VOL. I.

2 00
·~

111-11
 •

I
CAMERA NOTES.

OFFICIAL ORGAN
OF

THE OAMBRA OLUB

OF NEW YORK

WA

MASAGED AND EDITE!l llY

THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

VOLUME I.
1S97-1898.

PvBLISHEll BY THE CAMERA CLUB. NEw YoRK.

111-111 WEST ]8TH STRFF:T, NEW YORK.
 Vol J. JULY, 1897. No. J.

The ~~·da1 Organ of the Can1era Club, New York.

Published by THB CAMERA CLUB, N.Y., 111•113 West 38tb St., New York.

,
SmO'lC ,
Copl'e.- 35 cts.
Communicatlou for" Camera Notes ''should be addressed to
the Publlcatiuo Commhtee.-Subscrlptioas to be made payable
" $
Per ~ ear, J.oo.
6 ._,
. to .. Camera Nutes. • ·

ITH this number the JouRNAL OF THE

CAMERA CLUB takes unto itself a new
name, a new dress and a different
scheme of publication. It bas been deemed
advisable to enlarge the scope of the offi-
cial organ of the club in several ways.
·First, as to regularity of issue. It has been
hitherto a kind of a comet, flashing occa-
sionally into vie?.~ at unexpected intervals,
but will now become an orderly planet mak--
ing complete revolutions four times a year.
Secondly, to make it more acceptable to our
members, possibly to re1.ch a class outside
the membership, and to stimulate them to
John w. McKecknte. artistic effort, it is proposed to publish with
each number two photogravures repre-
senting some important achievement in pictorial photography ; not neces-
sarily the work of home talent, but chosen from the best material the world
affords.
In addition to this feature, articles of interest, illustrated by half-tone
prints, will from time to time appear. In the case of the photogravures the
utmost care will be exercised to publish nothing but what is the develop-
ment of an organic idea, the evolution of an in ward principle; a picture
rather than a photograph, though photography must be the method of
- graphic representation. Thirdly, while CAMERA NoTES will continue the
work of the former Journal of recording the proceedings of the Camera Club
in the most faithful way, it is intended to take cognizance also of what is going
on in the photographic world at large, to review new processes and con-
sider new instruments and agents as they come into notice; in short, to keep
our members in touch with everything connected with the progress and
elevation of photography. PuBLICATION CoMMITTEE.
4 CAMERA NOTES.

Is the Latest Process of Color Photography Genuine?

Facts Which Place Considerable Doubt as to Its Being a Chemical Proc:css.
Chassagne & Dansa.c's Patent Specifications.
Great excitement has been caused in this city by the introduction, by
a firm of dealers in photographic supplies, of several samples of MM.
Chassagne and Dansac's process of photography in natural colo:-s. Were-
cently made a careful examination of these pictures. Briefly described, the
process is this: An ordinary photographic negative is made on a commercial
glass dry-plate previously treated with a solution. From this a print is pre-
pared on a piece of ordinary gelatine printing paper which has also been
treated with a special solution. At this stage of the process the picture pre-
sents the appearanP-e of an ordinary photograph. The print is then brushed
over with a plue dye solution and all the parts of the image which were blue
in the original absorb this blue coloring matter. The print is then brushed
over with a red solution and all the parts which were red in the original
absorb that color from it. The same action takes place with a third or green
solution which is next applied. The result of this selective absorption is
stated to be a picture in natural colors.
The process as given upsets all the theories of chemists and has puzzled
experts.
The pictures exhibited in this country are certainly very disappointing.
They resemble pictures that have been tinted by hand, only that an artist
of fair ability would turn out considerably better results for a very small re-
muneration. A careful examination of them, however, causes one to doubt
that they are produced in the manner described. Two pictures which had
been made from the same negative-and which should, of course, be identical
-were not so. To an ordinary observer the color appeared the same, but on
a close examination we found a most peculiar effect. The picture was that of
a lady posed by the side of an ornamental table. Round the edge of this
table was a border of tapestry, with alternate green and red squares. In both
pictures these were colored green and red, but a careful comparison revealed
the fact that the squares that were red in one image were green in the other. If
the process is a chemical one this extraordinary effect is certainly mystifying.
Another fact which causes us to doubt the chemical action theory is that in
many places the coloring matter is spread beyond tlze image itself, as in the
case of one picture with a branch of overhanging leaves there are leaves in
color wlzich are not in the photograph itselj: Examining another picture, we
find the same table already referred to. It is highly colored in the
other two pictures, but in the third it occupies an unimportant part in the
image, and bas no color at all. Is it possible that this extraordinary process
only colors tltc importtJnl parts of the picture? Another curious fact is that
the whites of the picture are perfect and show no traces of color. Sci-
entists tell us that white is composed of the three elementary colors. Theo-
retically, then, the whites of the image should absorb each of three dyes in such
proportions as to produce white, but this effect does not appear to take place.
We have no de!>ire to cast any reflection upon the honesty of the firm
who have purchased the American rights. Their reputation is beyond criti-
2 =--w--.. .. - ...

C~AMERA NOTES. 5

cism, but our intention is to give our own humble opinion to counter-
balance the hysterical nonsense that has been published in the sensational
papers.
Another remarkable fact is that in some places where the negative has
afterward been retouched by hand the selective absorption in these parts £s
;·ust tke same.
The chief point of interest about the process is of course the selective
absorption of the colors by the monochrome photograph. This part of the
process appears to have been done by several scientists with more or less
success, but we would point out that it would not be difficult for an unscru-
pulous chemist to so prepare a picture with mordants for various dyes that it
would absorb the coloring matter in the various parts in the manner de-
scribed. We will guarantee to make a print ourselves that will act in this
way, provided any one will supply the necessary funds, as we are not in the
natural-color photography company promoting business. We understand
that it is a fact, and if so, it is certainly a significant one, that the inventor
bas not yet been able to produce a colored picture of an object he has not
seen, the exposure being made by others.
Unfortunately so many processes of producing photographs in natural
colors have been brought before the public, every one of which has been
found to be a ''fake" and a money-making scheme, that every new ''dis-
covery" in this line must be regarded with suspicion.
The majority of these have proved to be the old process of coloring a
photograph from the back of the film on paper rendered transparent.
It is stated that the proc-
ess is a secret one, but the •
patent specification has al- •

ready been accessible. Here

are the marvelous concoc-
tions :
"The first solution is
prepared by dissolving 2oo
grammes of blood albumen
in 500 cubic centimeters of
slightly warm water.
''To the albumen solu-
tion the following are added :
5 gm. sulphate soda, I gm.
oxalic acid, X gm. mercuric
chloride, more albumen, a
little hemoglobine and Io
gm. bydrochlorate cocaine in
125 gms. water. Then the
following is stirred in : soo
c.c. water, in which bas
been dissolved I gm. of each
of the following chlorides :
platinum, sodium, cobalt, Alfred Stlecllt.z.

•
(. CAJIERA XOTES.

palladium, ammonium, iron, chromium, gold, tin, barium, nickel, strontium,

mercury and silver. This mixture is called the shadows albumen.
" It might here be mentioned that there are several chlorides of the dif-
ferent metals given, so that without a knowledge of which is required such a
formula is useless. Another point : silver chloride is insoluble in water.
"Relief Albumen.-To half of above add 1 gm. picric acid, t gm. chromic
acid and I decigramme formic acid. Then add so gms. fresh caseine, I gm.
chloride platinum and s gms. chloride sodium in l2S c.c. water.
"Blue Pigmmt.-To 100 c. c. shadows albumen add 1 litre water contain-
ing 1 gm. sodium chloride. To 100 gms. of above add s gms. carmine of
indtgo and s gms oxalic acid. Now mix both solutions.
"Gran Pigmmt.-To 1 litre water add I gm. sodium chloride, so c.c.
shadows albumen, and s c.c. relief albumen. To so c.c. of above add I gm.
each of chloride of nickel, chromium and copper, also I gm. sulphate copper
and I gm. nitrate copper. To another so c.c. add I gm. carmine of indigo
and I gm. picric acid. Mix the two so c. c. batches and agitate with the bulk.
"Red Pigment.- To I litre water add I gm. sodium chloride and Ioo c. c.
relief albumen. To so c.c. add I gm. cinnabar, I gm. chloride of iron, I
gm. sulphate of iron, I gm. acetate uranium. To another so c.c. add s
gms. sulphocyanide of ammonium. Mix the two so c.c. batches, add 30
gms. fresh caseine, and agitate with the bulk. Keeping the above liquids
for some months is recommended.
"For use on the transparencies and prints, Ioo c. c. of shadows albumen
is added to I litre of water in which r gm. of sodium chloride has been dis-
solved. Apply this to the print or transparency. Next use a similar bath
containing the relief albumen. The blue pigment is now brushed on, fol-
lowed by shadows albumen. Next comes the green pigment diluted with
both albumens, then relief albumen. The final pigment is the red diluted
with relief albumen, after which shadows albumen is applied."
This formula is certainly an extraordinary one, and one that would
require considerable patience and money even to test. The method certainly
appears empirical. It is doubtful whether many of the ingredients could
possibly have any effect. Moreover, it has been pointed out that the result
of the addition of picric acid to the metals would be the formation of a most
violent explosive, so we would caution our readers against mixing the vari-
Ollb ingredients together. It would be better to engage the assistance of
your rival or worst enemy.
It is unfortunate that the solutions for making this process will not be
placed in the market before July next. WALTER E. WooDBURY.

In every other art a long apprenticeship is served; in photography th.~

buying of a camera i!' supposed to be all that is wanted, and that is wha~
lowers photography and drags it through the dust, and makes it scoffed at
by artists and scientists when it is mentioned as a means to an artistic end.
JOHN BERGHEIM,
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Presidential Print Prize Competition Award and

Criticism.
'fbe Camera Club is to be congratulated upon having inaugurated a yearlv Print Com-
petition. This has been made possible by the liberality of the former pr~sident, Mr.
Dexter H. Walker, and his successor, Mr. William D ~lurphy, \vho have so generously
given a cup to be contested for annually in the Presidential Print Prize Competition, until
won three times by the same member.
Entries closed un the 7th of May, and prints ,,·ere on exhibition at the club rooms on
May 11 tb and 12th. The judges reported but four entries with an aggregate of seventeen
(17) prints. Though the number of entries \\·as smaller than was expected, it was made
up by the quality of the \\'ork, "·bich fully showed the artistic pitch to \~hich the members
are keying themselves.
Before entering into a general resume of the prints it might be well to explain bow the
judges made the a\vard. The exhibits of each competitor were arranged in groups, and
each judge \vas provided with a ruled blank having spaces respecth·ely for artistic merit,
technical merit, total artistic average, technical average and total a\·erage. Each judge
proceeded to rate each picture independent of any joint criticism \\·hatever, and the
competitor receiving the highest total average for all prints in his group was chosen as tbe
winner, Mr. Alfred Stieglitz being the fortunate recipient or the cup. Of Mr. Stieglitz's
six exhibits, "The Old Mill" and ''Mr. Randolph, a Portrait," tied at the highest average
given, 9r per cent-a wide range indeed from an outdo'lr still lift! C'Omposition to that of
studio character work. In examining the former it is hard to see what could be taken
trom the picture or added to it to strengthen the composition ; each plane carries itself
with perfectly harmonious quality, no hard high light to mar foreground or distant sky,
yet the picture is full of sunlight. The speaking portrait of Mr. Randolph reminds one at
once of the celebrated portrait of President Thiers, painted by Bonnat (and exhibited at
the French Salon in 1877) ; and here again Mr. Stieglitz bas so admirably balanced his
lighting, the black coat against the black background, the wbite collar and white hair, the
ease of pose and, in fact, the very simpli-
city of the whole shows tbe master hand,
both for artistic and technical strength.
The diversity of Mr. Stieglitz's work is
not shown alone in the pictures just
spoken of, for among his others, •' A
Black Forest Studio," a well thought-out
interior ; the peaceful quiet of "A Bit o£
Venice... and the rugged snow-capped
.. Jung-frau," give a variety and scope
not often found in one man's \vork.
Miss Clarkson is represt:nted by only
three pictures. "Sisters" is admirable,
both as to pose and technique, and full
•
of poetic feeling. The '' Angel of
Peace" is not so successful. the wing~
being but wings to the human form and
tbe trumpet is sounding but the n1usic of
the spheres.
Mr. Post's " Portrait" is by far the
strongest of his three exhibits, thouJith
out of his usual line of subject. His
"Waves and Sky" is admirable in tone,
but one feels the want of some focal point
of interest, for the waves are hardly
\vaves, but what the lens sometimes
makes of the merest ripples. "Water W . B. Post.
8 CAMERA NOTES.

and Waves" would perhaps be a more significant title. His "Apple Blossoms" is a bit
too gray, and we miss the dancing sunlight and buzzing bee.
Mr. Young is hardly seen at his best in the exhibit• be offers, the "Three Sisters"
being the most noteworthy. His other subjects lack repose in composition.
It is hoped that the competition next year will bring out a bigger field, and when the
admirable work of the host of lantern-slide makers is considered, it is fair to expect that
many of them will join the ranks of print makers. C. I. BERG, Ja.,
Cltai'rman of lite Commi'llu on Pri'nts.
C. I. BERG. Ja.,
Judges, { W. A. FRASER,
W. E. Wooosuav.

First Public Exhibition of Lantern Slides, April 2l st.

The first public lantern slide exhibition by the Camera Club was given
on Wednesday evening, April 21st, 1897, at the Knickerbocker Athletic Club
Theatre and an admission fee was charged for the benefit of the club. The
original idea was to show nothing but work of a high pictorial quality, which
would necessarily have restricted the list of contributors to a very small
number, although in such a case the character of the slides would have better
justified the title given to the exhibition, viz., •· Pictorial Photography.''
To ensure, however, a more popular interest in the welfare of the under-
taking, many slides were shown which were merely photographically beauti-
ful, and some even were added to raise a smile now and then and avoid any
possible monotony of subject. The exhibition was fairly successful from a
financial point of view, about one hundred and forty-fi\·e dollars were
cleared ; but had the members at large taken a little more acth'e interest,
particularly in the distribution of tickets, we should have bad no dif-
ficulty in doubling the sum realized for the treasury. As it was, about a
score of men contributed the !.lides, managed the business details, and se-
cured the success of the entertainment by buying most of the tickets them-
selves and selling the remainder to others. We shall not speak of the artistic
side of the exhibition. It was given substantially on the same lines and
with the same material as the Members' Exhibition in the club rooms last
December; and as the audience, with few exceptions, remained till the large
number of t8o slides were shown, it is presumed that the exhibition was not
unsatisfactory to them. The pictures were the work of twenty-three indi-
vidual members, the principal contributors being Messrs. Stieglitz, Fraser,
Murphy, Charles Simpson, Montant, Berg, Beeby and Joy, and Miss E. V.
Clarkson.
 •

CAMERA NOTES. 9

Club Proceedings.
At a meeting of the Board of Trustees, was afforded by Mr. McKecknie's exhibi-
held Monday, March 1st, 1897, Messrs. tion.
Berg, Woodbury and Fraser were appointed The Annual Auction.
a Committee on Prints. It wac; also re- The annual auction sale of photographic
solved to hold a public lantern-slide exhi- goods and materials was held in the club
bition at the Knickerbocker Athletic Club rooms on Wednesday and Saturday even-
Theatre, on Wednesday evening. April ings, Marcb xoth and 13th. The members
21st, t6o7. admission fees to be charged for responded promptly to the call of the com-
the benefit of the club; the Lantern Slide mittee, and the catalogue included some
Committee was authorized to make all the 300 lots. The majority of articles sold were
necessary arrangements. of good quality and of better intrinsic value
than have been offered at previous auctions.
Regular Muting, March 9th. All the goods were on exhibition to the
members and the public for three days be-
At the regular meeting of the club,
fore the sale, so that ample opportunity was
Tuesday evening, March 9th, 1897. Vice-
afforded to intending purchasers to inform
President Murphy in the chair, only routine
themselves on values in advance.
business was transacted. By request, Mr.
The sale commenced promptly at 8 o'clock
J. H. McKecknie exhibited a number of his
and closed at 11 each evening. .Mr. W. E.
enlargements. made in the bromide-room,
Johnson acted as auctioneer and performed
from portions of 8 x 10 architectural studies.
his laborious task with the cheerful energy
These showed bow perfect was the lens
which characterizes all his efforts on behalf
work on the original negatives, for as many
of the Camera Club. As far as the bard
as nineteen enlargements were made from
times would allow his enthusiasm was com-
one 8 x 10 negative, and the enlargements
municated to his felJow members, but it
were nearly as effective as the original in
mu~t be reconled that outsiders were the
definition and pictorial quality. These en-
most extensive purchasers and obtained
largements were developed with metol on
nearly all of the bargatns. The prevailing
Nepera paper and were excellent in tone
commercial depression is in a measure re-
and gradation. The conveniences provided
sponsible for the low prices realized, but on
in the club's bromide-room for enlarging
the average the sales seemed to be satisfac-
and other copying could hardly bave re-
tory. The offering of about 300 lantern
ceived a more complete demon~tration than
slides, made•by members of the club, proved
a unique feature and the bidding on them
was quite spirited. The Auction Committee
consisted of Messrs. Alphonse Montant, W.
E. Johnson, R. L. Bracklow·, Harry B.
Reed and A. P. Schoen. .Mr. Bracklow
kindly and efficiently discharged the duties
of treasurer.
....,. ~a& Muting, March J9th, J897.
MR. JoaN BAY~Es.
LRCTURE BY
On Friday evening, March IQtb, Mr. John
Baynes, an inventor of some note, delivered
an interesting lecture at a special meeting
of the club. on "Twentieth Century Art,"
with special reference to the uses of light
and to his own invention!' and improvements
in "Photographic Modeling." The meeting
was called on very short notice, and the
night ,vas stormy. but those who came were
entertained and edified with a delightful
lecture. illustrated with many lantern slides
Miu E. V. Clarkson. of examples o{ ancient and modem art. Mr.
JO CAMERA XOTE.'>'.
-------~----

Baynes dwelt particularly on the elaborate ing ideal work of which no original exists.
and gorgeous ornamentation of the tombs Furthermore, it should be remembered that
and temples of India, and explained its sym- these arts of themselves are unlimited in
bolism and its connection with religion and their capacity for dealing with any form or ex-
government. He gave reasons for the pos- tent of surface. As regards comparath·e speed
sibility and practicability of the develop- and efficacy a single illustration will suffice.
me:tt of an American national art, and Several years ago, beiore the processes bad
pointerl out that the problems which con- arrived at anything like their present effec·
front it can be dealt with along the same tiveness, by means of ot~c of them, a con-
lines which have provt>d effective tract was effected for incising one hun-
along all ...ther lines of national en· dred and fifty thousand fh·e-eigbtb inch
deavor, viz., by adapting the tools letters in marble (the soldiers' monument
and appliances used in the arts to the at Cleveland, 0.), in addition to much
economic, mechanical and other t·onditions other work co\·cring in all over fifteen hun-
of the age in which they are to be exercised. dred square feet. Such contract was ex·
It was maintained that the belief that any ecuted and delivered in two months, four-
tool or tools, such as the mallet and chisel teen months within the terms allowed in
used in the arts of the past, cannot be super- contract. This work by the old methods
seded was an erroneous superstition. The would have taken more than seven years.
natural forces, which have in so many direc- In most of these processes the agency of
tions proved themselves efficient in the light is very extensively and very variously
mechanical arts, can be employed with equal used, an agency the potency and delicacy
or greater effect in the fine arts: for the of which the studious photographer is before
good reason that. when under control, they all others able to appreciate.
are more subtile, delicate and potent. and After the lecture the meeting re"olved
more obedient to the imagination and direc- into its social capacity and Mr. Baynes, in
tion of the artist than tools requiring brute the freedom of ordinary conversation, ex-
force. Reasons were given why reliance plained many points not touched upon in
and expectation may be based upon the his formal discourse. The fact that patents
potency of light as an instrument in the arts. are applied for on many of his processes
Mr. Baynes is the inventor of certain proc- pre-.·ented him from giving more than a
esses which have been tested and utilized general description of the manner in which
in more than forty crafts, among which the agency of light was employed.
may be mentioned the inci!'ion of almost all
metals used in the arts; gold, silver. alumi- Special La.ntem Meeting, April J5.
num. bronze, brass, iron and steel, vary- LECTURI:: BY 1\IR. V A:S BRVNT.
ing in depth from one-thousandth to one At a special meetmg of the club, held
half an inch. The perforation of metal Thursday evening, April 15, 1897, Mr. Cor-
of from the finest gauges all the way to nelius Van Brunt delivered a lecture on
sheets one-quarter of an inch in thickness; "Orchids and Cultivated Flowers," illus-
the inci~ion of marble and the perforation trated by one hundred and fifty lantern
of the same to thicknesses exceeding three- slides, all colored in the most delicate and
quarters of an inch in the production of five faithful way by Mrs. Van Brunt. 'fhe his-
entirely new descriptions of mosaics ; the tory of the collection and cultivation of or-
inlaying of varions materials, one within the chids, and the interesting subject of the
otter. as bronze in marble, of various tints cross fertilization of the plants through the
of marble, metal anrl marble inlays in mo- agency of insects, were explained at length
saic: the production of printing rollers; the by views and diagrams, after which tinted
production of embossing plates and rollers; pictures of nearly one hundred varieties
the execution of perforated lamps and per- were shown. The second part of the lecture,
forated screens ; the execution o! printing and probably the most popular, was devoted
plates for use both in type and copperplate to the illustration of cultivated garden flow-
presses ; for multiplying pyrogravure in ers, such as the fuchsia, bouvardia, cosmos,
wood and for producing incised and per- amaryllis, tulip, narcissus, daffodil, flower-
forated woodwork; lastly, proce~oses for the ing-quince, syringa, snowball, honeysuckle.
production of proportionally graded bas- iris. spinEa, canna, California poppy, pas,.ion-
reliefs, both from the object and for produc- flower, gladiolus, lotos, poinsettia and lily.
 • •.----..-----------

PORTRAIT Of' MR.R_

ByAJ fred StleQ1itz.
 CAMERA /1/0TES. 13

Annual Meeting Tuesday Evening, April J3, J897.

The meeting was called to order at 8:45P.M., President Walker in the
chair, and the roll having been called, thirty active and life members were
found to be present. The President read his annual report:
President's Annual Report, April J3, J897.
The consolidation of the Society of Amateur Photographers of New York, and the
.:-lew York Camera Club, on the 7th May, 1896, effected the concentration of the best ama-
teur talent of both; placed them upon a sounder financial basis, and commended itself to
the good judgment of all.
On the 19th of the same month I had the honor of being elected Prt:sident of the
united bodies, tbcreaft~r to be known as the "Camera Club."
You were good enough at the same time to surround me with the valued assistance of
Mr. Wm. D. Murphy, as Vice-President, :!\lr. C. C. Roumage, Treasurer, and Mr. C. W.
Cantield. Secretary.
These gentlemen, all ripe with experience in official positions within the gift of the
former bodies, entered upon their duties with a full knowledge of their responsibilities
and of your expectations. With the aid of an attentive Board of Trustees, the affairs of
the club have been conducted on a business basis, while every effort bas been made to ad-
just details to the satisfaction and comfort of members.
This body, as a whole, dates back some thirteen years, and as one of its founders and
most earnest workers. I look back with pleasure upon its growth and prosperity, and con-
gratulate you on its dignified position as the leading American photographic club.
It is the good fortune of your Trustees to close the year with all bills paid, and a balance
in bank to the credit of the incoming administration.
Your Trustees upon assuming office determined above all things to live within the
income.
The tendency of some former years to spend money before earned. trusting to luck and
generous donations of members to make deficiencies good, bad become obnoxious to a
large part of the membership.
The course pursued by your Board in avoiding this contingency bas been fully justified
in results, and will assuredly meet with your hearty ::~pproval.
Of all human ills, there can be none more humiliating to a conscientious man than
being in <lebt with no visible means of liquidation.
We do not need at this time to come before you with apologies for our extravagances,
nor with the collection basket in hand-on the contrary, we yield our places to our suc-
cessors, congratulating you and them on the results of ordinary prudence in the manage-
ment of your affairs.
Of course members are always suggesting some expenditure for new apparatus or for
changes, and it bas been at times almo>t impossible to resist their appeals; but your
Board have with rare t'XCeption adhered to their first determination to live within the
income.
The exact finanl·ial condition of the club will be shown by the Treasurer's report,
which will be read this even in~.
Your retiring Treasurer deserves your hearty thanks for his long-continued services to
the club in that capacity. It is an onerous and trying position.
It is my pleasure to acknowledge our obligations to certain members for private expend-
itures undertaken by them on behalf of the club ; notably the additions to the bromide
enlarging room, made by Mr. McKccknie.
Mr. H. N. Tieman rtonated a substantial sum to compensate for his extra us~ of the
bromide room.
Mr. Alfred Schoen donated some appliances for general use of members, and Mr.
Cassard, a bead-screen.
These contributions indicate a deep interest in the welfare of the club, and deserve
your thanks.
In my opinion no club in the world, taken all in all, bas superior accommodations for
 CAMERA NOTES.

work. At least I have found it so, and I believe that in no other year of our existence
has such good work been done.
There is no disagreement between the members as to the obtainment at our very
earliest convenience of n~w quarters where, for instance, better facilities for portraiture
exhibitions and other purposes may be found. But your board have been assured by its
committee that no such quarters are as yet available for the purposes of the club, at a
figure within the limits of our income.
You may rest assured that your Board have not failed to appreciate your wishe!l, nor
been free from anxiety in this respect. They are satisfied that members have been in
sympathy with them in the matter and realize the difficulties of securing what is most
earnestly de!' ired by all. For these reasons the Board directed the renewal of the lease of
these premises for another year.
I am quite sure some scheme might be formulated whereby several kindred associa-
tions in this city could be induced to unite with us in efforts to secure capital for the erec-
tion of a building where each might find accommodations suitable to its requirements.
The rent paid hy this club for these rooms is equal to 5 per cent. on $4o,ooo. Viewed
as a capital investment, I believe it possible to obtain subscriptions of sufficient amount to
construct and equip a building, from the rental whereof say 4~ or 5 per cent. might be
realized by the investors.
I suggest to the incoming Board of Trustees that they signalize their term of office by
calling upon kindred associations to meet for the purpose of pressing this subject upon
their attention. Individual members of some of these bodies have expressed favorable
opinions as to such a scheme-and I earnestly urge you to take the initiative.
I congratulate the club on its having maintained its usual average membership, which
will be kept to that standard only by personal exertions in the years to come.
It is notorious that the great financial distress so prevalent throughout the country for
years bas very seriously affected the income of various clubs of this city and especially of
those claiming a rick membership. We note that many of them haTe greatly retrenched
their expenses, lost members by resignation, and in some instances gone into bankruptcy.
This club bas also felt the effects of the "bard times," and some of our memb<!rs are
tardy in payment of dues ; but your Trustees have used their privilege under the By-
Laws and been indulgent where they have bad evidence of an earnest desire for continued
connect10n with the club, and have deemed it wise to be lenient and considerate under
these circumstances, rather than lose a good member from causes over which he may have
no control.
The Wednesday evening lantern ">lide exhibits have served to be very instructive.
have asked Mr. Wm. :\1. Murray to formulate a special report for the Lantern Slide Com-
mittee, which will be read to you this evening. You cannot be too grateful to him for his
valuable services in connection with the making and exhibition of lantern slides, and his
studious attention to details.
I must not be unmindful of the pleasant spirit of rivalry now existing as to the pro-
duction of slides of the highest standard of excellence. I leave Mr. Murray to furnish you
with such particulars as be may deem b~st for your information. Your gratitude is due to
those members who have successfully exhibited abroad and who have taken the highest
prizes, thereby adding to the honor and glory of this club. Their work has not been
excelled, if e\·er equaled. The following are some of the high-class medals won by mem-
bers of the club in open competition during the year:
By 1l1r. Slit'.frlitz.-Tbe Royal Society of Great Britain; this is considered the leading
medal of the world. The Champion Shield and Gold M.edal at Cardiff. The Gold Medal
of India, at Calcutta. The Toronto (Can.) Gohl Medal.
By JJ;fiss C/.zrkson.-Tbe Viceroy's Medal at Calcutta, India, for the best picture in
the exhibition.
By 1Jfr. Fraser.-Gold Medal for lantern slides, offered by the Amateur Photog-
raplur, at London.
The foll0\1'ing members are also among those who have also taken prizes:
Mr. Wm. B. Post, Mr. 0. W. Huntington, Mr. Harry Coutant, Mr. Charles Simpson,
Mr. David Gardiner, Mr. John Beeby, Mr. Charles I. Berg.
 CAMERA NVTES. IS

Altogether, about fifty-five medals have been awarded during the year to members of
this club.
During the year just closed se\•eral interesting and instructive papers have been read
before the club. An exhibition was given by R. D. Gray. Esq., C')nsisting of s~ereopticon
views in the colors of nature, by the projection method, using the Triple Oxy-Hydrogen
lantern of Messrs. J. B. Colt & Co., especially adapted to three-color projection.
On another occasion Mr. George G. Rockwood gave an interesting talk on "Portraiture
by the Electric Light," promising to continue the subject more in detail upon completion
of the plans then being arranged at his studio.
Dr. J. H. Stebbins, Jr., read a paper on the "Photo-Chemistry of the Silver Com-
pounds," a subject handled by him w1th his usual care and elaboration.
Prof. Dwight L. Elmendorf in January gave an interesting account of a trip to the
Windwanl Islands, illustrated by means of colored lantern slides. Many of the views on
account of distance were only obtained by use of a tele-photo lens, thus reproducing dis-
tant objects with great clearness of definitiOn.
In February, Mr. Leo. D. Weil delivered, with much satisfaction to the members, a
lecture on "Non-Studio Photography."
Later in the same month, Prof. AlbertS. Bickmore, of the Museum of Natural His-
tory, delivered a lecture on "Recent F..xcavations in Egypt," employing about 1oocolored
slides in illustration of his subject.
On March 19th Mr. John Baynes gave an illustrated lecture on "Twentieth Century
Art and Photographic Modeling."
These lectures attracted large and appreciative audiences.
The "Journal" of the club furnishes details of scientific and other work done during
the year, and 1 refer you to it for further information on thes~: matters.
I am impelled to refer to the prizes which have been offered for competition by some
of the membt:r!', trusting that the inducement offered in the richness of the prizes will
spur members to earnest work. Again, I must call your attention to the work of a few
members on "Flowers" and "Night Scenes."
The wonderful and beautiful effects produced are so realistic as to be almost beyond
belief. Nothing so charming bas ever been on exhibition and I advise members of the
club who have heretofore failed to patronize these rooms that they are missing something
worth seeing.
I also take this occasion to urge you to emulate the examples thus placed before you
by careful study and earnest work.
Advice and assistance can always be found here.
The increased sensitiveness of plates bas improved their working value in many ways.
Astronomy bas utilized them with wonderful effect in recording unseen heavenly bodie!'.
The development of the X-rays has added an interesting ally to surgery and medicine,
locating foreign substances and diseased matter in the human body.
The kinetoseope and its kindred instruments are further instances of the rapidly
increasing usefulness of the "rapid" plate and of the progress photography is making in
the arts and sciences. Surely one might easily prophesy that soon nothing material will
be withheld from view.
The regular monthly meetings have not been patronized by many of the members.
The original custom of discussion on photographic subjects seems to have become distaste-
ful, and the committee charged with obtaining such matter finds much to discourage its
efforts.
Perhaps this is due to the fact that a large number of members are daily at these
rooms when informal discussion ensues. The daily presence of such large numbers at
our rooms partakes more of the nature of club life than at any time heretofore in our his-
tory. This is an interesting and pleasing fact, bringing the members into closer personal
knowledge of each other, and resulting in an exchange of ideas bearing upon the objects
of our organization.
Your growth and prosperity will necessarily become the subject of your eternal vigi-
lance. The united effort of such of you as have the interests of the Club at heart will be
required to keep your membership intact. Whenever your vigilance abates you will note
r6 CAMERA NOTES.

the beginning of your de<'adence. No one

man, however alert, can do thi~ work. It
requires the aid of all. Committees to wbom
you may entrust certain \vork must bave
your earnest support. \\nen your commit-
tees have secured the services of a lecturer
it would be ungracious of you, as a body,
not to furnish an audience.
It is a most em barras~ing position in
which you place your committee and the
officers whose duty it is to provide and con-
duct such entertainments. This bas not
infrequently happened.
I regret to announce that during the
year we bave lost by death four of our most
valued members. Mr. ]. M. Wioants. Mr. E.
H. Anthon, Mr. Benoni Irwin and Mr.F·r ank
Livingston Clark. These gentlemen br
•
their genial natures endeared themselves to
many of us, and we join with those nearer
•
friends who mourn for them. And now I
close \\'itb expres~ions of thanks to all or
you, from whom I have received so many
evidences of attachment and courtesy.
DanK. Youac. Whatever may be my many faults, they are
of the bead and not the heart. 1 leave my
high office to my worthy successors, trusting for your continued esteem and re~pect. and
bespeaking the same for those who 'vi11 succeed me.
You will always find me as a member on the side which may in my judgment repre-
sent the honor, growth and prosperity of the Club. Be indulgent to your officers and
Trustees and kindly to\vard each other. To those who have assi~ted in the administra-
tion of your affairs I offer my thanks -and so I retire feeling sure you are about to begin
and continue ano~her prosperous year. [Signed] D EXTER H. WALKER.
President.
The annual report of the Secretary was read by Charles W. Canfield.
Mr. Chairlltan and G~ntlcmen of /lee Camera Club:
I have the honor to submit the following as the Secretary's report for the current
year of matters not touched upon in the reports of other officials : J
I
Membership.
The roll of membership of the combined organizations \\·as given by the President
{quoted on page 2, No. 1 of the ''Journal"), May 19th, 18¢, as life and active, rss; other
classes, I 17. Total. 272.
March 31st. 1897, the figures '~ere as follows : life and active, 164; non-resident, 44;
honorary. 20; corresponding, 26. Total, 25~: Showing a loss of 18 members.
Detailed ~tatements show a loss by resignations or errors, 24; deaths, 4; acces&ions,
10; loss, 18.
There have been during the year three transfers.
Meetings have been beld as follo\VS :
1896, May 19. Special meeting. January 9· Smoker.
'' '' 29. Lantern Slide. •' 12. Regular.
·· June 2Q. Regular. .'
'.
February 3· Special.
,, 9· R~gular.
•' Sept. 8. Regular.
'· Oct. I 3· Regular. '' March 9· Regular.
'· ·' 23. Lantern slide. •• .. 10. Auction.
'' Nov. 10. Regular.
,, " 19. Special.
" De('. 8. Regular.
'' •' 28. Lantern slide.
Test nights have been given regularly during the season.
~-.,..-
...---------------:- ----------------------
-~

CAMERA NOTE~: 17

I.ibrary.-Current journals are on file. Accessions were Vol. 28, Pltolo. Times, and
"Mosaics" for 1897, by gift of publishers.
Journai.-The proceedings of the club have appeared regularly; one number, in
May, completing Vol. III. of the "New·series," issued by the S. A. P. Nos, 1 to 4 of
Vol. I., "Journal of the Camt!ra Club" (to March, 1897).
In conclusion, it seems proper to congratulate the Club on the relath·ely prosperous
past year and the favorable outlook for the future. C. W. CANFIELD.
Suretary.
The following report was read by C. C. Roumage, Treasurer :
THE CAMERA CLUB.
TREASURER'S I<EPORT FOR THt: YEAR ENDII\G APRIL TST, 1897•
Balance on hand $431.66 .Disbursemnz/s,
Receipts, Ordinary. Ordinary.
Initiation fees •.......... $135-00 Rent ...... . $1,999-92
Dues, active members ... 2,795-00 Custodian ............ . 624-00
Dues, non resident 455-00 Electric current ....... . 325-26
Dues, corresponding ... . 12c.oo Pnnting and stationery. 255-05
~ker rents ........... . 283.Q8 3. 788.9~ Posta~e ............. . 76.25
Chemicals ...........•. 6s.6s
Receipts, Ice and laundry ...... . 48 52
Extraordinary. Journal of the club .... . 100.10
Yale keys .............•• I.?S Insurance .......... . 21.50
Balance from auction Binding library books .. 32-50
sale 181}6...... . .. . 29-55 Incidentals ........... . 148-18
Old material sold ....... . 15.00 Improvements .........• 94·59
Use of arc hght. . ... . 10.00 Storage and cartage .... 91.00
Proceeds auction sale Subscriptions to periodi-
1897 .•..•.............. 32-31 88. II cals .............. . IS. 55
Extra services ......... . 25 00
- - - $J,<;86. JO
Disbursements,
Extraordinary.
Complimentary smoking
concert Jan. 9th,
1897- ............. . 91-75
Balance carried down .. . 230-90

ASSETS AND LIABILITIES.

Cash on hand ......... . $230-90
Due from members in arrears ... 307-50 ./\lone.
Estimated value furniture and Balance bei"n,5 excess of assets
apparatus .................. . 2,000.00 over li'abllities .... .......... $2,538.40
$2,538.40
Examined and found correct, April 12th, I8Q7,
Finanre Committee j Louis B. SCHRAM, Cltai'rman.
1 RouT. J. DEVLIN.
E: &--- 0. E-C. C. RoUMAGE, Treasurer, April ISt, 1897.
Tht! House Committee, through Mr. Roumage, Chairman, made an informal and
verbal report.
The Finance Committee, Mr. Schram, Chairman, made a verbal report.
The Committee on Meetings, Mr. Bunker, Chairman, made a verbal report.
The Lantern Slide Committee, Mr. Hale, Chairman, submitted the following annual
report:
Report of the Lantern Slide Committee of the Camera Cub for the Year
Ending April t3, t897.
From May 7th, 1896, when the consolidation of the late Society of Amateur Photog-
raphers and the New York Camera Club became an assured fact, there ba\·e been six for-
mal and six informal lantern entertainments given, two of which took place in the rooms
of the American Institute and the remainder in the lecture ball of the club. Full particu-
lars of these exhibitions are recorded in the pages of the club "Journal." We might
18 CAM/£RA NOTES.

mention here. however, that the an-

nual exhibition of slides, exclusively
the work of our own memben:;, which
occurred on December 28th, was the
most signal success of the year, and
bas led to the arrangement of a public
exhibition of slides, to be held in the
Knickerbocker Athletic Club Theatre
on the 21st of April, 1897· The meet-
ing in December was attended by
some two hundred and fifty people,
and many were obliged to go away,
there being not even standing room.
The extraordinary number of one hun-
dred and eighty-eight slides were -
shown, the work of thirty individual
members. The subjects displayed an PRESIDENTIAL PRINT PRIZE CUP.
entertaining variety and included : Otfered by O.xte~ H. Walker aDd Wm. D. Murphy. (Bee Rules, Paies 23-)

··Picturesque Oddities: Glimpses Through Small Kodaks ; Land, Sea, Lake, River and
Harbor Scenery; Animal Studies, especially Dogs and Cats; Portraits and Figures; Pic-
tures of Everyday I.tife; Fruits 3nd Flowers; Wind, Rain, Mi~t, Haze, Sunlight, Lightning,
Moonlight, Sno\v and Ice; Night Scenes in New York."
The Camera Club retired from the American Lantern Slide Interchange in November,
18<)6, so httle interest having been shown in lantern slide making by the members up to
that time that your committee was unable to provide a set worthy of the club, either in
numbers or quality. It was the opinion of many that we would suffer greatly from the with-
drawal of the Interchange sets, which amount to some fifteen hundred slides annually, but
no one at that time anticipated the remarkable wa ''e of activity that has since set in. From
the middle of September totbe first week in April, about seven months, we have tested three
thousand and fifty slides for our members. Many of these have been duplicates of the same
subject and have represented experiments in reducing, intensifying. toning and coloring
lantern slides. But a large proportion o! the testing has been of new work, so that it has
justified the undertaking of an exhibition in a public ball at which an admisc;ion fee may
be charged. '\\rhile we have not held as many formal exhibitions of slides in the club rooms
as in previous years. the high character of the slides submitted at the regular Wednesday
evening tests and the pleasant feeling of sociability prevailing on these occasions, have, we
believe, in a large measure taken their place.
In order to still further stimulate the interest in lantern slide making, Mr. Alfred
Stieglitz has offered two prizes, silver cups, for competition ; one open to all members of
the club, and the other for beginners. The conditions and rules as formulated by the
judges have lately been communicated to the members.
FRA~K M. HALE, Cltazi·man,
E. G. Tn.soN,
w. A. FRASER.
Lantern !:,/ide Committ~e.
Mr. Murphy offered the following resolutions and moved that they be adopted, spread
upon the minutes, printed in the club "Journal" and that an engrossed copy be presented to
M·r. Murray.
v-.r HER.EAS, Mr. William M. Murray has during the past year rendered exceptional
services to the club. in the dual capacity of editor of the monthly "Journal'' and critic of
" Lantern Slides," discharging these arduous duties with ability and impartiality.
Therefore, IJe it resolved, That a vote of thanks be, and hereby is, tendered to Mr.
Murray, in token of the high esteem in which his services are held by his fellow members
of the Camera Club.
The motion wa~ carried unanimously and at the request of the President, Mr. Murphy
presented a handsomely framed and engrossed copy of the resolutions to the editor of the
club •• Journal," together with some very complimentary remarks whieh were briefly and
feelingly responded to by the recipient.
 0
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, CAMERA NOTE!:l~
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The reports of officers were accepted and ordered on file.

Mr. Schoen moved a vote of thanks to the retiring officers; the motion was seconded
and carried by a rising vote.
The President called on the Nominating Committee for its report, which was presented
by Mr. Schoen, Chairman.
The Nominating Committee reports the following candidates for officials for tbe ensu-
ing year:
For Pruidenl, For Vice-President,
WILLIAM D. MURPHY. ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
ror !::Jecrelary, For Treasurer,
\VILLIAM E. JoH~soN. FRANK M. HALE.
For Trustees,
Louis B. ScHRAM, WILLIAM BuNKER,
DAVID WILLIAMS, WILLIAM R. THOMAS,
jAMES T. VREDENBURGH, D.D.S.
For Committe.· on Admission,
FRANCIS C. F.LGAR, Chairman,
W. ToWNSEI>D COLBRON, WILLIAM F. HAPGOOD.
Respectfully submitted,

1 A. P. ScHOEN, CltaiYman.
CHARLES I. BERG.
(Signed) FRED. VILMAR.
I I. ARTHUR BooTH.
l HARRY T. DuFFn:LD.
Nominating Commillu.
NF.w YoRK, March 27th, 1897·
On motion of Mr. Reid, seconded by Mr. Montant, the Secretary was instructed to
cast one ballot for the candidates nominated by the committee and they were accordingly
declared elected for the ensumg year.
Messrs. Aspinwall and Murray were deputed to escort the newly-elected President
to the chair. In h1s inaugural address President Murphy outlined the work to be under-
taken by the club during the coming season, dwelling particularly on the following sub-
jects: first, the enlargement of the scope of the club "Journal," which it is proposed to
issue quarterly, with illustrations in photogravure and half tone of the best examples of
pictorial photography. the additional expense to be defrayed by advertisements and per-
haps outside subscription; second, new quarters for the club, dependent on increased
membership and income; and, third, the proposed international Salon.
The annual meeting then adjourned. A collation was provided in the workroom and
the remainder of the evening was devoted to social enjoyment.

Regular Muting, May lOth. by, Young. Roumage, Montant, Colbron, A.

Schoen, Reid, Champney, Johnson, Charles
At the regular meeting of the club, Tues-
day evening, May 10th, 1897. Mr. Murphy Simpson and Stieglitz. It was moved by
in the chair, only routine business was Mr. Schram and seconded by Mr. A. Schoen
transacted. that this club expresses its confidence in and
approval of the methods of the lantern slide
Special Mt.ding, May 26th. critics of the past, and its desire that the
A special meeting of the club was called cnticism of lantern slides on the lines laid
by the President, at the request of ten mem- out by them be continued. It was moved
bers outside of the officers and Board of to amend as follows :
Trustees, for the evening of May 26th, for That the Lantern Slide Committee on
the purpose of discussing and deciding upon Test Nights be instructed to state to the
methods of criticism at the Wednesday even- critics, upon throwing slides on the screen,
ing tests of lantern slides. The meetmg the wil'hes of the maker as to criticism, if
was one of the most animated held during other than the criticism regularly given be
the year, fifty-nine members being present. desired. The amendment was accepted by
The subject was thoroughly discussed by Mr. Schram, and the resolution was carried
Messrs. Fraser, Murphy, Devlin, Joy, Bee- unanimously.
 20 CA~JIE'RA NOTES.

I rantern News.
During the months of 'March and April tbe interest in tbe Wednesday test-nights has
continued. and the number of slides submitted has averaged over one hundred per week.
The attendance bas been very good and many visitors, friends of the members, have
ezpressed their appreciation of the exhibitions.
* * • *
On Friday evening. March 19, Mr. Charles Simpson's lecture on Norway was given in
the large gymnasium of the Montclair Militarv Academy, at MontcJair, N. ],, Mr. W. E.
Johnson acting as lecturer. The night was a very inclement one, but notwithstanding the
heavy rain and fog. an enthusiastic audience of three hundred people was present. and
traveled in imagination with the photographer, over fjeld and fjord, fos and vand, dal and
brae, town and fartn, from Christiania to the North Cape, till they beheld at the close the
wondrous rnys of the midnight sun over the waters of the Arcttc ocean
• * • *
At the regular monthly meeting of the Photographic Section of the American In"ti-
tute, Tuesday, April 6th, Mr. Alfred Stieglitz ezhibited a series of ISO lantern slides.
representing the work of several years, and embracing ezamples of his recent experiments
in toning and color effects. The list covered a large range of subjects, but in all these the
limits of photographic expression were borne in mind and the entire collection was a
remarkable illustration of the extent of the field of pictorial photography. Dr. 0. G.
Mason, the President, pronounced the exhibition the finest that bad ever been shown
before the section, and the meeting passed a special vote of thanks to Mr. Stieglitz.
-----~ ~ -----

I 4ntern Slide Priu Co111 First Trial, v 5, J897.

Wednesday evening, May sth, being tbe time appointed for the first offering of slides
entered for the Champion and Beginners' Cups, there was quite a large attendance at the
club rooms. In order to facilitate the display and judging of the slides a new screen was
provided and placed ezacUy at right angles to the azis of the lantern, which \Vas operated
from the center of the lecture room. The usual weekly t~st of slides first took place; the
slides being cnticised and classified by Mr. Stieglitz, ol- not, as desired by the respective
makers: Ninety-six slides in all were tested, the work of Messrs. Post, Montant, Murphy,
Beeby, Canfield and Young.
Afterwards came the judging of the slides offered for the Beginners' Competition.
According to the rules these were
to be judged by the club members
present at the meeting. Mr. Stieg-
litz, the donor of the cup, explained
a plan of judging by ballot and
suggested that the members, for
the sake of uniform calculation,
mark by percentage, estimating
6o per cent. for technique and 40
per cent. for artistic value. Only
sizteen members avail~d them-
selves of the privilege of voting
and only one entry was made in
the Beginners' Competition, Mr.
D. K. Young offering sis slides out
of the sizteen necessary to be sub-
mitted from May to November.
•
The slides were projected in order
and allowed to remain on the
screen till all had recorded their
votes. The ballots were then col·
LANTERN SLIDE CHAMPIONSHIP CUP.
lected and averaged by a com- offered Ly Alfred =td~litz. (See Rules, Pace-..>

•
 CAMERA NOTES. 21

mittee appointed by the meeting and the results banded to the secretary of the judges of
the Champion Competition to be recorded in a book kept for the purpose.
ThP.re was only one entry in the champion class, Mr. Fraser offering twelve slides,
on ar.count of twenty-four to be submitted before November 24. This entry was judged
by Messrs. Murray and Stieglitz, the third judge. Mr. Champney, being ab11ent, and the
results recorded for future reference.
Although the entries were so few, probably because the members had not made them-
selves ~;ufficiently familiar with the rules of the contest, the first trial of the competitions
seemed to be a success, the popular plan of voting chosen for the Beginners' Competition
esPecially meetin~~: with favor. Now that the ice is broken a number of entries may be
expected at the June trial. Members are reminded that the remaining trials take place on
June 2, October 20 and November 24, and that slides intended for competition should be
handed to the judges on or before those dates. Tbe awards will be annoucced at the gen-
eral meeting of the club in Uecember.
----+-+----
Exhibitions and Competitions.
Intending exhibitors at thc London Salon and the exhibition of the Royal Photo-
~rapbic Society will bear in mind thnt entries for these must leave the United States in the
beginning of September. Entry forms will be ready in due season. For further informa-
tion apply to Alfred Stieglitz, care of The Camera Club.
We bear of many complaints about the late arrival of entry forms for foreign exnibition!'.
In many cases Americans are actually debarred from exhibiting on this account. Secre-
taries of foreign exhibitions will please note. The Camera Club will always be ready to
receive forms and forward them to applicants
./£as/man Prize Comjulilion.-This. enterprising company bas organized a huge
competttion for amateur photographers. There are six classes, with 130 prizes amountinK
to .2.853· Messrs. Maurice Bucquet, Andrew Pringle and H. P. Robinson ha\·e con-
sented to act as judges. These names guarantee- conscientious judging. For particulars
send to the Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N.Y.
----+-+----
Honors Recently Awarded to Members of the Camera aub.
At the International Exbibitton, Calcutta, held in February. under the auspices of the
Photographic Society of India, the following prizes were awarded :
In Class III., Portraits and Groups. open com:retition, the gold medal offered by H. H.
the Nawab Absanollah Khan Babadur, to Alfre Stieglitz, for two prints, •· Mv Father"
and "Portrait Study."
In Class IV., Genre Pictures and Studif's, the sjucial medal presented by H. E. the
Viceroy for the best photograph in the exhibition, open c01upetition. to Miss E. V. Clark-
son, for the composition entitled "Say Yes."
In Class VI., Lantern Slides and Transparencies, the Society's silver medal, open
compet1tion, to Charles Simpson, for set of six lantern slides. of Norwegian ~~Cenery. and
the Society's bronze medal to W. A. Fraser, for set of twelve slides of flower studies.
Robert L. Bracklow was highly commended for his marine subject, ·• Surf at Marbel-
bea,l."
In the international photograph competition, open to all llmateurs, recently held in
Paris, the fir~t prize of 1,000 francs, offered by the European edition of the New York
Herald for the best photograph of any resort in Europe frequented by tourists, was won
by David Gardiner for his view of St. Mark's Square, Venice, on a wet day.
At the sixth annual exhibition in Toronto, Canada, Alfred Stieglitz was awarded the
gold medal for the best general exhibit. scoring in seven cla'lses out of a possible eight.
In the .Mail and Exprns competition (New York, May 15th) Wm. D. Murphy was
awarded the prize. ten dollars in gold.
+•t
At the Paris Salon pictures by the following Americans were accepted: W. B. Post. C.
I. Berg, Jr.; Alfred Stieglitz. E Lee Ferguson. W. H. Dodge; Henry Troth, Hinsdale
Smith, Chas. E. Fairman, John E. Dumont, 0. W. Huntington, Ashton Hanel, Emma
Farnsworth, C. R Pancoast, Emma Sewall.
22 CAMERA N07ES.

Our Illustrations.
We are indebted to Mr. H. Horsley Hinton, editor of the Amattur
Pleotograpker, London, for his kindness in permitting us to reproduce his
picture, •• Requiem," one of the gems of last year's London Salon. The
photogravure was done by Walter Colls, of London. The quality of the
work speaks for itself.
"Portrait of Mr. R---," by Alfred Stieglitz, was the winning print in
the Presidential Prize Print Competition. The photogravure was done by
the Photochrome Engra\·ing Company, New York.
The pictures by W. B. Post, E. V. Clarkson, Alfred Stieglitz and D. K.
Young are specimens of the work submitted by each one of the four com-
petitors to the Presidential Prize Print Competition.

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

Charles E. Manierre. 26 West Fiftieth street, and Ferdinand Stark, 1434 Third Avenue.
have been elected re<:idcnt members, anJ H. A Latimer, of 12 Milford street, Boston,
Mass., a non-resident member. Other applicati:>ns are in band.
On April 26th the tmstees passed a vot~:: of thanks to the Committee on Special Exhi-
bition at the Knickerbockt:r Club Theatre for the able efforts put forth and result obtained.
Membership tickets arc ready for all those who!>e dues are paid.
JohnS. Jacobus bas presented to tbe club a large drying board for films.
Park permits may be obtained of the secretary upon application in writing.
Cards granting two weeks" prh·ileges of the club rooms may be had upon application to
the Secretary, to all those who may be properly endorsed.
In making applications for membersh1p the new forms now to be found on the various
writing desks in the rooms should be used.
It bas been proposed to suspend the initiation fee until October r. The question will
be voted on at the June meeting.
Members are requested to examine the new House Rules, and help the House Com-
mittee in enforcing them.
R. Vincent Fothergill, 57 William street ; Ernest F. Kellar, 67 West One Hundred
and Thirty-third street; aud George R. Allet ton, _.s6 St. Nicholas a\'enue, have been ad·
mitted to acth·e membership in the Camera Club. Thomas R. Hughes, Summit, N. J.,
bas been elected a non-resident member.

Obituary.
Frank Livingston Clark, of Jersey Ctty, a non-resident member of this club, died sud-
denly on Saturday. March 27, 1897· Mr. Clark bad not enjoyed good health before his
death, the recent loss of his mother having !>eve rely prostrated him. He was well known
to many of the members of the late Soctety of Amateur Photographers, to whom be was
endeared by his genial manners and disposition.

The Trade.
The Camera Club cordially invites manufacturers and dealers of photo-
graphic materials to submit specimens of their goods at the club's monthly
meetings. By request such goods will be examined by an efficient commit-
tee and reported upon in this journal.
-------
Reviews.
The Camera Club also invites publishers of books and periodicals as
may be of interest to photographers to submit the same to the Publication
Committee of CAMERA NoTES for review.
I

C.4MEHA NOTES. 23

Three Club Com

COPIES of the following rules
and regulations have been s~nt to
all the members of the club. and
an earnest study of the various con-
ditions is requested, so that mem-
bers may enter upon the several
competitions understandingly. Ex-
tra copies of the rules may be ob-
tained by application to the proper
committees. Attention is particu-
larly requested to the fact that the
Committee on Prints will be in at-
tendance every Wednesday even-
ing till further notice, to examine
and criticise any prints submitted
BEGINNERS• LANTERN St;IDF CUP.
Offered by Alfred Stle~fliu . (See Rules, Pap '4·)
to them by the members of the club.
As announced in the Februarynumberof the "Journal." three important competitions
have been instituted to stimul:1.teour members to new and original work in prints and slides.
The prizes silver cups the generous gift of Messrs. ""alker, Murphy and Stieglitz,
are UO\V in the possession of the Trustees and are very handsome. The rules and particu-
lars of the competitions are given below, and are recommended to the earnest cQnsidera-
tion of every me•nber of the club. It will be observed that Wednesday nights. already
devoted to the testing of lantern slides and the promotion of social intercourse, have been
de~ignated for the exam, nation and consideration of prints.
In accordance with the resolntions of the Trustees, therefore, the Print Committee will
be represented at the club rooms on each Wednesday evening for the general considera-
tion of prints. and members desiring criticism or advice on print& are requested to submit
them to the committee on those evenings.
Resolutions Passed by T rustus.
Resolved that the Print Comntittee be instructed as follows :
1st. That the committee. or some members thereof, shall be at the club rooms on
each Wednesday evening to critici~e prints submitted by members.
2d. The committee is authorized to prepare rules for juc.lging prints entered in com-
petition for the Presidential Print Prize.
3d. That the committee endeavor to arrange for an exhibition of all prints sub-
mitted in such competition in May of this year.
Rules Governlna- Award of u The Presidential Print Prize,. of the Camera Club
of New York.
xst. Competition open to all life and active members of the club.
2d.-Awards to be made bv the Print Committee of the club, and to he announced at
the May meeting tn r8g7. and in the succeeding years at the annual meeting of the club,
at which tim~ the President shall appoint the committee for the ensuing year.
3d. The name of the winner to be engraved upon a cup which is to remain 'in bis
custody until the first day of the following March, when it shall be returned to the Trustees.
4tb. If won three times by the same member, the cup becomes his individual prop-
erty and competition ceases.
stb. Negatives and prints to be the work of the exhibitors.
6th. ·-The Print Committee is duly empowered to make any rules and regulations not
inconsistent with the above, and the dtcisiou of said committee shall be final upon all points.
7th. The winner is to give to the club a copy of the full set of prints on which the
award is made.
8th. The right is reserved to have the winning prints reproduced in the club or other
suitable journal should it be desired. D EXTER H. WALKER.
Wit.LIAM D. MUJtPHY.
 CAM.h."RA NOTES.

Rules of the Print Committee Governln~ the Presidential Print Prize.

rst.-Competitors to qualify muat submit not less than three nor more than seven
prints.
2d.-In judging, 6o per cent. will be allowed for artistic merit, and 40 per cent. for
technique, the general average of all prints submitted by each competitor to govern the
award.
3d.-Any print having received an award in any <'ompetition whatsoever. prior to the
rst day of April. 1897, will be disqualified. (Note)-This rule is made to encourage new
workers and new work.
4th.-All exhibits must be mounted but not framed. The mounting will be consid-
ered as a part of the exhibit.
sth.-No indication of the competitor's identity will be allowed on the print!!. A
nom de plume (initials mav not be used) is to be written on the upper left hand corner of
the back of the mount. The name and address of the competitor together with the nON/ de
plume must be placed in a sealed envelope, on the outside of which must be written the
same nom de plume that is used on the prints, and this must be sent or handed to the Sec-
retary of the club, on or before the 7th of May.
6th.-If any retouching on negative or handwork on print has been done, ~t should be
so stated on the back of the mount: s.!so, if such work was done by tile competitor or not.
7th.-Ail prints must be delivered at the club rooms, carriage paid, on or before the
7th day of May, 1897.
8th.-All prints entered for competition will be on exhibition at the club rooms, uth
and 12th days of May.
CHARLES I. BERG, Cnairman.
WILLIAM A. FRASEII..
WALTER E. WOODBURY.

Rules Govern In~ Award of" The Championship Lantern Slide Cup" of the Camera
Club of New York.
rst.-Competition open to all life and active memberlii of the club.
2d.-The judges to be Wilham M. Murray, J. Wells Champney and Alfred Stieglitz,
whose work shall be exempt from the competition.
Jd.-Awards to be announced by the judges at the general meeting in Decemt:er.
4th.-The name of the winner to be engraved upon the cup, which is to remain in hi~
custody until the rsth dav of October of the followmg year, when it shall be returned to
the Trustees of the Camera Club.
sth.-1£ won three times by the same member, the cup becomes his individual prop·
erty and competition ceases.
6th.-Negatives and slides to be the work of the competitor.
7th. -Colored slides are debarred.
8th.-Each competitor will be judged on twenty-four slides, which will be considered
in whole or in part, as received, on the following dates for 1897:
Wednesday, May sth, Wednesday, October 2oth,
Wednesday, June 2d, Wednesday November, 24th.
Dates for the ensuing years will be announced in due time.
9th.-The judges are empowered to make any rules and regulations not inconsistent
with the intentions of the donor, and the decision of the judges shall be final on all points.
roth.-Slides which have received prizes are ineligible.
Rules Governln~ •• The Be~lnners' Competition" of the Camera Club of New York.
rst -Competition open to all members, life and active, who have never received
any reward for slides.
2d.-Each competitor will be judged on sixteen slides, which will be considered in
whole or in part, as received on the following dates for 1!197 :
Wednesday, May sth, Wednesday,October 2oth,
Wednesday, June 2d, Wednesday, November 24th.
3d.-The slides will be judged by the members of the club assembled on the above
mentioned dates, a majority vote constituting a choice. A record of the votes shall be
lr:ept by the Secretary of the Judges of the Championship Competition.
4th.-Awards to be announced at the general meeting in December.
5th.-The winner to become the owner of tbe cnp offered.
6th.-Negatives and slides to be the worlr: of the competitor.
7th.-Colored slides are debarred.
 VOL. I. No.2 .

•
•

I
I
I

I
Volume I, No.2
 •

AT THE RUSHY POOL

By Dr. Hugo Henneberg
I

•
 •c:cw Vol J. OCTOBER, 1897. No.2.
,
t

,
·-..•
••
• The &A&,
d a l . Organ of the Cantera Club, New York.
Publlabed Quarterly by THE CAMERA CLUB, N.Y., tii•IIJ West 38th St., New York.

, J C , 35 Communkatlons for .. Camera Notes •• abould be addressed to

Smg e optes, cts. the Publication Commlttee.-subscrlptJous to be made payable
to .. Camera Nutes. • ·
Per year, $J •00•

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N.Y., Post Office.

and the Catnera.

•
NY feeling shown in photography ap-
plied to the human figure which is other
than the conventionally cut-and-dried, is
of so uncommon an occurrence as to be
• almost wholly not understood, or worse,
-
misunderstood. Perhaps the reason lies
in the fact that the camera is only just
beginning to be taken seriously. It has
become so common an instrument of
torture and pestilence in the hand of the
small boy, or inquisitive girl, that those
who are able to think appear unwilling
to consider it worthy of consideration as
a factor in a real art. The magazine
world teems with shallow letter-press on
the new adjunct which art has found-
the new aids to the artist in drawing and
Von Gloeden, Italy modeling and overflows with wicked
caricatures of humanity in all states of nakedness and impossible attitudes,
laid against papier-mache backgrounds. The pages of the cheap illustrated
monthlies fairly bulge with the most horrible representations of the human
figure ever exposed to the eye of man; the populace cheer and applaud vocif-
erously all the while, calling for an increase in the number of abominations;
and all in the name of Art. And the fault lies where? Not in thedearpeo-
ple, who cry bravo! to what is given them, but rather with the unknowing,
commercial-spirited photographer who looks at Bouguereau and Carlo Dolci,
and claps his hands on his knees, saying m~, too.
28 CAMERA NOTES.

Just so long as the voice from under the focusing cloth says this and its
eyes see this, just so long will this department of photography remain lan-
guishing where it now is; but when the man behind the camera learns in
the first place to know good art when he sees it, and then to study it and
find out wky it is good art, before he tries to produce its like, then we shall
have in the measure of his capability that which is art. That the camera,
properly guided, is capable of art-real art-there is now no longer a doubt.
F. H. DAY.

++

Our Lack of Exhibitions.

It is greatly to be regretted that so few exhibitions are held in this coun-
try. The aggregation of characteristic examples of the work of various
artists stimulates endeavor and gives an impetus that cannot be equaled in
any other way. The value of exhibitions in all sorts of art work has long
been recognized Rightly managed, an exhibition encourages the ad-
vanced workers, points the way for the beginners, and elevates the public
taste. And that the public taste is in need of elevating few will deny.
Poor-miserably poor-photographs stare at us on every hand, and to many
persons these appear to indicate the limit of the art. There are poor paint-
ings, but every one has opportunities to see good paintings. There are
good photographs, but they are seldom seen.
There are various reasons why exhibitions of photographic work are
not so common in this country as in England. The denser population, mak-
ing any given point accessible to a vast number of people, is probably the
gratest factor. To this more compact population is also due the fact that
there photographers have longer been formed into associations. While in
our larger country there is an imposing number of clubs, it must be ad-
mitted that but few of them do more than struggle for existence, owing to
the limited number available for membership. Even in our larger cities
there are few clubs m such condition as will justify engaging in a large en-
terprise, or making an experiment involving diligent labor and the expen-
diture of some money. The result of the consolidation of two good clubs
in New York City shows the advantage of a large membership with its
greater number of efficient leaders. For the fact must not be overlooked
that in any work of this,character able generals are essential.
One society in London holds this year its forty-second annual exhibi-
tion, and the world contributes cheerfully to make it a success. We have
only a memory of the Joint Exhibitions, which came to an untimely end
three years ago. The idea of these joint exhibitions was a good one, and
the outcome should have been an annual exhibition in each of the three
cities. But the humiliating fact remains that while three of our largest and
most cultured cities could not maintain a good exhibition once in three
years, many provincial towns in Great Britain have the advantage of a view
 •

CAMERA NOTE~:
---------------------------------------------------------- ---
of some of the best work every year. The work of some of our leading
pictorial photographers is much better known abroad than at home.
Our local exhibitions do some good, and the occasional enterprise of a
club which secures the loan of pictures by recognized leaders is a favorable
sign. In fact, this may prove the most desirable way of familiarizing earn-
est workers in smaller towns with works of undoubted merit. Its disad-
vantage is that recognition of a truly artistic worker may be delayed. At
present a photographer, like a vaudeville star, is almost compelled to ac-
quire a European reputation before there is opportunity of being heard of
at ~orne. There are doubtless many good photographers in our own coun-
try who do not take the trouble, or are too diffident, to send their pictures
abroad, aud so we do not find them out.
As exhibitions abroad are more common and their managers have more
experience, the standard is.higher and the general taste of the public more
cultivated. I have found that not all photographers know of the Photo-
graphic Salon and the Linked Ring but they all should. The Photo-
graphic Salon is the logical outgrowth of carefully fostered exhibitions
and occupies the highest plane. It has
a rival in the older society, of which
its founders were at one time members,
and its success is due not alone to the
energy and ability of its promoters, but
to the slow building up of a taste for
artistic and original work by that older
society.
We now have little but our petty local
shows· usually a dreary collection of me-
diocrity and a dream of what might have
been had our great cities kept up the
work. We must look to Greater New
York and its Greater Camera Club to cul-
tivate an exhibition that may thrive and
grow sturdily. Its spirit may then take
root in other sections and much good re-
sult.
•
That there is good material for an
exhibition, and willing exhibitors, was
evident in Washington in 1896, when an
almost unknown club, with the offer of
little in the way of awards, placed before
the residents of the Capital City a collec-
tion of photographs that properly excited
surprise and admiration among art lovers.
Unfortunately this one exhibition was the
beginning and the end of a scheme that
was probably in advance of the age and
general sentiment of the place.
E. LEE FERGUSON. W. H. Collins, Ireland.
30 CAMERA NOTES.

The Amateur Photographer as a Philanthropist.

When the amateur photographer first loomed above the social horizon,
the world little reeked that a new type of philanthropist had been evolved.
At first society looked upon him as a freak, later classed him as a nuisance un-
der the contemptuous title of "camera crank," but now all turn to him
with seductive smiles and gentle invitations to "take" this, or that. The
fond mother holds her infant prodigy incessantly before the camera of the
amateur, insisting upon "just one more picture of little Tommy in his new
bib and tucker.''
The proud owner of a newly decorated house extends the "glad hand" to
the camerist, and benignly allows him to make an unlimited series of in-
terior studies, on 8x1o plates, for the nominal consideration of "a few sets of
those beautiful platinum prints." The summer resorts teem with oblig-
ing groups willing to pose in varying numbers of from two to twenty, each
member of which relies upon the artist to supply prints for all inquiring
friends.
The tourist returning from Europe freely offers to allow some friend ad-
dicted to the camera habit to reproduce in lantern slides a few thousand for-
eign views collected in the shops of the Continent, only coupling the price-
less option with a demand for "a set or two of his exquisite slides," oblivi-
ous of the fact that such a contract would take a year, or two, to complete,
and cost a mint of the amateur's surplus cash.
And lately the editors of newspapers have fallen into line, generously let-
ting the amateur supply his choicest prints, which, when reproduced in
villainously printed half-tones, serve to illustrate some Sunday edition, and
there the transaction ends. No compensation other than the glory of the
thing is thought of, and when the interests of some photographic club de-
mands a few inches of space in the same columns a brief "reading notice"
is grudgingly given.
Thus is the public faith in the amateur photographer as a philanthropist
made manifest, for in what other fad is a parallel to be found of this gen-
eral demand for help?
Perhaps no one sees more of it than the traveling amateur, who is a steady
target for all manner of suplications from casual acquaintances and rank
outsiders. The writer has often been importuned to deviate from his es-
tablished route in order to photograph prize cattle and remote homesteads
of no earthly interest to him, and has generally had to back up his refusal
with elaborate arguments, as the simple negative response to such demands
seemed to be regarded as a mere feeling of suitable modesty upon his
part.
Pigs were once held out as the inducement for an exhausting side trip,
the invitation coming from an unknown rural denizen whose only claim
consisted of the fact that he had caught the artist in the act of photograph-
ing a waterfall.
No other class of innocents is so beset by passers-by, who appear to be ir-
resistibly moved to give advice as to how each exposure should be made.
 ;)
.;c --
c: c:
c:r :a
0 ua a.
a.~·
CD - · C3
en *·
~- o :a~
.. :a Q.
CD"" ~
n-=:r
!!. ~ .. c·AMERA NOTES. 31
CD -
•
-
< -·~
-·
a.c:r=-
CD at
•

.., en a Then comes the inevitable

-. _..:a- c."
co
~
- •
~ request for either a copy
ClD
::· .
•- of that particular picture,
or a negative of some other
scene, within a radius of
a few miles, to be made
forthwith.
All of these facts seem
to prove conclusively that
the amateur photographer
is really rated as a true
philanthropist, especially
as the question of reward
is always left to the arbi- Karl Greger. England.
tration of the next world.
Painters, sportsmen, golfers and miscellaneous nomads are left more or
less to themselves, and are seldom "held up" for a division of their spoils,
but the photographic amateur appears to have a clear monopoly in the phil-
anthropic line.
Looked at in a philosophic vein it is interesting to speculate upon the
above-mentioned over-riding of conventional reserve. The mere presence
of the camera does away with all necessity for formal introduction, and the
public at large never seems to hesitate at any request for favors from the
hands of the amateur photographer.
It may be that in the early stages of the game the amateur, in his search
for victims to pose· for him, or for audiences upon whom to unload his ex-
ecrable prints, laid the foundation for all this future trouble, but now that
time has proven his ability to lead in the walks of artistic photography is it
not seasonable for the public to seek to lighten his labors by leaving him
some little discretion as to the choice of subject and the ultimate bestowal
of his finished· prints. •

These lines are written in no captious spirit, for the writer feels that such
popular faith in the good nature of the amateur is equivalent to an earthly
halo, but while it is true that no representative amateur desires to make
money out of his art, it is likewise certain that few wish to be impoverished
by it.
One of the greatest delights in the practice of the art of photography on
an amateur basis lies in the ability to supply friends with souvenirs of
people and of places, without money and without price, and it is not against
this form of philanthropy that the amateur rebels, but that he does justly
"kick" at the inconsiderate intrusiveness of utter strangers, as well as
against unreasonable demands upon his time, is unquestionably a matter of
daily record in the experience meetings of his fraternal clubs and societies.
WM. D. M u RPH Y•

•
J:! CAMERA KOTES.

Some Remarks on Lantern Slides.

A Method of Developing: Partial and Local Toning.
General Remarks.
The past twelve months of the Camera Club of New York will, with-
out question, be known in the pages of its annals as the "Lantern Slide
Year'' ; for in truth, as can be verified by the pages of the old journal, never
before was there so much work done or so much interest shown in this
most peculiarly fascinating branch of photography.
Slide making originated in the United States, it having been invented,
as is claimed, by Langheim, of Philadelphia, some fifty years ago. It at
once became popular, and continued to fascinate not only those interested
directly in the production of slides, but old and young who simply wished to
see pictures in an agreeable way.
Many of our best amateurs devote themselves exclusively to this branch
of work, our Mr. Fraser being a notable example, notwithstanding the fact
that most of the leading pictorial photographers of Great Britain and the
Continent look down upon slide making as outside the "art limits," and
therefore beneath their artistic dignity. It has become an accepted fact
among them that the process is purely mechanical, and that at best the
tonality of slides was incorrect. As for the declaration that slide making
is purely mechanical, permit me to say, that after a conscientious winter's
work in this line of photography, I have come to a different conclusion,
and claim that the technique of slide making may be quite as interesting
as that of the known printing processes, even including the gum methods
which are now coming into vogue. Of that more anon. As for incorrect
tonality, in most cases that is due to the lack of knowledge and skill on the
part of the slide maker, who has not given the matter enough study, or
who perhaps does not quite grasp the material with which he is working.
In order to properly appreciate a "picture slide," and in this talk remem-
ber I am only referring to "picture slides," the same must be shown un-
der the exact conditions as prescribed by the maker, for the latter, if thor-
oughly at home in his work, will make his slides to suit the conditions of
light and enlargement set down by him before he begins his picture. It is
this factor that makes slide making so unsatisfactory and discourages the
earnest worker when he sees his slide on strange screens and quarters.
Suppose I made my slide to be enlarged ten times and shown with a light
whose intensity is L so as to give the desired effect, and it is then shown
enlarged to 20 t and a light with an intensity of L, what is the result? En-
tirely false values, and consequently a false impression. But does this not
hold true of prints to a certain extent? How many gems are thoroughly
ruined in exhibitions by poor hanging and still more miserable lighting ?
We see we must make the best of existing conditions, and only show our
work there where we may expect reasonable attention to our intentions.
Standard of Slides in the Camera Club, New York.
The standard of the slides made in our club is high, for the judging on
test nights has been unusually severe, even hypercritical, according to
 33

many members who do not understand the motives of the judges. Just
criticism, though it may seem harsh at the moment, is exceedingly healthy
for the welfare of the club. There is much, too much, back-patting in the
ranks of photographers. Honest criticism from capable men ought to be
sought, and when given, ought not to be condemned as discouraging ne'v
talent and hurting the feelings of the spoiled children in the ranks. The
judges appointed for the year judged slides for their quality, by which was
understood the correct rendering of tone values in connection with the other
technical requirements of a slide. ''Clear glass for high lights and trans-
parent shadows'' did not constitute a perfect slide, as the old-timers imag-
ine. A first-class slide, we will not speak of perfection, very rarely con-
tains clear glass, the lack of tone in any part of it being a serious defect.
On the contrary, we have seen instances in which a faint veil over the
whole slide would have been a great improvement, the subject presented
thus gaining in atmospheric delicacy and charm. It is well to remember
that veil and fog are not synonymous in this case. Fog is always to be
avoided in slides. A luminous body only should be represented by clear
glass. We fully appreciate that our audiences nevertheless still go into rap-
tures over the so-terrned brilliant slide, by which is meant one lacking in
all medium gradation; in short, a black and white one. Such a slide is an
abomination to the refined eye, and fortunately our precepts are bearing
fruit among our members, and will therefore in due season influence
those who come in contact with them; that is, our audiences. A matter
rarely considered by slide-makers is that of color, and we are therefore con-
fronted with bright red snow scenes, glaringly pink lanscapes, blue
architectural interiors, etc., which, though perhaps beautiful in all
other respects, are entirely ruined by this shortcoming. This defect
is often due to the desire to obtain softness at the expense of color, for
we all know that a soft slide is, as a rule, produced by a long exposure
and a weak developer the two factors which are also necessary in
obtaining warm colors. In order to control the color of a slide without
sacrificing its gradation and quality, it is often necessary to resort to spe-
cial toning methods.
It is upon this mat-
ter, and also on my
own method of devel-
oping slides, that I
wish to dwell. The
slides made by me
during the past year
were all produced in
the manner to be de-
scribed, and by special
request I give you my
working methods so
that any one may be
enabled to obtain sim-
ilar results. C. Puyo, Paris.
34 CAMERA .VOTES.

My Method of Developlntr Slides.

Having given the plate a very full exposure, it is developed in the usual
manner with any developer (I personally prefer hydroquinone), with the
difference that development is not stopped until the image has totally dis-
appeared when examining the plate by transmitted light. It is then rinsed
under the tap as usual, and placed in the hypo bath until thoroughly fixed.
Upon examining the fixed slide it will be seen that it is not only so thick
that you can hardly recognize the picture, but that it lacks all gradation in
being muddy and flat. But this condition is necessary for future opera-
tions, all of which take place in broad daylight. On a table place two white
porcelain dishes. The one, which we distinguish by calling it A, should
contain a one per cent. solution of ferricyanide of potassium, and the other,
B, a very dilute solution of hyposulphite of soda and ferricyanide of potas-
sium, say:
I. 10 per cent. solution of hyposulphite of soda.
II. ro per cent. solution of ferricyanide of potassium.
For use, take roo parts of I. and 15 drops of II.
These baths must be renewed occasionally, as they deteriorate in the
light.
In each dish place a small camel's hair brush and a wad of cotton, which
latter may be shaped at will to suit the purpose for which it may be in-
tended. If possible, have the table near running water, otherwise have a
pailful at hand, as plenty of water is essential for the delicacy of some of
the operations to be performed.
Local Reduction In Order to Build Up Tone Values.
As before stated, in examining the fixed slide by transmitted light,
very little of the image will be visible. In order to facilitate matters, bring
the slide dired/y from the fixing bath witlwu/ previous wt.~shing, into dish A,
in which it will be gradually reduced. Stop the reduction as soon as the
image is fairly distinct. This is done by plunging the plate into water,
thus stopping all chemical action. The slide is still very thick and flat,
but it is now in a satisfactory condition for local treatment and the ulti-
mate thinning down to the desired density.
In this state the slide is placed in dish B, and local reduction by means
of the brush is begun. This process must be very gradual, so that it be in
our power to alter the relative tone values or gradation at will. You notice
in this local application of the reducing agent we in reality have the reverse
of brush development in platino-type printing, with even a much greater
leeway. The process of producing slides by this method is highly interest-
ing for effects not otherwise possible can, with a little skill, be obtained.
It is by this method that some of those striking snow scenes, shown
during the winter, were produced. Originally the slides of these were
considerably overtimed and overdeveloped, and then reduced in the above
described manner. Between every stroke or two of the brush it is well to
rinse the plate, so that the strokes do not show in the ultimate result. No
brush strokes ought to be visible when the slide is thrown on the screen; if
any be detected the slide is a failure and ought to be discarded. With a
 AN ETHIOPIAN CHIEP
By F. H.IJ ay.

SR~\fURC ,..~OTCC~ROM£ ENG CO . .... Y .

 CAii1'1!.:RA NOTE::,: 37

little skill and practice, this method is very simple and safe, and any one
having succeeded in mastering it will never resort to any other method of
producing slides.
Naturally, it is essential to know something of tone values, as there-
sulting slide might otherwise be ludicrous in its effect. This process of
developing a slide is necessarily very slow, forcing being at no stage ad-
missable, as it would insure certain failure.
The Use of Formalin.
In winter the gelatine is sufficiently tough to withstand this seemingly
rough treatment, but in summer it is well to soak the slide before the brush
reduction is begun in a very weak solution of formalin for about a minute
and then rinse thoroughly. The solution used by me is t,ooo parts of
water to one part of formalin. Sometimes the resulting color of the slide
produced in the above described manner is objectionable and possibly rather
uneven. To overcome this defect, the slide must be toned in a suitable
bath. Among the many experiments made by me, the following will inter-
est you most:
Tonlntr.
In many cases it is desirable to color a slide to a pure blue, or perhaps
only a suspicion of blue. An absolutely reliable method to obtain this
color is to use the following bath :
Blue.
I. Sulphocyanide of ammonium ..... . 200 grs
Water .......................... . 32 .ozs.
Carbonate of soda (granular) ...... . 2 grs.
II. Chloride of gold (bruwn) ......... . '5 grs.
Water .......................... . I OZ.

For use take 2 ounces of I and 4 drops of II, always remembering to

add II to I, and nnJer reversing the operation. This amount of solution
will tone at least one slide to a perfect blue. The toning bath, in order to
work satisfactorily, ought to have a temperature of 72 to 76° Fahr. Using
the bath at a lower temperature results in failure, as the toning proceeds
too slowly and unsatisfactorily in other respects. A higher temperature
will hasten toning, but the gelatine of the plate is apt to be attacked in a
most disagreeable way.
To judge the process of toning, it is necessary to examine the slide by
transmitted light, using daylight if possible. A thoroughly toned slide will
have a pure blue color when examined in that way. According to my ex-
perience, it is advisable to tone reduced slides, after they have been dried,
especially in such cases in which only partial toning is to be used. As for
the density of toned slides, let me say that those toned with the above bath
do not increase in density perceptibly.
Green.
In order to obtain a green slide, the following treatment is best:
I. Oxalate of Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 grs.
Ferricyanide of potassium. . . . . . . . . . 15 grs.
Water...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 ozs.
II. Chromate of potassium............ . s grs.
Water ....... :.................... t6 ozs.
 CAMERA NOTE!l:

Bathe your slide, which in this case must be somewhat lighter than the
desired result, in solution I. In this bath the color will turn to a dark blue.
From this it is placed in solution II for a minute and then dried. When
dry the slide will be a bright green.
Bartolozzl Red.
Bartolozzi red is obtained by using the following bath:
I. Ferrocyanide of potassium (yellow prussiate). IS grs.
Water ................................... . I6 ozs.
II. Nitrate of uranium ....................... . 30 grs.
Sulphocyanide of ammonium .............. . ISO grs.
Citric acid (crystals) ....................... . JO grs.
Water ................................... . I6 ozs.
For use, take I part of I and I part of II, and place your slide, which
must be first thoroughly soaked, in this solution. It will quickly assume
a beautiful Bartolozzi red color. In many cases the whites are stained in
coloring the slides in this way, and in order to remove the same dip them
into
Carbonate of Soda ................ . IS grs.
Water ........................... . 32 ozs.
for a moment, not longer, and the stain will disappear. After this opera-
tion proceed to wash.
Partial Tonlna.
In using the gold toning bath some beautiful effects of color may be
obtained by dipping the slides into the toning solution for a short time and
then examining them by transmitted light. The combinations of the orig-
inal ground color of the slide and the partial deposit of the gold, which is
blue, give us quite a range of purples, blues, reds, grays, blue-blacks, etc.,
the color depending upon the ground color and the length of toning. Many
of the snow scenes, before mentioned, were treated in this way.
Loc:al Tonlna with Different Baths.
While experimenting with the above mentioned and many other color-
ing processes, it struck me to try and color slides by using these baths on
one and the same slide locally. In order to succeed quite a little skill in
handling the brush and the various solutions, as well as the water faucet,
are essential. And even at that, most slides are apt to be spoiled by the
colors running into each other. My mode of procedure is as follows: I
take a dry slide, dip into water so as to simply moisten the surface of the
gelatine, and then apply the gold toning solution with a small or large
brush, as the occasion may require, to those portions of the slide which are
to be colored to blue, and shades of the same, and also the blue-blacks and
purples, all of which are obtained by the sulphocyanide bath. After these
portions of the slide have been colored satisfactorily, an operation which is
most trying to one's patience and nerves at times, the other portions are
treated successively with the various remaining baths. In most cases the
results are exaggerations and also crude; nevertheless such a slide, espe-
•

CAMERA NOTES. 39

cially from a chemical point of view, is of great interest. In certain in-

stances, however, such local coloring or toning is of great effect and beauty,
especially if the original ground color of the slide be kept and another color
simply suggested in parts. Some of the Venetian scenes in which water,
sky and a few houses and gondolas make up the picture, treated in this
manner, show up beautifully.
As a general rule the monochrome slide is preferable to those colored
by any means whatever, especially for pictorial purposes. Nevertheless an
occasional suggestion of color, if used very discriminately and with under-
standing, relieves the monotony of an evening's entertainment of slides,
always remembering that by colored slides I refer to photographically
colored ones, and not those tinted by hand with aniline dyes. Those can
hardly be included within the. limits of legitimate photography.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

--------~ --------

In a criticism on the Paris Salon, R. Demachy, leader of the French

school of pictorial photography, says of the Ameriean exhibit:
"The United States of America is represented by fifteen exhibitors,
all of whom, with the exception of Mr. , show pictures of similar tonal-
ity and with similar character.
''In their work we recognize a desire to produce the pretty and grace-
ful in preference to the beautiful and mighty. The general average is
otherwise excellent, the whole leaving a good impression of freshness, both
in color and in composition.''

Alfred Stieglitz.
40 CAMERA NOTES.

Our Illustrations.
"A tllze Huslly Pool," by Dr. Hugo Henne berg, is one of the masterpieces
by this famous Viennese artist. Henne berg is one of the leaders of the Vi-
enna Camera Club, which is beyond doubt the leading club in matters per-
taining to pictorial photography. His landscapes, of which class of work
he makes a specialty, rank with those of Horsley Hinton, these two artists
being the acknowledged masters of modern landscape photography.
The photogravure is by Walter Colls, of London, and is one of the
splendid collection published under the title of "Salon Portfolio of 1895· "•
"An Etlliopian Cllifj," by F. H. Day, of Boston, is a good example of
this American artist's work, who has a decided individuality of his own.
Unfortunately, although good as the photogravure is, certain delicate qual-
ities of the original have been sacrificed in the reproduction. Mr. Day is
one of the three American members of the "Linked Ring. "
The photogravure was produced by the Photochrome Engraving Com-
pany, New York.
For the third photogravure, 11 A Veneh"an Bit.'' we are indebted to Mr.
Alfred Stieglitz, who has kindly donated the inserts to CAMERA NOTES.
For the illustrations in the text we are indebted to Count von Gloeden,
Italy; W. H. Collins, Ireland; Karl Greger, England; C. Puyo, Paris;
Alfred Stieglitz, New York, and John W. McKecknie, New York.

t+

The Resignation of W. E. Johnson.

An important business enterprise has compelled Mr. W. E. Johnson to
resign his position as Secretary of the Camera Club. Mr. Johnson expects
to remain away at least a year in the prosecution of his business in St. Paul.
We shall miss his cheerful conversation in the social gatherings at the club
rooms, as well as the characteristic energy with which he performed all the
duties of his official positions. Perhaps his work on the House Committee
was not the least of the many tasks he set for himself in the course of the
past year. Never before have the club quarters been in such perfect order;
for the workers in developing, printing and slide making, no less than for
those who prefer to enjoy the carpeted and upholstered luxuries of the par-
lor and library.
During Mr. Johnson's absence in the summer months Mr. Beeby kindly
acted as Secretary pro tern. It it expected that Mr. Harry B. Reid, whose
previous experience as Secretary of the New York Camera Club eminently
qualify him for the office, will succeed Mr. Johnson as Secretary; also as
Chairman of the House Committee, on which committee he has been a very
important factor during the past few months.
• For further information of th•• Salon Portfolios. see page 54·
 CAMERA NOTES. 41

Linear Perspective and the Camera.

BY JOHN W. M'KECKNIE.

It is a familiar phenomenon that the sea and sky seem to meet at the
horizon. Disregarding the curvature of the earth, we may assume that the
surface of the sea forms a horizontal plane, and, likewise, that the clouds
lie in another horizontal plane. Since both of these planes are assumed to
be horizontal, it follows that they are parallel to each other in space. The
seeming convergence of these two planes in the natural landscape may be
sighted as a conspicuous example illustrating the fundamental law of per-
spective that Planes, wkick are parallel to eack olker in space, seem to converge
toward an inlinilely distant line. Such a line is called a Z anislzing line.
1

This horizontal horizon, or vanishing line, is also the vanishing line of all
other horizontal planes, such as, for instance, the planes of upper strata of
clouds or any flat table land by the sea.
It is likewise a commonly observed phenomenon that, as we look down
one of our regularly built streets, the facades of the buildings seem to con-
verge in the far distance. For the sake of illustration let us imagine these
houses built upward to an indefinite height. Then the vanishing line,
toward which these planes of facades seem to converge, would be visible
to the eye as a vertical line intersecting the horizon or vanishing line of
horizontal planes in the infinite distance. This line would also be the van-
ishing line for all other vertical planes parallel to these facades, such as, for
instance, the facades of the buildings in other streets running parallel to
the one we have been describing.
In Fig. A the vanishing line of horizontal planes, such as the ground
and the house-tops, is shown at H-H, and the vanishing line of vertical
planes, such as the facades of the houses, is shown at X--X.

FIG. A.

Now all lines of solid objects may be considered as edges; that is, formed
by the intersection of two planes. Thus the line a-b is formed by the
intersection of the horizontal plane of the ground with the vertical plane
of the facades. Disregarding all inequalities of these two planes, and con-
sidering them of infinite extent, it is evident that the line a-b, to what-
ever length it may be produced, will continue to lie within each of these
planes throughout its entire length, and will finally pass through the point
where the vanishing lines of the two planes intersect at C, this being the
only point common to both lines. Such a point is called a ~'(mishing poi1ll.
Fig. 1 represents three tetragonal prisms placed on a vast level plain.
These prisms are composed of planes belonging to three systems, viz., ( 1)
horizontal planes, which form the tops and bottoms of the objects, as well
as the plane of the ground; (2) right-hand vertical planes, which form the
right-hand sides of the objects and also the far sides opposite to them; (3)
left-hand vertical planes, which form the left-hand sides of the objects and
 42

also the far sides opposite to

them. The horizon H H is I FIC.l.
the vanishing line of the hori-
zontal system of planes; R R
is the vanishing line of the
right-hand system of planes,
and L Lis the vanishing line ~ •
of the left-hand system of : I
I
~
•
planes. :
J
Now let us consider any ~ I
•

line of these objects, say the line l ••

••
•
a b: a b is formed by the in- H- •~--J+a .. - ...... _ ____..___ .... ._- __.va.:
L...,.H
I
tersection of a horizontal plane : I
•
I
'vitb a right-hand vertical i ••
I

plane. As the horizontal plane, •~

•
••
•
•
if infinitely produced, would : •
••
I

pass through H H, and the : '•

•
right-hand vertical plane L •

through R R, and as a b, if
produced, must continue to lie
within both of these planes,
therefore a b must pass
through or vanish to the point
VR, where H H and R R
intersect, and which is the only
point common to both lines. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Hence VR is the vanishing point of a b, and of all other lines parallel to
a bin space.
In like manner VL is the vanishing point of the line a c, and of all
other lines parallel to a c in space.
Simply stated, we have the rule that The vanishing point of a line is at the
point of inle1'stditm of the vanishing lines of any two pla~s contat."ning tke lt."ne.
If a person, while observing these phenomena of nature, were to inter-
pose a sheet of glass between his eye and the object at which he is looking,
and should then trace lines upon the glass, which would exactly cover and
coincide with the lines of the object, he would have a perspective picture.
Hence the following definition: A perspective picture is one made upon a
plane surface in such a manner that, if it were transparent and should be
held up in a certain position and at a given distance before the eye, the
lines of the picture would cover and coincide with the lines of the object
represented.
It is apparent that a lantern slide or any photographic positive fulfils
these requirements, and is a perspective picture within the precise condi-
tions of the definition. The plane surface upon which the picture is made,
and which corresponds to the photographic plate, is called the picturt plane
The position occupied by the eye of the spectator, corresponding to the
lens, is called the slatzon point. The line from the station ·point normal to
the picture plane, corresponding to the axis of the lens, is called the axis.
The point where the axis pierces the picture plane is called the center of tke
picture. The centre of the picture is denoted by the letter'' C.''
Since the lines of an object may be covered by lines drawn upon the pic-
ture plane, so, in like manner, may the infinitely distant vanishing lines of
the planes which form the object be covered by lines coinciding with them.
In Fig. 2 we have a bird's-eye view of an imaginary scheme for mak-
ing observations to determine the perspective vanishing lines of a huge box
placed upon an extended level plain. The observer is supposed to have his
eye at the pointS. Before hitn is placed the picture plane PP. H H
 CAMERA NOTES. 43

is the horizon or vanishing line of the level plane, and likewise of the top
and the bottom of the box. R R is the vanishing line of the right-hand
side of the box and of the side opposite to it. L L is the vanishing line
of the left-hand side of the box and of the side opposite to it. X X is
the vanishing line of a diagonal plane through the box.
Now, a plane H H H" H', passed from S, parallel to the top of the box,
1 1

will vanish toward the vanishing line H H, and H H , the line of inter-
1 1

section of the plane H 1 H 1 H' H' with P P, will cover and coincide with

FIG.2. p._
• I

••
L• •
••• I'•
•• •f
••
•
X• •I•
• I•
l •• ••
•• I•
I •••
l I
•• ••
•••
•
I ••
:
•• I• I
•
..
•
• ........_
•
•
;~ ~ ~ ~---<--"*:-
I
•
-~. ' L;..,..
~ ~.:!'-~--..:.:-==
H :v . ...__.__;:;•.• .~::_ ~· --- V~
_, .... ':a-.-.,_;. •-.. • -... ~- -
r
~1\._- ,"
IJ L . _ --...--·----
Y..~ ~-· ~-.':. - .:..~ t1
I 9-lie-- •
0 - - - - - - :..

•
0 ' ,
0

I•
i•
•
I
i
! f
l• :•
I
• I
••
l
• •
•
L

•
••
II
••
I
I
I
I
•
•
t
•
••
•
)(:t
•
t
•
\
l ••

l
'

pp pp

H H, and hence is the perspective of H H. I..~ikewise, a plane R 1 R • R 2 R 2 ,

passed from S, parallel to the right-hand side of the box, pierces P P at
1 1 1
R R • R R• is, therefore, the perspective of the vanishing line R ·R.
Likewise, L L is the perspective of the vanishing line L L, and x • x•
1 1

is the perspective of the vanishing line X X. The point VR\ where H 1 -

1
H• intersects R R•, is the perspective of the vanishing point VR. VL'
is the perspective of the vanishing point V L.
Fig. 3· The conditions here remain identical with those in Fig. 2, ex-
cept that the box is replaced by a barn and shed, with sloping roofs. VL-
44 CAMERA N07:E:S.
- - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

VN .•
I
flC.3.
•
•• I
I I•
I
•••
•
•••
I•
•
I
I
!
I

•
I•
••
I
I

VI.·
I

'I .-- · - _---.. .,

•
· ~

..... ~ --=- a . -- I
I
I: , .....
-~
~

•
I
I
•
• I
I I
II I!
' ~~. .
....... ..................., '.v
· ~J'.
I •
•
••
l\

VM is the vanishing line of the near slope of the barn roof, and VL VM• is
the vanishing line of the invisible far slope. VR VN is the vanishing
line of the near slope of the dortner roof, and VR VN ' of the invisible far
slope. VR VN is also the vanishing line of the sberl roof.
A plane S VMi VL•, passed from S, parallel to the near slope of the
barn roof, will vanish toward the vanishing line VL VM, and VL• VM 2
will cover and coincide with VL-VM, and hence is its perspective.
In like manner:
VL' VM' is the perspective of the vanishing line VL VM 1
1
VR VN' " " " " " VR VN
1
VR VN' '' '' '' " '' VR VN•
VN is the perspective of the vanishing point VN
2

VN' '' ·' " " " VN'

VM' " " " " " NM
VM' " '' '' " " VM'
vo'J " " " •· ,, vo
VO' " '' " " VO'
A BIT Of' VENICE
By Alfred Stieglitz
 CAMF.RA NOTES. 47

b
riC.7

Nr-··::_.. __
---
,--,... ·. ,'""'
.... ,'

.··
nc.5.
·. ····v..1\t .
-··-- ---··---····....':\H
.-
-· ',

.·
'.
· .....
...

x:
The object, of which a perspective drawing is to be made, may be sup-
posed to occupy any position above or below the horizon H'-H', and to
the right or left of the centre C. and in front or behind the picture plane.
Fig. 5 is the picture of a building partly above and partly below the hori-
zon H'-H', and with the principal corner b-rat the centre C. In Fig. 6
it is above H'-H' and to the right of C, while in Fig. 7 it is below H'-
H' and to the left of C.
In Fig. 7 all of the roofs are visible, which is due to the position of the
building below all of the vanishing lines of the planes which bound it. In
Fig. 5 the two nearer slopes are visible, because they are drawn below their
respective vanishing lines VL'-VM' and VR'-VN'. In Fig. 6 the pic-
 CAMERA NOTES.

ture is above all of the V lines, and consequently none of the roofs are
visible. By locating the principal corner of the building at the centre C,
as in Fig. s, both sides may be viewed equally; by shifting it to the right
of C, as in Fig. 6, or to the left of C, in Fig. 7, each side in turn comes more
prominently into view.
Fig. 5· The line w-r is formed by the intersecting of the left-hand ver-
tical plane b h w r with the horizontal plane of the ground. L'-L' is the
vanishing line of the former plane, and H'-H' is the vanishing line of the
latter plane. Hence their point of intersection at VL' is the vanishing point
of the line w-r. The line b-h is formed by the intersection of the left-
hand vertical plane b h w r with the incline plane a b h i. L'-L' is the van-
ishing line of the former plane, and VL'-VM' is the vanishing line of the
latter plane. Hence, VL' is the vanishing point of the line b-h.
The line a-b is formed by the intersection of the right-hand vertical
plane a b r t c with the inclined plane a b hi. R'-R' is the vanishing line
of the former plane, and VR'-VM' is the vanishing line of the latter plane.
Hence, VM' is the vanishing point of the line a-b. The line a-c is
formed by the intersection of the right-hand vertical plane a b r t c with the
inclined plane a c f i. R'-R' is the vanishing line of the former plane,
and VL'-VM' is the vanishing line of the latter plane. Hence, VM' is the
vanishing point of the line a-c.
The line d-e is formed by the intersection of the inclined plane a b h i
with the inclined plane g de. VL"-VM' is the vanishing line of the for-
mer plane, and VR'-VN' is the vanishing line of the latter plane. Hence,
vo· is the vanishing point of the line d-e.
The line e-1 is formed by the intersection of the inclined plane a b hi
with the inclined plane g e 1. VL'-VM• is the vanishing line of the for-
mer plane, and VR'-VN' is the vanishing line of the latter plane. In
this instance, these two vanishing lines would, if produced, intersect at a
point outside of thepicture.
· The line b-r is formed by the intersection of the left-hand vertical
plane h b r w with the right-hand vertical plane a b r t c. L'-L' is the
vanishing line of the former plane, and R'-R' is in the vanishing line of
the latter plane. These vanishing lines are both vertical, and therefore
parallel. Hence, the line b-r is drawn vertically.
In like manner the vanishing points of the other lines in the figures may
be found by the rule.
So far the discussion has dealt solely with the case in which the picture
plane is placed at an angle with both the right and left-hand planes of the
object. This configuration brings the two vanishing points VR and VL
into considerable prominence, and hence is called Two Point Perspect-
ive. The analogous case, in which the picture plane is taken parallel
to one of the principal systems of planes, is called Parallel Perspective
or One Point Perspective. In this case one of the principal vanishing
points, VR or VL, falls at the center of the picture, while the other one be-
comes infinitely distant at the side of the picture, and accordingly those
lines which vanish toward it are drawn horizonhlly in the picture. Hence
the name Parallel Perspective, which is generally applied to this case.
In the third case the picture plane is not only inclined to the right and
left-hand planes, as in Two Point Perspective, but it is also tipped out of
the vertical, as on the occasion~ when the photographic plate is out of
plumb, through the tilting of the camera. In this case the two vanishing
points VR and VL perform as much service as in Two Point Perspective,
while the vertical lines of the object, instead of being vertical on the pic-
ture, vanish toward a third point either above or below the picture, accord-
ing as the picture plane is tilted either upward or downward. Hence the
picture is said to be in Three Point Perspective.
 CAMERA NOTES. 49

In Fig. 8 the series of pictures of the tower are respectively in One

Point, 'fwo Point, and Three Point Perspective.
In the foregoing definition of a perspective picture the imaginary specta-
tor is required to hold the picture at a given distance from the eye, corre-
sponding to the length of focus of the lens in making the photograph, and
also to hold it in a certain position so that the axis of the picture corre-
sponds to the axis of the lens. This brings the center of the picture to
correspond with the point in the plate opposite to the center of the lens,
Theoretically, at least, it may be said that the correct manner of looking
•

FIG. 8.

at a perspective picture is to bold it so that the eye shall occupy the exact
position above described. In order to understand this let the reader hold
the plate of Figs. 5-7 so that his eye is opposite to the center "C" and at
a distance of about 3 inches from it. At this position the point Cis seen di-
rectly in front, while the edR"eS of the picture are seen quite obliquely, and
are consequently much foreshortened.
The tendency with a perspective drawing, including objects far removed
frotn the center of the picture, as with a photograph made with a wide angle
lens, is to create a seeming distortion of the objects at the ,e dges of the
picture. This distortion is, however, exactly equalized by the foreshorten-
ing as above described, when the eye of the spectator occupies the station
point. Viewed from any other point the entire picture appears more or
less distorted, and, in the case where a wide angle lens has been emp1oyed,
the distortion near the edges of the plate becomes quite noticeable and is
often very disagreeable.
Since these limitations are quite unknown to the majority of those who
view our drawings and photographs, and since it is practically impossible
to expect any one to observe them, it therefore becomes advisable to make
the pictures of an angular measure not to exceed sixty degrees. With pic·
tures subtending no greater angle than this the distortion is not so readily
noticed from the usual points of view.
It is also a maxim in perspective that both of the vanishing points VR
and VL must not lie to the one side of the object represented. Fig 9 was
made disregarding this rule. This sort of thing is frequently seen in pho-
tographs made with a wide angle lens and in which the plate is nearly but
 so C~1.MERA NOTES.

not quite parallel to one side of the house

or room. The evident correction for this
is to place the plate exactly parallel with
___T"'e vrt ... the side of the object, making the picture
----.............. .. _ in Parallel Perspective.
The perspectives of circles, especially
'
when they are considerably removed from
the center of the picture, often look very
• -·
queer. The perspective of a circle is us-
•
• • ually an ellipse, but it may also be either
~-::·::!:faDB:t:::::~ ............ ....... - a circle, parabola or hyperbola, according
~ T o V 'R .,. to the angle at which the picture plane cuts
the cone of rays, of which the vertex of
)'IG. 9·
the cone is the station point, and the
base is the circle itself. The ellipses give the most trouble, from the fact
that they are often ~·ery oblique. In Fig. to the ellipse at the top of the
right-hand tower is nearly horizontal, since a vertical line from the center
" C," passes not far from the centre of the ellipse. The left-hand tower,
however, is comparatively far removed from the center " C," and the
ellipse at its top is extremely oblique. Still these ellipses, no matter how
much the seeming distortion, when viewed from the station point, they
are apparently so changed and ,foreshortened as to look all right.
The perspective of a sphere, unless it be located exactly at the center
of the picture, will appear as an ellipse. We are quite unaccustomed, how·
ever, to so regard it, and when we come across the phenomenon in a photo-
graph the sensation is not agreeable.
In drawing it is the practice to make corrections for these seeming I
.d istortions and to draw the perspectives. of circles as horizontal or vertical
ellipses, and the perspectives of spheres as circles. In photography it is ad-
visable to so arrange our picture that the circles, if large and conspicuous,
shall be as near as possible to a vertical line through the center of the
picture.
If it were possible or advisable to make our pictures on the inner sur-
face of a hollow sphere, these distortions would be done away with,
though here again, in order to view them correctly, we must needs
keep our eye at the center of the sphere. A cylinder, however, answers the
same purpose so far
as lateral dimensions
are concerned, while
the vertical dimen-
sions may be disre-
garded, since usually •

they are relatively

small. The cylinder
has the advantage
over the sphere in that
it can be rolled out
flat, as is done with
the cylindrical films
used in a revolving
camera. A picture
made in this manner
is said to be in Cylin-
drical or Panoramic
Perspective. While
by this method the
objects at the edges of FIG. IO•

•
 CA.VER.4 NOTES. SI

the picture are reduced to their proper sizes, still every horizontal line,
except those in the plane passing through the eye, are in curves concave to
the horizon. This is the method sometimes used in sketching from nature,
and, when well mastered, it may be very effective.
Although in looking at the parallel lines in the houses along our streets
the line at which one is looking must seem straight while the others seem
curved toward it; still this curvature is entirely discounted by the knowl-
edge that the lines are really straight, and when we see them curved, as in
revolving camera photographs of long buildings, the effect is quite unex-
pected and is often very disagreeable. This curvature would of course dis-
appear if the picture were rolled back into its original cylindrical form and
the eye placed at the axis and on a level with the horizon. This is accom-
plished by cycloramas, where this method of perspective drawing is employed.

