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    EIM Manual 6 Wheatstone Brdige

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    Maha Rauf
    1) The document describes an experiment using a Wheatstone bridge to measure unknown resistances. The Wheatstone bridge uses a null deflection principle where the ratio of resistances is equal, resulting in no current through the galvanometer. 2) Key components of the Wheatstone bridge are described including four resistances, a DC power supply, galvanometer, and digital multimeter. The document also outlines the procedure for using the bridge to determine an unknown resistance. 3) Error sources are discussed such as differences between marked and true resistance values, sensitivity of the galvanometer, self-heating effects, and personal errors in reading the galvanometer. The document concludes that the Wheatstone bridge can accurately

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    EIM Manual 6 Wheatstone Brdige

    Uploaded by

    Maha Rauf
    225 views9 pages
    1) The document describes an experiment using a Wheatstone bridge to measure unknown resistances. The Wheatstone bridge uses a null deflection principle where the ratio of resistances is equal, resulting in no current through the galvanometer. 2) Key components of the Wheatstone bridge are described including four resistances, a DC power supply, galvanometer, and digital multimeter. The document also outlines the procedure for using the bridge to determine an unknown resistance. 3) Error sources are discussed such as differences between marked and true resistance values, sensitivity of the galvanometer, self-heating effects, and personal errors in reading the galvanometer. The document concludes that the Wheatstone bridge can accurately

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    Find unknown resistance through wheatstone experiment complete manual

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    1) The document describes an experiment using a Wheatstone bridge to measure unknown resistances. The Wheatstone bridge uses a null deflection principle where the ratio of resistances is equal, resulting in no current through the galvanometer. 2) Key components of the Wheatstone bridge are described including four resistances, a DC power supply, galvanometer, and digital multimeter. The document also outlines the procedure for using the bridge to determine an unknown resistance. 3) Error sources are discussed such as differences between marked and true resistance values, sensitivity of the galvanometer, self-heating effects, and personal errors in reading the galvanometer. The document concludes that the Wheatstone bridge can accurately

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    225 views9 pages

    EIM Manual 6 Wheatstone Brdige

    Uploaded by

    Maha Rauf
    1) The document describes an experiment using a Wheatstone bridge to measure unknown resistances. The Wheatstone bridge uses a null deflection principle where the ratio of resistances is equal, resulting in no current through the galvanometer. 2) Key components of the Wheatstone bridge are described including four resistances, a DC power supply, galvanometer, and digital multimeter. The document also outlines the procedure for using the bridge to determine an unknown resistance. 3) Error sources are discussed such as differences between marked and true resistance values, sensitivity of the galvanometer, self-heating effects, and personal errors in reading the galvanometer. The document concludes that the Wheatstone bridge can accurately

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 9

    ELECTRIC INSTRUMENTS & MEASUREMNTS LAB

    MANUAL

    SUBMITTED TO : SIR ALI RAZA

    SUBMITTED BY: RAMSHA SHAUKAT


    (2014-EE-420)

    UNIVERSTY OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY LAHORE


    (FSD CAMPUS)
    Experiment#6: Wheatstone Bridge

    Objectives

    • To understand the working of Wheatstone bridge.


    • To learn how to calculate the unknown resistance to have balance condition.

    Apparatus

    • Resistors 22K,3.8K etc


    • Variable resistance
    • DC Supply 12V
    • Galvanometer
    • Digital Multimeter

    Wheatstone Bridge

    The device uses for the measurement of minimum resistance with the help of comparison method
    is known as the Wheatstone bridge. The value of unknown resistance is determined by comparing it
    with the known resistance. The Wheatstone bridge works on the principle of null deflection, i.e. the
    ratio of their resistances are equal, and no current flows through the galvanometer. The bridge is
    very reliable and gives an accurate result

    In normal condition, the bridge remains in the unbalanced condition, i.e. the current flow through
    the galvanometer. When zero current passes through the galvanometer, then the bridge is said to
    be in balanced condition. This can be done by adjusting the known resistance P, Q and the variable
    resistance S.

    1|Page
    The working of the bridge is similar to the potentiometer. The Wheatstone bridge is only used for
    determining the medium resistance. For measuring the high resistance, the sensitive ammeter is
    used in the circuit.

