2.

3 Elements and Compounds >

Chapter 2
Matter and Change
2.1 Properties of Matter
2.2 Mixtures

2.3 Elements and Compounds

2.4 Chemical Reactions

1 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > CHEMISTRY & YOU

Why does burned toast taste so bad?

Bread that is
toasted to a nice
golden brown
makes for a tasty
addition to
breakfast.

2 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Distinguishing Elements and Compounds

How are elements and compounds

different?

3 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Substances can be classified as elements

or compounds.
• An element is the simplest form of matter
that has a unique set of properties.
– Oxygen and hydrogen are two of the
more than 100 known elements.

4 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Substances can be classified as elements

or compounds.
• A compound is a substance that contains
two or more elements chemically combined
in a fixed proportion.

5 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are

chemically combined in the compound
sucrose.
• In every sample of sucrose, there are twice
as many hydrogen particles as oxygen
particles.
• The proportion of hydrogen particles in
sucrose is fixed.

6 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

There is a key difference between elements

and compounds.
• Compounds can be broken down into
simpler substances by chemical
means, but elements cannot.

7 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

Physical methods that are used to separate
mixtures cannot be used to break a
compound into simpler substances.
• Boil liquid water and you get water vapor, not
the oxygen and hydrogen that water
contains.

8 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

Physical methods that are used to separate
mixtures cannot be used to break a
compound into simpler substances.
• Dissolve a sugar cube in water and you still
have sucrose, not oxygen, carbon, and
hydrogen.
– This does not mean that sucrose or water cannot
be broken down into simpler substances.
– But methods must involve a chemical change.
9 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

A chemical change is a change that
produces matter with a different
composition than the original matter.

10 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

Heating is one of the processes used to break
down compounds into simpler substances.

• The layer of sugar is heated until it breaks

down into solid carbon and water vapor.

11 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > CHEMISTRY & YOU

What happens to the compounds in

bread when it is overcooked that
causes the change in the taste of the
bread?

The compounds undergo

a chemical change that
changes the taste of the
bread. They are broken
down into solid carbon.

12 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

Can the substances that are produced
when sugar is broken down when heated
also be broken down?
• There is no chemical process that will break
down carbon into simpler substances
because carbon is an element.

13 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Breaking Down Compounds

When an electrical current passes through
water, it is broken down into oxygen and
hydrogen.

14 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Properties of Compounds
In general, the properties of compounds are
quite different from those of their
component elements.
• Sugar is a sweet-tasting white solid, but
carbon is a tasteless black solid.

15 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Properties of Compounds
In general, the properties of compounds are
quite different from those of their
component elements.
• Hydrogen is a gas that burns in the presence
of oxygen—a colorless gas that supports
burning.
– The product of this chemical change is
water, a liquid that can stop materials
from burning.
16 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Properties of Compounds
When the elements sodium and chlorine
combine chemically to form sodium
chloride, there is a change in composition
and a change in properties.
• Sodium is a soft gray
metal.

17 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Properties of Compounds
When the elements sodium and chlorine
combine chemically to form sodium
chloride, there is a change in composition
and a change in properties.
• Chlorine is a pale
yellow poisonous
gas.

18 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Elements
and Compounds

Properties of Compounds
When the elements sodium and chlorine
combine chemically to form sodium
chloride, there is a change in composition
and a change in properties.
• Sodium chloride
(commonly known
as table salt) is a
white solid.

19 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds >

Can elements be broken down by

chemical changes? Can compounds?

There are no chemical processes that can

break down an element into simpler
substances. Compounds can be broken
down by chemical changes.

20 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

Distinguishing Substances and Mixtures

How can substances and mixtures be
distinguished?

21 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

Deciding whether a sample of matter is a

substance or a mixture based solely on
appearances can be difficult.
• After all, homogeneous mixtures and
substances will both appear to contain only
one kind of matter.

22 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

Sometimes you can decide by considering

whether there is more than one version of
the material in question.
• You can buy whole milk, low-fat milk, no-fat
milk, light cream, or heavy cream.
– From this information, you can conclude
that milk and cream are mixtures.
– You might infer that these mixtures differ
in the amount of fat they contain.
23 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

Sometimes you can decide by considering

whether there is more than one version of
the material in question.
• Most gas stations offer at least two blends of
gasoline.
– The blends have different octane ratings
and different costs per gallon.
– So, gasoline must be a mixture.

24 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

If the composition of a material is fixed,

the material is a substance. If the
composition of a material may vary, the
material is a mixture.

25 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Distinguishing Sub-
stances and Mixtures

26 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Sample Problem 2.2

Classifying Materials

When a certain blue-green

solid is heated, a colorless
gas and a black solid form.
All three materials are
substances. Is it possible to
classify these substances as
elements or compounds?

27 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Sample Problem 2.2

1 Analyze Identify the relevant concepts.

A compound can be broken down into

simpler substances by a chemical change,
but an element cannot. Heating can cause
a chemical change.

A compound is made of two or more

elements that are chemically combined.

28 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Sample Problem 2.2

2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

List the known facts and relevant
concepts.
• A blue-green solid is heated.