----++----

Print Exhibitions.
The Print Committee, Messrs. Berg, Woodbury and Fraser, has made ar-
rangements during the summer to have at each monthly meeting of the
club, between October, 1897, and April, 1898, a "group exhibition" of
prints from the works of the best known American amateurs, presenting
each month the exhibits of not more than two. Invitations have been ex-
tended to Messrs. F. H. Day, R. Eickemeyer, Henry Troth, Alfred Stieg-
litz, E. Lee Ferguson, W. B. Post, Clarence B. Moore, Alfred Clements,
Charles I. Berg, and to the Misses F. B. Johnston, Emilie V. Clarkson and
Emma J. Farnsworth. From most of these eminent names favorable an-
swers have been received, and we may therefore look forward to what may
prove to be the most interesting features of the coming year in club pro-
ceedings. The stimulus afforded by the exhibition, in monthly series, of
the best work done in America up to the present time, ought to go far to
make 1898 the "print year" in our club. as 1897 was undoubtedly the "slide
year."
++
The London Exhibitors.
The following members of the Camera Club, New York, have sent examples of their
work to the important photographic exhibitions about to be opened in London: Miss E. V.
Clarkson, Messrs. W. A. Fraser, C. I. Berg, W. B. Post, R. Eickemeyer, Jr., Alfrec1
Stieglitz, John Beeby.

Eastman Competition.
The time of closing of this important competition has been extended by general
request until October 1st. This should enable intending competitors to enter their sum-
mer's work.
52 CAMERA NOTES.

Oub Proceedings.
Regular Muting, June 8th, J897.
At the regular meeting of the club held lengthy discussion ensued, in whkh Messrs.
Tuesday evening, June 8th, Vice-President Vilmar, Schram, Joy, Johnson, Charles and
Stieglitz in the chair, there were twenty- Alfred Simpson, Devlin, Colbron, Mailloux,
nine members present. Roumage and Dayton took part; and it was
The Treasurer made a written report, finally moved, seconded and carried, that
showing receipts, $t,562.8I; disbursements, consideration of the proposed quarters in
$442.28, and balance on hand, $I,I20.S3· Thirtieth street be dropped as unsuitable
The report was accepted and ordered on for our needs.
file. After the transaction of some routine On motion of Mr. Mailloux, seconded by
business Mr. Birdsall assumed the chair at Dr. Devlin, it was resolved, "that it is the
the invitation of the Vice-President, and in sense of this meeting that the Camera Club
the absence of Mr. Murphy, Chairman of the should, if possible, find new quarters, suited
Committee on New Quarters, Mr. Stieglitz, to its uses and purposes, before the expira-
read the written report of the committee's tion of the present year; that the Camera
labors up to the date of the meeting. It Club, being conscious of the difficult task
presented for the club's consideration pro- imposed upon the Committee on New Quar-
posed quarters on the south side of Thirtieth tels, through this meeting expresses its ap-
street near Broadway. The report was ac- preciation of and gratefulness for the serv-
cepted and ordered on file. Mr. Stieglitz ices already rendered; that a vote of thanks
read a letter from President Murphy, giving be tendered the committee, and that its
his personal views on the subject; and then, members, Messrs. Murphy, Stieglitz and
on behalf of the committee, fully described Schram, be requested to continue in office
the plan of the two floors under considera- and to make fu1 ther resea1 ches with the ob-
tion, making the subject still clearer by ject of finding suitable quarters."
d1awings on the blackboard. Quite a The meeting then adjourned.
--------~--------

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following have been elected Resident Members:
Mrs. 0. C. Blache, 234 Central Park West; L. F. R. Holst, 52 Union Square; Arthur
Scott, 258 West Twenty-fourth street; J. F. Bemdes, Jr., 167 Madison avenue; Percy
Brown, r6 West One Hundred and Twenty-eighth street; E. F. Faye, P. 0. Box 1076;
H. W. Hoefer, 144 West One Hundred and Fifth street; S. C. Alger, 147 East Thirty-
seventh street; W. A. Hemphill, 361 West Twenty-third street; J. N. Bishop, M. D., 12
West Thirty-eighth street; George A. Baker, 2o6 Broadway; H. E. Doering, 130 We:st
Forty-third street; J. Ernest Yalden, 393 West End avenue.

++
Lantern News.
During the summer the Wednesday test-nights have been held regularly, and the
interest in slide making has been maintained. On the evening of July 14th the club
members, fortunate enough to be present, were very pleasantly entertained by Mr. Gil-
bert Ray Hawes, a prominent lawyer of this city, who had recently made a voyage round
northern Europe in the specially chartered steamer Ollio, visiting Russia, Finland,
Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. His photographic record of the trip comprises some
250 slides, of which 120 were exhibited, and informally, but delightfully, described on
this occasion. The variety and novelty of the subjects left nothing to be desired, and the
Russian pictures, especially, taken under privileges seldom accorded to the tourist,
proved a unique feature. We hope to hear Mr. Hawes again some time during the win-
ter, when his rare collection of slides may be shown to our members and fnends under
more tavorable conditions than the ordinary test-night affords.
 CAMERA NVTES. 53

Lantern Slide Prize Competition, Second Trial, June 2d,

1897.
Contrary to expectation, there were few competitor'! forthcoming at the June trial of
the o;lide competitions; W. B. Post qualifying for the Champion class by the presentation
of seventeen lantern slides, of the twenty-four to be submitted; and Daniel K. Young
offered three slides, additional to those already entered by him, in the Beginner's Com-
petition.
Again we remind our membets that the two remaining trials cf the year take place
on the evenings of October 2oth and November 24th. Thus fat only two competitors have
appeared in the Champion class, Messrs Fraser and Post; and one, Mr. Young, in the Be-
~tnner's class. It is rather singular, in view of the extraordinary activity in slide mak-
mg and testing shown by the Camera Club during the past season, that so little interest
has been taken in these important competitions. Once more we urge our members to
wake up f01 the Autumn trials. Full particulars as for rules to these competitions can
be found in No. 1 of CAMERA NoTEs, on page 24.

++
" Camera Notes, '' No. l.
We give a few quotations from the notices of the initial number of
CAMERA NoTES appearing in the photographic publications. Not alone
these have expressed gratification at the appearance of the July number;
our advertisers have been pleased, new ones have been attracted, and many
outside subscriptions have been sent in without any solicitation. One
man was enthusiastic enough to order the "NOTES" for five years and paid
his subscription in advance. We are confident that the promise, to furnish
matter of general photographic interest as well as a history of club proceed-
ings, held out in the opening address of the Publication Committee, will be
be found, in a measure, fulfilled in the present number, in which appear ar-
ticles on timely subjects by prominent men in the photographic world and
also contributions by our own members:
" . . . If the number now lying before us is a sample ofwhatthe other numbers
are to be, we can only say that it will be one of the most dainty and interesting of photo-
graphic journals, and may well be taken as an example by those of our societies who pub-
lish journals."
Tlte PluJtographzc News. (London, July 2, 1897·)
" . . . The copy of CAMERA NoTES that is before us is full of excellent photo-
graphs, printing and paper being signally good."
lite British Journal of PluJtograjJhy. (London,July 2, 1897.)
•• Is a very creditable journal. The typographical get-up of the journal is
very tasty, and reflects credit upon the publication committee."
Anthony's Photographzc Bulletin. (New York, July, 1897.)
It is beautifully illustrated."
Wilson's PlloloJ{raphic Magazine. (New York, July, I897.)
. . . In one respect at least, better than any of its contemporaries on this side
of the water. We allude to its promise to give us two photogravures in each number.
There are others that not unfrequently favor their readers with prints by that best of all
methods of reproduction, but for lack of true, artistic knowledge, or other cause, they
are more frequently than not, unworthy of the honor, while from what we know of those
responsible for the CAMERA NoTES, every one of its photogravures will be a work of art.
. . . We heartily welcome CAMERA NoTES, and hope it will have, as it deserves, a large
circulation outside the club it so well represents."
American Amateur PholograjJiur. <July, I897.)
" . . . The editorship of CAMERA NoTES is in the hands of a committee, the
name of whose chairman is a guarantee for the quality of the magazine."
Photol{raphisches Wochenblall. (Berlin, Germany.)
"CAMERA NoTEs" is the new magazine of the Camera Club, New York, and is such
a fine publication that we hesitate to use the adjectives necessary to describe it."
Phof(IJ{ram. (London. England.)
54 CAMERA NOTES.

Photographic Salon Portfolios (London).

It is with pleasure that we call the attention of our readers to the Photographic Salon
Portfolios of I895 and I81}6, published by Walter Colis, in London. It is astonishing
that these important collections of photogravures a1e quite unknown to American photog-
raphers. Of the I895 collection the British Journul rf Plwlt•,l(raphy says:
This collection of photogravures, the work of M1. W. L. Colis, has been happily
chosen, as it includes examples of the various "schools" that contributed to the last
exhibition of the Salon, although possibly there is an unnecessary preponderance in favor
of foreign workers. Among the twenty pictUles selected for reproduction may be men-
tioned Henneberg's "At the Rushy Pool," H. P. Robinson's "In Kilbrennan Sound,"
Sutcliffe's" Fog," Craig Annan's" A Little Princess," Horsley Hinton's "Day's Decline,"
Stieglitz's "Scurrying Home," Demachy' s " Rouen," etc. It goes without saying that Mr.
Colis' photogravures are capitally done, an•l he has, in most cases, very successfully re-
produced the colors of the originals. If we demur to the implied theory of the preface
that modern pictolial photography is only to be dated from I893, we none the less recog-
nize this collection of pictures as one of which not only the Salon and Mr. Colis, but
photography itself may be proud.
The frontispieces of CAMERA NoTES, Nos. I and 2, were taken from these collec-
tions, and serve as specimens (If the excellence of the work represented in these choice
reproductions. We advise all those interested in pictorial work to procure copies, which
may be had by adir~ssing Walt~r L. Colis. The Stuii), C~st!lnau Gardens, Barnes,
S. W., England. The price for each collection, consisting of twenty photogravu1es in a
handsome portfolio, II XIS inches, is $s. IS tor plate paper prints, $IO.JO for prints on
India paper, and $I5.45 for Japanese proofs. If preferred by intending subscribers, the
Chairman of the Publication Committee will be pleased to forward orders. A. S.
-------•+~+-------
The Test Room. the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester,
The Reichenbach, Morey & Will Co., of of N. Y., and which explains the advantage
Rochester, Kindly sent us a batch of their amples rayfilterography, giving numerous ex-
of work done with the ray filter.
Vera and Victor papers, which they have Sent without charge by addressing Depart-
recently placed on the matket, for trial.
We can heartily recommend them to all ment "N," of above company.
those using what is generally known as the
Aristo process for printing purposes. The Mr. A. P. Yates, of Syracuse, N. Y., offi-
trial samples sent were tested by various cial photographer of the New York Central
members of the Club, under all conditions Railroad, says: "I cannot speak too highly
of weather and temperature, the results in of your bichromate of potash ray filter. It
all cases being more than satisfactory. The is not only a success but a jJitrJIO.(rajJiuc
firm makes glossy and n:atte papers, in beth ntcesstly. I use it dailr in my landscape
gelatine and collodion. work." Some of Mr. \: ates' fine pictures
are reproduced in "rayfiltergraphs" sent
The samples of Velox paper submitted to free by addressing Department "N,"
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester,
us by the Nepera Chemical Company have N.Y.
been carefully tested. The paper works
smoothly and is reliable. The richness of The Bausch & Lomb Optical Company
the blacks and purity of the whites, with a celebrate the twelfth year of their produc-
great range of delicate half-tones, is not the tion of photographic lenses by the extension
least important feature of Velox paper. It of their photographic lens department, the
is fast becoming a favorite, arld deservedly new addition covering 8,000 feet of floor
so. space and providing facilities which the
rapid increase in the demand for their lenses
Notices. has made imperative.
"Ray Filter Photography," beautifully
illustratc!d with half-tone etchings of cloud SALE AND EXCHANGE.
and landscape "Rayfiltergraph" and dis-
tributed by the Bausch & Lorn b Optical Co.,
Rochester, N. Y., gratis, is one of the most F
OR SAI,E -ROSS 5 x 7 TWIN LENS C o\MEkA
l'tiRtched pair Ross Leiss lenses, series 3· No. 4•
pleasing and instructive booklets of the Prosch alum•num shutter, 6 Ross double plate
year. Every one intetested in photogra- holderb in sole-leather case and 6 liJ(ht weight
holders Dallme•·er Burchett color screen and set
phy should write for a copy. dtaphragm screens for orthochromatic work Will
sell for ~roo; cost double Appl ,., Custodian,
Have you tried Carbutt's new plate, the Camera lub~~-W_es_t_ls_t_h _st_r_eeL _ _ _ __
Eclipse junior? It is a good plate for a
low price.
F OR SALE.-STEINHEIL APLANAT, 19
lines, will CO\" r an 8 x IU plate. in fil'>'t-class
condition. An excellent all-around lPns. Value,
$1.'1. Wtll accept $t-l.IIO. Apply to Chairman of
"Rayfiltergraphs" is an instructive and Publication Committee Ca11ura ,\'ol~s. 111 West
interestingly illustrated booklet issued by 88th Street. New York City.
T HE''TheCamera Club, of New York, is the result of a consolidation of
Society of Amateur Photographers'' and ''The New York Camera
Club," effected May 7, 1896, when the new club was duly incorporated
under the laws of 1895. The corporate existence of the two component
bodies date from 1884 and 1888 respectively.
The objects of the club are:
First.-The advancement of the photographic art.
Second.-To provide a club house where the members may practice
photography, and cultivate social acqnaintance.
Among the advantages of membership may be noted the following
items:
Free use of all the club apparatus and stock chemicals, together with
the assistance of the club custodian.
l''ree subscription to CA~IERA NoTES.
Lectures upon many subjects, including Travel, Art, Practical and
Scientific Photography.
Expositions of new photographic apparatus and demonstrations of
modern methods of photo work.
Weekly test nights for lantern slides, accompanied by instructive com-
ments by the club critics.
Frequent exhibitions of prints and slides sent in from other photo
clubs of Europe and America.
Annual competitions for silver trophies, open to all print and slide
makers of the club.
Annual public exhibitions of the best work of the year in prints and
slides.
Occasional jolly "smokers" and dinners.
A comprehensive library, including the leading photographic periodi-
cals of the world.
And best of all, the daily opportunity to "see how it is done" by the
leading amateurs of the country, and to almost unconsciom:.ly acquire a
higher photographic standard through simple association with the masters
of the art.
All of which advantages may be enjoyed at a nominal cost.
Further particulars will be furnished on application to Mr. H. B. Reid,
Secretary, III-115 West Thirty-eighth Street, New York.
OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
-OF-

The Camera Club.

Presz'd~ni.-WILLIAM D. MuRPHY.
Via-Prut'd~ni.-ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
Surdary.-HARIIY B. REID.
Trt'asurt'r.-FRANK M. HALE.

Trustus,
Lou1s B. ScHRAM, WILLIAM BUNKER,
WILLIAM R. THOMAS, joHN BEEBY,
jAMI!S T. VREDENBURGH, D.D.S.

Committees.

Hous~. Lanl~rn Slz'des.

HENRY B. REw, Cltairman. F. M. HALE, Cltairman.
H. N. TIEMANN, joHN BEEBY,
THEODORE DWIGHT, HARRY ScHOEN.

Mulings. Auditin,J(.
WILI.IAM BuxKER, Cltairman. L. B. ScHRAM, Cltairman.
lJR. J. H. STEBBINS, jR., DR. R. J. DE\'LI~.
w. E. \ViLMERDING, C. C. RoliMAGL
DR. CHAS. w. STKVENS.

Publications. Critics of Lantern Slz'des.

ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Chairman. Wu.LIAM M. MURRAY,
WILLIAM M. MURRAY, AI.FRED STIEGLITZ.
joH!'I W. McKF.CKNIE.

Prints. Library.
CHAS. I. BERG, Chairman. HARRY T. DUFFIELD.
W. E. \VooDBURY,
W. A. FRASJI:R.
Admissio11.
FRA~Cis C. ELGAR, Chairma11.
W. TowNsEND CoJ.BRor>. \ViLLIAM F. HAPGOOD.
 HONORARY MEMBERS.
Abney, Capt. W. DeW. Glaisher, James
Bickmore, Prof. Albert S. Henderson, Alex. L.
Burton, Prof. W. K. LaManna, Frank
Chandler, Prof. C. F. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Cromwell, Geo. R. Murray, Wm. M.
Davanne, A. Piffsud, Henry G., M. D.
Eder, Dr. J. M. Stone, ]. Harris
Elmendorf, Dwight L., Ph.D. Vidal, Leon

LIFE MEMBERS.
Aspinwall, John Obermeyer, Joseph
Atkinson, Louis P. Post, William B.
Bridgham, S. W. Roumage, C. C.
Clarkson, Miss Emilie V. Schermerhorn, J. E.
Colbron, W. Townsend Schermerhorn, Mrs. J. E.
Dickenson, E. N. Schram, Louis B.
Fowler, E. P., M. D. Stieglitz, Alfred
Joy, Moses Williams, David
King, C. Volney Williams, Mrs. David
Lawrence Richard, H.

ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Arnold, Mrs. F. B. Booth, J. Arthur, M. D.
Alger S. C. Bracklow, Robert L.
Adams, John Howard Bruce, Frederick
Beeby, John Bunker, William
Bennett, E. S. Berndes, J. F., Jr.
Berg, Chas. I. Brown, Percy
Birdsall, E. T. Blache, Mrs. 0. C.
Black, J. V. Baker, Geo. A.
Blatchford, S. M. Bishop, J. N., M. D.
Blyth, Henry A. Bolton, J. H.
 Active Mcmbcrs.-(.(mlinuetf.

Canfield, Charles W. Johnson, P. D.

Cannon, Mrs. H. W. Kimbel, Richard M.
Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew Kinney, Francis S.
Carter, Henry C. Knapp, J. M.
Cassard, Wm. J. Knight, Samud I.
Champney, J. Wells Laidlaw, Rev. Walter
Coutant, Henry Lawson, William Tilson, M. D.
Coyle, John G. Lewis, C. McK.
Cromwell, Benj. F. Lloyd, Francis G.
Culver, Everitt M., M. D. Lounsbery, Mrs. R. P.
Cullen, Wm. C. Low, Joseph T.
Carlin, Wm. E. Loth, Bernard
Davis, Albert D., Ph. B. Man, Henry H.
Dayton, Robert A. B. Mack, H. S.
DeCoppet, E. H. McKecknie, John W.
Dennis, A. P. McKune, C. S.
Devlin, Robert J., M. D. Mailloux, C. 0.
Dufbeld, Harry T. Mapes, Augustus S.
Durkee, E. W. Martin, Miss M. E.
Davis, Charles H. Montant, Alphonse
Doering, Henry E. Murphy, William D.
Dwight, Theod'lre Murphy, Deas, M. D.
Elgar, Francis (". Manierre, ·Charles E.
Ewen, Miss Harriette Miller, Hyman G.
Faulkner. Fraucis E. Nagle, John T., M. D.
Feeny, M. B., M. D. Nason, Carleton W.
Fleming, Henry S. Newman, Samuel J.
Fling, Mrs. James L. Ogilvie, Clinton
Fordyce, John A., M. D. Oppenheim, William George
Fox, George H., M. D. Palmer, Stephen S.
Fraser, William A. Palmer, Nelson G.
Fothergill, R. Vincent Patterson, E. C.
Faye, E. F. Peck, Floyd
Gardiner, David Pelt, John H.
Goodwillie, D. H., M. D. Phipps, Charles A.
Gould, A. C. Pierc~, Walter L.
Grisdale, H. M. Pope, Charles H.
Graefe, F. Louis Post, George B..
Hale, Frank M. Pratt, C. Winfield
Hapgood, W. F. Reid, Harry B.
Hard, James M. B. Ronalds, George Lorillard
Hardenberg, Henry Roof, Clarence M.
Harper, Franklin Rosett, Leo
Harris, Walter C. Russak, Jacob
Hibbard, Charles C. Ray, Frank S.
Hitchcock ,Francis R. Roosevelt, R. B. Jr.,
Hegeman, Arian G. Shedler, Edward
Hemphill, W. A. Schon Alfred P.
Hooper, H. W. Schweizer, A.
Holst, L. T. R. Schoyer, D. W.
Herff, B. von Simpson, A. L.
Hoge, F. Huber Simpson, Charles
Hesse, Otto Louis Slade, Miss Elizabeth Almy
Ivory, Lindsay C. Smith, Edward A.
Jacobus, John S. Smith, Henry A.
Jones, Charles Landen Stebbins, James H., Jr., Ph. D.
Jacobs, Percy Stetson, Albert
 Active Membus.-Ctmlinued.

Storm, H. F. Tompkins, B. V., M. D.

Stevens, Charles W., M. D. Van Brunt, Cornelius
Stoiber, A. H. VanWoert,John V.
Scott, Arthur Vilmar, Frederick
Silverman, J. Bernard Vredenburgh, James T., D.D.S.
Stark, Ferdinand Walker, Dexter H.
Thad1er, Hon. John Boyd Waller, Elwyn
Thomas, William R. 'Varrin, Ernest
Thorne, Mrs. Jonathan Wells, E. H.
'Pilden, William Wyant, L. C.
Tilson, Edward G. Weinacht, Edward
Trowbridge, Geo., M. D. Wiener, Ernest
Thomas, D. F. Young, Daniel K.
Tunis, Arthur L. Yalden, J. Ernest G.
Tieman, HermanN. Zabriskie, Charles F.
Towner, Norman S.

NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS.
Adams, W. I. Lincoln McCormick, L. M.
Agnew, W. P. Moreno, A.
Arens, Otto Oertel, T. E., M. D.
Balliard, Charles Phillips, Guy
Byington, W. W. Plimpton, Henry R.
Breese, James L. Pomeroy, Sanford B.
Congdon, F. 0. Sanford, E. Starr
Carpenter, William M. Schacht. F. H.
Drew, W. H. Scott. Mrs. A. W.
Dupont, William Schoen, Harry
Edwards, Charles W. Solyom, Charles J.
Eickemeyer, Rudolph, Jr. Stanton, Lieut. J. R., U. S. N.
Ferguson, James F., M.D. Stern, Alfred
Grimm, Fred. C. Steljes, George H.
Hamlin, George Truslow, James L.
Huntington, 0. W. VanWyck, Philip V. R., Jr.
Hughes, Thomas R. Waldo, Leonard, Dr.
Halman, I. L. Ward, Mrs. H. Snowclen
Habel, Jean. Warrin, S. L. •
Johnson, W. E. Wilmerding, A. Clinton
Lawrence, Charles A. Wilmerding William E.
Learning, Ed ward Woodbury Walter E.
Loeber, Charles H. Webber, Samuel S.
Latimer, H. A. Young, D. Berger.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Bellows, Edward D. Lilienthal, Albert W.
Broadhead, Henry Mabie, A. D., M.D.
Cowee, James F. Mansell, Thomas
Frank, Adolph R. Murdock, Geo. W., M. D.
Geer, H. M. Nash, S.C.
Hill, Edward F. Read. G. H., U.S.N.
Howell, Lieut. Chas. P., U.S.N. Sala, Paul
Janeway, John H. Waldron, H. A., M. D.
Jewett, R. Dickinson Wardwell, Dr. I. T.
John~ton, J. Herbert Whitehouse, J. H.
 Interesting Comments on "Camera Notes."

CAMERA NinEs, the organ of the Camera Club, New York, is one of our most welcoml'
visitors. As, aside from the illustrations, which are an education in themselves, the read-
ing matter, by men who know about what they write, is both instructive and reliable. The
second number is, if possible, even better than the first, both in illustrations and reading
matter, especially the latter, the value of which may be to a certain extent understood by
the article on lantern slides, by Mr. Stieglitz, which we have taken the liberty of repro-
ducing. We wish we could show CAMERA NoTES to our readers and use its illustrations as
texts for sermons on art, but as we cannot do that we do the next best thing-heartily
recommend them to subscribe to it. It is only a dollar a year, and the four numbers will
contain at least eight photogravures-this number contains :hree-each of which to a
lover of art is worth more than the subscription.
American Amateur Pltotograplrer. {October, 1897.)

CAMERA NOTES: I congratulate my American confreres of the New York Camera Club
as well on the new and remarkably artistic cover in which their journal has now been
wrapped, as on the excellence and merit of the contents. The one is a reflex of the
other. In an introductory note it is announced that the scope of the official organ of the
dub has been enlarged. Instead of the comet flashing occasionally into view at unex-
pected intervals it is now to be a more orderly planet revolving in its orbit four times a
year. With each issue it is proposed to publish two photogravures representing some
achievement in pictorial photography, not necessarily the work of home talent, but chosen
from the best material the world affords.
Judging from the fine work presented to us in this first number of their new venturt.
and the number of medals our New York friends have spirited away from Calcutta frorr.
time to time, there will be little need to go outside their own society in their choice of
the best material for the pictures which wtll grace their quarterly periodical. I shall look
forward with great pleasure to my quarterly copy and shall prize it for the work of art
it is sure to be. I predict for it a long and prosperous career, and wish it and The Camera
Club every success.
Journal of lite Pltolograpltic Soddy rif India.

"I do not know that I have had the chance as yet of telling you how much we are all
pleased with CAMERA NoTES. It certainly is the most beautiful photographic publication
which has yet been sent out. '
A. I. Lincollz Adams.

The second number of this charming publication, which is the official organ of the
Camera Club, New York, is to hand, and fully maintains, or even'surpasses the excellent
first number. We are especially pleased to welcome this publication, as it is an evidence
of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz's activity.
A reproduction of one of his own negatives, taken in Venice, another of "An Ethio-
pian Chief," by Mr. F. H. Day, also Dr. Hugo Henneberg's, "At the Rushy Pool," are
the three photogravure illustrations, besides which are many half-tones from pictures with
which many English readers will be acquainted.
It is altogether first rate, and we trust the club will long see its way to give the world
!IUch a publication.
Amateur Pltotograplter. (London. Oct. 15, 1897.)
 (

VOL. I. No.3.

•
 •
•

•
Volume I, No. 3
 l

VESPER BELLS
By Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr.

- - - - --- - - - ----~-----
 Vol J. JANUARY, 1898. No.3.

The .....cia1 Organ of the Cantera Club, New York.

Published Quarterly by THE CAMERA CLUB, N.Y., 111•113 West 38th St., New York.

, Communications for "Camera Notes ·• 1hould be addressect to

Sina6 1c C0nf'~-
r•_,
35 cts. the Publication Committee.-Subscr1ptioas to be made payable
to •• Camera Nutes.' '
Per y car, $J • 00•

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N.Y., Post Office. September 27. 18q1.

How a Picture Was Made.

-.----· Ali.~ URES
may be said to be the foundation
•
on which success rests, or the way in which
any one, whether photographer or not, over-
comes his failures depends his success.
Some photographers never admit of having
any failures.'' I came across the foregoing
in an article by Sutcliffe about the sam~
time that I received a request from 011r
Editor for "something for CAMERA NoTEs··
and it occurred to me that an illustrated
record of acknowledged failur~s would be a
decided novelty. It might possibly be the
means, I thought, of leading others of our
R Eickemeyer, Jr. members to confess that they also had pic-
tures which had gone through various stages until at last the final and com-
plete picture was evolved. If so, the result would be a series of articles
of unflagging interest and thoroughly instructive as lessons to all of us.
At the same time we might show those who bemoan the fact that they
cannot go abroad for their subjects that material is at their very doors if
they have but eyes to see and patience to work it into pictures.
I have no sympathy with those who constantly run from one end of
the country to the other in search of new and startling subjects. If it be
true of the painter that no better indications of the poetical element in him
can be found than in the fact that he finds his subjects constantly near his
home, the same should be said of.~tbe photographer.
I am free to admit that I have passed the period of everlasting
longing for the artistic stores of wealth at the feet of the foreigner,
and that I have settled down with the determination to conquer two
 CAMERA NOTES.

square miles of country in the

vicinity of Yonkers before laying
waste the pre-empted territory of
our coworkers abroad. My camera
and I have pastured on a few old
farms every Sunday for five years
rain or shine in all seasons, and
we find so much to occupy us that
we have grown to look upon this
territory as inexhaustible; so we
may never go to Europe together.
Nearly all my contributions to
photographic literature deal with
this deserted section of West-
chester County. It is getting to
be a task to write a new descrip . .
tion of the old bouse in which the
pictures illustrating this article
were taken. For it is the same
old bouse, built a century ago,
with its low slanting roof and
R . J£ickemeyer, Jr.
large chimneys, telling of huge FIG. I.
fire-places and comfort within. A
winding road leads to it, and standing back from the main highway at the
foot of a high hill, crested with tall chestnut trees, it looks decidedly pic-
turesque, quaint and old.
It was a bot day last summer when my wife and I drove over to
the farm on '"bich this bouse stands, to spend the day. The milk
room 'vas the coolest place in the bouse and there we found an old lady
shelling peas. This room is more easily described than illustrated with
a photograph. It is about twenty feet square with a low ceiling. Stand-
ing uprtgbt I could just walk between the rafters. The side walls were
stone. On the north side were two little windows, near which and
running the full length of the room was a double shelf covered with pans
of milk and garden produce. The room was whitewashed throughout,
shelves, ceiling, side walls. The place where the old lady sat was near
the door and away from the two little windows. The light about, there-
fore, was dim and quite lost upon her. I had her stand near the win-
dows in order that I might see the effect of the wall back of her and note
the light on her face. .
After moving the shelves and other appurtenances out of the
way, I photographed her shelling peas. When the print was made I
studied it closely. Regarding it as a picture it seemed coarse and I
realized that I should have to depict her in some other attitude or occu-
pation if I would bring out the true refinement of her character. The
picture however served its use; it showed the possibilities of this little
corner of the milk room. The following Saturday was cloudy and the light
 6s

insufficie~t for photographing, but the time was not lost. I placed a bench
in the corner for my model and put a potted geranium in one of the win-
dows. This brightened up the corner and it began to look less prison like,
reminding me of the cosy interiors so common in the Tyrol and in South
Germany. I recalled the simple but impressive devotion of the people
there at the tolling of the bell for prayers, and before the morning had
passed I had planned the following Saturday's work. My crucifix from
Ober Ammergau should be placed on the vacant wall space to the right and
the old lady seated in the corner would bow in prayer at the sound of the
Vesper Bell.
The result of this plan is shown in the second picture. The close
quarters made the work trying as the day was hot. Although the sun
was shining bright, the plate required fifteen seconds exposure so weak
was the light from the windows. Anticipating this I had brought with me
a head rest which proved to be a relief for my model, as the task of posing
was not easy on account of her eighty odd years. I bad given so much
time and trouble to the making of this picture that it took some time for
me to realize that it was not yet complete, and that all would have to be
done over again.
All this reminded me of the story of the schoolmaster who had explained
to a pupil again and again a problem in mathematics. A disgusted wit-
ness of the untiring energy and patience of the teacher asked him why he
told the boy the same thing a hundred times. '' J.~or the simple reason,''
the schoolmaster replied, "that if I told him only ninety-nine times all
my labor would be lost.''
The moment I began to distrust the success of my effort that mo-
ment the faults began to be apparent. First of all, I thoug ht. \vby
should the old lady be seated
in the corner with nothing to
do? She should be reading, or,
upon second thought, she would
better be knitting, as this would
enable me to cover up the bare
space on the bench with a ball of
yarn ; besides the monotonous
dress front would be relieved by
the stocking in her lap, and the
composition would thus be made
more complete. The picture
would then show that the old
lady on hearing the bell bad
dropped her work, folded her
hands, and bowed her head in
solemn prayer. The crucifix,
too, I saw, should be less promin-
ent and the background much
darker, giving the figure "en-
R. Eickemeyer, Jr.
velope,'' then the composition as FIG. 2.

•
 CAMERA NOTES.

a whole would have a beautiful balance of light and shade. All very
true, but this meant another Saturday, the fourth one since the first picture
was taken.
On the fourth Saturday everything went as I had planned it. The light
was perfect. A sheet was used to illuminate the deep shadows on the
model's face. This wculd, of course, render the whole corner lighter, but
such a defect would be corrected by developing the exposed plates locally,
allowing but a trace of the developer to touch the back ground or the
window. In this way the whitewashed walls were given the proper de-
gree of depth and density and the old lady's face was lighted up and
brought out in strong relief. It will be seen then that after all the care-
fully laid plans to make a harmonious picture my labor would have gone
for naught had the plates been treated in the ordinary commercial way.
The question may be asked whether the resulting picture is a success
and commensurate with the labor of producing it? This is nt:ither here
nor there. I have taken the reader into my confidence for another pur-
pose: To teach him among other things a lesson in patience. Telling him
to study his subjects carefully that he may get the most out of them, not
to stop when he bas made a mere photograph. And to remind him, more-
over, that his camera should tc a means of translating his artistic senti-
ment without which his work will be merely a record of cold and lifeless
facts.
I have read somewhere that photographs are fatally easy to make.
Indeed yes, photographs are, but not pictures. R. ElcKEMEVER, JR.

----++----

Notice.
Having received a number of complaints from members as to the non-
receipt of CAMERA NoTEs, we beg to say, that inasmuch as each copy sent
out was checked off and posted personally by a member of the committee,
members' copies will hereafter be held at the club rooms subject to call,
unless request in writing be made to the committee to forward by mail,
in which case the maga_zine is sent at member's risk. Duplicate copies
must be paid for. The magazine is mailed to subscribers at their risk.
We would recommend registering to insure delivery and will undertake to
register upon receipt of registry fee of 32 cents.

_T_,
~·
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Music of Colors, the Colors of .Music and the .Music

of the Planets.
Although Aristotle, more than 400 B. C., explained the rainbow as the
reflection of the sun in the rain-drop, it was not until Newton, by his in-
genious experiments with glass prisms, had analyzed white light into its
primary components and then, by an equally ingenious experiment, syn-
thetized these components back to the original white light, that it became
known that solar light was not simple but compound. These component
parts, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet, for we still cling
to this ancient and somewhat misleading division, being seven in number,
have always invited comparison with the seven notes of the diatonic scale
in music; and it was to be expected, if it could be demonstrated that
sound as well as light was made up of component parts, that these parts
would prove to be the regular consecutive intervals of a single octave.
~ut when Helmholz had analyzed musical sound into its elements, by ex-
periments more ingenious and elaborate than Newton employed in his in-
vestigation of light, it was found that these tones extended over several
octaves in a kind of dispersed harmony, though they included the char-
acteristic intervals from which all other harmonies may be produced.
They were ascertained to consist of a ground tone, being the fundamental
note, attended by a series of upper partial tones, called harmonics; the whole
forming what is known to musicians as the chord of the major ninth. This
chord, in its simplest form, is made up of a base note. accompanied by its
major third, perfect fifth, minor seventh and major ninth; bearing the
mathematical relation to each other expressed by the sequence 4, s, 6, 7, 9·
To one familiar with the series of numbers representing the relative
distances of the planets of the solar system from the central body, as sug-
gested by Bode's law, regarding the earth's distance as 10, these figures
present a peculiar significance. As two musical notes an octave apart stand
in numerical ratio to each other as 1 to 2, it follows that multiples of either
4, s, 6, 7 or 9, by powers of 2, only represent higher octaves of the inter-
vals and do not alter the constitution ot the chord. What is Bode's law?
It is the series 4, augmented by 3, and successive multiples of 3 by 2, com-
mencing at the second number of the series, as follows:
Mercury Venus Earth Mars Asteroids Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
0 3 6 12 24 48 96 192 384
4 7 IO 16 28 52 100 196 388
The actual astronomical mean distances, on the same scale are:
3·9 7·2 IO IS. 2 27·5 52 95·4 192 300

This law fairly represents the relative distances of the planets from the
sun, except in the case ot Neptune, which was discovered long after the
sequence was worked out by Bode. The break in the series between Mars
68

and Jupiter, however, was the cause of the discovery of the asteroids, of
which over 1oo are now known. The law failed to place Neptune, which
is considerably nearer the sun than Bode's law would indicate, and its real
distance, thirty times that of the earth, has a remarkable interest in view
of the parallelism which seems to exist between the numerical values of the
vibrations of light and sound, and the planetary distances. The figure
27. 5, for the asteroids, I have obtained by averaging the distances, in
millions of miles, of the nearest minor planet (Flora, 194,ooo,ooo) and the
farthest (Sylvia, 3o8,ooo,ooo) and comparing the result with the earth's
distance 194 + 308 91.4 10
-----=251 and--""""--.
2 251 27-5
Taking .Hode's figures as the numerical symbols of musical tones, the
lowest of the series would represent the note C, the number of vibrations
of this note per second being multiples of 4· (The lowest C on the vio-
loncello has 64 vibrations per second, or 16 times 4; and the lowest note of
a 4-foot pipe, such as the principal stop on church organs, from which all
the others are tuned, has 128 vibrations per second, or 32 times 4.)
Mercury would therefore stand for C; Venus, the next highest B~;
E:trth, the E above that; Mars, C again, two octaves above the first;
Asteroids, another B,, two octaves above the first; Jupiter, a G# abO\·e
that; Saturn, the next G~, and Uranus, the G above that.
Now, all these notes, except G#, belong to the chord of the major ninth,
though they do not complete it, and compose the chord of the dominant
seventh. And if Bode's law be followed, the figures 388, which would be
allotted to the outside planet of our solar system, will represent another G,
still higher up. But Neptune's actual relative distance is 300, which would
correspond to the note D, actual vibration 288, the only remaining interval
necessary to complete the chord of the major ninth, the harmonic analysis
of all musical sounds. To express the true ratios of the tones of the chord,
the figures ought to be,
4, 7, 1o, 16, 28, 48, 96, 192, 288
or C, B~, E, C, B,, G, G, G, D,

and these being reduced to prime numbers, we arrive at the series, 4, 5, 6,

7, 9· or C, E, G, B1,, D, the intervals of the chord of the ninth we origi-
nally considered.
How nearly correct, therefore, was Pythagoras, when, some 5oo B. C.,
he ascribed to numbers the most prominent place in his system of philos-
ophy; and how wonderful and prophetic was his theory of the universe,
which he conceived as a cosmos, or one harmonious whole, consisting of
ten heavenly bodies revolving round a central fire, the hearth or altar of
the universe; and his doctrine of tht: harmony of the spheres, the music
produced, it was supposed, by the movement of these heavenly bodies,
which were arranged at intervals according to the laws of harmony, form-
ing thus a sublime musical scale! Shakespeare surely must have known
Pythagoras when he made Lorenzo say, in that most extraordinary and
poetic honeymoon conversation,
 CAMERA NOTE~i.
- - - - - -- - - -- - - - - - - - · - - - -
"There's not the smallest orb which thou bcboldst
But in his motion like an angel sings,
Still quiring to the young ..eyed cherubim:
Such harmony is in immortal souls;
But, whilst this muddy vesture of decay
Doth gr·ossly close it in, we cannot hear it."
In what key is this music written? The key of a chord is not always
determined by its lowest note, but may be indicated by some more charac-
teristic interval. And the root of this chord of the major ninth, built on
the chord of the dominant seventh, is indicated, by the interval of the
~pinor seventh, B~, to be the note F. And the Earth, representing an E in
this scale, occupies the important position of leading note, or major
seventh, to this great tone F, the grand scale of the universe. We are
therefore, picturesquely speaking, waltzing round the sun to music written
in the key of F major.
Further, as to the relation of the component elements of white light and
of mu.sical sounds, it may be shown that, if C be considered as analogous
to the red· portion of the spectrum, that B ~ , the widest interval of the chord
of the ninth within the octave, may be regarded as r~presenting the violet
end. Tyndall bas calculated that the velocity of light is such that the num-
ber of waves v.rbich enter the eye•
in one second to cause the sensation of
red is 451 millions of millions. And that the number of waves corresponding
to the impr~ssion of violet is 789 millions of millions. Now 451 is to 789, as
4 is to 7: and as Cis in the ratio to B, as 4 is to 7, we have, in the compared
cases, precisely the same ratio.
We may, therefore, con~lude
that the characteristic elements
of the harmonies of music and
of light are included within the
compass of the octave. The
relation of light and sound bas
been even more particularly cal-
culated than this, so as to render
for every musical tone a corre-
sponding color of the solar spec-
trum ; and in Europe, color or-
gans, as they have been called,
have been devised to exemplify
this scheme, and translations
into colors of some of the sym- •

phonic compositions of Bach,

Beethoven and other composers
have been arranged and, by
means of a mechanical and au-
tomatic device, thrown into vis-
ible form on a magic lantt:rn
screen for the edification of the
curious. W. M. MuRRAY. C. Puyo, Paris.
70 CA .J.fERA NO T.l!:!J:

The Chassagne-Dansac Natural Color Photography.

Having had many inquiries as to what had become of the Chassagne-
Dansac color process, we beg to state that according to the latest reports
from Europe, Mr. Woodbury's views as expressed in his article, "Is the
Latest Process of Color Photography Genuine?" (CAMERA NoTES ~o. 1.),
have been fully justified.
Eder, Pizzighelli and Huebl, who have done so much for photo-chem-
istry, have been investigating the process, and have published the outcome
of their investigations.
According to them, the process is nothing more than a somewhat novel
and simplified method of coloring prints by hand, using a solution of albu-
men to prepare the surface of the print to be treated and three aniline solu-
tions for coloring. Selective absorption, which the inventors claimed to be
a part of the process, has nothing whatever to do with it.
It is remarkable how gullible some scientists have been, not to mention
the general public and press. According to Huebl, albumen, gelatine and
other bodies of a similar nature, possess the property of combining chem-
ically with certain aniline colors. They absorb the coloring matter from a
solution discoloring the latter. By this means it is therefore possible to
color gelatine or albumen deep red with a slightly colored solution of cosine.
In Chassagne's coloring process very diluted solutions are used, the color
in the print depending upon the length of time the solution is allowed to
act upon it, or upon the number of times portions of the print are treated
with it. In short, the method is a slow one and has few, if any, advantages
over the generally used methods of coloring prints, anti the results are
quite as unsatisfa"tory. A. S.
----+-+----
Notes from the Secretary's Desk..
The following have been elected members of the club smce our last issue: 1. Bernard
Silverman, II3 West Thirty-eighth street; L. M. McCormick, Glen Island, N. Y.; B. von
Herff, 2I6 West Seventy-eighth street; F. 0. Congdon, Flatbush, N. Y.; William C. Cullen,
6I William street; Hyman G. Miller, I30 West Forty-third street; Theodore Dwi~ht, I03
West Fifty-fifth street; John Howard Adams, 40 East Twenty-fifth street; Wilham M.
Carpenter, Sing Sing, N.Y. ; Edward Weinacht, 202 East Sixty-ninth street; F. Huber Hoge,
SI9 Putnam avenue, Brooklyn; I. L. Halman, Elsworth, Me.; Ernest Wiener,.n West Fifty-
eighth street; NormanS. Towner, 729 Sixth avenue; E. C. Patterson, I33 West Eighty-
third street; R. B. Roosevelt, Jr., 3I Wall street; Albert JJ. Davis, 332 Palisade avenue,
Yonkers, N. Y.; HenryS. Fleming, 26 Cortlandt street; Samuel S. Webber, Trenton, N.
J.; Jean Habel, Berlin, Germany; Bernard Loth, One Hundred and Fiftieth street and
Amsterdam avenue; Otto L. Hesse. 37 Maiden J.ane; Lester A. Lawrence, Boston, Mass.;
James L. Truslow. Jr., Summit, N. J.; B. V. Tompkins, 1\[. D., 26 West Sixty-first
street; J. H Bolton, 222 West Forty-fifth street; Henry H. Man, 56 Wall street; H. F.
Storm, I Gramercy Park; William E. Carlin, 30 West Seventeenth street; George H.
Seljes, 730 Hudson street, Hoboken, N. J·; James L. Breese, 5 West Sixteenth sheet;
Otto Arens, Plainfield, N.J.; Dr. Leonar Waldo, Bridgeport, Conn.; Richard M. Kemm-
bel, 334 West Thirty-third street; Miss Harriette Ewen, ISS Madison avenue; Mrs. A.
W. Scott, Stamford, Conn. ; F. Lewis Graefe, 59 Greenwich avenue; P. D. Johnson,
New Brighton, S. I.
The club begs to acknowledge the following gifts to its library:
The American Annual and PlwtograjJitic Times Alma~~trc, I898, presented by Walter
E. Woodbury.
Pkturesvue Bits of New York and Otlur Studies, by Alfr.,d Stieglitz, presented by
the author.
Vanity Fair, by Wenzell, presented by Alfred Rtieglitz.
 CAMERA NOTES. 71
... - - - - - - -- - - -- - -- - -- -- - - - -- - -

Some Photographic .Maxims.

Spare the knife aod spoil the print is a maxim that many photographers
might profit by.
.._r - - r - - - - ....
~.....~ twJ ... ~~--

Fine weather doesn't always make fine photographs. Some of the most
perfect pictures have been made on rainy, misty, windy, or cloudy days,
but you must first learn bow. -r=z-n ? " ' n - -
A
·
~:U:V~UUUU4!.._

Patience is a virtue which all photographers should possess. The man

who waits his opportunity to secure one picture accomplishes more than
the man who fills up an album with poor photographs.

Stuffed dummies may be all right outside a tailor's shop in Baxter street,
but they don't look well in a picture. If you must include figures see that
they are natural and don't look
as if they are waiting with the
agony of suspense for you to re-
move the cap from the lens.

Where ignorance brings sense it

is folly to be otherwise. When you
first begin to make photographs
don't pretend that you know
all about it. You may gain
knowledge by confessing igno-
rance.
Life is short, but it is not neces-
sary to include the whole earth
in each picture. The most suc-
cessful photographs have been
of simple subjects, carefully and
E. J. Farn awort h. artistically treated.

A gun is a useful weapon in the hands of a marksman, but a dangerous

one in the hands of a fool. Some most beautiful effects have been obtained
by throwing the picture slightly out of focus, but every photograph thrown
out of focus doesn't produce a beautiful effect.

Every father thinks his own child the best, but you mustn't expect every
one to go into raptures over the pictures of your children, however inter-
esting they may be to you .
•

Don't ask a man his opinion of your pictures unless you value it. Many
a photographer ha~ stuck fast in the mud for want of a friend to tell him
his bind wheels were off. Court honest criticism, and value it even if it
doesn't agree with your own ideas of your work.

Be original in your work even if you are called a crank. The personality
of the photographer is shown by the different results he obtains with the
72 CAMER~l ,\"OTES.

same tools. No part should be mechanical or automatic. The photog-

rapher may be likened to the pianist. Two players may perform on the
same instrument, striking the same keys as given in the music before them,
but the sound produced by one may be full of poetic feeling, filling us with
the highest and noblest thoughts, while that produced by the other is cold
and mechanical, leaving us unmoved.

Detail is necessary in a photo-micrograph, but the landscape which leaves

nothing to the imaginative feelings is only fit for a sanitarium prospectus.

The beginner makes an exposure when the wise photographer hesitates

to spoil a plate. This is, perhaps, as it should be, otherwise the plate-mak-
ers would starve.
Only the had photographer quarrels with his apparatus. If we were to be-
lieve him, the manufacturers have much to answer for.

Brains are just as necessary to the developer as the ingredients recom-

mended in the formula, and all should be of the right strength.

A mirror is necessary to shave with, but a polished surface photograph

refle• ts false lights and little credit upon the artistic taste of the photog-
rapher.
Cleanliness is next to Godliness. Nothing looks worse than dirty thumb-
marks, stains and other evidences of careless manipulation.

The leaning tower of Pisa is one of the sights of the world, but houses
leaning over each other in a picture are only prcof of the photographer's
want of knowledge of the use of the swing-back.

A parallel is a line equidistant at all points from another line. This fact
should be borne in mind by some photographers when trimming their
prints. Nature never made the sea to run up a hill, and there is no necessity
for them to try and improve on her works.

A woman is as old as she looks, but not in the portraits made by some
photographers. The art of retouching was never intended to convert a
fifty-year-old matron into a sixteen-year-old Juliet. To soften down the
hardest lines and to remedy the photographic defects are legitimate, but the
work must end there.

To wash a tramp is to endanger his life, hut a silver print should be well
washed if you desire it to live.
_ .....--------.....-
___... _,~._,-

Avoid ecentricity in framing, although the ash-barrel makes a suitable

frame for a poor photograph.

You can't make a good picture out of a poor photograph even if you do
put it in a $so frame.
 73

A photographic print, like a man, is better off when well fixed. There are,
however, exceptions in both cases.
,-...-:!"7--n---n--
~aws twL u u 414F·t:w:t w

You mustn't think the editor of a photographic magazine a fool because be

doesn't think your pictures are better than any he bas ever reproduced.

The "mcda&d" pictures in a photographic exhibition arc not always the

bat. First find out who were the judges.

The accumulation of a stack of medals should not he the highest aim

of the photographer. The price of silver is at present• very low•
W. E. WooDBURY.

A Month in the Camera Club.

BY WILLIAM D. MURPHY.

Of the thousands of amateur photographers in Greater New York only a few hun-
dreds are associated with any regular photographic club, or society, and the query is often
beard, "What good comes of such membership ? " In reply let us turn to the mythical
but not exaggerated case of an aspiring
camerist.
Mr. Snapshot has spent some n1ontbs
wrestUng with his new fad of photog-
raphy, unaided by systematic advice,
depending mainly upon hints dropped
by the friendly dealer who furnished his
outfit, and who uttered much wisdom
while weighing out a pound of hypo or
cutting up a sheet of blue paper. Per-
plexing problems daily present tl1em-
selves to Mr. Snapshot as be labors
alcng, not only in the "dark room," but
literally in the dark as to ho\v to over-
come the satanic disposition at times
manifested by plates and processes, and
as be finally emerges half suffccated
from the stuffy little closet, which be
has wrested from his wife's control and
converted into a dark room, be asks him-
self, "Would membership in a photo-
graphic club really pay?"
At this point \Ve will take him under
our wing and invite him to enjoy a I

month at the Camera Club, hoping that

what be sees there will aid him to answer
his own question.
On Wednesday evening we intro-
duce him to the club, and the regular
weekly test of lanter-n slides opens his
eyes to new vistas of artistic endeavor.
He is as much surprised and pleased
with the audience as with the pictures,
for he finds here assembled half a hun- •

dred gentlemen, including some of the E. J. Farnsworth

74 CAMERA N OTES.

most expert amateurs in the country, men with names already familiar to Mr. Snapshot
but who seemed stars afar off when be used to read of them in the pages of the photo-
graphic journal from which he is in the habit of culling monthly chunks of wisdom.
But now that he suddenly meets these men upon the ground of a mutual interest he
finds them most approachable and anxious to lend the helping hand of experience to the
beginnen; in the field of photography.
As Mr. Snapshot sits and listens to the free but kindly commenb; by the club critics,
as each slide is thrown upon the screen, he unconsciously obtains a true conception of the
prime essentials of composition and technique, and begins to realize what a liberal educa-
tion s uch weekly test nights afford to the members of the club. The chances are that
when Mr. Snapshot goes home tbat night he feels that his question is fully answered in
the affirmative in his own mind, and be has had his name duly posted as an applicant for
admission to the Camera Club.
But the next afternoon, in response to an invitation from Mr. Medalist, be drops into
the club, with a few exposed plates to develop, and learns in half an hour more dark room
lore than he bas been able to acquire in months of solitary plodding. He sees the busy
members at work printing, mounting,
burnishing and making slides, and
without asking a single q..1estion he is
able to gather many a useful hint from
such object lessons.
Then perhaps in a night, or two, he
attends one of the season's lectures upon
Practical Pbotogtaphy, a·n d finds his
store of knowledge substantially in-
creased by a well written paper on
''Development'' or ''Modern Printing
Methods.''
As the days go by frequent visits
to the club rooms increase his acquaint-
ance \Vitb the mcm hers, and he finds the
time rare indeed when be does not meet
some good fellow anxious to give him
valuable points.
The socia 1 side of it all soon takes
bold upon him, and when the evening of
the club "smoker'' arrives he feels him-
self "one of the boys," and begins to
look forward to the annual dinner of the
club soon to be celebrated.
P erhaps he even commences to pre-
pare a few offhand remarks to be deliv-
ered upon that occasion, the president
having quietly advised bin: that new
talent is always appreciated nt such
times.
He also looks forward with expects-
John Gear, London. tion to the time when he may read in the
clear letter press of t:AMERA N o T ES some pleasing allusion to Mr. Snapshot's clever work
and long before the month of probation is up he bas resigned to Mrs. Snapshot the
stuffy closet at hom e, and bas moved his photographic idols to the commodious quarters
of the Camera Club, ,vhile a t night his slumbers are soothed by bright dreams of cham-
pion hip t rophi · nnd prize cups galore.

•
 CAMERA NOTES. iS

Exhibitions and Competitions.

The two great English photographic exhibitions, the Salon and that of the Royal
Photographic Society, now belong to history. They were both great successes, and al-
though it is said that though neither exhibition contained anything of startling merit, the
average quality of the work hung was unusually good. In both exhibitions the judges on
acceptance were even more severe than heretofore, and we know of many who were
much disappointed in having all or part of their work rejected.
Of the nine medals awarded at the Royal this year, none of the much coveted honors
left the "mother country."
Americans were well represented in both exhibitions, and their work was favorabl
criticised in many of the reviews.
In the Salon, Miss Zaida Hen Yusuf, New York, had four pictures hung; Charles I.
Berg, New York, two; F. Holland Day, Boston, six; R. Eickemeyer, Jr., New York.
three; S. Hollinger, New York, five; H. Homeier, New York, one; Miss F. B. Johnston,
Washington, four; A. Stieglitz, New York, five.
At the Royal, America was represented by: J. 1\1. Appleton, Ohio, three; Charles I.
Berg, New York, five; R. Eickemeyer, Jr., New York, one; Charles E. Fairman, Wash-
ington, two; Miss F. B. Johnston, Washington, four; W. B. Post, New York, one; A.
Stieglitz, New York, five; H. Troth, Philadelphia, one; Miss M. Weil, Philadelphia, one;
In the lantern slide class, Messrs. W. A. Fraser, New York; A. Stieglitz, New York, and
W. Archibald, Newark, were the representatives of the States. No awards were given for
slides this year, but the sets of our members, Messrs. Fraser and Stieglitz, were spoken
of by the press as containing some very fine specimens of slide work. At the Salon
231 pictures were hung, while the Royal accepted considerably over 400.

AN INTERNATION,\L PHOTOGRAPIIIC EXHIBITION is to be held at the Crystal Palace

(London) next spring. A preliminary but very comprehensive prospectus of the arrange-
ments has been issued. The exhibition is to include every branch of photography, and
will include besides the historical and educational wllections, sections for {I) the History
of Photography, l2) Pictorial Photography, {3) Portraiture, l4) Apparatus and Material,
{5) Photo-Mechanical Processes, (6) Scientific Applications of Photography, (7) Color
Photography, (8) Photography as a Science. All those interested in photography are in-
vited to contribute in order to ensure the complete success of the exhibition. Full particu-
lars and prospectuses may be had by addressing the Publication Committee of CAM•:RA
NOTES.
---+-+---~~

Honors Recently Awarc:kd to Americans Abroad.

At the Glasgow International Exhibition, Mr. W. A. Fraser took the first prize, a
silver medal, in the lantern slide class; and Mr. A1chibald, of Newark, the bronze.
These were the only awards given in this class.
In the annual Anonymous Competition of the Vienna Camera Club, Mr. W. B. Post
defeated all comers by winning the first prize, a silver medal.
At the Roanne International Exhibition (France), Mr. W. B. Post received a gold
medal, second prize, for genre work; a bronze medal for portraiture, and an honorable
mention in the landscape class.
Mr. W. A. Fraser recerved the bronze medal for lantern slides. In the annual lantem
slide competition of the Amateur PltotograjJiter (London) l\Ir_ Fraser was awarded a
gold medal for his well-known night scenes in New York.
In the Eastman competition John W. McKecknie received an award for enlarge-
ments.
Mr. Archibald received the silver medal for his lightning series in the Lantern Cham-
pion Class at Hackney, and Mr. Fraser a certificate in the Open Class at the same ex-
hibition.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Club Proceedings.
Regular Meetings, Sept. J4th and Nov. 9th.

At the regular monthly meeting of the two; so that the photographer rould rom-
club, held September q, nothing but routine mand with this new Combination Anastig-
<~nd executive busines,; was transacted. It mat six diffe1ent foci, six different angles
was resolved, however, to qualify tor mem- of view, and, of rourse, six different sizes of
bership in the Arr.erican Lantern Slide In- image. In makJDg the vartous combina-
terchange for the coming season, and for tions the element having the longest focus
that purpose a rommittee of five was i,; invariably used as the front lens. The
chosen, by ballot, to re.:eh·e and arrange anterior element is l'Cmposed of four lenses
a set of slides to represent the work of the cemented together, viz., a negative menis-
club. The following committee was elected: cus, refractive index, r. 58; a positive menis-
William M. Murray, Alfred Stieglitz, Wil- cus, r. i. I. 51; a double convex, r. i. ; 1.6o,
liam A. Fraser, Walter E. Woodbury and and a double concave, r. i. 1.51. The pos-
John H. McKecknie. At the monthly terior element of shorter focus is com-
meeting, held October 12, it was resolved, posed of a double concave with a refractive
in view of the success attendJDg the tempo- index of I. 51; a double convex, r. i. 1.60; a
rary suspension of the payment of the ini- positive meniscus, r. i., r. 51; and a negative
tiation fee, resulting in the accession of meniscus, r. i.. 1.58. The rombined ele-
thirty-four new members, to further sus- ments work at F7 for the smaller examples,
pend the by-law requiring it to January and F7. 7 for the larger. The rorrection
I, 1898. This resolution was unanimously made by this form of lens is such that, even
carried. After the adjournment of the ex- when the elements are used separately as
ecutive session the members attended a d_e- single lenses, there is very little loss cf rec-
monstration of the new American Self-ton- tilinearity. In the specimen submitted
ing Paper, which was held in the working to the meeting for examinatton there were
department by Mr. Frank M.Potter. Dur- three single elements of 9, r 4 and II~ inches
ing the evening the exhibttion of Mr. Clar- foci respectively, the latter being the sup-
ence B. Moore's prints in the trustees' plementary lens. In combination the re-
room attracted much attention. A t·eview sulting foci are 7, 6)4 and SJ( inches. Such
of this collection may be found elsewhere is the covering power of the shorter foci
in this issue. that the combinations may be used as wide-
angle lenses.
At the monthly meeting. held Novemoer The announcement was made at this
9, a paper on a new form of Combination meeting of a series of six lectures on Ele-
Anastigmat Lens was read by Mr. Harry mentary and Practical Photography, to be
C.Fincke, of the Bausch and Lomb Optical delivered during the winter to members
Company. In some of the forms uf anastig- and their friends. The subjects include:
mats, the spherical aberration was rorrected Photographic Apparatus, by Mr. W. D.
by rontrasting pairs ot lenses, the errors of Murphy; Development, by Mr. William M.
one element being balanced by the oppos- Murray; Printing Methods, by Mr. Alfred
ing errors of the other. It was, therefore, Stieglitz; Lantern Slides, by Mr. W. A. Fra-
impol<sible to use thefrontorbackcombina- ser. The other topics: Choice of Subjects
tion separately as a single landscape lens. and Exposure, and Studio Work. will be
To remedy this fault the present example discussed by rompetent authorities.
was devised, and, to increase its all round The exhibition of Miss E.J. Farnsworth's
usefulness, a supplementary element was prints was opened at this meeting, and con-
added, rombining readily with the other tinued for the ten days following.

··~··
 CAMERA NOTES. 77

I ,antern News.
The committee elected at the meet-
' ing of September 14th to arrange a set
, of slides by mem hers of the club to rep-
resent us during the season of 1897-8, in
the American Lantern Slide Inter-
change, issued a circular to members on
September 23d. calling for contribu-
tions of slides for that purpose. The
responses were not as prompt as they
ought to have been, and it was found
necessary to k~ep the lists open from
• October I sth, the time originally de-
signated as the last day, till November
xotb. A set of a full hundred slides
• was, however, finally selected and
submitted to the managers of the In-
terchange in time for their examination
on the xSth and 19th of November. The
principal contributors were Messrs.
Murphy, Stieglitz, Fraser, Post,
Charles Simpson, Beeby, Joy, Schoen,
Champney and Hale. The subjects
include quite a large variety, and night
photography and slides toned by
novel methods were especially in evi- E. J. Parnswarth.
• dence. Mr. F. C. Beach, the genera .
manager of the Interchange, before our club bad regularly qualified for member-
ship, kindly placed at out· disposal several interesting sets of last year's circuit, which we
have exhibited at our Wednesday tests from time to time. We have thus seen the work
of the Colorado Camera Club, the Society of the North of France, the Orange Camera
Club, the Chicago and St. Louis Clubs and Lhe Montreal Camera Club. The Wednesday
test-nights are steadily tncreasing in favor and the attendance keeps pace with the larger
membership of the club. Since the middle of September over one thousand slides have
been tested for members and four hundred Interchange slides bav~ been exhibited. Sev
eral of our new men have taken a remarkable interest in slide making, notably Mr. Ar-
thur Scott, whose genius for landscape composition has been shown in a series of pictures
full of dreamy poetry· and charming originality of style. A little more experience in the
technique of slide work is all that is necessary to put bim in the front rank of the club's
ptctorial slide makers. As it is, his earnest, though sometimes unsucce~sful, endea\·ors
to produce a picture have subjected his efforts to the most searching review by our slide
critics on test-nights, an attention seldom accorded to mediocre work, which is general1y
dismissed by them with the faint praise that sometimes effectually condemns while it
seemingly commends. Mr. Hoge. another new member, has likewise exhibited some
promising attempts, evincing a preference for quiet pastoral scenes in which happily ar-
ranged groups of sheep add to the effectiveness of the camposition. Both of these men.
moreover, have submitted prints of their work for examination and review by the Print
Committee. on Wednesday nights, an example \Ve would like to see followed .
.s&
One hundred picked lantern slid~s, made by members of the Camera Club, were ex-
hibited at the November meeting of the Rembrandt Club, of Brooklyn, to illustrate an
address. by our President, William D. Murphy, on the subjec~ of Pictorial Photog:ap~y.
The sltdes were selected by Mr. Murphy from the collecttons of Messrs. Sheghtz,
Fraser, Post, Montant, Simpson, Cassard Bridgham and Berg. with the specific intention
of demonstrating the kinship of Photography and Art. It is gratifying to note that the
cultured critics of the Rembrandt Club fully appreciated the artistic endeavor shown in
the pictures.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Awards in the Lantern Slide Cup Competition.

Messrs. Murray, Champney and Stieglitz, the judges of the "Champion Lantern
Slide Cup" competition, announce Wilham A. Fraser as the winner of the cup for 1897.
His average marking for 24 slides submitted, was 87 r~8· By the terms of th::: gift the
name of the winner is engraved upcn the cup, which is to remain in his custody till the
15th day ot October of the following year, when it shall be returned to the trustees of the
Camera Club. If won three times by the same member, the cup becomes his individual
property and competition ceases. William D. Murphy ranks second in the champion
competition, with an average of 71 {'0 10 • and Alphonse Montant a close third, with 71 1~110 •
Some disappointment is felt by :\lr. Stieglitz. the donor of the cup, l:;ecause there were so
few entries in this class, but it is probably owing to the fact that our best slide-makers
found a large part of their work ineligible because their slides had taken pr1zes in other
contests. This competition, however. was inaugurated expressly to stimulate our experts
to do new work. "f(Jrgetting those things which are behind." It is hoped that next year
a livelier contest will be made by the "Champions."
More intere.>t was shown in the competition for the "Beginners' Cup," the winner of
which becomes its owner by a single contest. The entries were not numerous in this
class, even, until the last trial, November 24, when there were nine competitors in the
field. The judging was done by the members of the club themselves, and the popular
style of voting certainly proved a success, in rousing a general interest as well as in giv-
ing the members some traming in the consideration of the technical and artistic qualities
of lantern slides. There was a little evidence toward the last that friends were rallying
round the flag and "boosting" their favorite as much as possible in the vote; but, on the
whole, the judgmg was very fair and showed excellent discrimination. According to the
record of the voting, kept as required by the secretary of the judges of the champion cup,
the winner is Charles I. Berg, who received an average of 78% per cent. for the sixteen
slides required by the rules. Next to him is Arthur Scott, with 74%· Mr. Berg's arti!'tic
points enabled him to win the cup. His technique was inferior to Mr. Scott's, who, like
himself, has only commenced slide-making, but the charm of his figure studies and the
beauty of his subjects went far to redeem his photographic shortcomings. Mr. Scott.
whose specialty is landscape, though he has no little talent for genre subjects, will prove
a formidable competitor next year, even in the cbampicn class, at his present rate of im-
provement. The averages of the other contestants are as fellows: W. C. Harris, 73~;
J. H. McKecknie, 7q:~; W. D. Murphy, 71? 0 \ ; D. K. Young, 64 190 ; John Beeby. 63~;
A. Montant, 56 1'u; Dr. J. Arthur Booth, SI."u·
WILLIAM M. MURRAY.
Seer, lary of lite Judi(<'S of lite Cup Competitions.
++
The Eastman Competition and Exhibition, London.
The possibilities of kodak photography have come as a revelation to all those who
visited the Eastman Exhibition held in London during the early part of November. The
pictures are to be transported in body to New York, and exhibited in the National
Academy of Design in January, where they will undoubtedly create quite as great a sen-
sation as they did in London.
The Lflan Collection, in which the elite of English picture photographers is repre-
sented, will be especially attractive. Pictures by such artists as Craig Annan, George
Davison, Horsley Hinton, H. P. Robinson, F. M. Sutcliffe, E. Calland. etc., are included
in this unique collection.

All those interested in the art of the old and new masters should not fail to see the
magnificent carbon reproductions permanently on exhibition at the galleries of Maison
Ad. Braun & Co., 257 Fifth Avenue, New York City. Visitors are always welcome, and
have free access to the firm's picture library.
 ROUEN
From a "Gum" Print

By M. Demachy
 CA 111ERA NV l'ES. 81

Exhibition of Clarence B. Moore's Work.

A series of exhibitions of the work of prominent American photographers, under the
auspices of the Committee on Prints, was happily inaugurated at the regular club meet-
ing on October 12, by a selection of chatacteristic studies-marine, landscape and figure,
by Mr. Clarence B. Moore, of Philadelphia. Mr. Berg, the chairman of the committee, to
whose influence and energy the success of the undertaking is mainly to be ascribed, had
prepared the library for the display of the prints, by a tasteful arrangement of the north
wall in neutral tinted draperies. A firRt glance at the exhibit would seem to indicate that
the pictures are not of very recent date, because the framing is so behind the times and
fashion. The indiscriminate employment of staring white or light cream-colored borders,
would prove a serious handicap to any but the very sbongest work, and the fact that Mr.
Moore's exhibit creates a favorable impression at the start, which grows upon one in a
steady crescendo notwithstanding this unfavorable presentation. is a proof ot the remark-
ably high character ot the ten examples he has kindly selected from his collection. One
of our members, familiar with the history of these prints, tells us that they really repre-
sent the work of ten years of the photographic life of the author. We are of the opinion
that the ideal study entitled 'La Haine," is head and shoulders abov~ all the other pic-
tures, although at once the most difficult, not to say dangerous, subject to realize by
means of photography. Mr. Moore has chosen to represent hatred by its most obvious
expression, a frown; though we may imagine some kinds of hate, such as !ago's, to be
accompanied by a smiling countenance, behind whkh may lurk some gleam of malevo-
lence. Such subtile and paradoxical characteristics, however, are too difficult for the
camera, if they are not, indeed, for the easel. And here under this frown. the outward
sign of the inward hatred, we may find in the eye some sign of kindliness which shows
that th!' subject is not entirely misanthropic and that some chord of the heart may yet be
touched to sound again the harmony of love. Perhaps this representation of hatred as
not incompatible with the capacity for its opposite, expressed in the Spanish motto: "1
love and I hate," should be counted in the artist's favor, enlisting the sympathy of
the spectator, to whom the idea of untompromising hatred must ever be too repulsive to
form the subject of an artistic creation. In point of execution we cannot praise Mr.
Moore's effort too highly. In its simplicity lies its greatest power. A female head, with
tangled and unkempt hair, frowns at us over her right shoulder. That is the whole
picture. There are no accessories to disturb; the drapery is ~ombre and subdued, the
background almost a fiat tint of gray. The face is marvellously lighted. The name of
Rem brandt has been so often taken in vain that we hesitate to say that" La Haine·' re-
minds us of the chiaro-oscuro seen in the finest examples of his portraits. The subject
is not repesented as against the light; it is rather a wonderful example of the results to
be secured by a skillful use of what is called normal lighting, that falling at an angle of
forty-five degrees from the front and side of the subject. As we have suggested, this pic-
ture, as well as all the others, would be vastly improved by a more judicious presenta-
tion. We believe that the present framing and mounting have been adopted by Mr
Moore rather to preserve his prints from injury in transit and in exhibition than to display
their meritorious qualities.
The most ambitious subject after"La Haine" is "The Veteran's Tale," probably the
most popular of all Mr. Moore's works. The pose of the rugged old soldier has been often
criticised as somewhat too theatrical, but the idea sought to be conveyed is undoubtedly
expressed with remarkable power and we must remember that in the portrayal of a
dramatic incident considerable latitude must be allowed the artist. Exaggeration is a
valuable element in presenting effects in art, music and poetry. We do not think that
Mr. Moore has stepped far beyond reasonable bounds in this endeavor to present a some-
what hackneyed subject in a new light. Many critics will, however, prefer the character
study of the same model, in which a variation in the lighting exhibits this truly grand'
head in the strength of repose. The three pictures ot negro life, although examples of
what many regard as Mr. Moore's specialty, we do not esteem as among his happiest
efforts. The open air study, "Gimme a Light?" is probably the best of these. The-
 CAMERA NOTES.

background of trees, out of focus, would be better replaced by something else, but
the effect is only slightly disturbing. The group of children, "Marbles," gives too much
appearance of effort in arranging the play, although each individual of the five figures is
an admirable study. The cold gray of this print, too, causes a disagreeable general
effect of flatness not altogether attributable to the open lighting. The photographer is
hardly to be blamed for a partial failure in such an elaborate tableau; he has, in fact.
taken too much pains. "The Well," with its two simply posed figures, is less ambitious
and certainly is more pleasing. "The Coming Race" is an original treatment of a well
worn subject. Three boys are starting a miniature yacht-race at the foot of a heavily
wooded bank of a stream. The two boys handling the boats are splendid studies and
seem thoroughly unconscious and absorbed in their work. The light reflected from the
water and the puzzling forms of the arches of a bridge in the background are elements of
discord in what, at close range, seems to be an agteeablecompositiori. We say "at close
range," for a near-sighted person. one whoge limit of distinct vision is inside of ten or
twelve inches, will find in the three negro pictures, and the boys sailing their boats, much
to interest them. To an observer across the room, however, these are either spotty or flat.
The general effect should not be ignored in the composition of a picture, even if pleasing
individual features have to be sacrificed. "The Never Ending Fen" is the best land-
scape we have seen from Mr. Moore·s camera. It is admirable in its lines and masses
and the sweeping action of its great clouds makes it a grand picture. Mr. Berg hung
this study so as to invite a comparison with "The Ebb Tide." to which it makes in some
sort a companion picture. The latter suffers a little from the association because the
print is rather cold and weak in tone; while "The Never Ending Fen," a brownish
print on rough paper, is, by contrast, almost overpowering in its warmth and vigor.
•'The Lone Cypress" may never be a popular picture, so strongly is the idea of solitude
conveyed, but it shows Mr. Moore to be a photographer who sees a picture under circum-
stances that most men utterly ignore.
We feel highly grateful to Mr. Mocre for the opportunity he bas afforded us of study-
ing these selections frcm his famous works, and are convinced that the contemplation
of such pictures as "La Haine," "The Veteran" and "The Never Ending Fen," our
members will find not only edification but a stimulus to higher and more ambitious effort
in pictorial photography. We trust it is not true, as rumored, that Mr. Moore intends to
give up the active practice of camera work, for a man who crowns a decade of artistic
effort with such a performance as "La Haine" has attained a vantage ground to relin-
quish which would be a loss not cnly to him but to the photographic world.
W.M.M.
---•+-+---
The Famsworth Exhibition.
In the consideration of the fifty selections from the work of Miss Emma J. Farns-
worth, of Albany, which form the exhibition provided by the Committee on Prints for the
regular November meeting of the Camera Club, it is impossible not to be struck by the
remarkable versatility displayed by this young artist-photographer in the treatment of
such a wide range of subjects as this collection embraces. Many of the examples, we are
informed, have been made for the purpose of book illustration, as accompaniments to story
or poem, or it may be, in a few cases, to embody purely ideal fancies at the instance of
art publishers. Among these illustrations may be found, perhaps, some of Miss Farns-
worth's happiest efforts. She is gifted certainly with a wonderful power of imagination,
which seems to serve her equally well, whether she attempts to realize her own creations
or the promptings of others. It is true that the very luxuriance of her imagination has
led her into dangerous ~round, and, in the attempt to reproduce mythological scenes and
characters, to come qurte close to the neighborhood where there is but one step from the
sublime to the ridiculous. But her dignity of purpose, and especially the exquisite refine-
ment of her presentations, causes us to admire the results even in such ambrtious fli~bts
as "Orpheus with His Lute," "The Departure of the Fleet," and the "Wounded Cuprd."
And in this connection we would highly commend Miss Farnsworth for her consummate
management of classic dral?eries. In this regard she is easily ahead of American workers
if she may not, indeed, clarm a high place among the picture photographers of Europe.
"The Breeze," "The South Wind," "Diana," and "Upon the Lute," are admirable exam-
ples of the success Miss Farnsworth has commanded in a field that has baffled many
 CAMERA NOTES.

would-be artists, the arrangement and picturing of simple Grecian costumes. In the illus-
trations to several of Austin Dobson's verses Miss Farnsworth seems to be most thor-
oughly at home; "But Rose Crossed the Road" being not only the best of these but also
one ot the most charming pictures of the entire collection. The illustration to the "Ballads
of Prose and Rhyme" and the "Conversation on Plato," both accompaniments to Dob-
son's muse, have also attracted much admiration. "An Interesting Book," presented
in the form of a photogravure, shows an original treatment of an old subject, and is a
dreamy little poem in itself. "At Dusk," a study of the same model and the same cosy
window seat, ts a companion picture scarcely less charming, though the platinotpye print
is harsh in comparison with the softness and delicacy of the en~ravmg by the Berlin
Photo Company. This is the reverse of the usual order of things, tor the product of the
printing :press ts ordinarily deficient in the fine gradations of a carbon or platinotype, es-
pecially 1f the latter be made by the photographer or under his immediate supervision.
We do not know whether Miss Farnsworth made her own prints, or not, but the collection,
as a whole, is not high class in technical quality. The best landscape, the example
photographed through a pin-hole, has been spoiled by harsh and unsympathetic printing.
There are many evidences, too, that the origmal negatives were hard and possibly so de-
veloped as to produce a certain vigor and pluck, that many photographers, professional
printers included, claim is necessary for platinotype and even carbon prints. This is a
grievous error. "The South Wind," "The Breeze," and one of the "Diana" pictures
have been almost ruined by the staring, glaring skies, which are so utterly out ot harmony
with the lower halves of the prints as to appear to be made from different negatives. On
the other hand, "Dorothy," "La Cigale" (Summer) and the "Diana," in shadow, are ad-
mirable prints. We understand that the two former have been secured for the club rooms
to form part of our permanent collection of the works of noted pictorial photographers.
"Dorothy," a dainty portrait of a little girl, clad in an old-fashioned costume, walking
toward us across a flowery field, is undoubtedly, by reason of its simplicity and the
happy rendering of unconscious innocence, the gem of the collection.
Viewed in its entirety this set is chiefly interesting for its revelation of the diversity
of subjects that may be undertaken with the camera, when the picture maker is endowed
with a poetic temperament that is strengthened by an artistic training. Its exhibition
has been to our members, indeei, a sweet traveling through universal variety.
W. M. M.
----+-+----
The Annual Dinner.
'rhe first annual dinner of the Camera Club was celebrated on the _.th of December
at "The Arena." About fifty members of the club and their friends assembled at the
board, including: Messrs. Murphy. Stieglitz, Woodbury. Murray, Champney, Elmen-
dorf, Fraser, Colbron, Piffard, Berg, Obermeyer, Schram, Charles Simpson, Cheney,
Preston, C. V. King. Canfield, Hale, Reid, Harris, Ronmage, Mack. W. C. Cullen.
Cullen, Vredenburgh, Beeby, Montant, Blythe, Webber. Sala, J. ]. Smith. Agnew, Brack-
low, W. E. W. Amerding. Tunis, Eickemeyer, Carpenter, Congdon, Dr. Murphy, Nason,
Tiemann, Joy and Lee Ferguson.
The President, William D. Murphy, officiated as toastmaster, and although uo formal
toasts were scheduled, eighteen bright off-hand speeches were made and time gave out
before the oratorical talent of the dub was exhausted.
Following the opening remarks of the President, Mr. J. Wells Champney spoke
upon the "Relation of Art to Photol{raphy." He was followed in rapid successio.t by
Messrs. Berg, Elmendorf, Canfield, Cheney, Woodbury, Ferguson, Piffard. Stieglitz. Mur-
ray, Schram, Fraser, Eickemeyer, Montant, King, and Reid, each of whom contributed
some entertaining detail to the enjoyment of the evening. Photography was naturally
the leading tt-.eme, but the speeches abounded w;th wit and a spirit of general good fel-
lowship charming to behold.
Each guest received a souvenir in the shape of a card upon which was mounted an
original print in platinum, a menu card, and the seal of the Camera Club. The prints
were contributed by Me~:~srs. Stieglitz, Post, Murphy, Berg, Montant, Joy and Fraser.
All in all, the occasion was a notable success, and it seems safe to predict that the
annual dinners of the Camera Club will l:ecome a fixed and pleasing privilege of mem-
bership in that organization.
 CAMERA NOTE.'i.

Reviews and Exchanges.

Picturesque Blt1 of New York, aad Otber employment of colors that are singularly
Studies. By Alfred Stieglitz. A Port- disagreeable. Perhaps our photographic
folio of 12 photogravures,on paper qx17, experience heightens this repugnance, be-
with an introduction by W. E. Wood- cause the tones, ranging from yellow to a
bury. Published by R. H. Russt:ll, New somewhat dirty greenish black, recall the
York. Price Sro.oo effect of an aristotype badly sulphurized in
"Picturesque Bits of New York and Other a combined toning and fixing bath. It is
Studies'' is the title of a new art publica- possible that the print will be more satis-
tion by Robert Howell Russell, New York, factory to an artist. or to an art lover, who
a publisher of high-class illustrated books. has never dabbled in photography. In all
It is a portfolio containing 12 art studies by the other cases the colors are admirably
Alfred Stieglitz, reproduced in photograv- chosen. The first of the series, "Winter on
ure from the original photographs, and Fifth Avenue," is undoubtedly the finest
takes a worthy place in a series of similar reproduction of the set. We may say truly
publications by Mr. Russell, for which he that in this case there is absolutely nothing
engaged the services of no less eminent art- lost of the finest gradations of the original.
ists than William Nicholson, Charles Dana The driving sleet and the uncomfortable at-
Gibson, Frederic Remington, A. B. Wen- mosphere of the wintry day are as perfectly
zell and Edwin A. Abbey. The subjects reproduced as in the wonderful little 4x5
of these studies by Mr. Stieglitz are all fa- plate from which so many enlargements
miliar to the members of the Camera Club, have been made since Mr. Stieglitz first
especially to those who attend the Wednes- made the snap-shot with a borrowed detec-
day night tests and informal reunions, and tive camera. It was, at the time, deemed
need no extended notice at our hands. a ''lucky hit" by his fellow members in the
They include "Winter on Fifth Avenue," club, but these lucky hits have since fol-
"A Venetian Canal," "A Winter Sky," "A lowed each other so fast that the 11ngel of
Wet Day on the Boulevard," "Reflections, success is now believed to attend Mr.Stieg-
Night," "On the Seine," ''The Glow of litz in all his photographic unde1 takings.
Night," "The Incoming Boat," "The Old The name of this angel, however, according
Mill," "Scurrying Home," "The Letter to Mr. Stieglitz himself, is "Patience."
Box," and "Reflections, Venice." Most of This very picture, taken at a time when he
these studies are famous prize winners, hav- did not believe in instantaneous photogra-
ing received high awards in America, Eng- phy, was only secured after a three hours
land, continental Europe and far off India, wait in a blinding ~>now storm, on Washing-
and copies of several of them have been ton's birthday in 1893· Nor is patience all
sought at prices that would not be deemed that is necessary. Many men, possessed of
inadequate for an oil painting of the same artistic perceptions and ambitions, have at-
subject. It is a privilege, therefore, to be tempted effects as charming as this, and
able to obtain, at a very reasonable sum, failed, simply because they lacked the tech-
these dozen admirable pictures. We ha,·e nical skill to record the scene. Many of us
been accustomed to see the fine tones and have photographed snow and rain, and yet
graduations of our best workers so utterly found no sign of the falling rain or driving
ruined in the process of engraving and snow on the negative after development.
printing that we are agreeably surprised How, then, did Mr. Stieglitz obtain this re-
at the wonderful delicacy and transparency sult, which is here so evident even after all
of these examples. They are printed on the intervening processes from photographic
heavy plate paper, I4XI7 inches, and each plate to finished steel engraving? It is not
plate is presented in a color appropriate to merely that he is an artist, with an eye
the subject. We might take exception to ever watchful for pictures as they present
the tint employed in the "Glow of Night," themselves in the ordinary scenes of human
where the desire to rep1oduce the yellow life, but that he is a skilled photographer as
glare of the incandescent and other lights well, full of the resources that a long train-
glowing through the fog and mist of a ing in the laboratory gives him for all the
rainy night on Fifth Avenue has led to the chemical and mechanical processes of what
 CAMERA NOTES. Bs

has been well called, the art-science. Mr. will find every phase of it well represented.
Stieglitz has been, since his first initiation A copy has been procured for the Camera
into our organization, a leader in the scien- Club Library. A. S.
tific as well as the art side of photography,
and most of the new processes of printing,
and toning, and other means of more per- .Sunlight and Shadow.-A Book for Pho-
fectly reproducing pictorial values have tographers, Amateur and Professional.
been introduced to us by him in both pre- Edited by W. I. Lincoln Adams. Illus-
cept and example. And the singular per- trated. New York: The Baker & Tay-
fection of these 12 art studies is due prin- lor Co. Prke, $2. so.
cipally to the fact that the diapositives We are often asked if there is any good
from which the steel engravings were taken book, or what is the best book, to tell a be-
were made by Mr. Stieglitz himself, rapid ginner all about photography. One is al-
plates being used, so as to preserve to the ways tempted to answer, "there is none,"
fullest extent the detail and softness of the but that the sincere seeker after information
originals, and that every print bas been ought not to be thus discouraged at the out-
produced under his critical supervision. A set of his inquiries. But photography has
copy of this artistic publication bas been been, from its very birth,such a changeling
added to the club library. W. :\1. M. that any work designed to instruct us com-
pletely in its theory and practice, has be-
come antiquated, in part at least, in a dec-
• · Nach Der Natur" (After Nature), a ade after its publication. So that he who
collection of thirty-two fine photogra\·- would know photography in all its moods
ures with text, "after original photo- and tenses can never be satisfied with any
graphs selected from the works ex- one book, however extensive in its scope,
hibited at the International Exhibition but must supplement his studies with the
of Amateur Photography " at Berlin, later records of the experiences of the master
1896. Published by request of the Ger- minds who have devoted themselves to the
man Society of Friends of Photography investigation and practice of this fascinating
and the Free Photographic Union. Ed- art-science. The Scovill & Adams Com-
ited by Franz Goerke. Large 4to, with pany, recognizing this need, has from time
twenty-five tull-page illustrations, to time published, in its " Photographic
printed on toned etching paper. Pub- Series," various small volumes designed to
lished by the Berlin Photographic Com- smooth the path of the beginner and like-
pany. Price, SIS. wise to initiate the advanced student into
"1\'adt Der .Vntur" is without doubt the the mysteries of the higher walks of the art.
most elaborate and beautiful publication This series now numbers nearly sixty
which has yet appeared in photographic books, and the latest number, written by W.
literature. I. Lincoln Adams, and picturesquely en-
The series of photogravures which form titled "Sunlight and Shadow," is a very
the bulk of the book, include pictures by welcome 11ddition to the list. It is not likely
the chief medallists of the Exhibition. that this little work will become old before
Among the familiar names we find: Hen- its time, more especially as it does not treat
neberg, Alexandre, Hannon, Farnsworth, of the mere technical processes of photog-
Stieglitz, Le Begue, Bremard, Baynton, raphy, a fair knowledge of which, by the
Esler, David, Boehmer. etc. The text, way, is presumed on the part of the student.
which serves as an introduction to the pic- It is intended to help the alumnus to make
tures, is an essay, which tries to prove pictures out of his photographs, rather than
that pictorial photography may be an to teach him optics, or chemistry, or photo-
art. Even if all the pictures selected may graphic manipulation. Much of its material
not prove the case most of them are perfect has appeared in other publications of the
gems. The photogravures, as such, are Scovill & Adams Co., notably the Plto-
beautiful specimens of the most perfect of lo.l{rajJitk Times and the American Au-
all photographic reproduction precesses 1/ual, but not in such compact form nor in
The library of every photographic club such sumptuous dress. Mr. Adams, in his
should include this important work, as preface, modestly disclaims having acted
those inter~sted in pictorial photography as more than editor, or compiler, of the
86 CAMERA NOTES.

nptes of a number o£ men who have become Bromide Enlargements and How to Make
w.orld-famous for their achievements in pic- Tbem. By J. Pike, London: Percy Lind,
torial photography. But we think he has Humphries & Co., Limited. fd. net.
done much more than this. Not only has This small book is No. 13 of the Popular
he written on several of the special Photographic Series published by the above
branches in a masterly manner himself, but firm. The subject is treated in a complete
the whole book of 14 chapters, although em- and comprehensive way, and all those intt:r-
bodying the ideas of many men of strong ested in the production of Bromide Enlarg-
individuality, on subjects concerning which ments will do well to send for the book and
there is necessarily a vast difference of opin- read its . contents carefully. Englarging
ion, is so harmoniously blended by our au- will then become a pleasure. A. S.
thor, that it reads like the production of a
single mind, but a mind, however, extraor-
dinarily gifted. It is as if we had joined a The Amerlc:an Annual of Photoaraphy
photographic club, in which Mr. Adams had and Photocraphh: Times Almanac: for
introduced us to many of his most distin- 1898. Edited by Walter E. Woo-l-
guished and talented frinds. We are thus bury. P11blisbed by Scovill & Adams
made acquainted with H. P. Robinson, who Co. Price 7S cents.
talks to us on Foregrounds, and Sktes and The American Annual of Photography
Marines; with Alfred Stieglitz, who tells us and Photographic Times Almanac for 1898,
about the Hand Camera and how to use it; has been issued and is a most admirable
with w_. E. Woodbury, an authority on In- and notable number. Particular attention
stantaneous Photography and the Portrait- has been paid, in this the twelfth volume
ure of Children; with W. A. Fraser, the au- of the annual series to the advancement of
thor of Photography at Night; with J. Wells pictorial camera work, by the presentation
Champney, who gives us some novel of several valuable papers dealing more or
schemes of Lighting in Portraiture, and less directly with this subject, the most irr.-
with Xanthus Smith, whose hints on Choice portant question before photographers to-
of Subject form the introductory chapter of day, notwithstanding the claims of that will-
the book. Nor do these new-found friends o'-the-wisp, color photography, which has
confine themselves to a mere discourse. been persistently crowded into the field of
They give us example, as well as precept. consideration as an essential element of
The book is filled with beautiful illustra- the art side of photography. The leading
tions, some made by the authors expressly article, by A. Horsley Hinton, is a vigor-
for the exposition of their talks, but many ous paper entitled "Simple Aspects of Pic-
selected by Mr. Adams himself, with ad- torial Photography." It is written with
mirable judgment, from the works of those burning enthusiasm, and leav,.s no doubt in
who are noted more for deeds than words. the reader's mind that Mr. Hinton means
All of the pictures are from half-tone blocks, what he says whether he uses the pen or
even the full-page examples, and so perfect the camera to express himself. We are
is their execution that we prefer them to glad that he did not attempt to analyze
any but the yery tinest photogravures. The the four beautiful examples of his own
full-page subject "Mending the Nets," by work which illustrate his article, or to give
A. Stieglitz, is the finest half-tone print we mechanical rules by which the injudicious
have ever seen. It is hard to conceive how might be led into a servile imitation of his
any copper-plate impression could equal methods and effects. 'fhey sufficiently
this in richness of tone and transparency of point his remark& by presenting just "so
shadows. Concerning the typography, much of physical fact as will suffice to give
binding, and general arrangement of this the imagination an impetus, and no more."
little book, we cannot speak too highly. Mr. H'nton has merely shown in his essay
Considered apart from its photogravhic pur- how the thoughtful student may find the
pose, its wealth and quality of illustration right path to picture-making, and has not
make it an addition to any drawing-room hewn out the path itself nor stamped it
table, where it may take its place with vol- with footprints into which the plagiarist
umes specially prepared for the midwinter may plant his clumsy feet. George David-
holidays. son ably seconds Mr. Hinton in some brief
W. M. M. remarks on the points which makeup "The
 CAMERA .1\'0TES.

Good Picture." H. P. Robinson starts off by the illustrated article by the great Paul
in his usual didactic manner, but Sllddenly C. Martin himself, the pioneer of picture-
relents and gives us some delightful gossip making by night, and modified by the ideas
on •' Picture-making Places,'' with some of Alfred Stieglitz, who puts in a plea for
illustrations of his own that remarkably re- the suggestion of human life and action in
semble old-fashioned photography. these scenes, giving hints as to how it may
F. H. Day's article on "Photography Ap- be done, and that a little halation !:hown i11
plied to the Undraped Figure" contains the picture adds to rather than detracts
some sensible talk on a much misunder- from the desired naturalness.
stood subject, and is thoroughly in accord AltogethPr the American Annual for 1898
with the principles advanced by Mr. Hin- is a valuable leaf in the history of the ru
ton, in demanding that every picture should J{eslat! in photography. It is a "let-me-
have a well-planned. well-thought-out and have-it-when-you-get-through" book, and if
well-executed motif; "for if raison d'etre you lay it down anywhere some one is sure
be not found in the subject or compo~ition, to grab it and read from A to Z before he
its most beautiful lines merely cry for ex- returns it. Therefore get one for yourself;
cuse, its cause for existence is nil." and when you have studied it sufficiently,
We cannot review the volume at length, put it on your favorite book-shelf, there to
but will mention that the present rage for serve as a book of reference in years to
"Night Photography" may be stimulated come. W. M. M.
----++----
Our illustrations.
The frontispiece," Vesper Bells," by Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr. ,is dealt
with in detail by the artist himself in an article to be found elsewhere.
Mr. Eickemeyer is one of America's leading photographers, his repu-
tation extending throughout the photographic world. The reproduction is
a splendid specimen of photo-mechanical work. It was executed by the
Photochrome Engraving Company, New York.
Our other photogravurt>, "Rouen," by R. Demachy, of Paris, is a re-
production from a "gum" print by that exceptionally talented and versatile
French photographer, who i3 the leader of the French school of pictorial
photography, if we may so put it.
The "gum" process bas come into prominence through the magnificent
work done with it by Mr. Demachy in the past few years. Unfortunately
this reproduction and also choice of subject, hardly show Mr. Demachy at
his best. We hope in the very near future to produce a picture which
will show him in his true powers. "Rouen" was produced about three
years ago, the first year in which Mr. Demachy exhibited his "gum" work.
At this year's Salon, it is said, his exhibit of some dozen pictures, all ex-
ecuted in this printing mode, was the attraction of the exhibition and
created quite a sensation. His work is strong in its individuality and ver-
satility. In America but few attempts have been made to use the "gum"
printing process. The French and Viennese are using it most extensively.
It is the printing method par excellnlce for all those who are seriously en-
gaged in photographic picture-making. The photogravure is taken from
the Colts' collection, "The Salon, 1895·"
The half tones in the text are reproductions from prints by R. Eicke-
meyer, Jr., illustrating his artide; Miss E. J. Farnswo:th, taken from her ex-
hibition, which is dealt with elsewhere; C. Puyo, Paris; John Gear, London.
88 CAMERA NOTES.

The Test Room.

The M. A. Seed Dry Plate Co., of St. usefulness of the new: plates is decidedly
Louis, has introduced a new Lantern Slide small. In our experiments, we found them
Plate in the market, under the not very to be so to roo times as slow as the plate
euphonious .:1ame of "G. B. P. R .. " which used as a standard, which plate in turn
to the initiated stands for green, brown, is slower than any American plate for-
?urple and red, the colors supposed to be merly produced. As for the grain and
obtainable on this brand of plate. colors obtained, we found no advantages
We received a batch of plates for trial, over the English plate. We succeeded in
and as a standard. we compared the Seetl produdng the various colors by varying the
product to some English plates which have time cf exposure and the developer. The
given us eminent satisfaction during the slides are easily toned with any of the well-
past year. known toning formulre. The glass used is
The Seed plate is extremely slow and excellent, being thin and free from bubbles.
can only be used for contact slides. using The price of the Seed plates is a trifle higher
either magnesium ribbon, electric light, or than that of some other good makes. Not
daylight as the medium of illuminaticn having had the plates long enough, we can
As very few slides are made by contact, the say nothing of theil keeping qualities.
A.S.

----.f..t - - -

Notices.
The Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. are con- be obtained with ordinary plates and film.
tinually perfecting new and useful appata- The Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Roches-
tus for the use of photographers. '!'heir la- ter, N. Y., have therefore perfected a spe-
test production is called the iconoscope. cial mounting to fit the Bullet Kodak (the
This little instrument is a finder in the tru- regular mounts fit nearly all other came-
est sense of the word, as it enables one to ras), and every owner of a film or plate
discern objects even in the darkest shadows camera should write to Department N ,above
with perfect distinctness. It is in this re- <.'Ompany, for a copy of their Rayfilter book-
spect unlike any other finder yet produced, let with specimen pictures.
and in addition offers the advantage that
the image is perfectly rectilinear. The size W. C. Cullen, sole American agent for
of the field is easily regulated to that of the the Paget Lantern Slide Plate, has sent us a
lens with which it is to be used. The i::ono box of these plates from the fresh ship-
SL'Ope is attachable to the camet a by means ment recently arrived from the other side.
of a very small metal "v'" and may be in- The plates, if possible, are superior to those
stantly changed from horiz:ontal to vertical. previously imported. This brand of slide
plate is increasing in popularity on this
side of the water, and deservedly so, as it
Recent experiments with the bichromate meets the most exacting demands of the
of potash Rayfilter have demonstrated that most exacting slide-makers. Many of our
excellent cloud and autumn leaf effects can best men use Paget's exclusively.

Kodak Works. Published by tbe Eastman man Kodak Co. It gives one a slight ink-
Company. ling of the magnitude of the Kodak business
We beg to acknowledge the receipt of Ko- and the ever-increasing popularity of ama-
dak TVorks, an elaborately illustrated and teur photography. The booklet has been
well printed booklet, sent to us by the East- added to the club library.
I

Vol J. APRil,. 1898. No.4•

....e, Official Organ of the Cantera Club, New York.

•
Publt.hed Quarterly by THE CAMBRA CLUB, N.Y., 111•113 West 38th St., New York.

, communications for .. Camera Notes ·• 1hould be addressed to

Per y
Sin6G'1e CoP1'f:.-
_,
50 cts. the PubUcation Commlttee.-5ub$criptiODS to be made payable
to .. Camera Nutes:' , $2.00.

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N.Y., Post Office, September 27. tScn.

A Word A Models.
Bv CHARLES I. BERG.

To the photographer who makes

•

figure work his specialty, there is no

problem so difficult as the choice of
a model. Lenses have not yet reached
the state of perfection when they
can take a composite vie\v of the best
features of a half dozen different
\V. H. Post. models, nor do many models, or
would-be models, possess the qualifi-
cations to be thoroughly acceptable. On the same principle that some
of the celebrated figure painters draw all the studies first from the
nude, so a photographic model ought to be well formed and shapely,
even for completely draped work. An ugly turn of the wrist or a
fraction too much flesh under the chin may mean the complete spoiling
of an otherwise interesting composition. Still harder to realize is the
peculiar fact that often a girl who is apparently beautiful and attractive
does not photograph well, and the pictures turn out a disappointtnent to
all concerned. The writer of this had an experience recently which illus-
t
trates this fact. The model V\·as a very young girl with can1ellia white
skin, and the dainty regular features that naturally are prime aids to suc-
cess. She held her pose well and was interested in the work, her face
was expressive and intelligent, and good results were confidently hoped
fJr; but alas! the inexorable camera showed a straightness of the upper
, lip, an angularity in the chin, an ugly shoulder line (defects so trifling as
not to be detected by the naked eye which had been fascinated by the beau-
tiful coloring) and nothing of a whole morning's work worth keeping. It
 92 CAMERA NOTES.

seems sometimes as if a lens is like a warped nature that sees and com-
ments only on blemishes, with no word of praise for all the good
points.
As a rule, professional models or actresses give the best result, as the
professional photographers will tell you. At one of the best known
studios, a life sized photograph of a wealthy woman, formerly an actress,
was much admired; she was in an evening dres~ with short sleeves and a
long stemmed rose in one hand. The hand and arm were beautifully posed,
and in commenting on it the artist said he had worked for half an hour to
get her in proper position (the hand being very large and badly shaped),
and would ne1.1tr have been able to take her in such a pose if her former
training on the stage had not stood them in good stead.
Where, however, is the poor amateur worker to find his models? Even
when he does secure one suited to his needs his friends soon tire of her,
and suggest that a change would be desirable. The women (Jf one's family
and their friends may furnish an occasional pose, and sometimes to the
younger girl Greek gowns and "dressing up" prove temporarily fascinat-
ing, but these sources are not reliable, -the Greek maiden is more than
likely to suddenly remember an engagement, and the sweet-faced nun to
have visitors announced just as she is properly arranged in her habit.
It is surprising and saddening to find how few of the well known
artists' models prove satisfactory before the camera-so many women are
poorly adapted to general figure work. Then many with good figures have
homely or uninteresting faces. Sometimes a girl from whom good results
are not gained at first, suggests through the expression on the pictures
some special line of subje~t to which her face would lend itself in subse-
quent sittings; the idea may be elaborated upon, and ~he may become a
great help. A merry smile suggests the Coquette, or the French Mar-
quise; a plaintive, drooping lip and a rounded eye, the Madonna; and a
heavy featured, dark woman demands Oriental draperies, as inexorably as
dimples and an arch look want a scarf of chiffon.
The list of professional models and home talent exhausted, the seeker
after the beautiful turns in despair to putting an advertisement in a news-
paper. Results are numerous but not always encouraging; replies come
from all grades of society -young ladies who think it would be a "lark,"
respectable young girls who wish to eke out scant pocket-money, poor and
elderly females who "have been told" they were beautiful (but how many
years ago deponent sayeth not), German nursery governesses and cloak
models·-always with a fair sprinkling of replies from the regular workers
whose names are in every artist's notebook. A fair proportion of the
letters are well written and correctly spelled, and it is rather amazing to
see how many women of apparent refinement are willing to take to posing
as a means of livelihood. It is pitiful, too, to find how few are adapted to
such work. The photographer wastes much valuable time trying subjects
who prove utterly valueless, and it is a proud moment when he finds a
"new model" suited to his needs-if she is one who is able to assume a
varying expression she is indeed valuable and likely to atone for many pre-
vious failures.

I
J
 (,'AMERA NOTES. 93

Perhaps the very uncertainty in figure work is what makes it most in-
teresting to any one who embarks on this line, and once addicted to the
habit the victim becomes ever more and more strongly enthralled and un-
able to withdraw, until usually he gradually retires from the other branches
of the art and concentrates all his energies on this one most fascinating
line of study.