    Construction of Wheatstone Bridge

    The basic circuit of the Wheatstone bridge is shown in the figure below. The bridge has four arms
    which consist two unknown resistance, one variable resistance and the one unknown resistance
    along with the emf source and galvanometer.

    Fig.1

    The emf supply is attached between point a and b, and the galvanometer is connected between
    point c and d. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference across
    it.

    2|Page
    Working of Galvanometer

    The bridge is in balance condition when no current flows through the coil or the potential difference
    across the galvanometer is zero. This condition occurs when the potential difference across the a to
    b and a to d are equal, and the potential differences across the b to c and c to d remain same.The
    current enters into the galvanometer divides into I1 and I2, and their magnitude remains same. The
    following condition exists when the current through the galvanometer is zero.

    The bridge in a balanced condition is expressed as

    Where E – emf of the battery.,By substituting the value of I1 and 12 in equation (1) we get.

    3|Page
    The equation (2) shows the balance condition of the Wheatstone bridge. The value of unknown
    resistance is determined by the help of the equation (3). The R is the unknown resistance, and the S
    is the standard arm of the bridge and the P and Q are the ratio arm of the bridge.

    Errors in Wheatstone Bridge

    The following are the errors in the Wheatstone bridge.

    1. The difference between the true and the mark value of the three resistances can cause the error
    in measurement.
    2. The galvanometer is less sensitive. Thus, inaccuracy occurs in the balance point.
    3. The resistance of the bridge changes because of the self-heating which generates an error.
    4. The thermal emf cause serious trouble in the measurement of low-value resistance.
    5. The personal error occurs in the galvanometer by taking the reading or by finding the null point.

    The above mention error can be reduced by using the best qualities resistor and galvanometer. The
    error because of self-heating of resistance can minimise by measuring the resistance within the short
    time. The thermal effect can also be reduced by connecting the reversing switch between the
    battery and the bridge.

    4|Page
    Sensitivity of the Wheatstone Bridge

    The Wheatstone bridge is more sensitive when all their resistances are equal, or their ratio is unity.
    Their sensitivity decreases when their ratio is less than unity. The reduction in sensitivity reduces
    the accuracy of the bridge.

    Wheatstone Bridge Design

    Find unkown resistance R such that the Wheatstone bridge is balanced.

    Procedure

    • Take three resistor R1,R2 and R3 of known values.

    • Connect R1 and R2 in series and connect R3 and unknown resistance in parallel with
    according to the circuit.

    • Place variable resistance in series with R3.

    • Place a galvanometer in between the parallel combination of two resistor couples.

    • Start varying the resistance of variable resistance such that the galvanometer shows ero
    deflection.

    • Measure the value of that resistance using Digital Multimeter.

    • Calculate that value of resistance using formula and match both values.

    •
    • Take resistance of different values and repeat the process 10 times.

    • See the error between calculated and measured value.

    5|Page
    Work Bench Circuit

    Fig.2

    Obeservation & Calculations

    R 1( kohm) R2 ( kohm) R4 (kohm) R3 calc ( kohm) R3 meas (kohm) Error (%)


    153 22 3.8 27 26 0.03
    2.7 22 3.8 450 460 0.02
    464 22 3.8 80.7 80.1 0.007
    98.5 22 3.8 15 17.01 0.11
    3.27 22 3.8 564 564 0
    156 22 3.8 30 26.9 0.10
    77 22 3.8 14.8 13.3 0.11
    9.85 22 3.8 1.60 1.70 0.05
    2.18 22 3.8 0.360 0.376 0.04
    1.12 22 3.8 0.180 0.1931 0.06

    6|Page
    Observations

     When the resistance are not balanced ,the galvanometer is not zero point.It shows
    deflection to some finite values.
     When the variable resistance start to variate the needle start deflecting near to zero point.
     As soon as resistances becomes balanced ,the galvanometer needles shows no deflection
    and remains on zero values reading.
     The needle on zero shows that there is no current flowing through this point.
     This shows that the bridge has been balanced.
     There is no specific in error observed.As the personal error varies with the person.

    Conclusion

    Wheatstone helps measuring the unkown resistance from few ohms to mega ohms.It gives
    inaccurate readings when it is unbalanced.The upper range of this can be increased by increasing
    the applied voltages and lower is limited by connecting lead at the joining point.The bridge is
    sensitibe when it is balanced or ratio is closed to unity.

    7| P a g e
    8| P a g e

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