29 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Sample Problem 2.2

2 Solve Apply concepts to this situation.

Determine if the substances are
elements or compounds.
• A colorless gas and a black solid appear.
• Before heating, there was one substance.
• After heating, there were two substances.
• The blue-green solid must be a compound.
• Based on the information given, it isn’t
possible to know if the colorless gas and the
black solid are elements or compounds.
30 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds >

No matter what you do to a silvery

liquid, it doesn’t seem to change. Is it
more likely to be a substance or a
mixture?
It is most likely a substance. If it was a
mixture, it would likely have separated
when manipulated chemically or physically.

31 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Symbols and Formulas

What do chemists use to represent
elements and compounds?

32 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Chemists use chemical symbols to

represent elements, and chemical
formulas to represent compounds.

33 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Using symbols to represent different kinds

of matter is not a new idea.
• For thousands of years, alchemists used
symbols, such as the ones below, to represent
elements.
• Alchemists and the
English chemist John
Dalton (1766–1844)
both used drawings to
represent chemical
elements.
34 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

The symbols used today for elements are

based on a system developed by Swedish
chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848).
• He based his symbols on the Latin names of
elements.
• Each element is represented by a one- or
two-letter chemical symbol.
– First letters of chemical symbols are capitalized.
– When a second letter is used, it is lowercase.

35 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

If the English name and the Latin name of

an element are similar, the symbol will
appear to have been derived from the
English name.
• Examples include Ca for calcium, N for
nitrogen, and S for sulfur.

36 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

 2.3 Elements and Compounds > Interpret Data

Symbols and Latin Names for Some Elements

Name Symbol Latin name
Sodium Na natrium
Potassium K kalium
Antimony Sb stibium
Copper Cu cuprum
Gold Au aurum
Silver Ag argentum
Iron Fe ferrum
Lead Pb plumbum
Tin Sn stannum

37
2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Chemical symbols provide a shorthand way

to write the chemical formulas of
compounds.
• The symbols for hydrogen, oxygen, and
carbon are H, O, and C.
• The formula for water is H2O.
• The formula for sucrose, or table sugar, is
C12H22O11.

38 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Symbols and Formulas

Subscripts in the chemical formulas tell you

how many of each type of element are in
the compound.
• The subscript 2 in H2O indicates that there
are always two parts of hydrogen for each
part of oxygen in water.
• Because a compound has a fixed
composition, the formula for a compound is
always the same.

39 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds >

Chemical symbols are abbreviations

for the names of elements in what
language?
Chemical symbols are abbreviations for
the names of elements in Latin.

40 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

The Periodic Table—A Preview

Why is a periodic table useful?

41 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

All the known elements are organized in a

special table called the periodic table.
• A periodic table is an arrangement of
elements in which the elements are
separated into groups based on a set of
repeating properties.

42 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

The periodic table allows you to easily

compare the properties of one element
(or a group of elements) to another
element (or group of elements).

43 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

Each element is identified by its symbol

placed in a square.

44 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview
Each element is identified by its symbol
placed in a square.
• The elements are listed in order from left to
right and top to bottom by atomic number, a
number that is unique to each element.
• The atomic number of the element is shown
centered above the symbol.
– Hydrogen (H), the lightest element, is in the top left
corner.
– Helium (He), atomic number 2, is at the top right.
– Lithium, atomic number 3, is at the left end of the
second row.
45 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

Each horizontal row of the periodic table

is called a period.
• There are seven periods in the periodic
table.
• The number of elements per period ranges
from 2 (hydrogen and helium) in Period 1
to 32 in Period 6.

46 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

Within a period, the properties of the

elements vary as you move across the
period.
• This pattern of properties then repeats as
you move to the next period.

47 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > The Periodic Table—A
Preview

Each vertical column of the periodic table

is called a group, or family.
• Elements within a group have similar
chemical and physical properties.
• Note that each group is identified by a
number and the letter A or B.
– Group 2A contains the elements
beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium
(Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and
radium (Ra).
48 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds >

Which elements are included in the

periodic table?

All known elements are included in the

periodic table.

49 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Key Concepts

Compounds can be broken down into

simpler substances by chemical
means, but elements cannot.

If the composition of a material is fixed,

the material is a substance. If the
composition may vary, the material is a
mixture.

50 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Key Concepts

Chemists use chemical symbols to

represent elements, and chemical
formulas to represent compounds.

The periodic table allows you to easily

compare the properties of one element
(or group of elements) to another
element (or group of elements).

51 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Glossary Terms

• element: the simplest form of matter that has a

unique set of properties; an element cannot be
broken down into simpler substances by
chemical means
• compound: a substance that contains two or
more elements chemically combined in a fixed
proportion
• chemical change: a change that produces
matter with a different composition than the
original matter

52 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.

2.3 Elements and Compounds > Glossary Terms

• chemical symbol: a one- or two-letter

representation of an element
• periodic table: an arrangement of elements in
which the elements are separated into groups
based on a set of repeating properties
• period: a horizontal row of elements in the
periodic table
• group: a vertical column of elements in the
periodic table; the constituent elements of a
group have similar chemical and physical
properties
53 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
2.3 Elements and Compounds > BIG IDEA

Chemistry as the Central Science

• Matter may be made of elements or
compounds.
• Elements and compounds are pure
substances but can be physically
combined to make heterogeneous or
homogeneous mixtures.
• These different forms of matter may
undergo physical or chemical changes.
54 Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.