Relation of Photography to Art.*

I doubt if there is anything new I can say on the Relation of Photo-
graphy to Art,. and yet I feel I ought to reply to the toast, if only to repeat
what has been said, though in a better way, before.
In the first place, I wish to defend the use of the word ''artistic'' in
connection with photography. What else than artistic shall we call that very
welcome sotneth£ng which differentiates our pictures? There is a wide
field legitimately given over to statistical photography, in which the record
of facts must predominate. Im-
mense service has been done sci-
ence by photography, and every
year sees new processes for lessen-
ing its untruths. Numbers of
puzzling problems have been
solved by its clear statements.
But it is in that other field, where
the will of the artist can have
control, that I wish to assert his
rights to recognition ; and the
finer his or her instincts, the finer
will be the photographic victory.
Here, then, is the important point
to be made: What should we call
all that accumulation of knowl-
edge and that higher quality of
poetic instinct which makes the
work of one so infinitely superior
to that of another.
In our club we have given
Art a lower place than Technique; Zatda Rcn Yu~uf.
not, as I believe, because we value
it less, but because the lower must be well built before the higher can be
constructed. When we all know bo'v to make perfect slides, then there
will be no Technique to claim our atention, and the artistic choice and
presentation of our work will be all that concerns us.
How long will it be before that day comes? Alas that Technique is
still so powerful an enemy to our well-planned efforts!
..... - - -- -- - - - -- - - -
*Toast at the Annual Dinner.
94 CAMERA NOTES.

What is artistic? Doubtless there will always be a difference of opin-

ion even with the most gifted and best trained. What an inexplicable
power is hidden under those words "most gifted," that unexplained some-
thing within us which makes success an unconscious effort, which seems to
seize upon all phases of any problem and combine them all in their proper
value-and to do this not once, not twice, but invariably. These gifted
ones are greatly to be envied and greatly to be praised; but to the others
who, through conscious, intellectual effort, come to great good, must also be
awarded great parise. I feel they deserve greater praise because of their
hard-earned success.
Artistic! Yes, let us keep the word and make it mean more and more as
methods become controlled and thought and feeling have their sway.
Selection, balance of parts, sacrifices of the unimportant, exaggeration of
the most important, great singleness of purpose, an understanding of the
value of line, of mass, of detail-these can produce artistic results as well
when the camera is used as the pencil or the brush. The limitations are
greater, it is true, but the route lies along the same pleasant valleys and over
the same rugged hills, and there should ever be an intelligent sympathy
between the artist and the photographer. J. WELLS CHAMPNEY.

When Distance Lends Enchantment.

Before the practice of photography became general there was seldom
any complaint made that a. picture covered too wide an angle or that it in-
cluded objects too near the observer. One of the first lessons a student of
perspective has to learn is to avoid presenting his architecture from too
close a standpoint; while the point of view most convenient to the artist
in drawing from nature, either animate or inanimate, prevents him from
falling into the same error. It is only·since the camera has been used as
an aid to sketching that we have seen specimens of acute or violent perspec-
tive, and that has generally occurred in book illustrat10ns, where the artist
has slavishly followed the evidence of some very portable, and therefore
small, hand camera, furnished with a short focus, wide angle lens, and un-
provided with a ground glass on which to study the subject before ex-
posure. While this lens tells truth just as well as a long focus narrow
angle lens, it testifies the disagreeable truth that the artist, in his anxiety
to make a big image on a small plate, bas gone so close to his subject that
its dimensions are large in proportion to its distance. This is the sole
cause of what is sometimes, but erroneously, called distorted perspective.
In order to be able to see an object as a whole, and at the same time to be
near enough to recognize its several parts, it bas been determined by ex-
periment that the proper distance is three times its diameter. It is the
favorite cHstance with artists and the usual distance of the arbitrary point
of sight in perspective drawings of architecture. It is chosen large!y for
physiological reasons; for, while human vision includes an angle of about
6o degrees, it is a great effort to rcll the eyes through more than one-third
of this angle. Twenty degrees, therefore, being an agreeable angle for
 CAMERA N01E!i QS

comfortable vision, we may reg·ard

the ratio of the diameter of the
object to its distance, one to three,
which includes an angle of 19 de-
grees, to be normal. It is advis-
able that no graphic representa-
tion for artistic purposes be made
•

of objects situated at nearer dis-

tances than two and a half times
their diameter, a visual angle of
23 degrees. Keeping these ratios
in mind when photographing, we Eastman Exhibition. A. H. Stoiber.
need not worry whether we are
using a wide angle lens, of either long or short fo\!us, or not. As long as our
original objects are situated at a distance of three times their length or
height from the point of vie\v, we may photograph · them with a No. 1
Kodak or the Lick telescope, and the images will present exactly the same
perspective, only in one case very small and in the other very large. We
may sketch them, from the same standpoint, on the side of a house or on
the back of an envelope; the perspective will still remain the same. It is
a function of the ratio of the dimensions of the object to its distance and
of nothing else.
Take the opposite case, where the object is situated at a great distance
compared to its size. Here we have no appearance of perspective at all
_and a picture of an object at such a distance becomes a simple geometrical
drawing. What an architect calls a front elevation is an enlarged repre-
sentation of a building or other object as it would appear situated at an in-
finite distance. The visual rays become parallel to each other instead of
proceeding in a cone having its apex in the eye, and objects no longer ap-
pear to diminish according to their distances. The wing of a building, for
instance, situated Joo feet further away than the front wall, would be
shown as large as if it were on a line with it, in such a drawing; and
photographs of objects, situated at practically an infinite distance, taken
with telephoto lenses, always exhibit this phenomenon. Consequently,
neither the object viewed from a very short distance, nor the object situ-
ated at a very great distance, compared to its size, furnishes a legitimate
subject for artistic representation or pictorial photography. This does not
imply that a landscape should not have a
foreground and a far distance, as well as
a middle distance. In fact, no picture is
a true landscape without including the
representation of these three planes; but
neither the foreground nor the extreme
distance should have exclusive promi-
nence and the former should include no
object covering a large visual angle.
Otherwise the foreground would become a
.Eastman Exhibition. study at close range and the other parts of
 CAMERA NOTES.

the picture would be thrown out of harmonious relation. If distance, then,

lends enchantment to the view, it is more particularly the middle distance
that should be kept in mind, though Campbell, when he penned that much
hackneyed line, was inspired by the broadest kind of a panoramic view and
was looking into the distant hills from Arthur's Seat, Edinburgh.
Must the wide angle, short focus lens, which can best photograph
objects close at hand, and the narrow angle, telephoto lens, giving large
images of objects at a distance, be then banished from use by photog-
raphers, as so often advised, and only long focus mid-angle landscape
lenses be used in pictorial work? Perhaps so, but we must also remember
that the small lens will give agreeable perspective if objects are not closer
than three times their diameter, and that the telephoto lens may be used
for objects near at hand, as Dr. P. H. Emerson ably demonstrated in a
"naturalistic portrait" reproduced in the American Annual for I89S·
WILLIAM M. MuRRAY.
++
A Greeting to Our Friends.
The issue of the present number, the fourth installment of Vol. I.,
completes the first year of the publication of CAMERA NoTES, so auspiciously
begun last spring. We believe we may claim, without inordinate boasting.
that we have more than fulfilled the promises given in the initial number,
both in letter and in spirit. We have made our journal more acceptable to
the members of the Camera Club and furnished them with a new stimulus
to artistic effort; we have reached a class outside the membership, as our
subscription list will testify, and the promised photogravures, chosen from
the best material the world affords, have been promptly forthcoming, nine
having appeared in the course of four numbers, of which London, Vienna,
Paris and Glasgow have each contributed one. And we think it may truly
be said that all these have shown some achievement in pictorial photography
and represented the evolution of some inward principle. Articles of interest
have appeared, with liberal illustrations of half-tones and diagrams, most
of them the work of home talent, but several by prominent amc.teurs of
other cities, and we have kept our members in touch not only with the
proceedings of the club, but also with the progress and elevation of pho-
tography. Two things are especially gratifying; one is, that part of the
recent large accession to our club membership may be traced directly to
the influence of CAMERA NoTEs, and the other is the cordial recognition of
the publication by the photographic journals, both here and abroad. It
is not too much to say that the Camera Club, of New York, stands higher
to-day in the estimation of the photographic world than either of the old
organizations prior to consolidation, and this mainly by reason of the gen-
eral appreciation of the character of its official organ. It means that if an
American Salon is ever undertaken in New York, it will receive, if held
under the auspices of the Camera Club, the confidence and support of the
leading pictorial workers of England and continental Europe. We ask no
higher reward for our labors than to see this event materialize.
It has been found necessary to raise the price of subscription to $2 per
year, the former rate of $I being ridiculously low. Nos. I and 3 are already
out of print and there is quite a demand for full sets. The income from
outside subscriptions and advertising has rendered the CAMERA NoTES
nearly self.supporting, notwithstanding the fact that our entire member-
ship, some 300 names, receives its copies free. If each of these should
send us even one subscription, as has been suggested, CAMERA NOTES
would prove, what we confidently expect it to be, a source of no inconsider-
able revenue to the club. THE PuBLICATION CoMMITTEE.
 CAMERA NOT.h:S. 97

Eastman Exhibition. CORNlDOl<.

Eight years ngo a toy can1era, ycleped Kodak, a name, it is said, of Russian origin.
was launched on the market by the Eastman Company, of Rochester, carrying a roll of
paper film for forty-eight continuous exposures as a distinguishing feature. Its circular
two-inch picture was ridiculed by photographers, and the phrase, "You press the button,
we do the rest," was so opposed to all development of either science or art that its speedy
banishment to the rubbish loft seemed a consummation devoutly to be wished. But son1e
corporations, if they have no souls, appear to be endowed with brains, may be syndicates
of brains, and also with courage and persistence. '£he company caused the Kodak to
evolute. 'fo-day we carry a small package, touch a spring, and out pops a large camera,
like a "jack in the box," perfectly assembled for work; the sx7 size not less portable,
when closed, than the old original toy model. This folding Kodak has revolutionized the
manufacture of photographic apparatus, and it is probable that in future all view can1eras,
of whatever size, will be made in no other form. Kodak has ceased to be a species; it is
a genus, including every kind of portable camera. The roll of sensitive film has under-
gone no less remarkable transformations. Originally on a paper support and requiring to
be stripped and transferred to a transparent mount, a delicate and difficult operation even
for experts, it is now supplied on the transparent mount itself, in such a form that it can
be inserted in the camera, by the merest tyro, in broad daylight. Thus the company has
gone on constantly improving its product and enlarging its plant ttll, America proving
too small for its operations, it has, for some years, been established in England and the
Continent. But however wonderful have been the surprises sprung on us by the East-
man Company, the most astonishing achievement it ever accomplished was the exhibi-
tion and competition held last autumn in London, to which the Kodak world was invited
to contribute. Liberal prizes were offered as an inducement, but few expected that· the
affair would prove anything more than a trade exhibition or were prepared for the reve-
lation which would be made of the Briarean reach of the corporation. All the world was
 CAMERA NOTl!.:S.

found to own a Kodak and five and twenty thousand prints were sent to the competition.
Royalty itself contributed its quota and, under the discriminating selection of Davison.
appeared to exhibit a talent in the tteatment of art motives as refined as it w~ls unex-
pected. There was a little grand stand play here, and in the overwhelming display of the
innumerable small prints, in portfolios and cunningly devised combination frames, could
be discerned the methods of the accomplished, though liberal, advertiser. But even this
did not detract from the merit of the exhibition as a whole and, while the different rooms
'vere arranged in perfect keeping with the character of each division, the general har-
mony was always preserved. The apparatus and other manufactured products of the
company, the printing methods
•
and technical processes, the competition prints, and the
loan exhibition of art work. were all displayed in separate rooms. It was in the west room
of the New Gallery, in Regent Street, containing the loan or invitation exhibit, that the
interest culminated, for here were seen prints or enlargements from the Kodak negatives
of the most prominent of the photographic art workers of the world. In fact, this room,
by itself, constituted a veritable Salon and in its pre3entP.tion of the contributions of Hin-

Eastman Exnibition. INVITATION l<.OOM.

ton, Annan, Davison, Sutcliffe, Robinson, Pringle, Dresser, and other famous names,
showed that some extraordinary influence bad been at work. It seemed as if the sacri-
legious Kodak had broken open the Linked Ring's anointed temple and stolen thence the
life of the building. For George Davison had become an officer of the Eastman Com-
pany, and under his artistic direction a revolution had been made in the methods of do-
ing "the rest." Enlargements were carried to exttaordinary stzes; printing was done
through bolting cloths to lower the high lights and soften the shadows; various textures
and tints of paper 'vere employed; agreeable shades of brown, the results of uranium
and alum toning, relieved the usual blacks of bromide; yet all the processes were adapted
•

to harmonize with the individual character of the subjects. No less remarkable was the
framing and the banging of the pictures. George Walton, of Glasgow, tbe famous deco-
rator of the 1897 Salon, had been given carte blanche in the arrangement of the galleries,
and it is to his credit that. while he was not stinted in the use of money and was allowed
 CAMERA NOTES. Q9

to indulge his fancy to the utmost extent in the decorations of the four rooms of the ex-
hibition, and each was treated by him according to a different scheme, be never allowed
his setting or ornaments to attract more attention than the exhibits. Had the exhibition
been limited to the examples of pictorial photography shown in the loan gallery, there is
little doubt that it would have out-saloned the Salon in its departure from conventional
camera work and its endeavor to show nothing but what had a reason to exist, in the
suggestions of beauty and feeling rather than the bald record of facts. As it was, all
London was astonished and the people living round about.
The exhibition \\'as carried to New York and repeated its London success, the loan
division being supplemented by several additions by eminent American names. The
decorations were substantially the same, only slightly modified to harmonize with the ar-
chitecture of the National Academy of Design. The general arrangements were under
the· charge of L. B. Jones. of the Eastman Company, to whose energy and ability in
the conduct of large enterprises the success of the New York exhibition was mainly due.
To Alfred Stieglitz, an American member of the Linked Ring, was entrusted the honor
of hanging and arranging the loan and art exhibits. and he accomplished his task in full
sympathy with the spirit an<t intent of his English confreres, wllo had performed a sim-
ilar service for the London exhibition. 'I' he loan collection filled the entire south gallery,
the largest room in the Academy, and some of the finest gems were displayed in tbe cor-
ridor, at the head of the grand staircase, so that a favorable impression was made on the
visitor from his first entrance. For twelve days the galleries were thronged with a contin-
ual procession of the most refined and cultured people of the metropolis, the attendance,
by actual count, amounting to twenty-six thousand. And not merely those interested in
photography were moved to attend; art decorators, upholsterers and frame makers, all
found something to interest them, some lesson to learn, in this remarkable presentation
and setting of a photographic exhibition. Many artists came, also; some were glad, some
were mad, and, it is to be supposed, some caught the fad and bought themselves Kodaks
that they might do likewise. But we have beard it remarked more than once, all this is
advertising, clever advertising. Perfectly true. No doubt the Eastman Company will
sell many J{odaks and much film as the indirect, or, if you please, th.e drrect, result of
this exhibition, but meantime it bas spent about $so,ooo, all of wbich has contributed to
the pleasure of a large number of people. to the profit of not a few, besides raising the
•
standard of photography and furnishing an example which will have an influe·n ce for good
on every art exhibition that may hereafter be held in London or New· York. These people
have sown plenteously; will any begrudge them if they shal1 also reap plenteously? It is
sufficient for us that they have Jet their light so shine before men that we haye seen their
good works. Thereby, pictorial arts have been elevated and in these two Kodak exhibi-
tions bas photography been glorified. W. M. M.

- - ·

Henry Troth.
100 CAMERA NOTE...,.

Long and Short Focus Lenses.

It is capable of simple mathematical proof, as will be herein shown,
that for any given diameter of lens aperture all lenses, whether of greater
or less focal length, simple or compound, give tlu same depth of sharp focus
when focused upon any given distance, provided a stanuard size of image
is chosen and the images produced by the several lenses are enlarged or
reduced to the size of the standard. The diameter of the diaphragm above
referred to is the diameter in inches and fractions of an inch, and not the
relative diameter by which lens openings are usually compared, known as
f8, fi I, etc.
The use of long focus lenses must be deemed merely a convenient way
of enlarging the picture, and only useful as such. The effect is to combine
into one operation the taking and enlarging of a photograph.
For example, the same result in depth of focus, quality of half tones,
clearness and minuteness of detail ought to be arrived at whether a lens of
32-inch equivalent focus, with stop f64 (i. e., half inch diameter), is used,
or a lens of 8-inch equivalent focus, with stop fi6 (i. e., half inch diam-
eter), is used, and the resulting negative then enlarged to the size of the
first.
Having assumed a standard size of image to which size all images are
to be brought, we may fairly say that tlu depth of sharp focus diminishes
as the diameter of tlu lens opening increases, atzd is indepmdmt of the focal
lmgtk of the lens.
One who has a six-inch lens with an aperture of f8 ought to be able,
therefore, to produce substantially the same results by enlargement, as if
he had a twenty-four inch lens using an aperture of /32.
While the foregoing is true in theory, in practice there are special
difficulites and advantages which attend the use of either method of pro-
ducing the picture. Taking the last example we have:
As to length of exposure: The three-quarter inch opening, correspond-
ing to f8 of the six-inch lens, requires for an exposure only one-sixtemth of
the time that the same opening corresponding to /32 of the twenty-four-
inch lens requires. The shorter exposure would record as delicate grada-
tions of tone as the longer one, they being concentrated upon the sensitive
plate and sixteen times as intense. The qua11tity o£ light passing through
both lens apertures would be the same, but more concentrated by the shorter
focus lens.
It is true that the time saved in the short exposure would again be lost
in enlarging, but then minutes are unimportant while added fractions of a
second in exposure may make the taking of a picture impossible.
As to focusing : While the advantage in short exposure evidently lies
with the short focus lens. the advantage in focusing certainly lies with the
long focus lens. The only thing that can be said in favor df the short focus
lens is that on the ground glass the image will be much brighter-in the
last example, sixteen times brighter. Ordinary care would amswer in focus-
ing with the long focus lens, while much more care would be required in
focusing the shorter focus lens, increasing with the increasing shortness of
 • •
•

CAMERA NOTE~i. 101

- - - - - - -- -- - -- - - - - -
focal length. It must be ap-
•
parent that as the smaller
image is to be enlarged, its
sharpness must be great in
proportion to the number of
diameters it is to be enlarged,
and that by enlarging much
of its sharpness will be lost.
Negatives intended for en-
largement should have the
sharpness of lantern slides, a
test which few negatives taken
by short focus lenses, focused
in the ordinary way, would F. A. Engle.
stand. If tables of the depth
of focus are used, the table should be that of a long focus lens which would
produce the enlarged result. The danger is that the apparent sharpness of the
scene upon the ground glass will make us content with a focus which is not
exactly what it should be, and perhaps with a lens which is, in fact, some-
what inferior. It would be necessary to use a magnifying glass for focusing,
and possibly also a plain sheet of glass in place of the ground glass, in
which case the image could o~ly become visible by using a magnifier.
After all possible care had been taken the difficulty would still remain
that any error due to inequality in the surface of the ground glass, or the
sensitive plate, or of the plate-holders, or swing-backs, or difference between
the points of focus of the light rays by \vhich one sees the picture and the
chemical rays which print it, or the variations of position of the st:nsitive
plate in the holder, would be magnified in the enlargement; and pt!rhaps
also the halation produced by small points of light being also magnified
would produce less satisfactory results.
When, however, one considers how very great the enlargement is in
the case of lantern slides thrown upon a screen and what excellent results
in gradation of light and shade are obtained, it must be apparent that such
moderate enlargements as would be required to make up the difference
between what are deemed short focus lenses and what are called long focus
lenses, present no very serious difficulties.
It would seem that the only limit to the truth of this comparison be-
tween the two results would be where such enlargements began to show the
effect of the grain of the negative a~ one sees it under a microscope.
To put the matter of focusing in more exact language, it may be said
that while the long focus lens is focused by the eye on the basis of a circle
of confusion• of t1o inch, a lens of one-half the focal length of the first must
be focused on a basis of a circle of confusion of 1 \o inch in order that the

*NoTE. The circle of confusion refetred to above may be described as the size of any
point of the object photographed which is not in sharp focus, and is represented on the
plate by a very small circular spot, \vhich to the eye appears to be a point when its diam-
eter does not exceed 1-120 of an inch. When a magntfying glass is used. the allowable
circle of confusion is, of course, diminished, and may then become 1•240 of an inch, or
1-36o of an inch, or even less.
102 CAMERA NOTES.

enlargement magnifying tht: circles to do of an inch shall produce the same

final result.
So far, we have drawn no distinction between simple lenses of long focus,
requiring a longer draw, and those of the telephoto type. For the benefit
of those who may not be familiar with this last type of lens, we may say
that it is a close approximation to the ordinary field glass, except that the
lenses are corrected for the actinic rays of light, which affect the sensitive
plate, instead of those rays which affect the sight more powerfully, and
that the lens which corresponds to the eye-piece is larger. The simple
long focus lens sends to the plate a straight, long-drawn-out cone of light,
terminating in a point upon the plate corresponding to a point on the
object. On the other hand, the cone of light from a telephoto lens is in-
terrupted when it strikes the rear lens of the combination and is sharply
diverted to one side, striking the plate at a much more acute angle than
the corresponding ray from the simple lens. In other words, the cone of
light is, as we may say, bent around a corner in order to reach its place on
the plate. So sharp a bend must, in some small degree, affect the sharp-
ness of the image, and is much more violent than any change of direction
that the pencils of light undergo in the operation of, first, the taking of
the picture by a short focus lens, and, secondly, its subsequent enlarge-
ment.
Although it is not strictly in point, it may be excused if attention is
called to the advantage of having the lens opening as great as is possible.
This is often advocated, but the reason seldom accurately given, which is
that the same quality of result is not obtained by giving four times as
much exposure, with one-fourth the opening, as would be obtained by one-
quarter the exposure with a full opening. The action of a large quantity
of light entering at the same time and acting for a short period will bring
out lights and shades which a small quantity of light ading through a
longer period would not distinguish. In the case of star pictures, for ex-
ample, many of the fainter stars which would be printed by the full open-
ing would not appear at all as a result of a longer exposure with the smaller
opening.
If what has gone before is correct, it would seem to be a waste both
of energy and materials in many cases for travelers and others, to whom
bulk and weight are matters of importance, to use the larger cameras; and
that substantially the same results would be attained by subsequent en-
largements from small original negatives taken with large lens openings.
If, howE'ver, it is more convenient to take the original negatives full size
with less care in focusing and longer exposures, rather than subsequently
to enlarge them, that, of course, would justify the use of large cameras
and long focus lenses, but otherwise their use seems to be quite unneces-
sary.
In the Photograpleic Tim<s of April last, the writer developed two equa·
tions, to be used for the purpose of determining the exact limits of the
depth of focus with a given lens aperture, focal length of lens, dis-
tance focused upon, and circle of confusion. These equations are as
follows:
 CAMERA NOTE!:J: 103

af D af D
-le x -
I 2
-
lt
x-
I2
D'=- af and D''=
af
k+D --D
It

In the above equations, D= the distance focused upon, in inches, meas-

ured from one focal length in front of the lens.
a=the diameter of the lens aperture, in inches.
f•the focal length of the lens, in inches.
It =the diameter of circle of confusion adopted. in inches.
D'-the shortest distance in fed measurl!d from one focal length in
front of the lens, which will be in sharp focus; and
D''=the farthest distance which will be so in focus.
On inspecting these equations, it will appear that a, the lens aper-
ture, and D, the distance focused upon, both being taken as fixed quanti-
ties, the equation will not be altered by doubling the value of f, provided
at the same time the value of It is halved; but f is the focal length of
the lens, and It is the value of the circle of confusion. Consequently,
halving the focal length and halving the diameter of the circle of confusion
would still produce the same value forD' and D", and the depth of focus
remains the same. This demonstrates the rule mentioned at the beginning
of this article, for if the permissible diameters of the circles of confusion
are diminished in proportion as the length of focus is shortened, when the
image produced by the lens of shorter focus is magnified to the same
size as the image produced by the lens of longer focus, the diameters of
the circles of confusion are also magnified to the standard size.
The foregoing has been largely based upon a theoretical lens, not tak-
ing into account the effects incident to compound lenses, but it seemed un-
likely that, considering these, any of the foregoing statements would re-
quire material change. The fact that the equivalent focus of a combination
is not constant, but increases slightly as the distance focused upon
increases, ought, however, to be considered in any actual comparative test
between two lenses as above. Anyone who is interested in that phase of
the subject will find it tully treated of in the Pkotograpltic Times Almanac
of I888, page I4S· by Ernst Gundlach. A full discussion of the differ
ence between intensity and quantity of light will also be found in the
Photographic Timt'S Almanac of I887, page 46 and page so, by the same
author.
Another article closely connected with the subject in hand will be
found in the Pleolograpleic Times Almanac of I897, page ISS, on Astronom-
ical Photography, etc., by Dr. A. Clifford Mercer, particularly as to the
separating power of lenses at page I sB. As to this latter matter, the writer
is still in some doubt as to whl!ther with a given diameter of lens aperture
exactly similar results can be reached by the method above indicated,
owing to the possible interference by halation with results otherwise ob-
tainable by the short focus lens.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE.
Datt·d New York, Jau. s. 1898.
 ALFRED STIJO:Ot.ITZ, HARRY B. REID, PRANK M. HALW::, jOHN BEEBY,
Vtce-Prenaml. Secretary. Tr,a rurer. Li!Jraruzn.
• •

New Qua1·ters.
The long discussed question of "New Quarters" bas ·been settled in a
most satisfactory manner, through the action taken by the club at the largely
attended and enthusiastic special meeting held on January 26.
The entire eighth floor of the handsome new Bancroft Building, Nos.
3, 5 and 7 West T'venty-ninth Street, bas been leased for a term of five
years, together with a studio to be built on the roof after plans to be fur-
nished by tbe club architect, Mr. Charles I. Berg.
The new rooms contain an area of m ore than s,ooo square feet, exclu-
sive of the studio, which will add another soo feet to the total space, giving
the club ample room in which to grow amid surroundings that will insure a
largely increased membership.
Arrangement of the new rooms has been placed in charge of a commit-
tee composed of Messrs. Stieglitz, Berg and Murphy, and it is confidently
believed that on the xst of May the Camera Club will enter a home worthy
of its long deferred hopes and aspirations.
The building up of an ideal photographic club is not the work of a
day, and time must pass before all the projects of the Board of Trustees
can be fully realized; but with patience and consistent adherence to the
plans already formulated, it seems safe to predict that our Greater Camera
Club will not be unworthy of Greater New York.
The gratifying continuance of applications fur membership points
towards the time when some limitation must be imposed, and rumors of an
increased initiation fee are already beard in club circles.
It is yet too early to say much of the interior arrangements of the new
home, but a strong effort will be made to provide the !!lost approved facili-
ties for the several branches of photographic work, and at the same time
the social requirements of club rooms will not be overlooked.

WM. B UNKER, LoUIS B. S CHRAM, WM. R. THOM A S, j AS. T. VREDENBGROH,

Trust,es

-
 CAMERA NOTES. 105
---------------------------------------------------------------
Success!!
•
The trustees take great pleasure in
announcing the completion of the $2,ooo
fund for fitting up our new borne. While
this substantial sum is not all that could
be used to advantage in this important
work, it nevertheless assures better facili-
ties than we have ever enjoyed. The •
thanks of the Club are due to the follow-
ing lady and gentlemen, whose names
adorn the subscription list: Miss Clark-
son; Messrs. R. S. Adams, J. H. Adams,
Agnew, Aspinwall, Balliard, Bridgham,
Beeby, Bunker, Blythe, Bracklow, Car-
ltn, Cassard, Colbron, Coutant, Dwight,
Doering, Fraser, Flash, Goodwillie, Har- WM. o. Mu-RPHY, President.
per, Halman, Harris, Hitchcock, Joy,
King, Lawrence, W. D. Murphy, Montant, Mann, McKune, McCor . .
mick, Nason, Obermeyer, W. B. Post, Piffard, Peck, Russak, Roosevelt,
Roumage, Stebbins, Stieglitz, Schram, H. A. Smith, Scott, A. P. Schoen,
Tompkins, Towner, Thomas, Tiemann, Van Woert, Vredenburgh, 'Valker,
Wiener, Wilmerding.
This result is gratifying in the extreme, as it does not represent any ef-
fort to reach all the members of the Club. No circular has been sent out
and necessarily many tnembers desiring to participate in the good work are
still in ignorance of our plans. More money can be used to great advan-
tage, and the trustees still hope to receive many voluntary offerings.

Illusb:·ations.
The frontispiece, "Coquette," by Charles I. Berg, one of our promi-
nent pictorial photographers, was highly praised by London critic~, when
recently shown at the Royal Photographic Society Exhibition. It is one of
Mr. Berg's happiest efforts. The reproduction, which does full justice
to the orginal, was produced by the Photochrome Engra\'ing Company,
of New York.
"Lombardy Pastoral," by J. Craig Annan, of Glasgow, completes
the series of photogravures for the year. It is needless to dwell upon the
merits ·of Craig Annan's pictures, as they are accepted by artists as well as
photographers as being among the genuine gems produced by means of
the camera. His work is very highly appreciated by artists especially.
The photogravure was etched and printed by T. & R. Annan & Sons,
Glasgow.
The half tones in the body of our text are reproductions from prints by
Miss Ben Yusuf, Messrs. W. B. Post, A. H. Stoiber (the picture received
a second prize in the recent Eastman Competition), Henry Troth, F. A.
Engle, W. D. Murphy.
Two of the half tones give an idea on what lines the pictures in there-
cent Eastman Exhibition were arranged and hung.
We also present our readers with the portraits of the present officers
and the Board of Trustees of the Club .

•
106 L"AJIERA NOTE"S.

I .ectures on Ele111en......... and Practical Photography.

Two of the six lectures arranged by the Board of Trustees last October
for members and friends, as an educational series, have already been de-
livered: the first, "Photographic Apparatus," by President W. D. Murphy,
on Monday, December 20. His entertaining paper is here reproduced 'l'cr-
batim. Professor D. L. Elmendorf's lecture, the second of the course, was
delivered on Monday evening, January 17, before a large audience of
ladies and gentlemen, gathered together not less in anticipation of enjoy-
ing his wonderful colored slides than to hear his advice on "Choice of Sub-
jects and Exposure." The lecture was, necessarily, mainly extemporane-
ous, but we present a synopsis of his remarks which embodies most of the
instruction therein contained.

I liamida-Meta-Dioxy ....,.ine l: 3: 2: 5, and Its Use as a

Developer.
BY JAMES H. STEBBINS, JR., PH. D.

So much has aheady been written upon the subject of new developers, that it is with
some hesitation that I venture to bring this subject before you, and I only do so, as the
,..-o mpound about which I am going to \vrite is of particular theoretical interest, inasmuch
as it departs radically from the rules governing aromatic amido, oxy, and amido-oxy com-
pounds laid down by Lumiere freres in the Bul. Asso. Beige, 1891, p. 7oo-7o8.
The compound in question was discovered by two friends of mine, Messrs. 0. P.
Amend and Felix Thiele, who, finding the product to be of great value as a developer, filed
an application for a United States patent upon the same.
The theoretical side of the question was fully investigated by Dr. Felix Thiele, whose
notes I can do no better than reproduce in this article, as they cover the ground thoroughly.
In the article above referred to by Lumiere fretes, they state that a product of the
aromatic series, in order to act as a developer, must contain ill' the benzine nucleus at
least two amido groups, or a hydroxyl and an amido group. which must stand in the para-
position, in relation to each other. 'rhis rule also obtains, if the molecule contains a greater
number of amido or hydroxyl groups.
A large number of compounds are then mentioned to which this rule is said to apply.
Dr. Thiele, writing upon the subject, says:
"A comparison between the compounds enumerate~ and the theories advanced by
Lumiere freres as being necessary for the production of developing compounds, w.ith tbe
subject of our application for letters patent, will show that the suggestions of the writers,
Lumi~re freres, are entirely opposed to the views
which led us to the discovery of onr new developer.
Lumiere freres have suggested a series of com-
pounds which may develop the latent photographic
image, provided they contain either one hydroxyl,
and one amido group. or two hydroxyl groups, or
two amido groups in para-position, but they have
never taken the trouble to prove their theory by
applying it to all the compounds mentioned by
them. Farther investigations upon tbe di and tri
amido benzines have shown that only a few of
these compounds bear out the theories of Lumiere
Eastman gxnibllton. w. u. Murphy. f:-eres.
 0 c:
~ ~
(.f) c:
• ~
c=
~ ~
• ~
Q ·-....
bJ)
~

c:G u
~ ;>-.
a:l co
~
0
....l

•
~
•I
:
 CAMERA NOTES. 109

The compounds experimented with by Lumiere freres were para-substituted com

pounds. These compounds were used, as they are much more easily obtained than their
isomers: but among them no meta-dioxybenzine derivative, or even resorcine itself, was
tested as to its developing power, on the assumption that meta-substituted benzine deriv-
atives would not develop, and hence it was taken for granted that the same rule applied
to the 1esorcine derivatives.
We were the first to doubt Lumiere freres' hypothesis, and to prove that their law was
not infallible we thought it wise to test the action of diamidoresorcine upon the latent
image.
The results obtained far surpassed our expectations, as the compound was found to
work quicker, and to give clearer and cleaner plates, than any of the other developers
known to us. The results obtained closely resembled those produced with pyrogallol,
which led us to the conclusion that benzine derivatives substituted in the ortho-position
produce the best results as developers.
This will be easily understood when it is remembered that all compounds substituted
in the ortho-position easily form so-called anhydrides; there even being a series of bodies
of which only the anhydrides are known-as, for example, oxindol, isatine, etc. The
formation of such compounds is due to their power of splitting off water. even in aqueous
solutions.
Pyrogallol is undoubtedly an ortbo-substituted benzine derivative, as its formula
clearly shows:
OH
/1"'-
2IOH
1
1:1 OH
"'-/
The two hydroxyls 1 : 2, coming in contact with oxygen under certain conditions,
split off their hydrogen atoms, thus yieldJDg a new body, known as meta oxrchinone:
0
/1';-- 0
I aloH
"""-/ OH

If this theory is correct, diamidoresorcine should react under { ~\

1 NH""
like conditions in the same manner, as its formula somewhat re- I
NH, 5 a OH
o;embles that of pyrogallol. ""-4/
This indeed was found to be the case, as may be sef!n from the following equation:

The new body thus obtained is a symmetrical meta dioxychinone.

The constitutional formula of diamido-meta-dioxy benzine, O,H: O,H: N 1 H 1 : N.H,,
was lately provP~ by us, while making our researches on the subject of resorcine deriva-
tives.
OH If resorcine be fused with caustic soda, phloro- 0 H
/t'\ glucine will be obtained, but never oxyhydro· / 1""-
OH Ill !ll OH
chinone. In the same manner diamidoresorcine may I 8 / OH
'\// be obtained from di-nitrosoresorcine, having the ""-4/
constitutional formula O,H: O,H: N,O: N.O. OH
It would seem as if the hydroxyl group, in the meta-position in the resorcine, re-
pulses strong reagents in somewhat the same manner as the CHO group in benzaldehyde
IIO CAMERA NOTES.

forces a new substituent to enter the meta-position, which in this case is naturally tbe
position " s."
The above described diamido-meta-dioxybenzine is remarkable for the clearness
and intensity of its action upon the haloid salts of silver, good results having been ob-
tained with it when pyrogallol, oxalate of iron, para-amidophenol and other developers
failed to act. Another advantage of this developer is that, being neutral or slightly acid
in reaction, it has no softening action upon the gelatine films, which is at all times desir.
able, and especially in warm weather.
A practical method of using this producl is as follows: Dissolve r part of the diamido-
meta-dioxybenzol, 0.1 bromide of soda and 7.2 parts of sulphite of soda crystals in r8o
parts of water, and apply to the exposed plate in the usual manner.
Some little time will elapse before the reduction begins, but. once started, the action
is rapid and steady.
I have brought this product to your attention,not because it is a merchantable artide,
but purely because it is of theoretical interest, as being a departure from the generally
accepted theories governing such bodies at the time that Lun:oiere freres published the ar-
ticle above referred to, and I am informed that later experiments have caused these gen-
tlemen to change their views, to the extent ot also including the meta-derivatives of ben-
zine among the possible reducing compounds.

-------++-------
A Series of Important Exhibitions.
The Vienna Camera Club, which has ever been a most important tactor in the devel-
opment of pictorial photography, and which, besides advancing the interests of the art,
b:1s contributed some of the brightest lights to the photographic world. is at present
holding a most important series of exhibitions, exclusively devoted to pictorial photog-
raphy. These exhibitions, of which there are to be four, are each limited to one hundred
selected pictures, and are to illustrate the development attained in this new art in those
countries seriously interested in it.
The exhibitions, each of which will be open four weeks, have been arranged as fol-
lows:
First: Germany.
Second: Austria.
Third: France and Belgium.
Fourth: Great Britain and America.
The two English-speaking countries exhibiting together, and each exhibition having
been limited to one hundred pictures, it has been arranged that America be represented
by thirty pictures, a very fau proportion considering that Great Britain is the mother
country of pictorial photographers and contain many more first class photographers than
America. Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, having been appointed a committee of one by the Vienna
Camera Club to select the American pictures, and it being understood that only work
with a strong individuality and special merit was desired for the purpose, has chosen
eleven American photographers besides himself, to represent this country. The list h; as
follows:
The Misses Zaida Bed Yusuf, New York; E. J. Farnsworth, Albany; F. B. John-
ston, Washington, and Messrs. F. H. Bay, Boston; W. B. Post, C. I. Berg, S. Hollinger,
R. Eickemeyer, Jr .. all of New York; J. E. Dumont, Rochester; H. Troth, Philadelphia;
and E. Lee Ferguson, Washington. Only prints are eligible to these exhibitions as the
Europeans do not include lantern slides in exhibitions of this class.

--------++--------
Our Nt.w Librarian.
John Beeby has been appointed librarian in the place of Mr. Duffield. Mr. Beeby is
now hard at work in straightening out matters, the library having been sadly neglected
for years. The new librarian certainly deserves great credit in undertaking such a huge
task. He proposes, in due time, to make the library the most representati\·e in the country.
 CAMERA NOTES Ill

Lecture-Photographic Apparatus.
(Delivered to the Camera Club, New York, December 20, 1897, by William D. Murphy.)
In inaugurating this course of lectures upon Elementary and Practical Photography,
it would be well to state at the outset the controlling motive of the series, to wit:
The hope entertained by your Board of Trustees, in whom the club has rashly lodged
the widest power for good or evil. that by this means such masters of our craft as Stieg-
litz and Fraser may be induced to turn State's evidence, as it were, and reveal to us all
the secrets of their necromancy in the photographic art. In pursuance of this idea your
President has been offered up as an innocent sacrifice on the altar of duty, to break the
ice with a preliminary skirmish on the subject of "Photographic Apparatus," a topic upon
which more light might perhaps be thrown from the pages of an illustrated catalogue than
from the lips of old Demosthenes himself.
However, it is possible that a few selections culled from the garden of personal experi-
ence may not be too wide of the mark for the purposes of this little talk upon the tools of
our trade, so without any claim as an authority upon the subject I will endeavor to touch
upon some of the essential merits and defects of the various articles that go to make up
the ontfit of an amateur photographer.
In the first place, let the proposition be clearly set forth that the prime essentials to
successful work as a photographer are patience and the faculty to persevere toward the
desired end in spite of the numerous difficulties that beset the art in all its stages.
The beginner who has confidingly entered the field relying upon that seductive and
widely circulated fable, "You press the button and we do all the rest," or who counts
upon elaborate apparatus to insure l.im a short cut to championship honors, is certain to
soon experience a deep-seated disappointment and will surely pass under the shadow of
a widespread gloom.
Not until he realizes that brains and hard worit are the foundation stones of success
in photography, as in other callings, will he approach even the outskirts of the true do-
main of the photographic arts, and it is equally true that, when he has learned to consci-
entiously apply th1s principle he will find success close at hand, whether his photographic
apparatus is plentiful or meager. In fact a multiplicity of apparatus is a stumbling-block
in the path, and it is infinitely better to fully understand the possibilities of a limited out-
fit than to wander in hopeless confusion amid a superb assortment of unknown lenses and
perplexing shutters.
Plates are not the only things that become fogged by injudicious use; the n:ind of the
operator is subject to mental fog that is as dense as any chemical product, and int-er-
feres as se1 iously with success.
At this point it would perhaps be as well to touch gently upon the theme assigned
me, in order to keep on good terms with the Trustees, so let us first consider the needs of
a photographic beginner in the way of apparatus.
Nine-tenths of the beginners enter the field lured by the hand camera, and to such
novices almost any picture-making box offers equal opportunities for his initial efforts, and
yet it is a singular fact that to the veteran camerist nothing is more troublesome than to
secure a satisfactory hand camera.
The question of lenses naturally goes hand in hand with the camera problem, but the
novice tarries not ~o consider such small items. All he wants is something that will take
pictures under any condition of light or shade, and of course some truth-loving dealer can
sell him just what he wants. Heaven forbid that we should say anything unfriendly of
the dealer in photo supplies; we must all trust him, and 1t will be indeed a cold day when
he declines to trust us.
B.1t it is obvious that the photographic aspirant should take advice from some expert
friend, or better still join a camera club forthwith, and place himself in touch with good
fellows who will give him many a lift over the Chilkoot Pass of his novitiate which leads
to the Klondyke of pure delight reveled in by the post graduates ot the art.
But to return to the vital matter of selecting our first camera. Personally I should
advise a tripod box instead of hand camera for two reasons. First, the beginner will
112 CAMC.'RA 1\'0TES.

commence to understand the situation much more easily if he starts in to work under a
focusing cloth. The ground glass tells its own story of focus and of composition, while
the "finder" of the hand camera is a delusion and a snare, being rarely in sympathy with
the lens, and also being possessed of the misleading faculty of making all scenes look like
pictures-a distinction easily appreciated when thl! resulting prints are brought to
light. Secondly, the operator will do less damage to the feelings of his friends, as he will
take less pictures by tripod than by hand; he will have fewer failures to account for, will
save lots of money and will learn to develop his exposures himself instead of sending val-
ueless rolls of film to be professionally developed for a valuable consideration.
As to t~e specific variety of camera to be selected, nothing need here be said; but as
to size, it is distinctly advisable to start in with small plates, 4 x 5 or 5 x 7 Indeed the
tendency of the expert camerist of to-day is toward these sizes in preference to the more
cumbersome and more expensive full plates. It must be remembered that a lens of a
given series designed to co\er a 4 x 5 plate, takes just as much picture as a 10 x 12 lens
of the same series, the angle of view being the same, only of course the detail of the pic-
ture is reduced in proportion.
Having secured a satisfactory camera with a good firm tripod, the lens must next be
considered, and here the widest latitude exists for personal taste. No one make of lenses
can be set above all others for universal work, and it would be difficult to even demon-
strate that any one make is superior for even a special line of work. This is proved by
the fact that of a dozen expert photographers few would be found to agree upon the same
make of lens as possessing all the most desirable qualities.
Personal inquiry of many authorities leads to the above conclusion and it seems safe
to advance the proposition that any good lens, when properly used, will produce satisfac-
tory results in the -Nay of general work. It is true that modern sdentific research in the
lens factory has led to superior (ypes of lenses correcting astigmatism and yielding sharp
definition to the very edges of the plate; but in comparing the work of one of these new
lenses with the work of old ones it is not e\·ery one who is willing to give up his old fa-
vorite of the rapid rectilinear type for the newcomers but there is a marked superiority
in the matter of spe€d, owing to the incaaS£d arerture and astigmatic correction.
Having thus skillfully avoided the dange1 of advertising. or depreciating any one's
pet make of lenses. let us assume that a 4 x 5 tripod camera and a lens with a 6 inch fo-
cus has been selected. together with s:x double plate-holders, so that a full box of plates
may be loaded at one time. One dozen plates under ordinary circumstances should he
ample for a day's outing. Make your exposures deliberately and try to make every ex-
posure yield a picture. One real meritorious picture per day would be a grand average
for the best photographer to score during his summer vacation. Assuming that we are
no.v supplied with the fundamentals of an outfit, we will turn our attention to the dark
room. First in importance is a safe and comfortable light. If we ruin our eyesigi)t in the
early stages of the game by using a one-candle power lantern we will derive little plEas-
ure from the artistic results to come later on.
Get a lantern big enough to admit of using gas if possible, an argand burner is best.
No item of all your photographic outfit is more important than an adequate lighting plant.
Artificial light is always better than daylight, even when the latter can be safely con-
trolled, the light from the sun varying w1th every hour of the day, and each day being
likewise upon an independent basis. A changing light is most deceptive in development,
the judging of density being difficult enough under the most favorable circumstances, so
by all means secure a uniform light.
As this paper is not supposed to deal with negative making, we w11l not go at length
into the furnishing of the dark room, or the se:ection of a standard developer. We could
easily secu1e plenty of testimony to prove that each of the popula1 developers, like Abou
Ben Adhem's name, "Led all the rest," but this beverage we will pass from us to a later
lecturer. But before leaving this subject let a word be said in favor of vertical fixing,
and washing tanks; a mention may also be made of a simple device for quickly washing
plates when only a few are being put through at a time. I refer to a washing-board,
simply a piece of board a little wider than the plates, and long enough to hold one or sev-
eral phtes. The board should have raised edges to prevent the water from escaping at
 CAMERA NOTE.~: 113

tbe sides, and when propped up at any angle under tbe 1'aucet it affords the quickest kind
of washing for the plates put upon it.. The thin veil of constantly changing water will
effect a sufficient removal of hypo in ten or fifteen minutes.
Passing by the painful experience of the first few weeks of exposing, developing and
spoiling plates, we will suppose our.;elves possessed of a good negative full of detaJI, well
balanced in compo!lition, and showing proper gradations of light and shade.
Then comes the awful regret that it is only a 4 x s plate, when it possesses beauty
sufficient to fill a large and expensive frame. Here is where we again pick up the cue or
'·apparatus,"' and we vainly look for a satisfactory enlarging and reducing camera.
The catalogues show us attractive cuts of just what we want. but im·estigation re-
veals the fact that the implement is as big as a treight car, requires a trel>tle like a rail-
road bridge, and is as hard to manage as a mule.
But at the club, or elsewhere, we get a pleasing enlargement made and then realize
the w1sdom of the small plate idea, for out of a hundred pictures only one is good enough
to justify so much superficial area. The real place for an enlargement is upon the lan-
tern screen. and to secure it we must make a slide from our pet negative, either by direct
contact, which requires no apparatus other than a printing trame and the da1k room, or
by reduction which calls to mind an old enemy, the elephantine enlarging and reducing
camera. Happily a little ingenuity at home will enable us to construct a rough working
arrangement for reducing negatives to slide dimensions, using our regular out-door
camera as a basic point. Take a solid board five feet long anrl as wide as the bottom of
the camera, along the left edge of the board nail a strip of moulding p10jecting half an
inch above the surface of the plank. Procure a box about the same size as the outs1de
measure of the camera, knock out the bottom and fit in grooves a common kit to hold your
cegative; the kit must move freely sideways. If this box is properly centered on one end
of the plank, and the camera placed upon the plank a couple of feet away. the arrange-
n:ent having been put upon a table, or propped up on the window sill. with a sheet of
ground glass hanging in the window behind the box that holds the negative, you have a
rough but serviceable reducing camera at a purely nominal expense.
The sliding tront of the camera gives vertical range while the horizontal motion of the
kit ;n the negative box permits of lateral adjustment.
Small kits to hold the lantern slide plates can be put in the ordinary plate-holders, and
this crude arrangement will tum out as good WOJ k as a regular reducing camera, and
have the advantage of occupying less space. What you really do in making a slide is to
photograph your negative upon the slide plate, by light transmitted through the nega-
tive itself.
If the old idea of doing this work through a needless tunnel is any comfort. you can
easily cover the box and camera with the focusing cloth held up by two light roils resting
on the box and camera, but experiment has proved this to be an unnecessary precaution.
'l'he box holding the negative should be large enough to prevent direct halation from the
window; that is to say, when lookirg through the ground glass of the camera no image of
anything but the negative and its surrounding trame should be seen. It is also well to
blacken the inside of the negative box.
The camera slips easily along the board, heltl in alignment by the raised strip of
moulding on the edge, and it is a very much simpler matter to get just the size reduction
required than when working with the 1egulation outfit. The weigbt of the camera affords
enough flicticn to hold 1t in place while taking out and returning the plate-holder, but if
ab~olute stability is required, a slit cut in the middle of the plank to admit the tripod screw
from the under side will insure it.
We have now seen that the simplest of outfits, at a most reasonable expense, will give
us the entree into the charmed circle of photography; negatives, pri:lts, and slides, all be-
ing placed within the reach of any intelligent beginner.
Printing methods find no place in this little talk. but under that head it may be per-
mitted to mention burnishers, of which I can only say, don't get tl1lt'. It is better to start
in right and make your prints on the more artistic matt surface, or platinum papers, which
require no burnishing, and yield results so infinitely superior to the old glazed surfaced
photograph, that in the scale of merit they deserve to 1ank at a ratio of one to sixteen.
 CAMERA NOTE!l:

It n:ay not be out of place at this point to take up the question of hand cameras more
in detatl, f01 while there is little room to doubt that the tripod and time exposures are the
surest means of securing art pictures, there is still a wide field for hand camera work.
Personally, the ideal hand camera has never materialized in my presence, but it is easy
to outline the requirements of a perfect one. The box should be of the closed variety,
rectangular and solid in construction, with an easily adjusted back-focusing arrangement,
the lens being fixed at the front, and supplied with a ~butter that is always set for exfo-
sure. Such an arrangement is a great !'aver of time, the box is always ready for use, so
that the artist has plenty of time to catch his snap-shot and get away before the victim
realizes that he is being "taken."
The ideal lens should be so adjusted as to give a universal focus at any distance be-
yond, say, twenty teet; but up to date this is an idle drean:, so far as the higher type
of lens is concerned. The usual six or seven-inch focus lens, now used in our hand cam-
eras, will not give a universal focus at less than roo feet.
From the above outlined description of an ideal hand camera, it may be said that
some of the small boxes of the buB" s-eye type nearly approach the standard, and this is in
some measure true, excepting, of course. of the lens, which falls far short of the desired
perfection.
Some of the new folding cameras are marvels of design and workmanship, and pos-
sess the great advantage of extreme compactness. But cameras of this type involve much
loss time in opening and adjusting for work, and are also very difficult to hold in level
position.
A rectangular box held in the hands shows certain lines that assist the eye in deter-
mining the correct position, while the angular lines of a projecting bellows acts as a con-
fusing factor in a problem that is not so easy as it looks to be.
Many of the best amateur workers prefer a longer focus lens for the hand camera, en
the ground that it secures larger detail and enables them to pick out the center ot a picture
without the disturbing elements of an exaggerated foreground and a too copious sky.
But be the focus what it may, varying according to the taste and requirements of the
artist, the lens must possess extreme rapidity to be suitable for hand camera work, for
the difference in light called for by lenses working at f/8 or j 1I I is just roo per cent., a
difference as wide as the margins between success and failure, when gray day or rain
pictures are in question.
Some of the newer lenses work satisfactortly at j /4. giving the maximum of illumina-
tion up to date.
Speaking of lenses, the telephoto lens must not be passed by in silence, although the
lecturer has not personally wrestled with it, believing that there are chances enough
against the strolling amateur already. without adding astronomical complications to the
case.
For certain purposes the telephoto, with its power of magnifying distant otjects, is of
great value, but the ordinary amateur has as yet felt little call to add it to his outfit. A
telephoto attachment can be added to any of the standard lenses, the combination being
Simply screwed on to the tube, where it acts to the lens as a telescope does to the eye and
magnifies in proportion to the length of the focus, which is necessarily so extended as to
call for a camera of very long extension and a tripod of great rigidity.
We have as yet said little in regard to a most important item of an apparatus-namely,
the shutter; and here again I am confronted by the specter of advertisement, but the
three makes of reliable shutters are so well known to you all that nothing really new can
be said of them. Personal experience has led to the conclusion that it is better to own
one good shutter and understand it thoroughly, than to possess all three and be but
dimly acquainted with their tricks. The lecturer once photographed for two days amid
the beautiful scenery of Lake Como and the St. Gothard Pass, only to subsequently learn
that owing to an imperfect knowledge of a new shutter, he had been giving instantane-
ous exposures that lasted until the next oue was made, ranging from ten minutes to half a
day. Of these three types of shutters we need but briefly consider the general construc-
tion. looking first at the Iris diaphragm type, constructed after the principle of the iris of
the human eye, opening from the center and so adjusted as to give a so-called instanta-
 CA.IIERA NOTES. 115

neous exposure 1anging from 1-100 part of a second to three full seconds, by one pressure
of the bulb.
Secondly, we have the "wing" shutter, the exposure being made by two wings pass-
ing the lens at a speed regulated to suit all requirements; this is a serviceable type ad-
mitting of greater speed than the Iris style.
fhirdly, we have the curtain shutter, operated like a spring roller window shade and
giving a very full and even illum:nation of the plate. To this type belongs the focal plane
variety so popular for the most rapid of instantaneous work.
A subject of more than common interest to your lecturer is the necessary apparatus
for a tra\·eling amateur, and a few words thereon may perhaps be pardoned.
Few things are more pleasant than to be able to return from a far away trip well sup-
plied with photographic memoranda of places and of people visited. A personal experi-
ence of more than 30,000 miles of journeying with my camera, has naturally revealed
many difficulties to be avoided and many expedients to be resorted to, and at the risk
of unduly prolonging this talk. one or two details must be mentioned.
If serious photography is to be attempted, glass plates must be mainly depended upon,
though for some lines of tourists' work the new film cartridges are of great advantage. If
possible a separate trunk should be set apart for the photographic supplies if a long trip
is planned, and for the itinerant photographer no comfort is greater than to have his photo
trunk especially partitioned to hold the several articles of his outfit and a plentiful supply
of plates.
Regarding plates, it is risky to trust to picking them up en route, for size and quality
are not always obtainable outside of the larger cittes.
As to cameras for such a 'trip, there is room for wide difference of opinion, but the
~peaker generally takes two, a 6~x8~ tripod and a smaller hand camera.
The chief annoyance that the tourist experiences is in changing his plates, even at
night time in his hotel the room is nearly sure to be well lighted from a transom over the
door. This trouble can be avoided by the use of a light proof changing bag that will ad-
mit of fiiJing your holders in broad daylight, if made ltke the one that I have the pleasure
01 showing you. It may somewhat suggest a p'air of bicycle bloomers, and like the bloom-
CIS it was not built for purposes of ornamentation.
With a little practice 6~x8~ plates can be t;asily handled in it, packing away the ex-
posed plates face to face in numbered envelopes in the box from which the fresh plates
have been taken.
A careful record of each exposure should be made, to insure intelligent de\•elopmeut
upon arrival home.
These few suggestions are offered in the hope that some grains of sense may be win-
nowed from the chaff, and that perhaps some worthy brother ofthe camera may find profit
therefrom.
And now, gentlemen, as far as photographic apparatus is concerned, I feel that I have
touched the batp but lightly, for in truth it 1s not an inspiring subject. The annual auc-
tion sale in these rooms tells its own sad tale more eloquently than could reams of
rhetoric.
Memories of the last auction arise before us, with apparatus "thick as autumnal
leaves in Vallambrosa," and the solemn tones of the auctioneer are almost beard again
as be chants the sad requiem of our mistakes. We see our one-time favorites passing un-
der the hammer, one by one talling into new ownerships for nominal considerations, and
then in a moment of temporary aberratio::t of mind we find ourselves buying some un-
known article at a price exceeding its original cost to the proud seller, who sits benignly
by and wonders why we bid on it.
These scenes are too painful to dwell upon, and I must close, feeling that in treating
upon the subject of apparatus I have been as awkwardly placed as was the new minister
in a New England village.
Soon after his arrival Bill Jones, the town reprobate, died, leaving such a bad
reputation that none of the older ministers would undertake his funeral services. They
put it off on the new parRon, and he made an heroic attempt. He commenced his sermon
with the statement that "the departed was born in the first year of the ce.ntury," and then
made no further allusion to the corpse, but proceeded to eloquently describe the wonder-
ful events and inventions since that date, and closed with a glowing and patriotic pictu!'e
of the future of the nation.
When the sermon was over the consensus of opinion in the congregation was that: "It
was a great opportunity for the new minister anyhow, and that be ought to be thankful
for having such a subject as old Bill Jones."
II6 CAIIfERA 1\'0TES.

Choice of Subject and Exposure.

(Ex~ract of lecture delivered on Jan. 19, 1898, by Prof. Dwight Lathrop Elmendorf.)

There are photographs and there are pictures, and not many of our photographs are
pictures. Why is this?
Perhaps there was too much subject and therefore too many points of interest, causing
he confused impression one receives upon looking at an overcrowded show window; we
pass on and soon forget that there was anything to see.
Parisian florists teach an rmportant lesson in the simplicity of their window, and
not only our florists, but we photographers might do well to study the consummate art
often there displayed in the disposition of a bunch of flowers and a bit of draperr.
If some of our fine lenses oniy could, I am sure they would cry out in distress when
pointed at some conglomerate mass of subjects, any one of which might make a picture
if the others were subordinated.
Peradventure there was not enough subject.
The error is aometimes made of attempting to depict the uninteresting simply be-
cause of some technical difficulty, and probably for this reason we see many curiosities
which are out of place in an exhibition. unless set apart with others of similar character.
That the commonplace may be made most interesting under skillful treatment no one
will deny after seeing the clever work of some of our best workers.
We may think that we will get fine pictures because we -have the finest lens and an
expeno;ive camera.
Most assuredly, when the lens is adapted to the plate, photography will give an ex-
act impression of what was before the instrument, but it does not follow that the result
will be artistic or a picture.
I take no account of the technical or the mechanical processes in the making of the
negative or print, presupposing that we all are perfect in these respects.
The result artistically depends either upon chance or upon the mind behind the
camera.
Given an artistic mind behind the camera, the possibilities of photography are almost
infinite.
It will seize upon opportunities too commonplace to many and produce charming
pictures.
Another reason why so many photographs are not pictures is that we are prone to imi-
tate the work of another.
This tendency is generally tcnducive to failure from an artistic standpoint.
Let each one be himself and express what nature reveals to him, if he wishes to cul-
tivate artistic feeling; otherwise he becon:es a mere copyist, which means a state of coma
as far as art is concetned.
If nature makes us think, let us endeavor to tran!;fer the thought to our negative, but
do not force a couplet or pretty poem upon poor unoffending nature unless she yields will-
ingly.
Have a reason for your picture and it will of itself demand the rtght to e~ist.
Then again consider the masterpieces of the old masters: they are not in every re-
spect perfect, frequently the drawing is bad, and yet they hold and always will held their
place in art.
Let it be granted that they might have been more perfect, yet withal they teach that
there is something more than mere form in art.
Not many of the rules of art can be applied to our work, nevertheless when we con-
sider a subject we must obey at least some of the laws of composition, and see that the
chief lines balance and that the lines of perspective are not distorted.
It won't do to place the camera in any chance position and press the button. We
should always remember that there is more than one way of looking at a subject, and it is
advisable to stop long enough to discover if there is not a better point of view than the one
chosen.
 CAMERA NOTES. 117

If our subject be still life, the subject itself can be turned and posed until we are sat-
isfied that we have it at its best.
It is well to study a living model without permitting the same to become aware of the
fact, for it is simply disheartening to have your model stiffen into the pose of a wooden
figure, somewhat like a tobacconist's sign or a Central Park statue, which seems to be
the common idea of posing. Since we cannot move a landscape we must move our
camera.
When we are convinced that no better point of view is possible, we must turn our at-
tention to the lighting of the subject, and this needs most careful study.
How often have we obtained the best position for our camera only to find our subject
badly lighted.
lf we werejoshuas we might overcome this trouble, but a::; we are not, we must either
wait or come at some other time when Old Sol may be pleased to give us what we desire.
It is never advisable to photograph a landscape during the middle hours of the day,
unless the day be dark and dreary and we are after such effects.
The early morning or late afternoon light will yield rounder and more pleasing re-
sults, the shadows when well treated giving life and depth.
After having our point of view and our light as we wish them, notice whether the
chief point of interest occupies the central point of the plate or not. If it does, it should
be changed a little either to the nght or left, up or down, anywhere but the exact center,
for that is generally considered the weakest and least effective point. except by a theatri-
cal star on the stage.
Having posed and lighted our subject, we now calculate the exposure necessary.
Just here let me remark in passing that I do no~ know of any shutter that gives a <'or-
rect exposure for landscape work.
Some of them give all parts of the plate an equal amount of exposure, others give the
center more than any other part, whereas the foreground should have more than the sky
and the center generally less.
I use a modified Prosch duplex shutter, so adjnsted that the sky gets less than the
foreground, and with this I have succeeded fairly well in getting clouds and atmosphere
in the dit:tance instead ot dead white.
In calculating the exposure I invariably study the illumination of the ground glass or
focusing screen, having made many experiment!!, with careful notes of the same and the
results which each of my lenses gave at all times of the day and year. I am now almost
certain that the exposure will be w1thin the developing power of my chemicals.
I must confess that every plate I put in a camera is an experiment and that I look
upon photography as an experimental science, and partly for this reason does it entice me
on to discover new beauties, and it may be to do still better work.
I hope that I shall never be satisfied, for unless one's ideal is just beyond his grasp, it
is not worth having.
Allow an old worker to offer a few suggestions from his note book. On open marine
views the expostue should be very short and the lens, if a good one, should be stopped
down considerably.•
~Iy own lenses are the Zeiss Convertible, and though they cover well atf/6, I gener-
ally .. top down to f/32 on marine views to prevent over-exposure because my shutter does
not work very fast; probably its best speed is about the fortieth part of a second.
An open landscape will need much more time, for it generally contains much green
and other colors which absorb much of the actinic part of the light, and therefore that
which is reflected through the lens is not chemically so quick in its action on the plate,aL
though it may appear very brilliant to the eye.
Upon this kind of subject I generally use stop (/r6 and an exposure varying from
a tenth of a second to four seconds, according to the time of the day and state of the
weather.
In the woods the exposure must be increased far beyond what one would suppose and
with a stop 1j64 I frequently give over a minute.
Street scenes must be made quickly 1f we wish to catch the life in them, and this class
of subject is a difficult one because there are many stiff straight lines and the tall build-
liS CAJ11:.RA NOTES.

ings cast such deep shadows that it is best to give all the ~>xposure possible consistent
with the motion of the moving objects.
The best results are obtained when the sky is overcast,yielding a soft and partly dif.
fustld light, which will ptevent the harshness most likely to result from strong sunlight.
Very frequently the light seems to be very powerful to the eyes, when in reality it is
very yellow and correspondingly slow in its action on the plate. I have often been de-
teived by this and have slightly under-exposed, much to my surprise.
Altitude has an important bearing upon the time of exposure; the greater the altitude
the Jess exposure. In very high altitudes I have been compelled to stop down to f/64 and
use the shutter at full speed on distant mountains.

++
Two Notable Exhibitions.
Since the orgnization of the Orange Camera Club, several years ago, there has ex-
isted a remarkable ~nlurl~ cordiale between its members and those ot the Camet a Club
of New York, cemented both by private friendship and the frequent conference of its
working committees. The earnest purpose of the Orange Club to make its lantern pic-
tures mean something more than mere 'photographic technique, bas always rendered its
contributions intetesting to us, and the Orange Interchange set for 1898 was shown to
quite a large audience of our members and friends at the Wednesday tellt, held December
29, rS<n
On the following evening, December 30, a sttlllarger audience assembled in the club
rooms to attend the first regular lantern exhibition of the season, the attraction being a
special collection, also the work of the Orange Camera Club, lent by Mr. T. ]. Preston,
who is now a member of both organizations. Mr. W. H. Cheney, of the Orange Club.
presided at the screen; Messrs. Preston, Terhune and Wiswell kindly lent their aid to
make the occaston a success. The slides consisted of rso carefully selected and ar-
ranged examples, and A It red Stieglitz, being an honorary member of the Orange Club, con-
tributed liberally to the collection. Many of the pictures were pri7e winners at the vari-
ous competitions established by the club to stimulate its members to new fields of en-
deavor, and, although no makers' names were announced, the work of Messrs. Preston-
Cheney, Hine, Plumb, Townsend, McGowan and Wiswell was easily recognized. Mr.
Preston, who has lately joined our Camera Club and is an enthusiastic devotee of photog-
raphy at night, showed some novel effects of carriages and h01 ses and people, taken at
close range, in his views around "The Tenderloin" of New York City. In some of these
the suggestions of the busy rush of life, after dark, in the theatrical district ot, probably,
the fastest city in the world, exhibited achievements which would have been pronounced
almost impossible but a few months ago. There were several good specimens of color
effects produced by toning and double toning. While we regard double toning in lantern
slide work as an exceedingly risky operation when artistic results are desired, it cannot
be denied that in some cases it is remarkably effective in representing the tones and sug-
gesting the tints of nature. A winter scene, by Mr. Wiswell, showing a snowy road
flecked with shadows, with a warm background of trees, was one of the best of these and
was quickly apprectated by the audience. Mr. Cheney's landscape and genre scenes, some
of which had excited the admiration of the house at the Wednesday test, were also warmly
applauded. The flowers and marines ot T. A. and C. G. Hine were a marked feature of
the exhibitton, and from the same authors there were several interesting studies of do-
mestic life in foreign lands.
The slides were pleasantly and colloquially described by Mr. Cheney, who incident-
ally gave a brief sketch of the Orange Camera Club and its methods of work. A word
of praise is due for the clever arrangement of the collection; the subjects, which were
both numerous and varted, following each other in such delightful crder that the appetite
for more was continually whetted. This, we understand, was the work of Mr. Preston,
who demonstrated in this exhibition that the successful presentatio~ of a lantern enter-
tainment depends not only on the individual excellence ot the slides, but very largely on
the artistic unity of the collection considered as a whole. W. M. M.
 CAllllc.RA XOTES

Exhibition of F. H. Day's Work.

A collection of some 300 prints, the work of Mr. F. H. Day, of Boston,
is on view at the club rooms as we go to press for this issue. In its con.
ception, execution and presentation it is the most remarkable "one-man"
exhibition yet shown since the Committee on Prints inaugurated the series.
Mr. Day believes in doing all things well and devotes just as much atten-
tion to framing and hanging as he does to the composition of tht: pictmes
themselves. The entire exhibit was hung and arranged under his personal
supervision - in fact, almost entirely by his own hands: the artistic
unity of the display, thus realized, amply justifies his painstaking efforts.
A review of this unique collection of figure studies, with several illustra-
+ions, will appear in our July number, and we hope, also, to present an
1rticle by Mr. Day on the subjt:ct of his work.
--·--+-+---
The Troth Exhibition.
The monthly "one man" print exbibition,shown at the December meeting and the week
following, introduced the Camera Club to some interesting work by Mr. Henry Troth, of
Philadelphia, whose talent for picture making was chiefly displayed in his fourteen land-
scape studies. A few of these hardly rose above the standard of old-fashioned conven-
tional. but good, photography, and rather operated to lower the estimation in which Mr.
Troth's finest examples deserve to be held. "The Lonely Shore'' is without doubt his most
successful attempt at the composition of a picture. The sky is evidently printed in and
shows heavy storm clouds lowering over a surf-beaten beach; the foreground consisting
of sand dunes, with the stunted cedars and grasses characteristic of the lower New Jer-
sey coast. The work is not only the embodiment of an idea, but the evolution of its in-
ward principle is so well carried out that the several parts harmoniously blend together
into a perfect wholtl. Quite in contrast to this picture is another coast scene, in which the
sand dunes roll from the foreground to a dark clump of trees at the right middle distance.
A gentle surf beats on the beach and a brilliantly lighted sky proclaims a bright summer
day. Yet this sky is printed from the same negative as "The Lonely Shore." While
these prints were displayed side by side in the exhibition, we believe few noticed the sim-
ilarity of the cloud forms, the adaptation of the material having been so cleverly performed
that euch picture maintains a distinct individuality. and yet remains homogeneous. A
third attempt to Uj;e this cloud negative, in the view of some fishermen's huts at low tide,
was, however, a distinct failure. Photographers accustomed to the procesR of double, or
combination, printing, ought to be cautious about showing their hand, and in a small col-
lection like th1s, such repetitions are almost sure to challenge attention. That art is best
which most successfully conceals art. A very original picture is that entitled "A Japan-
ese Effect,'' which has bad the well merited honor of being hung in the English ''Salon.''
It is a weird combination of cliffs, lagoons, hills and cedars, all apparently American
goods, the whole presenting a striking suggestion of the decorative compositions of Jap-
anese landscape artists. Mr. Troth certainly exhibits a charming versatility in his sym-
pathetic treatment of sea cnast scenes. In his general landscape work he does not seem
to be so much at home. "The Sun-flecked Path" is the best of three wood interiors and
the difficulty of showing checkered sunlight and shadow in the heart of the wood is suc-
cessfully overcome.
Mr. Troth's exhibit includes a large colltlction of flower studies, which from their com-
pleteness seem to be intended as illustrations to some important botanical work. While
they do not come under the bead of pictorial photography, and hence of mmor interest to
our members at the present time. they furnish abundant lessons to the latter in the art of
photographing difficult combinations of form and color. Little attempt is made in these
examples to arrange the flowers picturesquely, the purpose evidently being to show the
morphology as plainly as possible, and yet no one could have g10uped this series without
an innate and educated artistic sense. The backgrounds are pleasantly varied to suit the
subjects, the tones are admirably suggestive of the local color, and the execution of the
whole collection seems to have been, with Mr. Troth, a labor of love. W. M. M.
 \
120 CAMENA NOTES.

The F. A. Engle Exhibition.

The fourth of the series of one-man exhibitions was devoted to the work of Mr. F. A.
Engle, a new star in the photographic firmament. A one-man show is unquestionably
a severe test of a man's ability, as it is apt to show up the shortcomings of one's work in
a most unmerciful way. From this point of view, we hardly think that the Print t:om-
mittee, which bas been doing such magnificent work for the club, bas been overkind to
Mr. Engle in inviting him to this series of exhibitions; especially so, as CAMERA NoTES
is expected to review the pictures exhibited honestly.
Mr. Engles exhibit consisted of twenty-four pictures, all platinotypes mounted on
Rembrandt mounts. As specimens ot good photography, as that term is generally un-
derstood, the prints were certainly above criticism: but from an artistic point of view
they were sadly lacking in several important factors, although the composition in most
cases was good.
The great fault in these prints was the incorrect rendering of values, and the absolute
lack of aerial perspective in most of the-m. Evening and morning effects, favorite
subjects with Mr. Engle, should never be rendered with jet black foregrounds and middle
distances. There is no such thing in Nature; weeds and grnss, everything bas texture,
and at whatever hour of the day they mav be photographed, there must be some
suggestion of it 1n the print. It is this suggestion which lends so great a charm to these
popular effects, and Mr. Engle bas certainly failed in this particular. A black fore-
ground representing a bit of Nature is as great an eyesore as a sky rendered by white
paper.
In the ":itudy of a Cat," the texture of the animal was exquisitely rendered, but Mr.
Engle bas discounts of the pictorial value of the print by the total absence of foreground
and background, the cat looking as if it had been cut out and pasted on a bit of black
paper. This may catch the popular verdict; it is nevertheless neither good photography
nor good taste. A. S.
---++
Print Exhibition by John W. .M.cKecknie.
During the month of January considerable interest was shown in the collection of
large bromide prints, made by John W. McKecknie, a prominent member of the Camera
Club, comprising architectural and sculptural subjects of the classic, medieval and renais-
sance periods. These were all made on the Nepera bromide papers, in the manipulation
of which Mr. McKecknie is an acknowledged expert. About fifty of the examples were
22 x 28 in size, and it may be a surprise to some of our members, who think our rooms are
poorly adapted to the production of large work, to learn that this entire series of admir-
able enlargements was made in the little bromide room of the Camera Club. Its pres-
ent facilities, however, are largely due to Mr. McKe~:knie, who, about a year ago, in the
performance of his duties on the House Committee, made extensive changes in the en-
larging room. Not the least valuable feature of this exhibition was the number of copies
of sculptures, bas-reliefs, curiosities and historical fragments, contained in the famous
Museum of Naples, the completeness of this series not being equaled by the offic1al pho-
tographs in the museum itselt. Many of the interiors of cathedrals and churches were
made under extraordinary privileges, granted to Mr. MeKecknie by the local governments
as a member of a commission sent out by the Smithsonian Institute, and in some of the
places, where the State. is more powerful than the Church, photographs were taken while
divine services were in progress. Though the prmcioal aim of the phctograher was
technical accuracy, and the compas!> and level were in constant use ourmg the work.
many of the pictures were noticeable for their high artistic qualities. Mr. McKecknie is
an architect and has inci:hnlally been a teacher cf perspective, and we may infer from the
evidence shown in this collection that a scientific training is no mean preparation for the
practice of the so-called fine arts. Before these lines are publish ell Mr. McKecknie will have
gone to Kansas City, there to practice his profession, and while we wish him God-speed
in his new field of endeavor, we regret that his departure will deprive the club of a valu-
able member and the workers in the rooms of an experienced counselor. W. M. M.
 CAMERA NOTES. 121

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

Since the last issue of CAMERA NoTES, the following have been elected members of
the club: F. N. Waterman, 223 West One Hundred and Sixth street: Herbert J. Riley,
Hackensack, N. J.; Lawrence Jatob, 36 West Fifty-ninth street; William E.
Nichols, 216 West One Hundred and Fifth street; Oscar Flash, Staten Island; J. W.
Bartlett, M. D., 149 West Ninety-fourth street; Miss Rose E. Young, 130 West Forty-
third street; J. Edgar Bull, 34 Gramercy Park; Joel W. Thorn, 8 East Fifty-fifth street;
Carlvle A. Curtis. New Brighton, S. I.; E. C. Meinecke, 162 Leonard street; G. 0.
Shields, 19 West Twenty-fourth street; Atthur M. Hunter, 41 East Sixty-third street;
William Renwick, City; Rollins E. Smith, 108 Fulton street; W. H. Harris, 251 Fifth
avenue; Julia F. Sorzano, 33 Broadway; Leverett Brownell, Nyack, N. J.; A. L. A.
Himmelwrigbt, Newark, N. J.; T. J. Preston, Jr., Orange, N. J.; Hewett A. Beasley,
Baltimore, Md.; Louis Borsum, Plainfoeld, N.J.; H. J. Kaltenbach, Hoboken, N. J.; Gil-
bert Ray Hawes, 120 Broadway; Wm. C. Kellogg. 2 Wall street; T. M. Marc, Produce
Exchange; Ralph M. Grout, so New street; S. Maurice Campbell, 301 State street, Brook-
lyn; A. Walpole Craigie, 509 Fifth avenue.

The rules governing the Presidential Print Prize, second year, will be found on
another page. The rules for the other competitions will be announced in the next issue
of CAMERA NOTES.
---,+-+---
Lantern News.
During the season of 1897 lantern slide entertainments in the club rooms, to which
members might invite their friends, had to be entirely suspended on account of the
crowded state of the lecture room, and the informal gatherings of the Wednesday test-
nights in some measure supplied their place.
The Lantern Slide Committee, howe"er, has lately rearranged the west room and
restored it to its forme1 use. Several lantern exhibitions have already been given; one,
on December 30, by Mr. W. H. Cheney, of Orange, an account of which is given else-
wbete; another, on January 28, at which the Interchange sets of the Hamilton and
Toronto Camera Clubs were shown, and an extra entertainment on January 10, when
Mr. GHbert Ray Hawes lectured on "Russia, the Land of the Czar."
Interchange seb of the Buffalo and Rockford, Buffalo and Rutland, Albany and Syra-
cuse, Ottawa, St. Catherine's and Montreal, and other camera clubs, have been shown
to the members and visitors on Wednesday evenings.
Interest in l14ntern slide making has been fairly well maintained and a large num-
ber of slides ha" been tested and reviewed, mostly the work of sixteen members. We are
sadly in need at the present time, however, of new subjects. Too much of the work
offered follows in the old paths discovered by a few bold pioneers, and the stimulus
afforded last year by the novelties of night photography, rain and fog effects, as well as
the experiments of toning and double toning, no longer excites our imagination. On
sevel'al occasions lately it bas been necessary, in order to entertain distinguished visitors
at the test nights, to show old and famous collections by request. 'fhe authors of these
have been kind enough to yield to the demand, though they are aware that the finest
work, by such familiarity, must needs at last come into contempt. Why should not every
photographer select some specialty and by diligent study and practice make it peculiarly
his own? A subject that bas long been neglected by our members, and which would not
interfere with originality and individuality in any way, is home portraiture and figure
work. We suggest it as a new field of endeavor.
---+-+---
On January 8th Dr. J. ~- B1shop entertained about two hundred of his friends, at
the club rooms, with an illustrated lecture on "Northern Seas and Land of the Midnight
Sun," a trip made by the,lecturer last summer. 'fhe audience w.ts very appreciative and
followed the lecturer with much interest. 1'be lecture was illustrated by some 250 slides
made from the lecturer's own negatives.
122 CAMERA NOTJ:..<;.

Cub Proceedings.
The extraordinary increase in the mem- governing the contests were submitted by
bership of the Camera Club during the past the Committee on Prints and Slides. 'fhe
year has had the effect of almost entirely conditions are fully set forth in another
eliminating the scientific and photographic part of this issue.
elements from the regulat stated meetings
which have gradually, of necessity, become
mere business meetings. At the monthly
meeting, held December 14, however, Mr. Special Muting : The Engagement
H. Snowrien Ward, of London. gave an in- of New Quarters.
ten·sting and instructive talk in elucidation
A special meeting. to receive the final re-
of several novelties in photographic appara-
port of the Committee on New QuarteTR
tus, examples of which he exhib.ted. The
and the report of the Board of Trustees on
most important of these was the Budges-
the subject of moving, was held on the
Lee Photo-Theodolite a new surveying
evening of Wednesday, Januaty 26. The
camera with many useful improvements,
attendance was the largest in the history
adopted by several government surveys,
of the club since consolidation, or oi either
and probably the most c·r.mplete and serv-
of the old organizations prior to consolida-
iceable of its class up to the present time
tion, there being eighty-five members in
Mr. Ward also exhibited the Coles Rising-
attendance, of whom seventy-five were en-
trent Camua, and showed slides illustrat-
titled to vote on the subject brought hefore
ing the use of this and the Photo-Theodo-
the meeting. President Murphy in the
lite. After the scientific part of his lecture
chair. The chairman gave a brief but com-
Mr. Ward showed a numter of lantern
plete statement of the financial status of
slides by Paul A. Martin, from his fin~t
the club, its membership. present and pros-
negatives of the interesting subject of pho-
pecth·e income, and a sketch of the pro-
tography at night. They e\·en surpassed
rcsed quarters in the Bancroft Building,
the expectations of our members, though
in West Twenty·ninth Street. near Fifth
Mr. Ward explained that these were only
Avenue. He also read the report of the
commercial copies from Mr. Martin's nega-
committee on New Quarters. A large
tive and did not possess all the marvelous
perspective view of the building was hung
effect of the original.
on the walls of the lecture-room and a lan-
A series of flower studies by H.T. Mal by.
tern slide showing the comparative floor
of England, while intended mainly for the
space of the present and prospective home
illustration of the science of botany, were
of the club \\as projected on the lantern
characterized by considerable beauty in
.:creen. The committee recommended the
grouping and arrangement. It was ('lh-
lease of the seventh floor of the Bancroft
served that, contrary to the custom of
Building, or of the eighth, if it could be
many flower photographers of note, none of
negotiated, containing s.ooo square teet. as
the backgrounds were blocked out, but care-
against 3, 700 square feet in the present
fully adopted to harmonize with the sevetal
quarters, for the tetm of five years from
subjects. Mr. Ward received the thanks of
May r, at an annual rental of $3,000; to-
the Camera llub at the conclusion of his
gether with a studio to be erected on the
lecture, and the hour being late, the paper
roof for the use of the club, at a cost of
on "Dtllmido-Meta-Dioxybenzine and its
$1.500 to $2,000, at an annual rental of ro
Use as a Developer," by J. H. Stebbins,Jr.,
per cent. on cost of its construction. Fnll
Ph. D., was read by title. It is published
details of measurements, surroundings,
in full in the present number ot CAMERA
conditions, light, heat, water, electric cur-
NoTES.
rent and elevator service, were supplied
by the committee. After a full discussion.
At the regular meeting, held January 11, in which Messrs. Roumage, Walker,
bes:cles the ordinary routine business there Charles Simpson, Dayton, Elgar, Stark,
WllS announced the institution of four new Stieglitz and others took part, a motion by
club competitions, for which silver and Dexter H. Walker, seconded by Daniel K.
bronze medals will be offered, and rules Young, that the President and Secretary
 CAMERA NOT.t.S. I2J

be, and hereby are, authorized to sign the new quarters can be met by private sub-
lease of the eighth or seventh floor of the scription without touching the club treas-
Bancroft Building, with the studio on the ury, and a substantial part of the sum re-
roof, and that the matter, together with all quired has already been voluntarily
arrangements for mcving and fitting np contributed. A full account of the new
the new rooms, be referred to the trustees rooms, with diagrams and illustrations, will
with full power. was carried with but three be given in the July number of CAMERA
dissenting votes. The meeting then ad- NOTES.
journed.
The Board of Trustees subsequently suc- At the stated meeting, Febtuary 8, Mr.
ceeded in leasing the eighth floor of the Murphy in the chair, only regular business
Bancroft Building, together with the roof was attended to. According to the Consti-
studio, for the term of five years from tution, the following gentlemen were duly
May r, r8g8, at an annual rental of $3,150 appointed on the Nominating Committee:
to $3,200, depending on the cost of con- Messrs. J. Wells Champney, Chairman;
struction of the latter. It is expected that Charles Simpson, Moses Joy, Robert L.
the expenses of moving and fitting up the Bracklow, and William T. Colbron.

-------+~-------

Correspondence.
To lh~Editor ofC,\MERA No-rss.
DEAR SIR: Might not a few words be said in your valuable journal about the methods
of the London Salon, e\·en if they be not in praise? So much bas been said commenda-
tory of the Salon, that perhaps a complaint may come with no little surprise.
The American exhibits have just been returned, and the utter carelessness in hand-
ling is evinced on every exhibit, both on frame and picture. It might be argued that
this is due to the shipping agents either before or after the exhibition, and one might be
inclined to think so, were 1t not for the damaging evidence made manifest in the manner
of numbenng for the catalogue.
Would it be believed that numbers were pasted on the prints themselves, while there
was every opportunity to place them on mat or frame? Yet this is what we find, to say
nothing of the broken, scratched, and besmeared frames and mats, and exhibits missing
entirely, and in one instance a frame is returned without a picture. Another peculianty
of the Salon or Lin:Oed Ring is the gracious way in which they notify an exhibitor, just
before the exhibition is opened, "that the committee regret that the space at their dis-
posal will not perrr.it the acceptance of the follo\\•ing numbers on your entry form" (here
specifymg, liS in case of writer, two out of seven sent). The natural supposition there-
fore would be that the balance were favotably received. This, however, is dispelled after
a review of the catalogue, where but two are indexed. What then bas become of the
others? Have they been retained for an exhibition of the Holy of Holies, fo.- which no
catalogue is issued? It was found upon inquiry that these errors of omission and commis-
sion were not alone experienced by the writer. Faithfully yours,
c. I. BERG.
[Nolt' by tlu Edif,>rs.-Americans sending their work to the exhibitions abroad do so
under great disadvantages, and as a rule at a great expense. Unless their prints and
frames be handled with reasonable care in the future, Americans will cease to show their
pictures in the important European exhibitions. As it is. our own Custom House methoels
are such as to scare cut all but the greatest enthusiasts from sending abroad, but even the
enthusiasm of these has its limits.]
12~ l"AMERA NOTES.

Notices.
WE have received a sample lot of John WE take ple:asure in calling our teaders'
Carbutt's Non-Halation plates, which are attention to the "Perfect" Album for film
double-coated, and are pleased to state that negatives, for which H. N. Tiemann, 17
they are a most valuable addition to the West Forty-second street, City, is trade
\"arious brands of plates manufactured by aR:ent. The album consists of four leaves
him. Non-Halation plates are rapidly in- in which there arc three folds to form
creasing in favor, and we predict that m pockets for the negative. These leaves are
the near future photographers will rat ely protected by outside covers, which also
use any other plate. These Carbutt plates help keep the album flat. The albums are
are first class in every respect and we s}l x 6)4 outside measurement and will hold
heartily recommend them to our readers. any size negative to 4 x s.

++
" The Presidential Print Prize."-Second Year.
RULES GOVERNING AWARD OF "THE PRESIDENTIAL PRINT PRIZE" OF THE CAMERA
CLUB OF NEW YORK.
rst.-Competition open to all life and active members of the club.
2d.-Awards to be made by the Print Committee of the club, and to be announced
at the May meeting tn 1897, and in the succeeding years at the annual meeting of the
club, at which time the President shall appoint the committee for the ensumg year.
3d.-The name of the winner to be engraved upon a cup which is to remain in his
custody until the first day of the following March, when it shall be returned to the
Trustees.
4th.-If won three times by the same member, the cup becomes his individual prop-
erty and competition ceases.
sth.-Negatives and prints to be the work of the exhibitors.
6th.-The Print Committee is duly empowered to make any rules and regulations
not inconsistent with the above, and the decision of said committee shall be final upon
all points.
7th.-The winner is to give to the club a copy of the full set of prints on which the
award is made.
8th.-The right is reserved to have the winning prints reproduced in the club or
other suitable journal should it be desired. DEXTER H. WALKER.
WILLIAM D. MURPHY.
RUI.ES OF THE PRINT COMMITTEE GOVER!'iiNG THE PRESIDENTIAL PRINT PRIZE.
!St.-Competitors to qualify must submit four prints.
2d.-In judging, 6o per cent. will be allowed for artistic merit, and 40 per cent. for
technique, the general average of all prints submitted by each competitor to govern the
award.
3d.-Any print having received an award in any competition whatsoever, prior to tht'
rst day of April, r897. will be disqualified, as also the prize prints of the 1897 comp( tit ion.
(Note-This rule is made to encourage new workers and new work).
4th.-All exhibits must be mounted but not framed. The mounting will be con-
sidered as a part of the exhibit.
sth.-No indication of the competitor's identity will be allowed on the prints. A
nom de plume (initials may not be used) is to be written on the upper left hand corner of
the back of the mount. The name and address of the competitor together with the n"m
de plume must be placed in a sealed envelope, on the outside of which mu~ot be written
the same nom de plume that is used on the rrints, and this must be sent or handed to the
Secreta1y of the club, on or before the 6th o May.
6th.-If any retouching on negative or handwork on print has been done, it should
be so stated on the back of the mount; also, if such work was done by the competitor or
not. '
7th.-All prints must be delivered at the club rooms, carriage paid, on or before the
6th day of May, 1898.
8th.-All prints entered for competition will be on exhibition at the club rooms, roth
and nth days of May. CHARLES I. BERG, Chairman,
WJJ.LIAM A. FRASER,
WALTER E. WooDBURY.
 - --
--

•
OFFICIAL ORGAN
OF

O:B~ NEW YORK.

MANAGED AND EDlTED BY

THE PUBLICATION COMMITTEE.

VOLUME II.

1898 1899.

PUBLISHED BY THE CAMERA CLUB, NE\V YORK.

3 WEST 29TH STREET, NEW YORK.

- -. - -. .. .
OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
-OF-

The Camera Club.

President.--WILLIAM D. MURPHY.
Vice-Presideni.-ALFREV STIEGLITZ.
Secretary.-HARKY B. REID.
Treasurer.-WM. E. WILMERDING.

Trust us.
Louis B. ScHRAM. WILLIAM BuNKER,
CHARLES I. BERG, JoHN BEEBY,
DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH.

Committees.

House. Prints.
WM. P. AGNEW, Ch<lirman, CHAS. I. BERG, Chairman,
THEODORE DWIGHT, W. E. WoonBlTRY,
ALFRED P. SCHOES. WM. E. CARLIN.

;l{ulinf{s. Lantern Slides.

DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH, Ch,zirman, joHN BEEBY, Chatrman.
WILLIAM Bl'NKER, ARTHUR ScoTT,
REV. WALTER LAIDLAW, HERBERT J. RILEY.

Publications. Auditing.
ALFR~:D STIEGLITZ, Chairman, L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
WILLIAM M. MuRRAY, C. C. ROUMAGE.
jOSEPH OBERMEYER.

Librar;·. Critic of Lantern Slides.

jOHN BEEBY. WILLIAM M. MURRAY.

Admission.
FRANCIS C. ELGAR, Chairman,
W. TowNSEND CoLBRON, WILLIAM F. HAPGOOD.
 •

VOL. II. No.1.

Volume II, No. I
 (

STUDY IN RED
Reproduced from a Gum Print

By Robert Demachy
 VoL II. JULY, 1898. No. J.

The '"'.'dal
. Organ of the Can1era Club, New York.
Publlabed Quarterly by THE CAMERA CLUB, N. Y., 3 Weat 29th St., New York.

,
Smgle Copt'C.-
,
50 cts.
communications for •• Camera Notes " ahould be addressed to
the P&abllcationComntlttee.-5ubscrlptioDS to be made pol)'able
p er y ear, $2.00•
._._,. to •• Camera Notes. • ·

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N.Y., Post Office, September 27, 18q7.

and the Camera.

T is not strange that the relation
between art and the camera is
to-day not quite understood,
or perhaps I would better have
said, only beginning to be under-
stood. Art is old and the camera
is new. Art was not built in a day
any more than Rome was, and to
comprehend that an entirely new
medium may be brought to uphold
or defend the old theory is a difficult
matter for the observer in general
and the painter in particular. The
painter, I believe, in some instances
realizes only too keenly that a new
competitor hae entered the field, and
that his pencil may not always pos-
sess the prestige which he cherishes
for it to-day. There are academies
for the pupil in painting and sculp-
ture in all the larger cities of the
world, which are annually turning
loose upon the world small multi-
tudes of ill-trained beings who in-
F. H. uay. sist upon puzzling those who are
less gifted than themselves with
rules and principles and axioms intended to produce art. With this end
in view, a man who has handled a camera for a couple of years (recording

•
 CAMERA NOTES.

groups of his friends on verandas or, by flashlight, huddled into a corner of

a room; or the effects of a local snowstorm or freshet; or the next year
enlarging his ambition, perpetuating the oldest house for miles around, or
reproducing a group of cattle under a tree, or the effect of moonlight on
a stream) writes a book upon photography, illustrated with maps and
diagrams showing angles of light which may, and may not, be used in
portraiture, outlining theories of composition and giving tables which
pretend to elucidate questions of optics. These books art! generously
printed by the manufacturer of some new camera or shutter or photographic
paper, and as generously bought by the constantly increasing myriads who
press the button and permit others to do the rest. No wonder it is, I say,
that photography is discredited by thinking people, who are too busy, or
have too little interest, or too much jealousy, to really look into the matter.
Botticelli's cucle was not made with a compass, neither is art produced
by the lens and bellows. Adequate photographic apparatus has not yet had
a life as long as that devoted by most great painters to reaching even the
bottom of their ultimatt! attainment.
Yet, they who have "studied" art in some local academy declare the
camera is not worthy serious consideration. There was a time in the his-
tory of art when no man thought it necessary to study his anatomy from
the nude-when no man knew of such a thing as the science perspective;
still pictures were produced and ~.rt progressed in spite of the cries of
denunciation which met the apostles to the new ideas.
One must grant at the outset that the world is flooded with caricatures
of art which are, I regret to say, more largely product!d at present by the
camera than through any other medium. This is deplorable, and its causes
are threefold: 1st, Facility of production; 2d, Ignorance of the operator;
3d, Mischief done by the so-called text-books on photography.
Every schoolboy has his five, ten, or twenty dollar kit. The first
print is a triumph; multiply this by hundreds of thousands of boys and
the result is apparent.
The next stage the boy becomes a man. He has read-but I will not
advertise the books by naming them-some half-dozen volumes, perhaps
more, which have inflamed his desire for celebrity. He uses this lens,
that paper, enters into correspondence with their respective makers, who
naturally praise his work. His only knowledge of what goes to make up
a picture is bounded by lens, plate, paper and the stray inconsequent dis-
cussions indulged in at the "club" to which he belongs. He knows
nothing of why Bougucreau is not the equal of Andrea. He makes no
distinction betwten Daubigny and ~lillet and could not choose between
Leighton and Durer. How, then, devoid of the intuition or the training
of the eye and the mind, can it be hoped that this inc\·itable result can be
am·thing other than the crudities and terrors which find their way to every
c~;ner of the earth, pushed there by the enterprise of our modern monthly
magazine. whose swollen pages, gorged with these monstrosities, are hor-
rible to contemplate. This fact, howe\'er, docs not in,·alidate the theory
that Art may be produced hy the camera. Three simple statements are
enough as guides to the appreciati\·e mind:
 CAMERA NOTE$... 5

1st, Do not permit the ease with which the thing before you may be
reproduced to lead you into reproducing poor things. 2d, Permit yourself
to read absolutely nothing relative to the technical production of photo-
graphs. By observing this dictum one's mind is kept free from being
dogged by the errors of others, and more susceptible to the influences of
his own errors and achievements, which are of the greatest value and
the only means by
which any true knowl-
edge may be obtained
regarding the possibili ·
ties of the camera.
3d, Become a student
and lover of art if you ·
would produce it. To
suppose it possible with
the aid of the camera
to concoct a landscape
without previous knowl-
edge of method and
effects of Durer, Leo-
nardo, Troyon, Corot
and Constable, were
on the face of it hope-
less; and on the more
difficult and les~ suc-
cessful side of figure
work an i n t i m a t e
knowledge of line and
• • •
composttton 1s even
more necessary to the
man behind the cam-
era. And this kno\vl-
edge cannot be obtain-
ed through attention F. H_. Day.
devoted to the photo-
graphic representations so generally circulated, but must be obtained
directly from past masters of their craft Memling, Rembrandt, del Sarto.
Velasquez, Titian, Rossetti. The list cannot be too large or the knowl-
edge too intimate. By tying one's self down to such a system, and only
by so doing, will the art of the camera ever be justified in the eyes of those
whose applause we care for.
F. H O LLAND DAY •

•
6 CAMERA NOTES.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .. . ..... _ - -

Picttsresque Tonality in Photographic Work, and How It

May be Obtained in T ransparendes and
I ,antern Slides.
I.
The difference between a picture and a photograph is ofttimes mani-
fested in the rendering of the tone values of nature. Thot1gh we may suc-
ceed in portraying the lights and shadows, the gradations and py some proc-
ess now in course of discovery, even the colors of a beautiful landscape, so
that we realize within the limits set to all human effort, relatively, in our
print the full glory of the vision revealed by the camera obscura, we have
at best, but produced a good photograph. The paint~r who starts with no
higher motive than to depict nature with the utmost fid.e lity, skillful though
he may be in drawing and truthful in coloring, does . not stand on much
loftier gronnd than the ordinary conscientious photographer though hi~
works may please thousands of people and become famous in the \\'Orld.
To produce a picture, either in pigments or in deposits of metallic silver ou
paper and glass, som~tbing more is required than truth to nature. A pic-
ture is fot1nded on truth, yet is not that truth. Truth is stranger than fic-
tion because it lacks the harm ony that characterizes fictio·n . And a picture
is fiction because the truths that are therein embodied are modified and
arranged in obedience to the laws of harmony. The harm'ony of nature is
governed by grand and 1mmutable laws; the harmony of a picture is
another kind of harmony,
and every picture obeys
an organic law of har-
mony, modeled after na-
ture, pccu liar to i tseJ£.
Sweetness is aiJ element
of harmony, but harmony
must not be all sweetness.
Of all musical sounds, the
most perfect concord is
the octave, and the next
perfect is the fifth; yet
these harmonious con-
cords, if uttered con sec-
utively, are fatal to the
production of n1us!c.
''The sweetest honey
I:; loathsome in its own
deliciousness,
And in the taste confounds
the appetite.''
So consecutive concords
of truth may ruin a paint-
Miss E. V. Clarkson, New York. ing, a novel, a play, and
 CAMERA NOTES. ~

- -- - - - -- - - - - - - - - ----- - - - - - - - -
even prevent a photograph from becoming a picture. There is no more
beautiful element in a picture than the sky, and no sweeter concord than its
repetition in the water and other reflecting surfaces, yet it is a most fre-
quent source of discord in graphic representations, both by painting and
photography, and mainly because of a too truthful rendering of its tonality.
Though the sky, or the cloudy veil which covers it, often occupies two-
•

thirds of a picture, it is generally to be considered as an accessory rather

than a leading motive in the construction of the work, and should, therefore,
receive the treatmeut of a subordinate part. The photographer must not
only guard against the false witness that the unequal actinism of the sky
continually bears in productions of the camera, but even after employing
all the resources of modern invention, such as ortho-chromatic plates and
filtering screens, must be prepared to go a step further, if he would be the
maker of a picture rather than the mere agent in the evolution of an auto-
matic process. He must learn to ~ubdue, by artificial means, all the
details of the picture,
however beautiful in
themselves, that in-
terfere with the pre-
sentation of the prin-
cipal idea. While a
large paper print un-
doubtedly offers the
best medium for the
practice of pictorial
photography, giving,
as it does, the advan-
tage of various tex-
tures and even tints
of surface and the op-
portunity for skillful
retouching by the Miss Zalda Ben Yusuf, New York.
brush and point, there #

is no reason why the limitations imposed by the exactions of projection appa-

ratus should deter us from making the small sized dia-positives, known as
lantern slides, conform to the same aesthetic principles. The methods of
obtaining artistic unity, as far as it may be secured by technical processes,
must necessarily differ, but the aim ought to be the same: and it is abso-
lutely essential to success that the student should have a distinct concep-
tion, not only of the relative tonality expressing the harmony of the original
scene as presented to the eye, which constitutes the art of photography,
but a knowledge of the tonality required to express the harmony of a pic-
ture, which may almost be called the art of painting.

II.
To assist its members to this knowledge, the Camera Club has for
many years maintained weekly test nights, presided over by experienced
lanternists, at which new work could be submitted for review and criticism

•
8 CAMERA NOTES.

and examples of the lantern slides of the leading photgraphers of the world
presented from time to time for their edification and improvement. Under
the present organization, the critics who undertake the onerous duty of
reviewing the work of their fellow mem hers-a matter of some four thou-
sand slides every year-are annuall~· appointed by the Board of Trustees.
Formerly it was a frequent complaint that the criticism was too severe for
the work of those who followed photography for recreation or amusement,
but as the standard of excellence has steadily been advanced, the objection
is quite as often made that it is not severe enough. Especially is the
aspiring lantern slide maker offended if his offering is passed without com-
ment, or with a faint and expressionless approval that has come to signify
that it is not worth serious consideration. But the duty of the critics is
not so much the correction of ill·doing or the praise of them that do well,
as to discover the germ of a picture where it exists in a hidden form, and
to nurse it, by judicious counsel, till it buds and blossoms into the perfec-
tion of matured fruit. Quite frequently the beginner shows considerable
artistic taste in the selection of his subject and presents his interpretation
with no small degree of technical skill. yet his work comes short of attain-
ing pictorial harmony, because he has failed to eliminate some disturbing
element, or has included some feature of beauty that draws attention from
the leading motive of the piece. It is related of Protogen('s, the celebrated
painter of ancient Rhodes, that having painted a partridge as an accessory
to a picture of a satyr leaning against a pillar, he unhesitatingly blotted it
out, after finding that it attracted more admiration than the main subject,
in spite of the fact that 1ts execution had cost him many days of exacting
labor. It is this lesson that the pictorial photograpl1er must learn, espe-
cially if he seeks to express his ideas in lantern !;!ide form. A subsidiary
motive may be tolerated in a paper print that would be painfully discord-
ant when viewed on the magic lantern screen. The laws of the screen are
almost as inexorable as the terrible commands of the Sermon on the Mount
-"If thy right eye offend thee, pluck it out and cast it from thee; if thy
right hand offend thee, cut it off and cast it from thee; for it is profitable
for thee that one of thy members should perish and not that thy whole
body should he cast into hell." By omitting part of a composition, there-
fore, a picture often makes its appearance, as if by enchantment, from a
chaotic mass of details. But while the division of interest, caused by the
clashing of badly balanced parts, is a frequent reason for the failure of a
picture, the false tonalities of sky and water, in otherwise satisfactory
scenes, have been the most prevailing elements of disturbance. For this,
the old dictum, handed down from the original manipulators of the stereop-
ticon, who sacrificed everything to illumination, that skies and other high
lights should be represented by clear glass, is largely responsible. Against
this false teaching our club critics have resolutely bent their efforts, and
their work has been one long crusade against blank skies, and unmeaning
expanses of water. Recognizing the value of the expedients in common
use by the exponents of artistic photography, such as modifying the sharp-
ness of subordinate parts, masking, double printing, and other means of
securing unity of effect in print form, they have constantly recommended
 •

CAMERA NOTES. 9

the adoption of similar

methods in lantern
work. Though they
have advocated this, by
precept upon precept,
line upon line, here a
little and there a little,
it is doubtful whether
their efforts would
have received such a
large measure of suc-
cess, as shown in the
present high standard
of performance in the
club, if one of their
number.. Mr. Alfred E. Lee Ferguson, Washingtob.
Stieglitz, had not added
to his valuable teaching the force of an illustrious example. It was the exhi-
bition of his marvelous slides, in many cases showing effects hitherto
deemed impossible in transparencies, that turned our members to the earn-
est consideration .and ardent practice of his novel theories. It was in these
slides that we first beheld the tonality of nature modified into the tonality
of pictorial harmony, and yet combined with the most delicate translu-
cency. In all the transformations of the relative values of the tints of his
pictures, he bas never lost sight of the fact that the primary requisite in
the lantern slide is clearness. A painter does not willingly hang his work
in a dark corner, nor should a lantern slide maker diminish the illumination
of his picture on the screen by making his slides thick. The musician must
ever bear in mind the con1pass of the instruments and voices that are to per-
form his compositions, and the lanternist, necessarily, mu~t write his har-
monies in high registers, or they \vill be muffied and confused. As n1uch
of the effect of Mr. Stieglitz's recent slide work depends on his manage-
ment of skies and
other masses of
bright tones, a de-
scription of two of
his technical meth-
ods of rendering
these may prove of
general interest in
this connection.

