Hepatitis B dalam Kehamilan

Maisuri T. Chalid
Departemen Obstetri Ginekologi FK UNHAS
Hepatitis Research Study Group of Hasanuddin University
 Definisi
• Hepatitis B merupakan
infeksi menular serius
pada hati yang
disebabkan oleh virus
hepatitis B.
• Infeksi akut dapat terjadi
pada saat tubuh terinfeksi
untuk pertama kalinya.
Infeksi akut ini dapat
berubah menjadi kronis
setelah beberapa bulan
sejak infeksi pertama kali
 Infeksi virus hepatitis B (VHB) masalah
utama kesehatan masyarakat di
seluruh dunia
• 2 miliar penduduk
dunia terinfeksi
→240 juta orang
infeksi kronis HBsAg Prevalence

• Dunia → 780.000 8: High

2-7: Intermedia
kematian/tahun → <2: Low
komplikasi terkait
infeksi VHB

World Health Organization World Health Organization. Fact Sheet #204. 2015
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Lozano et al. Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet. 2012; 380
Estimated annual deaths from selected causes by region, 2010

Lozano et al. Lancet. Vol 380. 2012

Courtesy of IHME – Global Burden of Disease Study
 Prevalence of HBsAg in Indonesia: 3-9.4% ##

BANGKA
RIAU JAMBI BELITUNG E. KALIMANTAN GORONTALO N. SULAWESI
2.4% 8.3% 4.4% 6.4% 13.0% C. SULAWESI
NAD
12.8%

N. SUMATRA MOLUCCAS
11.7%

W. IRIAN JAYA
W. SUMATRA
15.1%

BENGKULU PAPUA
19.3%

S. SUMATRA S.E. SULAWESI

9.7%

LAMPUNG
17.0%

JAKARTA W. JAVA C. JAVA JOGJA E. JAVA BALI W. NUSA S KALIMANTAN S. SULAWESI

5.9% 5.6% TENGGARA
8.2% 6.7% 2.5% 10.1% 6.6% 13.4%
5.5%
# Provisional data
 Outcome of Hepatitis B Infection by
100
Age of Infection 100
Chronic Infection (%)

80 80

Predominantly Chronic Infection

60 neonatal infection 60
in Asia Predominantly
adult infection
in Western
40 countries 40

20 20

0 0
Birth 1-6 months 7-12 months 1-4 years Older Children
and Adults
Age at Infection
Immunization Program in Indonesia

HB Vaccination in Indonesia
WHO Pilot Project in Lombok Island. Indonesia was selected as the
first model of HB vaccination integrated to EPI. Reduction of HBsAg
prevalence infants from 6.2% to 1.4%

Expanded to 4 Provinces: NTB, Bali,

Jogja & East Java

Added: 3 provinces (Papua, NTT & East Timor)

Added: 6 Provinces (Central Java, West

Java, DKI, Lampung, West Sumatra &
West Borneo)

National Program

Birth-dose
Immunization

1987 1991-1992 1992-1993 1996-1997 April 1997 April 1999

 Possibility I:

many provinces
•Low coverage in
WHO Target

0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
90,0
100,0
ACEH 77,5
SUMATERA UTARA 76,7
SUMATERA BARAT 72,7
RIAU 67,1
JAMBI
SUMATERA SELATAN 88,6
BENGKULU 65,7
LAMPUNG 79,4
DKI JAKARTA 74,9
JAWA BARAT 99,9
JAWA TENGAH 97,4
DI YOGYAKARTA
JAWA TIMUR 98,2
KALIMANTAN BARAT 58,8
KALIMANTAN TENGAH 60,3
WHY?

KALIMANTAN SELATAN 62,6

KALIMANTAN TIMUR 64,6
SULAWESI UTARA 76,6
SULAWESI TENGAH 57,0
SULAWESI SELATAN 87,7
SULAWESI TENGGARA 46,1
BALI 95,0
NUSA TENGGARA BARAT 98,2
under-five children

NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR 60,9

MALUKU 56,1
PAPUA 43,3
BANTEN 89,9
MALUKU UTARA 66,1
GORONTALO 76,8
BANGKA BELITUNG 92,7
New cases continue to occur in

Coverage of Birth-dose Hepatitis B immunization in Indonesia 2012 (By Province)

PAPUA BARAT 38,1

KEPULAUAN RIAU 79,9
SULAWESI BARAT 64,3
INDONESIA 85,6
 New cases continue to occur in
under-five children

WHY?

