine citizen only from the time he establishes
his blood relation to the Filipino father. If the blood relation is established after the birth of the illegitimate child, then
the child is not a naturalborn Philippine citizen since an act is required after birth to acquire or perfect his Philippine
citizenship.
Conclusion
In conclusion, private respondent Fernando Poe, Jr. is not a naturalborn Philippine citizen since there is no showing
that his alleged Filipino father Allan F. Poe acknowledged him at birth. The Constitution defines a naturalborn
citizen as a Philippine citizen "from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect" his Philippine
citizenship. Private respondent Fernando Poe, Jr. does not meet this citizenship qualification.
Therefore, I vote to grant the petition of Victorino X. Fornier. However, I vote to dismiss the petitions of Maria
Jeanette C. Tecson, Felix B. Desiderio, Jr. and Zoilo Antonio Velez on the ground that their direct petitions invoking
the jurisdiction of the Court under Section 4, paragraph 7, Article VII of the Constitution are premature, there being
no election contest in this case.

Tecson Vs Comelec

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1/17/2018 G.R. Nos.

161434, 161634 & 161824

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