III.
The first of th t! ~ e
methods was dis-
cussed at consider-
able length in a
Karl Grege r, London. paper written by Mr.
10 CAMERA XOTES.

Stieglitz last year, and published in No. 2 of Vol. 1., CAMERA

NoTES. As a process, it is possessed of no particular originality,
being neither more nor less than an adoptwn of the ordinary principle of
intensity reduction by a modification of what is known as Farmer's solu-
tion. But as a mode of applying this process, and especially in view of the
remarkable results obtained by Mr. Stieglitz himself by its aid, it may be
regarded as marking a new epoch in the art of lantern slide making.
Observing the ease with which slides, accidentally over-exposed or over-
developed, could be brought to the proper density by applying the usual
mixture of hyposulphite of soda and red prussiate of potash, in the full day-
light, it occurred to Mr. Stieglitz to both over-expose and over-develop his
slides, i.-:tentionally, so as to do away with the necessity of guessing at the
proper intensity in the uncertain and deceptive light of the dark room.
Having adopted this habit, it was but a step further to add the principle of
partial and local reduction, which is the characteristic feature of this ad-
mirable method of making slides.
In practice, the slide (preferably a chloride plate) is exposed considera-
bly beyond the normal, and is then developed till the image is no longer
distinguishable by transmitted light. It is then fixed as usual, and, while
still saturated with hypo, is brought out of the dark room for the subse-
quent operations, which are all performed in white light. It is now
immersed in a weak solution of ferricyanide of potassium (about one per
cent.), which, combining with the hypo left in the film, slowly reduces the
inten&ity till the image again becomes visible. An occasional rinse in pure
water will stop the action at any desired stage. The judgment must now
be exercised to decide upon the tones to be preserved in any particular part
of the picture. If the sky is expected to recede, so as to throw the fore-
ground and middle distance into prominence, the local reduction of the lat·
ter may be accomplished by brush work, employing a stronger reducer for
this purpose. A mixture of
Ferricyanide of potassium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 grains
Hvposulphite of soda .......................................... 40 grains
Water ..................................................... I ounce
will be found strong enough, if used when freshly made. This must be
applied with a cautious and skillful hand, for the tones once lost cannot be
recovered. The operation is something akin to painting, though where the
painter obtains his effects by the addition of material substances, the lan-
tern slide maker obtains his by taking away. The success of both,in land-
scape work at least, depends on the mental conception and appreciation of
the values of aerial perspective. While the photographer must needs be
equipped with some of the qualifications of an artist for this work, be it
observed that the entire operation, from beginning to end, is conducted by
purely photographic technical processes. There is no handiwork, in the
shape of retouching with brush or pencil, on either negative or slide, which
may raise the question, so often urged against the modern exhibition
print, whether the artistic result is not due more to the craftsmanship of the
painter than to the talent and skill of the photographer. Mr. Stieglitz some-
times heightens the effects of this alteration of tone values hy the judicious
 CAMERA NOTES. II
•
use of color, obtained
invariably by chemi-
cal agents, such as
toning baths of gold
• •
or urantum or tron,
and never by paint-
ing the slides with
aniline dyes or other
pigments, which he
regards as fro1n the
purpose of true pho-
tography. In the be-
fore-mentioned paper
he gives directions
bow these may be ap-
pli~d and various re-
ceipts for the solU ·
tions. By partial ton-
ing, and occasionally
local and double ton-
ing, be has succeeded
in producing a scale
of delicate tints, pur-
ples, blues, b 1 u e-
blacks, grays, reds,
Alfred Stieglitz. and browns, but has
used this tempting
palette sparingly and always in thoughtful consideration of the sub-
ject of his picture a discretion, perhaps, not always exercised by his
followers. Since the publication of his remarks on this subject in
CAMERA NOTES, there h-ave been many fearful combinations of brilliant
colors shown on the screen at test nights, but these have about run
their course. Several of the experts of the club, however, have employed
gold toning with charming effect; notably Messrs. Fraser and Beeby in
night and street scenes, while Messrs. Murphy and Preston have produced
some remarkable specimens of double toning in their marines and snow
studies. But the great value of Mr. Stieglitz's first method is not color.
but light and shade (chiaro-oscuro), and the power it puts into the photog-
rapher's hands of throwing the interest into any of the planes of the picture
by the introduction of brightness into that portion. By its means a nega-
tive that would yield only a commonplace and unmeaning print may be
turned into an artistic study in slide form. If there were clouds in the
original scene, they are fully preserved in the copy; ·jf there was only a sky
tint, that tint is also utilized in any desired intensity. A sky tint, suffi-
ciently deep to differentiate terrestrial objects of lighter tone seen against
it, is infinitely preferable to the incongruot1s cloud forms so often printed
in for that purpose. Where the objects projecting into the sky are of com-
plicated outlines, such as the tracery of trees or the delicate forms of archi-
12 CAMERA 1\"0T~'!:i.

tecture, and it is desirable to show these in their true lighting, it is evident

that the process above described presents peculiar mechanical difficulties.
It was to overcome these difficulties that Mr. Stieglitz devised his second
method of modifying the tone values in lantern slides, which is here, by his
special request, published for the first time. In brief, it consists in throw-
ing part of the work of compensation onto the cover glass, with which all
slides are bound and protected. It has been the custom of many photog-
raphers to print cloud forms on the cover glasses of landscape slides, using
for the purpose a second lantern plate, so as to avoid the risk of embody-
ing them with the slide itself. They have generally dodged the difficulties
of accurate registry by vignetting them strongly to,vard the horizon. The
presence of this blank
~-------------------------------------
•
band of lighter tone is
not only unnatural but
invariably reveals the
fact that the sky is
printed in and suggests
that nature's journey·
men had made clouds
and not made them
well. It may be re-
marked that the remedy
is often worse than the
d i s e a s e , especially
when, as is frequently
•

Alfred :;tiegJitz.
the case, the same cloud
does duty for half a
dozen sltdes in the same exhibition. In the method adopted by
Mr. Stieglitz each slide is made to contribute its own sky effect. It
is most useful in those cases where the tonality is correct except in
the aerial region, and where the spaces seen through the trees, or
other intervening objects, are entirely blank. The slide is first
finished as far as possible and any toning or modification necessary
is done before the next step. A mat is then added, accurately cut and
centered, so as to allow the exact amount of sky space appropriate to
the scene. For this purpose, the mat known as the Boston mat, or
any other furnished with leger-lines to insure perfect registry, is to be
preferred. If the slide is tested on the screen in this stage, it ought to show
perfect tonality except for the handicap of the blank sky; and, by tempo-
rarily shutting off the light from the upper part, this fact may be proved.
Putting the slide into a printing frame and taking it into the dark room,
another lantern plate is placed in contact with it, the mat, of course, inter-
vening, and a short exposure is given by diffused gas-light to form the sky-
tint. This is developed a little darker than necessary and fixed. If the orig-
inal slide bad received color toning the cover glass should be treated to
correspond. The reducing solution should now be used, to wash away all
portions of the image that are not intended to perform a modifying office and
like\vise to reduce the general tone of the whole to agree with the intensity
 CAMERA NOTES. 13

of the original. The cover-glass, when completed, presents the appearance

of a partial negative, all the dark parts of the slide showing clear, or nearly
clear, gla·ss, including the delicate tracery to be shown against the sky.
The high lights of the slide tllat require to be tempered, such as the sky
and the reflections of it from various surfaces, are opposed by different
degrees of tone, according to the extent of the use of the reducing solu-
tion, but all other impressions should be wiped out. An accurate registry
of the cover-glass may now be made and the cover scratched or marked
over the leger-lines to facilitate its adjustment. A slight temporary bind ..
ing will bold the glasses together for a trial on the screen, and if the tones
are still too heavy, the cover-glass may be further reduced to the exact
shade required, when the slide may be permanently bound. It may be
thought that all this is a great deal of work to undertake just to make one
little lantern slide, but ten of these slides are better than a thousand in
which no attention is paid to relative values. A comparison of one of these
with and without its cover-glass will convince the most skeptical. To see
the transformation of tones, and especially to behold the whole foreground
leap into life by the tempering of the sky, and objects formerly dark
against the clouds become positively luminous, is like viewing the work of
enchantment and makes one think that the name "magic lantern'' is not
much of a misnomer, after all. WILLIAM M. MuRRAY.

Developing, and a New R t.

N old rule in photography, and one of
the first to be learned by the novice
when be undertakes to make a nega-
tive, is to continue the development
untii the image begins to disappear,
the reason being that a part of the
deposit is lost in the fixing bath and
it is necessary to carry the process
of development to that point where
all of the silver affected by the light
bas been reduced.
The coating of a plate being of
some appreciable thickness and
translucent, the action of the light is
retarded in passing through it, and
to secure a normal exposure suffi.
cient time must be given to allow
the light to penetrate to the bottom
of the film, thereby changing the
Count Gloedeo, Italy. constitution of the silver through
the whole thickness and according
to the intensity of the light given off by the objects photographed. If
less time be given, only objects, or parts of objects, reflecting light of
 CA .'11 f:Jl A NV TE.'i.

the g-reatest intensity will cause the film to be affected to the desired
depth; while the detail of the half tones and shadows will be lost in pro-
portion to the reduction of time. Even though the detail may appear on
the surface of the plate, and seem of sufficient quantity when examined by
reflected light, the resulting negath·e will still be hard and valueless.
Over-exposure gives a flat and almost equally valueless negative, because
of the reflection and diffusion of the light after it has passed through the
film.
In developing, the reducing action naturally begins at the top of the
film and continues below the surface, according to the depth the light has
been allowed to penetrate and to the time of continuing the development.
Thi!> allows a time factor to be used in the developing of correctly exposed
plates, and various experimenters have estimated this factor to be from
seven to ten; for example, note the time required for the first appearance
of the image, say two minutes, multiply by the factor seven, which gives
fourteen, the number of minutes required for the reducing agent to com-
plete its action through the thickness of the film.
It is almost impossible to make "snap shots" on dark, rainy days,
unless a lens of large aperture is used, and even then the results are not
entirely satisfactory.
However, it is possible, by the following method, to secure some very
pleasing results, if only the top layer of the film have been affected by the
light. Begin the development as usual and continue as far as is safe with-
out causing chemical fog. There is now a superficial negative, no part of
which can be seen at the back of the plate, but which seems brilliant and
shows abundant detail by transmitted light. If the plate were placed in
the tixtng bath at this stage, nearly all of the image would be lost; instead
of fixing, however, and without removing from the developer, expose the
plate to white light for a few seconds and continue the development until
a positive picture appears at the back of the plate. Then fix as usual. By
this process the useless superficial image is used as a negative through
which a positive is printed in the underlying and unaffected portion of the
film, and, if the proper times of exposure and development have been
given, a most pleasing positive, without fog, and showing all the detail
developed in the primary negative, will be the reward of the labor.
From these positives, negatives may be made, either by contact or
enlargement, and they will contain much more detail than could have been
secured from the original exposure by the ordinary process.
In my own experiments I have used rapid plates during rainy and
foggy weather in January; instantaneous exposure; normal metol-bydro-
quinone developer; a secondary exposure of from three to five .5econds, the
light being from a 32 c. p. incandescent lamp bung about thirty inches
above the developing tray, and a secondary development sufficient to show
the positive at the back of the plate and slightly by transmitted light.
w. c. HARRIS.
 CA .1/l:·R .-1 •\'() T ES. 15

Our New Home.

After a month of chaotic existence during- the painful experieme (Jf
moving, the Camera Club finds itself installed in a new home that holds
forth the promise of comfort and convenience. In ~rranging the rooms
the committee kept in \'iew two central ideas; first, to provide adeq•1ate
working facilities for the \'arious processes of photography, and !'econdly,
to impart a certain !'ocial tone to our new habitation.
With an increase in floor space of nearly fifteen hundred feet in a build-
ing containing all modern improyements, this task may seem an ca!'y one,
and now it rests with our members to say how well the work has been
performed; but only those familiar with the countless demands of a pho-
tographic club will fully appreciate the difficulties in the way of an ideal
success. At a later date we hope to present an illustrated description of the
rooms, but a few details of plan and scope may not be out of place at this
time.
Situated on the eighth floor of the building, high above the surround-
ing houses, the prime essentials of light ann air are secured, while twenty-
six large windows offer ample space for all kinds of daylight work.
On leaving the quick running elevator the visitor to the Camera Club
steps into a small v~::stibule connecting with a pretty little reception room
in which a few choice prints show to advantage against the red burlap wall
covering, and suggest at once the photographic character ot the club.
From the vestibule we enter the meeting and exhibition hall, hung in
burlaps of a neutral sage-green tone, where ample space is found for social
gatherings and the hanging of an extensive collection of prints. On the
left of the entrance we pass the office, a small but busy sanctum where
the Secretary, the Treasurer and the editor of CAMERA NoTEs hold despotic
sway. \Vhat the "conning tower" is to a man of war in action, this
office is to the Camera Club.
Just beyond the office, by the sunny front windows, is a corner de-
voted to social lounging, where members repose in easy chairs and "swap"
tales of past achievements and future hopes.
So far we have observed little to indicate that the rooms embrace an
extensive workshop, but after crossing the exhibition hall we find our-
selves in a new domain where cameras, lockers, washing tanks and dark
rooms reveal the working qualities of the club.
In the rear of the eastern wing of the building are to be found a ladies'
dark room, the coat, carbon and bromide rooms, and the library, where
works of reference and the photographic periodicals of Europe and Ame-
rica may be consulted in an atmosphere entirely literaty and free from
any disturbing influence.
Especial attention has been given to the electric lighting, and all the
rooms are as cheerful by night as by day. But the gem of our possessions
remains to be unveiled in the shape of the studio, just completed upon the
roof of the building, where gallery work may be done under either a north
or west skylight.
A dark room and a dressing room connect with the studio, and it is
hoped that the splendid facilities in this department will lead to a health-
ful renaissance of portraitme and figure work in the club.
In turning over the rooms to the club, the Committee on New Quar-
ters makes no claims of perfection for the work accomplished, but the re.
sult is cheerfully submitted to the membership at large, in the hope that
this friendly jury will bear in mind the necessary limitations of time, space
and money under which their committee has combated with the adverse
fates that so persistently stand in the pathway of improvement.
16 CAMERA NOTE~i.

Celluloid T rinlming F orn1s.

Some time since, the writer noticing the transparent celluloid triangles used by drafts-
men and being impressed with their lightness and flexibility, it occurred to him to try
having some rectangular forms made of this material to take the place of the glass forms
used for trimming photographic prints, and tbe results have been so satisfactory that the
opportunity is now taken of presenting the same to our readers. The objections to the use
of the glass forms, especially when used for trimming prints wet, are, first, their weight,
the great effort required to lift the form from the print after it is trimmed, owing to the
exclusion of the air and having to overcome the pressure of the atmosphere on so large an
area; and secondly, on account of their liability to break and becoming nicked and
crushed on the corners and edges: hence there was a strong incentive to try something
that promised better. The celluloid forms, which are shown in the cut, are exceedingly
light, being less than one half the thickness of the glass forms, and are quite pliable and
strong. By removing a large area in the center tbe weight is not only still further less~
ened, but the atmospheric pressure on the damp print is gotten rid of to a proportionate

extent. By having the inside edges parallel with the outside, it is possible to use them
as a guide for trimming too, if desired, and they further serve tbe purpose of enabling tbe
form to be quickly and correctly placed upon the print where the subject is a mechanical
or architectural one, as any horizontal or vertical lines can be quickly located parallel to
the edges of the form, thereby enabling the subject to be brought into exact vertical and
horizontal position with respect to the outside edges; also, these celluloid fcrms being
quite transparent, the print is visible over the entire area of the form, enabling the oper~
a tor to preserve such portions of the print as he may desire. These forms can be procured
to order from any dealer in artists' and draftsmen's materials. it being merely necessary
to state with the order the exact dimensions to which the forms are to be cut. The sizes
sbO\Yn run from II x 14 inches down to 4 x 5 inches; the ~xact dimensions are about one-
hall inch less in length and width than the size of the untrimmed prints, except the two
smallest, which are about three-eighths of an inch less. The trimming of wet prints is
best done with a rotary wheel trin1mer, using a sheet glass beneath the print; trimming
the prints as they are taken from the washing tank and mounting whi1e wet, saves time
and avoids rehandling.
S. S. WEBBER.
---
 L·A.l t!ERA NOTES. 17

Historical I ,etter.
It is not often that historical fact and humor are so happily combined
as in the following interesting letter from our valued friend, the Hon.
L. E. Chittenden, who vividly narrates his early experiences as a photo-
graphic sitter:
Mv DEAR MuRPHY:
You ask for a confession of my first experience in the art of Daguerre,
and since confession is good for the soul, you shall have it.
In September, 1842, when I was eighteen years old, I had read Black-
stone, and thought myself a greater lawyer than I have since supposed or
claimed myself to be. I was at the Court of Franklin County in St. Albans,
Vt. There I met two peripatetic artists from the great City of Boston,
who were offering to .m ake portraits of such accuracy that they were more
like than the sitter, for five dollars each. They called them Daguerreo-
types. They had not been able to secure a victim, for their mechanism was
fearfully made and its operation awful to behold!
They offered to give me my portrait if I would endure the trial. I
was ambitious and did not wish to deprive the bar of the opportunity of
securing my portrait so cheaply, and in a moment of weakness I consented.
The operators rolled out "'hat looked like an overgrown barber's chair with
a ballot box attachment on a staff in front of it. I was seated in the chair
and its Briarean arms seized me by the wrists, ankles, waist and shoul-
ders. There was an iron bar which served as an elongation of the spine, with
a cross bar in which the head rested, which held my head and neck as in a
vice. Then, when I felt like a martyr in the embrace of the Nuremburg
''Maiden,,' I was told to assume my best Sunday expression, to fix my eyes
on the first letter of the sign of a beer saloon opposite, and not to n1ove or
wink on pain of "spoiling the exposure." One of the executioners then
said I must not close my eyes or move for ten minutes, at the end of which
he would signal by a tap on the ballot box. The length of that cycle was
too awful for descrip-
tion. There was not
such another in the
''time, tintes and an
half," of the Prophet
Daniel, or in the whole
of ''Pollock's Course of I

Time." It was a time

of agony, and I sup-
posed at first that it
would come to an end,
but I had to abandon
that hope. I began to
recall and review the
tortures of which I had
read , ''Fox's Book of H. A. Beasley, Baltimore.

•
t8 CA.IIERA .\"OTES.

Martyrs," "The History of the Inquisition," and had nearly finished

"Las Casas," "Tyranies and Cruelties of the Spaniards," when the tap
came and the anguish ended.
Some days afterward the portrait was produceci. It was R portrait with
a tremolo attachment of wavy lines, the eyes leaden. the nose too large,
the expression dull and heavy. And yet it was regarded as a triumph of
art. The printing of anything directly from the object was in itself so
extraordinary that one scarcely thought of criticising the print. I myself
thought it the most wonderful advance in art that had ever occurred. X ow
when I recall the pitiful results of this experiment and mentally compare
them with the exquisitely beautiful illustrations in the number of CAMERA
NoTES you have sent me, I cannot but feel that the world owes a larger
debt to photography than to wood and line engraving and etching com-
bined. I think I have never seen an etching which surpasses the "Lom-
bardy Pastoral" in all the qualities that make an etching attractive.
Corciially yours,
(Signed), L. E. CurTTENDF.:s.

++
Our mustrations.
As our frontis?iece, we take pleasure in bringing another example of
Demachy's exceptional talent. "A Stuciy in Red," by Robert Demachy,
Paris, is a reproduction of a gum print, the artist's favorite printing proc-
ess. The photogravure was executed by Walter L. Colis, London.
The insert, "Ebony and Ivory," by F. Holland Day, Boston, is with-
out doubt one of the masterpieces of pictorial photography. As a nude, in
photography, it stands unequaled. Although exceedingly difficult to repro-
duce, the Photochrome Engraving Co., of New York, have done capitally.
In the third photogravure, "A Pasadena Landscape." W. B. Post, one
of our own members, and one of the most prominent of American photog-
raphers, is represented by one of his happiest landscapes, in which branch
he is strongest. The Photochrome Engraving Co. reproduced the originals.
The illustrations in the text represent the work of F. H. Day, Boston;
Miss Ben Yusuf, New York; Miss E. V. Clarkson, Potsdam, N.Y., whose
"Say Yes" is the picture which received the Viceroy's medal at Calcutta
in 1897; E. Lee Ferguson, Washington; Count Gloeden, Italy; Alfred
Stieglitz, New York; Karl Greger, London; H. A. Beasley, Baltimore.

The Founder of "Camera Notes" Presented with a Loving Cup.

After the regular business of the monthly meeting on March 8, Mr.
Alfred Stieglitz was presented with a handsome silver loving cup, bearing
the following inscription:
To Alfred Stieglit:;, from !tis fellow members of tlte Camera Club, in
recognitio11 of ltts distinguished ser~'t"ces iu founding'' Camt"ra Notes,'' 1898.
EBONY AND IVORY
By F. Holland Day
 CAMERA NOTES. :!I
- - - - - ------

F. H. Day's Exhibition of Prints.

No catalogue or list of title3 accompanied the display cf F. H. Day's photographs
which composed the regular print exhibition of the Camera Club for the month of Febru-
ary. In view of the attention paid to framing, hanging and other details, which the col-
lection received at the hands cf the maker, this omission is peculiarly significant. We
may reasonably infer, therefore, that he deems the naming of his creations as not essen-
tial to their effect on the beholder. They are intended to be regarded not so much as rep-
resentations of external nature as the embodiment of mental creations in which the
imagination of the spectator is called upon to do its part in the rendering of the ideal.
They are, in other words, suggestive rather than imitative. We are not to ask the artist,
Qut! jais-tu! or his production, Qui! dis-tu! It is as if the ordinary course of things had,
been reversed, and the picture in turn demands of us, Qtu sat:r-tu! And if. in some few
instances, we fail to grasp the meaning of Mr. Day's unique productions of the camera,
we may well pnustl and inquire whether the fault be not ours rather than his. We do not
mean to say that these photographs are only to be comprehended by the few, or that they
are designed exclusively for the refined and cultured. They appeal, indeed, generally
speaking, to the love of beautr mherently rooted in every human breast. They have
for the many an exoteric meaning, while conveying to the favored few the inner or eso-
teric message which is the characteristic of all true and elevated wcrks of art. An emi-
nent American photographer, not unknown to fame abroad, and in the field of landscape
and.~l!nresurpassed by few, confessed the other day that after seeing Mr. Day's pictures
his own appeared lifeless. He said: "I cannot tell the reason why his work seems so airy
and sjJiritud, and mine, by comparison, heavy and earthly; his, poetic and classic;
mine. prosaic and modern." Yet these two men are alike endowed with an innate art
faculty, though one is saturated with the idealism of ancient Greek art and the other with
the realism of the present day. Both have stoorl between us and nature as helpful inter-
preters; the one in the narrow confines of an improvised home studio, and the other in the
determination, as he has expresse:i himself, "to conquer the two square miles of country
in the vicinity of his own home rather than attempt to lay waste the pre-empted territoty
of his co-workers abroad"; both have recognized, with Goethe, that the highest problem
of any art is to cause by semblance the illusion of a higher reality. In nearly all of 1\lr.
Day's productions he has kept well within the limits of the pictorial powers of the cam-
era. There is one exception, an attempt to represent the dead Christ. Phctography may
well hesitate before venturing with waxen wings on such giddy flights of fancy, but even
here Mr. Day compels our respect, both by his seriousness and dignity of purpose and the
refinement and reverence of his interpretation. He seems in this case to have been his
own model; his lithe and slender form, his intellectual anu expressive face, adorned with
flowing hair of the traditional color of a ripe filbert, lending their sympathetic aid to the
rendering. The accessories are tenderly handled, and the rugged background of natural
rocks--it is an open-air sce:1e-suggests the tomb prepared by Joseph of Arimathea.
Whatever may be thought of the propriety of this attempt at anthropomorphism by the aid
of the camera, it i!l, at least, free from the repulsive features that characterized the effort of
another American photographer, several years ago, to depict the same subject; and what-
ever failure there may be in it, is certainly not owing to a want of enthusiasm in the pur-
suit of the highest aims or to any Jack of reverent devotion.
Near this remarkable picture is an allegorical study, the subject of which is not indi-
cated. In the absence of any key to the mystery, we might suppose the statuesque youthful
figure, gazing intently from the picture, to symbolize the Genius of Greek Art inspired
by the forces and phenomena of nature as they pass in vision before his eyes, a subject
involving the ideal embodiment of an abstract creation, and revealed to us by one of the
English painter Watts' most famous pictures. In fact, in loftiness of aim Mr. Day bears
no slight resemblance to that great painter of the mysteries, and like him his ambition
seems to be, and this exhibition is the witness of it, "to express in his art the thoughts
and feelings which have moved him seriously; to echo in his life's work all that he feels
to be noblest and best."
22 CA.JIERA .VOTES.

Possibly Mr. Day's most successful effort-and it is especially happy in being easily
within the legitimate province of photography-is the study entitled" Hypnos," in which
Sleep is represented by an Ephebe with closed eyes, breathing the soporific odor of a
poppy. In this, the idealism is wonderfully aided by the concealment of the ear of the
subject by the wing of a bird, a pigeon's probably, inserted under the fillet which binds
the hair. We do not know why such an effect should be produced by this simple device.
:"llr. Day has employed it advantageously in several of his studies, notably in the case of
"The Ethiopian Chief"; but that he has been equally successful in obtaining classical pk-
turesqueness without such accessories may be seen in "The Smoker," e,·idently from the
same model. All these figures are more or less undraped, and not the least praiseworthy
feature of Mr. Day's art is his relined treatment of the nude. Thete is not the slightest
suggestion of nakedness in any of his numerous studies in which undraped figures occur,
and yet no photographer has ever given the varying valnes and multitudinous gradation
of flesh tones with such appreciation, sympathy and truth. For this we might laud the
quality of his technique, and there is snfficient manifestation of its perfection in these
three hundred examples to furnish a model to the photographic student, if it were not that
the highest evidence of his technique is his concealment and suppression of it. His aspi-
ration has been to lift us into the realms of the imagination by avoiding the vulgar effects
.of mere realistic quality; and he has aimed throughout his work to suggest, not the mere
beauty that delights the eye, but the grace which moves the intellectual and higher sen-
sibilities as well. W. M. M.
---H-

The Ferguson Print Exhibition.

Twenty-eight picked examples from the work of Eugene Lee Ferguson, of Washing-
ton, made up the regular monthly print exhibition for March. As displayed on the west
wall of the lecture room, the first impression of the collection was undeniably somber and
gloomy, an effect mainly attributable to the dark and heavy framing of the exhibit and
somewhat to the inadequate lighting afforded in the cramped quarters occupied by the
club at the time. Yet, a more minute examination and consideration of Mr. Ferguson's
collection-and it must really be regarded as one of the most noteworthy exhibitions held
in our rooms during the present remarkable season-lead us to conclude that the presen-
tation of these pictures was a matter of no little thought and solicitude to their author;
and, while each example bas been mounted and framed with special reference to individ-
ual effect, it is only when the entire exhibit is hrougbt together in close juxtaposition that
a certain monotony and heaviness is felt. The frames are nearly all black or dark brown,
generally brought up close to the margins and in some instances relieved by a thin fillet
of gold. In one or two cases the diagonal line formed by the joining of the frame at the
corners is repeated in the composition, and, especially when the picture is square, the
disagreeable effect is intensified by the extreme width of a concave or flat molding. How-
ever, the framing is designed in conformity to modern ideas, and in general gives evi-
dence of thoughtful good taste and refinement. Possibly, if Mr. Ferguson had been able
to arrange and hang his own work, we should have had occasion to praise his ability not
only to present each composition as a harmony in itself, but also in reference to every pic-
ture by which it may be surrounded.
Among the numerous figure studies are several admirable and unconventional por-
traits, and it is, perhaps, in these eflorts that Mr. Ferguson shows his greatest strength;
yet thete are five little landscapes that are no Jess an evidence of an appreciation of the
beautiful in nature and the artistic employment of subordination of tones and values in
revealing that beauty to others in pictorial form. Of these the best is a "Sunset," in
which the sun sbmes through clouds, over lagoons bordered with treeJ and sedge, the
whole composing a landscape of extreme simplicity. A winter scene, equally broad and
simple, the somber sky giving the' snow its true relative value, the lines in the foreground
strengthened by a skillfully introduced figure, is also an admirable study. The other
landscapes are less successful, perhaps, but are characterized by a tenderness in the ren-
dering of the quiet moods of nature and contain suggestions of poetic feeling rarely
 CAMERA NOTES. 23
--~~--- - ----
observ~d in photographic interpretation. Indeed, whatever richness of imagination or lux-
uriance of fancy Mr. Ferguson throws into his work, is displayed here; his figure studies,
outside of his portraits, being rather studio posings or effects of lighting. which, clever as
they may he, do not strongly enlist our sympathies, and he has hardly entered the fertile
field of g~nr~ at all. But in portraiture, as we have observe:i, be attains positive strength
and seems to have the ability to seize the predominant characteristic of his sitter and
record it unaffectedly with the camera. Without the slightest knowledge of his models, we
may easily suppose that his picture of the gentleman reading a newspaper is a truthful
portrait, showing the ordinary ,'everyday appearance of the original, and the arrangement
of the study is as natural and easy as if the subject had never posed at all; in other
words, he is entirely unconscious of sitting, and this is almost the highest praise that can
be given to a portrait photographer. The same remarks apply to the picture of the young
lady with the hat coquettishly worn on the side of the head, and of the young gentleman
with the high shirt collar, whose portrait is probably the most unconventional of the col-
lection.
Much of the dignity and repose of Mr. Ferguson's pictures depends largely on the
grace with which he has detivered his photographic message to us, rather than un the
loftiness of his aim or the ambition of his subjects. All of the work is executed in plati-
notype and the variety of colors and tones obtained leaves nothing to be desired that
would require the agency of other processes. Mr. Ferguson seems to be an accomplished
master of technical methods, and while the perfection of modern optical apparatus makes
the camera see rather too many details, it is refreshing to meet with a photographer, pre-
sumably using the finest instruments procurable, that does not permit his lens to be too
much in evidence in his pictures, nor his prints to reveal all the crude facts of his nega-
tives. By various devices, employed by expert and artistic practitioners, the finished re-
sults, while sufficiently rich in detail, appear in a softened aspect, so that the subsidiary
pa:·ts take their proper place in the picture and thereby enable the principal idea to dom-
inate the harmony. As members of the Camera Club we shall always be grateful to Mr.
Ferguson for the lessons and suggestions afforded by this loan exhibition of his prints,
but most especially for his efforts to establish an American Salon; for however the Wash-
ington exhibition-of r896 fell short of his own high ideal, simply because just a little ahead
of the times, he performed a service to pictorial photography in America by driving the
-entering wedge. W. M. M.

++
Philadelphia Photographic Salon.
The Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts and the Photographic Society of Phila-
delphia will hold a Photographic Salon at Philadelphia from October 2<1 to November 12.
The purpose of this Exhibition is to show only such pictures '•produced by photography
as may give distinct evidence of individual artistic feeling and execution."
There will be no awards.
The Jury of Selection consists of William M. Chase, painter; Robert W. Vonnoh,
painter; Alice Barber Stephens, illustrator; Altred Stieglit:r:, photographer, and Robert
S. Redfield, photographer.
The exhibition promises to be a great success. It will, in reality, be the first Inter-
national Salon held in America, notwithstanding the recent numerous minor exhibitions
which claim that prerogative.
We are especially delighted to see the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts at the
head of the exhibition, as it is a move in the right direction and a point in favor of pic-
torial photography.
The members of the Camera Club, New York, must not fail to be thoroughly repre-
sented.
Fu11 particulars and entry forms may be had from Harry B. Reid. Secreta1y of the
Camera Club, 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York City.
Entries close October 8th, r89S.
22

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 CAllf.ERA NOTES. 25

Annual .Meeting, April 12, 1898.

The meeting was called to order at 8:45 p. m., President Murphy in
the chair. A very large attendance was present, as it was the last gather-
ing in the old home.
President's Report.

In the brief inaugural remarks delivered by your President when he assumed office
a year ago, emphasis was laid upon three ideas as constituting the central planks of the
administrative platform for the current year, and now it is gratifying to recall the fact
that the two essential plans then formulated have been carried to a successful issue.
In the order originally named, CAMERA NoTES has materialized under the able per-
sonal management of Alfred Stieglitz, and has taken rank among the foremost photo-
graphic journals of the world. reflecting credit upon the club and being largely respon-
sible for its present prosperous condition.
Secondly, the long cherished dream of "new quarters" has been converted into an
accomplished fact, insuring a commodious and well appointed home for the club for the
next five vears.
While the third item mentioned, the project of an "International Salon," "is not dead
but sleepeth," in a light refreshing slumber from which it may be easily awakened when
the time is ripe.
In this report it is not the province of your President to enter fully into the details
of the work of the several departments, such facts being left for the reports of the vari-
ous committees to be presented in due order to-night, wherein the record of our financial
prosperity, our increase of membership, our successful entertainments, our instructive
lectures, and the general welfare of the club will be fully set forth.
However, the President cannot refrain from touching upon some details and, at the
same time. expressing heartfelt approval of the work done by the officers and committees
whose united efforts have made thts a banner year in the history of the club
Particular mention must be made of the valuable services rendered by our fellow
member, Mr. Berg, who has freely drawn upon his time and his experience, in the capac-
ity of supervising architect, in the arrangement of the new rooms and the building of
the studio.
During the past year the frequent meetings of the Board of Trustees have been
remarkable for the large attendance and close attention to the countless details of club
management.
The attendance at such meetings has been phenomenal, averaging eight out of the
nine members of the Board, and in no single case has a quorum failed to appear.
This fact alone demonstrates the keen interest felt in the advancement of the welfare
of the club, while the consistent policy adopted by the Board to augment the membership
of the club and to place its financial condition upon a sound basis bas resulted in a
highly satisfactory showing at this the end of our fiscal year.
Early in the year it was determined by your officers to make every effort to present a
clean set of books at the end of their term of office, and with this object in view it was nec-
essary to more strictly enforce the provisions of our Constitution in regard to members
delinquent in the payment of dues.
This unpleasant task has been resolutely discharged by a Board unanimous in the
belief that favoritism to such delinquents would not only be prejudicial to the interests of
the club, but would also be an absolute injustice to the great majority of members who
promptly meet the moderate obligations of club membership.
So while our net gain of fifty members since our last annual meeting is of itself sat-
isfactory, it becomes still more encouraging when considered in the light of the fact that
the )'oll as presented to-night is an exceptionally healthy one, free from the delusive pad-
ding that so often makes the roster of a club misleading and unfair.
The result of the Spartan policy is revealed in the Treasurer's report. which shows
that not a dollar of arrears is due from any member of the club, while the Trea!'urer, like
the commendable Village Blacksmith, immortalized by Longfellow,

"Looks the whole world in the face,

For he owes not any man."

In addition to meeting all regular charges and accumulating a balance of more than
$r,ooo, a special fund of nearly $2,2oo has been raised by subscription to defray the cost
of fitting up the new rooms.
This has been done without any general appeal to our members at large, and it is
hoped that the sum will be still further increased by voluntary offerings from members
to whom no personal application has yet been made.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Reviewing the general situation, one of the most encouraging indications of the past
year has been the widening of the circle of photographic influence, made manifest by the
friendly and frequent invitations received from other clubs and societies for the exhibition
of our Lantern Slides.
Not cnly from clubs with photographic affiliations, but from those of social and artis-
tic character, including such representative organizations as the" Rembrandt"' and" Ham-
ilton" Clubs, of Brooklyn, the essentially artistic "Salmagundi," of New York, various
church and social societies, the Buffalo Camera Club, and the Camera Club of Ells-
worth, Me.
In regard to the latter club it is pleasing to note that it was organized by one of our
non-resident members, who, acting upon the inspiration arising from an exhibition of
slides loaned by this club, succeeded in forming a new organization devoted to photog-
raphy.
The11e facts suggest a ready means by which the fame and influence of uur club
may be largely incr~oased, at the same time promoting the advancement of the photo-
graphic arts throughout the land.
In the matter of medal winning, our international exhibitors have justified their
reputation and have received many awards: this honor roll includes the names of Miss
Clarkson, Messrs. Fraser. Post, McKecknie, Stoiber, D. K. Young, Coutant, Waterman,
Stieglitz, Berg and Bartlett.
Without trespassing further upon your time to recite the triumP.hs of a year made
bright by the promise of still better years to come,your President wtll only pause to con-
gratulate the club upon the fact that at the commencementof thethirdyearofourgreater
Camera Club, we emerge from "the starving road that leads to glory," and step boldly
forth upon the broad smooth highway that terminates only at the golden portals of an
ultimate and permanent success.
(Signed) WM. D. MUII.PHY,
Pruidml.

The annual report of the Secreta1y was read by Harry B. Reid.

Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen of the Camera Club:

I have the honor to submit the following, as the Secretary's report for the past year:

.1/embersltijJ.

The roll of membership to dah: is as follows:

Active members ................................................... rSs
Non-resident.......................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . so
Corresponding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xS
Life............................................................... 20
Honorary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . x6

Total. ......................................................... 2S9

The changes for the year were:

New members elected and qualified............................... S4

Resignations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Dropped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
Died..................................................... 2 34

A net gain of. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • so

The Trustees held ten regular and three special meetings, all of which were attended
by a quorum, and a majority of them by a full Board.
There were held ten regular and two specal meetings of the club.
Lantern Slides Tests were given every Wednesday during the year with the exception
of one evening.
(Signed) HARRY B. REID,
Secretary.
 CAMERA NOTES. 27

The following report was read by Mr. Hale, Treasurer:

THE CAMERA CLUB.
Trt!asurer's Reporlfor lhe year ending April rsl, r89l.

Balance on band ..•.•••.. $230 qo 1 Disbursements, Ordinary.

Rent......... . $1,999 92
RecdjJis, Ordzi111ry. Custodian .... . 6n oo
Electric current 336 :as
Dues April Ist, IB97, to March Postage ...... . $88 67
JISt, I8q8 .......... •••• ...... $3.551 74 Printing ..... . 222 25
Locker rents, April 1st, I8<J7, to Old journal. .. . 21 so
Chemicals.... . 9~ 97
}larch 31st, 1898 ........... . 494 oS Laundry and
Initiation fees .................. . 165 oo ice ........ . 53 10
Life membership ...•.......... ISO 00 Binding books. 25 So
Dues from members in arrears .. 6o oo Desks. ....... . 44 00
Repairs ..... . 17 75
Locker rent from members in Tools, keys,
arrears .................... . I2 00 twine ...... . 35 75
4,432 82 Insurance .... . I2 75
Interchange. ex-
RuezjJis, l!xtraordi11ary. l?ressage .... 16 95
Pnnt exhibi-
Lantern slide exhibition at K. tions ....... . 17 03
A. C......................... €145 37 Periodicals ... . 20 90
Annual dinner ................ . o8 Sundries ..... . 40 43
Club auction ..••••............. IOO 50 CaMera Notes. 250 oo q6r 85
Expressage refunded . . . . . . . . . . . 2 oo $3,909 OS
____ 253 95 Balance: Cash
____ on hand ..•.. r.ooB 62
.... 917 67

Asuts. Liabilities.
1898. I8Q8.
April I. Cash balance in l-ank ...•.••••••• $1 ouB 62 None.
I. (Cr. mo\·ing Excess assets over
fund).... . .................. . 1,945 00 liabilities ........ $s. 3o6 29
I. Cash balance (Cr. Camera 1\lotes) 352 67
I. Estimated value of furniture and
apparatus ..................... 2,000 oo
$5.306 29

E. & 0. E. FRANK M. HALE, Tre·a.wrer. April Ist, I898.

Examined and found correct, April I2tb. I89!1.
,. , ,. ... J LOI'Js B. ScHRAM, Cha~rman .
.cman.e .._,0 mmzuee: 1 RoBT. J. DE\'LIN.

The House Committee, through Mr. Dwight, made a lengthy report, which wall duly
filed.
The Finance Committee, Mr. Schram, made a verbal report.
The Committee on Meetings, Mr. Bunker, Chairman, read a report reviewing the
work of the year.
The Lantern Slide Committee, through Mr. Hale, Chairman, made a verbal report.
The Committee on Publications, Mr. Stieglitz, Chairman, made a lengthy report on
the condition and prospects of CAMERA NoTEs.
Among the main points brought out in the report it was seen that CAMERA NoTES ran
$102.67 ahead of expenses. so that the club saves its appropriation of $250, besides which
thirty-two of the new members are directly due to CAMERA NoTES; showing what a valua-
ble property it has become in its first year of exislence.
28 CAMERA l\"OTES.

The report includes thanks to the kindness of the domestic and foreign press, and
also to all those who so kindly supported the undertaking. Mr. Stieglitz publicly thanked
Mr. William M. Murray for the energetic and unselfish manner in which be bas so ably sec-
onded him in carrying out the spirit with which the magazine was started.
The reports were accepted and ordered on file.
The President called on the Nominating Committee. for its report, which was pre-
sented by Mr. Champney, Chairman.
The Nominating Committee reports the following candidates for office for the ensu-
ing year:
For Prutil~nl, For Vic~-Pr~sidurl,
William D. Murphy. Alfred Stieglitz.
F11r s~cretary, For Tr~asur~r.
Harry B. Reid. Frank M. Hale.
For Trustus,
Louis B. Schram, William Bunker,
William R. Thomas, James T. Vredenburgh, D.D.S.,
John Beeby.
For Committu on Admission.
Francis C. Elgar, Chairman,
W. Townsend Colbron. William F. Hapgood.
Respectfully submitted,

l
f J. Wells Champney, Chairman,
Charles Simpson,
Signed. Moses Joy,
Rdbert L. Bracklow,
William T. Colbron.
New York, March, 1898. Nominating Commiltu.
There were no other nominations, and the entire ticket, as reported by the Nomi-
nating Committee, was unanimously elected.

At the stated meeting held Tuesday eve- Holst 11poke from a practical as well as sci-
ning, May Io,President .Murphy in the chair, entific point of view, and proved that he bad
only routine business was attended to. It mastered lhe subject fully. Owing to the
was announced that as there had been no stormy weather many members of the club
entries for the "President's Cup," the date were unable to avail themselves of the op-
of closing would be extended to June 1. portunity to hear Mr. Holst, but those who
A demonstration of Velox paper by the Ne- bad braved lhe elements, and they were a
pera Chemical Company took place on Mon- goodly number, entered into quite a discus-
day, May 16. Quite a large attendance was sion with the lecturer during and after the
much interested in the demonstration, lecture. Such discussions are usually of
which proved that Velox, when properly more value than the lectures themselves.
used, gives beautiful results, and is at the At the stated meeting held Tuesday
same time very easily manipulated. evening, June 14, routine business was in
On Monday evening, May 23, Mr. C. F. order. It was the last monthly meeting
Holst lectured on "Modern Lenses." Mr. before the summer holidays.

------~-------

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

An exhibition of lantern slides, arranged by Frank 'M. Hale from contributions by in-
dtvidual members of the Camera Club, New York, was held at Ellsworth, Me., under the
auspices of the Ellsworth Camera Club, on the evening of March 8.
The audience numbered soo people, who were highly pleased with the entertainment,
and a substantial sum was realized for a worthy object. Night photography and effects
I

A PASADENA LANDSCAPE
•

By W. B. Post
 CAMERA NOTES. 31

of storm, wind, rain, snow and mist, were particularly admired. The makers oft he slides
were Messrs. Murphy, Post, Hale, Fraser, Stieglitz, Berg, Beeby, Joy and Scott and Miss
E. V. Clarkson.
* * *
A new organization, under the title of the Trenton Photographic Society, has lately
been formed at Trenton, N. ]., with commodious quarters in the Scott Building, provided
with up-to-date facilities for the practice of photography, including the electric light for
projection and copying. Mr. S. S. Webber, who is also an enthusiastic member of our
own club, is its first president.
* ... *
Mr. John W. McKecknie, late of this club and now a practicing architect at Kansas
City, Mo., has cecorated hi!~ offices with a series of panels fitted into the walls and includ-
ing his valuable collection of architectural and sculptural photographs recently exhibited
in our rooms. He has issued a tasteful catalogue of these prints, which are mostlv 22 x
28 enlargements, and has kindly sent copies to all of our members.
* * *
The Committee on Moving packed the contents of all lockers nut emptied by the own-
ers before April 2, and the entire property of the club, both public and private. was trans-
ferred to the new quarters, Bancroft Building, 3 West Twenty-ninth street, on Monday,
April 25. A notice was sent to all members on that date that the new rooms would be
opened on May 1 and that the distribution of lockers would take place on the following day.
* * *
The Club bas recently received the following generous donations: A Ross 7X9
Rapid Syn1metricallens from Mr. Frazer; a Suter 9 inch and a 6 inch Ross Rapid Sym-
metrical from Mr. Hitchcock; a 6~ inch Ross Rapid Symmetrical from Mr. W. D. Mur-
phy, and a r4x17 rubber tray from Mr. Jacobus.
-------~------­

New Members.
The following have been elected members of the Camera Club: Mrs. Mary H. Be-
man, 317 East Forty-ninth Street, Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Adrien P. Schmidt, 106 West For-
tieth Street; M. J. A. Dimock, Elizabeth, N. J.; Mr. George W. Harris, Montclair,
N.J.; R. A. Hibbs, M.D., 128 East Fifty-ninth Street, :\lr. Nathan Peavy, The Arena,
City; Mr. C. H. Crosby, Chicago. Ill.; Mr. Fred. W. Keasbey, ~lorristcwn, N. J.
--------~--------

Honors Won by Gamer a Club .Members.

Mr. W. A. Fraser bas won the following prizes for slides since the publication of the
last list: Photography I London), silver medal, night scenes; A mrrican A maltur Plto-
/(l,l{rtlplur, silver medal for night scenes, and bronze medals for flowers and marines;
Calcutta, bronze medal; Beverly (England), bronze medal; Amsterdam (Holland), silver
medal for flowers. bronze for night scenes, and a diploma of honor for the highest aggre-
gate number of marks in three classes.
Miss E. V. Clarkson received a gold medal in Calcutta for gmre work.
C. I. Berg and Alfred Stieglitz were each awarded a bronze medal at the same
exhibition for ~renre and portraiture respectively. At the Pittsburg Salon Mr. F. N.
Waterman received an honorable mention. Mr. D. K. Young received a bronze medal in
one of the Amateur Pltotograplur (London) monthly lantern slide competitions.
At the Paris Salon, Alfred Stieglitz was represented by six work~ and W. B. Post by
one.
~lr. A. H. Stoiber receh·ed two very high awards in the Eastman competition and
was also successful in winning a large money prize in the photographic competition re-
cently held in Monaco.
Mr. D. Gardiner received a gold medal in the above competition.
Mr. W. P. Agnew was awarded the first prize (fifty dollars) in the competition held
by the Sculptural Society, New York.
32 CAll/ERA NOTES.

Course of Lectures on Elementary and Practical

Photography.
m.---on Development.
BY WILLIA!Il M. MURRAY.

<Deliv•red Monday. l<'ebruary u, s8Q8.)

There has never been a period since the dawn of photography when we have had
o;uch fast plates, such rapid lenses and such powerful developers as at the present time.
and yet, strange to say, the prevailing fault of our negatives is under-exposure. The
reason is not hard to lind. It is an exceedingly difficult matter to successfully develop
a fully timed exposure on a fast plate; it is comparatively easy to produce a fairly good
printing negative from one slightly under-exposed. So we have got into the habit of re-
ducing our exposures to lessen the difficulties of development, and a false standard of
what is a good negative has been established. 'l'his habit has been farther confirmed by
the rage for fast shutter exposures. If we should sit in intelligent judgment on the ordi-
narily accepted negative of to-day, our verdict might almost be that the light "never
touched it."
How inconsistent we are in some of our photographic operations! We buy the latest
construction of rapid lenl'. working sharp to the corners atj/7. or even atf/6, and then stop
it down toj/SO, because the light on the seashore, or in Switzerland, or on India's coral
strand, is so blinding that we fear an over-exposure. Nothing but the chain-lightning
brand of electric plate& will satisfy us, and we forthwith neutralize its effects by setting
lUr shutter to the x-xoo part of a second. Then, too, the enterprising chemists who dis-
cover our new developing agents are so anxious to demonstrate the vig<>r of the latest
candidate for favor that the working formula recommended is far too powerful. Expo-
sure, therefore, is still further redttced to meet the new conditions. The multiplication of
developers is an evil to be deplored. We have too many already, and while they are
probably all good, the later ones are inadequately understood, and consequently. as yet,
of doubtful efficiency. If the newcomers could be made so expensive that we could not
use them, or so much cheaper as to lead to their exclusive employment, the photographic
world would be much benefited. With all the marvelous achievements of modern chem-
istry and the utilization of the countless properties of coal-tar products, it is a question
whether we are very much ahead, as far as development is concerned, of our position on
the very threshold of dry plate photography. If the subject has been adequately im-
pressed on the plate, it is a very simple and easy matter to reduce the disturbed silver
molecules and develop the latent image. We can then use iron or pyro or any other
ancient and despised reducing agent, and there wi11 be no staininR or fog, no halting or
prolonging of the development, but an easy and regular progress from the beginning
of the process to its successful condusion. Time is money, but the least expensive item
in the practice of photography is the time spent in exposing the plate. Do not stint it!
I am aware that most of those I am add:essing, being residents of a large city, axe
necessarily compelled to depend on the hand camera for much of their work. While this
is a valuable instrument when properly employed, and it has lately opened up a new
field of pictorial photography, as well as revealed to us the mysteries of animated nature,
it is proper to remember that, to study the principles of lighting and exposure, there is
nothing like a plain view camera, not too small (say. 5X7 to Sxxo) mounted on a stout
tnpod. The student of photography will find it a profitable exercise to set up such a
camera before his favorite pictorial subjects and, without exposing any plates at first, to
compare the lighting and tones of nature, as they appear to the eye, with their projection
on the ground glass after transmission through the lens, employiag the largest stop for
the purpose. He wi11 be astonished, perhaps, to notice how much light is cut off in its
passage to the focusing screen. This • ffect wi11 appear even more marked when he in-
serts the smaller stops generally used in making time exposures on rapid plates. Quite
a marked change in the tonality of certain colors. also, may be observed as the size of the
 CAMERA NOTES. 33

diaphragmt~ is diminished. A subsequent trial of various speeds of plates may demon-

strate to him the wisdom of using large stops and slow plates, preferably orthochromatic,
for obvious reasons, rather than fast plates and small stops, in landscape and open-air
photography especially. The miniature film cameras, now in such universal use, can
only be employed understandingly by those who have become expert through practice
with larger instruments. A 4x5 hand camera, with a focusing screen, will be found the
most advantageous to use. With the head under the focusing cloth observe the effect of
open, well lighted scenes on the ground glass, and afterwards test the amount of visual
illumination afforded by the shutter, at various speeds, with the apertures generally em-
ployed in instantaneous work. I think the conclusion will be that a large stop and a slow
shutter are necessary to the adequate exposure of even quite brightly lighted scenes.
'l'herefore, in hand camera wotk, open up your lens, slow down your shutter, employ the
fastest plate procurable, and you will find your labor in the dark room a comparatively
easy task. Do not try to make snap shots of figures or objects very near the camera;
they will surely be under-exposed. Forty or fifty feet is near enough in open street
scenes, and, at such distances. phases of fairly rapid motion, coming toward the lens,
may be recorded, without noticeable blur, with a moderate speed of shatter. Athletic
events at close range bad better be relegated to those professionals who have a remuner-
ative contract with an illustrated journal. They are not congenial subjects to the ama-
teur seeker after pictorial effects. and their development is an ungrateful task. Many
photographers believe that, no matter how slightly a plate has been exposed to light, all
the details may be brought out, if only a developer powerful enough is used. This is a
fallacy. Make a snap shot of a sunset, with a medium stop, and then try to bring Clut the
image with the strongest developer you can compound. The high lights of the sky will
come up perfectly clear, without the least forcing, but the most prolonged development
will only produce yellow stains and chemical fog in the forms and shadows of the terres-
trial objects; proving thEt the molecules of bromide of silver in those parts of the plate
have not been disturbed at all in their bed of gelatine.
I have thus gone to considerable length with the purpose of demonstrating the im-
portance of a liberal exposure, and, at the same time, an exposure adapted to the strength
of the developer usually termed "normal." Chemical solutions keep best in concentrated
form. The working solutions made up from these are known to photographers as normal
developers. Commercial gelatine plates are generally accompanied by formulae for
these solutions, which are recommended by the manufacturers as best adapted to their
development. It is always advisable to try these recipes, but, as a rule, they are stated
in such complicated terms that a simplification of them demands quite an exercise of
arithmetic. Taking the pyre developer as a type, it is commonly agreed among experts
that two grains of [lyre to the ounce of solution, preserved from too rapid oxidation by
eight grains of sulphite of soda (crystals), and accelerated, or put into a state of activity,
by eight grains of carbonate of soda (crystals), or its equivalent, four grains of carbon-
ate of potash, constitute a normal or correct devl'loper for a plate which has had a full
and true exposure in every part.
The developer provided by the Camera Club for the use of its members is a pyre and
potash developer. Its normal working solution shows it to be powerful, but well re-
strained; containing three grains of pyre to the ounce, together with fifteen grains of
sulphite of soda and nine grains of carbonate of potash. There is a further preserving
and restraining influence exercised by three-eighths of a grain of citric acid and three-six-
teenths of a grain of bromide of ammonium. Surprise is sometimes expressed why pyro is
still employed in our dark room, when so many newer, and, as it is <.:!aimed, more power-
ful. developers may be obtained. However, there is no developer that i~ ~o convenient
for general use, and it i5 quite powerful enough for all the legitimate demands that may
be made upon it. The directions for usc, one dram, each, of the two stock solutions, with
from two to four ounces of water, are so simple that the veriest tyro can follow them and
vary the quantities intelligently to suit his needs. There is no developer in st>parate
solutions that can be put up in such concentrated form as the pyro, or which may so
easily be adapted in use to varied exposures. The great objection against it is its ten-
dency to stain the fingers. There is no necessity at all for its doing so. Bend a piece of
34 CAMERA NOTES.

sheet tin or brass, twice, to an obtuse angle; lay one end in your tray under the plate,
the middle part against the side of the tray, use the projecting end as a handle, and you
have a cheap but effective plate lifter.
Have one of these tor the developing pan and one for the hypo bath and you will
keep your hands clean. It is a safe rule to regard all ·photographic solutions as deadly
poison. Many of them actually are (metol, even, is said to be very irritating to the skin),
and it is, therefore, wise to form the habit of handling these combinations of organic
poisons and strong alkalis as little as poss1ble.
Return the developer to its graduate before putting the plate in the fixing bath, fill
the tray with pure water, lift the plate with the tip of one finger, handle by the edges
only, and you will rarely have stains from pyro developers,evcn if you do not use a plate
lifter.
However, wha~ever developer is chosen, it is recommended to reduce it to its simplest
form, and all unnecessary ingredients ought to be omitted. So many grains to the ounce
is probably the most convenient form of expressing the quantities, and such formulae may
be readily compared, and, if desired, translated into the nomenclature of the metric sys-
tem. What is most important is to have a dio;tinct idea of the constituents of the devc:l-
OiJer, and their quantities, at the start, so that alterations in the working solutions during
the progress of a development may be made understandingly. Here are some of the
standard developers, now in common use, stated in this concise form, on the basis of two
grains of reducing agent to the ounce:
Pyro ........................................................ 2 grains
Sulphite r:~f soda................... .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . ... 8 grains
Carbonate of potash ........................................... 4 grains
Water ........................................................ I ounce
Hydroquinone ................................................ 2 grains
Sulphite of soda. . . . . . . . . ..................................... 8 grains
Carbonate of potash. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................. 8 grains
Water ........................................................ I ounce
Metol ......................................................... 2 grains
Sulphite of soda .............................................. I2 grains
Carbonate of potash ........................................... 6 grain.
Water.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... I ounce
Eikonogen .................................................... 2 grains
Sulphite of soda ............................................... 8 grains
Carbonate of potash ........................................... 6 grains
Water .......................................................... I ounce
In making up stock solutio03 from these recipes it is advisable to place the alkali in a
separate solution. By adding the accelerator, or alkali, in fractional doses, in the course
of development, the use of bromides and other restrainers may be almost totally dispensed
with. As far as possible, it is recommended to adopt the exposure to the normal working
solution, and in the case of portraiture and the photography of open landscape or archi-
tecture. this may generally be done. But if there is much contrast of light and shadow
or of actinic and non-actinic colors, it is customary to expose longer for the shadows or
the insensitive colors, and the other parts of the picture may be O\'erdone. The treat-
ment of these subjects calls for more careful or, as it is called, tentative development.
It is not sufficient to dilute a normal developer with water, as sometimes recom-
mended, for this purpose. In cases of very full (or over) exposure, a diluted developer,
containing the normal amount of accelerator, would simply take a longer time to bring
out the image, but would not save the result from being rlat and spiritless.
Experience teaches us to commence the development of negatives, known to be
over-exposed, with a solution of pyro and sulphite, or hydroquinone and sulphite, as the
case may be, and afterwards to add the alkali in small quantities till the desired detail
and density are obtamed.
This is a very goud procedure and constitutes the whole principle of tentative
development. It involves, however, the loss of the developer, for it is hard to estimate
the amount of accelerator thus added, and it is safer to throw it away than to risk it on
another plate. It is better, therefore, to start with a developer containing a small amount
 CAMERA NOTES. 35

of the accelerator. say one-quarter of the normal quantity. Rock the plate in this solution
from one to three minutes and watch the results. If the image appears raptdly the plate
has been much over-exposed and may possibly be finished without changing the treat-
ment. But if, on the contrary, the image appears slowly and faintly, the exposure may
be assumed to be neatly normal. Now pour off the first solution into its graduate and
preserve for future use. It will have oxidized very little and will be only slightly changed
m color. Now flow the plate with a solution of pure alkali. The gelatine has absorbed so
much pyro, or other developing agent, in the first soaking, that this may be done without
danger of fogging. The plate will now begin to develop rapidly and its progress should
be carefully noted. If the image shows any tendency to flash out qui<.:kly, pour off the
second solution and flood with water, or return the plate to the number rme, in whtch the
development may, if necessary, be completerl. By this method perfect control is main-
tained over the plate in all stages of the development. Even cases of abnotmal exposure
may be successfully developed in this way and, at the same time, it is equally eftective
with ordinary ex~osures and snap shots. It is not designed to enable the operator to dis-
pense with thmkmg-the object of most arbitrary rules arranged to make development a
kind of automatic process-but to give him time to think and to alter his solutions before
the plate has a chance to fog and not after. This method of alternate solutions is, more-
over, very economical, the oxidation of the developer seeming to confine its opera~ion more
particularly to the film itself-a consequence, probably, of the long soaking in separate
baths. The solutions can, therefore. be used repeatedly before becoming exhausted. It is
essential to success to keep the solutions between the temperatures of sixty degrees and
seventy degrees Fahr. In the case ot hydroquinone, especially, must this caution be
observed. a3 it becomes almost inert at fifty degrees and will, inevitably, cause yellow
stains in prolonged development. A temperature of sixty-five degrees Fahr. would be
about right and the fixin~ot bath ought to be kept at the same figure. Hypo is nearly
always used too cold and too strong. It is soluble !n one and one-half times tts own weight
of cold water, and the saturated solution, so generally employed, is far too com:entrated.
If freshly made, moreover, it is certam to be very cold. One part of hypo to five of water
is quite strong enough, and if kept at a reasonable temperature will !ix more effectively
than a saturated sol11tion. The sudden transfer from a strong fixing bath to the warmer
wash water undoubtedly aggra\•ates frilling, if it is not its frequent cause.
Probably the hardest problem of development is to know when to stop. It not only
requires a knowledge of what constitutes a good negative; it is necessary to know how a
plate should look when fully developed and when still encumbered with the emulsion
unacted upon by light. No amount of theorizing on this subject can supply the office of
practical experience. We might almost assert that the art of development cannot be
taught but must be learned. Every man must find some gauge for himself by which he
can comparP. and measure results. Some experi~ental exposures, both time and instan-
taneous. made, if possible, under the direction of an experienced photographer, the cir-
cumstances being duly observed and recorded, and the subsequent trial of a standard
developer, mar furnish him with this gauge. Above all, the beginner must cultivate
the habit of observing all the phases and phenomena of development and the myriad
changes which are taking place under his very nose. To do this be should have plenty
of light at his c.:>mmand in the dark room. If he uses a portable ruby lamp let him turn
the light side away from him. The reflection from the walls of the room will enable him
to lind his bottles and trays readily, while the sensitive plate may be kept safely, with
the exercise of ordinary prudence, in the shadow of the back of the lamp. An occasional
peep will keep him informed of the first shges of the development; as the plate becomes
wet the danger of fogging from exposure to light is much decreased and be may become
bolder. As plates differ very mu::b in their appearance during development, it is advisa-
ble to stick as much as possible to one brand of plates. When familiar with its peculiari-
ties the necessity of looking frequently at the plate is not so urgent and an expert may
judge the progress of the development as it lies in the tray without looking through it at
all. When it is about finished a single glance in the clear light of the ruby lantern will
confirm this judgment, and after a gentle rinsing it may be placed in the hypo bath. It
should remain in this bath till perfectly fixed, not less than fifteen minutes, for on this
operation the permanence of the negative more truly depends than on prolonged washing.
While the plate is still dripping with hypo it should be exami.ned, and if the skv, or other
extensive portion, is too dense, it may be reduced by local treatment with a solution of
red prussiate of potash, applied with a soft brush or swab of absorbent cotton. It may
now be washed and dried and if on trial it yields 11. good print, without maskmgor other
dodging, it may be esteemed to possess the essential technical qualities of a perfect neg-
ative.
A negative is not required to be a thing of beauty in itself. It is a means whereby
we may produce beauty, possibly, but as long as it can do this it ·may be as ill-favored
as some parents of beautiful children in the human family. Thepurpo11e of a negative is
to enable us to make a good positive; whatever its appearance, therefore, the homely rule,
"handsome is that handsome does," applies. We bear much about bloom, and pluck, and
sparkle. and other qualities. maay of which are asserted by our "daddies" to be the
exclusive attributes of the good, old-fashioned, wet collodion plate, but if all these do not
 CA.JIER..t NO"FES.

contribute to the production of a perfect print they are as sounding brass and tinkling
cymbals.
When we copy a negative in the printing frame, or in the camera. with the intention
of reversing its lights and shadows and half-tones into the new values of a paper print or
glass transparency, we perform the operation by the agency of light which we cause to
pass through the negative. If the deposit of silver is too thick-in other words, if the
negative is very dense-this operation is hindered or altogether prevented. The transpar-
ency, or more properly speaking. the translucency of a negative is of primary importance.
By it we limn the shadows of our scene: but as the picture must have lights as well. we
are moved to add another e;;sential to the requirements of a good negative, namely,
strength. That is, all the parts of the negath·e corresponding to the lights must possess
such a measure of vigor that the whites and blacks in the resulting print may correspond
to the contrasts observed in the original scene.
Translucency and strength, therefore, are two indispeno;able requisites of a perfect
negative, yet still there is something wanting. These enable us to obtain lights and
shadows, to be sure, but we have only to gaze at the new moon to see how imperfect an
appeatance of a natural object is presented by high lights and deep shadows alone.
Between the!le extremes are certain intermediate values of every conceivable intensity,
commonly called half-tones, but which may be more adequately described by the generic
term, gradation. Gradation. then. is the remaining without-which-not of the perfection
we seek in a photographic negative. Consequently, this trinity of attributes. translu-
cency, strength and gradation, constitutes the absolutely essential qualities to be realized
bv intelligent exposure and development. Tone, or color, is by some authorities deemed
importAnt. but if the three· great requisites are satisfied we 111ay reasonably conclude that
color is not necessary.
---+-+---
Notices.
[Bvery member or tbe Camera Club I• Anastigmats have but few equals. Those
part owner of" Camera Notes." Whea. interested in lenses would do well to write
ever poulble, It would be of advantap to the firm. 467 West Fourteenth Street, New
to blm, everythiDI beln1 equal, to York, for a catalogue.
patronize our advertlaen. Reciprocity
weald be of m11t11aladvanta1e.J Hlnln•' photo-mounter still excels all
J. 8. Colt& Co., who for years have been others. The Higgins products stand in a
located on Nassau Street, have moved into class by themselves, notwithstanding the
the Bancroft Building, 3, 5 and 7 West many imitations.
Twenty-Ninth Street, near Fifth Avenue,
where they have a most beautiful place o! Dlo1en is the name of a new developer
business. J. B. Colt & Co. are the leading recently introduced in the market. A con-
firm of the United States engaged in the centrated solution of the same will keep
manufacture and sale, at wholesale and like Rodinal, and can be used in a similar
retail, of educational and scientific projec- way, by diluting with water. Its action is
tion apparatus, electric focusing lamps, preferable to the latter, as it is slower, and
etc. the resulting deposit of silver finer and of
better color.
Soto,rapb is the name of a new camera The concentrated solution is prepared
manufactured by Scovill & Adams. It is as follows:
thoroughly up to date and excellently Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 cms 1 •
Sodium Sulphite, crystals, 100 grammes.
built. Before investing in a hand camera, Diogen.................... 25 grammes.
1t would be well to examine this new prod- Potassium Carbonate.. . . . 125 grammes.
uct. For correctly exposed plates take. 14
ems. of the stock solution, 6o cms 3 • water.
The Volplaeader lc. Son Optical Co. is and 2 drops of potassium bromide (I :to).
the name of the American branch, recently For under-exposure increase the quan-
established, of the celebrated firm Voigt- tity of water to beadded; whileforover-ex-
laender & Sohn, of Braunschweig, Germany. posure use less water and increase the
The Voigtlaender lenses have always quantity of potassium bromide from 2 drops
ranked amongst the best. and are naturally to 5 ems• , the amount added depending
great favorites. The Collinear Doppel- upon the over-exposure.
 •

VOL. II. No.2 .

'

EST
Volume II, No. 2
EVENING NEAR THE PYRAMIDS
By Ernest R. Ashton
 Vol. II. OBER, 1898. No.2.

,
The ~· c l a l . Organ of the Cantera Club, New York.
Publlsbed Quarterly by THB CAMBRA CLUB, N. Y., J West 39th St., New York.

, Communications for "camera Notes '' ahoutd be addressed to

Sing1e Cop1es, 50 cts. the Publication Commlttee.-SubscriptjODI to be made payable
to .. Camera Notes.' •
Per year, $2.00.

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N. Y ., Post Office, September 27, dJcn.

Self-Culture and Photography.

MOST estimabl~ young woman,
whose earnest and honest
endeavor to perfect herself
in the "humanities," in spite
of the fact that she is deaf,
...
dumb and blind, has inter-
ested the sympathies of the
educational world strongly
in her behalf, recently writes
as follov.?s concerning her
preparations for entering
Ratcliffe College : " My
studies, at present, consist
of Greek, algebra and geom-
etry. . . . I admire
Greek. It is easier to read
than Latin and much more
spontaneous and beautiful.
I wish algebra and geometry
were only half as easy for
me as languages and litera-
R. Eickemerer, Jr. ture! But, somehow, I can-
not make myself care very
much whether two and two make four or five, or whether two lines drawn
from the extremities of the base of an isosceles triangle are equal or not. I
cannot see that the knowledge of these facts makes life any sweeter or
nobler!"
While, no doubt, Miss Kellar's ideas are partly the consequence of her
40 CAll/ERA NOTES.
-- ---------

congenital imperfections, and her enthusiasm for letters leads her to decry
the value of numbers before she has fairly entered upon their considera-
tion, it must be confessed that she has voiced with remarkable accuracy
the opinions not only of those whose academic training has just commenced,
but al!io of a large number of those who have received a so-called "liberal
education," or such a measure of it as to entitle them to all the rights, priv-
ileges, immunities and honors belonging to bachelors, or even masters, of
arts. She has reflected, moreover, the spirit of this utilitarian age, which
considers it a waste of time to study anything that does not contribute
directly to the object in view; for, in the elective system of education
now in vogue, it is customary for the scientific student to religiously
eschew the ancient language and literature, and for the literary man to
avoid mathematics as calculated to fetter his native genius. Yet no one
has ever been injured by knowing too much of any of these things, but
rather by not knowing enough for practical usefulness; and if Miss Kellar
ever advances in science to the point of recognizing that
"The heavens themselves, the planets and this center,
Observe degree, priority and place " -
that the solar system and all the subordinate manifestations of it in the phe-
nomena of light, sound, heat, electricity and magnetism are founded on
the great laws of central forces, whose secrets are unlocked by the keys of
the knowledge of circular and trigonometrical functions-she will find that
geometry and algebra will exert no less influence in making life sweeter
and nobler than the revelations now made known to her only in the acqui-
sition of divers kinds of tongues and the interpretation of tongues.
And so it is with other studies; it pays to dig deep. It is true of Art;
it is true of Photography. A man, to be sure, may become a fair practical
photographer with but a very superficial knowledge of physics and chem-
istry, but he will be far from entering into the joy of his Lord for having
done well as a good and faithful servant; indeed, he may barely escape the
condemnation of him who buried his talent in the earth, because he knew
his master to be a hard man, reaping where he had not sown and gathering
where be had not strewed. For Photography is an exacting master. As
Michael Angelo said of Art, so we may say of Photography, this painting
with the finger of Light: "It is a jealous thing; it demands the whole and
entire man." We may bring to it all we know, or can know, of physics,
chemistry, astronomy, mechanics, geometry and drawing, and still it will
ask for more. But it also offers, and gives, a goodly reward; and whoever
has studied these things in the earnest prosecution of Photography has
found his knowledge of them corrected, deepened and enriched by the use
of the camera, which is at once the most truthful recorder of the kaleido-
scopic changes of the visible and invisible phenomena of Nature and at the
same time may be made the most obedient servant in the retinue of Art.
WILLIAM M. MuRRAY.

--··~·~
 •

CAMERA NOTES. 41

A Few Reflections on Amateur and Artistic Photography.

An over-production is at present noticeable in all branches of human
endeavor, and at no time have the various art professions suffered from
overcrowding as at present. Amateur photography, at:parently accessible
to every one who can press the button, and reminding one, even with the
crudest handling, somewhat of pictorial art, has taken boJd of the public
taste to such an extent
that the kodak fiend •
bas been made into a
typical figure and has
bad to play his ridicu-
lous part on the stage
and in the comical
magazines for years.
Since amateur pho-
tographers are as plen-
tiful as bicyclists. the
more astonishing it
seems to n1e that those
men who really pro-
duce something artis-
tic can be counted on
the fingers of one
hand.
Of course, I am
aware that the ma-
jority photograph for
a pastime, merely to
show that they are
clever fellows and can
''also do it."
If that is the height
of their ambition, very
well; one can surely Copyright, 1896. R.~Eickemeyer, Jr.
"WHO'S DAT?' '
find no fault with it-
we all like to amuse ourselves. But why are these men, who do not even
lend it a thought as to whether they have any special gift for photog-
raphy or not, so persistent in continually showing their efforts of pho-
tographing their dog, or their grandmother, or some uninteresting place
they have visited, to everybody they can seize upon unawares? It may
be great fun to Aunt Nell or Cousin Anne, but to an intelligent man such
provincialism is not short of an affront.
They may be satisfied with photographing up to a certain point, when
the days are long and they are out for a summer holiday, but they should
not try to get such things published in some professional magazine, to
frame and exhibit them, and to add to the mendacity of some minor exhi-
bition; least of all should they have any grievance against juries and sue-
42 CAMERA NOTES.

cessful men. They should be dignified enough to wait until some one who
knows, and has the courage to be honest, tells them that photography is in
their line.
The reader may ask why amateur photography should be taken so seri-
ously; it is only a kind of sport, not business.
It is an old saying, if a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
Besides, it has a message to convey. Each new movement of such wide-
spread tendencies necessarily has. Common sense, without any theoretical
argument, should tell us so.
Far be it from me to advocate that the fierce business competition of
to-day should also enter amateur photography; its unmercinariness is to
me its saving grace, which could make it, if handled more consistently, the
best adapted medium to keep alive the artistic qualities of mankind. The
possibility for such a vocation is certainly there, because of all art expres-
sions it is the most universally liked, and therefore the correct one to
instill with influences that would arouse live interests.
If I were asked, "Why does a man photograph?" I would answer:
"The average man photographs because life is so interesting to him that
he would also like to show it to other people." And of such a picture one
can surely demand that it speaks to one, or conveys something. A picture
should show that the man who made it got at least as far as being able to
reproduce a piece of nature, or a figure subject, interesting to him, with a
certain degree of originality and taste. If it doesn't do that, what is the
use of it? Even if he photographs his own children, one would think that
it should be only a natural desire to have the likeness as artistic and pic-
turesque as possible.
In higher stages photography can reflect all the subtleties of a man's
mind ; but then it is no longer a pastime, but the strenuous study of a
1ifetime.
An anecdote will illustrate better what I mean than all didactic
theories.
'rhe philosopher Herbert Spencer, whose only exercise is playing
billiards, strolled one afternoon into a public billiard-room, and promptly
challenged a man he found lounging there to a game of billiards. They
banked for the first shot. Mr. Spencer won and led off. When his oppo-
nent came to play, be put the chalk in his pocket and went at it in pro-
fessional fashion, running out the game before he missed. Mr. Spencer
walked to where his coat was hanging, and as he passed the stranger he
said to him: "Sir, I have always considered the game of billiards an inno-
cent amusement, and a game well adapted to the recreation of a student.
But, sir, when a man plays as you play it bespeaks a wasted youth. Good
afternoon, sir!"
Not everybody can be a great photographer, but while one is about
the matter he should put his whole heart into it; live for nothing else for
the time, unless one is contentedly narrow and has no care for others.
Technically, I believe, there is but little cause for complaint. Most
amateurs understand how to focus fairly well and are not specially har-
assed by the various processes of developing, printing, retouching, etc.
 CAJIIERA NOTllS. 43

All American pho-

tographic clubs
seem to strive for
technical perfec-
tion. It is their
only academic rule.
They are, per-
haps, not conscien-
tious enough, too
·easily satisfied.
They are not will-
ing to stand three
hours during a bliz-
zard · on Fifth ave-
nue until the right
F. H. Day.
moment for a suc-
cessful snapshot bas come. 'fhey do not consider that out of twelve prints
perhaps only one is faultless. For that only patience and perseverance are
necessary, and nobody can expect to have them to such a degree, except
be is truly devoted to the work he is doing.
Clearness and correctness, which are absolute necessities in photog-
raphy for scientific purposes, are by no means of the same importance
in pictorial photography. ·
The spectator does not examine closely to see if every blade of grass
or every tuft of foliage is minutely defined; it is the appearance of the
whole which touches and entrances him. The mere detail is not art; it is
imitation without life, a cold mechanism deprived of its utility.
What our amateur photographers principally lack is a cultivated taste;
cultivated by reading, thinking for oneself, seeing thjngs and acquiring a
historical and contemporary knowledge of art. This telongs to the gen-
eral education of
every intelligent
•
man in Europe. •
•

That is the advan- ..

tage the English, •

French and Vien-

•
•
nese photographers
haye over our men.
That such Cltltiva-
tion is no superflu-
ous baggage, one
can readily see when
our men attempt
composition and the
expression of senti-
ment. They stand
helpless, experiment
without definite aim Henry Troth.
44 CAMERA NOTE~:

and at last pacify their conscit:nce with some mawki::;h st:ntimentality that
reminds one of a fashion magazine poem. The bootblack and newsboy
portrait-painters have their countt:rtypes galore among amateur photog-
raphers.
Never listen for a mom~nt to such nonsense, that composition is of no
importance. Composition is almost everything; through a thorough under-
standing of it even the method of the newsboy painter can be elevated into
art, as Dumont has shown in his "Clarinet Player."
How can such knowledgt: be acquired? Advice is difficult, as good
taste cannot be taught. Japan, who with her exquisite industrial art tri-
umphs over the achievements of all other nations, had no art schools and
no art critics until Occidental civilization introduced them. (Art critics
only become necessary when the artists themselves don't know where they
are at.)
It is largely a matter of temperament; if one has the right tempera-
ment, everything that happens in one's life is grist for the mill.
Living among dainty surroundings alone does not accomplish it;
rather a hard and severe training of the eye, and no sparing of time and
study in manifold directions.
The good fates be thanked that there is not yet any gratuitous school
of artistic photography. The man of originality always teaches himself,
pegs away at his own salvation.
Why does Eickemeyer succeed? Because photography is to him a sci-
ence. More than in any other art, everything is calculation in photography.
The photographers remain too much specialists. A painter after hav-
ing studied for several years here and abroad continues to study independ-
ently. An amateur photographer, however, thinks that as soon as he has
mastered the mechanism of his craft there is no room for improvement.
In France a photographer might profit greatly by associating with
artists, but here, where the social element among artists is still undevel-
oped and where the best ones are hermits, not much can be gained by it,
especially as the artists are not willing to acknowledge the artistic side of
photography.
I would recommend the study of good works of art. Of course there
is the danger of imitating certain characteristics of composition. This
was all of the criticism I had to make of Day's portraiture; it reminded
me too much of the reproduction of modern paintings in current art jour-
nals. To make a photograph and lend it a certain originality by cutting
away certain parts and giving it an odd shape, is not strictly legitimate.
The method of work should always be as simple and direct as pcssible.
Retouching, in my opinion, should be entirely abolished. To retouch
successfully the photographer must be a draughtsman. and that can hardly
be expected from him. Besides, very little is gaineu by making a photo-
graph look as if it were done in some monochrome art process. As soon as
it resembles an etching or a wash drawing it outsteps its true vocation and
challenges comparisons, which will hardly be to its advantage. The scope
of photographic reproduction is large enough without using other mediums
of expression as helpmates.
 CAMERA NOTES. 45

You may ask, what is

going to be done with
all these artistic photo-
graphs? There is no dan-
ger that there will ever
be too tnany; besides,
there is room enough for
good works.
I know bow many
square acres of interior
walls are still bare, or
bung with maudlin ab-
surdities, on the East Side
and Harlem flats. Make
war on pot-boiler art. As
the painters fail to raise
the standard of art among
the middle class by asking
unreasonable prices for
mediocre work, give them
photographs of a broad
hun1an interest, make only
a few prints of each suc-
cessful picture, frame
them artisticallv.. and sell
them at democratic prices
that are 'vithin the reach
of all. There are many Frances B. Johnston.
others besides me who \Vould rather have Breese's "Yvette Guilbert," a
landscape by Eickemeyer, a decorative study of Day or a night scene of
Frazer on their walls than a worthless daubing in oil or \Vater color, encased
in a golden frame two feet deep.
There is also much room for improvement among the professional por-
trait photographers; they should be entirely replaced by amateur photog-
raphy, which is always I must pay it that compliment no matter however
unsatisfactory at times, vastly superior to th~ir smiling, touched-up atroci-
ties. The Daguerreotype era should be nearly over by this time. We
want more Coxes, Breeses and Hollingers.
Also, in illustration, photography could play an important role. It
has already found an opening in newspaper illustration; why not also
in magazine and book i1lustration of a superior order? It would sure1y not
be very difficult to surpass the efforts of the designers employed by the
magazine publishers. I am convinced that a Photographic Illustration
Co., capable of issuing conscientious artistic work for the illustration of
novels and poems, would prove successful after a few years of bard work.
Yet before I do any more prophesying, let some amateur photographers
first follow my advice and cease throwing their maudlin efforts broadcast
upon an indulgent world. SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Other Side-A Commwlication.

[That Pictorial Photography is a subject that bas two sides, depend-
ing entirely upon the point of view, may be seen from the following com-
munication which has recently been received by the Publication Commit-
tee. Though almost diametrica!Jy opposed to the ideas sought to be
promulgated by the writings and illustrations in CAMERA NoTEs up to the
present time, we gladly present this "story of the other side," rejoicing
that a fellow member of our club feels sufficient interest in the question
to be moved to define his position with such clearness, strength and frank-
ness. The letter, we think, will repay studious perusal, in connection
with an occasional glance ·at the July number of CAMERA NoTEs.-PuBI.I- (
cATION CoMMITTEE.]
To THE PuBLICATION CoMMITTEE :
Gmtlt'mm: On page 4 of the July number of CAMERA NoTES we read:
"No wonder it is that photography is discredited by thinking people," and
a little further on: "How, then. can it be hoped that this inevitable result
can be anything other than the crudities and terrors which find their way
to e\·ery corner of the earth, pushed there by the enterprise of our modern
monthly magazines, whose swollen pages, gorged with these monstrosities,
are horrible to contemplate?"
The writer of the above evidently had the July number of CAMERA
NoTES in his mind. A growing and very dangerous Tarantism hal'l inocu-
lated the club, and it appears that nothing is artistic which is not outre,
nothing beautiful which is not bizarre, nothing worthy of attention which
is not preposterous, nothing serious unless untranslatable. Photography
has no legitimate field except impressionism and sensationalism. We find
a large number of quasi-artists who talk glibly of Durer, Leonardo, Dau-
bigny and Millet, who, at the same time, admire the idiotic monstrosities
of the modern so-called Impressionist School.
Nature has become obsolete, and the pictures most admired look as if
"one of nature's journeymen had made them, and made them badly, they
imitate nature so abominably." Because these journeymen cannot inter-
pret nature, the pictures of those who do so are ridiculed because they are
intelligible, and of course the outside barbarian is ignored with cool con-
tempt.
Yet we find that Troyan's cattle are cattle, Rousseau's trees are trees,
Mi11et's men and women are men and women, Daubigny's skies are skies,
Schreyer's horses are horses, Knaus' children are children, and we know
it without guessing, because they cannot be taken for anything else in their
pictures any more than they can in nature.
It is because this self-satisfied, hypocritical, pharasaical, self-duped lot
of pigmies fail entirely to grasp the self-evident beauties of the above mas-
ters, that they bedaub them with the turgidity of their own unhealthy minds,
in the hope of projecting into the picture some obscure and fantastic mean-
ing never dreamed of by the artist, and when imitations are made by this
I

SPINNING
By Miss E. V. Clarkson
 CAMERA NOTES. 49

race of dwarfs, clear-

ness becomes flatness,
vigor becomes hys-
terics, softness is
timidity, strength is
pomposity, freedom is
inebriety, and we are
scoffed at for not
standing in rapt ad-
miration before a pro-
duct which is Divine
only because it pass-
eth human under-
standing. We are then
reminded of that sub-
lime line of Dante:
''A tecbe es eand di
ed wi th' gri pes,"
and hope that these
"artists" will follow
his advice.
We must acknowl-
edge that the impres-
sionist pictures do onP.
Frances B. Johnston. good service, as fos-
tering mental gym-
nastics at guessing what they mean, or what they are supposed to repre-
sent.
This fad for muddy, fogged, bombastic, indistinguishable, unguessa-
ble monstrosities will soon pass away and we will recognize that a photo-
graph to be artistic need not be hideous.
But in the meantime cannot the editors of CAMERA NoTES preserve us
from them? Their production may be glossed over as mere senile inebri-
ety, but their reproduction is a heinous crime.
It is with great pleasure that we see the permanent joker of the club
bas written a sarcastic article, in his happiest vein, on this class of pic-
tures, but we are afraid that this school, with its fantastic and unnatural
taste, might possibly miss the sarcasm, and quaff it as the choicest 'vine,
without perceiving the pungent vinegar in its composition.
Let us break away and get back to nature, and turn our backs on all .. ,
pictures which can only be interpreted by a maniac, or we will be liable,
by regarding them overmuch, to fall to the level of the gibbering idiots,
or rise to the unsearchable heights of the raving lunatics. It has been
said that lunacy and genius are twins. but if these pictures are the pro-
ductions of genius, it were better to say there is only one child in tbe
family.
DANIEL K. YOUNG.
so CAMERA NOTES.

Natural ' tory and Photography.

HE majority of the text and
popular books on natural his-
•
tory are filled with uncouth
drawings which, often little
better than caricatures, pur-
port to represent bird and ani-
mal life. This is not to be
wondered at, since, as a rule,
the illustrator bas had for b is
models only the distorted
pieces of taxidermy with
which the museutns are fi11ed.
To go into the field and
make studies from life \\'OU]<.,
require an immense expendi-
ture of time and labor, besides
a good deal of savoir faire, to
enable him to approach close
enough to \\·ork from his sub-
ject. That the influence of
photography is beginning to
make itself felt in this branch
of illustration is very evident.
If I mistake not, Mr. Wallahan,
of Colorado, was the pioneer in
FRANKLYN GROUSE (COCK). photographing Wild animals-
devoting nearly all his time,
however, to a few species of big game; but he has been followed by anum-
ber of earnest workers, notably Mr. Lodge, of England, whose extraordi-
narily fine work is undoubtedly known to many of our readers, and Dr.
Scbufeldt, of Washington. While these two men work on different lines, Mr.
Lodge taking wild birds from life in the field, and Dr. Scbufeldt having
his wild specimens, which are ca~gbt, sent to his studio, both have taken
many magnificent and valuable photographs. One taking up this matter
for the first time will meet with many disappointments and failures. Un-
limited patience is required; even though your bird be confined to a studio,
it is likely to take hours and even days to get the pose you wish, free fron1
any expression of fear. In the field a greater stock of patience is needed, to
which should be added a good kno\vledge of the habits of your subjects, and
most especially in approaching near enough to get a fairly good sized image.
The writer first took up this work while on a two years' shooting trip in Idaho
and Montana, working in a desultory sort of a way, and secured
only six different subjects at the end of the first summer. At the end of
the second, however, the list covered over sixty varieties, which shows that
if there were a few patient workers at various points in the country a large
 CAMERA NOTES.

number of photographs
• •
could soon be obtained, • •
• • •
•
• , "' I . •

of value for illustration

and lantern slides for
lectures.
One of the greatest
drawbacks in field work
is the probability of
barsh and uninteresting
backgyounds and sur-
roundings.
I have heard criticism
On the lack Of action, QS LITTLE CHIEF HARE (ROCKY MOUNTAIN PIX:A)

well as unnatural atti-

tudes of animals in photographs and their general inartistic effect.
To the first objection there can be but little argument. It is difficult
to get the animal still, and one is fortunate if be can photograph him in any
interesting action portraying his daily life.
As to the attitude being unnatural, I am inclined to think that the
critic bas grown so used to seeing the exaggeration of many drawings, and
has studied animals so little, that he does not recognize what is natural.
That they are inartistic is evident. It is true that some of the best photo-
graphs contain elements of art, but the application of the term to natural
history illustration is meaningless.
After three years' experience in this work I am in favor of the use of
a good-sized plate say 6~ x 8~, or 8 x Io for studio and home
work; but for field \Vork, where one has mountains to climb and has to carry
one's outfit many miles on one's back, I should much prefer a compact cam-
era using a 4 x 5 plate. The writer once carried a 6~ x 8~ outfit, ''grub,"
etc., on his back on a snow shoe trip in the Bitter Root mountains. I
walked about 300 miles during the twenty-seven days, and found the big
outfit a disadvantage to me, both from its weight and the difficulty of hand-
ling it quickly. I should select two lenses; one of, say, 6 in. focus, and
one of long focus, 12 or
15 in., and a shutter that
is easily sprung by a so
foot tube and that makes
the least possible noise
in working.
A telephoto is often
very useful, if it is a good
one. We found Dall-
meyer's and also Zeiss'
new system excellent;
several others we tried
were useless. For pho-
tographing mountain
WATER MOCCASIN (FLORIDA) . goatS and Sheep, and
 52 CA1lfERA NOTES.

often deer, an tel ope, elk,

etc., and for hawks and
birds which are shy, it
is well adapted. It is
difficult to focus accu-
rately, having rather
poor illumination; bas
very little depth of focus
at large apertures, owing
to its great relative
focal ]eng tb; is slo\v
working, and requires a
box with long bellows
MOUNTA I N C HI P MUNK.
and great rigidity to get
the full benefit from it; and if a shutter is used it should be as free from
jar as possi b1e.
A photograph of the White Tail Deer \Vas taken with a high power
Dallmeyer, medium stop, about t\vo seconds' exposure, at about four
o'clock p. m. ; plate, 26 x Seeds. A whistle from the photographer caused
her to stop and look backward.
Among the illustrations is one of the Little Chief Hare, or Rocky
Mountain Pika. He lives in certain parts of the Rocky Mountain
system, among the great masses of broken slide rock, and in many
ways is one of the most interesting little animals on our continent.
In the lower altitudes, say 4,ooo feet, he is out and about a good deal
of the winter, but in the high altitudes, from 6,ooo to 9,ooo feet, his home
is buried under from 10 to so feet of snow and he does not make his appear-
ance before June or July. When he first comes out be is rather lazy and
likes to sit and sun himself, as shown in the illustration. Later on he is
seldom quiet for any
length of time, except-
ing in the early.
morn-
ing. He has many
household duties and be-
gins early in August to
gather in his supply of
winter hay, for the snows
and frost come early up
where be lives. If you
are watching by a pile of
slide rock you \Vill see
him pop suddenly out of
• some crevasse, look hur-
riedly around to see that
the coast is clear of any
prowling weasel or
hawk, and after uttering
CANADA LYNX. his peculiar little cry, he
 CA.JfERA NOTES. 53

will scamper over the broken masses of rock with incredible swiftness
to his favorite "hay field," where he gathers a large mouthful and
hurries back to arrange a little haycock where his grass will dry, protected
from the winds. He works incessantly, and should a storm threaten he will
work all night if necessary to gather in his haycocks to one of their com-
mon storehouses 11nder the rocks. In photographing him the camera was
focused on his favorite sunning place, partially hidden by weeds and
leaves, while I sat fifty feet away and waited his appearance.
I worked, on and off, for over a month before I got his picture.
Having already trespassed on my space, I can only say a word about the
other illustrations. The lynx was one of several we trapped; he was taken
out of the trap and lightly clogged and photographed whenever he stopped
and assumed a position wanted. All cats, as well as bears, must be trapped
or treed to be satisfactorily photographell. They are far too wary to be
surprised with the camera.
The other birds and animals illustrated were photographed in much
the same manner as the Litlle Chief Hare. W. E. CARLIN.

Notes.
Gum printing, which is all the rage in continental Europe, and which
is rapidly gaining favor in Great Britain amongst the higher pictorial pho-
tographers, has at last been taken up by a few Americans, who are seriously
experimenting with it. If some of the beautiful originals produced by such
workers as Henneberg, Watzek, Kuehn, all of Vienna, the Hofmeisters, oi
Hamburg, and Demachy, of Paris, could be seen on this side of the water,
this method of printing would soon find many adherents in the States.
As it is, most of the reproductions seen are crude and undoubtedly lack
the quality of the originals, and quality is everything in the gum print.
Those interested in this most delightful of all printing processes will do
well to read the articles occasionally published in the A ma/t'llr Photog-
rapher (London), that wide-awake weekly which caters so well to the wants
of the pictorial photographers, whether beginners or advanced.

The Paris Salon was a huge success. It is gaining in importance every

year, and the educated public of Paris is beginning to take a great interest
in picture photography, as shown at these annual exhibitions.
As in every European exhibition, the gum prints created the most
interest, while the English and American work was generally decried as
weak and ordinary as compared with these pictures. Most of their pictures
were executed in straight carbon or platinum. While granting that pic-
' .
tures produced by the gum process may be exceedingly beautiful, and
oftentimes possess a charm not obtainable by any other photographic
printing process, yet a print produced by that interesting and novel print-
ing method is not necessarily a picture. We are afraid that novelty is
54 CAMERA NOTE.'>'.

often mistaken for artistic value, for we contend that a real picture remains
one whether produced in carbon, platinum or gum.
Gum printing undoubtedly opens a new field of possibilities, impos-
sible to be attained by any other known printing method; still, it by no
means kills the existing ones.
We all admire good oil paintings; nevertheless, we are glad to look
at a good water color or pastel. Each method has its particular charm and
value.

We are all looking forward to the exhibition season. The Philadelphia

Salon and the American Institute Photographic Exhibition, which is to
be a counterpart of the successful Glasgow exhibition held last year, are
about to be opened. They both promise to be great successes. In Eng-
land, the two star exhibitions of the year, the Salon and the exhibition of
the Royal Photographic Society, will have been opened at London before
these pages leave the press. Many Americans will be represented in
both, although not as extensively as we had hoped for.
The expense in forwarding framed pictures to London and having
them returned is a heavy ont:, and many exhibitors ask themselves
whether the game is worth the candle. The writer exhibited in both
exhibitions last year, and the expenses attached thereto, excluding the
cost of producing the prints, were about twl!nty dollars for casing and
expressage, and over thirty dollars for framing. Most of the frames came
back in a sad shape-especially those from one of the exhibitions. It is
an open question whether the Custom House on this side is not responsible
for much of the mischief done, although a good deal of the damage could
be traced to the European side. It is a curious fact that it costs nearly
twice as much to get the pictures back as it docs to send them. This is
uue to the extra charges of brokerage, storage, etc., of our Custom system.
A. S.
---+-+----

On Saving Clouds in a Negative.

When developing with the hydro-metal type of reagents, many of
the terrors of "hypo" in the older developer disappear. In fact, a trace of
hypo acts only as a mild, and sometimes desirable, restrainer.
I find that the sky half of a negative may be treated to a bath of hypo,
when the clouds are in danger of disappearing, without leaving the lines
of checked development that are so apt to follow the local use of bromide
in such cases. I use a swab of cotton dipped in the regular fixing bath,
wash out the sky portion of the negative as soon as it is sufficiently devel-
oped (of course holding the plate so that the hypo will not run back onto
the undeveloped portion), not completely clearing the sky but thinning it
down to taste; rinse under the tap and complete the development as usual.
If the hypo carried back into the developer makes it work too slowly, a
fresh solution is the natural remedy. L. M. McCoRMICK.
 CAMERA NOTKC... 55

Collection of Prints by Members of the Camera Club.

For several years past the photographic work of the members of the
Camera Club bas been chiefly manifested in lantern slide form, a condition of
things for which the fermer cramped establishment of the club, rather than
any nPgligence on the part of the management to foster the production of
prints, is responsible. The rooms in Thirty-eighth street, recently vacated,
though seemingly commodious and convenient for practical photography,
were singularly deficient in printing facilities. Besides the limited num-
ber of available windows-a most important desideratum-it was almost
impossible, from lack of space and appliances, to work in carbon, or gum,
or plain silver, or any of the processes requiring the preparation and sen-
sitizing of the paper by the operator himself immediately before use. (All
these defects have been abundantly remedied in the new quarters, where
special sensitizing, drying and developing rooms, with hot water on tap,
have been provided for the exclusive use of the print makers.) Beyond
the production, then, of a few large bromides and platinotypes, little was
S!!en in the old rooms of the efforts of those who did not make lantern
slides, though a Committee on Prints was regularly appointed which invited
the presentation of prints for examination and criticism at any of the
Wednesday evening meetings. While few availed themselves of this priv-
ilege, the committee was not unmindful of the necessity of keeping the
members in touch with thl" progress of the times, and accordingly insti-
tuted the interesting series of print exhibitions by eminent American pho-
tographers which formed the prominent attraction at the reunions of the
club during the past season. In view of the slight evidence that our mem-
bers were anything more than lookers-on in Vienna, therefore, it came
somewhat as a surprisP. that, in response to an informal request, at short
notice, by the Committee on Prints for a few pictures with which to dec-
orate the walls of the new rooms in Twenty-ninth street at their inaugura-
tion, no less than one hundred and fifty prints of high character were
promptly offered by some thirty-eight members. These have remained
on exhibition during the months of May and June. and it is expected that
some of them will be presented to the club to form the nucleus of a per-
manent collection. There could be no better evidence of the general
advance in the practice of photography in this country and of the elevation
of the standard of what constitutes a picture in the minds of our own mem-
bers, than this modest exhibition. We do not mean to say that the whole
collection is of this high quality. As far as we are aware there was little
or no censorship exercised in the selection of the prints, but in spite of this
omission there is nothing hung hut what is at least a truthful and well
executed record of fact, and in many instances the photographer has gone
beyond this and shown that he knows how to interpret the confusion and
complication of nature into the harmony and simplicity of a picture.
Under the conditions of its collection any individual notice of its excellen-
cies would be out of place here, but the exhibition, considered as a whole,
is a notable example of what may be brought together without the offer of
medals or prizes or any inducement to contribute other than the interest
our club members feel in the general advancerr.ent of photographic art.
\V.M. M.
56 CAJIERA NOTES.

Our illustrations.
The frontispiece" E<•nzi11g near the Pyramids," by Ernest R. Ashton, of
London, is a production which will appeal to most tastes. The subject is
splendidly handled, artistically and photographically.
Mr. Ashton's pictures are but little known in America. His Algerian
gmre pictures and figure studies, with which his name is identified, have
given him a high position in the photographic world. If we are not mis-
taken, he is a pupil of that splendid veteran and pioneer, H. P. Robinson.
The photogravure w:as produced by Walter L. Coils, London.
"Spinning," by Miss E. V. Clarkson, of Potsdam, N. Y., is the picture
which was awarded the gold medal in the genre class at the Calcutta Exhi-
bition, 1898. Whatever emanates from Miss Clarkson's studio has always a
certain value. Her genre pictures are apt to incline towards sentimentality
(which must not be mistaken for sentiment), and often lack that spontaneity
which is so essential in giving pictures a lasting value.
Miss Clarkson unfortunately has been able to devote comparatively
little time to photography in the last few years. She is, nevertheless, one
of the most enthusiastic and generous mainstays of The Camera Club.
The photogravure was produced by the Photochrome Engraving Com-
pany, New York.
"A Ranckman," by R. Eickemeyer, Jr., of New York, speaks for itself.
Mr. Eickemeyer's work needs no comment.
The photogravure was etched and printed by the Photochrome Engrav-
ing Company, New York.
'fhe halftone illustrations in the text comprise the work of F. H. Day,
Roston; Miss F. B. Johnston, Washington; W. E. Carlin, New York; R.
Eickemeyer, Jr., New York; and Henry Troth, Philadelphia.

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following have been elected members of the Club:
Messrs. Sidney Herbert, London; Rev. Henry Mason Baum, Brooklyn; Max Vogrich.
105 Madison avenue, City; Gustavoue Kirby, Mount Kisco, N. Y.; Eugene Lee
Ferguson, Washington, D. C.; Robert Otis Swan, Oyster Bay, N. Y.; George F. Secor,
Sing Sing, N.Y.
The Presidential Prize Print Competition did not fill. The Cup therefore rematns in
the possession of the Club for the year. It is not very complimentary to the donors of the
same that the members should have shown so little interest in the competition.

On another page will be found the conditions and rules for the Champion Lantern
Slide Cup Competition. It is sincerely hoped that the competition for this valuable prize
will be a keen one.
The Studio is now open and engagements for the same may be booked at any time.

The Club begs to acknowledge, with thanks, the receipt of four framed enlargements,
the gift of the Eastman Kodak Co. They now adorn the walls of the new rooms.
 •

'

ARANCHMAN
By Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.
 CAMERA NOTE.<.,". 59

EXHIBITION OF PRINTS
BY MEMBERS OF THE

CAMERA CLUB.

M.AY-JUNE, 1898.