Prevalence of HBsAg (+) mothers in several cities in

Indonesia
Possibility 2:
Mother-to-child
Jakarta 1985 4%
transmission (MTCT) Surabaya 1989 4,6%
Denpasar 1981 2,46%
Mataram 1993 3,4%
Bali 1996 5%
Jakarta 2009 2,2%
Makassar 2013 5.3%
Jakarta 2013 3.5%
 Prevalence of HBsAg (+) among Health Workers and Pregnant Women
in 13 Provinces in Indonesia (2014)

9,00

8,00
8,00

7,00

6,00

5,00

4,37

4,24
4,08

3,76
3,76

3,61
4,00

3,50
3,33
3,03

2,80
2,78

2,76
2,67
2,65

2,56
3,00

2,43
2,42
2,39
1,93

1,79

1,79
1,73

1,66
1,57
2,00
1,46

0,80

0,79

1,00

0,00
Sumbar Jambi DKI Jateng Jatim Sulsel Kalbar Sumut Bengkulu Papua NTB Jabar Sulut Total
Jakarta Barat

Pregnant mothers Health workers

 Diagnosis

•Skrining HBsAg (+) pada ibu hamil

 Hepatitis B Lab Markers

 HBsAg - Marker of current infection

 Anti-HBs - marker of resolved infection

/immunity after immunization
 Hepatitis B Lab Markers

 HBeAg - marker of active replication,

Identification of persons at increased
risk for transmitting HBV

 Anti-HBe - Identification of person with lower risk

for transmitting HBV

 HBV DNA - Viral load ; virulensi

HBV Providers’ Choice in Prime Time

Hepatitis B and Pregnancy

Mother Infant
 Worsening of hepatitis  Transmission of HBV?
before or during
pregnancy?  Vaccination?

 Worsening of hepatitis  Breast-feeding?

after delivery?
 Safer modes of delivery?

clinicaloptions.com/hep
 Factors associated with MTCT
• Maternal Viral load (HBV DNA level)
• Maternal HBeAg status
• Mode of delivery
• HBV S gene variation (mutant)
• Neonatal immune deficiency
 Factors associated with MTCT
• Maternal Viral load (HBV DNA level)

– Higher Maternal HBV DNA levels [<6, 6–6.99, 7–

7.99, and ≥8 log10 copies/mL]  higher rates of
immunoprophylaxis failure: [0%, 3.2%, 6.7%, and
7.6%, respectively];
– antenatal HBV DNA level >6 log10 copies/mL
(>200,000 IU/mL) is the most important predictor
for MTCT.
 Plasenta berperan sebagai barier
Deteksi DNA VHB

plasenta
serum ibu (21,67 %) tali pusat
(29,68 %) (10,93%)

Chalid MT et al (Makassar), The Pattern of Hepatits B vertical Transmission

During Labor: Role of Viral load, Placenta and Obstetrics Contribution. The 11th
Asia Pacific Congress of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Taipei, November 2015
 Factors associated with MTCT:
viral load contribution

Chalid MT et al (Makassar), The Pattern of Hepatits B vertical Transmission During

Labor: Role of Viral load, Placenta and Obstetrics Contribution. The 11th Asia Pacific
Congress of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Taipeh, November 2015
 Factors associated with MTCT
• Maternal HBeAg status
– Transplacental HBeAg from the mother induces a
specific unresponsiveness of helper T cells to
HBeAg and HBcAg in neonates born to HBeAg-
positive HBsAg carrier mothers
 HBV Transmission: When Does It
Happen?
• In utero transmission
– Very rare (< 10%); associated with high HBV DNA levels[1]
• During amniocentesis
– Very rare; no transmission reported in 2 case series[2,3]
• At birth!
– HBeAg-positive mothers: 85%
– HBeAg-negative mothers: 31%[4]

1. Wang Z, et al. J Med Virol. 2003;71:360-366. 2. Alexander JM, et al. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol.
1999;7:283-286. 3. Towers CV, et al. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001;184:1514-1518. 4. Beasley RP, et al.
Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105:94-98.
Routes of mother-to-child HBV transmission

–Intrapartum transmission
(transmission during delivery)
• Is the main route of MTCT of HBV infection
• Association with duration of the first stage of labour
lasting >9 hours.
• Occurs through:
– Exposure of baby to HBV-containing maternal body fluids
when passing through the birth canal
– Partial placental leakage due to uterine contractions or
instrumentation trauma during labour
Penularan transmisi vertikal
50%
Kontributor tertinggi jumlah
penderita pembawa VHB
Perlu diperhatikan:

Bayi terinfeksi vertikal:

•berisiko tinggi menderita hepatitis
kronis sepanjang hidupnya → sirosis
hepatis atau kanker hati (Karsinoma
Hepatoselluler) dan kematian pada
usia dewasa muda
•Sumber penularan
 Drugs already used in
pregnancy
Drug name Drug category Effectiveness Remark
Lamivudine C Start at week 32: Frequent resistant
(LAM) Significant reduction of for long-term use
MTCT (15%/year)
Tenovofir B Effective: preferred than Better resistance
(TDF) LAM profile
Good safety: Experience in
HIV-treatment program
Telbivudine B Given in 2nd or 3rd No resistance, no
(LTD) semester, significantly deeformities
lowers MTCT than controls
(0 vs 8%)

30
 Tatalaksana pada bayi
 Bila ibu HBs Ag(+)
 Bayi disuntik HBIG (Imunoglobulin Hep B) 0,5 ml IM
pada lengan atas segera setelah lahir (dalam 12 jam
kelahiran) dan
 Vaksin hepatitis B dengan dosis 0,5 ml (5 μg) IM pada
lengan atas sisi lain pada saat yang sama kemudian
pada usia 1 bulan dan 6 bulan.
 Tidak ada perbedaan pemberian HBIG dan vaksinasi
hepatitis B pada bayi prematur namun pemberian
vaksinasi hepatitis B diberikan dalam 4 kali pemberian
yaitu pada bulan ke-0, 1, 6, dan 8 bulan.
 Tatalaksana pada bayi
 Tidak ada larangan pemberian ASI
eksklusif pada bayi dengan ibu HbsAg
positif terutama bila bayi telah divaksinasi
dan diberi HBIG setelah lahir
 Bila ibu HBs Ag(-)
 Vaksin hepatitis B dengan dosis 0,5 ml (5 μg)
IM pada lengan atas pada usia ke-0, 1 bulan,
dan 6 bulan.
 Prevention of MTCT:
During pregnancy
 Screening of mothers:
 HBsAg: at least before the 3rd trimester
 HBeAg (for HBsAg-positive mothers)
 Viral load/HBV DNA level (for HBsAg-positive
mothers)

 Treatment of mothers:
 - Has not been a general treatment policy
 - Indications are judged by:
 HBV DNA level status
 HBeAg
 Evidence of liver injury (by alanine aminotransferase [ALT]
level and/or liver histology).
 Prevention of MTCT:
At delivery
 For mothers: Caesarean section:
 Still controversial:
 One study: 17.5% risk reduction of MTCT when compared
with immunoprophylaxis alone
 Other studies: elective caesarean section offers no benefit.
 Beijing (2007-2011) from 1,409 infants born to HBsAg (+)
positive mothers, with appropriate immunoprophylaxis at
birth:
• 1.4% after elective caesarean section
• 3.4% after vaginal delivery
• 4.2% after emergency caesarean section (P <0.05).
 When stratified according to HBV DNA levels:
 delivery mode did not affect MTCT rates for HBV DNA
levels <6 log copies/ ml).
 Prevention of MTCT:
At delivery
2. For babies: Immunoprophylaxis
 Active immunization: 2 strategies
 3-dose schedule
 1st dose (birth dose) – monovalent vaccine
 2nd and 3rd doses together with other vaccination
 4 dose schedule:
 1st dose (birth dose) – monovalent
 2nd, 3rd, 4th doses together with other vaccines.
 Passive immunization:
 Hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG): in 12 hours
after birth (Provides temporary protection for 3 to 6
months).
 Conclusion
 HBV MTCT deserves full attention.
 Screening women for HBV infection, HBV
birth dose vaccine, increasing overall
coverage of vaccine are all feasible.
 Antiviral therapy for HBV-infected mothers
need to be discussed and considered by
relevant associations of experts.
 Urgent needs: Roles of health providers,
political commitment and financial
investment, to the elimination of HBV MTCT
in Indonesia
36
Disease development: From baseline risk to disease manifestation

Define and Control Risk • Predict • Monitor Progression

remove Risk • Diagnose • Predict Events
• Treat • Determine Therapeutics

Baseline Risk Initiating Events Subclinical Early signs & Disease

(Mother’s MTCT Stage symptoms Manifestation
HBsAg positivity) Infected babies Asymptomatic Cirrhosis, HCC
Disease Burden

– young adult Hep

reversibility
Cost
Control of hepatitis should start from the mothers
Prevention of HBV by immunization
means prevention of HC and HCC

IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF

LIFE OF THE NEW
GENERATION