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    Transformer Impedence

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    VIKRAM DESAI
    This document discusses transformer impedance, which is the percentage of voltage required to draw rated current through one winding when the other is short-circuited. The impedance level depends on the transformer kVA rating, with larger transformers having higher minimum impedances. For a 500 kVA transformer with 6% impedance, the reactance is calculated as 0.027648 ohms, allowing a short circuit current of around 10,000 amps. The effective impedance under actual load conditions is lower than the rated impedance, since smaller loads draw less current.

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    Transformer Impedence

    Uploaded by

    VIKRAM DESAI
    1K views3 pages
    This document discusses transformer impedance, which is the percentage of voltage required to draw rated current through one winding when the other is short-circuited. The impedance level depends on the transformer kVA rating, with larger transformers having higher minimum impedances. For a 500 kVA transformer with 6% impedance, the reactance is calculated as 0.027648 ohms, allowing a short circuit current of around 10,000 amps. The effective impedance under actual load conditions is lower than the rated impedance, since smaller loads draw less current.

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    Calculation for transformer Impedance value

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    This document discusses transformer impedance, which is the percentage of voltage required to draw rated current through one winding when the other is short-circuited. The impedance level depends on the transformer kVA rating, with larger transformers having higher minimum impedances. For a 500 kVA transformer with 6% impedance, the reactance is calculated as 0.027648 ohms, allowing a short circuit current of around 10,000 amps. The effective impedance under actual load conditions is lower than the rated impedance, since smaller loads draw less current.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    1K views3 pages

    Transformer Impedence

    Uploaded by

    VIKRAM DESAI
    This document discusses transformer impedance, which is the percentage of voltage required to draw rated current through one winding when the other is short-circuited. The impedance level depends on the transformer kVA rating, with larger transformers having higher minimum impedances. For a 500 kVA transformer with 6% impedance, the reactance is calculated as 0.027648 ohms, allowing a short circuit current of around 10,000 amps. The effective impedance under actual load conditions is lower than the rated impedance, since smaller loads draw less current.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    of 3

    TRANSFORMER IMPEDENCE

    Introduction
    The percent impedance is the percent voltage required to circulate rated
    current flow through one transformer winding when another winding is short-
    circuited at the rated voltage tap at rated frequency.

    %Z is related to the short circuit capacity of the transformer during short circuit
    conditions.

    For a two winding transformer with a 5% impedance, it would require 5%


    input voltage applied on the high voltage winding to draw 100% rated current on
    the secondary winding when the secondary winding is short-circuited.
    If 100% rated voltage is applied to the high voltage winding, approximately 20X rated
    current would flow in the secondary winding when the secondary winding is short-
    circuited.

    Impedance Levels

    Based kVA Minimum Impedance, %


    0 – 150 Manufacturer’s standard
    151 – 300 4
    301 – 600 5
    601 – 2,500 6
    2,501 – 5,000 6.5
    5,001 – 7,500 7.5
    7,501 – 10,000 8.5
    Above 10,000 9.5
    Important Notes

    1. The impedance of a two-winding transformer shall not vary from the


    guaranteed value by more that ± 7.5%
    2. The impedance of a transformer having three or more windings or having zig-
    zag windings shall not vary from the guaranteed value by more than ± 10%
    3. The impedance of an auto-transformer shall not vary from the guaranteed
    value by more than ± 10%
    4. The difference of impedances between transformers of the same design shall
    not exceed 10% of the guaranteed values
    5. Differences of impedance between auto-transformers of the same design
    shall not exceed 10% of the guaranteed values

    Impedance vs. Percent Impedance


    Impedance is defined, in the Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers, as “ the
    apparent resistance of an alternating current circuit or path… the vector sum of
    the resistance and reactance of the path ”. Impedance may be comprised of
    resistance, capacitive reactance and inductive reactance, and is expressed in ohms.
    From the perspective of a load, the total input impedance may include the impedance
    of the upstream generator, transformer, line reactor and conductors.

    The power system impedance is useful for estimating the available short circuit
    current.

    Sample calculations for a three phase transformer rated 500kVA, 4160:480, 60Hz,
    6% impedance:
    Transformer reactance Xt = (kV2/MVA) x %Z/100 = (0.482 / 0.5) x 0.06 = 0.027648
    ohms
    Approximate available short circuit current = 480/(1.732 x 0.027648) = 10,023.7
    amps

    Effective Percent Impedance


    Effective impedance is the relative impedance of a reactor or transformer under
    actual operating conditions. Since smaller (kVA) loads have higher impedance and
    thus draw lower current than larger (kVA) loads, the internal ohms of a reactor or
    transformer represent a smaller percentage of the load impedance for a small (kVA)
    load than for a large load.

    The value in ohms will cause a lower voltage drop when less than rated reactor or
    transformer current is flowing. If the load is only one half the rated current, then the
    voltage drop across the impedance will be onehalf of the rated voltage drop.

    Sample calculations for a three phase transformer rated 500kVA, 4160:480, 60Hz,
    6% impedance:
    Transformer reactance Xt = (kV2/MVA) x %Z / 100 = (0.482 / 0.5) x 0.06 = 0.027648
    ohms
    Rated secondary current = 500,000 / (480 x 1.732) = 601.4 amps
    Actual Load current = 300 amps
    Voltage drop at actual load = 300 x 1.732 x 0.027648 = 14.36 volts (14.36 / 480
    = 0.0299, or 3% of 480 volts)
    Effective percent impedance = 6% x (300 / 601.4) = 2.99%

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