No TITLE.
I. Marine, W. C. Harris
2. Rainy Day on the Boulevard, "
3· Dewey Ddy in Herald Square, "
4·
5·
Portrait,
On the Hudson,
John Beeby
.
6.
7-
8.
A Bit of Niagara,
Portrait,
Sandy Dunes, L. M. McCormack
."
9· Sun and Shade, John Aspinwall
10. Decorative Panel, Alfred Stieglitz
I I. A Bit of Venice, "
12. ''My Father," "
I3. Scurrying Home, "
14. Mending Nets,
IS. Portrait Study, "
16. A Wet Day on the Boulevard, Paris, "
q.
IH.
The Old Mill,
Landing of the Boats,
,,••
19. Reveries, Miss Mary E. Martin
20. Windmill, Easthampton, L. M. McCormack
21. The Phantom Ship, Oscar S. Flash
22. Moonlight, John Beeby
23. Carding Wool, Miss E. A. Slade
24. Banjo Practice, Wm. D. Murphy
25. Portrait, Miss M. E. Martin
26.
27.
Portrait,
"
Miss Beman
..
28. Portrait Studies, A. Walpole Craigie
29·
30•
..
" "
"
3I• " "
32. " "
33· " "
34· Portrait,
35· Night in Columbus Circle,
W. A. Fraser
....
36. Portrait,

...
37· Portrait, Wm. W. Renwick
38. Pandora,
39· Portrait,
40. Laughing Portrait, J. Wells Champney
41. Portrait,
42. " ..
Mrs. Jonathan Thorne

43· " "

6o CAMERA ,\"OTES.
-----------------------
44·
45·
The Horseshoe Falls, Niagara,
·• " (enlargement), ....
Wm. D. Murphy

46. The Chorister,

47· Picking Oranges,
4S. Great Glacier of the Selkirks,
49· Ethel,
so. Yosemite Valley, from Inspiration Point,
,,
51. American Falls, Niag-ara,
52. " '' (enlargement), "
53·
54-
Evening on the RiVIo:rside,
Mirror Lake, Yosemite, ..
"
55· The Sentinel, "
s6. }lelody,
57. Evening, S. S. Webber
ss. :\1 v Pussie, Ad P. Schmidt
59· E~pectancy, H. A. Beasley
6o. Stormy Sunset, Wm. D. Murphy
61. Off the Battery, F. Huber Hoge
62.
OJ.
Banjo Player,
Moonlight in Prospect Park, ..
"
64. A Study, Chas. I. Berg
,,
65. "
66. Madonna, "
67. A Study, "
6S. Renunciation, ",,
69. Daughter of the Nile,
70.
71.
II Pensoroso,
Repentant Magdalene, ..
7 2. Portraits, "
73· " "
74·
75·
Pharaoh's Daughter,
Miss M. M., ..
"
76. The Coquette, "
77· A Study, "
7S. The Storm, Arthur Scott
79· Country Home, "
So. Flooded Fields, "
St. Portrait, A. D. Davis
Sz. Portrait, "
s3. A Portrait, James L. Bree~ and Rud. Eickemeyer, Jr.
,, ,,
S4. " ,, ,,
ss. "
S6. " " "
S7. Yvette Guilbert, " "
ss. A Panel. "
s9. The Ranchman, " "
90. Young St. John,
91. The Peanut Field,
.. "
"
92. Off the Battery, Thos. R. Hughes
93· A Portrait, W. P. Agnew
94. Witches' Hollow, ]. Wells Champney
95· Two Bunches for a Penny, Dr. J. W. Bartlett
96. Street Life, "
97· Waiting for Trade, "
9s· Well Patronized, "
99· An Argument,
100. A Street Ice Vender, ..
 CAMERA NOTES. 6J

Tox. Reuben and Rachel, Harry Coutant

102. }
103. X-Ray Pictures, Dr. Chas. W. Stevens
IQ4.
IOS.
106. Portrait, Geo. Hamlin
I07.
I08. Pottsville, N. Y, Paul Sala
I09· On the Banks of the Schoharie, "
TIO. The Coming Storm, Harry Coutant
I II. Wayside Flirtation, "
I 12. Off the Battery, "
I 13. A Dutch Family, Miss E. A. Slade
I 14. Industry, "
us. Dandelions, L. M. McCormack
n6. Gr~nt's Tomb,
I J7. Century House on the Harlem, R. L. Bracklow
IJ8. Landing,
119. When the Shadows Fall, F. J. Ray
I 20. Rocking- Stone, Bronx Park, R. L. Bracklow
I 2 I. The Brook, Dr. Vredenburgh
I22.
12 3·
A Fountain,
Cows, ."
124.
12.'i·
Old Time Flowers,
Choir Boys, ..
W. D. Murphy
126. A Study for an Easter Card, "
127. White Birches, Oscar S. Flash
I28. A Shady Road, Mrs H. W. Cannon
129. Electrical Cr>al Cutting Machine, Geo. W. Harris
I 30. Away in the Future, Miss Mary E. M.
J 31. Miniatures, Wm. Bunker
I 32. Josephine, Wm. D. Murphy
I 33• Snowy Day, H. N. Tiemann
I34· Landscapes, Mrs. H. W. Canno~
1 35· Monte Carlo, A. H. Stoiber
I36. Frosty Morning, Wm. B. Post
137· Portrait, A. C. Gould
I 38. Woodland Road,
I39· Fishing Sloop, "
140.
141. .
Portrait,
Country Road, .."
J42.
I43· Italian Group, Joel W. Thorne
144· A Light Load, "
I45· Pocahontas, Theodore Dwight
I46. A Full Basket, "
147· Late October, Mrs. H. W. Cannon
148.
I49·
Wood Interior,
The Jersey Coast,
Prof. Schmidt,
.
Dr. Leonard Waldo
Ad. P. Schmidt
ISO.
IS I. Portrait, Theodore Dwight

-·~·-
 _'___ __ _ CA AIE..R A NOTE S.
.. - ----· ---- - ---- - -- -- - - - --
The Club Library.
The Club Library had been
wofully neglected for so mRny
y ears that at on e time it was
su ggested that the accumu-
lated m ag azines and books be
g iven a\vay, as it would be
useless to ask any conscien-
ti ous being to undertake set-
ting things arig ht.
It was at that time that Mr.
J ohn Beeby, of the newer
ele ment of the club, stepped
forward and volunteered to
PRESENTED BY accept the office of librarian.
What he has done in one year
_ _____ 18_ can only be appreciated by
those who have watched the
progress of his work. He
has thus far given the club the
nucl eus of a good library,
which bas b ecome one of the
features of the organization,
and which will, in the course of a few years, becon1e a valuable asset, pro-
vided future librari~ns continue the good work.
Mr. Beeby hopes that the members of the club will donate books to the
worthy undertaking. Donations from the publishers will also be gladly
accepted and would be duly acknowledged in CA~tERA N OTE 5.
The original of the accompanying club book-plate was designed and
executed by Mr. Beeby himself.

Reviews and Exchanges.

(BOOKS REVIEWED IN THESE COLUMN S ARE ADDE D T O 1 HE L£BRAR Y OF THE CLUB.)
The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pbotog- abovt: reproach. A photogravure of ··The
raphy. By Walter E. Woodbury, Old Mill," by Alfred Stieglitz, serves as
Editor of '• The Photographic a frontispiece. It is hardly necessary to
Times." Published by The Scovill & recommend adding this book to one's
Adams Company, New York. Price (in library, as seeing and wanting will in this
handsome cloth binding), $S. case be one and the same thing.
''The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Pho- ---
tography," by Walter E. \Voodbury, is Penrose's Pictorial Annual: Tbe Pro-
the most complete reference book that bas ce•s Year-Book of 1898; a Revie\\
been published on photography. It con- of the Graphic Arts. Edited by W.
tains over 2,000 references, covering 536 Gamble. Published by Penrose &
pages, besides some 6oo illustrations, many Co., London. An1erican agent, G. Gen-
of which are half-tones. The references nert, 24 E. Eleventh street, New York.
are excellently written and treat the sub- "Penrose's Pictorial Annual'' has be-
jects thoroughly. Printed in large type come a most welcome yearly visitor. The
on coated paper, it is typographically present volume, No. 3, is fully up to its

J
 CAMERA NOTE'S.

predecessors. It contains about 132 pages English have learned much in half-tone
of interesting reading. written by authori- printing during the past two or three years,
ties in mattets pertaining to the photo- and that they will soon equal the work done
mechanical processes, besides 90 full page here in the States, which bas always been
illustrations. covering the various printing accepted as the acme of perfection. Those
methods of the day, in monochrome and interested in • the adva:1cement of the
color. 'I'he book is printed on woodcut photo-mechanical processes must not fail
paper. The printing shows that the to procure a copy.
---------~---------

Notices.
Carter· a Ink Co., of Boston, have sent us recently issued a new catalogue, replete
the following very useful novelties: with interesting information. It is beauti-
Carte~· s MountingPad, Pickering's Sp~ed fully printed and contains besides illustra-
Fester, and a copy of Gilso1t' s Exposure tions of their lenses. etc. ) several full page
Tables. These arttcles may be seen at photogravures, which illustrate what their
the Club office. They will also be shown lenses are capable of doing. The cover is
at tbe September meeting and fully up-to-date in design and execution, in har-
explained. Our r~aders wottld do well to mony 'vith this up-to-date firm.
get descriptive circulars by addressing The catalogue may be obtained by
Carter's Ink Co. request, by addressing the Publication
Department, Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.,
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. have Rochester.

Second Year of the '' Chatnpio 'p I ,antern Slide Cup ''
Competition.
RULES GOVERNING A".ARD OF'' THE CHAMPIONSHIP LANTERN SLit E CUP" OF THE
CAMERA CLUB OF NEW YORK.
tst.-Competition open to all members of the club.
2d. The judges to be William M. Murray, J. Wells Champney and Alfred Stieglitz,
whose wotk shall be exempt from the competition.
3d. Awards to be announced by the judges at the general meeting in l)ecember.
4th. 'fhe name of the winner to be engraved upon the cup, which is to remain in
bis custody until the 15th day of October of the following year, when it shall be returned
to the Trustees of the Camera Club.
sth. If won three times by
the same member, tbecup be-
comes his individual property
and competition cease~.
6th. Negatives and slides
to be the work of the com-
petitor.
7tb. - Slides colored by
band are debarred.
Sth.-Each competitor will
be judged on ten slides,
which must be delivered to
the Secretary of tbe Cl~b on
or before November 21, 1898.
Date for the ensuing year
will be announced in due
time.
gtb. The judges are em-
powered to make any rules
and regulations not inconsist-
ent with the intentions of the
donor, and the decision of the
judges sball be final on all
points.
totb. -Slides which have
received prizes are ineligible.
 CAJI1ERA NOTES.

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i
rnHE Camera Club, of New York, is the result of a consolidation of "The
1'- Society of Amateur Photographers" and ''The New York Camera
11
Club," effected May 7, 1896, when the new club was duly incorporated
under the laws of 1895. The corporate existence of the two component
bodies dates from 1884 and 1888 respectively.
The objects of the club are:
First.-The advancement of the photographic art.
Second.-To provide a club bouse where the members may practice
photography, and cultivate social acquaintance.
Among the advantages of membership may be noted the following
items:
Free use of all the club apparatus and stock chemicals, together with
the assistance of the club custodian.
Free subscription to CAMERA NOTES.
Lectures upon many subjects, including Travel, Art, Practical and
Scientific Photography.
Expositions of new photographic apparatus and demonstrations of
modern methods of photo work.
Weekly test nights for lantern slides accompanied by instructive com-
ments by the club critics.
Frequent exhibitions of prints and slides sent in from other photo-
graphic clubs of Europe and America.
Annual competitions for silver trophies, open to all print and slide
makers of the club.
Annual public exhibitions of the best work of the year in prints and
slides.
Occasional jolly "smokers" and dinners.
A comprehensive library, including the leading photographic periodi-
cals of the world.
And best of all, the daily opportunity to "see how it is done" by the
leading amateurs of the country, and to almost unconsciously acquire a
higher photographic standard through simple association with the masters
of the art.
All of which advantages may be enjoyed at a nominal cost.
Further particulars will be furnished on application to Mr. H. B. Reid,
Secretary, 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York.
OFFICERS. TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
--OF-

The Camera Club.

Pnszile1ti.--WlLLIAM D. MURPHY.
Via-Presidt!1ti.-ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
~urelary.-HARkY B. REID.
Treasurer.-FRANK M. HALE.

Trustees.
LOUIS B. SCHRAM, WILLIAM BUNKER,
CHARLES I. BERG, joHN BEEBY,
DR. julES 'f. VREDENBURGH.

House. Prints.
WM. P. AGNEW, Chairman, l:HAS. I. BERG, Cltairma11,
THEODORE DWIGHT, W. E. WOODBURY,
ALFRED P. ScHOEN. WM. E. CARLIN.

Meetings. Lantern Slides.

DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH, Chairman, F. M. HAI.E, Clzazrma11,
WILLIA~I BuNKER, jOHX BEEBY,
REV. WALTER LAIDLAW, ARTHUR ScoTT.

l"ublicalions. Audtling.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Chazrma11, L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
WILLIAM M. MuRRAY, DR. R. J. DEVLIN.
jOSEPH OBERMEYER. C. C. RoUMAGE.

Library. Critic of La11ler11 Slides.

jOHN BEEBY. WILLIAM M. MURRAY.

Admtssion.
FRANCIS C. ELGAR, Chairman,
W. TOWNSF.ND COLBRON, WILLIAM F. HAPGOOD.
 .........
HONORARY MEMBERS.
Abney, Capt. W. DeW. Glaisher, James
Bickmore, Prof. Albert S. Henderson, Alex. L.
Burton, Prof. W. K. LaManna, Frank
Chandler, Prof C. F. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Cromwell, Geo. R. Murray, \Vm. M.
Davanne, A. Piffard, Henry G., M. D.
Eder, Prof. Dr. J. M. Stone, J. Harris
Elmendorf, Dwight L., Ph.D. Vidal, Leon

LIFE MEMBERS.
Aspinwall, John Lewis, C. McK.
Atkinson, Louis P. Obermeyer, Joseph
Bridgham, S. W. Post, William B.
Clarkson, Miss Emilie V. Roumage. C. C.
Colbron, W. Townsend Schermerhorn, J. E.
Dickerson, E. N. Schermerhorn, Mrs. J. E.
Fowler, E. P., M. D. Schram, Louis B.
Joy, Moses Stieglitz, Alfred
King, C. Volney Williams, David
Lawrence, Richard H. Williams, Mrs. David

ACTIVE MEMBERS.
Agnew, Wm. P. Carlin, Wm. E.
Adams, J obn Howard Carnegie, Mrs. Andrew
Alger, S. C. Carter, Henry C.
Arnold, Mrs. F. B. Cassard, Wm. J.
Bartlett, J. W., M. D. Champney, J. Wells
Beach, F. C. Colgate, R. R.
Beeby, John Coutant, Henry
Bennett, E. S. Coyle, John G.
Berg, Chas. I. Craigie, A. W.
Birdsall, E. T. Cromwell, Benj. F.
Btshop, J. N., M. D. Crosby, C. H.
Hlack, J. V. Cullen, Wm. C.
Blyth, Henry A. Culver, Everitt M., M. D.
Bolton, J. H. Davis, Albert D., Ph. B.
Bracklow, Robert L. Davis, Charles H.
Bruce, Frederick Dayton, Robert A. H.
Bull, J. Edgar DeCoppet, E. H.
Bunker, William Dennis, A. P.
Burchell, James Devlin, Robert J., M. D.
Campbell, S. Maurice Doering, Henry E.
Canfield, Charles W. Durkee, E. W.
Cannon, Mrs. H. W. Dwight, Theodore
 ACTIVE MEMBERS.-Continued.

Elgar, Francis C. Marc, T. M.

Ewen, Miss Harriette Martin, Miss M. E.
Faye, E. F. McKune, C. S.
Feeny, }fl. B., M. D. Mcintyre, Thos. A.
Flash, Oscar Mever, Francis T.
Fleming, Henry S. Montant, Alphonse
Fling, Mrs. James L. Morischhauser, W. A.
Fordyce, John A., M.D. Murphy, Deas, M. D.
Fothergill, R. Vincent l\lurphy, William D.
Fox, George H., M. D. Nagle, John T., M.D.
Fraser, William A. N asun, Carleton \V.
Gardiner, David Newman, Samuel J.
Goodwillie, D. JI., M. D. Ogilvie, Clinton
Gould, A. C. Oppenheim, William George
Graefe, F. Louis Palmer, Nelson G.
Grisdale, H. M. Palmer, StephenS.
Grout, Ralph W. Parrish. Hugh Roberts
Hale, Frank M. Peavy, Nathan
Hapgood, W. F. Peck, Floyd
Hard, James M. B. Phipps, Charles A.
Hardenbergh, Henry J. Pidgeon, Edw.
Harper, Franklin Pope, Charles H.
Harris, Walter C. Post, George B.
Harris, W. H. Pratt, C. Winfield
Hatfield, A., Jr. Ray, Frank S.
Hibbard, Charles C. Reid, Harry B.
Hibbs, R. A., M. D. Renwick, Wm. \V.
Hitchcock, Francis R. Riley, Herbert J.
Hegeman, Adrian G. Ronalds, George Lorillarcl
Hemphill, W. A. Rosett, Leo
Herff, B. von Roosevelt, R. B., Jr.
Hesse, Otto Louis Russak, Jacob ·
Holst, L. T. R. Schmidt, Prof. Adrian P.
Holzman, Sam S. Schoen, Alfred P.
Hoge, F. Huber Schweizer, A.
Hunter, Arthur M. Scott, Arthur
Jacob, Lawrence Shedler, Edward
Jacobs, Percy Shields, G. 0.
Jacobus, JohnS. Silverman, J. Bernard
Jones, Charles Landon Simpson, A. L.
Kellogg, Wm. C. Simpson, Charles
Kimbel, Richard M. Slade, Miss Elizabeth Almy
Kinney, Francis S. Smith, Edward A.
Knapp, J. M. Smith, Henry A
Knight, Samuel I. Smith, John Jewell
Laidlaw, Rev. Walter, Ph. D., Sorzano, Julio F.
Lawson, William Tilson, M.D. Stark, Ferdinand
Lemercier, A. M. Stebbins, James H., Jr., Ph.D.
Livingston, Jos. Stevens, Charles W., l\L D.
Lounsbery, 1\Jrs. R. P. Stoiber, A. H.
Loth, Bernard Storm, H. F.
Low, Joseph T. Strauss, John Francis
Mack, H. S. Thatcher, Bon. John Boyd
Mailloux, C .0. Thomas, D. F.
Man, Henry H Thomas, William R.
Manierre, Charles E Thorne, Mrs. Jonathan
~1apes, Augustus S. Thorne, Joel W.
 ACTIVE MEMBERS.-Contimud.

Tiemann, HermanN. Waller, Elwyn

Tilden, William Warrin, Ernest
Tilson, Edward G. Waterman, F. N.
Tompkins, B. V., M.D. Weinacht, Edward
Towner, Norman S. Wells, E. H.
Tunis, Arthur L. Wickes, Miss F.
Van Brunt, Cornelius Wiener, Ernest
Van Woert, John V. Wilmerding William E.
Vilmar, Frederick Wright, J. Dun bar
Vogrich, Max Young, Daniel K.
Vredenburgh, James T., D. D. S. Zabriskie, Charles F.
NON-RESIDENT MEMBERS,
Adams, W. I. Lincoln Latimer, H. A.
Arens, Otto Lawrence, Chester A.
Arosemena, Jos. X. Learning, Edward
Balliard, Charles Loeber, Chas. H.
Beasley, Hewett A. McCormick, L. M.
Beman, Mrs. Mary H. Mullen, Mrs. M. H.
Bishop, Sidney, M. D. Moreno, A.
Borsum, Louis Phillips, Guy
Breese, James L. Plimpton, Henry R.
Brownell, Leverett W. Pomeroy, Sanford B.
Carpenter, William M. Preston, T. J., Jr.
Chamberlin, G. Howard Roof, Clarence M.
Congdon, F. 0. Sanford, E. Starr
Croll, J. M. Schacht, F. H.
Dimock, J. A. Schoen, Harry
Dupont, William Scott, Mrs. A. W.
Eickemeyer, Rudolph, Jr. Secor, Geo. F.
Ferguson, E. Lee Sessions, H. H.
Ferguson, James F., M. D. Solyom, Charles J.
Grimm, Fred. C. Stanton, J. R. (Paymaster Lieut.),
Hamlin, George U.S.N.
Halman, I. L. Steljes, George H.
Harris, Geo. W. Swan, Robt. 0.
Hawes G. R. Truslow, James L.
Herbert, Sidney VanWyck, Philip V. R., Jr.
Himmelwright, A. L. A. Waldo, Dr. Leonard
Hughes, Thomas R. Ward, Mrs. H. Snowden
Huntington, 0. W. Warrin, S. L.
Johnson, W. E. Webber, Samuel S.
Johnston, Miss Frances B. Wilmerding, A. Clinton
Kaltenbach, H. J. Wiswell, Edw. H.
Keasby, Frederick W. Woodbury, Walter E.
Kirby, G. T. Young, D. Berger
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.
Bellows, Edward D. Johnston, J. Herbert
Cowee, James F. Lilienthal, Albert W.
Frank. Adolph R. Murdock, Geo. W., M.D.
Geer, H. M. Nash, S.C.
Hill, Edward F. Sala, Paul
Howell, Lieut. Chas. P., U. S. N. Waldron, H. A., M. D.
Janeway, Col. John H. Wardwell, Dr. I. T.
Jewett, R. Dickinson Whitehouse, J. H.
 ;_ __ -- -------
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VOL. II. No.3.

LIS

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Volume II, No. 3
(f)

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 VoL ll. JANUARY, 1899. . No. 3.

,
The Organ of the Camera Club, New York.
Published Quarterly by THE CAMERA CLUB, N. Y., 3 West 29th St., New York.

-----------------------------------------------------
~!- J C ,
..-xng ~ 0nf#tL 50 cts. CommuolcatJons {or .. Camera Notes •• should be addressed to
the PublicatiGn Comntlttee.-Subscrlptiolll to be made payable P~r Year' $2•()()•
r•._, to •• Camera Nutes. •'

Entered as second-class matter at the New York, N.Y., Post Office, September 27, 18Q7.

A P01·trait
and a Likeness.
HERE is a common
fallacy to the effect
that the camera
never lies, whereas, in
point of fact, there are
times when it prevari-
cates as unblushingly as
any society woman, and
tells as many whoppers
as a yello\v journal re-
porter hard pressed for
copy. Every amateur,
as well as professional
photographer, has bad
experience with the ec-
centricities of his instru-
ment, and he knows the
weird results that occa-
sionally happen which
are quite beyond his ken,
~lans Holbein. or, in fact, outside the
SIR J OHN GODSALVE.
pale of any ordinary ex-
planation; furthermore, it is entirely possible for the camera to catch fleet-
ing expressions that no more represent the sitter posed in front of the lens
than they do the moon. While it happens that a snap shot by the veriest
duffer of a beginner sometimes contains many of the qualities that go to
make a good portrait, such successes are rare and the evolution of a thor-
 CAMERA NOTES.

ough likeness is, as a general rule, arrived at only by patience, study and
artistic judgment.
To begin with, no matter what the medium, the portrait should be a
likeness first of all; and when the artist belittles that necessity, be sure that
he does not speak from his soul, for though he may never acknowledge it,
that is his gravest desire. I have never known a portrait painter who did
not strive with all his energies to accomplish that end. If he succeeds, be
is always delighted, for, secure in this, his work is liable to proceed with
greater comfort, freedom and facility. A failure, or a partial failure, entails
no end of doubt, struggle and discouragement. I have seen one of the
most distinguished painters of the age, a man whose reputation is world-
wide and whose name is a synonym for all that is dexterous and appetizing
in brushwork, scrape out his picture every day for twelve successive days.
because of his failure to catch this first essential-the resemblance.
There are of course, likenesses and likenesses, and a mere superficial
exterior resemblance of the human features, a topographical chart of the
countenance, as it were, may be of the slightest artistic Yalue, even though
one might be able to recognize at a glance the subject. Indeed, it not
infrequently happens that the art student in his salad days catches uner-
ringly certain traits in an individual which give to his work a plausibility,
while admiring friends at once exclaim "how like"; and everyone recalls
how, with a few lines, the caricaturist makes evident, though with horrible
exaggeration, the salient points of his victim's physiognomy. Such pro-
ductions are not, however, indisputable proofs of the truthfulness of the
artist's work, though they may serve their purpose for the time.
We have had in this country, from time to time, a succession of for-
eign artists who have opened studios and been successful in attracting the
fashionables, whom they have painted in all the bravery of handsome dresses,
background and furbelows; but how few have succeeded in giving us any
real suggestion of the true man or woman. Most of these men have been
of brilliant technical equipment, a prize pupil of the schools and past
masters in the art of handling their material. Who, standing before one
of Boldini's marvelous pieces of juggling with his medium, obtains any
idea of his sitter, when a woman happens to be the model? There are
clever translation of silks and satins; lace wonderfully indicated, and pose
of astonishing novelty, but in point of fact, the sitter is the last thing the
spectator thinks of. The rainbow colored raiment and rich accessories, in
the portraits of Madrazo, are clever still-life performances, none more so,
and the man possesses all the dexterity and technique that training and
experience can bring, but the beings who wear these sartorial decorations,
wh11t of them? The human note is utterly missing as a rule; the charac-
ter, the soul, the sympathetic delineation are rarely present and there is
little Jatisfaction to be obtained from the performance any way it is viewed.
Of course there have always been fashionable portrait painters and
there will continue to be to the end of time; doubtless their achievements
give greater satisfaction to their clientele than would the more serious and
more truthful efforts of painters with higher ideals. The one-time beauty
whose highest ambition is social conquest and whose passing youth pro-
 CAMERA NOTES. 75

claims the approach of middle age, whose figure begins to assume the com-
fortable rotundity of matronage, welcomes the painter who, in transcribing
her on canvas, does not insist on stupidly adhering to these awkward, dis-
agreeable facts of nature for which she is in nowise responsible. She
admires the courage that ignores idiotic details; she is carried away by the
flattery that smoothes wrinkles, straightens out a nose, brightens up the
eyes. softens angles and
subdues a tendency to
stoutness; in fact, she ap-
preciates Goldsmith's:
--"Battering painter who
made it bis care
To draw men as they ought
to be, not as they are.''
But though these
friendly and considerate
offices may give the artist
a temporary financial
success, his canvases, as
human documents, are
utterly valueless, and he
deceives no one, possibly
least of all his sitter.
As for the world, it is
rarely misled by this
species of jugglery, and
generally it estimates a
man at his true worth.
As a matter of fact, it is By Tizian.
''MAN WITH THE GLOVE."
by no means always nec-
essary to see the original of a portrait to be impressed with its fidelity.
Most real likenesses speak for themselves, for their sincerity is unmistak-
able. Who for a moment could underrate the absolute faithfulness of
Titian's "Man with the Glove," in th·e Louvre? Does not every feature
bear testimony to the fact that the artist has caught the very essence
of the man? Run through the list of Holbein's, either his drawings or
paintings, and note tbe directness and simplicity of the results. You
feel that they must be like the originals. Rembrandt leaves no question
as to his honesty in setting down the facts in the case of his Dutch
burghers, and if Van Dyck's men and women are invested with an
elegance and a distinction most unusual, it is because he bad the patrician
world for clients, and not for the reason that be flattered, or that be placed
stuffs, furniture and gewgaws above qualities of mind.
Moroni's "'failor," Botticelli's "Young Man," and Franz Hals' ''Man,"
in the National Gallery in London, are convincing enough, though the orig-
inals are dead these hundred years and more, yet one could swear to the
likeness. Among contemporary painters, Bastien-I_.Jepage's portrait of his
grandfather and Whistler's portrait of hi~ mother, are masterpieces in the
 CAMERA NOTE~:

delineation of character; John Sargent's portrait of his master, Carolus

Duran, is the very man himse1f, and Watts' many canvases of prominent
Englishmen are full to the brim of individuality. None of these needs the
testimony of the original, so plainly do they convey the story, and yet all
are pre-eminently unaffected, simple and naive. The artists have given
their attention to their sitters and have concentrated their efforts to
reproduce the human side, first of all.
Photography has its limitations, and while it may not render as many
complex qualities as the human brain working through the hand may
encompass, it has at least the advantage of absolute correctness in drawing
and construction, which man cannot rival, however dexterous be may be.
The camera, however, as recent achievements have proved, is full of
splendid possibilities, of which portraiture is not the least, and the field for
the amateur is most extended. The day for the old-time, cut and dried
pose, where the victim was told; "Do not wink or move, assume a cheer-
ful expression, and gaze at the instrument," is happily gone by. Even the
professional operator has mitigated the horrors of the wooden look, the
background of impossible trellis, or distant glimpse of hilly landscape
dashed in by a third class scene painter, and instead of the deadly balcony,
the carved, stiff-backed chair and rocky foreground, he now essays to give
an entourage suggesting all the comforts and a few of the luxuries of home.
Indeed, some of these professionals have leaped to artistic heights that would
cause the earlier workers to rub their eyes with amazement, could they but
return to earth again.
Certain things are to be remembered by the amateur in taking pictures
with the camera, and some of them cannot be impressed too strongly upon
him. To begin with, let him bear in mind that simplicity is ever neces-
sary, in pose, expression and surrounding, and I should make this "sim-
plicity" his watchword. The object being the individual, he should strive
to take as little away from the individual as possible. The accessories
should be aids to the composition, not encumbrances. Let everything be
subservient to the human document and if there are to be details of still-
life, have them only to lead up to the central figure. Inasmuch as we are
accustomed to seeing our friends in the quiet refinement of private houses,
do not deem it requisite that they must appear on the occasion of a photo-
graph arrayed in uncomfortable finery, or surrounded by unfamiliar objects,
with which they could not under ordinary circumstances have any possible
association. Arrange the light so as to have some concentration, and illu-
mine the best features only. It is obvious that the better traits, physical
as well as mental, are the ones we prefer to dwell upon, and these should
be accentuated, though of course, not unduly so. Endeavor to get the nat-
ural aspect of the sitter, and do not be afraid to wait until such an expres-
sion and attitude are assumed. Haste is the mistake into which most ama-
teurs fall. The anxiety to get at the work and accomplish something are
responsible for many an unsuccessful negative.
Complete all the preliminary arrangements of setting up the instru-
ment and getting the plates ready before turning your attention towards the
model; then, do not be afraid to carefully examine the features critically,
not only for the best point of view, but for the most characteristic. Weigh
with much deliberation all the minutiae of the personality of the sitter.
When these particulars have been fully decided, then, and only then, may
the button be pressed! ARTHUR HoEBER.
 CAMERA NOTES. 77

Both Sides.
The Publication Committee did me the high honor of placing a repro-
duction of one of my photographs in the forefront of the very first num-
ber of CAMERA NoTES (April, 1897), and if I am now allowed to occupy some
space in the literary pages it will be to print some reflections on the present
day aspect of pictorial photography prompted by "A Communication"
which the same publication committee admitted to their pages in CA~IERA
NoTES for October, 1898, which, but for the introductory note which recom-
mends the letter to "studious perusal," might well have heen dismissed as
the perfervid utterance~ of one blind to the fact that "the other side"
implies the existence of a tlus side, and that both sides may have a justifi-
cation which everyone who is sincere in desiring the greatest good should
take pains to recognize, giving, as it were, the benefit of the doubt even to
that which may appear to him foolish; careful not to kill with uncharita-
bleness, or to trample upon what may be precious pearls, though they may
look like mere husks, but exhibiting that patience and tolerance which are
characteristic of the temper by which right taste is proved.
Now, unless I have misread the signs and indications of both profes-
sional and amateur photography in America, and have been misinformed
by those who have had better opportunities of studying it, I should say
that in that culminative product of the world's civilization, the American
nation, photography, except in its commercial applications, is taken less
seriously than in the Eastern Hemisphere which witnessed the nativity of
art, and where the original seed still germinates in a rich soil composed
of the decaying fashions and fallacies of the p:1st.
To this witnesseth the fact that the gigantic industries which give the
supply of photographic materials a status of importance in commerce and
finance are essentially dependent upon that kind or phase of photography
sufficiently indicated by the association of the terms Kodak and Snapshot,
a description of photography whi;:h is the mere pastime of him who this
year pursues it with enthusiasm, anon to lay it aside in favor of some new
hobby. This is photography only in the sense that tracing upon a semi-
transparent surface the figure which is placed beneath can be called
draughtsmansbip.
Setting aside, then, this vast army of thoughtless and irresponsible
"snappers" (which nevertheless it is to be feared must by their deeds
senously prejudice the minds of intelligent people against photography as a
whole), it may be worth while to patiently examine the source and the ten-
dency of what, for want of a better term, we may call the modern school of
pictorial photography, as also that "other side," a self-constituted champion
of which styles, that which he does not like and seems not to understand,
the "idiotic monstrosities of the modern so called Impressionist School,"
the admirers of which he finds think nothing artistic, beautiful or worthy
of attention which is not outre, bi:;arre, preposterous and untranslatable.
The "Communication" in the October number of this magazine to
which I have referred, and which the editors with admirable broad-minded-
ness admitted for publication, instances the July number in support of his
 CAMERA NOTES.

verbose accusation, on turning to which I am set wondering as to whether

it is Demachy's Study of the Head and Shoulder of a Woman, or Hoiland
Day's "Ebony and Ivory," which has so stirred his indignation, and if in
the remarks of mine I attempt to justify both sides and ask for justice to
each, it is because I feel that the vituperation and contempt which may stul-
tify and thwart the new, without strengthening the position of the old, is
largely due to the misappreciation and misunderstanding of the aims of
those whom Mr. Daniel K. Young calls a "self-satisfied, hypocritical,
pharasaical, self-duped lot," and whose work he terms a "fad for muddy,
fogged, bombastic, indistinguishable, unguessable monstrosities," for,
overlooking the discourtesy of all this, I fancy that it is only the misunder-
standing of the writer (to whom I shall not have occasion to refer again),
which may be measured by his fine redundance of adjectives, any one of
which applied personaiiy might constitute a gross insult, but which flung
thus at an accepted and widely esteemed group of persons need only to be
regarded as the comic exhibition of impotent wrath!
And now to my subject:
It is easy to understand that to the uncultured rustic the mere imita-
tion of a bird's song would be more pleasing, and certainly more under-
stood, than the finest composition of a modern classical composer; after
which a simple catching air would appeal more than Chopin, Bach or Wag-
ner, what though in the latter case the instrument throbbed in passionate
response to the touch of the performer.
But in time that which at once moves the uncultured senses, palls and
is unsatisfying, even as the palate becomes cloyed with dainty sweets and
asks after a while for the acrid and pungent. Caviare and olives are
sought for when sugar plums no longer please, yet it is not necessary to
say that the later taste is more exalted or superior to the earlier and sim-
pler; indeed, it might be argued that the fact that a stronger stimulant is
required is evidence of the exhaustion of the sense of enjoyment, but be-
cause, be the sense that of hearing, smeiiing or tasting, it is not only not a
stronger and more vivid appeal that is gratifying, but on the contrary it is
the more subtle, the more rare, the less self-evident which is welcomed and
because it is subsequent to the commoner taste and is more enduring when
once acquired, we regard the acquired taste as an accompaniment of greater
refinement and an evidence of culture.
Now the parallel which I think may be drawn is this, that when as
with the improvement of appliances and materials it became quite easy for
a person of average inteiiigence to produce any quantity of faithful fac-
similes of nature, we have latterly craved for something else, and the thing
which is to one man "outre" and ''bizarre," yet is to another a source of
real and lasting enjoyment, because he has been surfeited with the super-
ficial prettiness of the usual thing. Pity him if you must for possessing a
pampered appetite and blase tastes, but remember also it is a pampered
and blase age, which after all is not so distasteful to most of us as to induce
us to hie to the backwoods and leave civilization in the hope of returning
to a condition of childlike simplicity.
I am aware that this may seem placing but a low order of merit upon
 CAMERA NOTES. 79

work which I know is often the product of earnest self-devotion, yet it

seems to me the only way of accounting for the acceptance not only of the
newer photograph, but of many other forms of artistic endeavor by those
we should never suspect of possessing highly trained aestheticism, and if
this be true of the spectator, so also is it of the producer who, he hardly
knows why, strives to depart from the ordinary and often achieves some-
thing which at least has the appearance of originality.
And if for the moment you will accept this as one view of the case on
one side, let us look at the source of what is produced by the other side, and
consider its motive, or cause, and its effect.
With the painter or draughtsman the most difficult thing is to produce
a faithful and complete imitation or copy of nature, and the nearer such
facsimile is approached we admire- What? Not so much the work as the
skill or the infinite pains of which it is an evidence. With the photogra-
pher the production of a facsimile, thanks to his perfected appliances and
the simplification of process, is, I had almost said, quite easy; obviously,
then, there is here no tour de force to excite our wonder.
Were truthfulness to nature, in the sense of imitation, the aim of the
graphic arts, then the photographer would at a ~ingle bound outstrip the
master painter. That the aim of pictorial art is not to copy nature, but
to appeal to the imagination or merely to the senses by a certain eclecti-
cism in its treatment of natural forms seems to be the most difficult thing
f•lr the photographer to understand. The photographer sees the painter
gathering the suggestion of lines and forms and tints from nature, and
grasps this but misses, does not realize that this gathering of nature's
forms has not for its object the clever copying of nature; he overlooks or
is unconscious of the ulterior motive and the proximate aim. By way of
example let me revert to the works of the two photographers already
named-Demacby and Holland Day-each widely different and yet both
sufficiently illustrative.
The former by his renderings of dainty forms, delicate tones, flowing
lines quickens fancy and awakens ideas fantastic, ephemeral, yet as spark-
ling and enjoyable as the life of the Paris he knows and loves so well.
Day on the other hand awaken~ less joyous emotions, and in hi~ appeal
to the sensibilities of his spectators touches a deeper chord. He makes one
feel-Feel what? Well, I need not attempt to define. Has not my reader
listened to music which has thrilled him through, and could he not have
said that such and such music made him feel-Feel what? Simply this, it
made him feel I
But my reader may object and say Demachy does not quicken Ius
fancy and" Ebony and Ivory" only annoys. Very well, my good sir, so be it;
there are others to whom the work of these and of such men does appeal
most powerfully, so let it alone. Perchance you prefer your cocktail and I
my absinthe, yet cannot we drink together?
To abuse and ridicule that which you do not like is surely unworthy
of one whose every hour derives benefit from the evolution of mind and
matter through untold ages.
I am not for a moment prepared to say that photography is accom-
So CAMERA NOTES.

plishing great art, though I believe it has commenced to step towards a

higher platform-higher I call it for the same reason that by common con-
sent the fine arts are higher than craft and techniques, and science higher
than mechanics.
It is the artistic possibilities and its endeavors that I would be jealous
of rather than its present achievements.
Comparisons are notoriously odious, yet may we find a parallel in this,
that the painting of Watts and the poetry of Browning are not pleasing to
the many, yet Watts and Browning are not the less great artists.
Photography by reason of its easy production and commonplace sur-
roundings appeals to a more bourgeois circle, and hence if it aspires to
attempt the more imaginative is proportionately condemned-or misunder-
stood.
The few to whom its more original attempts appeal are rapidly becom-
ing more numerous. To appreciate the unusual, to sympathize with the
emotional is what education and civilization are tending towards, so that
presently, may be, the unconventional will have become commonplace, and
then perchance a hyper-sensitive race, an ultraneurotic age, will sicken of
caviare and crave for the simple sugar plum, and some one else will be
penning an article in advocacy of the truthful transcript of nature, but it
will not be in the next generation nor the next.
Meanwhile what of the simple photograph which has no other mission
than to record nature and facts with an exactitude and completeness that
no other means makes possible?
It will and must continue; its utility assures for it a worldwide and
imperishable existence: indeed, the mechanical or technical photograph has
in the social condition an importance far outweighing the "picture," which
is but the enjoyment and relaxation atter the stern realities of a worka-
day existence.
So, sirs, make your photographs sharp and clear, comprehensive and
exhaustive, and with exquisite finish, so that we may be proud of photo-
graphic achievement and admire your skill, but allow others to use photog-
raphy as they will, to give me and a few other such productions which
shall please us without our knowing why.
How widely different are the several kinds of photographs one sees!
The one a true copy of the scene or place which we value not for itself
but in proportion as we are interested in that scene. Another which we
respect because of its exquisite quality and smart appearance (as we
admire a well groomed hat). Yet another which instructs us as to what
modern invention has made possible-the rendering of intricate detail-
the portrait of an invisible diatom or of the far off planet. Again we have
the photograph produced by an adroit and farseeing man who has caught
in the expression the very character of friend or relative, and we thank the
gods for having permitted such a means of recalling for a moment the dead
or the far absent-and yet there is the mere flat image, the composing of
black and white and intermediate tones no matter the objects portrayed-
familiar or strange, truthful or not-the mere representation of something
suggested by nature which makes us feel, which stirs sensations, which the
turmoil of daily life bas drowned and which have lain dormant. A note
struck by an unknown band which finds responsive reverberation in our-
selves. Something which the eye can rest upon and in an age of highly
strung nerves does not irritate but soothes.
What does it represent, what does it mean, what is it like? What mat-
t.:rs, if it pleases?
Nature herself, aye, even the ideal Deity, takes as great pains to
please as to instruct. A. HoRSLEY HINTON.
 CAMERA NOTI!'S. 81

Clouds in I ,andscape Photography.

The photography of what may truly be termed a landscape presents a
problem which crucially tests the capabilities of the modern sensitive dry
plate. A picture of a landscape properly consists of four parts; the sky or
clouds, the extreme distance, the middle distance and the foreground. If
one or more of these parts be omitted the view is commonly called a land-
scape, but might more appropriately be designated a study. In this paper a
landscape is understood to mean a scene including the entire four planes or
parts above mentioned. Now we know that the photographic plate gener-
ally used on account of its great rapidity, the gelatino .. bromide emulsion,
is highly sensitive to violet rays of light, and only faintly to the yellow and
red. For the present we may leave plates treated \Vith aniline dyes, to
extend their sensitiveness into the lower parts of the spectrum, or toward
the red, out of consideration, since such treatment renders them appreci-
ably slower to violet light, and hence less adapted to universal use. ~Iodern
rapid photography, especia11y of open landscape, is possible mainly because
most of the rays entering the camera are mixed with violet light. There-
fore, the plate most sensitive to that light is g~nerally preferred in ordi-
nary practice. When insensitive colors predominate in the near foreground,
extraordinary condi-
tions may be regarded
as existing, which may
be met by specially
prepared plates, aided
by the judicious em-
ployment of various
tints and intensities of
filtering screens. But
of this another time.
Let us for a mo-
ment glance at our
1andscape. The sky
and clouds being com-
posed chiefly of violet
rays, possibly a] so of
ultra-violet rays, are
exceedingly powerful
in their effects on the
ge1atino-bromide plate
\vith which we are pro-
vided. Indeed, the
lens must be stoppecl
down and the speed
of the shutter increas-
ed to give this portion
the exposure amen-
able to the normal Frances B. Johnston.
 CAJIERA NOTES.
-------- - -- -- ------

strength of developing solutions. The far distance, owing to the influ-

ence of the atmosphere, which interposes its turbid media between us
and distant scenes, making dark objects lighter and light objects darker,
is similar in its actinic properties to the sky; in fact, we may say, it is the
sky, mixing its blue and viol~t rays with the local colors of the distance
and clothing the mountain in its robe of azure hue. Science has shown us
that this color is caused by reflection, the smaller waves of white, solar
light, which are blue, rebounding from the air itself or from minute parti-
cles of foreign bodies suspended in the air. But the far distance exercises
less force on the sensitive plate than the sky or clouds, and hence requires
a somewhat longer exposure. And when we consider the middle distance
and the foreground, where the painter, following nature, loves to distribute
his reds and yellows and other luminous but non-actinic colors, the time
of exposure has to be increased till, according to conservative authorities,
we have to give twenty, thirty, or even more, times the exposure required
for the sky. It is evident, then, that these four parts of a landscape cannot
be exposed equally and simultaneously and proper values be maintained,
and that a compromise must result in an over-exposure of the sky and an
under-exposure of the foreground. Sometimes these conditions are almost
entirely reversed. The sky is not always blue. At sunrise and at sunset
it may appear, in places, green, yellow and even red; while the fore-
ground, at the same time, may be bathed in bluish light. In the transmis-
sion of reflected light, by which, principally, vision and photography are
possibilities, there is exercised a di-chroic, perhaps we should say a pleo-
chroic or poly-chroic, action; terms used in describing the phenomena of
colors as displayed in crystals viewed at different angles. The white light
of the sun, which is composite, is scattered by the atmosphere at noon, and
reflection from the small particles suspended in the atmosphere presenting
the shorter waves in excess, we have the sensation of blue. The other
colors, however, as shown by spectrum analysis, are still present though
greatly diminished in force. But at sunset the white light, by successive
collision with the particles, is robbed more and more of its shorter waves,
and as the sun approaches the horizon the blue gradually disappears, and the
light, transmitted through longer distances and through a denser medium,
runs through the gamut of the spectrum, from blue, through green, yellow
and orange, to red. The nearer objects are no longer in the white, solar
light, in fact are in deep shadow, and lose the power of displaying local
color through the absorption of certain elements of white light and the radi-
ation of the residue. And as they reflect from their surfaces the light that
is over them, they assume the hue of mid-heaven, which is still blue. But
however transformed the scene may be by these changes, the problem of
how to photograph it in one automatic operation yet remains to be solved.
Many photographers have been satisfied to regard a landscape print as
a kind of partial study for a picture, in which some of the values may be
utterly ignored: and not a few of them have come to believe that a nega-
tive with a dense sky is an evidence of correct exposure and development.
Etchings, in the same way, very seldom include the representation of sky
values, and the eye soon becomes accustomed to look for its gratification to
 CAMERA NOTES.

other elements ot the picture; the sky being either left blank or sugg-ested by
a tint caused by smudging the plate in printing. The skies and cloud forms
sometimes shown in etchings are looked upon by connoisseurs as an exhibi-
tion of an exceptional tour dt· force, belonging more properly to the domain
of engraving. But modern photography is richer in resources for obtain-
ing full values in landscape work than etching, and modern disciples of the
art are accordingly expected to realize them. Photographers, indeed, early
learned to lessen the evils caused by the unequal actinism of the various
tones and distances of a landscape, by a skillful manipulation of the lens
cap, making it revolve round the upper rim of the mount as an axis; a
proceedure enal:-ling the operator to give a longer exposure to the fore-
ground and middle distance. The same effect is produced when a shutter
is used, by so ordering the opening of the obturator that the upper part of
the lens receives the smallest amount of light. A further modifying influ-
ence may be exercised in the dark room operations, by restraining the
action of the developer after the details of the sky are out and by applying
stronger solutions to the foreground. Many have preferred, however, to
make separate negatives of sky and earth, giving to each a different expos-
ure; and, by combining the two parts in the operation called double-print-
ing, claim to secure a greater brilliancy than by any other method. Some
beautiful effects have certainly been produced in this way, and I have lately
seen a large collection of studies in which double-printing had been most
skillfully employed in adding sky and clouds to the landscape. The common
errors of using cloud forms lighted from a different direction than the other
parts of the picture, of clumsy masking and vignetting, of too great intens-
ity in the aerial region, were not observed in these examples; and yet, in
many of them, there was a certain lack of homogeneousness that attracted
an undue attention to the sky. We sometimes admire a woman whose coun-
tenance seems more beautiful because of the merest suspicion of a slight
obliquity of vision, a little mole on the cheek, or some trifling irregularity
of feature. It draws the eye and hence induces us to esteem as a mark of
beauty what is actually a positive defect. So here, in these landscapes, the
sky makes us particularly admire the whole picture, and yet we are slightly
conscious of being taken in all the time. And when we come to analyze
these compositions, we may trace the dominating power of the sky to the
habit of the advocates of combination printing of accumulating cloud neg-
atives in the seasons of the year when they are most readily obtained, such
as the winter and spring. and then incorporating them, in varying densities
to suit the !>ubject, with tender summer landscapes. A true sympathy with
nature and her moods would suggest the wisdom of making the cloud neg-
ative at the same time with its accompanying landscape; and in case of a
lack of clouds on that day, a sky tint would seem to be the best method of
representing the blue firmament in its proper value. But it is indispensa-
ble in all such operations of combination printing that the photographer
should have a distinct idea of the effect he desires to produce, either from
memory of the pictorial features of the actual scene, or from an ideal pre-
viously formed in his own mind, which he seeks to realize by a selection
from nature's storehouse of beauty; otherwise there will be an absence of
 CAMERA NOTES.

harmony in his picture no matter how masterly his technique may be.
That the possession of this faculty is rare may be accounted for by the fact
that few students have the patience to cultivate the habit of creating a
mental conception and then working it out by photography, for they seem
contented to regard the camera and printing frame merely as easier instru-
ments for copying a scene in nature than the palette and brush. To pro-
duce a landscape which may be regarded as a work of art, howeyer, requires
natural talent, or genius, strengthened by education, on the part of the
photographer as well as the painter. Perhaps as the photographer seems
loth to raise himself to the painter's methods of creating a picture, we may
look for the painter to condescend to use the photographer's means; and
then we may behold land and sea, clouds anci sky, blended together in har-
monious unity.
During the last few years many landscapes have been exhibited in
which the natural clouds are shown in exaggerated intensity, the photo-
graphing of the clouds in conjunction with the landscape having been
effected by the intervention of some form of ray filter; a color screen opti-
cally prepared, and sometimes a solution of bichromate of potash contained
in a cell behind the lens. Orthochromatic plates are generally employed
with these, and when properly timed good effects may be obtained. Vari-
ous strengths of solution are used for the purpose, the operator adding dis-
tilled water to a strong stock solution till he obtains the tint he desires.
For general use a solution of 1 to 6o is recommended, or about 8 grains of
bichromate of potash to the ounce. A prominent optical firm manufactures
these filters and solutions; and, to facilitate their sale and use, has issued
a little handbook of instructions, with examples of cloud and landscape
photography by an alleged expert. But nearly all these iiiustrations are
worse interpretations of values than the old type of photograph with white
skies; and it is evident, from the frequent abuse of the employment of ray
filters and color screens, that many photographers, fascinated with the
strong modeling of the clouds and the vigorous tone of the sky tints thus
obtained, have neglected to observe that the use of ray filters, with or with-
out orthochromatic plates, necessitates a large increase of exposure. Espe-
cially is this the case when the landscape is exposed with the sky. It is true
that negatives may be made with quite short exposures that will develop
readily under normal developing solutions; but the values wiii not be
truthful unless a generous exposure is given. The duration of this may be
ascertained by experiment, and no one who expects to do good work with
orthochromatic plates and ray filters should begrudge the time and trouble
necessary for this purpose or expect to accomplish his task properly in a
hurry. If ordinary plates be used, even tht> fastest commercial plates, with
a ray filter, it is well to remember that Edward Bierstadt, an experienced
authority on this subject, has estimated the exposure necessary, using a bi-
chromate of ammonia cell, the strength of the solution being 8 grains to the
ounce, to he 200 times as long as that required without it. The commercial
color screen of collodion dyed with aurantia, or aniline yellow, is about the
same strength; a little stronger, perhaps, since it is calculated to be equiva.
lent to a bichromate solution cf 2 per cent., or, say, 9.6 grains to the ounce.
 •

CAMERA NOTES. ss
Where our pur-
poses are purely pic-
torial and we are not
bound to reproduce
with scientific accu-
racy the tone values
of some particular
autumnal foliage, or
to present the model-
ing of groups of
clouds in strong relief
as a meteorological
study, the use of or-
thochromatic plates
with ample expos-
ures, but without
color screens or ray
filters, will probably
answer all the neces-
•
sary requtrements.
Many of the old text-
books tell us that the
photographic plate is
sensitive to the col-
ors of the solar spec-
trum from the
Fraunhofer line H,
representing the vio-
let, down to the line
F . H . Da y. E, the green; and
not at all to yellow, orange and red; but we know that objects of any
color may be successfully photographed if we only give them time enough.
The whole problem, when natural scenes present themselves in the colo~s
of the entire spectral range, is how to estimate the exposure without giving
false tonalities to some of them; and the ubject of all orthochromatic proc-
esses, as applied to plates and light filters, is not merely to render the
plates sensitive to Fraunhofer D, or yellow, or even beyond to B, in the red,
but to enable us to give a uniform exposure to the whole scene with fair
average results. When there is an excess of violet in tl1e distance with
strong yellows and reds in the foreground, or where a painting is to be
copied exhibiting the same conditions, no orthochromatic plate, whether
commercial or prepared by the photographer with special baths, will give
entire satisfaction by itself, and some form of ray filter will be required
in addition, to bring about an actinic balance and effect the compromise
exposure. The photography of clouds and sky in connection with the vary-
ing conditions presented by the landscape during the course of the day and
the seasons, therefore, demands a careful study of the subject of ortho-
chromatic methods. WILLIAM M. MuRRAY •
•
 86 CAMERA A"OT~:s.

A Walk Through the Exhibition of the Photographic

Section of the American Institute.
-''your gallery
Have we passed through, not without much content
In many singularities." -lVinler' s Tale.
I have been asked to write a criticism about the photographs which
formed such an adequate background to the asters, grapes and pumpkins in
the exhibition which the American Institute held at the National Academy
of Design during the month of October.
As it was the first ambitous effort of the Photographic Section of the
American Institute to make a fair show "of the largest number of profes.
sional and amateur prints ever exhibited in the United States," the critic
must be lenient. The intention was well meant, and that is worth encour-
aging.
A. P. Ryder, the painter of "The Flying Dutchman," once told me
that art could only be judged from one standard, namely, the highest; that
standard which is sustained by the greatest masterpieces of art. I do not
agree with him. At that rate a critic of American art could only speak of
Tryon, Dewing, Abbott Thayer, Winslow Homer and a few others in
painting; and St. Gaudens in sculpture. That would hardly be just, for it
is the honest struggle of the hundreds of inferior artists that produces men
like those mentioned. Men of talent fight just as h~ud as geniuses, and
deserve just as much praise and encouragement when they produce some-
thing as perfect as their facultie!; allow them to accomplish.
Technical criticism I do not undertake. I believe, like Antoine
Woertz, that technical criticism is folly. If I go into a studio of an artist
I may, when asked, indulge in it. In an exhibition, only the results inter-
est me; for the critic is merely a man of taste, a concentrated opinion of
the public.
Allow me to divide the exhibits into three classes: first, those few that
are good; second, thuse that could be good; and third. the large major-
ity that are neither good nor ever could hope to be so. Only specimens of
the first two will be mentioned, and the reader will readily see by my criti-
cism whether they belong to the first or second. John E. Dumont's "The
Weeping Magdalene" is the most ambitious picture o:· the exhibit. It is
of great beauty in parts. The religious sentiment is not predominant, but
it is at least serious if not sinct:re; dignified, if not devout.
His ''Hailing the Ferryman,'' however, Idonot fancy. When I heard
that it was awarded a gold medal I shrugged my shoulders. Ridgway
Knight, of whom it strongly reminds, is one of the prosiest, vulgarly com-
monplace artists I know. Dumont's photograph is worse than a bad Ridg-
way Knight. That may sound cruel, but it is not far away from the truth.
I am not acquainted with the rules that directed the giving of awards,
but I personally would have given the genre prize rather to any other pic-
ture of this class than to No. 202. Even A. N. Lindenmuth's "Love Let-
ters" is a better genre picture. It is well composed in the old Munich style,
tt!lls a simple story and is sentimental enough to delight the taste of sales-
 I

CAMERA NOTES.
-------------------------------------------·------------------
ladies and servant girls. It rivals successfully the prize pictures of some
Ladies' Home Journal, and could be hung to advantage in the parlor of
some "double decker" flat. It is quite a masterpiece of its kind. But how
the same man dares to show in New York City such absurd monstrosities
of pictorial clap-trap, even worse than the arrogant concoctions of profes-
sional photography, as his "Oliver Twist," etc., is incomprehensible to me.
It is brazen insolence. The jury probably admitted these pictures merely
to show to what extent the art of photography can be abused.
Miss Zaida Ben Yusuf's work shows a good share of poetical and deco-
rative feeling. She understands bow to pose her subjects. Her "Study,,
of a draped young girl, is
perhaps her most perfect
piece of work, simple, re-
fined and graceful as it is;
but personally I prefer
"The Book," which \vas to
me one of the attractions of
the exhibition. What a
pity that the lines of the
picture forming the back-
ground for the head were
slanting instead of horizon-
tal. But how exqujsite the
hand is; true enough, that
is largely the merit of the
model, but in art one does
not consider the causes, but
• the effect.
"The Peacock's PJu ..
mage" is not, in my
• • • • •
optnton, a ptcture; 1t ts or-
dinary, and not at all to be
compared with her other
work, which is generally so
aristocratic, logical an d
edifying.
F. H. Day and Miss F.
By Hollinger.
B. Johnston were not well WM. M. MURRAY.
represented. What is the
use of exhibiting indifferent work? Good portraiture and clever studies
of heads were quite abundant. The best head, from the realistic point of
view, was, undoubtedly, Elias Goldensky's "Italian Type." An interest-
ing type, well taken, without any other aim except a truthful represent·
ation; it repeats nature, that is its merit. After looking at it once, one
can't forget it easily. From an ideal point of view, C. B. Moore's "La
Haine" is a most praiseworthy production. It reminds me of Leonardo
da Vinci, or is it Uhde? Miss Mathilde Weil's "Our Lady of Sorro,vs";
"The Magic Crystal," a child holding a transparent glob~, and "Constance,"
 88 CAMERA NOTES.

have a certain grace of fancy and refined mystery that is beyond the usual
measure of amateur photographers. Also Isaac Benjamin's "Study," Lee
Ferguson's "Irma" and "Child's Head," belong to the best work of this
class.
I stood some time before J. T. Keiley's "Study," No. 205. It afforded
me considerable amusement. Impressionism and Symbolism in photogra-
phy, hail! It is a phase of art that in painting is so successfully explored
by Gustav Verbeck, who came once to my studio to ask me how he should
name one of his fragile color fragments, as he was not quite sure himself
as to what it represented. I myself indulge at times in this kind of work,
which, however, does not hinder me from making fun of it, just as little as I
can overlook its serious side. Its vagueness, its restless search for hitherto
unknown effects, its poetical nonchalance, are sufficient cause for laughter,
but at the same time it expresses a struggle for new developments in art;
it is pioneer work that opens up untrodden realms to general traffic.
W. A. Fraser, weil known for his night scenes, showed three specimens
of his nocturnal reveries, of which one-1 take the liberty to call it "The
Deserted Street"-was quite startling; but I doubt whether these novel-
ties have any permanent art value.
Among the landscapes C. nrant La Farge has struck a new note. He
favors long tines in all his compositions, no matter whether he represents
the white trunks of birch trees interlacing each other, sand dunes with
drifting clouds, the afternoon shadows of trees on snow; length, quaintly
mixed with Japanese parallelism, and a certain frugality of idea are the
dominating notes of all his line composition. His pictures are almost poet-
ical and worth hanging up. If he continues in this manner he will soon
acquire a style or, if he is not careful, at least a mannerism. L. M. McCor-
mick's "Sand Dunes" would please the artists. It almost looks like an
etching. But I prefer a real etching to a photograph that looks like an
etching. A photograph should look like a photograph. It is not well when
an art oversteps its nature line of limitation. Other landscapes worthy to
be mentioned were Henry Troth's" A Glimpse of the Sea"; W. S.C. Kim-
ball's "Over Sticks and Stones," delightful in its simplicity; and George
C. Meeker's "The Passing Shower."
The prize print "Harvesters," by Hinsdale Smith, a blurred brownish
affair, had no special attraction for me.
The only artistic still-life I remember is W. C. Smith's "Murphies."
It is qnite a feat to render a heap of potatoes interesting; particularly in
an exhibition where the odor of genuine vegetables continually rose to
one's nostrils.
Among the street scenes, W.C. Harris's "On the Boulevard," although
a little flat, gives us a fair impression of the ennui and melancholy of a
boulevard on a murky day. As I do not know anything about lantem
slides, I leave them unmentioned.
What else is there to say? Oh! I forgot the framing. It was a reve-
lation to me. I have never seen an exhibition of photographs so excel-
lently framed as this one. Why, the composition of many of these •rames
and colored mats revealed more temperament, more pictorial qu&lity, and
 CAMERA NOTES.

more inventive handling of pure tone and color than many exhibitions of
pictures which fate has had in store for me. These frames, by far more
interesting to me than the grayish brown monotony of the 494 prints,
afforded a lesson that can hardly be overrated; they fulfilled their responsi-
bilities to their special material. Of course, there are differences of kind
in aesthetic beauty, but, comparatively speaking, I would have the audacity
to say that the frames conveyed, in this special form and mode of expres-
sion, more to me than the pictures for which they were made.
I have not yet mentioned Mr. Stielgitz's work. There is no doubt that
his prints made the exhibition what it really was, a quite interesting one;
but as he has sent nothing that was new to me, excepting his "Gossip,
Katwyk," "Katwyk Dune::s," and some foreground studies of snow, which
I do not consider up to the mark of his best work, I have but little to say.
Nobody masters the contradictions of photographic art as well as he.
He combines refinement of detail with poetical beauty, and understands how
to render his realism poetical and decorative, by the simple, and yet so rarely
united, means of an artistic temperament and a perfect technique. He can,
indeed, be proud of the admiration that the whole profession is forced to
pay him. Yet he should not allow his fame to rest too long on the achieve-
ments of former years. We expect, no, we even have a right to demand,
something new and something still better of him, than these prize winners
that his admirers know so well and which make them impatient for more.
The exhibition has revealed to me once:: again that the awarding of
prizes is often meaningless and rarely satisfactory; that the beauty of indi-
vidual work invariably suffers by surrounding it with the maudlin produc-
tions of mediocrity, and that photography although possessing artistic merit
enough to realize all possible conceptions, has, taken as a whole, I am
sorry to state, no ideal at present. SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
+ + +
Night Photography.
As inquiries continually reach me as to the exposure and development
required in night photography, perhaps a few words on the subject may be
of interest, and I may be pardoned for taking up a little of your space. To
the general manner of working as described in an article in the Photo-
graplzic Times of April, 1897, I have made but few changes, and these
entirely in the exposure and development. The exposure, I find by prac-
tice and considerable experiment, should be much lengthened o\'er that
advised in the article referred to. Practically I double it, and as time is of
great importance, on the cold and stormy nights, when the best effects can
be attained, I secure this by using one of the newer forms of lenses, work-
ing with a larger aperture, and exposed very seldom less than ten minutes,
and in some cases running up to fifteen minutes, depending of course
on the amount of light present and the character of the subject.
In the development I still usc metol made up in two solutiuns; formula
as advised by the manufacturers.
Of these, take one ounce metol stock solution, one dram alkali solu-
tion, and make up with water to five ounces; a very weak developer, but
one which, with time given for full development, will produce a lovely
negative full of detail, and without the harsh contrasts so often seen in this
work. W. A. FRASER.
 CAMERA NOTES.

In Re-Cont Cover G
In Mr. Murray's very able article on "Picturesque Tonality in Photo·
graphic Work, and How it May Be Obtained in Transpa.r encies and Slides,"
which appears in CAMERA NoTES, Vol. II., No. 1, my method of slide mak-
ing was fully discussed.
For the benefit of those who have not been able to fully grasp the idea
of the "compensation cover glass" method alluded to in part III. of said
article, it has been suggested that an illustration in our pages would prove
of considerable value. Fig. I. is a reproduction of one of the writer's
night slides, which was made from a rather hard negative. Notwithstand-
ing that the slide
was kept as soft as
possible, it wiJl be
noticed how harsh
and crude the reflec-
tions look, especially
,.:: in the lightest range
..
~,•
1•
•
••
of tone values. In
: ••
•• order to rectify this
•
• 't shortcoming and
~
-;u ••
••
bring the tones into
•
:• harmony, a sensitive
•••• ••
:•
• •
•
• i• lantern slide plate
••
'l
was brought into
' I•t contact with the fin-
••
•• ished matted slide
• •• (Fig. I.) in the exact
~
f
••
~
•• position which it
• • • would ultimately oc-
cupy as cover glass.
(It is essential to
FIG. I. m a k e this cover
Lantern slide made by the "Stieglitz method,'' witb as many values
retained as possible. glass from the matted
slide in order to
insure necessary register, as otherwise a white line would appear on the
screen around the outlines of trees, steeples, etc.)
The plate after having been exposed to an incandescent light, at one
foot distance, for about a second, was developed, and then such portions
as were of no use for the desired con1pensation were eliminated by the
well known applications of ferricyanide of potassium and hyposulphite of
sodium. Fig. II. is the result of this manipulation and in it we see the
cover glass, reproduced from the film slide. It naturally is reversed, so that
when the films of the slide and cover glass are brought into contact the
slide will be in proper position for binding.
As a combination of Fig. I. and II. we get Fig. III., a slide with re-
flections in perfect harmony and in perfect register.
 CAMERA NOTES. QI

From mere de-

scription and illustra-
tion these various
new methods of pro-
ducing slides of a
very high class may
seem somewhat diffi-
cult and tedious.
With very little prac-
tice, however, the
slide maker will be
.....
J • i• • surprised at the rap-
• .. - .. I
... idity and ease with
0

- -··
•

•
•I •
- which he is enabled
- -,. .. - •

•
- to obtain superior re-
• I
\
-•• sults, so that the lit-
.. ,
• 0
.. tle extra time and
·-- • • t

work spent on each

slide thus treated will
be more than offset
Compensating cover glass ~~· ;~iues exaggerated, made from by the satisfaction
Pig. I. of having produced
something out of the ordinary. The registering of the cover glass is ex-
ceedingly simple, an average worker being able to mount upward of twenty
slides per hour. Unfortunately, the reproductions give but little idea of
the vast difference between the ordinarily mounted slide and the one with
•
a compensation cover
glass, as viewed on
the screen ; neverthe-
less, they serve their
purpose in illus.trat- ~
•
ing the method al- t
luded to. :·
It will readily be •I
t
seen what an im- •

m en s e field my
method of producing
slides opens, not only
to tbe slide maker, :•• .
1
but also to those who •
••

wish to improve their :

original negatives by ;•
m a k i·n g new ones i
from transparencies !
made by a combina-
tion of the methods
suggested b y t h e
writer in Parts II.
and III. of Mr. Mur-
ray's article. FIG. III.
ALF'RED STIEGLITZ. Figs.. I. and II. combined.
•

I
 CAMERA NOTES.
-------- --------------

Too Well Done!*

Such was the reason given by one of the judges in a recent local com-
petitive exhibition fur the rejection of certain entries of portraits and figure
studies. Though evidently intended to be understood in an ironical sense,
the verdict startled the good managers of the exhibition, to whom it was
an entirely new principle on which to base the selection of works which
were about to be hung on the walls of the National Academy of Design·
Perhaps it was, but a consideration of the prints finally admitted to the
exhibition, both in the portrait and other classes, will, I am sure, go far
to convince the doubting that whatever of artistic or even scientific excel-
lence is there displayed, is owing largely to the fact that not only the atro-
ciously bad, and what is worse the mediocre, offerings were rejected, but
also those which, as the examining judge expressed it, were "too well
done." For a photograph may be spoiled by being too much done, just as
well as roast beef. It is right, of course, it is even our bounden duty, to
strive to be perfect in all things, but we are not expected to paint the rose
or to gild refined gold.
But, I hear it urged, a portrait is intended to be the likeness of a per-
son, and can it, then, be too like life? Most assuredly it can. If a portrait
is to be used for the mere purpose of identification, such as an accompani-
ment to a passport, or the counterfeit presentment of some criminal in a
"rogue·s gallery," it is justifiable to omit no detail that may contribute to
the end in view, even to the extent of making it a study of the pores of the
skin. The aid of the retoucher is not necessary, at any rate, in this case.
A true portrait, however, is not, necessarily, a complete entity, a record of
all the visible attributes of its subject, appealing to the eye alone; it is a
work of art, addressing itself to the imagination; an abstraction, the act
of leaving out of consideration one or more qualities of a complex object
so as to attend better to others. It performs its office by suggestion rather
than by imitation; by convention rather than by realization. Take the case
of sculpture, which represents a man without the assistance of color, in
such a limited display of action that it is little more than posture; giving
merely his form in an ideal presentation, that recalls the original, some-
times, to an extent beyond the power of painting. Even the eyes, which
have been justly called the very light of the countenance, are omitted. Yet
this abstraction, we might almost say subtraction, of the attributes and
characteristics of man, is one of the noblest forms of portraiture. Its grand-
est material, marble, suggests in its purity the elevation of the conceptions
that are embodied in its modeling. Now, if it were the object of the sculp-
tor to make his portrait a mere likeness, be would not choose to fashion it
in marble or clay or plaster of Paris. There are other materials, available,
far more plastic than these, when Pygmalion seeks to create a Galatea. For
instance, the ancient and honorable Daedalian material, wax. When you
walk into the corridor of the Eden Musee, you resent the impertinence of
the policeman who gazes over your shoulder as you buy your ticket; whose
immovable attitude is the only thing that prompts you to observe that he
• Read before the Camera Cluo, October ~
 CAMERA NOTES. 93
~---~--- ------ --
-~ - ------ ------
-

is a wax "figger." But he is like life; there is no denying that. And the
man that made this portrait is called an artist; indeed is an artist, in one
understanding of the term. His other works, downstairs, are no lt:ss life-
like; there is "Washington Crossing the Delaware," and "A Gorilla Carry-
ing Off a Woman," and other wonderful likenesses. They call the room
where these are exhibited, "The Chamber of Horrors." Never was a name
more happily chosen, but the figures are all well done; they are what is
meant by "too well done."
The same principle obtains in literature and even in ordinary conver-
sation. A novel, a poem, or a play, loaded with truthful but over-elabo-
rated details, is tiresome; and talkers whose conversation is marked by
iteration and a love for minute particulars, are classed as bores. Nothing
is more tedious than the attempt of many honest and conscientious people
to tell us the truth, the whole truth and nothing but the truth. A great
deal of stress is sometimes laid on the righteousness, or the necessity, of
presenting the whole truth. In a court of justice we are required to qual-
ify ourselves as witnesses by swearing that we will so testify; but no man
has ever tried to keep his oath to the letter without being shut up peremp-
torily by one of the counsel or by the magistrate sitting upon the bench.
Even there,in the cold, matter-of-fact hall of justice, they want the history
of events, not in the natural order, chronologicfilly as they occurred or as
they may be associated involuntarily in the minds of men in general, but
in thE: poetic order; which is an arrangement calculated exclusively on
effect and subject to the laws of dramatic poetry. Ancillon says, in one of
his philosophic essays, that "authors who have made a successful study of
this subject, skim over a multitude of circumstances under which an occur-
rence has taken place, because they are aware that it is proper to reject what
is merely accessory to the object which they would present in prominence.
A vulgar mind forgets and spares nothing; he is ignorant that conversation
is always a selection; that every story is subject to the laws of dramatic
poetry,-f<stinat ad evmtum, and that all which does not concur to the
effect destroys or weakens it. The involuntary associations of their
thoughts are imperative on minds of this description; they arc held in
thraldom to the order and circumstances in which their perceptions were
originally obtained." For an exquisite example of this, note the nurse's
rambling way of telling that Juliet is nearly fourteen years old, in the first
act of Romeo and Juliet; and the inimitable reply of Dame Quickly, in
King Henry IV., when Falstaff asks her "What is the gross sum that I owe
thee?" "Marry, if thou wert an honest man, thyself, and the money too.
Thou didst swear to me upon a parcel-gilt goblet, sitting in my Dolphin
chamber, at the round table, by a sea-coal fire, on Wednesday in Whitsun-
week, when the prince broke thy head for likening his father to a singing
man of Windsor;" and much more of the same sort. How promptly would
Juliet's nurse or Damt: Quickly be checked in court for bringing in mattets
incompetent and irrelevant! Yet their stories are, on their face, truthful
and as like life as an old-fashioned photograph. They are simply "too
well done," and in their presentation Shakespeare paints for us the opera-
tions of the minds of vulgar characters.
94 CAMERA:NOTES.

In this connection Lowell has aptly remarked that "the art of effective
writing is to know how much to leave in the ink-pot"; and the best author-
ities on the office and practice of the graphic arts might be cited as agree-
ing on the vital importance of distinguishing between essential and acci-
dental features, in our efforts to interpret the truth of nature, by outward
and visible signs, in works of sculpture, painting and etching. Sir Joshua
Reynolds says, ''In portraits, the grace, and we may add, the likeness, con-
sists more in the general air than in the exact similitude of every feature;"
and again, "Simplicity is an exact medium between too little and too
much." Seymour Haden, the great etcher, wrote, "Too minute a render-
ing in matters of art is bad; the best art is conventional-that is to say,
suggestive rather than imitative;" and Parry, "An overloaded work of
sculpture, or painting, or of any other art, is as wearisome as an overbur-
dened sentence."
Let it not be understood that the preliminary examination of the pho-
tographs submitted to the judges in the late exhibition held by the Ameri-
can Institute, resulted in the rejection of all the examples in which fine
detail was to be found and the elevation of "fuzzytypes" to the places of
honor. All the schools, so called, were liberally and impartially dealt with,
nor was private or eccentric preference allowed to exercise any weight in
the selection. Excessive detail and finish wl're the chief faults observed,
and the professional portrait photographers were in many instances the
worst offenders in this respect. To have so extensive a business that
one's work has to be almost entirely intrusted to subordinates seems not
always conducive to artistic results, no matter how talented the director of
the establishment may be, how refined and graceful his posing, or how
Gainsborough-like his painted backgrounds. The retoucher with his mag-
nifiers and sharp pencils, the carbon printer and his mounts of celluloid and
porcelain, and the colorist with his abominable air-brush, may. be de-
pended upon to iron out all vestiges of character and soul the original neg-
ative may have possessed.
Among the rejected pictures were many subjects that were well lighted
and posed, fair in arrangement and composition, and, though somewhat
over-finished, might still have been reckoned among the respectable mem-
bers of photographic society, had they not failed to leave anything to the
imagination, had they not been entirely lacking in suggestion, had not
their authors insisted on presenting everything in sight, whether principal
or accessory, with the same unvarying emphasis. However, while the
judges administered their office of selection generally on the principles
here set forth, it was deemed expedient to also temper justice with mercy.
The scheme of the exhibition allowed a candidate to enter as many pic-
tures as he pleased, and the endeavor was made to give some representation
even to those whose shortcomings are dwelt upon in this paper. A few of
them were given very elevated positions in the two principal rooms, and
the worst specimens were placed in the famous Corridor; which served, as
it often does in exhibitions of paintings in these galleries, as the limbus
fatuorum,-the receptacle of all vanity and nonsense.
WILLIAM M. MuRRAY.
 CAMERA NOTE'S. 95

The American Institute Exhibition.

This exhibition, lately closed, naturally invited comparison with the Eastman exhi-
bition which occupied the same galleries in the early part of the present year. But while
visitors to the Institute competition could not easily put aside the memory of that nota-
ble event in the evolution of pictorial photography, it is hardly fair to make a compari-
son between the two. The Eastman exhibition was undertaken on a stupendous scale,
only possible to a corporation of vast resources; ample time was taken to prepare the
world for the affair; the most eminent professional and amateur talent, even royalty
itself. was artfully stimulated to contribute to its success, and all its details were carried
out by experts specially commissioned for the purpose. The cost of all this was esti-
mated to be in the neighborhood of $so,ooo; quite a large fortune, indeed, though a bag-
atelle to a company which is able to pay 20 per cent. dividends on millions of capital.
But, with the exception of the Eastman display, the American Institute exhibition
must be regarded as the most fairly representative collection ever shown in New York;
bringing together the works of the best American photographers, and presenting espe-
cially the most remarkable collection of portrait and~genre studies exhibited in this coun-
try up to the present time.
Though open to the world, the time of preparation was too short to expect contribu-
tions from European photographers. Perhaps a tittle too much leniency was shown, in
some of the classes, in hanging work not evincing evidence of progress, but it was
intended to hold a competition and not a salon; and Dr. Bartlett, to whose indefatigable
and single-handed efforts in the face of great difficulties the success of the undettaking
was entirely due, desired to bring a portion, at least, of the prints which had any chance
of award to the consideration of the judges. That this clemency excited the ire of some
of the cognosunli may be remarked not only in the searching review in the present
number of CAMERA NOTES, from the rather severe standpoint oi a professional art critic,
but in the comments of the press during the exhibition and in the quoted conversation of
some of the visitors. Not a little annoyance to the exhibitors and the public was also
occasioned by the indiscretion of the managers of the Institute, in encroaching on the
space allotted to the photographic art exhibition, by displaying flowers and advertising
printing papers and camera goods in the east room and corridor. Some of the horticul-
tural specimens, indeed, completely obscured the view of pictures hung on and below the
s1ght-line; which was manifestly unfair to the competitors, as well as to the hanging
committee, who were ignorant that an} thing but photographs were to be shown. The
exhibition of fruits, vegetables and flowers, which occupied the remaining rooms of the
Academy, was. however, highly interesting con:;idered by itself, and we believe tbe
worthy and well-meaning managers of the American Institute will profit by the experi-
ence of this year and not attempt again to mmgle the fruits of the earth and the prod-
ucts of the camera so intimately. The north room, containing the portrait, figure, genre
and champion exhibits, was happily spared from this desecration (as we have heard it
called); and to any one, not suffering from indigestion, afforded a haven where he could
forget that dahlias and prize bride-bouquets, grapes and pumpkins had any raison
d'ltre. As an evidence of the high grade of the pictures in this room, it may be said that
many of them have since been accepted by the Philadelphia Salon, whose judges rejected
about So per cent. of the works offered, hanging only about 26o out ot 1,300 contribu-
tions. (In the Institute exhibition about so per cent were rejected.) The landscapes
and marines, shown in the east gallery, included some remarkably good work, but the
exhibit was rather uneven, and a number of the larger pictures sacrificed too much to
brilliancy. The general effect. however. was pleasing.
Regarding the exhibition as a whole, and ignoring the slight errors in details of man-
agement. resulting entirely from the accidental clashing, in this instance, of the many
excellent departments of usefulne!<S in the American Institute, we believe the thanks of
the amateurs are due to Dr. J. W. Bartlett. the secretary of the Photographic Section, for
his zealous efforts in behalf of pictorial photography in America, in:projecting and carry-
ing out the scheme of this important competition.
It is particularly gratifying to notice the interest out own club members took in the
exhibthon. They competed in many of the classes and, as may be seen on another page.
captured a goodly number of the prizes, sixteen medals out of thirty-six awarded falling
to their share. That our test nights have provided a good lantern slide school, also. is
shown by the award of the entire five prizes in this class to meml>ers of the Camera Club.
W. M. M,
 CAMERA NOTES.

Our 111ustrations.
"Returning from Ike Pasture," by Tom Bright, England, which CAM-
ERA NoTES offers as a frontispiece in this issue, was exhibited in the Lon-
don· Salon, 1895· It is a capital bit of composition and an exceptional ren-
dering of an ever popular subject. The photogravure was produced by
Walter L. Colls, of London, to whom CAMERA NoTEs is indebted for many
of its most beautiful reproductions.
"A Wet Niglzt, Columbus Circle, New York," is a splendid reproduction
of Mr. W. A. Fraser's picture which captured one of the coveted "Royal"
medals this year. Mr. Fraser has, for the past two years, made a special
study of night work and stands second to none in this particular branch of
photography.
The reproduction was executed by the Photochrome Engraving Co.,
New York.
"Mmd;ng 1\'ds," by Alfred Stieglitz, has unfortunately lost much of
its quality and charm in the reproduction. It is a most difficult picture to
reproduce effectively. Mr. Demachy, in his review of the Paris Salon,
alludes to it. (See page xo9). This picture, as well as Mr. Berg's and Mr.
Fraser's, was hung at the recent Philadelphia Salon.
The Photochrome Engraving Co. is responsible for the reproduction.
" ~lagdalen," by Charles I. Berg, is an example of the nude in
photography, which will aid in disproving the general assumption that
the undraped figure must necessarily offend when reproduced by means of
the camera. The picture is certainly one of Mr. Berg's happiest efforts,
notwithstanding some of the disturbing elements in the accessories.
The plate and the edition of photogravures were the work of the
the Photochrome Engraving Company, New York.
In our text we reproduce pictures by F. Holland Day, of Boston; Miss
Frances B. Johnston, of Washington, D. C.; and the portrait of our Mr.
W. M. Murray, by Hollinger, New York. The illustrations to the various
articles need no further explanation.

+ + +
The Post Collection of Pictorial Photographs.
Collections of pictorial photographs are as yet quite uncommon, the only one in this
country of importance belonging to Mr. George Timlllins, of Syracuse, who has invested
liberally for years past in pictures which pleased him. His collection has an international
reputation, containing as it does some of the finest pictures produced by means of the
camera. Within the last year or so, 1\Ir. W. B. Post, himself a prominent photographer
known the world over, has been quietly purchasing many splendid examples of pic-
torial photographs with which to form the nucleus of what promises to be a unique col-
lection. Mr. Post is a connoisseur par e.rrdl~na, and has determined to procure only
the very best, willingly paying a hbcral price for such work. It is his aim to own the
masterpieces of the leading photo~raphers. Thus far the Post collection contains the best
examples of Horsley Hinton, R. W. Robinson, F. H. Day, Stieglitz, Fraser, Mrs. Kaese-
bier, Hinsdale Smith, Cembrano, Cadby, Hollyer, Bhedwar, Farnsworth, White, etc.
He frames his pictures with exquisite taste, and it is only a question of time when
the Post collection will be the most notable in the country.
A WET NIGHT, COLUMBUS CIRCLE, NEW YORK
By W. A. Fraser
 CAMERA NOTES. 99

11 Camera Notes " at a Premium.

Readers of CAMERA NoTES are probably not aware that Volume I. is
out of print, and that the same is now bringing seven dollars in the open
market, several public libraries having paid that price recently.
As the edition printed is limited to one thousand and the demand
greater than the supply, members of the club, as well as subscribers, would
do well not to damage their copies, as we feel convinced that Volume II.
will be at an even greater premium when complete.
The edition will under no consideration be increased .

... ...
Proceedings.
At a regular meeting of the club, held The president then introduced Mr. L.T.R.
Sept. 13, President Murphy in the chair. Holst, who exhibited some novelties in
it was resolved to qualify for membership photographic apparatus, including an im-
in the American Lantern Slide Interchange proved form of hand camera in which the
for the season of 18g8-g, by contributing lens performs the office of finder, at the
the required number of slides (so) and by moment of exposure, without adding mate-
choosing a lantern slide director to repre- rially to the bulk or weight of the camera.
sent the club in that organization accord- The instrument was provided with several
ing to the rules. William M. Murray read other convenient adjustments admirably
a detailed report of the lantern slide pro- adapted to the requirements of instantane-
ceedings of the past year, dwelling partic- ous work. Mr. Holst also exhibited a
ularly on Interchange matters, and outlin- Goerz sector-shutter, working in the open-
ing the changes lately insututed by the ing of an iris-diaphragm between the
latter's general managers. The report was lenses, the mechanism of which insured a
adopted and Mr. Murray was unanimously good exposure by a momentary pause at
elected Lantern Slide Director for the en- the maximum aperture chosen by the oper-
suing year. ator, the opening and closing movements
The President subsequently appointed being executed with the greatest rapidity.
the usual committee to receive, select and The latest novelty shown by Mr. Holst
arrange the slides contributed by the mem- was a curious and serviceable field glass,
bers for the Interchange set. known as the Trieder Binocular. Although
The committee, Messrs. Murray, Stieg- no larger than an ordinary opera glass,
litz, Fraser, Joy and Scott, sent a circular this instrumept possesses a magnifying
to all the members of the club on Sept. power of nine times, accompanied by su-
14. requesting that contributions be sent perior illumination and a wider field of
to them, for approval, on or before Oct. 20. view than is generally found in field
* * * glasses. It is constructed on the formulae
At the regular meeting, held Oct. II, of Goerz. though in its main features it
President Murphy in the chair, Charles T. does not differ materially from the Zeiss
Berg, chairman of the Print Committee. Stereoscopic Field-Glass,now manufactured
announced the resumption of the "one- in this country by Bausch & Lomb. By
man" exhibitions, so happly inaugurated the ingenious employment of a peculiar
last year, and stated that, in addition to the form of prism (there are two in each barrel
Hollinger collection of portraits, then on of the field-glass) the rays of light enter-
the walls, he had secured attractions ing the objectives are made to travel over
which would extend over the seven active a much longer path than the actual length
months of the photographic season. of the barrel before reaching the eye-pieces,
William M. Murray read a paper entitled thus permitting the use of long focus lenses
"Too Well Done!" which is printed in full and correspondingly increasing the size of
on another page. the image.
100 CAMERA NOTES.

The prisms are known as Porro or Abbe ties enabling him to secure pictorial beauty
prisms, having been independently invent- out of the most unpromisin1s scenes. He
ed by both these opticians. The Trieder has likewise made a few landscapes. Mr.
Binocular is provided with an excellent sys- Preston has lately shown some excellent
tem of adjustments: one enabling the user flower studies and also a few novel exam-
to separate the distance between the cylin- ples of double-toned slides, in which warm
ders, which gives a stronger stereoscopic sunset skies are artistically contrasted with
effect to the images of distant objects; an- cool foregrounds of snow.
other providing for any inequality in the
vision of the operator, by a contrivance
• • •
On Wednesday evening, Oct. 12, a spe-
for altering the focus of either tube inde-
cial collection of lantern slides, kindly
pendently of the other.
loaned by Mr. George Timmins, of Syra-
••• cuse, was exhibited to the members of the
The Wednesday lantern tests were re-
club and their friends. 1\Ir. Timmins's col-
sumed on September 28, and the new pro-
lection of photographic prints has become
jection apparatus (made by ]. B. Colt &
world-renowned, and this set of English
Co.) has given general satisfaction, though
slides, selected by him personally from the
the light is somewhat more powerful than
finest examples of Edgar G. Lee, Auty,Car-
that formerly used, rendering the judgment
penter, \\'ade and other famous English
of the density required ll.. snow the best
workers, reflects no less credit on his artis-
tonality a somewhat delicate matter at first.
tic taste and discriminating judgment. The
l:lut the difficulties have now been over-
set (100 slides) was appreciated by our
come, and everything may be said to be in
members as affording a timely comparison
perfect working order. No great amount
with the work of American slide makers
of new work has yet been offered, most of
and a gauge by which our progress toward
the members preferring to cultivate the sev-
pictorial quality may be estimated.
eral specialties in which they have hitherto
been successful. 1\lr. Beeby has brought • • •
home from his summer trip to Englancl On Tue~day evening, Oct. 25, a large au-
some charming river studies, made in the dience (over 200) listened to an interesting
vicinity of Liverpool and Newcastle-on- lecture by Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin, on
Tyne, in which haze and mist effects are "Constantinople and the Bosphorus," il-
happily rendered. lustrated by numerous lantern slides.
Mr. Webber has shown seashore and • • •
woodland scenes in various tones; Mr. At a regular meeting, held Tuesday, No-
Scott, pastoral and landscape studies; Dr. vember 8, Mr. \V. M. Hollinger, of New
Bishop, volcanoes and craters of the Sand- York, addressed the club on the subject
wich Islands: l\I r. Campbell, incidents of of Portraiture by Photography, a full re·
the Cuban war, and Messrs. Murphy, Fraser sum/' of which we hope to present in the
and Stieglitz have contributed on several oc- next number of CA~IERA NoTEs.
casions to the evening's entertainment by The exhibition of prints by Miss Zaida
t·xhibitions of their work. Mr. Fraser has Ben-Yusuf, of New York, and Mi~s
continued his study of night effects; his Frances B. Johnston, of Washington, D.
wonderful mastery of the technical difficul- C .• was opened.

41 Royal .Medals, Won by Americans.

Inasmuch as i.wo of the six awards at this year's London Exhibition
came to America, it will be interesting to our readers to know that in all
only seven of these medals have been awarded to American workers. The
list, including this year's winners, is as follows: Miss Mathilde Wei!,
of Philadelphia; Miss E. J. Fitz, of Boston; Messrs. W. A. Fraser, of New
York; R. Eickemeyer, Jr., New York; Dr. E. Learning, of New York; and
Alfred Stieglitz, of New York, who has received two.
 CAMERA NOTES. 101
----------------------------

The Camera Club and the Interchange.

It is with profound regret that we record fishes of the sea ; the beasts of the field and
the failure of our club to qualify for mem- man himself, distributed over the first and
bership in the American Lantern Slide In- second chapters of Genesis. The Creator is
terchange this year. The failure \'•as cauc;ed omnipotent, but he does not absolve him-
by the singular indifference of most of the self from the necessity of labor. 1'he heav-
members of the Camera Club to the neces- ens themselves are the work of his fin-
sity ot providing the re1uired quota of gers; he does not merely say, Let there
slides. Had the task been simply to get be - - - , and behold, it was so; he does
together a set of slides of superior artistic not simply pass resolutions and then rest
and technical excellence, the lantern slide in contented contemplation, but goes to
director need not have gone outside of the work immediately and executes them.
committee of arrangements to obtain them. What has all this to do with us?
Mr. Stieglitz and Mr. Fraser might have You will see. Listen to my tale of woe!
furnished the entire fifty from their own At a regular meeting of the Camera Club,
collections had the director consented to held Sept. 13, 1898, there being pres~nt 33
accept their kind offer to supply all the members, it was moved, seconded and
slides necessary to complete the set. Such carried that tt1e club qualify for mem-
a collection, in his opinion, would not have bership in the American Lantern Slide In-
been representative of our organization, but terchange for the season of 1898-9. by elect-
would have been practically a one-man, or ing a lantern slide director to represent the
two-men, exhibit. Therefore, at the regu- club in the Interchange and by contribut-
lar meetings, at the test mghts and in or- ing a set of fifty slides before Nov. rs, in
dinary coO\·ersalion, he endeavored to accordance with the rules of that organiza-
arouse the individual members to a sense tion. The club unanimously re-elected the
of their personal accountability in this mat- lantern slide dire•:tor of 1897, William M.
ter; but alas, as the sequel proves, without Murray, to serve another year; and further-
any great success. We print his last re- more, the president, in order to carry out
portof progress,as it contains a brief history the wishes of the meeting.appointed a com-
of the entire subject and includes a stirring mittee of five (Murray, Stieglitz, Fraser,
appeal to the corporate pride of ourclub. At Joy and Scott) to receive, select and ar-
the regular meeting, held Nov. 8, Mr. Mur- range the slides that might be contributed
ray said : As the relations between the by the members for the purpose aforesaid.
Camera Club and the Interchange have The director drafted a circular the follow-
now come to a serious crisis, 1 herewith ing day, which was promptly sent to all the
present a report explaining those relations. members of the club, asking for contribu-
If the tone of the report, which is in sermon tions of slides for examination and approval,
torm, seem to be unnecessaril)' severe, I designating Oct. 20 as the last day for re-
trust it will be attributeri to my sincere re- ceiving them, so as to allow the committee
gard for the honor and welfare of this club a reasonable time for properly arranging
and not to any spirit of faultfinding. and boxing the set. Thus was allowed to
I. the members desiring to be represented in
In the first chapter cf Genesis, at the the Interchange collection a full month to
tbird verse, will be found the words of the make slides for tbe purpose;,even if they
text: "And God said, Let ti1ere be light; did not wish to use work pre\•iously pre-
and there was light." pared. But on Oct. 20 there was in the
Between the protasis and apodosis of actual possession of the committee just 17
this short sentence there is an interval un- slides, the offerings co£ ,President Murphy
derstood which represents a prodigious 110) and Mr. Fraser (il, and sameness of
amount of labor. Stenographic as tbe subJect reduced even this small number to
Mosaic account ot creation is, there is a de- 8, out of which to choose (sk) so slides to
tailed description of the six days' labor of represent this great organization, which
making light: the firmament: the division during the year has projected on the screen
between land and sea; the great luminaries in tests and for the accommodation of its
of the heaven11; the fowls of the 11ir and members O\"er 3,000 slides.
102 CAMERA NOTES.
---------~-- ----- - ------
'fhe time for receiving contributions bas several members of the organization, 1. ~ ••
been consequently extended to the present the lantern slide directors of the individual
date, Nov. 8, notwithstanding the fact that clubs, it is highly important that the slides
the delay interferes with the proper pres- should be of superior excellence. There is
entation of the set; but all to no purpose. plenty of material for this set, already
Promises have been made to the commit- made, in the possession of cur members;
tee's appeal to individual11, but no more hut it is being held back, in some cases
slides have been forthcommg. The con- from modesty, in others from indifference,
clusion, then, is inevitable, that the 30 odd and, in a few instances, becauFe the makers
members voting at the meeting of Sept. 13, are reserving their best efforts for prile com-
for the qualification of the olub for Intel- petitions in and outside of this club. I ap-
change membership, intended to order a peal to you now, severally and collectively,
set of so slides made by a person or person!' to consider whether it is not more impor-
unknown,not by any means by themselves, tant, in the present condition of things, to
to be called the Camera Club set of I8g8, do your little utmost to maintain the honor
since but one member present on that occa- of the Camera Clnb,than to compete for the
sion has conformed to the resolution. Judg- champion cup or to take a medal, even, in
ing by results only, the passage of that res- a foreign competition. The time is very
olution was an attempt to create values l>y short, but it is not yet too late. The gen-
fiat; just as an irresponsible nation tries eral managers of the Interchange will re-
to make money by calling printed paper. ceive slides up to Nov. IS, possibly a little
or an insufficient quantity cf an inferior later. If the members will send in their
metal, a legal tender for the payment of work, liberally and of their best, up to Sat-
debts. It is, in effect, saying," Let there be urday, Nov. 12, the committee will be en-
slides," m the vain hope that there 11-'i//be abled so complete the set required to lepn:-
slides, that somebody, somehow, will move sent the club this year. It is not a ques-
in a mysterious way his wonders to per- tion of whether or not it is to our direct,
form, and we may say afterwards, "And material and selfish advantage to maintain
it was so," and "Behold, the slides were membership in the Interchange. We may,
all very good.'' perhaps, have seen few sets furnished loy
II. the twentv-four clubs in the organization
Your lantern slide director has put the during the past year that compared favor-
facts before you in this strange way, not ably with our own; and that set was far
with the intention of scolding the club, col- from fairly representing what we are able
lectively or individually, for any neglect of to do. That is not the question. We do
duty, this having been e'Verybody's busi- not jom the Interchange from pnrely inter-
ness and, consequently, nobody's business; ested motives, or merely to enjoy the priv-
but solely for the purpose of arousing your ilege of gazing at the work of sister socie-
attention to the necessity of immediate ties; but because, possessing supenor fa-
action, if we would save ouiselves from the cilities for photographic advancement, we
humiliation of two years ago, of confessing are expected to take the lead in lantern
that, in spite of our boasted excellence in slide making and to furnish a model for
lantern slide work, we are unable to fur- other clubs, less fortunately circumstanced,
nish the small quota of slides necessary to to follow. It is certain that many of the
represent-us in the Interchange. On Nov. club,; regard us in this hght. The an-
to, 18g6, at a regular meeting, I was com- nouncement bas already been made to the
pelled to announce that the number of slides clubs at large that we have resolved to
received by the committee was insufficient remain in the Interchange. Knowing this
to make up the set for that year (100 slides fact, it will be a disgrace in New York to
at that time being required 1, and although virtually declare that we are too lazy or too
the time was extended to Nov. 18, the club indifferent to furnish our quota of shdes,
dropped out of the Interchange by default. which by the new rules has been reduced
The Interchange only asks for fifty slides one half. I am confident that during the
this year, and will take any fifty that are rest of this week there will be a great rain
contributed, without examination as to of slides upon the committee. Do not mis-
quality. As this condition throws the re- understand the situation in which we are
sponsibility of sending bad work on the placed. It is too late to withdraw from the
 CAMERA NOTES. 103

Interchange with honor; and unless the including more than fifty members, not
fifty slides are made up by Saturday night, only seemed to be struck dumb, but subse-
there will be grave danger that the Camera quent events proved that the report fell
Club, for the second time in two years, will upon deaf ears. At the close of the list1,
be under the shameful necessity of an- Saturday, Nov. 12, a paltry dozen had been
nouncing to the general managers of the added to the slides in the hands of the com-
Interchange that it is too feelJle to carry mittee, making a total of only twenty in-
out its own resolutions. stead of the required fifty. By reason, there-
WILLIAM M. MURRAY, fore, of failure to do our duty, our club has
Lantern Slide Director. lost its Interchange membership. It is to
be fervently hoped that a year of reflection
Such an appeal, one might think, would will move us, as it did in a previous in-
move hearts of stone. As a fact, ho1vever, stanue, to redeem our reputation, which we
it was received in absolute silence, with will have the privilege of doing in the
the exception of a humorous remark of the autumn ot 1899. Till then CAMERA NoTEs
president as he passed to the next business will not bore its readers by alluding further
of the evening. The meeting, a large one, to the subject. W, M. MURRAY.

...
The Hollinger Portraits.
(Exhibited at the Camera Club, Oct. 12 to 25.)

Surely oak and threefold brass surrounded his heart who first dared to exhibit, as a
serious portrait, a photograph of a well known public man (but recently a President of
the United States), taken from a point of view situated about sou' west by west of the
illustrious sttter. We are especially attracted to this character study of Benjamin Har-
rison because it presents in the most striking manner the remarkable departure that
Mr. Hollinger has made from the conventional methods of his brother photographers. It
may never be known to us wilat Mr. Harrison thinks of this original portrait, but it is
very certain that no amount of argument would have convinced him, or any man, before-
hand, th1t this was the best way to depict him. And, reasoning entirely a posl~riori, we
may easily conclude that it is not Mr. Hollinger's custom to persuade his subjects into sit-
ting fr'lr their portraits in some new and strange way. He could hardly be successful in
conveying the delightful suggestion of unconsciousness which marks nearly all his
efforts, if he did not observe Commodore Vanderbilt's somewhat Hibernian principle of
life, "Never tell anybody what you arc going to do till you've done it." But this picture,
which represents the back of Mr. HaJTison's head, an oblique view of his nose, left eye,
ear and cheek, above which appears the bulging projection of a remarkably roomy brain-
pan, c:.mveys a better idea of the character and calibre of the man than any portrait that
bas been published of him, whether limned by brush or camera. And now that this
stran~e picture has c'Jme into existence, we doubt ''cry much whether Mr. Harrison him-
self, his family and his friends, regard it as a thing they would willingly let die. But it
should not be inferred, from the description of this example, that Mr. Hollinger is fond
of arranging his subjects in eccentric poses; there is nothing at all eccentric about him
or his methods, and as for posing, he bas frankly confes5ed to his fellow workers, in con-
vention assembled, that he never poses at all. He simply makes his sitter feel comfortably
at home, and then "takes" him before he realizes that any photographic operation is in
immediate contemplation. Anybody can do it, as the pre5tidigitator tells us from the
stage, when he performs a trick that has taken years of thought and practice to perfect.
For Mr. Hollinger has had years of experience. He used to practice at Dayton, Ohio,
where he was just an ordinary, easy-gomg, orthodox professional (we may take it for
granted he wa& a mighty good one), posing: using backgrounds, foregrounds, palms and
vases; retouching and burnishing; selling his prints by the dozen just like the rest of
them; in short, giving the dear public exactly what it wanted, which is regarded as
good busines~. if not good art. And who shall say that this experience is not bearing
104 CAMERA NOTES.

fruit, now that he is the photographer, par ~xcdlutu, for the most intellectual, cultured
and refined people of this metropolis? During all the time that be was doing work dis-
tasteful to him, he was studying character and keeping up a devil of a thinking. For
Mr. Hollinger is a thinker. He mused, and while he mused the fire burned; the man
who was walking in darkness saw a great light, and the light showed him that all the
portrait photographers were working on erroneous principle!!. So he girded up his loins
and made a new departure. Henceforth he resolved to build hts photographv on the
foundations of art. instead of at ton the foundations of photography. He abolished rules,
or rather he made still stricter rules for himself; fer the abolisher of laws is your" true
statute maker. Under his new dispensation, he obtained a writmg of divorcement from
all backgrounds, foregrounds, palms, bric-a-brac, and other abominations of the sump-
tuously appointed studio, to which he had formerly been devoted; but his most radical
tergiversation was to cease selling photographs by the duo-decimal system. If a por-
trait be a picture, he might have reasoned, why should it be sold by the dozen? Is thy
servant a banana merchant that he should do this thing?
Mr. Hollinger, moreover, became convinced that he needed a larger sphere of aC'tiv-
ity, and moved to New York City, where he continued his studies of art and fed his mind
on the pabulum afforded by the works of Rembrandt, Reynolds and Vandyke; and, what
is more, he assimilated his art food and made it part of himself. In the whole of the
large collection of his work shown at the Camera Club, there is not a single example of
an imitation of any exponent of the old or the new masters. He has not borrowed Rem-
brandfs big hats, nor stolen Reynold's landscape backgrounds, nor copied Vandyke's
costumes and posings. His portraits simply embody the characteristics of his sitters,
and his work is Hollinl{er' s, and no other man's. And how comes it that this humble
photographer from a little town in Ohio can drop down into the middle of Fifth avenue,
as if from a balloon, and in one bound become a leader in the race for fame and fortune
in this great city? Because l11s genius for art is wedded to a talent for busir.ess. A mod-
est show case at the entrance to his gallery contains three unobtrusive prints, but nearly
everybody that passes stops to look at them; these prints are changed daily. Many dis-
tinguished men have ventured upstairs and become sitters to the brainy little man who
only undertakes to make one picture, to be ready the day after to-morrow, and which they
can buy or not, as they are pleased, at a price which most swell photographers consider
the normal figure for the historic dozen. His studio is a plain room; his background,
the wall of the same (covered with red burlap); or, for a change, a white or neutral tinted
sheet, such as an amateur might use in his own bouse. If you are a would-be sitter, the
conversation is between you and him; and you soon become easy on one important point.
All the preliminaries tend to demonstrate that Hollinger is not a dentist; he's not going
to tweak your molars, plug your cavities, or drill your jumping nerves with an electric
engine. He will, however, gently take your photograph unawares, as soon as he ascer-
tains that you are yourself and not your alter ergo, who is nervous about his necktie and
anxious to plaster his hair down with a wet brush. And when the sitter gets his print,
the clay after to-morrow (it may be as large as an 8 x Io or as small as a miniature, for
Hollinger is a merciless trimmer), he shows it to his friends and they are moved straight-
way to have their pictures taken, which they show in like manner. So an endless chain
of advertising clients is started to reward the man who had the pluck and genius to be
original and to think for himself.
Nor does Mr. Hollinger confine his efforts to public and distinguished characters;
there are not wanting those, among his ardent admirers, who believe his real specialty
to be the graceful portrayal of women and children; and the present exhibition is a wit-
ness of their good judgment. No better evidence could be given of his kindliness and
human sympathy, the secrets of all success in portraiture, than the glimpses be reveals
in these studies of the unconsciousness and happy innCicence of childhood.
W. M. MuRRAY.
 CAMERA NOTES. lOS

Exhibitions and Competitions.

The London Salon.
At the London Salon the following Americans were represented: Miss Ben Ynsuf,
with six pictures; F. Holland Day, four; Miss Mary Devens, five; R. Eickemeyer. Jr.,
one: E. Lee Ferguson, two; Miss Frances B. J:>hnston, two: F. Watts Lee, four; Mrs.J.
Montgomery Sears, three; Alfred Stieglitz, three; ~tiss Mathilde Wei!, two; A. H.
Stoiber, one; in all, eleven representatives, who contributed thirty-three of the two hun-
dred and thirty-four pictures hung. We are glad to see some new talent represented,
the Jist showing again how strong the United States is in lady photcgraphers.
'rhe exhibition was, as heretofore, of high merit and of great interest to the public as
\veil as to the student.

41 The Royal."
As in the past few years, the Exhibition of the Royal Photographic Society of Great
Britain attracted a number of Americans.
The medals awarded at this exhibition are considered the blue ribbon ot the photo-
graphic world; it is the am bit ion of most of the American photographers to get possession
of one or more of those trophies.
The United States in this year's exhibition received two of the six medals awatded,
and only through a technicality it fml€d to receive a third one. The fortunate prize win-
ners were Miss Mathilde Wei!, of Philadelphia. who scored with her portrait" Polly,"
and W. A. Fraser, ot our club, with his bromide enlargement," A Wet Night, Columbus
Circle. New York."
R. Eickemeyer. Jr.'s," Vesper Bell" is the picture alluded to as having failed to score,
through an oversight in filling out the entry blank properly.
The Americans were represented as tallows: W. J. Cassard, with two pictures; J.
E. Dumont. two; R. Eickemeyer. Jr., three; E. Lee Ferguson, one; W. A. Fraser. two;
H. Schervee, one; R. W. SC'hufeldt, tour; Alfred Stieglitz, four; Geo. E. Tingley, two;
Miss :Mathilde Wei!, three; in all ten representatives, who contributed twenty-four of the
four hundred and twenty-three numbers exbibitecl.
Me. Fraser's picture is reproduced in this number. while Mr. Eickemeyer's "Vesper
Bell" appeared as a frontispiece in CAMERA NOTES, Vol. I., No. 3·

Camera Club Members at the American Institute Exhibition.

The Camera Club was truly triumphant at the recent exhibition, winning sixteen of
the thirty-six medals awarded.
Mr. Alfred Stieglitz headed the list of prize winners, winning a gold meclal for
"Scurrying Home;· in the Champion Class; the silver medal, as the highest award in
the Champion Lantern Slide Class; a silver medal, second prize, in the Genre; a silver
medal, second prize, in the Landscape, and a bronze, third prize, for Portraiture.
Mr. W. A. Fraser scored twice, receiving a silver medal, first prize, for his Royal
Medal Winner, and the bronze, second prize, in the Champion Lantern Slide Class.
William B. Post scored a bronze medal, third prize, for landscapes, and a bronze
medal, second prize, for lantern slides, non-prize winners. John Beeby took two awards, a
silver medal, first prize, in the Non-Prize Winner Lantern Slide Class, and a bronze medal,
second prize, for hand camera work. In the Portrait Class, E. Lee Ferguson received a
second prize in the form of a silver medal.
In the General Class, Mr. Wm. J. Cassard scored with "Grapes," receiving a second
prize, bronze medal.
Arthur Scott received a bronze medal, second prize, for slides in the Non-prize Win-
ner's Class.
In the Enlargement Classes, Sidney Herbert received a second prize, bronze medal;
likewise F. Huber Hoge.
In the Lantern Slide Classes, the Club took all the awards.
Jo6 CAMERA NOTES.

In Pll, live gold medals were awarded, eleven s1lver, and twenty bronze.
The judges were: Messrs. W. M. Hollinger, A. T. Bricher, A.N.A., Edward Bier-
stadt, Chas. I. Berg and W. M. Murray.

Camera Oub Members at the Philadelphia Salon.

Of the 259 pictures hung at the recent Philadelphia Salon, Alfred Stieglitz contributed
ten, the limit; Charles I. Berg, five; E. Lee Ferguson, five; Miss F. B. Johnston, four;
W. A. Fraser, three; Hewett A. Beasley, two; William J. Cassard, one; a total of thirty.

In the Annual Lantern Slide Competition of the Amal~ur PlroltJg-raplter (London),

W. A. Fraser won a Progress Gold Medal for some of his night scenes.
... ... ...
Notes from the Secretary's Desk.
The following have been elected as members of the club since the last issuf! of CAMERA
NOTES: Miss F. M. Wickes, 44 West Twenty·ninth street, City; Miss Frances B. John-
ston, Washington, D. C.; Messrs. A. M. Lemercier, City; H. H. Sessions, Chicago, Ill.;
Sam. S. Holzman, St West Ninety·sixth street, City; 'Ihomas A. Mcintyre, Produce
Exchange Building. City; JO!!eph X. Arosemena, Larchmont Manor, N. Y.; Francis T.
Meyer, Montclair, N.J.; Joseph Li\•ingstone, Hotel Netherlands, City; James Burch-
ell, 38 East Filty-third street, City; Edward H. Wiswell, East Orange, N. J.; WiJiiam
A. Morschhauser, 919 West End Avenue, City; R. R. Colgate, roo William street, City:
G. H. Chambel'lin, Yonkers, N.Y.; ].Dunbar Wright, 346 Lexington avem:e, City; Miss
Mary H. Mullen, Jersey City, N. J.; Messrs. Hugh Roberts Parrish, 26 Cortlandt street,
City; John Francis Strauss, 33 West Ninety-fourth street, City; A. Hatfield. Jr., 47
West FO£ty-third street, City; F. C. Heacb, 361 Broadway, City; Edward Pidgeon, 141
West Eighty·fourth street, City; Anton Schweickart, 615 East Eleventh street, City;
Alfred Marshall, Larchmont, N. Y.; Dr. Seth C. Comstock. 6 West Seventieth street,
City; John G. Underhill, 123 West Seventy-fourth 5treet, City; Edwm B. Wilcox, 343
Mad1son avenue, City; D. J. VIas to, 128 West Forty-first street, City.

The club is indebted to Mr. W. B. Post for his generous gift of six of his choicest pic·
tures, most tastefully framed. They have been added lo the Permanent Clul> Ccllection
and Exhibit.
Mr. John Aspinwall has kindly set up his complete outfit for photomicrographic
work, with arc light attachment, in the main hall of the club rooms, for the general use
of the members.
... ... ...
Donations to the .Moving Fund.
The name of A. H. Stoiber, now traveling abroad, has been added to
the list published in former numbers of CAMERA Non:!'.
Subscriptions are still very acceptable.
The moneys subscribed to the fund will only be used in fitting up the
rooms and purchasing necessary apparatus.
... ... ...
Donations for the Studio Floor.
On November qth, our president, Mr. W. D. Murphy, lectured on
"Pictorial Photography" before the Brooklyn Institute. The subject was
illustrated with the choicest slides, and was thoroughly appreciated by a
large and representative audience. Mr. Murphy, in his accustomed liberal
spirit, has turned the bonus received by him for the lecture to the treasurer
of the Club, to be used for the improvement of the Club studio.
Mrs. R. Lounsberry, Dr. Stevens and Mr. A. M. Hunter have added
liberal c'>ntributions for the same purpose.
 CAMERA NOTES. 107

A "Tusch" on Our Own Hom.

We need hardly call the attention of our readers to the sumptuousness
of the present number. From its first inception we have not limited CAM-
ERA NOTES to a particular number of pages or illustrations, but have
endeavored to make each issue the very best in our power and, if possible,
an improvement on its predecessor. We have promised to give two pho-
togravures in every number, but have several times printed three (in the
present case four) examples of the graver's art; an examination of which,
we believe, will show that quantity has not in the least detracted from
quality. Aside from tbe elegance of its presentation, which is in keeping
with the pa<;sing holiday season, we have, in this issue, devoted special
attention to recent important exhibitions, here and abroad, so that it may
be known as an "Exhibition Number." Not only does it contain able
reviews, by well known critics, of the Paris Salon, the Philadelphia Salon
and the American Institute Competition, but the several articles, "A Por-
trait and a Likeness," ''Too Well Done," etc., will be found to have a par-
ticnlar reference to the leading features of those events. The article" Both
Sides," written by A. Horsley Hinton, that eminent landscape artist and
able editor of the Amateur Photogruplur (London), is not the least interest·
ing feature of this issue. We suggest to the members of the Camera Club
that they not only peruse this number themselves, but also take occasion to
show it to their friends; for "no man, when he hath lighted a candle, put·
teth it in a secret place, neither under a bushel, but on a candlestick, that
they which come in may see the light.''
THE p UBLJCATION C'OMMITTF.E.

The Americans at the Paris Salon.

<Cr•t•cism by Robert Demachy. publish~d n the Bulletin du Photo· Club d~ Paris. Translated for
CAMERA NOTES by Jo•eph Obermeyer.)

Among the exhibits sent by Amcrtca we must call attention in the first place to the
w·ork of Miss Johnston and Mr. Stieglitz. Differing in style, they produce results which
are remarkable in equal degree. It is the first time that Miss Johnston bas exhibited in
Paris, and her works have been particularly appreciated; they display a vigorousness of
treatment and a clearness of intention which seem to be somewhat lacking in the aver-
age American work, as far, at least, as we are able to judge from the specimt:ns sent to us.
We except. of course, Mr. Stieglitz, who is a leader, and whose example has not been
followed as often as it should be.
The" Lady with the Veil," by Miss Johnston, is not only a photographic tour d~
fora, but a remarkable portrait ns well; the expression of the model is lifelike; the eye
looks out through the cloud of veil with a set intensity of expression. "A Gains borough
Girl" is lighter, in a very skillful fashion and trimmed in an original manner; the bat
which gives its name to the picture being almost entirely suppressed, enough of it only
remaining to give the very correct impression of the importance of the style of the head-
dress. In "Salambo" the modeling of the very expressive bead is excellent and the
decorative idea of the headdress is ingenious. The "Woman with the Glove·· is a real
portrait, subdued, quiet and well composed. We regret, however, the choking up of the
blacks, due to the printing method employed. To be mentioned also are "Mistress
Annie,'" in which the lighting is strikingly like that of tht: "Gainsborough Girl," with,
perhaps, more modeling; "Profile"; "The Sphinx." in which the transparency of the
veil is perfectly rendered; and R decorative landscape, in which latter, however, the val-
ues of the distance are not entirely correct. In short, an excellent display whtcb places
Miss Johnston well up amongst the masters of the new school.
108 CAMERA 11·0TES.

Further on we find three delicate prints by Mr Bullock. They show the rather cold
tonality which the Americans affect, and of which they will soon tire; charmingly done,
they latk ingenuousness and I am almost tempted to say that they are too perfect. The
"Cow Path" betrays a pretty sentiment, and the composition of the middle distance is
very skillful, but it seems to call for something in the foreground, the picture beginning
almosb abruptly in the middle distance. "Psyche" by Mr. Fairman, is an audacious
work. I could pass at a pinch so bold a title, if the artist by his use of soft effects, of
transparent gauze, of unreal lighting. had succeeded in making us forget the model anrt
the lens; such, however, is not the case in the present instance: it is but too apparent
that "Psyche" will dress h.:rself again and that the butterfly, born with the aid of a
clever pair of scissors, will retire into the storeroom of acce~sorie!'. We photograt:hers
must not forget that we will always have more trouble in making the personality of our
model disappear than the painter, and should adapt ourseh·es accordingly.. "Despair"
is hardly more satisfying; Mr. Fairman is not lacking in ideas, and we compliment him
upon the fact, for they are a rare commodity, but he does not seem to be master of his
methods of interpretation.
We do not quito: understand the effect sought by Mr. Hinsdale Smith in his "Cow-
path in the Berkshire Hills," with its gray tonality, its unequal color and its misplaced
printed-in clouds. "The Return of the Flock" is excellent in composition, and in the
disposition of light and shade it contains the elements ot a picture, but Mr. Hinsdale
Smith has not grasped the opportunity which was offered him. His print is coarse, his
high li~hts chalky, while the far-distance, which should be luminously clear, is du11 and
choked up. "Farmington Plains," on the contrary, is a charming, excellently composed
landscape, very artistically lighted and with tine tone values.
"Foggy Morning," by Mr. Redfield, is pretty without being remarkable: the" Last
Ray," indifferently composed, while the "Salt Marshes'' contrast light and shade attrac-
tively; "Solitude" is a charming bit of landscape. It is one of those subjects, seductive
to the eye, which are very difficult to reproduce by photographic means; Mr. Redfield has
succeeded admirably in rendering the effect he so:~ght for. By its side hangs "Golf," by
Mr. Pancoast, a simple snap-shot of a cold perfection: "The Valley of the Housatonic,"
a photographic panorama, is skillfully dune, but necessarily shows the unnatural short-
comings peculiar to this kind of subject. The same can be said of" Looking at the
Clouds" ; it is excellent, but the visitor does not linger over it.
1\lr. Thomas sends a pretty picture, "Frightened," which rises considerably, as far
as treatment and personality of conception are concerned, over the altogether too imper-
sonal work of many of his compatriots. In the first place, we have here, in the place of
the uniformly restless sky, which, alas, we see too often, a sky which is happily broken
by a screen-like mass of clouds at the top of the picture, which explains to perfection
the lighting of the country side. The sheep are well grouped, and the artist has cleverly
made use of the frightened attention o( the animals, caused by the appearanc.c of the
camera, to bestow the title" Frtihtened" to his composition, thus turning a mischance
into an advantage.
Mr. Comstock Baker's "Study of a Model," is well d1aped and well lighted, but
rather lacks character. The uniformly gray background contributes to the monotonous
perfectivn of the work. "Approach of Evening" is an equally perfect little landscape
with a turbulent sky and of a pretty color.
Mr. Lee Ferguson sends ns four frames, the first of which, "Still Life," hyacinths
with a plaster statuette, might have been interesting and seems to miss its mark only by
rendering the matter betweet: the flowers and the statuette with an nnfortunate same-
ness, notwithstanding the fact that photographic processes well handled are particularly
adapted to differentiating materials. The young girl with the cat, entitled "Friends,"
reminds too mucb of the Christmas numbers of English and American magazines.
"Evening at the Lock" is uninteresting; the open air portrait, "Irene," on the contrary,
is charming and of a pretty sentiment, and would be perfect were it not for the same
uniform rendering of matter noticed in "Still Life."
"Ecstacy," by Mr. Schneider, is a good example to study. Here tbe falseness of
the lighting and of the accessories have taken away all artistic merit from a photograph
•

'

MENDING NETS
By Alfred Stieglitz
 CAMERA NOTE.S: Ill

in which the persons are remarkably well posed. The line,; of the young woman at the
piano are graceful, while the little girl balances. the composition perfectly; with suitable
surroundings a charming little picture would have resulted, but the author. badly in-
spired, introduces a painted background from which the warm light of a lamp shedding
its rays, accentuated by a skilless pencil, is supposed to reflect on the e11semble of the
compo!lition. Now, the models are not lighted from above, nor against the light as they
should be under the circumstances, but from the side and rear. and full daylight gives
the lie to the lighting of the lamp. In addition, a large window in the rear opens upon
a sunlit landscape, all of which rather surpasses the bounds permissible to fantasy.
Following Mr. Schneider we must mention Miss Emma Sewall, for what is good in
her interesting composition of an old woman reading the Bible by the light of a candle.
"The End of the Day" is likewise annulled by the manifest incorrectness of the lighting.
Not only is it impossible that the candle should yield the diffuse hght by which the
model is flooded, but the body of the candle itself is violently lighted by mysterious lu-
minous rays emanating from the left and very little is lacking to make the candle itself
cast a shadow on the table. Such improbabilities can hardly be admired.
Mr. Troth sends us two studies of dunes and ocean whose delicate gray coloring are
of a ravishing truthfulness. Such subjects, almost monochrome as they are in nature,
lend themselves admirably to a faithful reproduction; of course, they must be selected
with the same understanding that Mr. Troth displays. "A Glimpse of the Sea" is partie·
ularly successful, the velvetiness of the sand being perfect.
Mr. Post shows a single proof, "A Frosty Morning," in which the misty back-
ground in effect as if only just stumped in, is of a delicacy of tone which is simply
charming.
We have kept Mr. Stieglitz's exhibit for the last; an exhibit of a charming variety,
which is restful after the somewhat monotonous range of subject and manner of treat-
ment of his compatriots which has already been note~. ''Mending Nets" is of a rare
poetry, the effect of atmosphere being wonderfully rendered. Attention must be called
to the truthfulness of the white note of the bonnet against the sky, for we have often
found occasion to criticise the falseness of the relation between the tone of the sky and
the whites of linens or of walls in photography. "Venice" is a delightful picture. Mr.
Stieglitz has avoided the banality of a well known subject by the cleverness of his light-
ing and by a peculiar quality of his reflections, which are free from that distressing
photographic sharpness which generally impels us to turn the print face down. His
"Portrait" is excellent, with fint: blacks, and very lifelike. His "Night Effect" is re-
markable, and much more truthful than similar effects which we have had the opportunity
of seeing. It is free from choked up blacks, and the abFence of wafer-like halations about
the street lamps is happy. Mr. Stieglitz excels in winter landscape,; with snowy fore-
grounds. The two studies in this direction are perfect. In "Study of Foreground," the
rendering of the crystalline velvetiness of the snow cannot be surpassed; this, however,
is a technical point: the artist is revealed in the lighting, and the bands of shadow which
cut the white expanse and mark the different planes reveal the imprint of Mr. Stieglitz.
It is evidence of great skill. "Snow and Sky" is of an extreme delicacy; but we are
rather astonished to see the snow brilliantly sunlit, while the sky suggests the sadness of
a dark, dreary day. I am far from quarreling with Mr. Stieglitz for seeking to obtain
an effect by sunning his sky when making the print; I would even congratulate him
upon his success, if the result were truthful, but it seems to me that such is not entirely
the case.
It will not be a difficult matter to recapitulate the impression on the public produced
by these two exhibitions, English and American. The first was distinguished by its
high average exoellence and by the delicacy of its attempts and the simplicity of its
means. On the other hand, it was to be criticised for a peculiar sameness of appearance
of works evidently of diffen:nt intention. The average of the second appeared to be less
high. In consequence, the better works were more pronounced, if smaller in number.
All in all, the Paris Photo Club has reason to be grateful to its English and Amer-
ican comrades for the cordial war in which they have contributed toward the success of
the exhibition which has just closed its doors.
112 CAMERA NOTES.

Donations to the ·Library.

The Club Library has received the following dona lions: "Art and Practice of Silve1
Printing," by Robinson & Abney; "Photography for Amateurs," by Hepworth; "Text-
Book of Photographic Science," hy Abney; "Amateu-r Photographer," by Wallace;
"Progress of Photography,' Dr. H. W. Vogel. This series was donated by Mr. C. S.
McKune. Mr. R. L. Bracklow presented "Chemistry for Photographers"; Mr. H. S.
Mack, "Photography in tbe Field and Studio," and "A. B. C. of Photography" ;
Mr. Arthur Scott, "The Art of Retouching"; Mr. W. C. Carlin. "Manual of
Photography," by Broth.:rs, and "Photography," hy Hunt. A bound volume of Plto-
lo.trraplty, Vol. I., 188q; British Journal of Photog-raphy, 1889; four special numbers
of the Amateur Plto/OI{raplter (London); and three volumes of A mzuaire General de
Ia Pltolo.trrapltie, 1893, 1894, 1898, were donated by Mr. A. Stieglitz .

...
Reviews and Exchanges.
(BOOKS REVIEWED 1:'1 THESE COLUMNS ARE ADDED TO TIIF. LIBRARY OF THE CLUB.)

Ia Nature's Image. Chapters oa Pictorial Photograma of '98. A Pictorial aad

Photography. By W. I. Lincoln Literary Record of the Heat Pho 1O•
Adams. Illustrated. New York: The graphic Work of the Year. Published
Baker & Taylor Co. Price, $2.50. for the" Photogram," Ltd. Dawborn
&: Ward, Ltd., London.
To continue his good work m the wor-
thy cause of pictorial photography, com- This publication, which at itscommt:nce-
menced last year by Mr. Adams in the ment four years ago may have seemed like
publication of "Sunlight and Shadow," a a work of supererogatiOn, has made such
still more sumptuous volume, entitled "In a place for itself that it is now an actual
Nature's Image," has been written and necessity to all photographic libraries and
arranged by the same master hand. a welcome addition to the favorite book-
As in the previous book, the author has shelf of the connoisseur. Its compilation is
cleverly contrived, hy an artistic disposi- onlv possible by the voluntary assistance
tion of the elegant illustrations, to make of tht: foremost exhibitors of the world, who
the pictures do most of the talking and, forward copies of their prmts to the pub-
where possible, to present the views of the lishers even in advance of the salons and
makers of them in elucidation of the vari- comi?etitions. That the illustrations are so
ous chapters. fairly representative oi the yearly progress
This will, no doubt, prove the most sat- m pictorial camera work is a sufficient evi-
isfactory way of conveying instruction to dence of the estimation in which the Photo-
those who ate anxious to know about Genre, gram series is held by those most interested
Telling a Story. Models, The Nude, Home in elevating the standard of photographic
Portraiture, Flowers, Children, Landscape art. The articles briefly and graphically
with Figures, Interiors, which ate the sev- tell us what we are most anxious to k.now;
eral interesting subjects of the book. It is the noticeable features of the three great
our experience that photographic students English exhibitions. Crystal Palace, Pall
prefer to hear the views of actual picture Mall and Salon; besides giving timely re-
makers, whose works have received honors views of the progress of photography m
at home and abroad. rather than the tech- France. Canada, the United States and
nical demonstrations of mere theorists; for far-off New Zealand, by the most capable
they regard them as speaking with author- pens. l'he book is entirely illustrated by
ity and not as the scribes. As the author half-tone blocks. and so exquisitely has the
of "In Nature's Image," however, Mr. printing been executed that few contribu-
Adams writes with peculiar impressive- tors can complain that tbeir work bas been
ness, being an adept with the camera and misrepresented in the translation. We are
ye·t possessing the pen of a ready writer. pleased to see that the admirable binding
We admire his discretion in confining his chosen for the first number has been re-
remarks within reasonable limits, though tained for the series, together with the dis-
some of the topics must have tempted a tinguishing diagonal band on tloe back.
photographic enthusiast, as he certainly is, There are few books in the library to which
to speak in extenso. A minor attraction we more willingly turn, .whether to while
of this book is the ten beautiful vignettes away a half-hour or to keep posted on the
which grace the initials of the chapters. progress of the times, than these Photo-
They are perfect little gems. W. M. M. grams of '95, 'q6, '97 and '98. W. M. M
 CAMERA NOTES. II:J
-~ - -~ -----·-------------------

The Philadelphia Salon.

Its Origin and Influence.
A Photographic Salo11 on something like a proper basis, and demand-
ing and establishing an artistic standard of excellence far higher and
vastly more exacting than any previously and authoritatively set in this
country, was recently held at Philadelphia and is now a matter of photo-
graphic history. So pronounced was the interest that it excited, not alone
in the photographic, but also in the more extensive picture-loving world;
so essentially and individually artistic were a number of the pictures that
it called forth from workers, many of them previously unknown, who for
years have labored to perfect their art with that earnestness that is begot-
ten of a sincere love of it and a positive belief in its greater and nobler
possibilities; and so evident and immediate was its elevating and refining
influence on both the photographic work and taste of the country from the
Atlantic to the Pacific-as to mark a photographic epoch and justify the
initiative taken by the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and to call for
a review of thE' events that led up to it, before turning to the exhibition
itself.
When Paul Delaroche, the well-known artist. exclaimed enthusiastically,
on seeing one of Daguerre's plates, "Painting is dead!" he voiced a popular
and extravagant sentiment that had been called forth by the publication of
alchemistic experiments that made the name of Daguerre an epoch-mark-
ing word in the scientific phraseology of every civilized tongue through-
out the world, and in the same breath served the new-born art-science a
desperately bad turn by exciting a bitter and exceedingly narrow class-
prejudice in the minds of that entertaining and estimablt: class of society,
the painters, who, with all their Bohemian love of lax law and liberality of
view, are quite as conservative as lawyers, doctors and liberal political lead-
ers upon matters that seem in any way to threaten or affect what they hold
to be their peculiar rights, prerogatives and interests. There seemed to be
some magical power about this extraordinary discovery that the alchemists
had stumbled upon, in their fruitless hunt for the philosopher's stone, that
was to turn all it touched to gold-this process that had been hinted at in
some of the old Greek classics and that Daguerre and others had made prac-
ticable and of utility; and extraordinary and unlimited possibilities were
accredited to it. It had enemies accordingly, just as any new thing that
seems to threaten any particular calling or profession has enemies; as the
railroad and postal systems found bitter opponents in the stage-coach and
packet companies; just as every new painter of power and individuality
has bitter enemies at the start who use all their power to misrepresent and
crush him. And when it became apparent that it had its limitations-that,
for example, it was not able to depict the true color and flame of the sun-
light or the Egyptian blackness of the night-things which no painter from
the time of the Creation has ever been able to do -it was sneered at and
characterized as simply me.chanical and chemical, and altogether irrespon-
sive to the individuality of its manipulator; and the painter would refer
114 CAMERA NOTES.

with great gusto to his photographer acquaintance as "my clumica/ friend,"

laying decided stress on the clumica/. This sort of treatment decidedly
abashed many of the more sensitive and serious photographic workers and
succeeded in creating an opinion that was insisted upon everywhere, and
at all times with axiomatic dogmatism, that photography was purely
mechanical and hence entirely devoid of any direct artistic value. So
generally was this fals~ doctrine preached that it gained many advocates
among the devotees of the camera of the press-the-button sort; and when
the photographic efforts of certain of our painter friends, whose artistic
knowledge and ability is of no mean order, are considered, and we recall
how entirely bad they are in every possible rt:spect, not even evidencing-
the remotest acquaintance on the part of their makers with the first laws
of composition-it is not to be wondered at that the preaching of such men
against photography as an art, supported by samples of their individual
photographic efforts which they offer in evidence, bas gone a great way
towards creating an adverse impression in the ranks of the undiscriminating
and gregarious.
Happily for the future of photography, there were those in the photo-
graphic world who were not to be imposed upon by this sort of art-snob-
bery nor to be allasbed into silence by narrow snubbery of this kind-those
who felt that the hog's bristle was not the only mt:dium given to man
through which to express his artistic feeling, who loved their art, recognized
its limitations and knew its possibliti~s. and who were well equipped both
to carry out their ideas and aspirations on the one hand and to fight for
and defend them on the other.
''The writer distinctly remembers," runs an article in the Pkoto~rapkic
Twus Almanac for 1895 from the pen of one to whom artistic photography
in America owes more than to any other man, both on account of his cam-
era anrl his pen--"the writer distinctly remembers bow Messrs. Srna,
Scolik, Mallmann and others of the Viennese Camera Club talked about
a Photographic Salon as early as 1889, and how they were laughed at at
first. But these gentlemen were not to be discouraged by petty sneerers,
and, going ahead with the courage of their convictions, they soon bad the
whole c1ub interested in the work, and as we all remember, the Viennese
Photographic Salon was a huge success and a triumph for picture photog-
raphy. In England this example was followed with great success and then
Paris followed suit."
Nevertheless, all of these exhibitions left much to be desired and could
scarcely be termed more than high class exhibitions. None had yet dared
to take the position occupied by the leaders in the photographic world to-
day; nor does this seem extraordinary when it is remembered that the
oldest and most influential photographic body in the world, the Photo-
graphic Society of Great Britain (now known as the" Royal"), whose annual
exhibition held at London was looked forward to from all parts of the
world as the event of the photographic year, was decidedly lax in its method
and did not insist on the highest artistic standard for its exhibitions. Its
influence over the photographic world was almost absolute, and to demand
more than it called for was sure to raise a perfect storm of ridicule and
 CAMERA NOTES. IIS

abuse. Yet in spite of this there were those within its ranks who were not
yet satisfied; who declared that photography was capable of still greater
things, and that the standard was not high enough; who insisted that the
society's judges were too careless in their judgments, and that they per-
mitted pictures to be bung which bad little or no claim to artistic merit;
and who urged and demanded that steps be taken to remedy this. These
men, who were few in number and who came to be known as the progres-
sive element, finding that they were far outnumbered by the "conserva-
ti\'e" element and that they could do nothing there for the advancement of
their views, decided to start their own exhibition, to be known as the Salon,
which was to be run purely in the interests of photography as an art. The
medal system was to be abolished and the one distinction was to be that of
having been judged worthy of exhibition. Thus was evolved the famous
Linked Ring, as it came to be called. It was composed not alone of English-
men, as is generally supposed, but of the most advanced men of the differ-
ent countries.
Overwhelmed with abuse by an army of photographers of a certain class,
ridiculed by the press, and opposed at every step by their former associates,
this small body of enthusiasts nevertheless established their Salon, and
that first real Photographic Salon marked out a new era for pictorial pho-
tography. Its influence spread almost immediately, a like plan was adopted
by the Continental societies, and within a short period remarkable and
splendid work was exhibited in Vienna, Paris, Hamburg and other conti-
nental cities, till finally pictorial photography came to be taken seriously
by the continental art societies and academies, and to-day the principal pho-
tographic exhibitions are held under their auspices, and in several art" cen-
ters the leading art museums have established permanent exhibitions of
original photographs of real artistic merit and value in addition to their
collections of paintings and sculpture, and have set aside a fund for the
purchase of the same.
In the United States matters had not progressed so favorably. Here,
where nearly every other person, adult or minor, male or female, white or
black, was the proud possessor of a camera, there was no dearth of photo-
graphic societies, and it was quite the thing for the "Art-babbling Plate·
spoiling Tripod Club," for example, to hold a sociable salon, where badly
fogged pictures were labeled and exhibited as impressionistic studies, and
medals and red, white and green ribbons were awarded for snapshots of
horses in motion, in the taking of which one leg had been "snapped off,"
or for vulgarly elaborate pictures of ill-shaped females, undressed in mos-
quito·netting, ham-tester or carving-knife in hand for stiletto or cimeter,
badly posed in the midst of a group of imitation antiques of tin or clay
against a most disturbing background, usually a variegated plush portiere,
a.nd labeled "Cleopatra," "Judith," ''Harem Lady," or whatever other
name that chanced to be fished out of the grab-bag of the picture·makers'
memory, to excuse the atrocity.
This sort of "salon" was held in almost every city or town and did
incalculable mischief to the real pictorial photography; for the serious art-
loving workers would not dare to exhibit under such circumstances as
JI6 CAMERA NOTES.

these, and all the force and encouragement of studying good work was
lost. Even at the best class of exhibitions, policy and bad taste seemed
to have a deal to do with the judging. Now anci then, however, an exhi-
bition would be announced that seemed to be of more than ordinary prom-
ise, and many would be tempted to break their time·honored rule of not
entt:ring their pictures in an exhibition, only to find that if their work was
not judged by a jury of cabbage·heads, it was subordinated to a galaxy of
assertive onions, buxom pumpkins or passic flowers.
From the year 1884 to 1894 American photographers. amateur and
professional. annually looked forward to the "Joint" exhibitions, held
alternately at New York, l:'hiladelphia and Boston, as the event of the
~·ear. They were supposed to afford him an opportunity to study and com-
pare the best work produced by means of the camera at home and abroad.
Their aim was to cultivate pictorial photography as the term was at that
time understood, anci also its scientific and technical branches, lantern
slides, apparatus, etc. The annual exhibition uf the Photographic Society
of Great Britain served as a model to some extent for these exhibitions.
The medals awarded at them-for it was always deemed necessary to
tempt the exhibitor with some glittering inducement-were consi iered well
worth striving for and were only second in importance to the "blue rib-
han" of the photographic world. the •· Royal." The more modern ideas
of advanced pictorial photography were then never dreamed of except by
a few-that same few who by their tireless energy and constant preaching
have made the present advanced standard possible. The photographers
who devoted much of their time to its study were few and far between.
It was not taken seriously by the press nor by the artistic element of the
public. The "Joint" exhibitions were often run by committees totally
devoid of any artistic feeling or training. Artists were generally appointed
by them to make the awards, but these gentlemen rarely took their re-
sponsibilities any too seriously. These exhibitions were rarely of
any real international importance and seldom even nationally represent-
ative.
In America, while every obstacle imaginable seemed to be thrown in the
path of the onward march of this new medium for giving expression to the
individual artistic feeling, towards that realm which was peculiarly its
own-photography was by no means at a standstill. Good, and even great,
work was constantly being done. Here one could be found devoting his
spare moments to the study of this art and its possibilities and n1aking
comparative studies of the world's great masterpieces in painting, etching
and engraving, in order to bring that knowledge to bear on his photo-
graphic pursuits. Often he was unknown, except to his small circle of
friends, whom by his work he both educated and influenced. There another
might he met, a lover of Balzac, Thackeray or Poe, who attempted to
perpetuate the types that surrounded him-tried with his sun.magic to
catch a bit of the soul of the sitter, like Gogo) 's painter, so that the pictured
type lived on and all but spoke to you long after its original had passed
away, thus perpetuating for posterity the characters and types of a par-
ticular locality with its feeling and atmosphere. Imagine. for an instant,
 CAMERA NOT.h.:S.

how valuable to the student woul,d be such light-written records of Greece

or Egypt, or our own pre-historic America.
Elsewhere another has caught, first in the pupil of his eye and then
through the eye of his camera, the characteristic points Qf a great modern
city by day and by night, with all of its tireless energy and its extremes:of
life. Here a poor woman picks her way along, with starvation in ev~ry line
of her face and form, and there a handsomely attired lady is passing in her
carriage to her pleasure; simply glimpses these, and yet life histories, and
that, too, from the standpoint of the one who took the picture. Another
would have presented it differently. This man has been inspired by his
subject and has been making a study of it for years. To do it he has had
to put his finger on the pulse of life, and the picture is the record of its
throbbing. Yes, such workers as these were laboring each in his own
locality, and in his own special way, towards the one common end. And
all the while there stood on the outposts, at least one watchful sentinel
keeping the flame of hope alive, watching for the proper moment for the
marshaling of these hidden forces-for the welding of them into one
great onward movement. Entirely acquainted with the great work done
in Europe, and yet with unshaken faith in the ability of his own country-
men to surpass it, even though they had never yet put forward any great
example of their ability-for with one or two nfltable exceptions American
productions were almost unknown in the European salons-he wrote in
189s=
"We Americans cannot afford to stand still; we have the best of
material among us, hidden, in many cases; let us bring it out. Let us
make up our minds that we are equal to the occasion, and prove to the
photographic world at large that we are awake and intert:tited in the prog-
ress of picture photography. Abolish these joint exhibitions, which have
done their work and served their purpose, and let us start afresh with an
A11nual Pleologmplzic Salon, to be run on the strictest lines. Abolish med-
als and all prizes-the acceptance and hanging of a picture should be the
honor. There is no better instructor than public exhibitions." And again
in 1896:
•' Photographic exhibitions in other countries are gradually decreasing
in number and greatly increasing in quality. Medals are being abolished
in high class exhibitions and only the very best work hung.
"Let us hope that the United States will soon show the world the finest
collection of pictorial photographic work ever seen, if only to make up for
its former deficiencies and backwardness." In the Photo Mosaics for 1887
a contributor writes: "It may safely be asserted that the ultimate and
decisive recognition of photography as an art will come from America."
The above quotations will suffice to show that if nothing had really been
accomplished towards any definite photographic movement up to 1898, there
was nevertheless an ever-increasing sentiment in that direction that was
the harbinger of better days for the future of photography, and seemed to
indicate that the time was almost ripe when the best hopes of the optimis-
tic would to some degree be realized. Therefore, when, some nine months
ago, it was announced that the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts had
118 CAMERA NOTES.

recognized the tru~ position of pictorial photography, and that it had taken
the initiative to hold an International Photographic Salon at Philadelphia
under the joint auspices of the Academy of Fine Arts and the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia, it was hailed with delight by that handful of Amer-
ican enthusiasts who had so long been battling for the proper recognition
of pictorial photography on this side of the water.
The clear straightforward conditions of admission to this exhibition,
its first class committees and representative board of selection, the abo-
lition of all awards and distinctions aside from that of the acceptance of
the pictures offered, seemed to leave little to be desired, and to carry the
assurance that at last there would be held in this country a salon worthy
of the name.
Was this hope realized, and did the salon accomplish what was expected
of it? In order to answer these questions it will be necessary for us to
turn to the salon itself. Let us first of all turn to the catalogue. The
outside of its front cover is of an olive green tone, with a decorative
and rather apropos panel of a draped figure bearing a lighted lamp and
entitled "Light." The within side of this cover and the first ten pages
are distinctly disfigured by advertisement, and give the book a cheap look,
and divert one's mind to the thought of those self-love-inspired publica-
tions, church, sociable and private theatrical programmes, to meet the
expense of which the corner grocer, butcher and other neighborhood
tradesmen are annually held up for a "first class" advertisement, to their
helpless horror. It was undignified, and gave a distinctly cheap, commer-
cial appearance to what otherwise would have been an example of refined
and tasteful printing. Then comes the title page, and that giving
names of jury, etc.; from this it appear& that the jury of selection consists
of Messrs. William :\L Chase and Robert W. Vonnoh, painters, Miss Alice
Barber Stephens, illustrator, and Messrs. Alfred Stieglitz and Robert S.
Redfield, photographers. We learn from the Philadelphia press that full
1,5oo pictures were entered. and it appears from the catalogue that only
259 were hung, making it appear that 1,241 were rejected. This, together
with the explanatory words with which the catalogue opens, places one in
a frame of mind to expect much indeed. "The possibilities of photog-
raphy as a method of artistic expression are generally admitted," reads the
catalogue. "Recognizing this fact, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine
Arts, under joint management with the Photographic Society of Philadel-
phia, submits for approval this exhibition of pictorial photography as the
first Philadelphia Photographic Salon.
"The purpose of the salon is to show only such pictures produced by
photography as may give distinct evidence of individual artistic feeling
and execution.
"For the first time in this country is presented a photographic exhibi-
tion confined exclusively to such pictures rigidly selected by a jury, whose
certificate of acceptance is the only award."
Turning from this with hopes raised to the highest pitch, we are doomed
to meet our first disappointment. From the Philadelphia press notices we
had been led to suppose that all of the leading European photographers
 CAMERA NOTES. 119

are represented here, yet in the A's of the catalogue there are only two
names, and that of J. Craig Annan is not one of them; hastily running over
the catalogue we discover that nearly all of the well·known European names
are mtssmg. Such men as Annan, Demachy, Henneberg, Watzek, Berg-
heim, Kuehn, Robinson, etc., etc., are masters of their art, and should have
been represented when the main object of the exhibition was to show the
very best photographic work that it was possible to attract, and we know for
a positive fact that these, and indeed the majority of European workers,
would have gladly entered their work had they been properly approached.
The result would make it appear that abroad the matter of the approaching
salon was not placed in the hands best calculated to advance its interests.
The hurried hunt for the names of our trans·Atlantic friends brought
under notice. the i11ustrations to the catalogue, and was responsible for
a graver disappointment. Of the ten pictures wretchedly reproduced,
only three are really representative of the best work shown at the salon,
and some of the remaining seven pictures are so entirely void of merit of
any kind that they should not only not have been reproduced, but should
never have been allowed a place in the salon. It is difficult to understand
how the jury ever came to pass upon them favorably. This is particularly
unfortunate, for this catalogue has been widely circulated, and will without
any doubt convey an entirely wrong idea, to those who were not able to see
the exhibition for themselves, of the really high standard of the great
majority of the pictures hung in the salon. Yet in spite of that same high
standard there were upwards of fifty pictures in the exhibition that, if not
distinctly bad, were essentially mediocre, and which, without any doubt,
lowered the tone and standard of the entire salon. How the jury ever rec-
onciled itself to accepting these pictures on the one hand and to the rejec-
tion on the other of certain pictures which it is well·knewn were sub·
mitted to it- pictures which had their faults, without a doubt, and were far
short of the highest standard set hy the jury, just as they were a thousand
times more interesting and meritorious than any of the above mentioned
fifty-is quite beyond comprehension.
With these exceptions the Philadelphia Salon was the most remarkable
photographic display ever shown to an American public-so remarkable
that a well known New York painter who had seen and had ample oppor-
tunity to study the different pictures, advised his art-class to see it, if pos-
sible. "It was a revelation," he told them, "and there is not a member of
the class who could not learn something from that exhibition, many of the
photographs being of the most perfect compositton, and nearly all of the
pictures of great artistic merit and quite beautiful."
Individuality and correct tonality, with all that these two things imply,
were evidently the essential qualities looked for by the majority of the
judges in the prints submitted. The result was a surprise to all except
the advanced workers, whose claims for photography it more than con-
firmed. For the first time it was realized that a Stieglitz, a Hinton or a
Day was as distinctive in style as a Breton, a Corot or a Verestchagin; that
photography is open to broad as well as sharp treatment; that it bad its
impressionists and its realists. So great was the revelation, that its full
120 CAMERA J\'OTES.

significance was not immediately realized-it seemed rather to have a daz-

ing effect. Perhaps the strongest evidence of this was the manner in
which the press took the thing up. It was not prepared for it. It praised
without knowing just why; criticised without understanding, and settled
down to discussing technical excellence as that was understo~d in the old
days of photography.
Technical excellence! None seemed to understand the real sig-
nificance of the expression in its broadest sense-such natural treat-
ment as is necessary to express exactly the feeling of the subject
treated. Not infrequently have I heard some particularly charming,
dreamy print of a twilight scene condemned because it lacked sharp-
ness, and pronounced technically faulty; when the picture represents
just the hour when everything is calm and still in the country; when
even the frogs and the crickets are silent; when the earth exhales its gray
and sepia tinted vapors that ascending blend themselves with the soft
mists of approaching night, and blot all conflicting details into a vague
harmonious whole; all nature lacks sharpness, and a landscape becomes a
marvelously beautiful mass of indescribable and suggestive shadows, with
here and there a hint of light that marks the death of day. The very
charm of such a picture and hour is its dream-stirring vagueness-a vague-
ness that leaves something to the imagination, and by its weird shadows
and ghostly lights stimulates its activity. Take, for example, some of
Hinton's or Croft's remarkable pictures. It were as reasonable to condemn
a fog picture,. becaust: it wanted definition, as to demand that the dreamy
Grieg be interpreted and executed with the same vigor and spirit as the
stentorian Wagner. Every subject, be it what it may, demands a certain
order of technical treatment, and it is the ability to treat it properly and
with entire sympathy and harmony that distinguishes the artist from the
mere mechanic. A "crescendo of silences" is ten thousand times more
expressive and harmonious at the proper moment than the most masterly
and musical marshaling of sounds ever conceived in t!ui brain of man.
Let us turn to the pictures by Alfred Stieglitz. Here arP ten pictures
that show a remarkably broad range, both as to subject and treatment. In
each instance we forget all about technique in the charm of the picture story.
What does it mean? It means that the maker of these pictures had the
artist's keen human sympathy and a correct appreciation and love of what
is interesting and beautiful in nature; such qualities as enabled Balzac
and Stevenson to get so near to the heart of humanity and to thrill with
immortal life the pages of their books; such qualities as enabled Frans
Hals and Jules Breton to preserve for all times the Dutch burgomasters
and the Breton peasants. The quick sympathy and keen eye of the artist
has felt the full human charm of such scenes as ''Scurrying Home" and
"Gossip," and bas caught in an instant what it would have taken the painter
hours. if not days, to obtain; and yet, technically, as to composition and
the like, these pictures are almost faultless. On the other hand he has
appreciated the local feeling and artistic possibilities of such subjects as
"Winter on Fifth Avenue," and "Reflections, Night,'' and that too when
such things were held to be photographically impossible; and after
 MAGDALEN
By Chas. I. Berg
 CAMERA NOTES. 123

patiently waiting and watching for the right moment has caught on his
plate the conception of his brain. To-day, when night pictures are more
or less common, one remembers the great surprise and interest excited by
Alfred Stieglitz's night picture exhibited in the London Salon of 1895· •
It was, as nearly as I have been able to ascertain, the first night picture
taken or exhibited, and one of the most picturesque. Another of his pic-
tures that possesses great charm, especially to those who know the beautiful
city of the Adriatic, is his "Bit of Venice." Though not exhibited at the
salon, I mention it here because there was also on exhibition there ::1 picture
by another that recalled this picture at once, it was so different. This may
·seem paradoxical, but those familiar with the two pictures will understand
my meaning. It is a striking illustration of bow the true artist in photog-
raphy and a mere technically careful photographer will treat a very similar
subject. "Mending Nets, which to me is one of the greatest of Mr. Stieg-
II

litz's pictures, should have been differently framed and printed to have
enabled the casual observer to appreciate its real values. Indeed, several
other pictures of his should have been printed differently in order that all
the charm in them might have been known. No one realizes this more
thoroughly than does Mr. Stieglitz himself, but his services to photog-
raphy in another line, services for which every lover of the art owes him
a profound debt, have prevented his enjoying the luxury of giving the time
to his own photographic work that would be necessary for the proper
interpretation of his negatives. None of his friends but regret that he
is not doing more work with his c_amera and plates; and none but
appreciate the extent of the sacrifice that he makes in not doing so. He
is the exp:>nent of realism in photography. I do not mean that sort of
"realism'" that bas to do with undraped ft:males perched in impossible
positions on trees, or forms emerging from rushy pools and disturbing
foliage, that remind one of the alleged photographs of starving Cubans
exhibited so profusely in our metropolitan shop windows just previous to
the Cuban trouble-which, to be frank, is really a form of sensualism-hut
of that intelligent realism, I mean, to use the words of Verestcbagin,
which is built on observation and on facts, in opposition to idealism. which
is founded on impressions and affirmati.ons, established a priori. To this
latter class belongs F. Holland Day. Examine, for example, his series of
the "Seven Last Words, which, by the way, was improperly hung in the
11

exhibition-an architectural frame should never be so hung that it can

be looked down upon-and which I take it are experimental studies rather
than finished pictures. Great injustice bas been done Mr. Day by the en-
tire press in this, that it has judged and criticised these pictures, not for
what they are, but as finished works. Taking a subject that was centuries
and countries away from him, be has endeavored first to form somt: idea
• Paul Martin, of London, exhibited his famous set of slides, "London by Night,"
at the same time at the "Royal."' shortly afterwards publishing his mode of procedure in
an English magazine. Inspired by this publication, Mr. Fraser began his work on the
same lines in January, 18<}6. Early in the same year, Mr. Stieglitz was the first to intro-
duce life into his .night pictures. All this relates to pictorial night scenes, and not to
photographs taken at nil{ht in sdentific experiment.-EorTORS
 CAMERA NOTES.

of it, to imbue a model with his conception, and then to make a photo-
graphic record of his idea. This endeavor is as ambitious as it is new.
Mr. Day has virtually struck out along new, and what were hitherto held
to be impossible, lines-lines that require a special order of ability, a
powerful and artistic imagination, and a magnetic aud forceful personal-
ity. Yet if the true orator is able to stir, not one, but many hearers to full
and sympathetic understanding, let us say of Antony's oration over dearl
Caesar, till they come to be entirely in touch not only with the complex
emotions and mo~ives of Antony, but likewise with the awakening inter-
est of the Roman populace; their remembrance, regret, sorrow; their
suspicion of the perpetrators of the deed; their indignation and finally
their terrible hunger for vengeance and blood-surely a photographer, if
he have the requisite ability, can imbue one sympathetic model with the
feeling and emotion vf a particular time and character within the bounds
of human conception. Have Mr. Day's critics forgotten the efforts of the
actors of the Passion Play, whose earnest and pious efforts to present the
passion and death of Christ has stirred an irreligious and indifferent
world to piety and tears?
It is not my desire for an instant to convey the impression that Mr.
Day has accomplished what he has striven for-for I feel that he has not
-but I do feel that he has come sufficiently near it to warrant the expec-
tation of greater things from his finished work, for I regard these pictures
as simply experimental efforts. On the other hand, he certainly stands at
the bead of this class of workers, and is virtually alone in the work that he
is doing, for I do not consider the work of Dumont as anything more than
theatrical, and wretchedly theatrical at that; almost as reprehensible as
the spurious pictures of the Passion Play that were thrown on the screen
at the Eden Musee last winter-that were utterly and irredeemably blas-
phemous and inartistic; and the Philadelphia paper which bracketed
Dumont's "Weeping Magdalen" and Day's "Seven Last Words" in
order to shower praise upon them both, demonstrated beyond disproof its
own utter lack of critical balance and insight, and went as far as it was
possible for a criticism to go to damn Day's work beyond redemption. I
would just as soon have thought of coupling Berg's charming little nude
with the "Seven Last Words," merely because Berg had chanced to mis-
call his study of a beautiful undraped model, posed kneeling on a polar
bear skin, with a handsome Japanese screen for a background, "Magda-
len," in order to explain or excuse her obvious unwillingness to show her
features while posing in the altogether, and hence burying her face in her
hands. The picture might as appropriately be called a "Model Resting,"
a "Modern Magdalen," "Orlalesque," or almost anything. In looking at it
no one thinks about its name, and Mr. Berg would be as little pleased as
Mr. Day to find these works thus coupled, and both gentlemen would have
excellent grounds for displeasure.
Of all the pictures exhibited by Mr. Day, that entitled "Ebony and
Ivory" is the most thoroughly artistic, the most finished piece of work
that he has ever done. Its tonal values are exquisitely harmonious, and
in its conception it is distinctly Greek; indeed, it has but one fault
 CAMERA. NOTES. 125
------------ --- ---·--------
that I can mention: The little ivory statuette is in too high a key of white
for the subdued tones of the balance of the picture and is distinctly dis-
turbing. Nevertheless, this is a minor fault, and the exquisite lines and
modeling of the dusky figure, as it half emt:rges from its nocturnal back-
ground, are a source of constant pleasure to the beholder. Its mistiness,
it is true, might cause my Japo-German friend, Hartmann, to laugh and
damn it with faint praise, or our English critic, Mr. Caff.n, to smile approv-
ingly and call it an accident; but with due respect to both eminent critics,
it is neither an accident nor a cause for laughter, though one might feel
gratified at having been able to cause Hartmann to laugh, he is habitually
so glum and solemn. I never heard him laugh myself as long as I have
known him, and yet the very vagueness of this picture should appeal to
him, he is so fond of that sort of thing himself in his pastel work-his
"Pne's Cottage," for example.
Next in order comes Day's ·• Ethiopian Chief," a splt:ndid bit of work,
and like all of Mr. Day's pictures shown in the salon, with the exception
of "Hannah," the realization of an ideal well conceived and artistically car-
ried out. I do not desire to convey the impression that Mr. Day does no
realistic work. His "Hannah" is as pronounced a piece of realism as was
shown in the salon-an unmistakable type of a New England woman, sim-
ple and restful in treatment, and a masterpiece of its kind. Yet Mr. DaY
does represent the idealistic elem~nt of which he is emphatically the leader,
and the photographic world may expect great things from him. The Lon-
don salon has alrt:ady recognized his merit, and has elected him a member
of that very exclusive body, in which, up to the time of his election, Amer-
ica had but two members, Mr. Stieglitz and Mr. Eickemeyer; and his
influence on the photographic world at home and abroad is destined to be
greatly influenced by his work. The day will come when most of the crit-
icisms now passed upon his work will be either forgotten or remembered
as the crude productions of uneducated and prejudiced space-fillers. and
the work criticised will be taken seriously by the entire artistic world, and
Day looked upon as an artist worthy of the name, who has won his right
t J the title beyond question or dispute.
Another· exhibitor of great promise is Clarence H. White, of Newark,
Ohio, whose pictures hang on the same wall with and to the left of thost:
of Mr. Day. Were I called upon to place him I should say that he belonged
to the romantic school, but his pictures are so clearly strivings after a
something that has not yet been reached, the creations of an artistic char-
acter that has not yet attained its maturity, charming creations that make
one think of Keats and astound the observer when he learns that Mr.
White has never lived in Paris, and is not familiar with the best examples of
the modern French school of painting, that I do not feel justified in attempt-
ing now to place him. His "Violinist" and "Portrait of Mrs. H." have
been referred to by many of the critics as "Whistlen;"-which is neither
a compliment to Mr. Whistler nor to Mr. White. They are distinctly and
individually White's, and reflect his personality markedly, presenting, as
they do, a wonderful refinement of feeling with a certain positive
crudeness of execution. In them we can see reflected the life of
126 CAMERA NOTES.

this young Western man who is scarcely more than a lad-who is

in the grocery business for a livelihood, and who bas virtually never
known any artistic influence or association. It is only too apparent that
all of his pictures have been "tooled," touched up on the face of the print
with Chinese white or India ink, and ~rudely touched at that; they stand
out in spite of all this as the distinctly individual creaticnl' of a truly artis-
tic and poetic mind and soul. His picture "What Shall I Say?" is the sen-
timental and time-worn subject of a girl at a desk with wdting paper before
her and pen in hand "trying to think"-yet in spite of the fact that the
subject is worn threadbare, Mr. White has treated it in a way that is decid-
edly charming, and has turned out a picture that tells its story almost bet-
ter than anything of the kind that I have ever seen, and in a refined manner.
His "Spring," a triplicate of three panels in one frame, is the most
decorative thing of the kind that I have ever seen. The mind that conc;eived
the "Dream of the Maid of Orleans," now hanging in the Metropolitan
Museum of Art, might have been proud to have executed this picture-
which has a charm and a feeling of light that is not to be found in the
painting. It is, if the expression be permissible, a photographic bucolic.
It is radiant with the soft sunlight of the early !Opring-it is delicate with
the tenderness and innocence of young life, human and arboreal; it is rest-
ful with a restfulness that only those can appreciate who have battled and
&uffered and lost, and yet have not been turned to stone. It is, in a word,
a poem of true harmonies that stands alone of its kind. The one fault I
have to find with this picture is not with the picture at all-which cbserva·
tion betrays my ancestry beyond denying -but with the framing. The
grain ot the wood is too pronounced for so delicate a subject-otherwise the
thing is perlect. For so young a man Mr. White has met with great suc-
cess, and success is dangerous to youth -but I believe that it will not turn
his head, for he is a serious worker and loves his art, and has the soul of the
artist. I believe and hope that it will not make him self-satisfied, but
that it will inspire him to greater and more careful efforts-that he will
profit by the lesson that the Salon has taught, and strive earnestly for
exalted places in the photographic world for which he is destined, if he but
fulfills the promise of his present '\\ ork.
Gertrude Kresebier! A year ago the name was practically unknown in
the photographic world. Six months ago her work was caricatured by one
of the leading members of the Philadelphia Photographic Society-carica-
tured as only a cle,·er man can caricature, and the professionals there and
here enjoyed and applauded and predicted that she would disappear. To-day
that name stands first and unrivaled in the entire professional world. Of
the revelations of the Photographic Salon her exhibition of portraits was the
greatest. Nothing approached it; such work had not even been dreamed
of as possible. The work of veterans like Horace Bundy, one of the few
great American portraitists, paled before it, while that of the purely com-
mercial photographer became by comparison an object of ridicule and
disgust. Small wonder that these men ridiculed and abused her work-and
less that Mr. Chase should have said of it, "It is as fine as anything that
Van Dyck has ever done." Yes, and the day is almost at hand when to
 CA.l!ERA NOTES. 127

say that such and such a portrait looks like a Kresebier will be the highest
possible praise that c<~n be be~towed thereon. Of the ten studies that she
exhibited in the Salon it is hard to say anything entirely adequate. They
are gn~at works. Here, for example, is a charming nude of a child, that is
perfect in line and full of the tenderest feeling, that has a positive value
as a beautiful picture independently of its merit as a likeness. This
indeed is one of the distinguishing marks of this series of ten pictures
-~hey are all of them portrait studies, done professionally as orders-and
yet there is not one of them but has its distinct charm as a picture, and
which could not be hung in the collection of any picture or print lover and
prove a constant source of pleasure, independent of any that acquaintance-
ship with the subject might lend. When we remember the shortness cf
the life of the majority of professional photographs-how one grows
tired of them within a year, even when they are the likenesses of our best
friends-and reflects that there are very few specimens of the work of even
the best known pho:ographers which, if we were offeren, the subject being
unknown to us, as things possessing artistic merit in themselves and such
a~ would give us pleasure, we would refuse mo<>t emphatically to receive,
we can begin to realize in some degrf'e what a complete revolution Mrs.
Kresebier has wrought in commerci'l.l photography. Look at either of the
pictures entitled" Mother and Child," for example; each has its distinct
merit of composition, tonality and matern"ll feeling. Could a man, how-
ever so gifted,~have taken t:H!S:! pictures? ~o! only a woman whose whole
being vibrated to joy of a mother's love, whose wh11lc life could consume
itself in one flame of affection for her child, who could say of htr boy in
the army, "The papers chJrge that our soldiers are being starved by the
Government. They had best do no injury to my boy, else I shall appeal to
every mother in the land to 11E'lp me punish them. I will stir them up to
such a pitch of maternal indignation and hate that they will rise in terri-
ble revolution, s.nd I shall head that revolt and drive from power those who
have injured my boy." Only such a woman could have made such pic-
tures as these. The magic of love has made them live, and all who look
upon them bel their life. Not one of these ten pictures but reflect some-
thing of th:!ir m1ker's personality. Into each one she bas infused some-
thing of her own life-photography is no mere trade to her; it is a passion
that ab,; )rbs her life, a medium or C;Kpression for her artistic feelings and
aspira~i m.,; for which sh~ ha'> giv~n up the palette and brush-for she was
a painter and had made excellent studies in Paris before the took up pho-
tography a':l a c:11lmg. When she was preparing to set out for Paris, her
friends made her promise not to take her camera with her, and to do no
piwtographic work. To this she half consented, but when she came to pack
her trunk she found there was a vacant space in it ju-.t large enough in
which to place her camera. She had nothing else to fill it with, and so in
went the camera as a space-filler. Then one day in Paris long after, she took
it out and did a little photographic work. The results interested her fel-
low students greatly. In the little country towns where they spent their
summer months there was no photographer handy, and they wanted their
likenesses to send home, so she found frequc:J.t use for her camera, and:tbe
128 CAMERA NOTES.

portraits thus made were s., remarkable and of such real artistic value that
all of her associates urged her to give her whole time to it, as it was evi-
tlently her vo~ation. Finally, when she did turn to it seriously, she brought
to it that art, knowledge and training which together with her strong
individuality have made her pictures wltat they are-distinct artistic crea-
tions that are destined to wield a tremendous tnfluenc:e on pl:.ctograpbic
portraiture in America, and to set a standard fer it r:evf'r before imagined.
Almost directly opposite Mrs. Kresebier's portraits in the Philadelphi:o
Salon hung the wonderful landscapes of A. Horsley Hinton. I shall never
forget the moment when my eyes first fell upon one cf Mr. Hinton's pic-
tures. The wondt:rful beauty of the thmg held me spelltcund. For a
long while I sat feasting my eyes on th~t picture, "Day's Decline,"
and experiencing a pleasure so strong that it amounted almost to pain;
such a pleasure as only the real lover of pictures knows. Then I
exclaimed to myself, "This is one of the greatest landscape pictures that
I have ever seen. Here is a man who is as closely in touch and sympathy
with nature as that master of harmonies, Sidney Lanier, ever was; here
is one who can express in the language of the camera what Lanier
expressed so accurately and beautifully with his pen and flute, the deep
poetry and mystic imaginings of the wild and uninhabited corners of the
world. Whatever else be might be, he was truly a poet at heart. In some
curious way, as I thought of the picture the vision of Lanier as a prisoner
of war at Point Lookout, Md., languishing there with only his flute for a
companion, rose up before me, and I could almost hear those wonderful
melodies that told of his great love for nature and her wi!d beauties, that
awakened a responsive <.hord in the breast of another prisoner of war, John
B. Tabb, the poet, and established beween them a lifelong friendship. In-
deed, it is the essential characteristic of Mr. Hinton's landscapes that they
do excite and stimulate the imagination. In the minds of the lovers of nature
they will awaken latent dreams and dormant fancies, just as a strange wild
sunset will bring up memories that seemed dead, and with its departing glow
warm them into momentary life. Mr. Hinton's treatment of his skies is
remarkable. Many people have condemned him for the manner in which be
secures his skies, and yet the same people would probably applaud the put-
ting on of paint with a palette-knife instead of a brush if it produced the
desired result in a painting-and so lopg as Mr. Hinton violates no law of
nature in his work, no one bas a right to complain, and photography is
distinctly the gainer. Of the five ph:tures that Mr. Hinton shows, there is
not one that is not true to nature and that does not show a marvelous
and correct knowledge of the chameleon-like changes that pass over the
face of earth and sky, and a happy faculty of knowing how to perpetuate
the most beautiful of these exquisite variations. No man has done more
for the advancement of landscape photography. If his skies are made from
separate negatives they have all the appearance of negatives that were
made at. the same instant as that in which he has taken the balance of
the pictures, and so timed as to produce exactly the atmospheric and cloud
values as belong to the ground portions of his pictures. I would just as lit-
tle condemn him for this as I would condemn Meissonier for having pieced
 CAMERA NOTES. 129

the canvas of his "18c7," as he was compelled to do, or the old Greek artist,
who conceived one oi the world's greatest pieces of sculpture, because he
made it of three separate pieces of marble. Of the five pictures shown by
Mr. Hinton. "Sunrise and Rain" and" Day's Decline" please me most, but
the others also had great value, and each one possessed a most pleasin~
harmony of tone. There are still those who stand out for painfully sharp
landscapes on all occasions and under all circumstances, and who are still
loud in their condemnation of the pictures of such men as Mr. Hinton and
Mr. Croft-who, by the way, belongs to the Hinton school anJ whose pictures
attracted special attention at the salon for their ,great charm and feeling-
and who contemptuously refer to such work a "fuzzy." A few years agu
there was a great army of these men, who formed themselves into a square,
so to speak, for the protection of landscape work from what they call fuzzi-
ness, and who bombarded with ridicule and abuse the few men, like Hinton,
who were striving against terrible odds to make possible such broad treat-
ment as did not detract from the magnificent effect, for example, of a
majestic tree that silhouetted itself against a mornin,g- sky; who strove for
true tonal values, the curing of the sick-white skies, that were so much
affected by the landscape photographers of the past, and made the o\:;server
fear that the whole heaven was turning into one great skimmed milky
way; and the perpetuation in picture of the beautiful rather than the
commonplace. When we think of how completely that army has been
defeated by the "fuzzy" school, we cannot refrain from quoting the lines
of a countryman of Mr. Hinton's, written in another conneLtion:
•· But for all the odds agin' you, Fuzzy-Wuz,
you broke the square."

"The Country Doctor," by L. \V. Barrington, is an interesting and

ambitious piece, in which both light and grouping are well handled, but
while we cannot but commend the deep interest taken in the dcctor and
his charge by the numerous members of this evidently large family, we
cannot avoid breathing a fervent hope that the patient's complaint may
not prove contagious.
"Fog-Bound," by Frances Barkley, attracted my attention by reason
of the texture of the fog and the strung-light shadows.
All of Mr. Berg's studies were interesting. I was much concerned as
I stood before his "Pharaoh's Daughter"-which I rather liked-by what
appeared to be a fly that had located itself just aft of the lady's left eye,
and put out my hand to brush it away only to find that it was one of the
damsel's curls. These studies are clearly experimental, and convey the
impression that they are sectional experiments for some large and ambi-
tious piece of work, such as the "Diana's Hunt," for example.
Archibald Cochrane's "Farmer's Daughter" possesses decided merit;
it is broad in treatment, full of action, and local in feeling, except for the
leg-of-mutton sleeves to the girl's dress.
".A Sketch in Old Sepia," by Allen Drew Cook, is something more
than pleasing. It has the true feeling of a child's picture, and reminds
one a bit of Mrs. Kresebier's work.
IJO CAMERA NOTES.

Mary Devcn's gum prints were chiefly interesting because they were
the only examples of gum print work in the salon. They possess artistic
merit, but not of a very high urder, and have too much of the feeling of
dead color in their technical treatment to be pleasing.
"Child with Doll," by Mrs. Thomas Eakins, is another child's picture
of merit, of whose full values Mrs. Eakins did not seem to be conscious.
Differently printed and framed the picture would have been vastly improved.
"Sea and Sky and Sand," by Frederick H. Evans, wasoneof the most del-
icate things in the exhibition, with the sea, sky and sand simply suggested,
and two tiny human silhouettes showing against the sand in the distance
to introduce the feeling of life. "Woodland Study: Surrey," by the same
artist is also worthy of notice.
The impression left on me by the work of Mr. E. Lee Ferguson was
largely mathematical. I marked in my catalogue before his "Sunset" a
minus sign, and before his "Irma" another, while before his "Eventide"
I placed the sign of addition. I think that we can figure on something
much better from him in the future if he is skilled in sign teading.
The night pictures by Mr. Wm. A. Fraser were among the most remark-
able pictures in the exhibition. Technically they are faultless, and bespeak
years of the most careful work. As one regards these pictures he becomes
conscious that Mr. Fraser has made a most careful study of the night effects,
under the conditions of fog, mist and rain. His "Wet Night, Columbus
Circle," is distinctly his masterpiece. It has a charm that is all its own,
a local feeling that is pronounced, and a pictorial value that is beyond
dispute.
Daniel F. Gay's "October" gave me much pleasure. It represents a
harvest field that has all the feeling of the place and the hour. Golden sky's
type studies were unsurpassed in their line, but reproduced in a way that
was not a credit to the1r author's artisti'c taste or judgment. The technical
treatment of the "Italian Type," a well known Philadelphia model, being
aggressively hard.
A picture entitled "Mistress Anne," by Miss F. B. Johnston, is a most
pleasing thing, and shows its maker to be a refined and ambitious worker,
whose work is somewhat retarded by the conventional requirements of
an onerous professional life.
"Sheep," by L. L. Peddinghaus, was most atmospheric, while "On
Guard," by A. L. Spiller, is a metallic atrocity that made one think of
some modern parvenu who, being desirous to stock his dining-room with
ancestral portraits, had purchased a suit of modern antique armor of the
theatrical property-kind, donned it, and gotten some impecunious artist to
paint a confidential picture of him in it as his own great grandfather.
In "A Japanese Effect" Henry Troth has just missed a Japanese
effect, and he does himself and also the Japanese an injustice by so label-
ing it. His "Glimpse of the Sea" was the most satisfactory of all of his
shown pictures. "Mother and Child,' by Eva L. Watson, is remarkable.
I have never seen another picture like it. If Miss Watson continues to turn
out work of that order she will soon find her place among the great portrait
photographers of the world. Miss Weil, too, shows some most commend-
 CAMERA .YOTES. 131

able work-the very best example of which is her "Portrait: Mrs. H."
How her work stands with some of the best judges in the country is best
illustrated by the fact that I heard Mr. Day ask her to exchange one
of her pictures for any one of his that she might care for, that he might
have some of her work in his collection. "The Brook," by Jeanie A.
Welford, seems to show the influence of Mr. Hinton, and is decidedly
pleasing; while the work of W. D. Welford shows the right spirit and
good taste; and J. W. Wright's portrait, "Jim," is full of the values and
qualities of the Italian portraits of the days of Delsarto. It is a fine
portrait study, easy, vivacious and happily posed.
With this picture I close my review of the photographs of the Photo-
graphic Salon. I have given the most serious consideration to the work of
those who have made such an exhibition as the Philadelphia Salon possible,
and who are destined to exercise a still greater influence on the future of
photography; who have fought for it right up to the thre~hold of the temple
o( the muses, and ,who will yet prove its right to be enshrined therein. I
have touched upon the work that most impressed me, and stated frankly
my opinion of it, and I have passed over many pictures that were nice in
feeling and of real artistic value, but conventional, and while I trust that
I have given offense to no one, I know from experience that the truth is
sometimes painful, though also necessary where we hope to advance.
I have written this review out of sheer love of photography, which I have
followed far upwards of fifteen years, and which I hope to see advanced to
that state of perfection that will leave no doubt that its claim to a perma-
nent position in the world of art is well grounded and beyond dispute-a
claim that I have always felt to be just, and a future that I have never
doubted would be realized. The Philadelphia Salon was a step in the right
direction, but much yet remains to be accomplished. The tendency of the
Philadelphia press was towards the position that the acme has been
reached, and that our great American bird has carried off the photographic
honors of the world and that the photographic star of Europe has paled
before our sun. This is a distinctly and hurtfully false position. Good
work has been done here; greater work proportionally has been done
abroad, where the artistic surroundings, atmosphere and influences are such
as have never been enjoyed in this glorious, busy land of ours, molding
the characters and temperaments of the people for centuries. Progress in
the right direction can only be accomplished by the united action of all
serious workers in photography, irrespective of race or country; for if it is
a true art it knows no country, but claims the best energies of the world.
Let us leave the scoffers and the frivolous behind; let us set a standard
for ourselves that is worthy of the loftiest ambition; let us know each
other, be we American or French, German or English, and be sincerely
and frankly honest with each other and severe with ourselves; and let us
put ourselves in the position of being able to say to the world: We present
to you that which is truly beautiful; that which will give the highest
and most refining kind of pleasure; that which will make you better
and nobler; that which will contribute its quota of energy towards ad-
vancing man to that lofty and spiritual state of mind for which our
132 CA.M'ERA NOTES.

Creator destined us and towards which we are laboriously working our

way.
JosEPH T. KElLEY.

[NoTE.-In reference to Mr. Keiley's~criticism of the jury of selection,

on page 119, for the admission of some fifty mediocre examples of photog-
raphy, which in his opinion lowered the tone of the high standard other-
wise maintained by them in their selections, we may state, without unduly
divulging the deliberations of that body, that of the entire entries sub-
mitted to the Salon the Jury accepted unconditionally only r9o, placed
about 70 in a doubtful class and rejected the balance, which was about So
per cent. of the whole. After the Jury had finished their labors the Hang-
ing Committee, a separate body altogether-in fact a local committee, but
invested with the proper power, decided, after some deliberation, nut only
to exhibit these doubtful works on the walls of the Academy of the Fine
Arts, but also to reproduce some of them in the catalogue as illustrations.
It is hardly necessary to remark that the exhibition would have been a
gainer by depriving the entire 70 pictures of the benefit of the doubt. This
note will sufficiently explain their prec;ence in an otherwise high class
event, fully worthy of the name "Salon."
We would also like to say that Mr. Keiley, whose exhaustive criticism
shows him to be an earnest student of the progress of photokraphy and
photographic exhibitions in America, was also one of the most worthy
exhibitors at the Philadelphia Salon, and his nine pictures proved him to be
an artist of marked individuality. His four landscapes were designed to
illustrate the possibility of applying the general features of the different
schools of landscape painters to photographic work. His portraits, too,
were characterized by a strong originality in style, as well as a rare appre-
ciation of the value of delicate gradations in the rendering of the human
face. As a study of artistic tonalities his pictures stood in a class by them-
selves.-THE EDITORs.]

+ + +
Some Salon Statistics.
One hundred photographers contributed the two hundred and fifty-nine pictures
bung at the Philadelphia Salon.
No exhibitor was permitted to exhibit more than ten pictures. that being one of the
rules of the exhibition. Mrs. Kresebier, Miss \Veil and Messrs. White and Stieglitz
were each represented by the limit. Mr. Keiley's exhibit included nine pictures-while
Messrs. Day and Edgar G. Lee each bad eight bung. Next in order were Mrs.Stepbens
and Mr. Langtield with seven each; Miss Watson, six; Messrs. Berg, Boon, Hinton, and
Ferguson, five each; Mrs. Devens, Miss Johnston, Messrs. Breux, Croft, Evans, Hins-
dale Smith, Troth, J. C. Strauss, four each.
Forty-ti..ree exhibitors were each represented by only one picture.
A remarkably strong showing was made by the women, both in quality and num-
bers. Of the hundred exhibitors, seventeen were women, sixteen of whom were Ameri-
can and one European.
 - I

VOL. D. No.4.

EST
 •

L.
Volume II, No. 4
 •

MICHEL
•
By Prof. Hans Watzek
 VoL n. APRIL, 1899. No.4.

,
The Official Organ of the Can1era Club, ·New York.
Published Quarterly by THE CAMBRA CLUB, N. V., 3 West 29th St., New York.

- - -- - ·- - - -- ---- - - - - - - ----- - - -- - -- - -
c ommu nications for .. Camera Notes ·• should be addressed to p er y -ea.r, $2•0()•
Current Numbers, 75 cts. the Publica tion Comnllttee.-Subsaiptions to be made payable
to •• Camera Notes." '
-------- - -- -- --
Entered a s second-class matter a t the New York, N.Y., Post Office~ September 27. t8c)7.
------ - - --- ------------------- --------------

THE great law, accord-

ing to which every pic-
ture must be judged, is
the all-embracing law of
harmony.
The more closely a
picture conforms to the
requirements of this law
the more nearly does it
approach to a state of
perfection ; and, corres-
pondingly, as it advances
to\\rard perfection, does
it grow in beauty.
Whether it is inconse-
quentially beautiful or
deeply so, will depend
largely on the nature of
the subject.
Harmony (from the
Greek substantive ap)Ao:,
a joining, formed from
Greek infinitive apEt.Y, to
Gertrude KAsebfer.
fit) defined 1i t era 11 y ,
means the fitting or joining together of such parts or elements as will
blend m ost perfect1y into a concordant unity.
l\~Iore broadly stated, it is the amicable, or correct, relation of one part of
a composition, or situation, to another, and of all parts to the whole.
 CAMERA NOTES.
---------------------
Bearing this in mind we will now turn to the subject of this paper-a sub-
ject than which there is none other so comprehensive in its scope, so universal
in its nature, and so exacting in its rlemands; and yet one concerning which.
photographically speaking, tl~ere appears to exist an absolute disregard and a
profound ignorance.
The collective tunes uf light and shade pervading a picture are termed
its tonality. Upon the harmonious relations of these tones, one to another, and
to the picture as a whole. and of the whole to the thing depicted, are based
a picture's greatest claims to praise or censure.
If it appear that the tonal values are untrue and discordant, as is the case
with a great majority of photographs, the picture becomes a mere photo-
graphic reminder of some past place, person or event. As such, it has a certain
worth to the person who made the picture, just as a worn feminine glove or
kerchief has value to the lover, because of its associations.
Artists of the brush and pencil are, as a rule, responsible for the most
flagrant offenses in this direction. They use the camera instead of the note-
book, because they can get more out of it in less time, and the pictures that
they turn out are, in the majority of instances, about as artistic as the photo··
graph records made in our hospitals of fractures, tumors and the like, if not
less so. Together with many who constantly use the camera, they are quite
unacquainted with the artistic possibilities of photography. Yet in many
cases their negatives, far from being worthless, possess excellent qualities and
possibilities. It is the· print that is unsatisfactory. To the observant eye it
presents a grouping of tones that, instead of being relatively true to natun:
and the negative, and collectively harmonious, are false to both, and utterly
discordant. A transparent shadow is rendered as a solid mass of black or
brown, and a diaphanous cloud that in nature has all the appearance of a
filmy white veil is printed out, if at all, with all the substantiality of an ice-
cake floating in a river at the first thaw; the foreground is hard ; distances are
sharply defined; the sky has a queer look that does not explain itself; and
secondary objects force themselves on the attention with more aggressive as-
sertiveness than the principal one. Indeed, instead of keeping to the idea that
strength lies in harmonious union, each part of such print seems to desire, em-
phatically, to assert its entire independence of all the other parts, collectively
and individually. Such treatment of a print is fatal to harmonious and artistic
results; and yet at least fifty per centum of the good negatives made are so
rendered. This is mainly due to a lack of artistic taste and feeling, together
with a large ignorance of the law of tonality, the ever varying phases of
nature, and the principles of art. In a word, a truly artistic photograph cannot
be made by chance. A good negative may be; but thereafter it is not enough
that the negative be studied in every feature and detail, but there must exist
in the mind of the printmaker a thorough understanding of and entire sym-
pathy with the subject thereof. He must possess the poet's gift of seeing what
is beautiful in his theme, of feeling its most delicate charm and of voicing all
he has felt and seen in the most expressive and harmonious language. He
must be as entirely at home with lights and shades as the musician is with
notes, or the poet with numbers. Difficult, indeed, would it be to find a better
illustration of this than the picture entitled "Gossip on the Beach." The
 CA .'~~'RA NOTES. 137
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---------------·
negative of this
was no c h an c e
affair, but the re-
sult, first, of the
i n s p i r a t i o n of
some momentary
grouping that
flashed into the
artist's soul, tbe
artistic possibili-
ties and signifi-
cance of such a
scene; and then,
of much watching
and waiting for
the important in-
stant when the
independent ele-
ments of nature
and life should so
group themselves
as to tell tb e story
of the p i c t u r e
mcst simply and
beautifully. The
I

moment came. It
Mathilde weu. was on a day when
sea, sky and land
were keyed together by a ·.-vonderful atmosphere of luminous gray. At the
zenith the sky was dull, with sluggish slate-colored clouds, but toward the
horizon it melted off into a diaphanous pearl-tint, that seemed to hint of
light beyond, and that blended the sea and sky so softly, so imperceptibly, that
it was hard to tell where the one began and the other ended. Out of this
pearly distance rolled a gray-green sea, growing darker in tone as it ap-
proached the shore; churning itself into long streaks and masses of pure white
foam as it writhed anrl rolled ; then lazily lapping the beach, showing vitreous
patches here and there where the attenuated waves tbat had crept farthest in
upon the shore seemed to pau~e for an instant before scurrying back after
their fast retreating companions. To the left, a fishing craft that had been
run in upon the shore, was preparing to put to sea. Two Katwyk women had
separated themselves from the beach strollers and walked out upon the silver-
gray beach to the \\rater's edge, \Vhere, falling into the natural attitudes of their
class, they stood gossiping, catching upon their shoulders the weak, mellOV\'
light of the declining sun, that had just broken through the solid phalanx of
clouds that all day long- had held it prisoner; their united forms, which
cast a long, faint shadow upon the beach, toning-in wonderfully with that splen-
did background of sea and sky, and bringing sea, sky and sand together into
a perfect picture, whose horizontal and perpendicular lines were relieved and
 CAMERA NOTES.

balanced by the curved and angular ones of the sail, tackle, hull and boom.
Almost instantly thereafter the women shifted their position, the boat moved
and the whole scene changed in its every feature, the artistic fading, like a
dream, into the conventional and commonplace. Yet that instant, brief though
it was, was long enough for the artist to turn that charming and fleeting dream
into a permanent reality. Accompanying this article there are two illustra-
tions, reproduced in half-tone from large prints from this negative. In the pro-
cess of reduction and reproduction certain characteristics of the originals
have necessarily been sacrificed, as is .1lways the case with such reproduction,
the subject itself losing much of its breadth by being compressed into so small
a space. Reproduction •'A" is from a carbon print, and is rather better than
the original, in that it is a little less hard and very much more atmospheric.
The same hand that made the negative did not make the print; neither is this
interpretation of the tonality of the subject the ver!'ion of the brain that con-
ceived the picture. Following the custom of a certain young American artist in
Paris, who, when studying a picture, was in the habit of measuring off every
square inch of the canvas and dwelling upon it thus sectionally, even to the
extreme of measuring the breadth of each brush-stroke, let us examine this
illustration in its parts and as a whole, keeping in mind its title, and remem-
bering that it was made on a luminous gray day in Holland. Consider, first, the
tonal value of the sand of the beach; has it the feeling, or even the suggestion, of
sand-a whitish sand under a luminous gray sky? Decideclly, it has not. The
tone here is altogether false-falser even in the print than in the reproduction.
It is a heavy, gelatinous, solid mass, with very little character-and it would
require but a small effort of the imagination to make one fancy that the good
women were perched, like felines, on the top of a board fence. :'\ext in order
come the waves. They, too, are false in value. They are osseous opacities, that
scarcely convey even a suggestion of gray-tinted, translucent sea water-which
a puddler in a foundry might as readily mistake fur molten metal as for water.
The sky is dull, monotonous and leaden throughout, with never a hint at
luminosity, and the abrupt manner in which it meets the sea line rather re-
minds one of the way in which a drop curtain joins the stage. The two figures
are hard and somewhat wooden in tone, and. instead of being the harmonizing
element and evident motive of the picture, they play rather a discordant
part, and all but give place to the somber hull with its ebon sail. The tonal
values of this hull and sail are glaringly untrue and, instead of acting as a
balance to the rest of the picture, they arc inharmonious and distracting, and
entirely too assertive. Taken as a whole, the picture is wanting in atmosphere,
lacking in vivacity, discordant in tones, and entirely devoid of feeling; while
the attention. instead of being centered on the two figures, is divided between
them and the hull and sail, thus losing to the picture its force and motive.
To sum up, it is a dead thing. that suggests the possibilities and beauty •.A
the subject. but chills and repulses by the cadaverous coldness of its treat-
ment, just as a corpse excites aversion, even though it may show signs of great
personal beauty.
"Once I beheld a group of sorrowing men
Who bent above the death-mask of a maid.
The lines of the loved face were doubtless there,
 CAMER ..4 1\.0TES. 139

But as each looked -

be started back
•
agatn,
As from a stranger,
chilled and half
afraid.
Fler features lacked
the soul bad made
them fair. ''
Reproduction "B''
is from a platinum
print, made from the
same plate. It rep-
resents Mr. Stieg-
litz's own idea of FIG. A.
how hi s negative
should be interpreted. Land, sea and sky have been kept down to a key
of gray. The strongest tones in the picture are centered in and about the
figures \vhich represent the idea of the picture. Effort has been made to
make these tones dra\v all other tones of the picture into one harmonious
whole; and the secondary objects, the hull and sail, have been kept in
subordinate relation to the balance ot the picture, an.d not permitted to
usurp the attention, to the detriment of all else.
While many of the very delicate values have been lost in the repro-
duction, sufficient remain to illustrate how vitally important is correct and
harmonious tonality. Just as " Gossip on the Beach" required the most deli- ·
cate of treatment, so did the Indian portrait, reproduced on the first page, de-
mand firm, strong tones to harmonize with the facial and racial characteristics
of the sitter the grim, old Indian warrior, with his pogamoggin, \Vampum and
feathers. There he sits, arrayed in the habiliments of his people, one of the last
of a rapidly disappearing race, looking out in proud silence. upon that onrolling
tide of humanity that is greedily devouring all that was his, and fast crowding
his people from the face of the world. Too proud to protest, too thorough!y
a \varrior to cotnplain, or to bow to the new order of things, he watches
stoicly; and unbend-
ingly awaits the in-
evitable end. On
his f a c e there is
written a sort of
fierce sadnes~, such a
look as is ever to be
found on the faces of
a strong p e o p 1 e
w h o s e possessions
have been usurped
and whose race, as
such, is doomed to
pass from the world.
FIG. B. The f a c e betrays
 CAMERA NOTES.

another secret, too, with all its passiveness-a longing for the chance to do
battle once more and to be able to pass to the happy hunting ground with
the scalp of an enemy at his belt, and the wild war cry of his tribe still
ringing in his ears. All this, this splendid picture tells-which, in its
way is a masterpiece of tonality. Turn from this picture to that of the girl
with the violin, and observe how different the treatment and tonality.
Note how the darks and lights have been brought together, and with what
harmonious results. What could be more delightful in tonality than the
portrait of the girl in the lace gown? Here you have fine composition and
delicate modeling: and the lines of the neck and shoulders are very charm-
ing. There is a warmth of tone to the background that is exceptional and
gives good atmosphere to the whole, while the several light spots therein
prevent it from becoming monotonous and tiring, and also serve to balance
the rest of the picture and to bring the whole together.
As an example of how much correct tonality will do for a photograph, Miss
\Veil's Royal Medal picture merits careful study. The subject itself, as will
be seen from the reproduction, is but little removed from the conventional,
either as to the model or the posing, and it certainly is not representative of
Miss \Veil's best work. Yet, despite the fact that it is all but commonplace-
that it is a subject that has been very similarly treated by many different per-
sons-its tonality is so correct and so charming as to take it out of the class
to which it would otherwise be relegated, and win for it a position all of
its own, and the royal medal besides. An excessive retouching about the eyes
results in some very unpleasant tone renderings in the original print. Happily
for photography, the days of retouching are numbered. Its results are rarely
ever artistic, and in the majority of cases they are emasculating and vulgar.
Compare the picture with the portrait of Mr. Murray, that appeared in the
last number of C.\MERA NoTEs and note the remarkable, not to say pain-
ful, contrast of tonality. This last m~ntioned picture might have been saved
by a harmonious and pleasing tonality. Instead it presents to the eye harsh,
discordant and unpleasant tones, that simply accentuate the picture's faults.
For instance, the unpleasant difference in the size of the eyes, and the fact
that they appear to be looking at different objects; the stiffness of the pos'?.
the falseness of the flesh-tones and the tailor-like treatment of the coat.
The picture lacks depth, but to be entirely fair, it must be said that the re-
production does not do justice to the original. The principle involved in thesl!
examples and comparisons can be more forcefully illustrated by drawing an
example from literature. A clever, gifted writer, like Philip Gilbert Hamer-
ton, for example, can take a mere nothing. or a false theory, even, as he has
done more than once, in writing of photography, in his essay on "Photogra-
phy and Painting," and garb it so tastefully in graceful language, or com-
mingle it so cleverly with minutirc of truth, as to make it a thing of perma··
nent interest-while in the hands of mediocrity a sound theory. or charming
story, may be told in such a manner as to divest it of all its force and weight
in the one instance, and deprive it of its every delight in the other. Likewise.
a negative, whose composition is perf~ct. can be proofed in such a way as to
tell its story so harshly and coldly as to repulse, instead of please, while
in the proper hands a faulty negative can be so interpreted as to impart to ita
•

CAMERA NOTES.

decided chann and value. It is in this that tonality plays its all-important part.
A .picture, to quote Sidney Lanier's excellent description, " is an imitation
upon a flat surface of things which are not flat; it is an imitation upon a
surface lying wholly in one plane, of things whose planes lie in all manner
of angles with each other; it is an imitation of three dimensions by two, and
of horizontal distance upon vertical distance." The eye, upon beholding it, in-
stinctively becomes the critic thereof. ''For example: Is this really like a
mountain? queries the eye, and straightway falls to examining the imitation
and comparing it with realities. Is this genuine oak foliage? Would these
shadows fall in this manner, and is their value truly estimated and depicted?
A thousand such preliminary questions the eye asks.''
In such a critical examination it is with the tonality that the eye chiefly
busies itself. The comparisons that are made with realities are actually tonal
comparisons. The one question is, Have the color, feeling and atmosphere
of the original been properly ·interpreted tonally? Color, we are taught, is vis-
ible to us through an excitation of the optic nerve, produced by vibrations
For each color and gradation thereof there is an equivalent shade somewhere
between the extreme of white and the limit of black one color being produced,
for example; by rendering it.in a tone in which the white predominates; another,
by expressing it in one in which black plays the greater part. The gamut of tone
is sufficiently extensive
to permit of the most
diverse permutations and
combinations of shade.
In some photographs and
pen-and-ink drawings,
particular colors h ave
been so accurately trans-
lated into black and \Vhite
as actually to suggest the
"
original. The readers of
this article are doubtless
familiar with certain
photographic reproduc-
tions of daisies, in which I

the yellow was so strong-

ly suggested as to excite
surprise and comment,
and to lead to the specu-
lation that perhaps, with
}
•
a fuller knowledge and •
understanding of t h e
subject, it might be pos- •

sible so to combine whites

and blacks as to produce •
•
on the optic nerve the ..
• • • •
same excttation as ts
caused by exposing to it Gertrude Klsebier.
 '

l42 CAMERA NOTE!:;.

- - --- -- ... - -- -- - -- --- - - -
a patch of red, or a field
of green or any other
shade whatsoever. How-
ever that may be, it cer-
tainly is possible to pro-
duce equivalent values
by means of these liglits
and shades, and it is by
means of these that \Ve
depict solid objects on
flat surfaces. If the
lights are massed and the
blacks given full depth
the delicate intermediate
tones and half tones are
lost, and that which is
popularly known as a
poster, or Beardsley,
effect, is obtained, to the
entire sacrifice of all feel-
. ing of atmosphere. Some
such effects are not only
pleasing, but artistic, for
tones of light and shade,
Gertrude Kiist:bier.
like tones of music, have
individually no meaning appreciable by the hutnan intellect, but possess rather
a certain sense value, which is pleasing, or otherwise, as it is harmonious or
discordant; and, therefore, a combination of such tones may be quite foreign
to conventional natural effects, and even diametrically opposed to them, and
yet, nevertheless, so harn1onious in its tone values as to be pleasing to the
senses without appealing to the intellect, and, because of its sensuous cbartn,
may possess an esthetic and lasting value. Every great musical masterpiece is an
example of this, for while we are in the habit of associating certain thoughts
with certain pieces of tnusic,the meaning attached is purely an arbitrary one, and
the n1usic of "Carn1en," to one who has never heard of its plot, nor seen the
libretto, would tell no story of the romantic life and tragic death of the
vulgar, beautiful gypsy, but \vould be a series of marvelously placed and blended
tones, imparting not an intellectual, but simply sensuous, pleasure. The ar-
tistic handling of these tones, combining properly graded lights and shades, anJ
correctly contrasted warm and cold tones, gives correct modeling, distance
and relative values, delicacy and depth, atmosphere and feeling. Feeling is
actually the expression tonally of individuality the individuality of the
artist who executes the picture. It is the handling of the tones of a picture as
a whole, so as to impart delicacy, as, for example, the luminous gray-key of
White's remarkable and beautiful picture, "Spring," '\\"hich imparts to it all
the feeling of tenderness and youth; or vigor, as in the case of the Kasebier
•

Indian portrait; or vague dreaminess, such as is sho\vn in "Ebony and

Ivory;" or chic, as with certain of Demacby's pictures. It is, in short, the

-
 -

.l&J.

STUDY OF AN INDIAN GIRL

I
I
Reproduction of a Platinotype

By Joseph T. Keiley
 C'AMERA NOTES. 145

mediun1 through which is stamped the artist's individual interpretation of and

sympathy with his subject. Every good negative will yield such results as are
shown in the two reproductions of " Gossip on the Beach." The negative, after
all, is the foundation. The print is the edifice complete, either hideous or beauti-
ful. The printer, within certain limits, has almost absolute control of the lights
and shades of a picture. If he understands his negative and is in sympathy with
his subject, he can present to the world a charming, and, in some instances, a
great picture. But he must be familiar, entirely, with the gamut of tone and
the significance of shade; not only theoretically, but practically, so that he can
use them at will and understandingly: A friend, speaking of John B. Tabb, the
poet, related ''that on one occasion, while on shipboard with him, Tabb bad
observed one evening a number of boys running about the ship, after the
aimless fashion of the small boy lacking in occupation and ready for mischief
which is not forthcoming; excusing hin1self a moment, he gathered the boys
about him in a corner of the cabin and began to tell them stories of the Civil
War, in which had played a part. He soon had the youngsters and their elders,
who had gathered on the outskirts of the small elect, laughing or crying at will;
horror, astonishment, fear, joy, every expression imaginable, flashing in rapid
succession over the features of his audience. Indeed, there seemed no emotion
of the human heart with which l1e was not familiar. H.e played upon their
feelings as I had previously heard him perform upon the piano, with the skill
of a master, and a great
master.,
Likewise must he, who
who ?:ould execute a really
beautiful picture, be famil-
iar with the most delicate
mystery o{ shade, and the
innermost soul of shadow.
Let those who question
the possibility of any artis-
tic feeling and individual-
ity in a photograph, ex-
amine, and, if possible,
possess themselves of
examples of the pictur~s,
of tho:se I have had occa-
sion to name herein, and
of the other great leaders
of the photographic world.
And let all who would
make really beautiful pho-
tographs remember t h e
admonition of the o 1 d
Japanese proverb:
''As the shadow is. so \\'ill
the picture be."
JosEPH T. KEILEY. Gertrude Kascbfer.
q6 CAMERA NOTES.

American Pictorial Photography.

Having received many requests from our n·aclers for special proofs of the
photogravures which have appeared in CAMERA NOTES the Publication Com·
mittee ha;, decided to issue a limited edition of one hundred and fifty hand-
some portfolios, containing eighteen photogravures, printed on India,
mounted on heavy I I x 15 inch plate paper. The pictures will be the make
of American photographers only, and will contain, besides the best specimens
which have thus far been published in CAMERA NOTEs, about six new pic-
tures. Every copy will be numbered, and will contain the subscriber's name.
The price of subscription before the date of publication will be five dollars;
after that, ten, at least. The subscription list will dose l\lay 1, 1899. Orders
must be accompanied hy check or equivalent, ancl addressed to CAMERA NoTES,
... ... ...
Our 11lustrations.
The frontispiece "Miclzel," by Prof. H. Watzek, of the Vienna Cam-
era Club, was produced by that photographer nearly five years ago, show-
ing at what an advanced stage the Viennese were already at that time. Since
then Watzek, together with Henneberg and Kuehn, has become famous
for his gum experiments in one, two and three printings, many of which
are acknowledged masterpieces. In a later issue of CAMERA NoTES we hope
to publish one of these pictures.
The photogravure was produced by Colis, of London.
The second photogravure, " Tlze Clarionet Player," by John E. Du.
mont, of Rochester, is a reproduction of one of Mr. Dumont's happiest genre
efforts, which gave him such a reputation about ten years ago. This pic-
ture still possesses a charm of its own, and shows that even teu years ago
pictorial photography was not in an entirely hopeless condition in this
country.
The reproduction was made by the Photochrome Engraving Company.
"Niagara Falls," by Wm. D. :Murphy, President of our Club, will
appeal to all tastes. It is a faithful rendering of a most difficult subject.
"Gainsborougk Girl" by Miss F. B. Johnston, of Washington, was
alluded to by Demachy in his criticism of the American pictures in the
Paris Salon, 1898. (See Vol. II., No. 3, p. 107.) Miss Johnston has done
nothing superior to this picture.
Both this and the former photogravure wt>re produced by the Photo-
chrome Engraving Company.
Besides the four photogravures, this number of CAMERA NoTES con-
tains three full page half-tone supplements: "A Stud;'," by Mrs. Gertrude
Kii.sebier, of New York; portrait of an Indian girl, by J. T. Keiley, of
Brooklyn; and the portrait (Jf our President, Wm. D. Murphy, by W. M.
Hollinger, of New York.
The illustrations in the text were reproduced from prints by Messrs.
Arthur Scott, Alphonse Montant, Wm. E. Carlin, Mrs. Gertrude Kii.sebier,
of New York; Miss Mathilde Weil, Philadelphia: and F. H. Day, Boston.
 C.4MERA NOTES. 147
- - - - - -- -- - - - - -- - - ------- -- - - - - - - -- - - -

Sonte Notes on Bromide Paper.

The use of bromide paper bas increased so largely of late that a few
notes of observations on its manipulation seem appropriate, especially as
many of its users appear not to recognize the nature of the material they
are working; for the many papers recently placed on the market, which
aTe worked by artificial light, are nothing more than varieties of slow bro-
mide paper. Moreover, it is quite apparent that the majority of photogra-
phers do not realize the capabilities of the paper and the great variety of
processes to which it is amenable. To make this latter point emphatic, I
\\·ill state once for all
that bromide paper can
be subjected to any
process applicable to a
dry plate negative, such
as reduction and inten-
sification; it may be
toned with gold or plat-
inum, and it may also
be colored in a great
variety of tints by
c h e m i c a 1 processes
which are usually de-
nominated as toning
Arthur Scott. processes.
It would require too
much space to give a detailed·description of all of the numerous toning and
other processes that have been suggested, and those who wish to experi-
ment with unusual colors can readily find instructions in the various books
of reference.
The first point of importance in working bromide paper is cleanliness,
absolute and unremitting cleanliness, at every step from the opening of the
package of paper until the print is mounted; for no photographic material
appears to be so ~ensiti\'e to careless n1anipulation, and although the extra
care requires time it is fully repaid by fewer losses and finer results.
For development, where the print is to be submitted to no subsequent
process, and indeed on all occasions where convenient, the best developer is
a mixture of metol and hydroquinone in about equal proportions, the
alkali and sulphite being- added in accordance with any of the published
formulae. This developer gives a fine warm black, which is in many cases
satisfactory in itself. Where a bit of work is required in a hurry, and no
developt:r is at hand, a very convenient one may be quickly prepared as fol-
lows: Make a saturated solution of sulphite of soda, and to one ounce of this
add from five to ten grains (guess weight) of am idol; make up the solution
to eight ounces with water, add a few drops of bromide, and you have a
developer that is sufficient for at least half a dozen 8 by Io prints. This
isn't scientific, but it works.

I
 CAii-IERA NOTES.

In developing bromides in the dark room it is very difficult to deter-

mine how far to carry the development, not only because the colored light
is deceptive, but also because the fixing bath affects the print in varying
degrees, depending upon the character of the development. Thus, a print
that has received a full exposure and is rapidly developed will be reduced
more in the fixing bath than if it had been developed slowly. As a result
of this uncertainty many prints are rejected as too weak or too dark, but
these losses are frequently unnecessary, as the prints may be either reduced
or intensified exactly the same as negatives, and by the same processes.
Indeed, many of such corrected prints turn out better than those made in
the regular way.
For reducing a print no special instructions are necessary, and also in
ordinary cases of intensification, for any of the well known processes used
for glass or film negatives are equally applicable to bromide prints. I have
found, however, that if a print is bleached with a moderately strong solu-
tion of bichloride of mercury, and then, after thorough washing, blackened
by a solution of meta-bisulphite of potash, instead of the usual sulphite
solution, a very beautiful and brilliant purple black color results, which can
be obtained by no other process with which I am acquainted. Indeed, it is
fully worth while in many cases to stop development before a print attains
its full strength for the special purpose of submitting it to this method of
toning.
Bromide paper may be toned with gold or platinum, although these
are seldom resorted to; but besides these true toning processes many other
so-called toning processes are available for the production of a great variety
of colors. This is not, however, toning in the true sense of the term, but
rather the precipitation in the film of various colored chemical salts. An
example of this is the formation of Prussian blue, which results from wash-
ing over the print, or any desired portion of it, with a dilute solution of
yellow prussiate of potash, followed by a solution of persulphate or per-
chloride of iron. This process, if carefully done, will often produ e pleas-
ing sky effects.
The most useful of these toning processes are the hypo and alum bath,
and uranium nitrate bath. The first of these is fully described in the cir-
culars of all manufacturers of bromide paper, but it is extremely uncertain
in its results, and can be only recommended where a heavy black print is
to be slightly warmed in tone, or where a dark chocolate color is desired.
The color, however, is so greatly dependent on the constantly varying ele-
ments of length of exposure and character of development that regularity
of results cannot be relied on. When fir5t mixed the hypo alum bath re-
duces the print considerably, but this effect diminishes very considerably
with age. and the character of the tones also improve.
For colors ranging from dark brown to blood red the uranium bath is
the simplest and most satisfactory, and moreover it is most certain in its
results. Many complex formulae are given for the preparation of this bath,
but for use on bromide paper all that is necessary is to prepare a solution
containing from one to three grains each of uranium nitrate and red prus-
siate of potash to the ounce of water. The action of this bath is quite
 CAMERA NOTE'S. 149

rapid, and when the desired tone is obtained the print should be promptly
removed to a dish of water and gently washed until the ye11ow color of the
toning solution entirely disappears, when the print may be hung up to dry.
This process readily lends itself to the work of local toning, in which
case the above solution may be applied direct with a bit of cotton wool, or
a brush; or a uranium nitrate solution may be first applied, fo11owed by the
application of a weak solution of ferricyanide of potash. After a print has
been toned in this uranium bath the application of a weak solution of per-
chloride of iron will produce the blue sky tint before referred to; and if a
strong reddish brown tone is first obtained on an over-developed print, and
then it is entirely immersed in the weak iron bath, a greenish blue moon-
light effect is produced.
Some writers tell us that this toning process also intensifies the prints,
and warn us to make allowance for this in development, but practica11y
this is an error: for, although a slight strengthening of the print occurs, it
is so slight that it may be disregarded. The error arises from the fact that
this uranium process is frequently employed to intensify negatives, but in
that case the intensification results more from the opaque character of the
deposit than from its amount, and in a print it is evident that this quality
of opacity does not affect the results.
Many bromide prints, although crisp and clear, do not seem to possess
the brilliancy that could be desired. We feel there is something lacking
in delicacy, which perhaps can be best expressed by saying that the print
conveys the impression of being dry, like the skin when one is in a fever-
ish condition. This may be overcome to a great extent, and without pro-
ducing a glossy surface, by rubbing a thin solution of white wax in tur-
pentine over the print with a bit of soft cloth. This may require two or
three days to dry properly, but too much wax is better than too little, as
the excess may be easily wiped off with a dry, soft cloth, the whole surface
being rubbed over evenly.
Another dodge, applicable to large portraits which are to be hung high
upon a wall and at a distance from the observer, is to go lightly over the
eyes and the strongest of the high lights with a weak solution oi resin in
turpentine. This gives great brilliancy to these points, but care should
be exercised not to produce a gloss that would be readily noticed.
As a closing note I will give a scheme with which I have recently
experimented, and which I believe can be made comparatively successful
in skillful bands. Having a rather thin negattve, which lacked the saving
grace of some appropriate clouds to break up a flat, bare sky, I printed it
deep enough to give quite a strong color in the sky. \\Thile the print was
still wet I began to work in clouds by applying a moderately strong bleach-
ing solution of red prussiate of potash and hypo with sma11 brush. It
must be confessed that the operation is decidedly uncertain, as it is impos-
sible to predict just how, where. or when the bleaching solution will take
effect; but by working slowly and tentatively, and with frequent applica-
tions of water under the tap, some very promising results have been ob-
tained. It is very much like working a wash drawing in black and white,
where one starts with a general preconceived plan, but has to coax the color
 CAMERA i\"OTES.

as best he can in the desired directions, and at the same time must quickly
seize upon and utilize any eccentricity of the flowing medium, combining
and harmonizing it with the general scheme as the work proceeds. So far
I have only been able to produce stratus clouds, but am satisfied that some
moditication can he devised which will give the control necessary for the
production of the more delicate and intricate cumulus.
In closing, I will state that in these notes I have bad in mind only the
matt surfaced papers, for, although most of the processes mentioned are
equally applicable to the enameled papers, still they are now seldom used
except for special work.
... ... ... W. F. H APGoon.

Genre.*
There is no doubt that the word gmre was introduced into the Eng-
lish language from the French, laden with a particular, rather than the
general meaning suggested by its derivation. In its ordinary acceptance
in the French language it bas the same signification as gender, a word
well established in the English language l-ong before ~mre-Anglicized in
spelling but plainly a modification of the Proven•;al gmdrr. There is no
word in any language having a more generic sense than genre, since it is
really the word genus (pl. genera) in another form, corrupted from one of
the cases of its Latin declension. It is proper to observe. aqso, that genre
remains French, as genus and genera remain Latin, because the use of
these, though common, has been mostly confined to the learned dasses,
who have preserved them substantially from the metathesis noticed in
words ending in re, derived from the French, as centre, metre, calibre, etc.,
now commonly spelled in cr. Regarding the word genre simply in its orig-
inal meaning (kind, sort, species, style), its application to the fine arts
would warrant its including a large class of works differing very materi-
ally in character. But no important advantage would be gained in so
regarding it. In representing too much of everything it would come to
mean too little of something.
In the recent competitions of the American Institute, the photo-
graphs submitted in the gmre class showed that many of the contestants
considered it a kind of miscellaneous department in which they could
enter any subject not allowed in other classes. Some justification
may be found for this estimate in the curious history of gmre painting
and what has been regarded as included in it during the last four
centuries. As we trace back this history we find that when the word
gmre was adopted into the English language as a descriptive art term, it
was the remnant of a compound word, or a phrase loosely compounded,
which had already undergone a considerable shifting of meaning. It is the
tendency of many words in actual use to wear down; generally at the ter-
mination, especially if the latter be unaccented. This is true even of sin-
gle words, and the fact is mentioned by philologists as one of the principal
causes of changes in language. But with compound words the tendency
is to drop one word of the combination altogether, usually the second,
• Read before tbto Camera Cluo, December '3· z8q8.
 CAi~IERA NOTES. ISI

leaving the first, by a

kind of synecdochical
tergivisation, to do duty
as the who1e without
regard to its original
meaning. For instance,
piano-forte is now uni-
versa11y contracted into
simple piano, though it
is quite as much the
office of that cumbrous
musical in~trument to
yield loud as soft tones;
and we say pianist (soft-
ist), not piano-fortist,
yet a piano player is, in
fact, a soft -loud ist.
Ca11zera-obscura, in like
• •
manner, ts now ca111e1·a.·
and some very particu-
lar old ladies insist on
• • •
our saytng camer1st to-
stead of photographer,
though, as cam era
means chamber and
camerist would signify
cbamberist, we would
thereby run counter to
the apostolic injunction Mathilde Weit.
against chambering, which is put by Saint Paul in the same category as wan-
tonness, rioting and drunkenness, strife and envying. There is a ten-
dency, too, nowadays, to contract plzotograpk into simple photo.; yet photo
(light) is not so appropriate a term as the remainder of the compound,
graplz (drawing), or grat1t, as some would make it. 'C,llo, literally a dimin-
utive, as doing duty for violoncello, is an exception preserving the termin-
ation; but there is reason for this, as the first word of the compound
expression is already pre-empted by other members o~ the fiddle family.
Genrt is likewise a survival of one of these compound words, in which a
derivative of the old Greek yEv, Latin gen, is employed, with other nouns
or with adjectives, to distin~uish special classes of painting, as gttzre lt-is-
tora·que (historical style of painting); genre du paJ'sage (landscape painting),
etc., just as genre ltumat"n stands for mankind; genre d' ecrire for literary
style.
It will readily be understood that one special style of painting may
partake of the character of another to such an extent that it is difficult to
properly classify it. For example, an historical picture may be accompan-
ied with a highly wrought landscape; or again, a landscape may receive
its chief interest from the historical figures or events represented with it.
152 CAJJfERA NOTES.

So a kind of painting, which was neither gtnre historique nor gmrt du pay-
sage, but something intermediate, composed of elements borrowed from
these two provinces, came into vogue in the beginning of the sixteenth cen-
tury, part1y in Italy but chiefly in the north of Et1rope, and was brought
to such a high state of perfection in the seventeenth century by a succes-
sion of brilliant geniuses that it bas been a pattern for the WC\rld ever &inc e.
To this style the term genre, unaccompanied by the cumbrous descriptive
qualification, bas gradually come to be applied, the very difficulty of nam-
ing its characteristic seemin~ to suggest that, as it was neither purely
history nor yet simply landscape, it was just genrt. Thus the term
turned from a general to a particular signification. It is, therefore, to be
considered as a trope or synecdoche. Language is largely made up of these
synecdoches, which like idioms are truly imperfections, but itnperfections
which add vigor and force to speech.
Who was the pioneer who first broke the bonds which seemed to bold
the great painters to the representation of Biblic:al history is hard to deter-
PJine, but in tbe early part of the sixteenth century, in the Netherlands,
Joachim Patenier (1490-ISSo), following the example of Van Eyck, who bad
made some attempts in the same direction, painted as a background to a
picture of the Holy Family an elaborate landscape instead of the customary
ideal surroundings; and the ill novation met with such favor, we ate told,
that in the next
generation Henri
de Bles could pic-
ture a p r o fa n e
event in the midst
of a landscape and
yet comtnand ap·
preciation, and,
what be probably
desired just as ar-
dently, a sale of his
work. Lucius Van
Leyden (1494-1533)
and Albert Durer
( 14 7 1 -1 5 28) also rep-
resented a c t u a 1
s c e n e s from the
everyday life of the
p eo p I e in their
paintings and en-
gravings. In Italy
somewhat the same
transition took
place shortly after,
for Paul Veronese
( 15 28-88) painted
Alph onse Montant his ''Marriage at

•
•

CLARIONET PLAYER
By John E. Dumont
 CAMERA NOTES. ISS

Cana" and "The Finding of Moses," in which the landscape and acces-
sories were developed to an t:xtent and independence hitherto unknown;
in fact, the historical action was madt: subordinate to the surroundings;
anGI Jacopo da Ponte (x sxo-92), like Veronese, also a pupil of Titian, further
carried the work of mingling the ideal with the natural.
At various periods in the history of art it may be noticed that new
schools spring up, following great leaders, whose office it is to call paint-
ers back to nature, from which they are prone to wander, whether from
the imitation of erroneous ideals or, as happens too often, the imitation of
each other. As Carlyle tells us, in his lecture on Heroes, "It is the prop-
erty of the hero, in every place, in every situation, that he comes back to
reality; that he stands upon things, and not shows of things.'' So was
born the Gmre school in the sixteenth century; the Preraphaelite, Pletn-
air, Luminist and Impressionist schools in the present century. "All
arts," says Alexander Pope, "are taken from nature and, after a thousand
vain efforts for improvement, are best when they return to their first sim-
plicity." Genre executes this mission so well that it is safe to say it will
never die out as long as art itself shall last. It will always remain a branch
of historical painting, from which it differs in degree rather than in kind.
Broadly speaking, indeed, all painting is an embodiment of history. The
peculiar duty of genre is not so much to describe the relations of man to
God, as in Biblical history, or to false divinities, as in mythical history,
but rather the relations of man to nature as we see it round about us. Its
mission is not so much to portray gods and heroes, as ordinary everyday
men in their intercourse with each other, and especially their intimate con-
verse with nature and her works. Nor is. genre painting necessarily the
delineation of low life, as may be suggested by certain works of the Dutch-
men, any more than historical painting is solely the representation of the
life of kings and princes; but it is the picturesque illustration of life,
either real or ideal, in nature. It is this element of the pictorial which
preserves the dignity of the work and saves the representation from that
overloaded exaggeration called caricature. Hogarth carried his pictures
of everyday life to such a pitch of realism that he seems to be affiicted with
pseudoblepsis, and to regard man continually through the spectacles of a
caricaturist. All of his testimony may be recognized as truth, but there
are too many truths in one picture. He was so anxious to teach his lesson
that he enfor~ed its precepts with an excess of facts. Caricature is simply
an elaborated exaggeration of historic truth.
The gmre picture must present human interest in its copy of nature
not merely with historic reality, but must also breathe the spirit of history.
It bears, as has been remarked by Wilson, the same relation to historical
painting that anecdote does to history proper. Nor must its anecdote be
without historical significance, for anecdote is an humble form of history.
It must tell us something new, or true, or edifying, about life in general,
as characteristic of some country, people or period. Ocmpatious,-labor in
the fields, in the household; the labor of the sailor, the fisherman, the sol-
dier; the work of the professions, of the priest, physician, lawyer, teacher:
Atnusemmts and Cert'fnoniu-festivals, weddings, funerals, baptisms, pro-
 CAMERA NOTES.

cessions, customs, habits; Passions, gambling, quarreling, fighting, love,

jealousy, revenge; all these furnish innumerable suhjects for the gmre
painter, for they concern man and his relations with nature, both animate
and inanimate. They tell the story of the character and life of the com-
mon people, and from the works of the gmre painters of its golden age, in
the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, we have the most minute informa-
tion about the Flemish and Dutch people; in which, if all other chronicles
were lost, we could study not only the history of the commonwealth but
the record of the most trivial doings of its people and the physical charac-
ter of the country. Nor have these painters confined themselves to their
own period; they were the first to bridge 0ver the chasm of time, the great
gulf fixed between Biblical days and their own. And for generations crit-
ics, while they praised the vigor of their conceptions, regarded the embod-
iment of them as ignorant if not laughable anachronisms. Shakspeare bas
also been cited as a frequent offender in this very matter, and it is only
just dawning on our dull comprehensions that, perhaps, in some cases,
these anachronisms were intentionally and artistically committed to bring
home to us truths that otherwise would be regarded as belonging to a long
departed generation and in no sense concerning ns or our age. The Psalm-
ist sings of the Deity, "A thousand years in thy sight are but as yester-
day"; and in proportion as we are gifted with enthusiasm, or entheasm
(God in m:), how small should the interval seem between the time when
Christ lived upon the earth and the present day! But whether the Dutch
painters, when they pictured Biblical events amid the scenes of their own
time and as happening to types of their own people, knew what they were
doing or not, it is certain that modern painters have intentionally adopted
the same means to declare, with extraordinary power, that these things
are an allegory, just as Paul taught the Galatians that Abraham's two sons,
one by a bond-maid and the other by a free-woman, were types of the two
covenants which were instituted generations apart; and thus brought
ancient events down to his own time. Just as he connects, with one mas-
ter-stroke, Agar, born of the flesh, with the bondage of the Law as given
from Mount Sinai, and the condition of Jerusalem, which was then in bond-
ag-e to the Romans; and Isaac, b0rn of the Spirit, with the freedom of the
New Testament, and the true Jerusalem, which is above and the mother
of us all; so these Dutch painters succeeded in portraying the ancient and
ideal by the actual and the present, and thus established the principle in
art that the characters of history, sacred or profane, may be regarded as
universal types belonging to no particular age. And this opens up the
field of genre to include not only the representation of the prosaic every-
day life of the common people, but also that imaginary life, conceived by
the minds of the poets, i.n which all the persons, circumstances and e\'ents
of human existence are lifted above the grossness of everyday life into the
ideal realms of romance. Pastorals, eclogues, bucolics, idyls, georgics;
the life of the fairies, gnomes, elves, sprites; the doings of the lesser heroes
and heroines of romantic fiction; all these, too, belong to the peculiar
province of genre painting. It is quite clear that such subjects, at least,
are outside the pale of pure historical painting. Historical painting aims
 CAMERA NOTES. 157
-----~-- --------------

to represent historic reality, and the characters, the situation and the
action must be real, though presented with a measure of fiction through the
emotional temperament of the painter. In genre, however, either the
characters, the situation or the action, or all of the three, may be fictitious;
but the painter must invest his work with an appearance of reality by his
presentation of human interest. Nor is it absolutely necessary to intro-
duce human figure.s to establish this interest. A little picture which I saw
many years ago, entitled "Parlez au Portier," was full cf human interest,
though it merely portrayed a little mongrel dog, full of pride, dignity and
importance, acting as door-keeper to a very bumble dwelling. Landseer's
''Shepherd's Chief Mourner,'' where the collie watches the coffin of his dead
master, whose existence is only hinted at by the hat and stick now laid
ac;ide forever, is another instance where the human interest is most pow-
erfully suggested by the simple presence of one of man's most faithful
companions. Human interest, as well as historical significance, may also
be conveyed by ideal figures representing personifications of types of char-
acter, as contradistinguished from historical portraiture, which aims to
bring before us certain individual characters. Sichel's" Phantasien Kopfe,"
or Ideal Heads; Lefebvre's "Truth"; Leighton's "Solitude"; Wilkie's
''Piper"; Benner's "Seac;ons"; Falero's "Constellations"; Hans Makart's
"Senses"; all belong, in this signification, to thegmre class. But, though this
typical and ideal portraiture may be legitimately included in the sphere of
JJt'llre, the style of pictorial treatment of the scenes of everyday life inaugu-
rated by the Dutch, and echoed with wonderful resonance by the Italian,
German, French and English schools, still remains the purest form of this
branch of the gmre historique. And while various groups of painters may
have varied the minor characteristics of this style from time to time-
as the Dutch, in their minute execution; the Venetians, in their exquisite
coloring; the French, in their sentiment; the Germans, in their emulation
of the profound expression of the old masters-the gmre picture has been,
properly speaking, a painting of small dimensions, in which the figures
represented are much below the size of nature, portraying the incidents
of everyday life with a certain poetic feeling through the introduction of
the dramatic element, heightened by the charm of exquisitely faithful imi-
tation; "whose end, both at the first and now, was, and is, to hold, as
'twere, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, srorn
her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pres-
sure. In interpreting the relations of man to nature and to his fellow
man, it tries to present things as they act•Jally are. In strict historical
painting, on the contrary, whose theme is the relations of man to God, or
his higher relations to fellow-men, the painter seeks to enlist human inter-
est by embodying only lofty ideals; the subjects are no longer ordinary
men, they are elevated to the rank of saints and heroes, their deeds must
be great deeds. and the dimensions of the figures are increased till the walls
of a great building arc none too large to contain the record of them. And,
in the modern French Salon, which encourages the grand style of expres-
sion (pemture du st;'lt ), a kind of intermediate tyr:e bas been developed,
combining, in pictures of immense size, the faithful rendering of the
ISS CAMERA NOTES.

scenes of everyday life with the grandeur of the events which decide the
fate of nations. Of this, there can be no finer example instanced than Bas-
tien Le Page's" Jeanne d'Arc," in which the heroine is pictured as a simple
peasant of to-day, in a commonplace country garden, but listening to the
voices of saints and angels which she beholds in ecstatic vision.
I have spoken of genre, thus far, only in connection with painting, but
it is evident that it may be also applied to forms of graphic representation
other than painting, as drawing, engraving, etching, photography, as well
as to sculpture and literature. And it is a singular coincidence that, at
the very period when the great men of the Netherlands were carrying
genre painting toward its triumphant development, William Shakspeare,
in England, produced that wonderful series of plays which, diminishing
nothing of the loftiness of conception seen in the Greek dramas, brought
the common life of the people on to the stage of the theatre and established
the genre dramatique. What more delightful genre studies can be conceived
than" As you Like It" and "Winter's Tale," in which the relations of man
to nature are not only painted with homely truth but eclogues and bucolics
are freely thrown in.
We know that sculpture, grand as it is when employed for the embodi-
ment of lofty thoughts, sometimes becomes positively commonplace and
vulgar when the subject is taken from everyday life. The field of genre, in
fact, lies at the very edge of the domain of sculpture. The chisel is better
adapted to carve for us the doings of the gods of mythology than the drink·
ing bouts of Tam o' Shanter and Souter Johnny. The true sphere of sculp-
ture is the realization of ideal conceptions; it reaches its limits when it
attempts to portray the events of real life. The well-known Rogers' statu-
ette groups, which familiarity should not bring into contempt, clever and
truthful as they undoubtedly are, simply show that the artist chose an
inappropriate medium for telling his story, which might have been more
happily expressed in painting.
It has frequently been urged against photography that its limitations,
also, forbid its employment in the field of genre. It can no longer be said,
of course, that it is limited in its mechanical applications, for it is to-day
the most universal and versatile of all the graphic arts and sciences. It
commands the infinitely great and the infinitely small; it limns with equal
faithfulness the visible and the invisible; but as a medium of communicat-
ing art ideas, photography certainly is limited in its scope. Its artistic pos-
siblities, however, have been so extended by the developments of the past
few years that it is now becoming recognized as a means of art expression,
much lower than painting, to be sure, out capable of yielding resnlts exhib-
iting considerable beauty, truth and sentiment, when not forced beyond
its powers. It is an error to ask it to do too much. Photography has prob-
ably never appeared in such a ridiculous light as w·hen an elaborate tableau
is arranged, with many figures and accessories, to represent a phase of
everyday life, or a scene in a poem or story, and then accurately copied by
the camera. Such work is only a travesty of ;renre. Pe1 haps we may take
a valuable hint in this connection from Mr. Hollinger's portrait practice,
and not attempt to force our models into a preconceived p1an; to study
 CAMERA NOTES. 159
---------------- - -- ·- --- ·- - ----

composition more, but to compose less. A picture does not wholly consist
in composition, lines, masses or tones; a genre picture, especially, depends
for its success on sentiment, on human interest; elements which vanish
into thin air before the consciousness of the conventionally posed model.
Mr. Hollinger therefore advises us to study what we want, not so much to
insist on having it, as to know how to wait for the effect to appear natur-
ally, when we may seize the opportunity to record it without delay. And
the instruments of photography, the cameras, plates and shutters, are now
such obedient servants in recording fleeting impressions that the painter's
brush and the t:tcher's needle are slow and clumsy in comparison. Stieg-
litz's" Hour of Prayer,"" Waiting for the Boats" and "Gossip," all studies
of the fisher life at Katwyk, could never have been made by arrangement
and posing without sacrificing all the naturalness for which they are justly
famed. They were not composed, though they are good compositions.
The photographer sought favorable conditions for securing a certain scene
in everyday life occupying but an instant of time, waited for hours in
patience and confidence, and when the favorable moment arrived had the
wisdom to expose a sensitive plate a fraction of a second to realize it. A
painter might wait just as long to observe the same event and, impressing
it upon his memory, try to reproduce it by the help of sketches and studies
made afterward. For such genre scenes, however, photography has a
peculiar advantage over the slower and less responsive instruments of
painting. But whatever the method the photographer adopts in his efforts
to suggest the idyls of real life, there is one thing indispensable to success:
whether he awaits till the actual scene adjusts itself to the essentiill feature
of his conception, or whether he disposes his subjects and accessories in
harmony with a carefully thought out design, all traces of his preliminary
steps and arrangements must be suppressed, or the picture will be a fail-
ure. An eminent artist has told us that "a painting is finished when all
the means of its production have vanished from the canvas." And we
may understand Whistler to mean by this, not only that paint is to cease
to be paint and commence to be nature's colors, or that brush marks are
to develop into imitative textures, but that all the artifices employed to
present his thoughts must be buried out of sight. For that art is best which
best conceals art. Apply this principle to photography, and we may pro-
duce a picture of the home, the town or the farm, in which the figures
appear absorbed in their own affairs and not conscious of the camera; in
which the accessories do not suggest the belongings of a studio, and above
all, in which the technical methods are not in evidence. Such a result
may be called a perfect genre picture. To any attempt coming short of
this perfection the designation of "study" may be given; and if we recog-
nize that a study is simply a means to an end, and not the end itself; is a
preparation for a picture and not yet a picture; we may decide that its
proper destination is the portfolio and not the wall of an exhibition room.
WILLIAM M. MURRAY.
... ... ...
This is the last number of "Camera Notes," Volume II. Renew your
subscriptions before we close our lists. The edition of this publication is strictly
limited.
rLo CAMERA NOTES.

Mr. W. M. Hollinger on Photographic Portraiture.

The announcement that Mr. Hollinger wuuld lecture on portraiture,
which his recent exhibition at the club rooms had demonstrated was a sub·
ject he was peculiarly qLtalified to elucidate, drew a large audience to the
regular meeting on November 8, notwithstanding the fact that it was the
night of a very exciting gubernatorial election. The lecture was in the
form of a famili.u talk, and we regret that we cannot reproduce it in Mr.
Hollinger's own language, though even a verhatim report might fall far
short of conveying the meaning of such congenial colloquial discourse. No
one who saw the lecturer bn this occasion would have guessed that he was
a veteran of more than a quarter of a century, but Mr. Hollinger began by
saying he had been a professional portrait photographer for twenty-seven
years, only the last two of which had been spent in New York. He con-
fessed, moreover, that it had taken him nearly the whole of this long expe-
rience to find out what a portratt really ought to be. He paid the amateurs
a high compliment by asserting that it was the observation of their work,
and the consideration of the ideas advanced by them, that had induced him
to discard nearly all the the appointments of the professional studio, and
to put himself on the same plane with them in the adoption of his present
photographic methods. We might think this statement gross "flathery"
were not there one amateur, at least, living in Mr. Hollinger's native
town, whose precepts and practice any professional might profitably
follow.* Whatever the o;ource of this inspiration, however, it is cer-
tain that becoming disgusted with the ephemeral character of conventional
studio work (for he observed that no matter how good his portraits appeared
at first sight, in a few years they were out of date and uninteresting even
as a likeness) he set himself diligently to inquire-" What is a picture?
Why is it that a portrait by one of the old masters is esteemed to-day even
more highly than when its subject lived on the earth, and his hat and cloak
were in the latest fashion ot the time? Why cannot I make my por-
traits so that they, too, will endure into succeeding generations?" So Mr.
Hollinger went into the art galleries and studiecl what be saw there. He
found that the pictures that attracted universal attention were those that
not only exhibited design, purpose, nice lines, forms, masses, color, action;
but beyond all these conveyed something better still, which he took to be
-sentiment; and that the deeper the sentiment, the greater the intere~t to
every member of the human family; so that while the picture would please
the sculptor, the painter and the architect, by appealing to the intellect, it
would please the masses more by appealing to their hearts. He went on
searching the good qualities which go to make up a picture, taking note,
also, ot the bad teatures wltich must be eliminated before it can be a true
and lasting work of art. And this is the lesson he learned and which he would
teach to every aspiring student of portrait photography. Jt is required of
a portrait, first of all, that it be truthful; it must be a likeness, for that is
• Mr. J M. Appleton, of Dayton, Ohio, whose beautiful series of portraits was deservedly m"daled
at the late American Institute Exhibition.
 CAMERA NOTES.

the primary object of all portraiture. It should express sentiment, for

feeling is the quality which makes it of interest to other people than the
subject. It should conform to the principl!!s ot art; so as to appeal in its
design and execution to the higher intelligence of humanity. It should,
finally, possess individuality, to mark the fact that it owes its existence to
a man and not to a machine. These are the properties it must have; but
there are other things that should be conspicuous, as it were, by their
absence. Truthfulness is essential to a picture; but its truth must not be
a slavish imitation of nature. It must have sentiment; but the sentiment
must not degenerate into saml!ness. It must have art; but its art must
not be commonplace. It must have individuality; but its individuality
must not be merely a mannerism. So that a perfect picture, or a perfect
portrait, is made up of a number of positive and negative elements, gath-
ered together in harmonious union; to speak mathematically, it is an alge-
braic sum of the plus quantities, truth, sentiment, art, individuality, and
the minus quantities, servile imitation, sameness, commonplaceness, man-
nerism.
In enlarging on these ideas Mr. Hollinger gave the audience many val-
uable thoughts and hints, and !!Specially drew attention to the psycholog-
ical truth, that every human being, young or old, has a beauty peculiar to
himself--a soul-and that it is the mission of the portrait painter and the
portrait photographer to find that soul and express its beauty in his pic-
ture: that this soul makes its appearance in proportion as the model
thaws out of his consciousness; and therefore much depends upon the tact
and ability of the artist, whose mood and conduct is but too apt to he
reflected in the expression of his sitter as in a mirror. That is, if you want
your portrait work to look pleasant, it is necessary to be sweet and pleas-
ant yourself. From the art standpoint Mr. Hollinger spoke of composition
and its importance, but, at the same time, uttered a caution against trying
to make one's picture fit a plan; instancing the folly of placing subjects in
the midst of elaborate settings and forcing them into acting a part. He
said, Do not be too anxious to make compositions. Know what you want,
and knowing that, wait patiently; keep your eyes open for effects as they
happen, and then record them without delay. The lecture closed with an
earnest plea for individuality, to which end he exhorted his hearers to
study continually the works of the masters, not to imitate those works but
to emulate them; to think art thoughts; to put themselves in the mood to
do high and great things; and then, when in addition to truth, and senti-
ment, and art, they endowed their picture with some of the noble part of
themselves, they could sign their names to the work in the consciousness
that it was not a weak echo of Rembrandt or Reynolds or Vandyke, but
yet something to be treasured by the world in times to come, done by the
modern and original artist, Brown, or Jones, or Robinson. W. M_ M.
 CAMERA NOTES.

As the World Views Us.

"We have before now had occasion to refer to CA~IERA NoTEs as a pro-
duction in which the possession of a highly cultivated artistic taste is
manifested by those upon whom the superintendenct: of its publication de-
volves. The receipt of the J·muary number gives us the opportunity of
noting that the high standard of excellence initially set up has been lltead-
ily kept in view. CAMERA NOTES may without hesitation be termed the
best publication of its kind-no other society in the world sends out such
a delightful and informative organ. Bound in a tasteful stiff green cover,
printing, paper, and illustrations are all of the best. The present number
contains four whole page photogravures and several half-tone reproduc-
tions, both kinds of pictures being wonderfully good. * * * We advise
all who would like to see one of the most artistic photographic publications
that have come before us to obtain a sight of CAMERA NoTEs.-British
Journal of Pltotograpky.
January :zo, 1899.

"We have before spoken highly, but by no means too highly, of the
official organ of the Camera Club of New York, U. S. A., which is issued
under the above title, and we Jearn from the present issue, which is before
us, that we are not alone in valuing this journal so highly. It is issued
quarterly, the price per copy being fifty cents, or the subscription price is
two dollars per year, and now the price of the first volume has gone up 'in
the open market' to seven dollars, and the funny part of it is that it is
worth it."- The Pkolograplzic News (London).
February 3, 1899.

* * * " Your CAMERA NoTES gives me a quarterly fit of envy and

discontent. Strange we cannot do this kind of thing in this country."
A. HoRsLEY HINTON,
Editor A matmr Photograpker (London).

* * * "The last number of CAMERA NoTEs is grand. You are put-

ting us all in the background."
DR. jOHN NICOL,
Editor A mrrican Amateur Photograplzer.
December :zo, 1 898.

* * * " You certainly have the most charming photographic

publication printed anywhere in the world."
w. I. LINCOLN ADAMS,
President of the Photographic Times Publishing Compan;'.
December 16, 1898.
 ..
•

NIAGARA FALLS
By Wm. D. Murphy
 CAMERA NOTES.
---~ ~ -----------

Exhibitions and Competitions.

An Important Exhibition in Munich.
Munich, the accepted art center of Germany, has also fallen into line. During the
months of November and December, the "Sezession," the most influential art society in
Germany, which has revolutionized German art in the past ten years, opened its doors to
pictorial photography as an art, having invited about fifty photographers from the various
p.uts of the globe to exhibit their choice~t works. It was the first photographic exhibition
ever held in Munich, and naturally Mr. Matthtes-Masuren, himself a well-known painter
an'i photographer, who was in charge of tbe exhibition, had a splendid opportunity to get
togllther an exceptionally line collectton of pictures. The exhibition created a sensation
amongst the artists and art loving public, and iR said to have been the topic of discus-
sion for many days. The press, with the usual German thoroughness, so unknown in
art matters in the United States, took up the question most seriously and revillwed the
pictures with the same care and thought as they did the paintings, statuary, etc. Pic-
torial photography is certainly having its innings, and it is sad to think that the New
York artists are still too conservative to take the initiative in holding an exhibition of
photographs under their ausptces in this city.
The pictures by Craig Annan, Henneberg, Watzek, Kuehn, Stieglitz and Demachy
are said to have been the attractions of the exhibition, according to the various reports.
Mr. Stieglitz was the only American invited to exhibit, and was represented by nine of
his very best pictures:" Mending Nets," which was recently sold for eighty-live dollars;
"Scurrying Home," "Winter, Fifth Avenue," "A Wet Day on the Boulevard," "Katwyk
Dunes," "Retlecttons, Night," "Snow, a Foreground Study," "Gossip," "Katwyk,"
and "A Decorative Panel."
At the recent Hackney Exhibition Mr. W. A. Fraser"s "A Wet Night, Columbus
Circle," was awarded tbe silver medal in the Champion class. The gold medal was
withheld.
The Two Championship Cups of the " Camera Club. "
The two competitions having failed to receive any entries in the year 1898, the Board
of Trnstees adopted the following resolution on December 13, 1898:
WHKREAS, The two championship cups known as "The Lantern Slide Champion Cup"
and "The Presidtmtial Print Prize'' are now in the hands of the trustees without claim-
ants for the current year; and
WHEREAs, It is desirable to keep alive the spirit of competition for excellence in pho-
tographic work;
Resolved, That with the consent of the donors of said cups, new competitions are
hereby opened under the following conditions:
First. Open to all members of 'l'he Camera Club.
Second. Competitions shall be held in March anll November, 1899. and thereafter
in the months of May and November of each year.
Third. Entries shall close and exhibits be delivered at the Club rooms to the Sec-
retary on the first days of the months named.
Fourth. Six slides, or three prints. suall constitute a complete entry, and shall be
solely the work of the exhibitor. No picture that bas won a prize tn any photo contest
prior to the date of the preceding competition of this serie~, shall be ehgible for entry.
Fifth. All prints and slides shall be exhibited and publicly junged in the Club rooms.
Sixth. Awards shall be announced by the Judges at the regular meeting of the Club
rn each of the months specified.
Seventh. The name of the winner in each competition shall be engraved on the
respective cup, which shall remain in his or her possession from the date of the award
until the date of the next semi-annual competition; but if any competitor wins a cup
three times (including competitions of 1897) it shall become his personal property.
Eighth. The winning set of prints or slides shall become the property of the Club.
Ninth. Each competition shall be held under the direction ot a Board of three Judges,
to be appointed by thP. Trustees, and the decision of said Judges shall be final.
Tenth. Slides and prints shall be judged on a basis of fifty per cent. for "Art" and
fifty for "Technique."
166 CAMERA NOTES.

Proceedings.
A special meeting was held Tuesday eve- be a popular one. At this meeting the
ning; November 29, at which a lecture on Print Committee announced the opening of
Photo~raphic Printing was delivered by the exhibition of "Studies of Wild Animals
Ferdinand Stark, accompanied by a practi- in their Native Haunts," by !\lessrs. Carlin
cal demonstration of the Carbon Process. and Brownell. a review of which will be
In order to afford our lady members an op- found elsewhere.
portunity to become familiar with this A paper on the subject of "Genre" was
beautiful printing method a special demon- read by William !\I. l\1 urray, and is pub-
stration of the working of the Carbon lished in full in :he present number oi
Process was provided for them and was en- CA~IERA NoTEs.
tertainingly conducted by Miss E. C. • • •
Hausmann. !\lr. Stark is one of our club During the month of December two spe-
members and practices photography as a cial illustrated lectures were given in the
profession. The old idea that amateurs and club rooms and were much enjoyed by the
professionals cannot dwell together in large audiences present. The first of these
brotherly unity has been long since ex- was delivered hy Mr. Burr W. Mcintosh.
ploded, and the assistance we have re- on Thursday evening, December 22, and
ceived from time to time from the profes- was entitled '"The Cuban War-The Little
sionals who have joined our ranks, Crom- I Saw of It." The lantern slide illustrations,
well, Moreno, McKecknie, and Stark, has which demomtrated the important part
abundantly demonstrated the value of asso- played by photography in the record of the
ciation with them. On the other hand, they events of the late war, were all made by
have repeatedly declared that the improve- Mr. Mcintosh from negatives taken on the
ment was mutual, and that they have been spot.
benefited by contact with progressive ama- The other entertainment was a lecture on
teurs. In matters of science and art, at •·The Cities of the Baltic," by Mr. Gilbert
least, we are all working in the same field. Ray Hawes, which were colloquially de-
Mr. Stark's very interesting demonstration scribed in his own original style, accom-
was attended by a large number of our panied by numerous illustrations, interest-
club members and their friends. The lec- ing, especially, for their avoidance of the
ture was designed to be a continuation of hackneyed features of ordinary tourists' ob-
the series of elementary and practical ex- servations.
positions so happily inaugurated last sea-
son by the papers on "Apparatus," by
•••
President Murphy; "Choice of Subject," by At the regular meeting held Tuesday
Prof. Elmendorf·; and "Development," by evening, January 10, an exhibition of prints
Wm. M. Murray. by the Postal Photographic Club was inau-
• • • gurated by the Print Committee.
A new deed of gift for the two Champion
At a regular meeting of the club held
Tuesday evening, December 13, President Cups, with rules for the competitors of
Murphy in the chair, several amendments I!lgoJ, was announced by the Board of Trus-
to the constitution were prepared, the most tees. A copy of the new conditior.s will be
important of which was a section limiting found on another page.
the number of active members. It has been The Board of Trustees also invited gifts
deemed advisable to take this action not of slides and prints from the members,
only to stimulate accessions to member- which donations will be sold for the bene-
ship up to the limit number and to discour- fit of the club, if delivered before February
age resignations from trifling causes, but to 20th.
secure to our resident members the more •••
comfortable enjoyment of the use of the The Wednesday Test Nights have been
photographic apparatus in the club rooms. regularly held and have been well attended,
Abundant as are the facilities afforded in in spite of the fact that there has been a
our commodious quarters and studios, they graJually waning of enthusiasm in lantern
have been at times severely taxed by the shde n1aking arnong our members this sea-
recent large accessions to membership. The son. The most active workers have been
proposed change will, therefore, probably Messrs. Beeby, Agnew, Scott, Montant
 CAMERA NOTES.

and Young. who have presented slides for ers. as well as original examples by pho-
critici~m frequently since last autumn. Of tography, that will be very valuable from
these Mr. Beehy has shown the greate~t an educatiOnal as well as aesthetic point vi
progress, and in the matter of technique ''iew. 1\lr. Fraser has abandoned lantern
alone has placed himself in the front ran:.. slides for a while to take up work in bro-
of American lantern slide makers. Some of mide printing. H<lw successful he has been
his street scenes, e~pccially those showing in this new field may be seen in our lists uf
mist and ing effects, have been character- prize winners in the various photographic
lztd, also, l.ly a high order of artistic excel· compet1t10ns. The increasing number of
IC"nce. :\1 r. Stieglitz and 1\Ir. Frazer have visitors at the Test Nights has rendered it
dune comparatively little work this sea- necessary to provide something for their
son in lantern slides; the former, however, visual entertainment nearly every week, and
has lately found time, amid his absorbing the collections of Messrs. Murphy, Frazer,
editorial duties, to commence a series of Sti<>glitz and Berg have several times been
typical portraits, including exquisite repro- laid under contribution for what has come
ductions from the work of the great paint- to be styled "Request Exhibitions."
... ... ...
Miss Frances B. Johnston's Prints.
(Exhibited November 9 to 26.)
If Miss Johnston be not endowed with that erratic and uncertain gift called genius,
her works, as shown in the collection of prints exhibited at the Camera Club, give evidence
at least of the possession of a high order of talent, together with that infinite capacity
for taking pains which even some geniuses declare is the sole reason of their elevRtion
above the common ru-n of humanity. The most noticeable feature of Miss Johnston's
pictures is the remarkable evenness of the work. Here are portraits covering a wide
range of undertaking, young men and maidens. old men and children; yet in all of these
is to be observed an earnest endeavor to express the character of the subject, and the exe-
cution of the purpose is accomplished with the address of an artist well versed in the tech-
nical methods of photography as well as possessing a tender sympathy for the higher
claims of art. Miss Johnston has been a professional photographer for several years. and
consequently most of her exhibit is portraiture, even the genre studies, of which there
are several examples, coming under the same classification, strictly speaking, for they
include portraits of figures represented as types of charaoter as distinguished from por-
traits of particular individuals. "The Artist"" is probably one of the most pleasing of
these, a study showing Madame PaiThasius, in the studio, gazing forgetfully upon her
canvas. The ideal note of the picture is artistically struck and maintained by placing
all the tones in a high register; the shadows being indicated with such delicacy that,
while the furms are sufficiently suggested, a dreamy poetic haze seems to pervade the
whole scene. Another study, two Greek girls, seated in classical pose, one reading a
rather modern-looking volume, does not explain its right of artistic existence quite su
well; but as an example of decorative design, which might be appropriate to book illus-
tration, the picture may be considered as showing refinement of line and dignity of con-
ception beyond the ordinary. "The Sphinx," in which the face and form of the model
are seen through the fabric of a silken veil, is an interesting study with an art motive,
exhibiting at the same time a tour de force in the rendering of diaphanous drapery,
which is repeated with more or Jess success in several other essays, as in "The Lady of
the Veil," "Chrysanthemum," and "The Lady of the Fan." A "Portrait of a Young
Girl," apparently taken against the strong light of a window, also marks the accomplish-
ment of an exceedmgly difficult photographic feat, but in this instance no serious artistic
purpose seems to be served. "La Cigarette" is one of eight studies from the same model,
all of which are tributes to the sympathetic aid afforded by a beautiful subject, whose
every presentment exhibits the repose that seems to be ht:r own inherited gift no lesa
than a reflection of the mood and confidence of the artist. A more youthful model is
also several times portrayed, with various studio devices for creating a fanciful interest,
such as posing against placques or crowned with the large hats of the period. 0£ these
r68 CAMERA NOTE~:

the best is "A Gains borough Girl," the subject of one of the photogravures in the pres-
ent number of CAMERA NoTES. But it is in the portraiture, pure and simple, that Miss
Johnston's talent is most happily displayed; and it js to her credit as an artist that,
practicing her profession in the giddy whirl of fashionable Washington, she has mam-
tained her own individuality so well, where there must be considerable temptation to
yield to the prevalent demand for portraits of expensive costumes and luxurious acces-
sories rather than characberistic pictures of men and women. In certain examples of her
exhibit, may be seen a slight concession to fashion in the brilliant contrasts of a showy
print accentuating the adornments of some society belle; but, as a rule, Miss Johnston
paints her portraits in quiet and subdued tones, and while presenting the prmcipal fea-
tures in ber compositions with due appreciation of artistic values, leaves a comt01 table
impression on the beholder by her apparent possession of large reserve force.
WM. M. MURRAY.
+ + +
Miss Zaida Ben-Yusuf's Exhibition.
(November 9 to 26.)
William Hunt was accustomed to say to his pupils in painting "You want a picture
to seize you as forcibly as if a man seizeli you by the shoulder." Miss Ben-Yusuf goes
a step heyond this in her photographic pictures, for some of them make you feel as 1f
you had not only been seiaed by the shoulder but had also received a violent blow on the
proboscis or the solar plexus. She evidently inclines to Gounod's ideas as to thP. purpm;e
of artistic effect: "Ce qu' on veut par-dessus tout, ce n'est pas emou\·oir. persuader,
convaincre, eclairer, non; c'est £rapper, surprendre, eblouir. Ace jeu, on brille parfois,
on s' eteint toujours." This may be seen even in her quietest successes, as in the pic-
ture entitled simply "A Study," in which a single female figure, with face in deep
shadow, exhibits her bang led wrist in an exaggerated, almost grotesque, pose; the tips
of the fingers lightly resting on a table close to the plane of the picture. A note of sub-
ordinate but ancillary value is the light falling upon the bare shoulders, which adds a
richness to the quality of the picture like the upper partials in the tones of a violin. The
head of the figure is seen in relief against a print hung on the wall of the room, and there
is a confusion of the outline of the face wrth the rectangular form of the engraving or pho-
tograph within its broad white border. We have heard this marring defect praised as one
of the beauties of the work, but there is little doubt that it was an aocident caused by the
carelessness of the photographer while intent on more important things, and does not
form part of the study which is the avowed purpose of the picture. The" Musician" rep-
resents a fair guitarist playing from an ancient manuscript, posed in a picturesque but
physically very uncomfortable attitude; the eyes particularly being subjected to a strain
that will render the services of an expert oculist necessary at no distant date. But this
picture, as the other, charms from its daring originality, and strikingly exhibits Miss Ben-
Yusuf's most marked characteristic. She is nothing if not original. It does not content
her to stick to any beaten path or to pay attention to warnings against danger placed
along the highway of photography. She resembles some of those uneasy spirits who
sometimes join a party tor a country walk and keep you continually on pins and needles
by jumping into the woods, or stalking across forbidden grounds regardless of man-traps
and spring guns, and who are sure to bring to your attention some new plant or fruit or
bird or animal that would otherwise escape your eyes. Some of the results of your ram-
bling may be unsattsfactory; the plants may prove to be noxious, the mushrooms turn
out poisonous toadstools, while the birds are as likely to be mud-hens as herons, but such
people make you see and know new and interesting things by forcing them on your
notice. And without the plagues of i.hese restless souls our walks in life would be une-
ventful, commonplace, perfunctory "constitutionals." Such a genius is Miss Ben-Yusuf.
She does not believe in rules and does not care what the photographic, or any other
graphic, Mrs. Grundy says about art or effect, composition or technique. As for what
Mr. Grundy says, we may shrewdly infer she cares still less. It is evident from her
photographs that she aims at the picturesque in all her effort9, whether the subject be a
g~;,,~ study, a reali:l:ation of some ideal type of character, or a portrait that is required to
•

PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM D. MURPHY

PRESIDENT OF THE CAMERA CLUB
By W. M. Hollinger
 CAMERA NOTES. I7I

be a likeness of the sitter. There is no doubt that she generally attains her aim, even
if in doing so she sacrifices something of the organic unity which is regarded by aca-
demic authorities as essential to the success of a perfect work of art. She does not walk
toward the goal, but runs; a::td the running resembles a mad steeple-chase rather than
the graceful locomotion of Atalanta. She rushes for the picturesque as if it were a five-
barred gate; and when she lands on the other side, as she is quite likely to do, the top
bar will be found to be badly damaged. if indeed the whole obstruction is not knocked
down. If it were not for the seriousness of purpose, which is evident even in her most
bizarre attempts, we might say that she preferred to embody the picturesque by pre-
senting the grotesque. At any rate, the dramatic element which contributes to the pic-
torial effect in several qf her ,f{enre studies occasionally becomes stagey. as seen in
"Inspiration," a girl ~azing rapturouo;ly at an armored manikin (or an Indian idol); in the
mock tragedy pose of "The Peacock's Plumage," and even to some extent in the smirk
of the girl readtng (vide study entitled "The Book," CAMERA No-rEs, Vol. II, No. I, p. 7)
perhaps the most successful of all her pictures. But these studies, in spite of all their
faults, and they are full of them. possess a peculiar attraction. They are the production
of a remarkable individuality; they draw the eye and command our admit ation, and
would do so even if they were placed in company with thousands of pictures which con-
form obediently but servilely to the conventional ranons of the schools.
Miss Ben-Yusuf's portraits have many of the merits of her genre subjects. There is,
indeed, some tendency in these to eccentric pose which even the desire to achieve the
picturesque may not justify, but some of the examples in which the sitters are well known
people undoubtedly present strongly characteristic likenesses. The intenticn of some of
them is happier than the execution. The otherwise admirable portrait of Augustin Daly
is marred by the unequal lighting. Mr. Daly's record has shown him to be a man of no
ordinary versatility. but by the preponderance of light coming from the right of the pic-
ture be appears, in this edition of him, a very one·sided individual. Anthony Hope,
too, in both the portraits of him, is shown with a strong light shining on the top of his
head. We may give the photographer credit for wishing to convey the idea that the
qualities of his intellect outshine all the attractions of his person. The irreverent critic,
hflwever, is likely to think that she has exhibited him rather as an early victim to the
worst stage of phalacrosis, waiting anxiously for an interview with the Sutherland Sis-
ters or the Northerland Brothers. But the "Portrait of Virginia Earle" is a happy real-
ization of youthful innocence and unconscious nai11ete, and possesses elements which
will make it prized as a pit:lure long after the original bas passed away and the fashions
of earthly garments shall have utterly changed. When we remember that the subject
of this is a sprightly little actress bubbling over with vivacity, the repose of this beauti-
ful portrait study is a silent witness of the fascinating address of the photographer,since,
as Hollinger has reminded us. the expression of a portrait is generally a reflex of the
mood of the artist. And, in the picture of Miss Ben-Yusuf herself, in walking costume,
we see another proof of her cleverness, in making a portrait from in front of. instead of
from behind, the camera. No trace of any task, however, is seE-n in the ;aunty air and
pose of the charming subject, who appears before ns scintillating with all the qualities
of mind and person represented by the much abused French word-chic.
Not all of the portraits are as successful as these, and some of them are positively
amateurish. Much as Miss Ben-Yusut bas gained in individuality-a valuable quality
in art-by the disregard of conventional rules, we cannot but belive that she bas suffered
in technique by her daring independence. In design we may with advantage be entirely
original; but in the execution of design we may learn much from the experience of
others. A little study of the laws of light, for instance, would have demonstrated the
unwisdom of trying to make a picture of a man playing the piano, with not much more
illumination than is afforded by the flash of a parlor match in a dark room. "A Lamp
Light Effect" is also a failure from the same erroneous estimation of the relative pow-
ers of the illuminants. The latter effort conveys the suggestion of a delightful picture, but
it is utterly spoiled by the careless execution. In "A Portrait of a Lady" the reflection
of light from the shiny surface of the cornea of one optic of the sitter, while the other is
in deep shadow, suggests that the lady is afflicted with a glass eye. These are only a
172 CAMERA NOTES.

few instances of the errors caused by a willful disregard of the elementary rules of pho-
tographic art and are most noticeable when viewmg the pictures at close range. At the
distance of the opposite side of the exhibition room, say 20 or 25 feet, a new fault
appears in a majority of the prints, a disagreeable spotty effect, resulting from a want
of attention to the massing of light and shade. To secure a pleasing cltiaro-oscuro, an
artist spends half his time, when painting a picture, in walking back from his work to
observe the effect at a d1stance. Unless the whole world becomes hopelessly myopic,
no painter can afford to ignore the fact that a picture on the wall is judged most fre-
qllently from a distance and not close at hanc'l. He aims, therefo~e. at securing a good
general effect, or an effect in mass, first of all. and after that paints the details of his sub-
ject. A photographer must recognize the same principles a!l the painter in this particu-
lar, or his work will be regarded as deficient in artistic value by people of normal eye-
sight.
Considering the collection as a whole, from this point of view (across the room), the
strong individual characteristics of the several pictures appear to interfere sadly with
the general harmony. Miss Ben-Yusuf was her own hAnging committee, and it would
seem th1t her judgment of exhibition effect is not equal to her sense of the picturesque.
Here and there is a work singing its little melody with a quaint originality that only
native genius can inspire, while all aro:md are pictures with claRhing and shrieking tones,
suggesting the cacophony of a great orchestra tuning up for a nervous conductor. Mel-
ody sometimes laughs at rules, it is a natural gift; but harmony is a natural gift embel-
lished anc'l enriched by art, and must recognize the canons of art. No doubt all these
things are apparent to Miss Ben-Yusuf herself, now that he-r prints have been grouped
together on the walls of an exhibition room. She is a young woman of remarkable
promise, and when her uncommon heritage of natural talent is joined to the experience
c>f some years of practice in her newly adopted profession, she will take her place in
the art world in the region where it is said there is always room for one more-near
the top. WM. M. MuRRAY.
... + ...
The Carlin-Brownell Naturalistic Portraits of Animals,
Birds and Reptiles.
In an entertaining article, published, with illustrations. in Vol. II., No. 2, CAMERA
NoTES, Mr. W. E. Carhn gave some account of the apparatus and methods he employed in
photographing wild animals and birds in their native haunts. The collection of 110
prints exhibited in the club rooms lJec. 14 to 20 was selected from the results of about
three years' work in the same field by Mr. Carlin and Mr. Leverett W. Brownell, both
well-known members of the Camera Club; and although this is yet only the nucleus of
what promises to be a very valuable addition to the history of American fauna. it is
already a monument to the prodigious watching, patience, and labor of these enthusiastic
young men. While some of the pictures of deer with mountain and lake backgrounds are
not without a certain artistic value, the physical difficulties in the way of successfully
photographing timorous animals and birds in their native fastnesses, naturally precluded
any studied preparations to obtain pictorial effects. The demands on technical accom-
plishments and skill in the use of vaned photor,raphit apparatus are, on the other band,
very considerable in this work. An intimate acquaintance with the mysteries of focusing
large lenses at different distances, mechanical ingenuity in the adaptation of specially
devised obturators, and the ability to quickly take advantage ol sudden opportunities, are
no less indispensable than a knowledge of the animal kingdom and the haunts and hab-
its of things creeping innumerable, both small and great beasts. One is apt to enter this
field in the ardent pursuit of the pleasures ul sport and to work in it afterward with the
keener interest of the enthusiastic naturalist. Thus, Mr. Carlin commenced photograph-
ing wild game while on a two years' shooting trip in the Bitter Root Mountains of the far
Northwest. To-day he is more ambitious to bag his quarry by the clilk of the shutter
than by the pu11 of a trigger. The man who would spend a month in obtaining a pilture
of the Rocky Mountain pika (that strange little animal that makes hay for his winter use
 CAMERA NOTES. 173
----------------------
like any farmer), tocusing on his favorite working places. watching for his erratic
appearances at a distance. operating the shutter through fifty feet of pneumatic tubing, is
likely to take less and less interest in the death of a deer, and to leave to other and grosser
minded sportsmen the task of supplying the hunter's camp with meat. And judgiag by
what we know of the shyness and timidity of the more famlliar examples in Messrs. Car-
lin and Brownelrs rather extensive list, the chipmunks and squirrels. the various mem-
bers of the deer tribe and the common kinds of song-birds, some idea may be formed of
the difficulties of obtaining naturalistic pictures of the lynx and the weasel, the raccoon
and opossum, the grouse, the quail and the plover. Nor must a word of commeadation
be omitted for the coolness and courage which were necessary to attend to the manipula-
tion of any kind of camera while in the vicinity of a large and lively specimen of the
deadly Florida mocasain, coiled and ready to strike. Probably this is a subject most
properly rendered by the higher powers of the telephoto lens. And, as it is frequently
necessary, in photographing wild animal life. to obtain a large image of a small sized
object situated at a di!o,tance, the use of the telephoto lens would seem to be particularly
adapted to most ofthe requirements. But its narrow field of view, its poor illumination,
its incapacity for rapid focusing, and especially its liability to unsteady the light and
portable cameras U!led in this kind of field work, render its employment often out of the
question. A lens of medium length of focus, cay 14 to 16 inches, used in a small but very
rigid camera, is much more serviceable. The production of a large image may some-
times, with advantage, be relegated to a subsequent operation, provided that a distinct
and detailed small image be originally obtained. A considerable number nf Messrs. Car-
lin and Brownell's prints were made by enlargement of the original negatives. These
magnifications, whether produced by projection on bromide paper or printed in platinum
or carbon from an enlarged negative, are. as shown in the exhibition under consideraticn.
hardly to be distinguished from large direct work. And whatever of artistic merit is dis-
played in these pictures appears most prominently in the tasteful presentation of the
various subjects. the printing medium being appropriately and becomingly chosen to
set forth the characteristic texture and color values ot the fur or plun:age or skin. The
accessories, too, in most cases have been kept in proper subordination. An instructive
feature of the collection was the effort to show something more than the mere likeness ot
the subJects, by exhibiting them in action or under circumstances illustrating, as far as
possible. their individual and peculiar habit!~; for example."' Hawk Eating a Young Bird;''
''Night-hawk, Asleep. Guarding her Egg;'' "Opossum Eating a Crab;" "Young Ruffed
Grouse Roosting Asleep during a Rainstorm;" ''Young of Richardson's Grouse, Hid-
den by Mother when Di&turbed,'' etc. In short, throughout this interestmg series of rec-
ords of natural history may be recognized the effort to present, primarily. the faithful
rendenng of the truths and facts of the animal kingdom, at once interesting to the
sportsman, satisfying to the naturalist and attractive to the lover of the picturesque.
Messrs. Carlin and Brownell have likewise performed a noteworthy service to their fel-
low members of the Camera Club, in demonstrating and exemplifying, in so happy a
manner, the possibilities of this novel and most fertile field of scientific and didactic pho-
tography. W. M. M.

The Postal Photographic Club Prints.

(Exhibited at the Camera Club, January u to o8.)

The Postal Photographic Club is. as set forth in the cataloguP. of its 1898 exhibition.
•·an association of amal(Ur photoJ!raphers, living in different cities, who, each month,
contribt:te prints to an album for circulation among the members, together with a note
h~-k. fer <:riticisms and comments." One can scarcely conceive of a better scheme fo~
mnlual imprevement in the art and technique of photography than this simple plan for
the interchange of ideas among those ~eparatec by distance but near t0 each other in theit
1eal for advancement. Even the regularl.v organized camera clubs in the larger cities,
with all their advantages :>f superbly appointed quarters and large membership, may not
174 CAMERA NOTES.

rntirely supply the communion of thought and work so necessary to progress that is
afforded by this inexpensive expedient of exchanging prints by post. There is some
danger, however, of the note book for criticism and comments, if written entirely by those
whose prints are going the rounds. becoming the record of bids for praise, rather than the
honest expression of opinion. The club would soon develop into a mere mutual-admira·
tion society in such a case, and die a natural death. That the Postal Photographic Clui>
has been in healthy condttion for over ten years, and has been officered by some of the
most eminent names in amateur circles dming that period would seem to indicate that
it has not yet fallen from grace in this respect. Among the twenty-one rontributors to
the present collections are se,·eral who exhibit considerable promise and while the;,.
productic:ns are still somewhat crude, it ic; possible to discern in many of them a strong
effort to realize ideas that are struggling for expression. And it would seem as if th•:
circle of communication of this modest little club was hardly large enough, as yet, to keep
its members in touch with what is going on in the photographic world. In the mere
matter of presentation the makerc; of the prints have shown a strange ignorance of the
revelations afforded by the famous exhibitions of the last two years. They have heard of
Rembrandt mounts, however, and nearly all the pictures are displayed on these diagonally
shaded boards. The effect on the visitor to our gallery, between January II and 28, was
to give him the feeling that he must have had "the sun very bad in his eyes last night. ·•
However, as it was originally contemplated to place these prints in an album and it was
not expected that they would be plactd in juxtaposition on an exhibition wall, this fault
may be put among the accidents. Quite an original mounting was shown in the series of
fourteen landscapes by C. H. Prentiss, of Holyoke; all carbon prints, brown pigmen~.
mounted on heavy Whatman paper. They resembled sepia wash drawings and we-e
admirably adapted for book illustrations: at anything but close range, however, they
appeared to disadvantage, the contrasts being harsh and disagreeable. Miss Louise M
Hill, of Boston, exhibited several small landscapes in which considerable artistic feeling
was shown. Miss Sarah ]. Eddy, of Providence, in a dozen attempts at picture mak-
ing, rev<'aled the fact that she is blessed with a most exuberant fancy, though she is
hampered in presenting her imaginings by very inadequate powers of execution. She
undoubtedly possesses an artistic temperament and has more than once proved that she
is strong enough to gain awards in open competitions, but many of her pictures show a
singular carelessness to details, such as the marring halation in two of the prints in this
collection. George Timmins showed four landscape studies, refined in execution and
presentation, as might be expected from the collector of the world's most famous photo-
graphs. Albert ]. Le Breton, the president of the Postal Club, exhibited several merito-
rious figure studies and one landscape, "The Noontide Hour," in which the tonality of
the scene was beautifully rendered though the title can hardly be said to be realized.
Throughout the exhibition there were many indications of talent, that with proper
cultivation could be made to yield far higher results than shown in chis year's offering.
If the present collection were the production of 1888, the year that the Postal Photo-
graphic Club was reorganized, it might be regarded as an evidence of the progress of the
times, but in the light of the present year and the revelation made by the Kodak Exposi-
tion of 1898, it is just about ten years behind the age. We advise the members of the
Postal Club to keep up their organization. The idea 1s a good one and there is no reasr.n
why an up-to-date collection may not be gathered and shown next year. \Ve notic'!
among the membership people living in New York. Boston and Washington. Great
cities have been aptly termed, "nurseries of the arts,"
"In which thl'y flourish most; where, in the beams
Of warm encourag~ment. and in ti'e eye
Of public note, they reach their perfect size."

An1 it is to the members enjoying metropolitan advantages. such as the art galleries,
the great libraries and especially the camera clubs, with their closer affiliations and richer
privileges. that the Postal Photographic Club may look, in future, to render its album~
and exhibitions worthy records of the advancement of photography in the latter end of
the nineteenth century. W. M. M.
 •

MOTHER AND CHILD

Reproduced from a Platinotype

By Gertrude Kasebier
 CAMERA NOTES. 177

The ua1 Dinner.

HE second annual dinner of
the Camera Club was
celebrated wit.ll due sol-
emnity and pomp on the
evening of December
third; the scene of this
historic occurrence being
"The Arena," where
Herr Muscbenbeim dis-
tinguished himself by
providing a menu, varied
and excellent, for sev-
enty-five covers. The
•
souven1r menus were an
attractive feature of the
occasion, as each one in-
cluded an original print
by a member of the
club. Each guest re-
ceived one. but certain
gentlemen who success-
fully wooed the Goddess
of Fortune bore home
more substantial keep-
sakes in the five framed
pictures for which lots
were drawn at the con-
W. E. Carlin. clusion of the meal.
The~e pictures were
donated by their makers: "The Sentinel," Yosemite, William D. Murphy;
'•Grapes," William J. Cassard; "Odalisque," Charles I. Berg; "The Old
Mill,'' Alfred Stieglitz; "Wet Night in Columbus Circle,'' William A.
Fraser: and were allotted in the order named to Messrs. Chas. G. Marsh,
E. H. Wiswell, H. B. Machen, W.H. Harris, J. Johnston.
By a strange freak of
•
fate
•
three of the five pictures fell to gentlemen
who were not members of the club, though the relative proportion of guests
and members present was something like one to five.
When the cigars bad been well lighted, President Murphy, who acted as
toastmaster,opened the oratorical ball with a speech that skipped from topic
to topic with agility, embraced some real antiques in the httmorous line,
touched the harp 1igbtly on patriotic chords and glided safely over the thin
ice of the vexed question as to what constitutes art in photography.
Then some more or less authentic telegrams \vere read as coming from
the elect of the earth in various climes, which revealed a marvelous
familiarity on the part of the senders with the intricacies of life in the
inner circles of the club.
 CAMERA NVTE ..,..

A few specimens are herewith introduced, but must lose point in the
absence of the accompaniment of jolly laughter with which each was orig-
inally received:
PHILADELPHIA, Dec. 3, 1898.
WM. D. MuRPHY, The Camera Club, New York.
Send us some of your prints for next salon; anything will do.
SECRETARY PHII.ADEI.PHIA SALON.

DEv1r.'s IsLAND, Dec. 3·

ALFRED STIEGLITZ, ·New York.
CAMERA NoTEs is my only comfort in captivity. Renew subscription
and send bill to President Faure. DREYFUS.

LoNDON, Dec. 3·
JoHN BEEBY, Librarian Camera Club.
Library of this institution is for sale. We await your bid on the lot.
SECRETARY BRITISH MusEUM.

LoNDON, Dec. 3·
Secretary Camera Club, New York.
Get me special transatlantic freight rate for spring shipment of
Fraser's medals. \VELFORD.
ST. PETERSBURG, Dec. 3·
CHARLEs I. BERG, Architect Camera Club:
The Czar wants bomb proof studio built. You alone can draw plans.
MINISTER o•· DoMESTIC SAFETY.

MouNT HAMILToN, CAt.., Dec. 3·

President Camera Club:
Appoint Oppenheim photographer extraordinary to this observatory.
Have been trying for ten years but can't approximate his idea of the curv-
ature of the sun. SUPERINTENDENT LICK OBSERVATORY.

'fhen the chair commenced to draft speakers from the phalanx of ora-
torical talent before him, and by the exercise of discipline and tact suc-
ceeded in keeping but une orator on the floor at a time until the midnight
hour chimed in the belfry of the Tenderloin hard by.
Mr. J. Wells Champney was the first called up to deliver a discourse
upon "Critics," but as he was well-nigh speechless with a cold, Mr. L. B.
Schram, "The Demosthenes of the Brewing Interests," read his able
paper for him.
It was thought by some that the substitute, with wily intent, persuaded
Mr. Champney that any exercise of his vocal chords would be fatal, and so
Mr. Schram got hold of the paper and inserted it in place of his own theme,
which was to have been "The Reflex Action of Pure Beer upon the
Brewer.''
Mr. Champney, in words if not in voice, uttered a glowing tribute to
Mr. William M. Murray, the club critic, and Mr. Murray was promptly
called upon to respond.
Speaking to no set text, Mr. Murray touched gently upon many techni-
cal points, including the effect of heat and cold upon sundry chemical
 CAMERA NOTES. 179
-----------------
experiments, and branched out into a limited confession of his personal
experiences, photographic and otherwise, in tht! golden days of youth.
Mr. Johnston spoke feelingly of ·'The Legal Liability of Libelous
Portraiture," and then his so-called friend, Mr. William Bunker, ripped the
speech up the back, having previously borrowed it for an advance teading.
Prof. D. L. Elmendorf spoke of his photographic experiences in the
Cuban war, and confidentially intimated that still more interesting details
might be heard by attending his lectures at regular rates.
Mr. Gilbert Ray Hawes responded to "The Woes of an Amateur," and
made good his point.
Mr. J. T. Keiley expressed hopeful views for the future of "Art in
Photography," and our good friend, Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, modestly
condensed his flowery style into a few well chosen expressions of fraternal
regard.
Mr. C. W. Canfield reopened the controversy between artist and cam-
erist, and then Mr. Charles I. Berg, chairman of the Print Committee,
responded to the sentiment-"Oh, Hang It All!"
Rev. Walter Laidlaw, in a refined and polished address, spoke "like
the early Christians spreading the gospel all around."
Mr. John Beeby briefly !'poke of "Our Foreign Friends;" Mr. John
Aspinwall indulged in some bucolic reflections and skillfully analyzed cer-
tain facial expressions. Mr. Hoge answered to the call of "Any Old Thing";
and then the chair rose to introduce the last speaker of the evening, Mr.
Alfred Stieglitz.
Mr. Stieglitz responded with an earnest speech, indicating the sincer-
ity)nd high purpose of the management of the club in the effort to main-
tain and improve our standards, both artistic and material.
Here ended the second annual dinner of the Camera Club, after having
demonl:>trated that after-dinner speeches of from five to ten minutes' dura-
tion, replete with wit and local color, may be indulged in at the ratio of
sixteen to one evening without exterminating the audience.

... WM. D. MuRPHY •

The Modem Lantern Slic:lc.

Lantern slide making has ceased ·to be somehow obtained, and even minor varia-
the easy process it on<:e was. Formerly tions in tonality have all to be taken into
all the work nece>>ary was just exposure. consideration and adjusted before the slide
is ready for the l-antern. If Englishmen
development and mounting. and then you have led the way in preparing photographs
showed the slide and the audience clapped. for exhibition purposes. Americans have
That it happened to be a little dense, or certainly shown us how slides ought to be
thin, or had a white sky did not matter. turned out. Some time ago Alfred Stieg-
No one looked at slides with a particularly litz gave to the world his own peculiar
criti<:al eye. Well, to-day we are in a \'astly method of making lantern slides; W. M
different position, and it is almost as big as Murray informed the photographic world
undertakin(l to make a lantern slide as a as bo how picturesque tonality might be
properly finished and framed enlargement obtained, while others have set forth meth-
fQr exhibi-tion. Suitable clouds must be ods for tihe securing of perfection in de-
printed in by one method or auother: the tail. For those who wish to follow coun-
exact density suited to the atmospheric sel of perfection, a further note by Al-
effect r'!presented in the view must be fred Stieglitz, in a recent issue of CAMER.\
rendered: the precise relation nf strength NoTEs .. is deserving of attention.- Prac-
between foreground and distance has to be tical Photographer, (London).
J8o CAMERA NOT.h."S.

Our Smoker.
The annual "Smoker" of the Camera Club was given before a full
house on Saturday evening, Jan. 7, 1!!99, under the direction of a special
committee composed of Messrs. William Bunker, Charles I. Berg and
William E. Wilmerding.
A temporary stage was put up in the exhibition hall, upon which a
varied series of entertainers appeared, ranging from athletic performers
phenomenal to musicians most refined, as may be seen by a glance at the
following programme:::
r. Piano Monologue ................... Mr. Joe Lindt:r
.z. Pocket Edition, May Irwin .......... Miss M. Guyer
3· Topical Songs .................. The Sisters Benson
4· Violin Solo ......................... Prof. Bimberg
5· Banjo .......................... Mr. Geo. 0. Seward
6. Hercules Act .................. Prof. A. P. Schmidt
7· Mandolin Sextette ... Columbia University Glee Club
8. Quartette ...................... Musurgia Glee Club
9· Impersonations and Coster Songs .. Mr. A. W. Curry
ro. Recitations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... Mr. Tom Haddaway
11. Lao tern Slides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Camera Club
Prof. Adolph P. Schmidt's physical culture exhibition was in itself a
model of its kind and won well deserved applause.
As a guaranty of good faith, the Professor called for volunteers to test
the solidity of his half-ton toys, an invitation responded to by Secretary
Reid, who, after a personal inspect10n and trial, announced that "the thing
was glued to the floor." Had it been only a nerve test, the secretary would
have triumphed.
The Club is indebted to the Columbia University Glee Club, and to
Mursurgia Glee Club, as well as to Mr. Tom Haddaway, for their kind
contributions to the evening's entertainment. In the professional parts of
the programme, under direction of Mr. A. W. Curry, agreeable vaudeville
features were introduced and the function closed at one a. m. with a show
of sixty lantern slides expounded by President Murphy.
During the evening a simple collation was served, and the staying
qualities of the audience was successfully demonstrated, as few of the two
hundred guests retired before the final act. Two of the numbers on the::
programme may be regarded all produced by home talent, for we need
scarcely remind our readers that Prof. Schmidt, who performed the •·Her-
cules Act," is one of our members, and that Dr. C. W. Stevens, who sang
first bass in the Mursurgia Quartette, is also a well know!l member of
the Camera Club, and famous for his portrait and X-ray work.
 •

••

GAINSBOROUGH GIRL
By Frances B. Johnston
•
 CAMERA NOTr.:s.

Reviews and Exchanges.

Picture Taking and Picture Maklna-. tration. To excel the edition of last year,
Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, either in quantity or quality of pictorial em-
N. Y. Pnce, Cloth, $I.oo; Cardboard, bellil;hment, was truly a herculean task,
$o.so. but it has been actually accomplished.
It would be hard to imagine a more use- There are so many illustrations, in fact, that
ful and instructive multum-in-parvo photo· a new one seems to peep out of some over-
graphic manual than this little handbook looked corner, or from the advertising sec-
lately issued by the Kodak Press. Not only tion, every time one takes up the book. And
does it answer most of the puzzling ques- we may especially thank Mr. Woodbury fer
tions propounded by the beginner, who may spreading before us this artistic feast of
perhaps undertake the first serious study of the best the world affords, and on no ac.
bis life in science or art when he buys a count more than that in this volume he has
camera, but it enlists the interest of the made us acquainted with the work of Clar-
most advanced student of photography by ence H. White, of Ohio, whose three pic-
presenting up-to-date articles, on" Platinum tun:s, "The Readers," "Blindman's Buff,"
Printing," by Alfred Stieglitz, New York; and "A Study," show him to be the most
"Plain Silver," by Bernard Alfieri, Lon- original genius that has yet appeared in
don; "Gum-Bichromate," by Robert De- America. Mr. White bas signed his work
machy, Paris; and "Carbon," by James at the top, after the manner of some mod-
A. Sinclair, London; than whom there are ern painters (this is the only imitation of
few names more famous in connection with others of which he is guilty), but no signa-
those processes. So comprehensive is this ture is necessary to identify his produc-
little book from a 11cientific standpoint, that tions. Whoever sees one of these three can
if an old photographer were to lose all the easily tell the author of the others. The lead-
formulas, notes and nostrums, gathered ing article is by F. Holland Day, who dis-
m the course of years; if he even lost his courses on "Portraiture and the Camera"
memory of these things by some sudden in the v'gorous style of a man of strong
shock, he might commence entirely over convictions, and enforces hrs precepts with
again by the aid of this vade-mecum with- several examples of his own admirable
out need of consulting more ponderous work. The photogravure frontisp:ece is a
tomes. As far as one may be helped, also, beautiful rendering of Mr. Day's well
in climbing the ladder of art, by the expe- known "Ziletta." The character study
rience of others, there are abundant hints on page 166, entitled "The Young Sheik,"
scattered through the volume to save the is surely a misnomer, unless Mr. Day is
amateur from many a discouraging stum- using a jesting title, for a sheik is a vener-
1-le; and the examples of picture making, able old man (hence honored by the Arabs
in landscape, marine and portraiture, by and Moors as a lord or chief), but this typi-
Robinson, Pringle. Annan, Stieglitz, Berg, cal portrait does not portray le jeun" vieu.r
Eickemeyer and Dumont, remind us. here in any way at all. J Wells Champney, in
and there, that what man has done man ·• A Plea for Thought," suggests a number
can do again. That it is printed in reada- of little helps to those who find a difficulty
ble type, while its pages number only 120, in thinking for themselves and, pointing
1ives some idea of its remarkable concise- out a few paths where beautrful flowers
ness. The cover is embellished with a taste- grow unnoticed, leaves his readers to do the
ful decorative treatment, in gold and hlack gathering. His article is enriched with a
and gray, of Pringle's picturesque "Scene profusion of cri~p little thumb-nail sketrhes
on a Norway Fjord." W. M. M. of Kate Greenaway figures, illustrating
some hints in the text. Alfred Stieglitz, in
The American Annual of Photography · The Progress of Pictorial Photography in
and Photoa-raphlc Times Almanac for the United States," does not yet take an
•899. Walter E. Woodbury, Editor. encouraging view of the state of photogra-
The Scovill and Adams Company, New phy as an art in America, regardmg most
York. of our successes as sporadi. cases of good
This issue, the thirteenth volume of the work, which to satisfy him must become
"American Annual," is a triumph of ill us- epidemic and endemic. He ascribes our
 CAl't/ERA NOTES.

shortcomings generally to our lack of high- a review of the things said and done dur-
class exhibitions, and more particularly to ing the past year. It is a well-written and
our slowness in taking up processes like compreben1ive sketch, embodying where
gum-bichromate printing, that lend pecu- possible the language of the original au-
liar aid to individuality in expression. thors, and is a valuable contribution to the
It is fair to mention that tbts paper was history of photography. The second part .
written before the opening of the Philadel· of the volume is devoted to original arti·
pbia Salon. Mr. Stieglitz's pictorial contri- cles, many of them from the pens of able
butions to the American Annual are a full professional photographers, to whom in-
page "Portrait of Mrs. H" and a small deed the book is indebted for most of its
vignette, "The Farm-bouse." numerous illustrations. W. M. M.
An article on "Woodland Scenery," by
John Carpenter, calls attention to a phase The International Annual of Anthony's
of photography not often well handled, and
Photographic Bulletin and American
his examples show that he heeds his own Process Year-Book. Volume XI.
counsel to obtain plenty of gradation by giv- 1899. W. I. Scandlin, Editor. E. &
ing full exposures. The initial vtgnette
H. T. Anthony. New York and Chicago.
and the plate on p. 215 are beautiful spec- Percy Lund, Humphries & Co., Ltd.,
imens of half-tone printing, showing rich- London.
ness and softness in a remarkable degree.
For the past three years the International
The advantages, to those dwelling in
Annual, following the example of the Pho-
large cities, of joining a well conducted and
tographic Bulletin published under the
appoi_nted camera club, are ably discussed
same auspices, has made a specialty of
by W. D. Murphy in an artide filled with
process and photo-mechanical work. Ac-
chunks of wisdom. When we have some cordingly in the recent volumes the arti-
particular work to do it is well to be alone, cles relating to these subjects are gathered
but if we wi&h to advance to a higher plane together in a separate section, and the il-
of work we must live in association with lustrations are arranged to exhibit espe-
our fellow men. cially the productions of the numerous firms
But we cannot begin to mention all the
which engrave half-tone blocks for book
good things to be found in the book. Every printing. While some few of these plates
photographer interested in progress ought are excellent, the majority of them are
to own it, to read, mark, learn and mwardly hardly up to the high standard of Ameri-
digest it: a duty that will probably keep can hook illustration. Coming as they do
him occupied, off and on, till it is time to from so many different sources, it is rather
look for Vol. XIV., in the year ICJOO. strange that the prints are, for the most part.
W.M.M.
exceedingly harsh in tone, with strong lights
and shadows and little mtermediate grada-
Photo1rapblc Mosaics : An Annual Rec· tions, as if with one consent it bad been
ord or Photo1rapblc Progress. 1899. agreed to sacrifice everything to brilliancy.
Edward L. Wilson, New York. Daw- As these pictut es are all signed by the com-
born & Ward, London. panies producing them. perhaps the com-
This welcome little annual, which now panies alone should be blamed for any short-
enters on its thirty-fifth year, certainly comings in execution; but there is no doubt
challenges admiration lor the consistency that a publication of the high character of the
with which its original purpose is main· International Annual could command a bet-
tained and carried out. It aims to combine ter performance from these very firms if the
a number of precious fragments of photo- publishers firmly exacted a higher stand-
graphic knowledge, collected from various ard. Perhaps, too, the illustrations. this
sources, into such an organic union that it year, are handicapped by the endeavor to
may represent a true record of the progress present the entire series of Convention
of the art. The cement which binds this Prize-winners as full page prints. Hardly
collection of many bright thoughts into a any of these are erHfying, and it would
solid mosaic is provided by the ripe seem, from a consideration of the work here
experience of the veteran editor, Dr. shown, that either the best professionals
Edward L. Wilson, who, in the present do not compete at the annul' I exhibitions of
number, devotes about a hundred pages to the Photographers' Association of America,
 CAMERA NOT.h:S. 185

or that for some rea~on they do not capture als are apt to be perfunctory perfonrances;
the prizes. In fact. Gustine L. Hurd, in an some carelessly tossed by preoccupied
article on this very subject. page 94. sug- though able men to the soliciting editor,
gests a different system of awarding honor.; like bones to a dog, and others. clumsily
at the professional conventions. and de- cobbled from old material by sciolists
clares that his dissatisfaction with the pres- who are anxious to pose as savants, forced
ent mode is founded on his experience as UJ;On him for the sake of the advertisement;
one of the judges. but we do not remember to have seen a
Apart from the illustrations, however, number in which so little dead-wood ap-
Vol. XI. of the "International Annual" is a pears as in this issue of 1899- The authors
most excellent number. Many of the best seem to have regarded their task as a la-
authorities on photographic science in Eng- bor of love, and their essays bear witness
land, Germany and America have contrib- that they not only have something new or
uted to its pages and there are fe\v articles true to say. but that they know bow to say
in the book that do not have a good right to it well.
exist. Contributions to photographic annu- W.M. M.
... ... ...
Notes from the Secretary's Desk.
"The following have heen elected members of the club since the last issue of CAM-
ERA NoTES: L>r. A. W. Gardner, Sharon Springs, N.Y.; Clarence H. White, Newark,
Ohio; Sidney S. Oppenheimer, r 57 West One Hundred and Third street, City; Alfred
W. Scott, 851 Seventh avenue, City; Thomas Hadaway, Montgomery, N. Y.; Major
Wm. Cooke Daniels, Denver. Col.; G. F. Basset, Camera Club, City; Edward H. Lyon,
141 Charles street, City; Whitney Lyon, Hotel Beresford, City; G. Mason Janney, Stev-
enson, Md.; T. A. Emmet, Jr., Tuxedo, N.Y.: Frank E. Davidson qr Broadway, City;
Charles Ward Traver, 156 Fifth avenue, City; W. G. Allin!{, M.D., New Haven, Conn.;
A. Hayward, Point Pleasant, N.J.; 0. H. Holden, M.D., 66 Park avenue. City:
Jules E. Brulatour, 1123 Broadway, City: P. P. Cooke, 54 Exchange place, City: E.
Tanenbaum. ~2 West Ninety-fifth street, City; Miss Florence Upton, rSr West Eighty·
seventh street, City; Louis Cassier, 3 West Twenty-ninth street, City: S. D. McGourkey,
6 East S1xty-ninth street, City: William Paley, 200 East Twenty-first street, City; John
Slade, 66 Broadway. City; Howard G. Douglas, Washington, D. C., and Clement
Hopkins, San Francisco, Cal.

The names of Messrs. J. Russak and Charles W. Canfield have been added to the
list of donors to the studio fund .
... ...
Attendance of Officers and Trustees at Board Meetings.
AprU, 1897-January, 1899, included.
--- -
-==::.___:==-cc==-=====--=-~-c.=--=:c===--

MEETINGS NAME ATTESDANCE

27 Wm. D. Murphy ............................... . 25

27 Alfred Stieglitz ................................ . 27
6 W. E. Johnson ................................. . 4
22 F. M. Hale ................................... . 21
21 H. B. Reid .................................... . 18
27 L. B. Schram .................................. . 21
18 W. R. Thomas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
27 Wm. Bunker ................................. . 13
27 John Beeby .................................... . 23
27 Dr. J. T. Vredenburgh .......................... 1 24
7 C. I. Berg ..................................... ·1 6
1 Wm. E. Wilmerding..... . . . . . . . .............. . 1
t86 CAMERA NOTES.

A Word About Our Advertising Pages.

CAMERA NOTES stands for progress, and for everything that is good and
reliable in photography generally. Our reader is dependent upon the manufac-
turer of photographic material and the dealer in the same, for his tool;; of tradt".
To distinguish between the reliable and the reverse is oftentimes very difficult.
Tn order to offer our iollowers a certain protection, we endeavor to select our
adverti!lers, and do not accept everyont' who may be willing to pay for space.
In this manner, the appearance of a name in our pages may, to a certaiu
extent, be considered a recommendation. We have followed this policy from
the start, and we find that it has been appreciated by all concerned.
Represented in this numher are: Actien-Gesellschaft fur Anilin-Fabrik-
ation; E. & H. T. Anthony; Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.; Berlin Photographic
Co.; John Carbutt; Carter's Ink Co.; A. M. Collins Manufacturing Co.;
W. C. Cullen; G. Cramer Dry Plate Works; Eastman Kodak Co.; Folmer
& Schwing Co.; G. Gennert; P. Goerz; Charles M. Higgins & Co.; Haller-
Kemper Co.; Hammer Dry Plate Co. ; Nepera Chemical Co.; Obrig Camera
Co.; Geo. F. Of; Photochrome Engraving Co.; Riley Bros ; E. Schering;
M. A. Seed Co. ; Scovill & Adams Co. ; Fe rd. Stark Co. ; H. N. Tiemann;
Voigtlaender & Son Optical Co.; Willis & Clements.

+ + +
The Test Room.
J. C. Metoi-Hydro Powder.-In the Tolldol is another addition to the ranks
place of the J. C. developing tablets, which of the modern developing agents. It is
have deserve:dly become very popular, Car- said to be equally excellent for all makes
butt has put his formula into powder form. of plates, films, bromide papers, etc. Its
Having the same efficiency,thischange has action is rapid, yet it can readily be con-
the advantage of making the chemicals trolled. Samples of this new developer.
readily soluble, which for obvious reasons introduced by the Haller-Kemper Co., of
was not the case with the compressed tab- Chicago, have been distributed among
lets. The keeping qualities of a prepared the members of the Camera Club. Exper-
solution are very good. FoD the amateur, iments with the same are in progress as we
whether traveling or at home, this new go to press. The next number of CAMERA
<.:arbutt preparation can be highly recom- NOTES will contain a full report. Those
mended as a handy and splendid all around
developer. It is equally efficient on the interested, for further information can
various brands of plates in the market. apply to the Publication Committee.

+ + +
Trade Notice.
The Bauac:h 4: Lomb Catalocue.-The printed by hand from a steel plate, the plate
photographic catalogue of the Bausch & being inked by hand with an old-fashioned
Lomb Optical Co., Rochester, N.Y., marks ink dauber anJ the superfluous ink wiped
an epoch in the production of elegant print- away by the printer. The degree of inking
ing for gratuitous distribution. Aside from and the care used in cleaning the high
being filled with scientific information lights of the plate determine the excellence
about lenses in general. expressed in the of the print. Thus it is that each photo·
gravure is an individual work of art. All
most simple manner, it is illustrated with who have not yet received this catalogue
three photogravures, each of which is in it- should send at once, before the edition is
self a work of art. The photogravure is exhausted.
 I. STANDARD FORMULfE.
<THE CJ\MERJ\ CLUB, NEW YORK.>

PYRO DEVELOPER, as provided by

the Club (Gco. H. Ripley).
A UNIVERSAL LANTERN SLIDE
A. Sulphite of soda (crystals) I440 grains
Citric acid 6o DEVELOPER (Stieglitz).
Bromide of ammonium 30 Water 20 ozs.
Mix in order named in about 8 ounces water Hydrokinone IOO grains
(distilled) then add Sulphite of soda 400
Pyrogallic acid (Schering) 480 grains Carbonate of soda 400
or make solution up to IO fluid ounces.
For cold tones, expose plate a short time and
B. Sulphite of soda (crystals) 96o grains develop with I part of stock solution and 1
Carbonate of potash I440 part of water, adding a drop or two of a ten
in water to make up to Io fluid ounces. per cent. solution of bromide of potassium.
For use, take I dram of each (A and B) and For warm tones, increase the time of exposure
water to make 2 ounces. and use a more diluted developer, also increas·
For soft effects, dilute to 4 ounces. ing the bromide solution to IS to 2S drops.

---------·

ACID FIXING BATH (Carbutt).

LANTERN SLIDE TONING
A. Water
Hyposulpbite of soda 260 .
700 parts
BATH (Stieglitz).
B. Water IOO .... I. Sulphocyanide of potassium
Water
200 grains
32 ozs.
Sulphite of soda 30
c. Water so . Carbonate of soda
II. Chloride of gold (brown)
2 grains

IS
Sulphuric acid 2 "
.. Water I OZ,
D. Water
Chrome alum
ISO
IS .. For use : Take 2 ounces of I and 4 drops of
/1, always adding II to /. The bath should
For use: Pour C slowly into B. and then
be used at a temperature of 72° F.
add A and Din the order mentioned.

---------------

TONING PLATINOTYPES WITH

URANIUM (Horsley Hinton).
HARDENING SOLUTION FOR
I. Uranium nitrate 48 grains GELATINE PLATES (Stieglitz).
Glacial acetic aci·l 48 minims
Watt>r I oz. Water IOO parts
II. Potassium ferricyanide 48 grains Formalin (Schering) 3
Water I OZ.
This bath can be used to advantage after the
Ill. Ammonium sulphocyanide )4 oz. plate bas been fixed. It is not essential to
Water I oz. rinse the plate before bringing into this hard·
For use, one part of the above should be used ening solution. Two minutes will suffice to
in IOO parts of water. During toning the harden the gelatine sufficiently for general
dish must be rocked continuously. After the purposes.
desired tint has been reached the print must
be rinsed in water which has been acidified
with a few drops of glacial acetic add.
The toning may be removed by immersing
the prints in a very dilute solution of ammonia.

CAMERA NOTES,January, r&;Q.

 Photo Supplies
OF EVERY 66 W. 5'8th Street.
DESCRIPTION.

Special care given to Development

of Plates and Films,
Retouching of Negatives,
Platino and Silver Printing.

Photo and Carbon Studio ....

COPIES : ENLARGEMENTS : REPRODUCTIONS
Carbons, in all colors, on Porcelain,
Ivory, Celluloid, Etching Paper, etc.
Transparcndes, Miniatures.

Telephone Connection ...... FERD. STARK CO.,

66 W. 58th Street.

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CHEMICALS H>R CA)IFRh CLuB FOR)Il'L..£ ALWAYS ON HAND.
II. STANDARD FORMULJE.
<THE CAMERA CLUB, NEW YORK.>

DEVELOPERS FOR COLD BATH RED TONES ON ARISTO

PLATINUM PAPER (Huebl). PAPERS.
No. 1. Water 1000 cern. I. Ferricyanide of potassium 3 grammes
Oxalate of potash 3oogrammes Water IOoo cern.
Neutralize if neces!'ary. II. Uranium nitrate 100 grammes
Sulphocyanide of ammonium so
Glacial acetic acid ro ccm.
Xo. 2. Water rooo ccm. Water rooo cern.
Oxalate of potash 100 grammcs
Phosphate of potash so Print deeper than ordinarily and fix in hypo.
1:6. Wash thoroughly and bathe for a short
time in n solution 'Of nitric acid s cern. and
The latter formula is the one generally water rooo cern. Wash again. If the whites
recommended by the Platmotype Company, have a reddish tinge, add a few drops of a con-
as their D~velojJin.tr Salts consist of these centrated solution of carbonate of soda to the
chemicals. la-.t washing water.

DEVELOPER FOR HOT BATH REPRODUCING CRACKED

SEPIA PLATINUM PAPER (Huebl). ALBUMEN PRINTS.

Water rooo ccm. Before photographing the print to be repro-

Oxalate of potash 100 grammes uuct:d, rub the same thorouJZhly with
Phosphate of potash so JZiycerine, using the finger. Then rroceed to
Citric acid 20 brush gl~·cerine over it evenly with n broad
Potassium chloride ro
1
camel's hair brush. If the picture bad been
waxed, it will be necessary to rub it with a
concentrated solution of albumen before ap-
This developer must be used at a .empera·
pl} ing the «lycerine.
ture ranKing from 150° to 180~ F.

THE "SIMPSON" DEVELOPER URANIUM TONING OF BROMIDE

(Alfred Simpson). PAPER (C. W. Piper).
Water (lo ounce" A. t:ranium nit1ate 2 parts
Gladal acetic acid 2 ..
Metul 160 grams Wat~:r 120 ••
Hydroquinone I6o
B. PotassiUm ferricyanide 2 parts
Eikonogcn 100 Water 120 •·
Sulphite of soda, crystals 6 ounces
C. Ammonium sulpbocyanide 6 parts
Bicarbonate of soda, 3 Water 120 "
For I&Se, dilute one-half, adding any ~otand­ Prints to be toned mu!'t be thowugbly fixed
ard alkali solution for negatives. if under- and wa~bt·d; tbey should be somewhat und~:r­
pru.ted and tont>d m a tli;ute bath.
exposed. For slides. dilute one-half, and add }lix r part each o£ A and B, and 48 parts of
bromide of potassium according to require- water. If necessaty. strengthen to 3 parts of
ments. A and 2 parts of R, with 48 of water.
This developer bas remarkable keeping A red t .. ne is obtained by thl• addition of C;
the more C, the redder the tone. Ordinarily
Qualities, and can be used repeatedly. use 1 part of each of these and 40 parts of
water. The sulphocyamde is useful for re-
mo\'mg sta:ncd whues; for this purpose use 1
part of C and 12 parts of water.

CAKEIU NOTES, Aj)ril, r8QQ.

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OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
-OF-

The Camera Club.

1899-1900.

Trustees.
Presideiii.-·WiLLIAM D. MURPHY.
Vice-Presideni.-ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
Secretary.-HARkY B. REID.
Treosurer.-WM. E. WILMERDING.
Louts B. ScHRAM, WM. j. CASSARO,
CHARLES I. BERG, joHN BEEBY,
joHN AsPINWALL. WM. P. AGNEW.

Committees.
House. Prints.
WM. P. AGNEW, Cnairman, CHAS. J. BERG, Chairman,
R. L. BRACKLOW, A. W. CRAIGIE,
E. T. BIRDSALL. jos. T. KEtLEY.
G. LORILLARD RONALDS,
Lantern Slides.
Meetings. DR. CHAs, W. STEVENs, Chairman,
H. B. REID, Cltazrman, ARTHUR ScoTT,
DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH, J. F. STRAUS~.
HKNRY H. MAN.

Publications.* Audzling.
AI.FRED STIEGLITZ, Chairma11, L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
jos. T. KElLEY, C. C. RouMAGE.
DALLETT FUGUE'l', HENR\' H. MAN.
W. F. HAPGOOD,
jOSEPH 0BEP.MEYER. .SCientific Research.
jOHN ASPINWALL, Chairma11,
Li6rary. DR. J. H. STEBBINS, JR.,
joHN BEEBY. CHAS, E. MANIERRE,
DR. CHAS. W. STEVENS.

Admission.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE, Cltai'rman,
j. l<'. STRAUSS, A. w. CRAIGIE.

*Official Club Publication, .. Camera Notes."

 :.·· ...

INDEX.
Articles.
PAGE. PAGE.
A Hint in Platinum, by W. F. Hap- Review of the John E. Dumont Ex-
good .............................. 133 hibition, by Sadakichi Hartmann.... 38
A Study of Studies, by Dallett Fuguet. 132 Review of the Stieglitz Exhibition, by
An Improved Method of Developing Joseph T. Keileyoo. oo 00 ......... 00. 76
Platinum Prints, by Joseph T. Keiley. 115 Review of the Stieglitz Lantern Slide
Attendance of Trustees at Board Meet- Exhibition, by Joseph T. Keiley..... 78
ings .............................. 217 Review of the Members' Exhibition, by
A New American Link .............. 196 Alfred Stieglitz.................... 78
Current Notes, by Chas. Stevens ..... . Review of the Clarence H. White Ex-
83, 127, 239 hibition, by Joseph T. Keiley ....... 123
Criticism on Photographs, by Robert Review of the Frank Eugene ... xhibi-
Demachy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 tion, by J. Wells Champney ........ 207
Catalogue of Members' Exhibition.... 79 Review of the Frank Eugene Exhibi-
Club Criticism, by W. F. Hapgood ... 202 tion, by Joseph T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . 2o8
Competition, Fin-de-Siecle ........... 218 Review of the J. Dunbar Wri~rht Ex-
Competition, Aspinwall .............. 218 hibition, by Joseph T. Keiley ....... 213
Review of the R. Eickmeyer, Jr., Ex-
Exhibition and Competition.39, 87, 117, 126
hibition, by Sadakichi Hartmann ... 216
Extract from a Letter to One of Our
Review of the Loan Exhibition, by
Members, by J. H. Quinn .......... 242
Joseph T. Keileyoo 00 .. 00 .... 00 ....214
Extracts from Mr. Craig Annan's Ad-
Review of the Philadelphia Salon Ex-
dress before the Royal Photo Society 243
hibition, by Joseph T. Keiley ....... 135
Free Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Royal 1\Iedals Won by Americans. . . . . 110
Honors Won in Foreign Lands by Cam- Random Thoughts on Criticism, by
era Club Members ............. 126, 241 Sadakichi Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Money Talks, by Joseph T. Keiley .... 75 Report of the Research Committee, by
]. Aspinwall ............. 00 .... 171, 242
Notes from the Secretary's Desk ..... .
Reviews and Exchanges ........... 88, 172
24. 28, 126, 241
Notes on Photomicrography, by J. Some Motives, by A. Horsley Hinton 49
Aspinwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Some Distinctions, by A. Horsley Hin-
ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 91
Overheard in a Suburban Club, by Jo-
The American Works at the Salon, by
seph T. Keiley 00 00 00 00 00 116
00 00 00 00 00.

Geo. Davison ..................... 148

Our Illustrations .............. 24, 75, 114
The Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
On Suitable Intensity of Light, by Chas.
The Portfolio of American Pictorial
E. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6I
Object Lessons, by Chas. I. Berg...... 65 Photography, by Joseph T. Keiley... 23
The Gum-Bichromate Process, by W.
On Plagarism and Imitation, by Sada-
E. Carlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
kichi Hartmann .................... 105
The Philadelphia Salon ........... 135, 215
On Originality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11I
The Orange Camera Club, by Wm. D.
Portrait Painting and Portrait Photog- Murphy ........................... 171
raphy, by Sadakichi Hartmann...... 3 To Whom It :\lay Concern, by Ger-
Proceedings ....... 00 00 27, 125, 204
•••••••
trude Kiisebier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Photography . 00 • 00 • 00 • 00 •• 72
00 00 00 00 • •
The American Institute Salon ........ 122
Pleni Air Photography, by Dallett Truth In Art, by Dallett Fuguet. . . . . . 183
Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 The Third Annual Dinner, by Wm. D.
Review of Mrs. Kiisebier's Portrait l\1urphy ........................... 206
Photography, by Arthur W. Dow. . . 22 The CAMERA NoTES Improved Glycer-
Review of the Kiisebier Exhibition, by ine Process, by Joseph T. Keiley .... 219
Joseph T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Uranium Toning on Bromide Paper, by
Review of the W. ]. Cassard Exhibi- W. F. Hapgood. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 13
tion, by W. F. Hapgood............. 37 What Is the Difference Between a Good
Review of the W. D. Murphy Exhibi- Photograph and an Artistic Photo-
tion, by Joseph T. Keiley........... 37 graph ? by Robert Demachy. . . . . . . . 45
 Authors.
PAGE. PAGE.
Aspinwall, Juhn ............. 171, 197,.241 Hartmann, Sadakichi. .. 3, 38, 101, 105, 216
Annan, J. Craig ...................... 242 Hinton, A. Horsley ................ 49, 91
Berg, Chas. I........................ 65 Kiiscbier. Gertrude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Carlin, W. E......................... 66 Keiley, Joseph T .. J4, 37, 75, 76, 18, 86,
Champney, J. Wells ................... 207 116, 123, 214, 219
Demachy, Robert ................. 45, 193 :\lanierrc. Chas. E................... 61
Davison, George . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Murphy, W. D ................... 171, 206
Dow, Arthur W..................... 23 Quinn, }. Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Fuguet, Dallett ....... 58. 72, 111, 183. 208 Stevens, Chas. E ............. 83, 127, 238
Hapgood, W. F ............... 37, 113, 202 Stiegliv, Alfred ............... 24, 42, 78

Illustrators.
Annan, J. Craig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Herbert, Sidlll·y ..................... 157
Bastien-Lepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Hinton, A. Horsley .... 1, 49, 52, 55, 99, 139
Beeby, John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Kasebicr, Gertrude .. 11, 15, 19, 35, 101,
Ben-Yusuf, Zaida .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. 7 195. 246
Berg, Chas. I .................... 81, 119 Keiley, Joseph T ....... 63, 91, 95, 104, 229
Breese. James L...................... 17 Kiihn, Heinrich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Bull. Edgar J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Le Begue, Rene.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25
Calland, Eustace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 l\lisonne, Leonhard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Carlin, \V. E......................... 69 Murphy, W. D............... . . . . . . . . 79
Cassard. W. J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8o Norris, Geo. \V ...................... 1o6
Cox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Quinn. ]. Henry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Day, F. Holland .................. 57, 58 Ronalds, Geo. Lorillard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Declercq, Desire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Slade, E. A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Demachy, Robert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Stark, Ferd. . ..................... 47, 8o
Dubreuil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Stieglitz, Alfred .... ;3, 230, 231, 233. 236
Eickemeyer, Jr., R................... 96 Watson, Eva L. .................. 135, 148
Eugene, Frank ... 14. 182, 187, 189, 191, Watts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
193. 197. 199, 201 Weil ................................ 109
Farnsworth, Emma J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Whistler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Fuguet, Dallett . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 White, Clarence H ............... 9, 53, 173
Gloeden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Wiggins, Myra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Henneberg, Hugo .................... 111

Inserts.
Day's Decline, by A. Horsley Hinton ....................................... . I-2
Portrait Study, by Gertrude Kasebicr ...................................... . 11-12
Decorative Figure, by R. Le Begue ......................................... . 25-26
Portrait of F, H. Day. by Gertrude Kasebier ................................ . 35-36
The Little Princess, by J. Craig Annan .................................... .. 44-45
Spring, by Clarence H. White ............................................. . 53-54
An Arabian Nobleman, by Joseph T. Keiley ................................ . 63-64
Scurrying Home, by Alfred Stieglitz ....................................... . 73-74
A Street in Mentone, by Robert Demachy ................................... . B9--9o
On Suffolk Meadows, by A. Harsley Hinton ................................ . 91.r-100
Beatrice. by l\fathilde \Veil. ............................................... . 109-110
Odalisque, by Charles I. Berg .......................... - ................... . 119-120
La Cigale. by Emma J. Farnsworth ......................................... . 129-130
Fleeting Shadows, by A. Horsley Hinton ................................... . 139-140
The Mall. by Eustace Calland .............................................. . 149-150
Lady With the Venus. by Clarence H. White .............................. .. 173-174
Lady of Charlotte, by Frank Eugene ....................................... . 181-182
A Portrait, by Frank Eugene .............................................. . 191.r-200
La Cigale, by Frank Eugene ............................................... . 2()9-210
A Vignette in Platinum (in two colors), by Alfred Stieglit7 ................. . 232-237
A Portrait Sketch (in two colors), by Alfred Stieglitz ....................... . 236-237
OFFICERS. TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES

-OF-

The Camera Club.

1899-1900.

Presideni.--Wn.LIAM D. MuRPHY.
Vice-Presideni.-ALFRED STIEGLITZ•
.Secrelar;·.-HARkY B. REID.
Treosur~tr.-WM. E. WILMERDING.

Trus/us.
Louis B. ScHRAM. WM. J. CASSARD,
l:HARLES I. BERG, }OliN BEEBY,
jOHN ASPINWALL. WM. P. AGNEW.

Committees.
House. Prints.
WM. P. AGNEW, Chairman, CHAS. I. BERG, Cltazrman,
R. L. BRACKLOW, A. W. CRAIGIE,
E. T. BIRDSALL Jos. T. KElLEY.

Mulings. Lanl~trn Slidn.

H. B. REID, Chairman, FRANK M. HALE, Chazrman,
DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH. DR. CHAS. w. STEVENS,
ARTHUR SCOTT,
J. F. STRAUSS.

l'u/Jiicalions. A 11ditzitg.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Chairman, L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
jos. T. KEILRY. C. C. RoUMAGE.
w. F. HAPGOOD, HENRY H. MAN.
DALLETT FUGUET,
jOSEPH OBERMEYER. Sczi!lllific Research.
joHN AsPINWALL, Chairman.
Li/Jrary. DR. j. H. STEBBINS, jR.
jOHN BEEBY. CHAS. E. MANIERRE.

Admission.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE, Chairman.
J. F. STRAUSS. A. w. CRAIGIE.
Volume Ill, No. I
4 CAMERA NOTES.

fare of the masses, and therefore looking at everything from an utilitarian

point of view, contains more truth than one is at first willing to credit to it.
It suggests many of those contradictions inherent in portraiture, and that
have never been satisfactorily explained. In this article I shall endeavor
rather to state the intricacies of the problem than to solve it.
Lessing, who, with scientific accuracy in his " Laokoon and " Ham-
II

burger Drameturgie laid down fundamental laws fur modern art which
II

will resist the tide of many a century to come, did not grant portraiture a
very high rank in the art of painting, because portraiture, although allowing
ideality of expression, must be dominated by the necessity of producing a
likeness, and thus it can only represent the ideal of a human being, not the
ideal of humanity at large.
Neither the Greek nor the Japanese-the two styles in which W.estern
artist:> like best to mask their incompetence to create a new style of their own
-cultivated portraiture in the sense we do.
The aim of portrait painting is to produce a likeness--a likeness that
reveals in one attitude as much of the sitter's individuality as is possible in
a flat surface view. Beauty of outline, correctness of drawing, harmony of
coloring, truth of tonic values, division of space, the individuality of brush
work, contrast of light and shade, virility of touch, variety of texture, all
become secondary attributes, because first of all the sitter will demand a like-
ness, and ought to have one for the time and money he spends.
But that this is rarely the case, everyone knows who has ever sat for a por-
trait painter, consequently I have come to consider it as a somewhat crip-
pled branch of art, which cannot be brought into perfect harmony with
the demands made on it by the public, on whom it is after all dependent.
Portraiture as it is practised to-day is, when at its very best, nothing but
an resthetic enjoyment for the few who like to see a personality delineated
as another personality sees it, and which enjoyment increases the oftener it
is repeated. · Who would not, out of sheer vanity, like to have himself
painted by Whistler, Sargent, Bonnat, Boldini, Lenbach, Watts, etc.?
It seems a portrait becomes a work of art only when sitter as well as
artist have a strong and decided individuality. If these conditions do not
exist the portrait invariably becomes a conventional interpretation.
To produce a likeness of an ordinary vapid being is impossible without
ignoring the laws of art in some way or other, and, sad to state, a portrait
that is a work of art is rarely a perfect likeness.
The cinque cento masters nearly all made a habit of portrait painting,
but at that time portraiture was not exercised on its present democratic plan,
when everybody, who has a smattering taste for art and can afford it, has
himself painted. Portraiture restricted itself (largely by the condi-
tions of the time) to men and women of prominence, of character or rare
beauty, and such types as the artist himself thought worthy of delineation.
For this reason nearly all Dutch and Italian portraits of the renaissance show
good workmanship. How far they are correct as likenesses is, however,
beyond our capacity of judgment. I believe people were formerly more
easily satisfied. Photography had not yet taught them how their faces looked
on~ fillt surface, as it has to our generation. The demand for a likeness bas
6 CAMERA NOTE.<,'.

stored up treasure of dead ages, and exclaiming in hours of despondency :

"Oh, could we but forget all we have learnt, be naive again like children,
open to all new impressions, without everlastingly thinking of what has hap-
pened before us ! " It is the disease of the century, and Boldini is one
of the artists who endeavor to represent it.
The third phase is represented by John S. Sargent, expressed in the
resistless desire to attain a perfect technique that has taken possession of all
studios. We all know his breadth of method, his ostentatious brushwork,
his dashing schemes of color, his masterly handling of accessorie-s, tapestry,
silk hangings, etc. His ambition is to permeate every stroke of his brush
with color and virility, independent of an idea, a work of art in itself.
Every picture was merely a step forward in attaining this ideal.
Sargent is a fanatic of technique, who sacrifices even facial characteristics
to suit his own taste. He does not care a jot about the sitter's individuality
if it does not harmonize with the decorative fancies of his marvelous
execution. Whoever wants a sober, characteristic portrait should surely
not go to Mr. Sargent.
The man who combines the characteristic faculties of these three men
is John McNeal Whistler, in my opinion with Chavannes, Manet and Monet
the greatest artist of this century. He combines the fanaticism of a perfect
technique, the search for truth, and the raffinement to create new sensations.
Also Boldini is curious to analyze what the French call La Modernitt, which
in one word expresses our breathless, nervous modern life with all its intri-
cate desires, but he merely courts it. Whistler masters it. His art revels
in the realms of imagination unknown to Bon nat's realism, and ~argent's pyro-
technical displays of technique look crude and barbarous in comparison to
Whistler's unobtrusive, unerring brushwork, which masters all the optical
illusions of this world with wizard-like dexterity. Are you acquainted with
his Paganini ? That is not the Paganini of ordinary life, nor is it the one
we know from the concert ball. The artist h.ts attempted to give us the
whole atmosphere that surrounds an artistic genius. And how bas he
accomplished such a task? By a male figure in an ordinary dress suit with
shimmering shirt front, the outlines of which are lost in a space of vibrant
emptiness.
In his masterpiece at the Luxembourg he does not merely represent his
old mother. He endowed this old woman, sitting pensively in a gray inter-
ior, with one of the noblest and mightiest emotions the human soul is capable
of-the reverence and calm we feel in the presence of our own aging mother.
And with this large and mighty feeling, in which all discords of mannerisms
are dissolved, and by the tonic values of two ordinary dull colors, he succeeded
in writing an epic of superb breadth and beauty, a symbol of the mother of all
ages and all lands, slowly aging as she sits pensively amidst the monotonous
colors of modern life. Nothing simpler and more dignified has been created
in modern art.
Two other interesting phases of portraiture are expressed by Frederick
Watts and Franz von Lenbach.
Since Leonardo de Vinci nobody bas expressed the soul life of a human
being in a face as well as Watts. It shines from the eyes with an intensity
10 CAMERA NOTES.

that appears now and then at the surface.'' Chartran thought that a
portraitist should not have too much individuality in his technique, but that
he should be a man of individuality enough to find something of interest in
every person. Now, as much as I despise Cbartran, and as little as be can
claim his "say" for himself-his portraits are like poems dedicated to the
sitters: there is nothing genuine in them, yet one accepts them smilingly
because they flatter one"s \'anity-he was perfectly correct in his statement
(which proves that a bad artist can be a wise critic at times). There is un-
doubtedly something of interest in the physiognomy as welt as pathognomy
of everyone, of my grocer or coalman, for instance, however insignificant
and faint it may be, which at times flares up and can be reflected on the
canvas.
Well, Anders Zorn can do that, but he fails when he attempts to paint
a striking personality; then he gets nothing but virility and color and a gen-
eral outside resemblance, nothing of the inner man. There lies the rub.
It is his individuality to comprehend the appearances of ordinary life.
To have the power to comprehend all types of humanity, to grow
enthusiastic enough about them, and to paint them faithfully, subordinating
one's flights of fancy to the necessity of the moment, would take a man of
Whitman-like love for humanity.
If such a man would appear, he would undoubtedly be a stronger
individuality than all these others. And individuality makes an artist, as I
have shown above, unfit for getting a likeness. And that art without indi-
viduality is no longer art is equally clear.
Yes, Krapotkin made an approximately true statement when he said :
" A man cannot be a portrait painter and an artist at the same time."
AMERICAN PoRTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHY.
The aim of portrait photography is also likeness, and the camera is
capable of producing it.
True enough, not one lens is like the other, and each camera has there-
fore a certain individuality of its own, but in certain things it is always cor-
rect; for instance, a man with a Cyrano de Bergerac nose will never be repre-
sented by any lens as having a Roman or Grecian nose, as it at times happens
in portrait painting.
The reports of the cameras in producing a portrait might differ, for
instance, in the facial expression. But as it is impossible to take the same
subject with several cameras at the same time and from the same point, and
as the subject and the light are continually changing, one cannot know pre-
cisely bow much is the work of the camera and how much that of its
manipulator.
And tbe majority of us are such bad observers of facial expression. Not
only the Chinese all look alike to us; no, we do not even remember the lines
and plastic peculiarities in the faces of the members of our own family.
How little one man knows another was shown by the remark of Mr.
Keiley, who so gracefultycrossed swords with me in CAMERA NoTEs, Vol. II.
No. 3, in which be was pleased to call me "a man who never laughs."
Now, I believe there are few men who laugh and smile more than I do, for I
 CAMERA NOTJ:.S.

do it all the time, on all occasions. It is a racial trait, as Lafcadio Hearn has
so deftly explained, that unconsciously plays its part in my facial expression.
The reason why I looked so glum in Mr. Keiley's presence was his own
peculiar sanctimonious appearance, which dampened within me all feelings
of joy in so forcible a manner that I did not even dare to smile. And such
gentlemen want to photograph each other and produce likenesses! No ;
a careful, intelligent system of posing, lighting and retouching is not suffi-
cient.
A portrait photographer should be even a better character reader than
a portrait painter. He should put into practice the theories of physiogno-
mists like Della Parta or Lavater, Piderit, Claus Harms or Shyler, as he is
continually confronted by people he has never seen before. He cannot
get acquainted with them like a painter, who commands numerous sittings ;
be bas to rely on his general judgment.
There is no art which affords less opportunity to executive expression
than photography. Everything is concentrated in a few seconds, when after
perhaps an hour's seeking, waiting and hesitation, the photographer sees the
realization of his inward vision, and in that moment he has one advantage
over most arts-his medium is swift enough to record his momentary inspira-
tion. Right at the statt I must confess that I have never met such spontane-
ity of judgment in a man, who was a competent character reader, artist and
photographer in one person.
At present the art of portrait photography can be divided into three
distinct classes, the amateur, the professional and the artistic photographers.
About the first class, consisting of all those hundreds of thousands who
press the button or hide themselves under the focusing cloth for their own
amusement, I have nothing to say. The second class, made up of those
who are willing to photograph us for money, from 25 cents upwards, figure
very prominently iu the thoroughfares of our metropolitan life. But they
have, excepting two or three, nothing whatever to do with art. They merely
reproduce our face and figure in the most innane aspects, and retouch the
plate until all resemblanc~ is lost. Hollinger, with his delicate modeling
of balf tones in light tinted grays, is one noteworthy exception. The
third class is the one which interests me. They endeavor to make
photography an independent art, a new black and white process to represent
the pictorial elements of life. There is much agitation among them. There
are clubs and leagues and societies of artistic photography, and lectures and
debates on the subject. There are <lozens of magazines exploiting artistic
photography, and exhibitions galore. An artistic photograph is, newrthe-
less, the rarest thing under the sun.
The majority of these ladies and gentlemen represent objects indiscrim-
inately, or take bad -painters as models for their compositions, and the
results, of course, are dire. Others imitate, by all sorts of trickery, black and
white processes and the pictorial side of painting in general, and produce
something which in my opinion is illegitimate.
There are a number of artistic photographers in town, who devote them-
selves to portraiture, a!ld make you look like a Holbein or a Diirer drawing,
like an etching, like a reproduction of a painting, or like a Japanese ghost, all
18 CAMERA NOTES.

them up. He scribbles and scrawls and scratches on his plates in a manner
to which Mrs. Kiisebier's "stopping out" processes, sprays, washes and
baths are mere child's play. 1'hese corrections are not legitimate, but they
are at ways right where he puts them, right for him and in the right place.
He is a virtuoso in blurred effects, and understands values like few; his
faces and shirt fronts have never the same values. He is little known to the
photographic world at present, but I predict that his planned exhibition at
the Camera Club next fall will be a revelation to many. He is, to my knowl-
edge, the first American painter who has become a portrait photographer.
J. T. Keitey represents the Japanese phase in photography, which, for
certain reasons, is very sympathetic to me. The •· crazier" other people
think them the better I like them. It only shows that other ·people under-
stand heartily little of the spirit of Japanese art, which the majority professes
to admire so much. His blurred effects, his losing detail here and discarding
it entirely there, and yet suggesting it frequently by an entirely empty place
-you see a line and yet it is not there-are truly Japanese. The values
of a beautiful bead of hair are interesting enough, without the profile,
neck and shoulders, particularly if they are so delicately and poetically treated
as Mr. Keiley at times succeeds in doing. If I were a Herrick I would
write a villanelle to his "Japanese Coiffure.'' Yet these fragmentary out-
bursts of his muse can hardly be called portraits; they are studies (he wisely
calls them so), and even if they should reproduce a complete face and neck,
and not merely the vision of a shoulder, the broken silhouette of a seven-
eights view, or the fragile values of the sternoclido mastoid muscle, they will
play frolic with the face of the vicarious sitter, who may be delighted, never-
theless, to know how he looks when conventionalized by Japanese codes of
line, space and tonal values.
The four artists (artist is the right expression for them, they are too
much artists and not enough photographers-Mrs. Kiisebier's ingenious sig-
nature alone shows that) have one grievous fault in common, they all over-
step the limitations of photography. We may pardon a Wagner for his
ignoring the fundamental laws of music, but not a Mlle. Chaminade. All
four experiment. Thty are modifiers of the half truth the camera is capa-
ble of telling, for retouching is nothing but an artful destruction of the light
and modeling done so graciously by Dame Nature herself-a coverin~ up of
technical mistakes, and the suppression, modification, accentuation, etc., of
uncongrous details, until the picture looks no longer like a photograph, but
is an hermaphroditic expression of one of the graphic arts. A plate on which
retouching is neccesary is not a perfect plate, that is all that I have to say
about it.
These photographers I am going to mention now, I believe are all-
perhaps not as fanatically as myself-adherents of photography ''pure and
simple.'' They disdain the assistance of retouching, by which Demachy in
Paris, and Einbeck in Hamburg ha\·e attained some of their most marvelous
results. They realize that artistic photography to become powerful and
self-subsistent must rely upon its own resources, and not ornament itself
with foreign plumes, in order to resemble an etching, a poster, a charcoal or
a wash drawing, or a Kiisebier reproduction of an old master.
20 C.·l Jf ERA NO TE.\·.

have known the "good gray poet " when he was in the "sands of seven-
ties," by far more enjoyable than Alexander's portrait in the Metropolitan.
Breese and Eickemeyer have produced one plate that deserves unstinted
recognition-the portrait of Yvette Guilbert, called " Le Desir," which
shows that they only meant it to be a study. Although this picture contains
enough of a certain phase of Yvette Guilbert's art, a certain wanton for-
getfulness, characteristic of this" Lady of Vain Virtue," as Rossetti might
call her, it is not, and could not be, a portrait. We Americans have never
known the real Yvette Guilbert-the "female faun "-and all on account
of her wearing a wig here. while in Paris she appeared with her own car-
roty red hair. In New York she was a naughty pre-Rapbaelite maiden,
while at the " Concert Parisien " she represented Ugliness singing the mis-
ery and frivolity of modern society. Nor was I aware that lilies of the
valley expressed desire ; lilacs would have been more appropriate. Or did
the Carbon Studio wish to convey that nervous Yvette Guilbert fell into a
trance by inhaling the pure innocent odor of the lilies of the valley-a com-
bination of raffinement and naivete, as we see in Chevannes' mural dec-
orations ? I hardly think so. Much more to the point, though less curi0us,
are Eickemeyer's study of a ranch man and the portrait of his fath~r That
is portrait photography. There is no transfi~uring, magnifying and gen-
eralizing of reality. Exactitude is in no way violated. And they are not
accidents. Eickemeyer is only too scientific; he may be naive in the sym-
bolism of flowers, but not in his technical methods. Read his " How a
Picture Was Made," and you will know what hard and severe training he
has gone through. and what strenuous study he has made. He also is on
the right track, although a little more temperament would not harm him.
About Alfred Stieglitz as a portrait photographer I am not equally
certain. We all know that a student of photography could not have (in
references to technical usages) a better master than he. He is a fanatic of
simplicity, tut has done too few portraits, and these not individual ~nough
to make an estimate. In his Mr. R-exact and cold like science, which
may be a merit, as it happens to represent a professor-he has succeeded
very admirably indeed. The monotonous line of the left arm and the veins
of the right hand, however, disturb my enjoyment. At all events it is a
valuable object lesson, and as such worth banging up where students con-
gregate.
Letting all these artists pass once more in review in my mind's eyes, it
seems to me that after all the genius of the painter, comparatively speaking,
is more successful in getttng an artistic likeness than the mechanism of
phctography.
This is largely due to the fact that, with a very few exceptions, only
mediocre talents ha\·e been drawn to the rubber bulb and focusing cloth.
Artistic temperaments have a\·oided photography in fear of its restrictions,
and so it has come to pass that until now the word genius could never yet
be applied to any craftsman in this .-pecial branch of artistic photography.
The range of the technical expression of photography, in comparison
with painting, is indeed very limited. First of all it lacks color. It controls
line only as far as it is produced by broad opposite lights and shade (of which
 CAMERA NOTES. 21
-----------------

Mr. White's print is such an elegant example) ; it is impossible to accentuate

any special part, as, for instance, Bastien Lepage has done in the back of
Sarah Bernhardt. One cannot produce a clear, unhesitating line full of life
from beginning to end. Also in representing texture, photography is handi-
capped. Of course the camera reproduces only too faithfully certain unimpor-
tant details, but the surface is always the same, unless where you retouch
it so cleverly that it will suggest variety. It commands, however, tonality,
but that also other arts convey equally well, and if photography is ever
expected to assert itself as one of the independent-probably for a long
time to come-minor arts, it has to develop that quality, which no other
medium has in common with it. The beauty of blurred lines, produced by
the action of light, for photography does not draw lines but rather suggests
them by painting values, may be compared in importance to the linear
expression of etching or wood engraving,* and the massing of black (viz ,
Goya) and the moss-like gradations of gray (viz. Whistler) in lithography.
These arts, although allowing big scope to creative power, are exposed
to a certain restriction in regard to subjects. This is not the case with
photography, as it has the power to express mo·vement, for instance the spon-
taneity of facial expression, which no other art can do in the same degree
and with the same ease.
What artistic photography needs is an expert photographer, who is at
the s&me time a physiognomist and a ma:1. of taste, and great enough to sub-
ordinate himself t0 his machine; only a man thus adequately endowed could
show us a new phase in portraiture, with which even the eye and band of
the painter would find it difficult to compete.
However, only when color photography has been made possible, and
kinetoscope photography in the hand of artists has developed to that extent
that full justice can be done to the spontaneity of actual movement, to the con-
tinuous. almost undiscernible, changes in a human face, the delicate nuances
in the evolution of a smile, or any other human sentiment, passion or com-
mon every-day expression of routine life, artistic portrait photography will
fulfill its highest vocation. For would we not prefer a fragment of our
children's life represented in actual movement, just as if they were alive, to
any representation of one stereotyped position by a painter, no matter how
skillful? A child looking roguishly at us, quickly changing its facial expres-
sion into a smile, would mean infinitely more (and it could be equally
artistic) than if a Sargent would place the same child like a big doll under a
still bigger vase in a ball vibrant with emptiness (viz., Sargent's'' Hall of the
Four Children)." And a characteristic gesture, a pensive attitude, or fur-
tive movement of one's wife, as expressed by the kinetoscope of the future,
would be much more valuable than the rare a!Sthetic pleasure of letting
Watts wrap her np in a pre-Raphaelite soul-mist, or Lenbach draw her pic-
ture in lines worthy of a Herudotus, or Baldini make her look like a languid
bachantee of modern joy.
But artistic kinetoscope photography in color is so far off! We have to
deal with the present, have to make the best of the existing conditions, and
form from them, if we possess the power and are unselfish enough,
those foundations, on which the photography of the future will con:struct
itself. SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
* Also pen and ink, and the various processes of engraving have given expression, but
etching and wood engravin~ are capable of expressing tonality at the ~arne time. Copper
and steel engraving do thts onlv to a limited degree, and besides lack the freedom of
expression, which restticts them fargely to reproductive purposes.
22 CAMERA NOTES.

Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier' s Portrait Photographs.

From a Painter's Point of View.
There are two ways of looking at a picture-one as a record of truth, the
other as a work of fine art. The first is the common, the traditional way, the
way of the majority of people. By them an artist's success is measured by
the accuracy of his statements, by his skill in deceiving by imitation, by the
faithfulness with which he copies shape, tone and color from nature.
In this view the best photograph is the clear, sharp print, which records
every detail with the utmost minuteness.
The second idea, that a picture is a work of fine art, rests upon the
thought that art exists only for the purpose of creating beauty; that a pic-
ture is not merely a record or memorandum kept for reference, but some-
thing beautiful in itself. A picture is indeed a repres~ntation of something,
but when produced by a real artist it has more than representation. Its
tones. color!;, shapes, its composition and ~tyle, the power and grace of its
execution, all combine to make it a work of beauty, a work of fine art.
To the artist, a photograph that is perfect in every detail, that renders
bare facts just as they are, is interesting as a scientific record and of value
for scientific study, but it has no fine art in it. It is the work of light and
chemicals, and produced by an operator, not an artist.
Mrs. Kii.sebier's work in portrait photography shows that she chooses
the artist's point of view, that a portrait is not a mere record of facts.
Being a painter herself, with experience and training, and a knowledge of
what constitutes fine art, she chooses to paint her portraits with the camera
and chemicals. She takes the scientific process and makes it obey the will
of the artist.
The great portrait painters give us facts with absolute truth, but that
is only a small part of what they give. They skillfully pose the sitter so
that there shall be a color harmony, a dark and light harmony, a graceful
line composition, and at the same time a presentation of the special charac-
ter of the sitter. They seize the fleeting expression which reflects the real
personality; they see beyond the mere posing model; and above all, their
work is rendered with power and subtlety combined.
Mrs. Kasebier is answering the question whether the camera can be sub-
stituted for the palette. She looks for some special evidence of personality
in her sitter, some line, some silhouette, some expression or movement;
she searches for character and for beauty in the sitter. Then she endeavors
to give the best presentation by the pose, the lighting, the focusing, the
developing, the printing-all the processes and manipulations of her art
which she knows so well.
She is not dependent upon an elaborate outfit, but gets her effects with
a common tripod camera, in a plain room with ordinary light and quiet fur-
nishings. Art always shows itself in doing much with few and simple
things.
The question is sometimes asked whether such portraits as Mrs. Kase-
bier's are likenesses. I should answer unhesitatingly that they are. It is
 CAMERA NOTES. 23

true that they often reveal traits and expressions that we had not noticed
before, and this is greatly in their favor.
A characteristic likeness is seldom fuund in the conventional retouched
photograph, and the whole subject is one on which people do not agree.
One person observes the shape of the head, the setting of the eyes and the
color of the hair; another sees the expression of the mouth, the peculiar
form of nose or chin.
The superficial observer of a portrait will not appreciate all the points
in which the likeness consists, but it is the artist's business to present these
points, all of them, if possible. This, Mrs. Kasebier, like the best portrait
painters, endeavors to do. Rejecting conventionalities and traditional
notions, she makes her photographs works of fine art.
ARTHUR W. Dow.
... :t ...
Free Speech.
It has come to our attention that a few persons have acquired an
impression that the articles in CAMERA NOTEs represent the official opinions
of the Camera Club, and that articles not in accordance with the views of
the committee are, at least, not acceptable. It would seem hardly neces-
sary to contradict such a suggestion, but it is desired here to state once,
and for all time, and in the most positive terms. that there is not the slight-
est foundation for this impression, for the publishers neither have any desire
to control opinions, nor do they assume responsibility for the opinions of
contributors. Articles by members of the committee are received on the
same footing as those from other writers, and are to be regarded as merely
individual opinions.
The committee as a body has no opinions or theories which it seeks to
protect or to force upon readers, and it would strongly impress upon all that
CAMERA NoTES is not only freely open to all topics relating to photography,
but that it invites and will heartily welcome both original articles and discus-
sion of matters which may appear in its pages.
In discussions it is obvious that the mere expression of a difference of
opinion or personal statements would not be acceptable; but a dissent sup-
ported by new data or deductions calculated to be of general interest is
always in order.
Finally, while the committee does not propose to sit as a Star Chamber
tribunal, it does reserve !he right to decide the limits of controversy and
the pertinence of matter submitted.
PunucA TION CoMMITTEE.
... ... ...
The Portfolio of American Pictorial Photography.
The portfolio of American Pictorial Photography, announced in our last
issue, will be ready for distribution within a few weeks. Nearly the entire
edition of one hundred and fifty has been subscribed for. The few remaining
copies may be bad at ten dollars each. The portfolio includes pictures by
Mrs. Kiisebier, Miss Clarkson, Miss Weil, Miss Farnsworth, and Messrs.
Day, White, Keiley, Stieglitz, Post, Fraser, Dumont, Murphy, Berg and
Eickemeyer. Particulars to be had from tbe Publication Committee, Camera
Club.
24 CAMERA NOTES.

Our lliustrations.
The frontispiece, " Day's Decline," by A. Horsley Hinton, of London,
is another example of this artist's special landscape style. Comment is
unnecessary. The picture speaks for itself, it having been originally shown
at the London Salon, 1895·
We are happy to state that arrangements have been made with Mr.
Hinton, the ~alented and accomplished editor of the Amateur Photographer
(London) to write a series of articles for the next three numbers of
CAMERA NoTEs. Most of them will be illustrated.
The second insert, "A Portrait," by Mrs. Gertrude Kiisebier, of New
York, is a specimen of that talented photographer's best style of work.
Mrs. Kasebier is, beyond dispute, the leading portrait photographer in this
country.
Her pictures are broad, full of color and harmony, and above all, have
the great charm of a keen artistic feeling and temperament. Their
strength never betrays the woman.
The photogravure was produced by the Pbotochrome Engraving Com-
pany, of New York. It is a masterpiece in the art of reproduction.
The third insert, "A Decorative Figure," by R. Le Begue, of Paris,
although a little restless, bas a certain charm. Conjointly with Messrs.
Demachy, Puyo and Bremard, Mr. Le Begue is considered to be one of
France's leading exponents of pictorial photography.
The Hinton and Le Begue reproductions were made by Walter L. Colis,
London.
The last photogravure, "Portrait of F. H. Day," by Mrs. Kiisebier,
tells its own story. It has the same boldness and vtgor of her other picture,
and nevertheless is absolutely dissimilar.
The reproduction of this plate was made by the Photocbrome Engraving
Company. As such it equals their other reproductions.
The half tones in the text illustrate Mr. Hartmann's highly interesting
article.
... ... ... A. S.

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following have been electe<l members of the Club since the last issue of CAMERA
Non:s: Harry D. Frisbee, Bronx, N. Y.; Miss Emma J. F1tz, Boston, Mass.; Dallett
Fuguet, 72 West One Hundred and Thirty-second street, City; James H. O'Brien, 248
East Twenty-third street, City; U. Nehring, SOQ West One Hundred ancl Fifty-second
street, City; J. K. Holbrook. 13 West Sixty-fourth street, City; G. 0. Waterman, Jr..
q3 Liberty street, City; Wm. Farrand, QJS Broadway, City; Mrs. Myra Wiggins,
Salem, Oregon; Sydney A. Smith, The ~ockingham, City; R. H. Halsey, 11 Wall street,
City: Dr. John P. Burke, 167 Lexinszton avenue. City; G. Armour P. Burns. 101 West One
Hundred and Eighteenth street, City: John F. Ro~ers, City; Dr. F. D. Skeel, 58 East
Twenty-third street, City; J B. Elmendorf, 128 West Forty-third street, City; Tyrone
Power. London, En~~;land: Edward H. Berry, so West Twentr.·fiftb street, City; Fer-
rars H. ·rows, 34 West Fifty-seconil street. City; joseph T Kelley, 15 Whitehall street,
City; C. W. Roepper, Germantown, Pa.; Chas. Richman, Chicago, Ill.
The name of Mr. Jacob Russak must once more be added to the list of donors to the
studio fund, as he bas given a very liberal second donation for the fitting up of one of
the prid~ of our Club.
Mr. George Lorillard Roaalds bas also contributed a handsome donation for tb~
same purpose.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Proceedings.
At the regular monthly meeting of the The revised Constitution and By-Law-s.
Cloo, held on Tuesday, February 14, Vice- as presented by the Committee on Revision,
president Stieglitz in the chair and Mr. W. was then taken up, and it was decided to
P. Agnew acting as Secretary, the princi- read and discuss the documents section
pal business transacted was the selection of by section. This was done and quite a
a Nominating Committee to nominate a number of changes were made, some of
ticket of Trustees, officers of the Club and merely a formal nature or for the purpose
a Committee on Admissions, to be voted on of harmonizing contradictory sections.
at the annual meetiug in April. This com- Some of the changes, however, are decid-
mittee was chosen by lot from a list of edly radical.
twelve names, submitted by a committee of •••
three appointed by the chair. The follow- On the evening of April 26 Mr. Van
ing gentlemen were chosen and declared Brunt again lectured upon "The Flora of
elected: Wm. E. Carlin, Chairman ; Floyd Central Park" before a crowded bouse, for
Peck, W. T. Colbron, C. C. Roumage and the mere announcement of any lecture by
Theo. Dwight. this gentleman is sufficient to reduce our
Mr. Stieglitz, for the Publication Com- ample accommodations to "standing room
mittee, reported a very flattering increase only."
in the number of subscriptions to CAMERA The discourse and slides were delightful,
NoTES, and that the affairs of the publica- as usual.
tion \\'ere in a most prosperous and satis- • • •
factory condition. The active membership was limited to
•••
On February 21, :\lr. Cornelius Van Brunt
250, as it was considered that, in view of the
tax upon the facilities of the Club on holi-
delivered an illustrated lecture before the days, this number would be tbe utmost limit
Club on "The Canadian Rockies and their justifiable. aud moreover it would insure an
Flowers." As a lecturer on a technical sub- ample income, with a safe margin over ordi-
ject before a popular audience Mr. Van nary expenses. It was also decided that
Brunt is remarkably successful. for he suc- when the active membership should reach
ceeds not only in conveying a very consid- the limit, the entrance fee should be raised
erable amount of information to those to $25. Practical experience had demon-
learned in his subject, but he also com- strated that advantage bad been taken of
mands the interested attention of the t•n- the section in the former constitution regu-
initiated to the end. His colored slides of lating non-resident membership, and the
flower subjects are justly famous for their new constitution was made to limit this
beauty, delicacy and accuracy of tints; but class to those who "actually live more than
in this lecture he showed for the first time a thirty miles from the New York City Hall."
number of views of the region he traversed, Another change made with a view to the
the slides for which had been exquisitely justice of the case \vas the equalizing of the
colored by Mrs. VanBrunt. dues of the corresponding and non-resident
• • • members, both classes now paying $ro
At the meeting- held on Tuesday, March annually.
14, President Murphy in the chair, verbal Since this meeting the revised Constitu-
reports were made by a number of the com- tion and By-Laws, as adopted. bas been
mittees. printed and sent to all members.

+ + +
Annual Meeting, April ll, 1899.
The meeting was called to order at 8:3o P.M., President Murphy in the
chair. A fairly larg~ attendance was present, although not as numerous as
had been hoped for.
28 CAMERA NOTES.

Report of the President of the Camera Club at the Annual Meeting,

April ll, 1899.
At the close of this, the third year of our Great<'r Camera Club, your President has
the honor to report, for the Board of Trustees, another chapter in the continuous record
of success that has !IO far attended the fortunes of this organization.
The fiscal year just closed has been one of progress and importance to the Club; a
year of matetial prosperity and artistic advancement ; a year of growth and influencE',
and a year made memorable in our annals hy the satisfactory settlement in our present
commodious home.
Reviewing the situation somewhat in detail, reference must first be made to the all
important question of membership. A glance at the report of the Secretary shows a net
gain of thirty·six names, making the total membership in all classes 323.
During the year twenty-four resignations were received and accepted ; twelve names
were dropped from the books, and two members were taken from us by death-Dr. George
Trowbridge and J. Bernard Sih·erman.
'fhe financial exhibit made by our Treasurer is highly satisfactory, for, notwithstand-
ing the extraordinary expenses incidental to moving and fitting up the new rooms the
revenue of the Club has been ample, and we commence the new year with a cash balance
of $I.33S·o6 in the bank, no outstanding indebtedness and no arrearage of dues charge-
able against members.
The report of the Auditing Committee is worthy of attention, as it shows, over and
above the gain in cash, a substantial increase in the &!;sets of the Club, in our enlarged
photographic plant and newly purchased apparatus.
In speaking of valuable assets especial mention should be made of CAMERA NoTEs, the
official organ of the Club, which, under the brilliant management of our distinguished
Vice-President, Mr. Stieglitz, bas more than fulfilled the promise of its youth, and bas
become a source of distinction to the Club and of pride to every memllcr.
Under the able and serious direction of Chairman Berg, the Print Committee has
arranged monthly exhibitions of prints, of varied interest and comprehensive character,
illustrating the phases of photography, as shown by about 1,200 prints.
The Committee on Meetings, Dr. Vredenburg, Chairman, arranged for the seventeen
lectures and demonstrations given in the club rooms during the year, which WE're largely
attenrled by members and their friends.
The usual Wedncs<lay evening lel<ts of lantern sliJ.:s have ulso been well attended.
but it may be observ~<l that of late more of the photographic workers in the Club ba,·e
turned their attention in the direction of print making, consequently the lantern slide
industry has suffered in proportion, though a total of about 4,000 slides were shown on the
screen.
In the field of photographic compE>tition our champions have not been idle, winning
many honors at home and abroad, notable among which may be mf'ntioned the
award to Mr. Fraser of the so-called blue ribbon of British Photography, the "Royal
Medal."
About forty other prizes have fallen to our members, but as the list bas appeared in
CAMERA NorEs no further mention need here be made, except to give expression to the
general feeling of gratification experienced in the club when the works of our fellow·mf'm·
bers receive such tokens of approval.
In this connection some regrets may well be expressed that so little interest bas been
taken in our own Club competitions. Of the two championship cups open for semi-annual
contest between members of the Camera Club, only the Lantern Slide Cup has been
awarded tb1s year, which trophy is now held by Mr. Charles I. Berg, while in compe-
tition for the "Presidential Print Prize" no award was made, doubtless because the
judges were so confused by the maddening rush of entries that they fat led to decide which
of the two competitors should bear the palm.
But the thanks of the Club are due to Mr. Berg for his public spirit in offering, even
under such depressing circumstances, still another cup, for which the entry list is now
open.
 CAMERA NVTES.

The revlston of our constitution and by-laws is too recent to require extensive men-
lion, but certain important changes regarding limitation of membership may be recited,
to wit: limiting the active membership to 250, the life tu tbirty, and removing alllimita·
tion as to the number of non-resident memben;, but making the residential radius of the
latter cla~>s at least thirty miles from the New York City Hall.
To the r~gret of our members at large, in Januaty last our popular Treasurer, Mr.
Frank M. Hale, laid do\\ n "the white man's burden" of hi'> office after having efficiently
borne it for two years. After vain efforts to secure a withdrawal of Mr. Hale's resigna-
tion, the Trustees duly elected Mr. W. E. Wilmerding to fill the unexpired term.
Thus we have as briefly as possible summed up the the record of the closing yelor,
leaving minute details to be developed in the several reports or the various ofticers and
committees, but your President cannot close without a few words bearinr; upon the future
ot the Club.
To-day the Camera Club stands well equipped to face the future, and to win an
enviable place among the permanent institutions of this grent metropoli!l. But successful
clubs are not created in a year or two ; they mttst be built up by sustained effort.
This Club bas a sound foundation, based upon merit and achievement, but it rests
entirely with the members to shape its destiny towards a more exalted succe~s.
Your officers are but your agents to carry out the daily details of club management.
The moving power must ever sp~·ing from the rank nnd file of the membership; so your
Trustees call upon each and every meonber to help in the great effort to raise the standard
of the Camera Club so high that it shall become a beacon light to the world·wide brother-
baud of the Photographic Guild.
Rl'spectfully submitted,
April II. 1899, W'M. D. MuRPHY, Prtsidnrl.

+ + +
Secretary's Report .
.Jir. Chairman and Members cif the Cczm(rtl Club:
I have the honor to submit the following as the Secretary's report for last year:

MEMHERSHJP.
----------------------------- ----------
1oci ..:1...:~ 'ti
:l:'
I "t:i = ;.. ~ -c c.c]I o- ;;;I
. ; ~~~- s ,.;-c 1 .s ::i
01 o ' I c: o = u c: := I a-.s::. I
1 "'
a:;:
.
<n S,. I
bll
·-"' ;:;-
2- ;.:;:~ .. - c:0 I<~~ .. u ~ 01 n oo u
01
'"
o
~

-------- I- -~-- ~ -__::_I -~1:-'- .

..... ~ ...... ~- :::1 • Oi ....,
(<l
01 i-~ - --
Actlve Members ..... ·I 'I ~ 31 ..... 3·
I77l 1q 4<;1 19~~ I8 .. · .. ·
Non-resident Members sf>l 3 4 ...... .... 24i 7h 20 ..... .
Corresponding " I 18 2 'I ......... 1· ......... I 15 ...... 3
~~~orary " ~~~ .. : .. :::::. ... · : : : : ·I : : : : : ..... ; 1 ~~~ . . . . . ~ : : : : : :

Total ·• 1--;g,l· -· 24 12 - - ; --;~ --1

1 --;;JI----;;31. __ 39~-- --3
Net gain......... I 3hl

Total membership, March JI, 1899, 323.

1'he Truste~s held ten regular and four special meetings, all of which were altended
by a quorum, with the exception of one 1egular meeting (December 22d).
There were held tt>n tegular meetings of the club.
Respectfully,
HARRY B. REID, Surelt~ry.
April 1, r899.
 CAMERA NOTES. Jl

Report of the Auditing Committee.

To tile Board of Trustees of tile Camera Clu6:
The Auditing Committee herewith submit their report as follows :
We have examined the books ot account and vouchers of the Treasurer covering the
figcal year ending March 31, 1899, and the bank balance and cash on hand at that datP..
and find the same to be correct. The books of account are kept in a systematic and
business-like way, affording ready information at all times concerning the condition of the
Club funds and the accounts of the members.
The Treasurer's accounts show that the receipts of the Club for the year amounted to
$8,976.49, as follows :

ORDINARY RECEIPTS $6,122.99

EXTRAORDINARY RECEIPTS, including the donations
for equipping new quarters, proceeds of Annual
Auction, Dinner and Smoker, and Sales of
furnitureand books 2,853.50

Add balance on band April 1, 1898 • 1,oo8.62

ToTAL

The total expenditures were $8,650.05, as follows :

ORDINARY EXPENSES $5,048.36
ExTRAORDINARY ExPENSEs, including expense of
Moving, Fitting up Rooms and Studio, Purchase
of New Apparatus and Furniture, Purchase of
Prints for Permanent Collection, Cost of An-
nual Dinner and Smoker $J,6o1.69 $8,65o>.os

Balance on hand April I, 1899 $I,JJ5.o6

" I, 11!98 1,008.62

Surplus of Income over all Expenditures

Expense of fittin&" up the Club Rooms and Studio
beyond the amount donated for that purpose
and cost uf moving $535·69
Amount expended in the purchase of Apparatus and
Furniture, in increasing and improving the
library, and toward the Permanent Collection of
Prints 530. s1

$r.o66.2o

The former of these two items constitutes an expenditure not likely to recur, and there-
fore not fairly chargeable to the continuous operating expense of the Club. The latter
results in an addition to the permanent assets. In considering the relation of the income
of the Club to the cost o£ conducting its affairs, it seems proper that these items should be
added to the above surplus.
This would show, as the net result of the operation of the Club during the past year,
a surplus of $I,J92.64 in the receipts for the year over the ordinary expenses and such
extraordinary expenses as are likely to recur. Respectfully submitted,
LOUIS B. SCHRAM,
C. C. RouM.,GE.
April I, 1899· Audi'linr Committu.
 CAM.ERA NOTES.

Extracts from the Report of the Committee on Publications.

The Committee on Publications, 1\fr. Stieglitz, Chairman, made a lengthy verbal report
of the history of CAMERA NoTEs, gidnit a detuiled redew of its progress up to the present
time, and outlining the policy for the coming year. He emphasized the necessity of main-
taining the seriousness and earnestness of the policy originally adopted, as also its indi-
viduality and h1gh character. The notices and repo1ts from the various photographic
publication!' of the world and the estimation in which it is generally held by the leading
photographers of this and other countries, fully justify the policy followed.
It has now gained a position in which 1t is lo:>ked upon as a pioneer, and has won a
place which puts it in a class by itself in photographic literature. Many of our own mem-
bers at first considered it not sufficiently popular in its style and tone, but its phenomenal
success both financially and in gaining the attention of the photographic world seems to us
a sufficient answer to these criticisms.
The original idea of not making the magazine a money maker has been strictly
adhered to. Every dollar which has been received for subscriptions and advertising has
been devoted to the improvement of the general character of CAMERA NoTES, which can
readily be shown by a comparison of the various numbers.
The Committee has been greatly handicapped by the limited support given them by
the Camera Club members in the way of contributions to its pages. and once more urges
them to submit articles and matters of general interest for publication, and thus save a
very considerable sum which it bas heretofore been necessary to expend for literary
matter.
It will no/ do to lou siglzt of lite fact //rat CAMERA Nons is, above all 1/rinrs.
lire Camera Clu!J Organ.
As to the finances, notwithstanding an increase of $700 over last year's expenditures.
the original Club appropriation of $250 for Vol. I., also the appropriation of $2oo for Vol.
II., are intact, besides an actual surplus of some $68, with no outstanding indebtedness.
This sum of money now forms a reserve fund for emergencies and improvements. It will
be seen that the appropriation of the Club is merely nominal, and even the expense of
postage cannot be met out of this sum. It must be understood that the Committee meets
all of these expenses through its own individual efforts.
The edition is to be kept limited. It is this fact which tends to maintain its value
with the outside public, which is at present paying as high as fourteen dollars for the eight
numbers thus far published.
Although the 330 members are receiving the publication gratis, the cost of furnishing
this is constantly increasing to the Committee on account of the continual increase in the
membership list, which is largely due to the influence of CAMERA NoTEs. The actual out·
lay for the 1,320 copies delivered to our members during the past fiscal year approximates
$8so.
As Chairman of the Committee, I beg to thank Mr. Wm. M. Murray for his valuable
services to CAMERA NoTES especially, and to photograpb;c literature generally. I also
regret to announce that, owing to the great pressure of his business engugements, he will
be unable to officially participate in the work of the Committee during the new year, but
he has given the Committee positive assurance that be will continue to contribute to
CAMERA NoTES. The Chairman also calls the attention of the members to the hearty and
liberal support given our undertaking by the advertisers, who arc carefully selected from
the leading and most reliable firms.
The Club members ought not to lose sight of this fact, and reciprocate whenever
possible.
... ... ...
Other Reports.
The House Committee, through Mr. AgnB.w, its Chairman, made a verbal report.
Tbe Librarian, Mr. Beeby, made a verbal report. The Chairman of the Print Committee.
Mr. Berg. read his report, which included a resume of the year's work. The report wa..-.
duly filed, as were all other written reports.
 CAMERA NOTES. 33
---------
The President callc:d on the Nvminating Committee for its report, which was pre-
sented by Mr. W. E. Carlin, Chairman.
The Nominating Committee reports the following ticket:

President. Vice-President.
WM. D. MURPH\', ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

Secretary. Treasurer.
HARRY B. REID. WM. E. WILMERDING.
Trustees (I year). Trustees (2 years).
WM. P. AGNEW, CI!AS, I. BERG,
JoHN BEEDY. WM. J. CASSARO.

Trustees (3 years). Commillce 011 Admzssion.

Louis B. ScHRA:\1, CHAS. E. MANIERR£,
JoHN AsPINWALl .. J. F. STRAUSS,
A. W, CRAIGIE.

Signed
I
1
W.
F.

C.
E.
PECK,
CARLIN,

W. T. CoLBRON,
C. RoUMAGE,
Chairman,

l THEO. DWIGHL
There were no other nominations, and the entire ticket, as reported by the Nominat-
ng Committee, was unanimously elected.
Mr. Berg read a lengthy correspondence relating to an exhibition of photographs at
the Paris Exposition in Igoo. The matter was referred to the Board of Trustees.
After the meeting had adjourned those present partook of a collation provided by our
President, Mr. Murphy.

... ... ...

At the regular monthly meeting on May bition in the Arts Building of the World's
gth, President Murphy presiding, the Treas- Fair at Paris, in rgoo, it was considered
urer reported a balance to the credit of the advisable to abandon the proposition to
Club of $2,948. 26. collect a united exhibition of the photo-
On motion of Mr. Agnew, a volt: of thanks graphic art work of the United States.
was tendered to President Murphy for the Mr. U. Nehring exhibited and demon-
handsome collation which he provided at strated the working of his enlarging and
the annual meeting in April. copying lens. The instrument is apparently
The decision of the judges in the " B~rg a negative lens, which can be slipped into
Combination Cup Contest" was announced, the tube between the combinations of the
the winner proving to be Mr. Arthur Scott. lens of any folding camera, for the purpose
On motion of Dr. Stevens, a vote of of shortening the focus of the same. While
thanks was tendered to Mr. Berg and to the the principle is not new, the practical appli-
judges of this competition. cation, as made by the maker, appears to
On behalf of the Trustees it was reported be one that will be found convenient by
that in view of the fact that there bemg no those who do not have access to a regular
poso;ibility of having a photographic exhi- copyiog camera.
 34 CAil,fERA NOTE~:

Mrs. Kasebier' s Prints.

(Exhibited February JS-25.)
Of the exhibitions of individual photogtaphic work shown at the New York Camera
Club, none excited more attention nor incited more earnest discussion than that of Mn:.
Gertrude Kasebier.
This was due mainly to the fact that it was the largest and most remarkable collec-
tion of excellent and artistic portrai~s e\'er shown in this country, and partly to the cir-
cumstance that though professional work, it was marked by an entire absence of the con-
fectioner-like and inartistic methods that, through universal application, have come to be
considered essentially characteristic of all professional work.
Every print of the collection was a picture whose originality and artistic treatment
separated it from the rest, and both invited and merited careful study. This is the more
remarkable when it i.s remembered that these pictures were not the carefully studied com-
positions of leisure hours, but examples of work done professionally for the general pub·
lie, without any chance to exercise a choice of models. Of the hundred and some odd
pictures shown, over eighty were of men, women and children, attired in the conven.
tiona! coo;tume of the day, people from the conventional world, such as drift into the pro·
fessional studio to sit for their poltraits.
The manner in which this modern dress was handled, subordinated, and made to play
its proper part in the composition of these pictures. evidenced great artistic feeling and
readiness of device, while the arrangement of the light and shade of the different pic-
tures displayed a keen appreciation of the refinements of notan. •
There was an easy naturalness about the pose in the majority of these pictures that
bespoke a characteristic position-an essential requirement of a good likeness-while the
entire absence of stiffness, restlessness and stereotyped sameness was pleasing and
refreshing. The tonal values were generally correct, while the manner in which> they
were made to emphasize the dominant characteristics of the sitter was both original and
artistic. If there was nothing else to recommend these pictures, the fact that they exhib-
ited no trace of the use of theatrical accessories should certainly have won for them a
high regard.
The studio furnishings of nearly every professional gallery, even to.<Jay, when such
strides have been made in photography, remind one more or the stage settings of some
seaside concert hall than of anything else in the world. Ne:uly every studio is tricked out
with several drop-curtain backgrounds, a buxomly upholstered chair with a thicket of
fringe all round, or else the high-backed and elaborately carved article upon and against
which damsels wonderfully gowned and ungowned may pose and show their curves most
conspicuously, several marvelous creations in tables. a rustic seat, some shaggy rugs and
a number of living-picture skull-grippers, to insure an impol'sible pose for the cranium.
The true artist-unfortunately there are few such in the professional world-depends
not on these things for a good picture, but upon the individuailtv of the sitter, the ability
fully to understand, appreciate and get in touch with that individuality, and the power to
express it most characteristically and harmoniously.
To this the•e portraits owe their pre-eminence and value. Mrs. K.iisebter approaches
her work from the view point of the artist. She was the first American painter to take up
photography profes!'ionally, and ber prints are valuable not alone as likenessts, but as
pictures. Some of these prints have already appeared in CHolERA NoTES, and several are
reproduced in this issue in order to afford our readers the opportunity to study and profit
by this work. J. T. K.
*This is a Japanese word that signifi•!S the arrangement of dark and light masses.
It was introduced into our art vocabulary by Mr.Arthur W. Dow, Curator of the Japanese
paintings and prints in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, and Instructor in Composition
at the Art Students' League, New York, and Pratt Institute. Mr. Dow's book on Com-
position is one of the most practical works on that subject that has yet appeared, and
should be in the hands oi. all those who desire to make a thorough study thereof.
 CAMERA NOTES. 37

The Cassard Exhibition.

(Fc:&ruary JS-25.)
A pleasing contribution to our monthly print exhibition for February was the selec-
tion from the work of Mr. William J. Cassard, one of our oldest members. There
were over thirty prints done in carbon, platinum and gum, and covering quite a
variety of subjects. The majority, however, were still-life studies of flowers, fruits
and game, of which Mr. Cassard formerly made a specialty, and are interesting speci-
mens of the methods which prevailed eight or ten years ago. Most of these were car-
bons, and several were decidedly effective, noticeably the panels of game, the peaches
and the grapes.
Among the portraits were several of fellow club members, which were excellent
likenesses, with nothing about them to suggest the methods affected by many within
the last year or two, and probably for that reason fully satisfactory to those interested.
A few pretty bits of landscape completed the list, and as all of the prints were very
handsomely and tastefully framed the exhibition presented a very attractive appear-
ance.
After seeing such careful and conscientious work it is a matter of regret that Jolr.
Cassard finds so little time to devote to photography. W. F. H .

... ...
William D. Murphy's Exhibition of Prints.
(Exhibitc:d Match J5-3J.)
Finance, politics and society sent their representatives to this exhibition in goodly
numbers. It was impossible to enter the Club's exhibition room during the period of its
duration without seeing some face well known in one of these three worlds, and if any-
thing was wanted to demonstrate that the genial President of the Camera Club was a
very popular man, the number and standing of the visitors more than sufficed for that
purpose.
'fhe scope of the exhibition was extensive, as its subjects were the culls of the length
and breadth of two continents. It consisted of two hundred and ten prints, comprising
marine, landscape and portrait work. Most of the pictures were executed in platinum,
though there were prints upon other kinds of paper. Among these latter was a small gum
print, a miniature portrait, which was particularly hard and unpleasant, and as Mr. Mur-
phy himself has remarked, demonstrated the difficulties of the gum process, particularly
when applied to miniature work.
The platinum prints were what are conventionally termed ·• straight prints." Ry this
is meant that no shading or other printing device has been resorted tom order to produce
a relatively correct scale of tonal values; the only approach to an attempt at anything of
the kind was the sunning after removing from the printing frame of the sky portions of
certain of the pictures. 'fhis proved effective to a certain degree, but did not impart the
true feelin~ of atmosphere. It is a resort that is rarely satisfactory in its results, as it
invariably robs the print of its vivacity and gives it a deadness of t:me. When luminous
distances are concerned, such a treatment is fatal. The greatest qualities of some of the
pictures were sacrificed by this strict adherence to the so-called "straight printing' '
method.
The Niagara and surf pictures attracted mogt attention and were the most generally
p:>p:tlar. These pictures stand in :;1 cla<;s by themselves, Mr. Murphy having given more
attention and thought to this class of work than to any other. As a whole, the collection
ot pictures demonstrated that Mr. Murphy has not only traveled extensively, but that his
taste is neither circumscribed nor narrow.
 CAMERA NOTES.

To the objection raised by certain critics that this collection does not measure up to
the high technical and artistic standard of the hour, it is answered that the latest of these
pictures was made over two years ago, and that the exhibition in consequence does not
reflect much of the strong art influence that has been at work in the photographic world
during that period. None better appreciates this than Mr. Murphy himself, and in order
to be in a position properly to appreciate this collection the brief and somewhat humorous
catalogue note should be read. In his catalogue he says:
" In presenting this collection to the public gaze no claim is made to artistic merit or
technical excellence, the pictures being mainly memoranda from a traveler's note book,
intended to record impressions of various points of scenic interest, with here and there a
picturesque bit picked up by the wayside, while the few portrait studies are such as fall
to the lot of almost any amateur who seeks to take pictures of his friends, with the risk of
losing friendship when the results of his efforts are revealed."
Therefore. while giving full measure of appreciation to the pictures of this collection
it would be quite as unfair to judge them according to the present highest standards or
technical and artistiL excellence, as it would be to permit Mr. Murphy's modest statement
that '' no claim is made to artistic merit" to pass without the observation that his failure to
claim artistic merit for his pictures will not prevent his friends from valuing them at their
real worth. J. •r. K.

The John E. Dumont Exhibition.

(April t t-25.)
John E. Dumont's April exhibition of some thirty print.'l was one of those exhibitions
which teach the student of photography nothing new, neither of Mr. Dumont nor of the
art which he. at times, so succt>ssfully manipulates. It merely served the purpose of
showing the public once more what he bas accomplisheil, and what place he occupies in
artistic photography. The up-to-date criticism, which is distinctly on the side of innova-
tion, may be opposed to such old methods as Mr. Dumont applies, yet what is really good
is good at all times, and to that category belong his "Solid Comfort," "The Clarionet
Player" and 11 The Prescription."
They are excellent gmrt studies, in which the story is clearly, frankly and not
too elab:>rately told. I scarcely know of half a dozen American painters who could com-
pose pictures with equal skill. Of course, his style looks somewhat old-fashioned to us,
as his art is still under the guidance of the ancients and in no way influenced by Jap-
anese art, but a picture does not need necessarily to be decorative and suggestive in order
to be interesting. Dumonfs strength lies in acute observation and realistic feeling, but
his technique is rather rug~ed and haphazard, except in composition, which he appar-
ently understands, although be does not always make use of it. What wonderful pictures
he could have made of his 11 Good Night," "Listening to the Birds" and his 11 Village
Choir" if he had taken a little more pains. His 11 Lock 'l'ender" was a subject worthy of
a Millet; there he could have secureil a fleeting i.i-Jpression which might have suggested
grandeur, space nnd mystery. But his print shows nothing of this; its only merit is the
choice ot the subject, and when we look at it we feel sorry for the lost opportunity.
Mr. Dumonfs art knows but little of tonality and gradations. Its high lights and
shadows are all monotonously alike. For instance, notice the band and the underjacket
in the clarionet player, or the water. sky and hulks of sailing vessels in his marine views.
How his art would improve if be would note the values in planes at various angles and at
different distances, and on a variety of colors. and observe the relative force with which
masses relieve against the general tone.
Very likely Mr. Dumont does not realize hill shortcomings in these directions, other-
wise be would surely have avoided to exhibit so many red anttque prints, which destroy,
in his case, all tone, air and detail of chiaroscuro. S. H.
 CAMERA NOTES. 39

Exhibitions and Competitions.

The London Salon.

Pictorial photographers the world over ever look iorward with the ~reatest of inte1 est
to the Dudley Salon. annually heltl at London. It is an accl'pted fact that it il' tlte repre-
sentative exhibition of its class, and photographers from all parts of the globe send their
best work to it with the hopes of having it hung.
The exhibition of the present year promises to be of more than usual interest to
Americans, ao; nearly a II our best photographers have promised to participate. According
to reliable information, Clarence White, F. H. Day, Gertrude Kasebier, Jos. T. Keiler,
Zaida Ben Yusuf, Miss Devens, R. Eickemeyer, Alfred Stieglitz and others have prr-
pared exhibits for this Salon.
Entry forms and further particulars may be had from Mr. Alfred Stiel{litz, whom the
Linked Ring appointt'd to look after its interests in the United States.

... ...
The Philadelphia Salon.
The success of last year's Philadelphia Salon has been instrumental in establishing
what promises to become an annual in!<titution in Philadelphia, for the Pennsylvania
Academy of the Fine Arts and the Photographic Society of Philadelphh have announced
that an exhibition would be held under their joint auspices from October 22 to November
19, 18yg.
The exhibition will be run on similar lines to the one of last year, with a few of the
objectionable conditions of that exhibition altered. The jury of selection will consist of
Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier, Miss F. B. Johnston, and Messrs. F. H. Day, Clarence White
and Henry Troth.
We sincerely hope that the members of our Club will do all in their power to aid this
werthy undertaking. Those who have pictures, let them participate.
Entry blanks may be had by addressing H. B. Reid, Secretary of the Camera
Club, New York.
... ...
The Berlin Elite Salon.
A most successful international invitation exhibition has just been closed in Berlin.
Like the one in Munich, it was held at the Arts Gallery, and created a s~:nsation amongst
the artists and art-loving public of Berlin. It is intended to bold these exhibitions e\'eT}'
two yean:. The catalogue issued by the committee in charge was a gem, the exhibitors
each receiving a special nnmberl'd copy. America was represented by Mrs. Kasebier,
Jos. T. Keiley, F. H. Day and Alfred Stieglitz.

Awards and Honors Won Abroad by Camera Oub Members.

At the recent So::1th London Exhibition one of Mr. W. A. Fraser's night pktures
received the gold medal in the open champion class. Inasmuch, however, a,; the entry
did not comply with the conditions and the picture was ineligible in the class, ne,·er hav-
ing won an award, the award was prote~ted and the protest upheld.
This unfortunate occurrence w.1s dut', we are told, to an oversight on the part of
Mr. Fraser's English agent, Mr. Welford.
At the Birmingham Industrial and Photographic Exhibition, Mr. William J. Cas~ard
received a bronze merlal for his exquisite fruit studies. A similar award was gained by
Mr. Fraser in the landscape class for his" Royal Medal" winner, "Columbus Circle on a
Wet Night."
olO CAMERA NOTE.~:

Camera Club Competitions.

Awards in the Lantern Slide Championship Cup.

On March 14th, the above competition was judged by Mersrs. Alfred Stieglitz and
\\alter E. Woodbury, who handed in the following report:
1.-Chas. I. Berg. . . . . . ......................... 69.4 general average.
2.-john Beeby................................. 62.16
3.-Arthur Scott ................................ 50.83
4.-T. Preston .................................. 49·58
s.-W. P. Agnew ............................... 49.16
There were but five competitors. The slides were judged on a basis of so for tech-
nique and so for art. The low percentages are explained by the very high standard taken
by the judges as a basis for their marking .

... ...
Awards in the Presidential Print Prize Cup.
On March 22d, the judges ·of this competition, Messrs. J. Wells Champney, R. Eicke-
meyer, Jr. and J. T. Keiley, made the following report: The prints submitted do not, in
the judgment of the committee, warrant the award of the cup.
There were but two entries.
... ... ...
44 Berg " Combination Prize Competition.
On April4 Mr. Chas. I. Berg offered a cup as a prize, to be competed for by members
of the Club, upon the following conditions :
RULES GovEitNING CoMRINATION PKIZE CoMPETITION.

!st.-Competition open to all members of the Club who have not received a Camera
Club award.
2d.- There will be no award unless at least five entries are recei\'ed.
3d. -The prize is to become the property of the one receiving the highest average, if
equal to or above 6o per cent.
4th.-Every entry must consist of three prints and three slides ; no competitor to
make more than one entry. Slides and priuts are to be made frvm different
negatives, and they shall be solely the work of the competitor.
sth.-ln judging, art and technique to ha\·e equal value.
6th.-All prints and slides will be exhibited at the Club Rooms previous to the award
being made.
7tb.-Entries must be delivered at the Club Rooms, addressed to the Secretary, on
or before May s. 1899.
8tb.-Entries must be presented only in nom de plume or cypher.
9th.-A sealed envelope addressed to the Secretary and bearing the nom de plume
or cypher must contain the name of the exhibitor. 'fbe envelopes will not be
opened until the award is made.
Iotb.-Only the name of the successful competitor will be announced.
11th. -The averages of each competitor will be announced under the nom de plume.
12th. -Slides and prints of the winning set will become the property of the Club.
13th.-The award will be announced on or before the mnth day of May, 18911·
qth.-Tbe judges will be: Wm. D. Murphy, Ferdinand Stark, Alphonse Montant.
 CAMERA NOTES. 41

REPORT OF jUDGI!S,

In submitting the report of awards in the competition for the combination cup
offered by Mr. Berg, the judges would first congratulate the Club upon the symptoms of
awakening competitive interest shown in this instance.
Fourteen entries were made, each entry consisting of three prints and three lantern
slides, to be judged on a basis of fifty per cent. for art and fifty for technique, with a
minimum average rating of sixty per cent. necessary for an award.
The competition being anonymous, rating is given only under the nom de plume,
and secrecy will be maintained as to the identity of each competitor, excepting in the
case of the winner, whose name alone is revealed herein.
The slides were judged upon the screen and also examined in band, while the prints
were duly inspected by both electric and daylight.
The judging bas been in accord with the strict standard of the Club, but the judges
hope that the apparent severity in the ratings will not have a deterent effect upon the
less fortunate exhibitors, for the judges particularly desire to commend the publtc spirit
shown by some of the competitors, who obviously entered the contest with little hope of
winning the trophy, but with a sincere wish to obtain a fair ratmg upon their work.
Alter due consideration of all the factors in the problem, your judges agree upon the
award of the prize to "Jerry," whose entry received an average of 74.2 per cent. Upon
opening the envelope bearing this nom de plume, it was found that Mr. Arthur Scott was
the fortunate winner of the handsome cup.
The other competitors received the following percentages·
"Camerata," 69.2 per cent.; "Coalcytyne," 63.3 per cent.; "Enitor," 62.9 per cent.;
"Umbra," 6r.2per cent.; "Plato," 52.5 percent.; "Hill Crest," 52.1 percent.; "Fergu.
son," 48.7 per cent.: "B X," 46.6 per cent.: "Back Number," 45.8 per cent.; "Nebi,"
45.8 per cent.; "Rex," 43· 7 per cent.; "Lex," 43·4 per cent ; "Thesis," 38.3 per cent.
Owing to illness, it was impossible for Mr. Montant to serve as Judge.
FERDINAND STARK,
WM. D. MURPHY.
May Q, 1899.
... ... ...
New Club Competitions.
Prompted by the success of the recent competition for the "Combination Cup," our
President, Mr. Murphy, announces that he will offer two new pri:res, open to all members
of the Club:
(A) For the best portrait, head or full figure, taken m the Club gallery.
(BI For the best landscape, without figures, taken during the summer or autumn of
1899·
CONDITIONS.

I. Entries to be anonymous, and to close on December I, 1899. when all prints must be
delivered to the Secretary.
2. Negative and print to be entirely the work of exhibitor.
3· All prints to be exhibited in the Club rooms prior to the award, which will be
announced at the December meeting.
4· The winning prints to become the property of the Club.
5· No competitor may enter more than one print in each competition.
6. All prints to be framed or mounted in passepartout.
7· Each prmt must he marked on the back with the nom de plume of the exhibitor and
the title of the picture.
8. All prints will be judged on a basis of too per cent. for general excellence, and the
rating of each entry will be announced under the nom de plume, the name of the
winner alone to be announced.
9· The judges will be three members of the Club, to be appointed by the Trustees.
The decision of said judges upon all points under these rules to be final and without
appeal. WM. D. MURPHY.
42 CAMERA 1\"0TES.

Fin-cle-Siec:lc Lantcm Slide Competition.

Mr. J. Edgar Bull has offered a prize, to be competed for by tbe members of the
Camera Club, upon the following conditions:
RuLEs GovERNING FJN·DE-sn:cu: LANTRRN SLIDE PRIZE.

r. 'fhe competition is open to all members of the Club who have not received a
Camera Club award.
2. The prize is to become the property of the winner, and will be awarded on the basis
of artistic merit-the basis on which pictures generally are judged-without the mental
effort of discriminating between art and technique.
3· Every entry must consist of six slides from negatives made between the 1st day of
June and the last day of December. 1899. and shall be, as well as the slides made there-
from, solely the work of the competitor.
4· Entries must be delivered at the Club rooms, addressed to the Secretary, on or
before January 15, 1900, and must be presented only in nom de plume or cipher.
5· A sealed envelope, addressed to the Secretary, and bearing the nom de plume or
cipher, must contain the name of the exhibitor No envelope will be opened until the
award is announced.
6. There will be no award unless at least seven entries are received, and no competi-
tor shall make more than one entry.
7. Only the name of the winner will be announced. The nom de plumes of
unsuccessful competitors will be announced in the order of comparative merit of the slides
submitted.
8. Slides are preferably to be marked with appropriate titles.
9· The slides of the winning set shall become the property of the Club.
ro. All slides are to be exhibited at the Club rooms on the night the award is
announced.
u. The award will be announced on or before January 22d, rqoo.
The judges will be Alfred Stieglitz, Wm . .M. Murray and C. I. Berg.

... ...
Exhibition of Prints &y Mrs. Isabel Churchill Taylor.
During the interim between the exhibitions of Mrs. Kasebier and Mr. Murphy, the
Print Committee exhibited on the walls of the Club rooms some dozen framed pho-
tographs, the work of Mrs. Isabel Churchill Taylor, of Milwaukee, Wis. The subJects
were portraits of children, boys and women, and were treated with much delicate feeling
and refinement, at the same time showing a decided talent for pictorial treatment. Mrs.
Taylor promises much, and we feel that we shall not be disappointed. The only excep-
tion that could be taken to some of her pictures was a tendency to over-retouch, which, if
evident, is very annoying. A. S .
...
Clu& Auction, March 3.
The annual club auctton is n function in whether he was intended by nature as the
which business and pleasure are usefully ~;teerer of a mock auction or a rival of Finan-
combined, for it not only affords a conven- cier Sage; he certainly demonstrated that
ient means for members to relteve their he would be a bad mao to meet in Wall
lockers of accumulations of superfluous ap· Street, and his skillful efforts in working off
paratus and materials. but it is approached doubtful bargains netted the Club a profit
tn a spirit of levity that insures a pleasant of over sixty dollars in commission!! on the
evening"s entertatnment to those who sales.
attend. The work of receiving and preparing the
The list of impedimenta offered this year goods, amouotint~; to over 200 lots. and
was not as great as heretofore, nor was the making up the catalogue, was by no means
quality up to the usual standard. neverthe- a slight or easy task. and great credit is due
less the results were very satisfactory. the committee for the way tlley performed
Our versatile President assumed the role their labors. The committee consisted of
of auctioneer, and his nimble wtt and shrewd Me11sr!l. Agnew. Bral·klow, Schoen, Beehy,
busine!ls methods held the audience until Scott and Mootant
the end of the list, and left it in doubt
Volume III, No. 2
 CAMERA NOTES.

photography whilst photographers continue to rely on the above definition and

refuse to use, to wme purpose, eyes that seem blind to Nature's delicate 11uances.
Let them go to the art galleries, seek the engravings, lithographs, chalk and
charcoal drawings, let them bring their pet photographs for comparison, and
they will soon acknowledge that correct composition-that is, composition de-
void of such errors in lines and general balance as would make any subject dis-
pleasing-is no doubt necessary; that correct lighting, i. e., an arrangement of
light ancl shade calculated t0 bring out the center of interest of the composition,
is also necessary ; t.ut that corr(!('t, and even good composition and lighting,
swh as are often found in photographs, go for nothing if they are not joined
with true values, true tone. true rendering of texture, and what we call in French
studio language, "u11e belle matiere," that is, a pigment of such nature that it
will allow of rich, transparent shadows and of delicate and fluid half-tones.
So we must alter the definition of an artistic: photograph, as it is understood
by nine out of ten photographers, and say that a photograph is artistic when it
is correct in composition and lighting, true in values, tone and texture, and
printed on such a medium that it will satisfy the eye of an artist.
We take it for granted that our rearlers can distinguish beween good or bad
composition and good or bad lighting, but we are not so confident about them all
being able to detect false values or tones, for unfortunately very few people out-
side the painter's studio will care to trouble about tone and relative values, even
if they know what the terms signify. By relative values we mean the relative
amount of light reflected by the different surfaces of our subject;· by tone we
mean the amount of light reflected by the whole of our subject. We can change
the tone of a figure subject in the studio by drawing the shade down, while the
relation of its values will, of course, remain unchanged. A painter can give us
the exact counterpart of values, for he has at his disposal similar colors to those
of his subject. A black and white artist must translate the different reflections
of colors into a corresponding and conventional monochrome tint and, if he sees
well and translates well, he can give us a real impression of color by accurate
relation of values, even in a monochrome black and white work.
That is what photography, when left alone, does not give at all.
Its translation of color values into monochrome tints is radically false
unless special precautions are taken in exposure and development, and special
pigment printing is adopted which will allow of local control. Now, how can
you expect an artist to feel any other sentiment but irritation in looking at a
photograph in which he will find faults in values that the merest dabbler in
painting would not commit?
Examine a good average photograph with some pretence at artistic effect.
Suppose it is a portrait you are looking at, ten to one you will detect equal
values between the white drapery or the shirt collar and the flesh of the model.
On the other hand, the dress or coat, if they are made of some dark stuff, will be
S!!veral degrees darker than they are in Nature, and their value in relation with
the already false value of the flesh wiiJ he doubly incorrect. If the model has
fair hair it is probable that its value. compared with that of the skin, will give you
the suggestion of dark chestnut hair, unless the light is strongly reflected on its
shiny waves, then the hair will appear to he white. In a lamlscape the relative
values of sky and ground are generally false-utterly false if the sky was blue in
 CAMERA N01ES.

tione<l objects. Photographers do not !>eem to mind this, and it is a great pity,
for as I have said before, no process better than photography can paint the
hardness of stone, the polish of marble, the sheen of satin or the softness of
velvet.
Now that we have come to the last item of our list, let us suppose that we
can produce a print, the subject of which is correctly composed, with good dis-
tribution of light and shade, correct tone, true value and good rendering of tex-
ture. It can be entirely spoilt, from an artistic point of view, if the medium on
which it is printed has been ill chosen. We have hut little choice amongst our
photographic papers. Silver papers are radically bad, albumen being perhaps
the least offensive of all. Platinotype gives better results, but its shadows, like
those of bromide paper, are too often heavy and blocked up, and suggest paper
instead of atmospheric depth. Carbon is better, without being perfect.
Far superior are the mediums used by the painter, ~tcher, lithographer and
draughtsman. Monochrome water colors are without parallel for freshness in
the hghts and half-tones. Aqua-fortis and charcoal drawing can produce blacks
so rich and velvety that our platinum and bromide blacks will turn a sickly gray
when compared to them. Lithography, in the hands of the modern school, gives
effects equal to those of etching.
The nearest approach to these qualities will be found in Artigne and gum
bichromate paper, for both of which processes pigments of the same nature as
those of aqua-fortis or water color<; are used, but of course the similarity will
stop there, for the technique of painting, etching and photography have abso-
lutely no point in common. But certain qualities of pigment and manner special
to the above processes may be added to the other and widely different character-
istics of photography. The result is what ancient photographers call "a mon-
grel process," because they do not recognize therein the purple-violet tone and
lovely glaze of their own cherished productions. Artigue paper and gum
bichromate are not perfect mediums, far from it; but they are sufficient to show
us the way, and, without doubt, the future of pictorial photography lies in that
direction. ·what we want is a paper-any sort of paper-coated with any sort
of richly colored pigment, giving us transparent shadows, great depth in the
strongest blacks, and allowing of easy local development.
To resume, we cannot do better than to take as a guide the effects of etching
and water colors, freshness, strength, boldness and delicacy combined, qualities
which are often scattered through several photographs, but rarely found united
in the same one.
Is this asking too much of the photographer, composition, lighting, values,
tone, texture and medium?
We must realize that, on undertaking pictorial photography, we have, un-
wittingly perhaps, bound ourselves to the strict observance of rules hundreds of
years more ancient than the oldest formul<e of our chemical craft. \Ve have
slipped into the Temple of Art by a hack door, and found ourselves amongst the
crowd of adepts-alone and uninitiated. Let us frankly discard our primitive
errors-and learn. RonERT DEMACT-IY.
so CAMERA NOTE!l:

ments and process has gone on improving them as instruments, or as a process,

until they are very far in excess of our needs. He has given us, as it were, a
haymaker's scythe with which to gather a roseburi.
How often has the superficial observer told us of photography's "limita-
tions" as an artistic means? He has failed to understanct that the limitations
or insufficiencies have not stood in the way of photograph~· being used pictori-
ally nearly so much as have the redundancy of its capabilities.
Then but a very little reflection will show, of those who set out to practise
photography from its pictorial aspect, so many are utterly ignorant of the thing
they would do that the few bright exceptions to the rule do not require
naming here. They know, and their title to exception is in the fact that
ere I write another line they are aware of the message I would wish to carry.
But the majority who would fain use photography for pictorial purposes
judge merely by the supedicial appearance of things, and because a picture by
some master-hand pleases them, and they recognize the natural objects there
portrayed, their conclusion is that the producer's motive was to copy Nature
(an achievement which photography has made so easy), and they assume that
it is because such aim has been attained that the picture seems good.
"Holding a mirror to Naure," has been the photographer's boast, and
"True to Nature" has been the gospel of the shallow-minded. I g11is fatuous
like, it has led men on, wrongly taken for the light which they have delighted to
see in the works of a few, and when the will o' the wisp is grasped, if the
futility of the pursuit is not apparent, it is because the mere sense of possession
blinds the captor to the true value of his prize.
If truthfulness to Nature be the end and aim of pictorial art, then had all
art effort, and certainly art photography, better cease forthwith, that those
who would therewith occupy their time and energies may find a less hopeless
task, for setting aside for a moment the question as to whether truth to physical
facts-that is Nature-be desirable, it may check for a moment the blind anri
fruitless current of endeavor to show how utterly and absolutely futile is the
attempt to truly represent Nature; how impossible to copy or produce a dupli-
cate.
Ii a picture were an entirely faithful copy of its original, then would the
result constitute an illusion, but it cannot be said that the great works of the
world's master painters please us and secure our veneration by their power of
illusion and of deceiving the eye; and there are two points which may be given.
showing the essential difference between a natural scene anct its representation
on a plane surface, as in a picture.
When one moves, all the objects in the scene before us change their relative
positions. As we drive along a road, the hedges seem to rush past us, whilst
the more distant view travels with us, and all else between moves relatively, and
this takes place only in less degree if whilst standing we merely move the head.
Then we have the fact of stereoscopic vision, and although we have learnt how to
take photographs stereoscopically and have thereby obtained results which
awaken wonder and even admiration for their realistic effect, it will hardly be
claimed by anyone that stereoscopy has brought photography one step further
on the road towards the goal, which for the present may be represented bv the
world-honored work of a Titian, Velasquez, or a Turner. If mere fidelity
- - - - ----------------

CAMERA NOlES.
------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
to Nature be the qualification for acknowledgment as art, then is the merest
photographic tyro, of but one week's experience, greater than all the great
company of painters hitherto.
Need I go further? Need I point to the impossibility of setting down
with brush and pencil, on a few square inches of paper, the one smallest fraction
of the myriad details contained in a single yard of landscape, and moreover
does it appear that any great artist has attempted such a task, unless it be
merely as an exercise or a "study?'' You may answer "yes" and quote the
names of certain painters who have been famous for their rendering of fine
detail. V cry well. Compare their work, compare the work, too, of a min-
iature painter with a sharply focused and carefully developed photograph, and
you shall find your painter far less deserving of the reputation for painting with
microscopical or "photographic" accuracy than you imagined.
I am not proposing to discuss the question of detail and sharp focusing,
except that the production of detail is essentially a part, and a very large part,
of the truthfulness to Nature for which some inconsiderately ask so loudly.
Why, then, is it necessary for the artist, in no matter what medium he
works, be it brush or dry plate, to study and carefully observe Nature, seeing
that it has been suggested that fidelity thereto is needless?
I might perhaps formulate the photographer's position in much the same
way as I have done on a previous occasion, by saying that his picture should be
only just so far true to Nature that its truthfulness does not thrust itself upon
the spectator as its principal virtue, whilst it may be untrue so long as the un-
truthfulness does not discover itself or make itself felt without careful analysis.
A man does not attempt to depict every blade of grass in the meadow, but
by a broad stroke of his brush suggests the idea of a grass field more conclu-
sively than the utmost elaboration of detail could possibly do; broad spaces of
light and shade do duty for the clustering masses of tiny leaves which build
up the tree. Thus in a hundred instances we find the painter does not portrav
what, when we come to think of it, he must have seen : he instead elects to use an
entirely arbitrary symbol or figure, which by reason of its truthfulness to tone,
perhaps to color, but especially by that indefinable something which gives works
of widely varying character a generic relationship, he appeals to our feelings
and awakens our imagination far more powerfully than he would do by a faith-
ful and exact portrayal.
A close and sympathetic observation of Nature is necessary to enable us
to know what particular treatment, symbols or methods will thus convey an idea
of truthfulness better than truth itself-a close observation because
"A hair perhaps divides the false from true,"
and sympathetic because the object of a picture is to appeal to the emotional
side of man.
Here we get an indication of how the result and the means adopted to
obtain it are governed by the motive which prompts its doing. If the purpose
he to instruct others or to record for our own use a certain scene, a certain
condition, or to make a graphical description of physical facts, be those facts a
human face, a landscape, or even a circumstance of light and shade under some
particular conditions, then the motive will cause us to make as faithful and true
s6 CAMERA NOTES.

arrangement in Nature, which for the most part C'!ntcrs around a certain group,
a cottage, a bend in a river, a mountain peak, a group of cattle, the human
figure or face, etc. The rest of the field of view which his vision incluues is
but an accompaniment. Upon the particular effect or grouping he exercises
his power, but on all the rest he expends only so much labor as shall save it from
palpable incompleteness and unfinished appearance; the very necessity for the
expense of labor and time rather checks producing such uniform completeness
as is seen in the photograph, even if such elaboration were within his power.
Perfect fidelity to Nature ;would only come as the result, and at the end of
infinite labor and patience. With the photographer such completeness is given
him at the very first start, so that if less is desirerl, and his purpose is similar
to that of the painter, he must work backwards, discarding piece by piece what-
ever he finds unnecessary. There will be the double incumbrance to get rid of;
there is the completeness as regards the scene as a whole, and the completeness
as regards each object included-for the latter something may be done, both in
printing and differentiation of focus-emphasizing light and shade contrasts,
employing sharper definition in and about the central group, and thus making it
predominant, but it has been generally accepted a!' an inherent artistic fault in
photography that beyond the selection of point of view or the arrangement of
the models, when such is possible, little can be done towards making photog-
raphy selective or giving it the power to isolate and leave out. Hence it is that
we are constantly reminded by glib-tongued critics of the "limitations" of
photography and of its "blindly mechanical'' character.
As children our plaint of "can't" was met with the reproving admonition
that "We know not what we can do till we try," ancl in the direction of striving
to control the visible printed photographic image we don't know what we can
do, for we haven't tried.
Here and there is a solitary experimenter, perhaps, or now and then a furtive
effort, when for generations and after lif~-long labor the few who are alive to
the artistic requirements and appreciate the artist's motive have spent as much
endeavor in controlling the photographic image, to restrain its too generous man-
ner, as the draughtsman or painter has spent in an opposite direction. When
we have learned to throw overboard our excess of the very things the artist de-
sires to acquire, then will it be time enough to decide if photography can be
satisfactorily used by those who are working from a pictorial or artistic motive.
It is but yesterday, as it were, that men perceived that control was necessary.
In platinotype printing--the introduction of which printing process meant al-
most a renaissance in artistic photography-we were shown a method of exercis-
ing a very large amount of control by the use of glycerine; but how many
people really worked at it? Perhaps it came before the age was so keenly alive
to what was needed, and from that time until now many new things have been
introduced for which the claim for favor is hased upon the possibility of ex-
ercising control over the result. or of modifying the mechanically formed image.
In the light of this argument what becomes of the sneer, too often heard.
that in some phases of mode. n pictorial work the photog-rapher merely seeks
to ape the result of the mezzotinter, the crayonist, the aquarellist? Did the
photographer comruence with a clean sheet and thereon gradually make his
picture, step by step, there might be greater excuse for such misunderstanding:
 CAM.h.'RA NOTES. S9
-- ~- ~- - - ~--~----

We are beyond all this in art now. The interest in it has retired to Phila-
delphia, where Impressionism still holds the day at exhibitions. We realize
now that to dismiss the Japanese idea as but an effort at seeing flat, and the
poster craze at seeing in curves, would be as unfair as to call the powerful work
of the true Impressionists purple horrors.
The outcome of these influences in art has been noticeable upon the walls of
even the Academy. That welcome outcome of the plei11-air style may be de-
scribed briefly as one of an airy radiance of subject and treatment. But we
photographers go on exhibiting the same vitreous or gelatinous shadows.
Where these should be transparent, they are barely translucent; where they
should be atmospheric, they are adamantine.
Why should we be blind to the lessons of the plein-air style? Why should
we not have soft tones and high keys ; brilliant skies, grass that can be walked
in, trees that can rustle, and everywhere air, sparkling air, to breathe? And
how? Take care of the shadows, and the lights will take care of themselves.
Epigrammatic sayings are more or less dishonest, but this one will serve us
well, if we trust to it. For by keeping your shadows soft and clear and well
modeled, you keep your lights soft and clear also. This does not interfere with
the laws of composition in the massing of light and shade, any more than in
the harmonizing of form.
It would be absurd to claim that we can keep to as high a key as the
painters, for where they can contrast and model by a skilful management of
colors, we have but monochrome to work in, and have to lengthen the scale of
tones in shadows a little to obtain full distinctness between objects. But much
may be done with appropriate subjects by those who have caught the spirit and
feeling of the new idea.
In the days when the albumen print reigned supreme, we developed our
negatives to the utmost to obtain sufficient density for sun printing, to get a
good toning image in the print. So we clogged all the most delicate shadows
and burned the others deeply into the print, or else we had a flat, variegated
effect, all half-tones, and called it "soft." Oh, those much vaunted, beautiful,
but delusive gradations of tone! As miniature work, to be examined closely,
our half lights were sometimes of exquisite ivory, but our high lights were
glaring, and. our deepest shadows were impenetrable and impossible.
Nowadays there is no need and no excuse for this, with the facile media
we have at hand for the interpretation of our ideas. Our quick plates lend
themselves to easy manipulation, fair exposures, clean and slow development,
and hence, to soft negatives. We know many chemical and mechanical means
for altering the negatives and affecting the printing. The platinotype and the
gum print are subject to treatment to produce a variety of results truly sur-
prising as well as exquisite.
Nor comes the end yet, when the print is washed and dried. The platinotype
may be toned; and with a brush and color wonders may be wrought. A too
obtrusive secondary light may be toned down, or a shadow deepened, and thus
the lights and shades may be made to stand out with clearer meaning.
Is such retouching legitimate? If we have an artistic end in view, all means
to compass our idea and improve our pictures are legitimate. If we are
desirous only of making good photographs, records for scientific or commercial
6o CAMh.RA NOTE"S.

purposes, such "fakings" are not admissible. l\ior are they if we are merely
"taking views" in a purely philistine spirit, for then everything must be the
actual, "the real and only genuine," as recorded by mechanical means. Any
variation from this strict rule means the introduction of self, and that means
the practising of art, which would be truly abhorrent to the philistine.
But why should we dwell in the land of the commonplace, with the photogs,
the camerists and the button-shovers; or have our work subject to that un-
pleasant query of Kipling, "It's clever, but is it art?" Better even to have the
inquiry flung at you, "It's art, but is it nature?" Art need not be nature,
either as the button-shovers understand the terms or as the so-called realists
define abused nature. No, let us imagine, and "fake," if we cannot directly
photograph
"the gleam,
The light that never was on sea or land,
The consecration and the poet's dream--."
This puts before us an ideal of no easy attainment. As Goethe observes,
"the artist is told to go and study nature. But it is no small matter to evolve
the lofty out of the commonplace, or beauty out of formlessness." It is indeed
no small matter, the more difficult for another truth he notes well, "Art, more-
over, evolves many things out of itself, and on the other hand adds much to the
imperfection of Nature, where such exists, inasmuch as Art contains beauty
in itself."
What is this beauty which art adds to the imperfection of nature but man·s
self, our individuality? "For art is nothing less than the worlrl as we ourselves
make it, the world remoulded nearer to the heart's desire," says Havelock Ellis.
Of all the handmaidens of art, photography, the youngest, finds this mould-
ing of nature the most difficult to do. For she is as yet the most limited in her
powers by circumstance.
We have bought our power to paint with light, and without a long appren-
ticeship, by a cruel subjection to the unessentials of reality. In place of the
long training and dear-won technique of the artist we accept mechanical and
chemical aids, and at the best we are bound heavily. By the very means that
make production easy the individual characteristics are hindered. Yet this in-
dividuality, this personality, is the essence of art, just as the exclusion of the
individual is the aim of science.
There is all the more reason therefore why we should loosen our mechanical
bonds and widen our bounds, by every means in our power. And if a carefully
treated negative, a glycerined print, and retouching with a hrush charged with
"charcoal gray" will aid us to express our feeling in a photograph, we certainly
should use these means. We should even feel with the painter that "the final
basis of artistic reputation is not the !'uhject that is treated. hut the capacity
to treat it." DALLETT FtTGUET.
 CAMERA NOTES. 61

On Suitable Intensity of Light.

In working with lantern slides, bromide papers and transparencies, it is
very necessary to consider the suitable intensity of light by which they are
printed. The reason for this is that they are more sensitive to light than the
printing-out papers and the limits of proper intensity of light are naFrow, while,
on the other hand, the range of power of the lights within one's command is
very great.
The directions accompanying the plates or papers have little to say on the
peculiar results due to a wrong intensity of light, and the cause of such
results are by no means so patent as in the case of printing-out papers,
there being no opportunity to watch the progress of printing. Until this
subject is understood the operator is liable at any time to meet with most un-
satisfactory and unexpected results, without at all knowing what he should do
to avoid a repetition. It may seem to him that the evils can be remedied by
giving a longer or shorter exposure or by modifying the developer, and along
these lines he may continue experiments indefinitely, without coming upon the
true difficulty. If it were possible for him to see the film darkening all over its
surface under the effects of too strong light or refusing to print in the high lights
because of too weak light, he would realize that the remedy could be found onlv
by varying the intensity of the printing light or by changing its distance from
the printing frame.
In making lantern slides by contact the first question of the beginner is, at
what distance from the light the exposure should be made. My experience
seems to indicate that for a medium negative and a slow lantern slide plate, the
back of the contact box at the Club rooms gives a proper light, and that the box
cannot well be used for fast lantern slide plates and not at all for making
positives of fast snap-shot plates, without using special means to reduce the
intensity of the contact hox light. Its intensity is so great that it strikes
through all parts of the average negative with such force upon the sensitive
film as to nearly obliterate the distinction in tones and to produce upon develop-
ment a result very similar to that obtained by printing a thin negative in strong
sunlight.
In beginning this kind of work it is well to fix upon a normal weak de-
veloper, the ingredients of which are not to be altered, and to vary only the time
and distance of the exposure until a satisfactory result is obtained by develop-
ing during a fixed time. Dense negatives will have to be exposed close to the
light and thin ones farther away. This method leaves open only the question
how near or how far from the light the exposure should be made, and with a
few experiments the proper distance and time of exposure will be found.
With any given lantern slide plate and developer and a medinm dense negative
of proper tone gradation, there will be required a certain length of exposure at
a certain distance from the light. If the negative is otherwise good but is too
thin, the same length of exposure would be required but at a greater distance
from the light-if too dense, the same exposure, but nearer to the light. If the
tone gradation is not correct, then in addition to making the exposure at vary-
ing distances the length of exposure must be varied. If, for example, the de-
62 CAMJ:."RA. 1\0TJ:."S.

tails in the shadows come out by a normal exposure at the normal distance but
not the details in the high lights, it will then be necessary to reduce the length
of exposure and make it closer to the light, until a point is reached where the
increased power of the light, acting for the shorter time, prints through the
high lights of the negative without obliterating the shadows. (The proportion-
ate reduction in time of exposure is as the square of the distance.) If, on the
other hand, the shadows print too dark, while the high lights show correctly,
the operation should be reversed and proportionately longer exposure given at
a greater distance.
In bromide enlargement with a thin negative the largest lens opening will
tend to give a somewhat flat result, while the smallest opening with the same
developer and proportionately long exposure tends to increase the contrast. It
seems to me that a medium sized opening is on all accounts to be preferred in
general work, modifying its size to suit the density of the particular negative
and the degree of enlargement, the endeavor being to have the opening permit
a fairly bright picture to appear upon the screen. The depth of focus obtained
by such an opening is deep enough to make handling the paper more con-
venient.
In making lantern slides by reduction, a somewhat similar rule holds good.
That is to say, the faster the plate used and the brighter the day, the smaller the
lens opening may be, and with dense negatives, slower plates, or less daylight, the
opening must be enlarged. The rule may be considered quite general that in
all these cases when using the metol and hydro developer the appearance of the
image in about the normal time, followed by a rush to completion, is a sure in-
dication not of an excessively long exposure, but of an exposure to too intense
light. When the result is satisfactory as to density and otherwise, but the con-
trasts are too strong, if a moderately weak developer has been used but the ex-
posure has been a long one, it is safe to infer that the intensity of light has not
been sufficiently great. Between very wide limits of lighting it may be said that
with weak developer one obtains soft results, and with double strength strong
contrasts (provided that by omission of alkali or the addition of bromide the
development is restrained to suit the exposure), but outside of those limits one
holds the power of controlling the results by varying the intensity of light. If
the range of tones in the negative be unusually great, in order to give a value to
all of them it may be necessary to make the exposure within three or four
inches of the light, anrl no amount of skill in development will obtain such a re-
sult from any other kind of exposure; and at the other extreme where it is de-
sirable to suppress all intermecliate tones, a long exposure at a long distance
from the light would produce a result with a normal developer which no skillful
manipulation of the developer could bring about if the plate is given a propor-
tionately short exposure close to the light. CHARLES E. MANIERRE.
 CAMERA NOTES. 6s

Object Lessons.
The Camera Club Monthly or "One-Man" Exhibitions, as they are termed
by the Print Committee, have bt.en productive of the most interesting change
in the daily workings of club members.
It was the wont in the early days to make negatives, and negatives only.
Plates were exposed, plates were developed, and there the work seemed to end,
with probably a mutual criticism as to quality, whether the negative was hard
or soft, a quick or slow printer, thin or dense, foggy or clear, while few prints,
very few in fact, were ever made.
New York could not boast of any photographic salons, hence exqibitions
of prints were seldom to be seen, and the amateurs, with very few exceptions,
were truly working in the dark for what was called technique in negative.
If it was crisp, sharp and clear, that seemed to be all and everything. Com-
position, form, tonality, atmosphere, foreground, middle distance, and distance,
were unknown terms. An exposure on a 4" x 5", or a 6~1" x 8!/z" plate, must
give respectively a full 4" x s" or a 6}1" x 8}1" negative, and if by chance a
print was made from either, it must be the whole size of the negative, no matter
what was objectionable on one end or the other, or in the foreground, or in the
upper portion of the sky.
With a view quietly to educate the ardent amateur and to lift the Club
from its non-productive methods, arrangements were made a year ahead with
recognized print or picture producers from Washington, Philadelphia, New
York, Boston, and other cities. Dates were arranged, with the result that, as
above stated, the Club has had the benefit of studying each month for the last
two yt>ars the work of one or two exhibitors.
It was interesting to hear the general criticism of the members, as each
successive exhibit went up on the walls :
"What is there in this exhibition?"
"Did you ever see such a lot of thin, washed-out looking things !"
"Why, I could do better than that myself I"
Then they went and tried, and shortly they began to take notice, and as the
months rolled by, and the Club began to turn out print makers by the dozen,
if not by the score, the criticism of the pictures on the walls turned to earnest
comments, and now we hear :
"I wonder how he got that tone!"
"There is a good bit of composition !"
"My, isn't that soft, and how full of atmosphere!"
"Isn't that drapery beautifully managed!"
"How does she get such simple effects!"
"Look how natural that is!"
"Doesn't look like a photograph, does it?"
"What kind of a print is that?''
And in the working room is heard :
"Shall I trim off some of that foreground?"'
"Would you cut off that tree to the left?"
"Do you think that would look better in a red tone?''
"Do you think that is too gray?"
"Would you make that a little wanner?"
Truly the Club must now understand the trite saying of Mr. Horsley Hin-
ton: "A good negative is one thing, but a negative that will enable us to gt't
a good picture is another." CHARJ.ES I. BF.RG.
66 CAMERA NOTES.

The Gum-Bichromate Process.

In writing these notes on the gum-bichromate process, I desire to state at
the outset that it is not possible for me to do so with any sense of originality,
for the subject has been very fully treated in hand books and papers already pub-
lished, notably those of Messrs. Demachy & Maskell, \V. J. \Varren, and Mr.
Packham, in English; and Messrs. Kuehn, Watzek, and Gaedicke, in German.
It is hoped that those who have not read the foregoing works may find some
points of value in this short paper.
The principle involved in gum printing arises from the well-known fact
that any colloid, such as starch, albumen, gum arabic, gelatine, fish glue, etc.,
will, when mixed with the bichromate salts, become insoluble in time, and very
rapidly so when exposed to heat and light. If we mix any of these colloids
with, say, bichromate of potassium and some pigment, and spread on a sheet
of paper, this should, when exposed under a negative, become insoluble approx-
imately in proportion to the amount of light admitted through the various parts
of the negative, so that in washing it up with water the soluble parts of the
film will dissolve away, leaving the positive in the color used. Carbon in which
gelatine is used, is the best known form of this process. There are several ob-
jections to it, first among them being that the film is too tender and not suf-
ficiently soluble to allow of much local treatment, which is really the chief ad-
vantage of gum. In carbon the film is comparatively thick, and in order that
the half-tones may be sufficiently stable it is necessary to develop on the side
opposite from which it is printed. And even on gum paper with its much
thinner and very soluble film, many prefer to print through the back of the
paper. At any rate, no paper that is printed and developed from the front will
give good gradation of tones, unless the film he very thin and easily soluble,
and the pigment is in a very fine state of division.
You will find that i£ coated as thickly as carbon the prints will be harsh anrl
lack the intermediate values, while if as thin as artigue paper they will be flat;
the film should be thicker than artigue. The proper thickness will come with a
little r>ractice.
Paper• Used.-Any paper may be used which is sufficiently sized to pre-
vent the color from sinking into the actual fibres of the paper, from which the
stain can never be wholly removed.
If too heavily sized the prints are harsh in contrasts.
If not sized, pure high lights are impossible. Both of these conditions may
be taken advantage of for flat or hard negatives or some desired effect.
All writing papers [except those with glazed surfaces, which are difficult
to coat], are very suitable, especially for smaller subjects and portraits.
Smoothish papers give the greatest detail, while rough surfaces subdue detail,
break up heavy shadows, and add to the atmosphere of the print.
It will be found that papers of medium surface had best be used by the
beginner, being easx to coat and giving broader effects than the smoother
papers.
MICHALI.F.T.-A rough grain, heavy charcoal paper, having parallel ridges
or lines, is easy to coat, and very useful for prints in which the masses are
large and the general effect broad.
 CAMERA NOTE!):

LALANE.-A similar paper to the above, but much lighter, and with lighter
ridges. These ridges are often of value in producing a certain texture by
allowing them to run vertically, horizontally or obliquely, as the case may call
for.
ALLONGE is an excellent paper for the general use, having, as do most
papers, a different grain on the different sides.
All the above papers may be obtained in warmer tones than white, yellow-
ish and yellowish brown.
Some of the white and tinted crayon papers give good results, as does
also Steinbach paper. All of Whatman's water color papers are suitable, the
ro~tgher kinds being used for large prints. Should one require the maximum
of fine detail and finish it is probable that no paper is better than the single
transfer, for carbon-although the heavy coating of gelatine makes it difficult
to lay the gum on smoothly.
The Oum.-Pure gum arahk, bought in large lumps (not powder), is
used, the most convenient strength for the stock solution being 2 parts of gum
to 5 parts of cold (not hot) water.
Say .H oz. of gum to 20 ozs. water. This is placed in a bottle with a wide
mouth and glass stopper, the stopper being rubbed with vaseline to prevent it
sticking.
By crushing up the lumps the solution may be made in a short time by
continual stirring, or if left to itself the lumps will dissolve in about 24 hours.
Freshly made gum solution gives the greatest solubility, and as it gradually
becomes acid the film becomes tougher; it is therefore an advantage if the gum
be slightly acid, especially when much local development with a brush is in-
dulged in.
When ready to coat, one may add a couple of drops of lemon juice or acetic
acid to the fresh gum, if it is desired.
Should the gum, however, become very sour and mouldy from age or heat,
it will produce spotty prints or may be entirely insoluble. Some workers
recommend that the gum be mixed with another colloid, such as starch or fish
glue, and while this may in some cases be desirable, I believe pure gum is gener-
ally to be preferred. One of the chief features of gum, owing to its extreme
!>olubility, is a slight gumming or melting together in drying, which accounts
for the beautifully soft image.
Tbe Plgment.--Any color that is readily suspended in water ami is chem-
ically inert may be used. It is, however, desirable to select those which are the
most permanent and have the greatest coloring power, bulk for bulk.
The majority of gum printers recommend dry colors; if these are used they
must be ground exceedingly fine, for upon the fineness of the pigment and the
thinness of the film depend in a large measure the range of tonal values.
Therefore rub or grind the powder upon a fine ground glass or marble slab,
with a spatula; when finely ground, say in ten minutes, ad(l a little of the gum
solution, and mix thoroughly; take up this mass and place it in a shallow, flat
saucer, adding gradually the required amount of gum, mixing thoroughly the
while.
Pastels and chalks may be used in the same manner.
68 CAMERA NOTES.

Tube water colors of good manufacture are perhaps as satisfactory as any,

as they are in a fine state of division without grinding. Some satisfactory
colors to begin with are, light red, Venetian red, yellow and red ochre, burnt
umber, vegetable black, and indigo; nearly any tint may be gotten by mixing
some of these colors.
As a rule the use of a single color tends to crudeness.
Lampblack is a good color, and may be tempered with a little indigo or
burnt umber, to make it cold or warm in tone.
Other useful colors are, sepia, Vandyke brown, bistre, and burnt sienna.
They are, however, more transparent and it takes more color to produce the re-
quired depth of tone, which in turn makes the mixture more difficult to coat
smoothly.
Red will probably be a favorite color, being especially suitable for delicate
subjects, women's and children's heads, etc. Personally, I have not found it
easy to make up a fine transparent red. Light red may be tempered with other
colors, burnt umber for instance.
A transparent and fairly good red is made by grinding up red crayon,
[used in red chalk drawings], and tempering this with carmine, until the de-
sired shade is reached. A further addition of burnt umber makes a rich brown-
ish red. For use on etching tone paper, an excellent pigment is Higgins' non-
waterproof black India ink. The resulting tone on yellowish paper is a rich
brown.
In order to obtain the best modeling and half-tones it has sometimes been
found advisable to give the paper two separate coatings as follows: A sheet of
paper is coated on the back with thick white shellac; when bone dry the front
is given a light thin coating of sensitized gum and pigment; it is then given
a full exposure under the negative and washed up, with special reference to 1he
upper register of tones; when dry it is recoated with a heavier coat of the same
color or some color that harmonizes with the first coat. This is exposed for a
short time; the upper tones wash away and leave the lower tones and shadows
their proper depth. One must make marks so that the print will register in the
second printing, the shellac preventing shrinkage of the paper.
The Sensitizing Solution is a 10 per cent. or saturated solution of bi-
chromate of ammonium or potassium. There are two methods of sensitizing,
as follows:
First-Pour into a clean porcelain dish the bichromate to a depth of, !'ay
one inch. The sheet of paper is immersed in this for two minutes, care being
taken to remove all air bubbles with a soft brush. The paper is then hung in
a dark, dry place, and when bone dry it is stored under pressure or in a chloride
of calcium tube until it is needed; paper thus sensitized and kept from heat and
dampness will remain in good order for several weeks; deterioration will be
noted by the change of color to a dirty greenish. This paper is coated with
gnm and color, and is about as sensitive as Platinotype. The second method
is to coat the paper with the gum, color and bichromate at the same time.
There is practically no difference in the resulting prints, but with this latter
method the paper is slower than *P. 0. P., and is a little more apt to show water
color stain.
• P. 0. P. is the popular way of designating printinR"·OUt silver paper of the "Aristo•; type.
70 CAMERA NOTES.

When the surface is once smooth do not again touch it with the brush.
To work successfully the whole operation of smearing and smoothing should
not occupy more than say, fort~· or fifty seconds for an 8 x 10 sheet.
The strokes of the smoothing brush have been described as a wrist motion,
but r find it better to use the forearm from the elbow in making the sweeps
brushing always in one direction, and shifting the position of the drawing board
in my lap rather than change the direction of the stroke. The finished film
should be so thin that the texture of the paper is seen under it, and it should be
translucent by transmitted light. As I said, the coating must be done rapidly,
for the mixture soon sets, after which the ridges cannot be smoothed. A good
coating is largely dependent upon the spreading mixture being at the exact con-
sistency. This will come to one with practice, and will be immediately recog-
nized by the feeling of the mixture under the brush. If too thick, ridges will
quickly form, which cannot be smoothed out, while if too thin, the mixture will
flow in waves ahead of the brush.
The remedy in either case is obvious; add a little more water or gum, as the
case may be. The tendency of the beginner is to use too much gum and color.
When coated, the paper is hung to dry in a dark, dry and cool place.
When bone dry, it is cut up and stored in chloride of calcium tubes, where it
will keep well for several days. The coating may be done in ordinary diffused
daylight. but the drying should be done in the dark or very subdued light.
After coating several sheets, the hairs of the smoother will become clogged
with gum ; it should then be rinsed and dried before continuing; it is therefore
well to have more than one "smoother," if one coats sheets in quantity. At all
times the brushes should be dry and clean.
It is evident from the character of this process that, owing to the difference
of the coloring power of the various pigments, etc., no hard and fast for-
mulre can be given. One prepares the paper with the strength of color best
suited to the subject. As a guide for beginners, the following, recommended
by Mr. Packham, are given.
To the ounce of diluted gum solution. add from 7 to 15 grs. of vegetable
black, or 35 to 50 grs. of umber, sepia, or sienna. This refers to powdered
pigment thoroughly ground into the gum.
When coating the paper with all the ingredients at once, proceed as follows:
Take 7i oz. of the 2 in 5 gum solution and grind into this the pigment, and
add Yz oz. of the 10 per cent. solution of bichromate of potassium; mix well,
and strain and apply to a bone dry sheet of paper. [When coating paper that
has been previously sensitized. mix the pigment in ~~ oz. of stock gum solu-
tion and dilute with ~~ oz. of water.] The paper should be tested by cutting
off a strip when dry, and soaking it in cold water. If properly coated it will
dissolve evenly and leave clean white paper in fifteen minutes or so, or at least
the lightest touch of a brush should clean off any remaining tint.
If on development the film breaks off in flakes, the coating is too thick.
A water l~olor stain is a sign of having used too much pigment, or unsized
paper.
If a dirty yellowish stain appears it shows that the biC"hromate used has
been in excess of the gum.
The Ne1atlve.-Since the real object in employing this process is to take
 CAMERA NOTES. 71

advantage of the great local control it allows one to exercise, it is folly to hand-
icap one's self by the use of a negative not best suited to attain this end.
While the negative must in a measure depend upon the effect to be pro-
duced, it should as a rule be very fully timed and rather under-developed, i. e.,
full of gradation of tones, and thin, and one which would produce a somewhat
flat print on the ordinary silver P. 0. P. papers.
If the negative has strong contrasts, or if the high lights are dense and
shadows thin, it is evident that the shadows will become insoluble before the
high lights and upper half-tones are stable enough to stand washing.
You cannot, as in carbon, allow for the class of negatives used, by the
strength of the sensitizing solution. By bearing this in mind, one will be saved
much trouble and many failures at the start.
ExPoSURE-The exposure of the paper under the negative should be made
in good, bright light, but not in the direct rays of hot sunshine, for heat rendet s
the film insoluble and printing in hot sunlight materially reduces the number of
available tones, besides often cat1sing spots to appear in the print.
One should be provided with a photometer, such as is used in carbon print-
ing, to register the number of tints required, and while this is a very good guide
for future prints, the tint number will not be always correct, since the thickness
of the coating is not always the same, a thicker or thinner coating requiring
more or less time: a difference in the pigrnent ami paper also somewhat affects
exposure.
Correct exposure is that which produces the desired effect in the finished
print and will probably not be fonnd except by making several trials.
Under-exposure means the washing away, and loss, of the half-tones.
Extreme over-exposure results in an almost insoluble film, poor half-tones
and general flatness.
A beginner should stick to one or two suitable negatives .and should print
them for different lengths of time and on different papers. This will give one
a good idea of the great variety of effects and textures possible from one and
the same negative. It is better at the start to give full exposure, as this allows
of more control.
As a guide, the paper that has been sensitized before coating is about as
sensitive as a Platinotype; that one to which the whole mixture is applied at
once is nearly twice as slow as P. 0. P.
Development.·-The sheet of exposed paper is gently immersed in a full
tray of cold water anrl is then turned over and left floating face downwards for
a few minutes, say five minutes or so, when as a rule the edges which were pro-
tected by the rebates of the frame will be light and the image appear faintly.
Should one wish a merely mechanical print, it may be left to develop itself,
or it may be washed up by laving or allowing water to flow evenly over it, or by
the use of a thin soup, made from artigue sawdust. Should it fail to wash up
properly, warmer water may be used, but with great care, as gum is quickly af·
fected by warm water.
But the object of the process is to make from the print what one had in
mind when the negative was made.
Therefore, having made an ordinary print and, after study, deciding what
changes are to be made in the tonal values, breaking up this or that shadow or
72 CAMERA NOTES.

subduing some scattered and annoying lights, this print is laid before one as a
guide and the gum print taken from the tray and laid face up on an inclined
sheet of glass. If the image is not sufficiently clear, water or thin sawdust
~ot~p may he carefully flowed over it, thP. fluid bdng poured on the glass above
the print and not on the face of the print itself. If the subject is delicate and
full of delicate half-tones, in which case the exposure has not been too full, the
development had best be done by means of gentle streams of water directed to
the right place by means of a small hose, a sponge held close to the surface of
the print or squeezed into a funnel. The film is very delicate and must not be
touched with a brush except in the shadows, and then only when the rest of the
print is completed, as the film once broken up is easily washed away. The
shadows may be attacked with warmer water, care being taken that it does not
flow over more delicate portions.
For broad effects, when the exposure has been full, soft brushes of various
shapes are used. I have seen. some very fine prints made by a few strokes of a
brush by one who knew just where to make his strokes.
These, and other means that strike one's fancy, may be employed to remove
the film; a sharp pointed stick is useful for lifting small high lights. I am in-
clined to think it a good plan to make the highest light at the start and work
down in tone. I also believe that the less soaking the print has, the fresher
and brighter it is, and I do not think it a good plan to allow the print to soak
in the tray during development.
The print should be flowed with fresh water every now and then, to carry
off removed and surplus color; when finished it is laid face up on a flat blotter
to dry, being careful that no ruts or folds appear where pools of water might
collect. When thoroughly dry, the print is exposed to sunlight for fifteen
minutes and then immersed for a few minutes in a 5 per cent. solution of alum
or preferably in a weak solution of bisulphite of soda. which will remove the
last traces of bichromate. Then a short washing and the print is hung up to
dry. Such prints are as permanent as any, with the possible exception of Plat-
inotype, and have the advantages over other processes in the power of local
control, and in their ability to reproduce different textures, by choice of paper,
pigment and the manner of development.
The harsher the development, the lower the number of tones ..
I will close these notes with a few recipes.
If the prints are too dull in whole or in part, they may be varnished with
t part Soehne's aquarelle varnish, 2 to 5 parts alcohol.
To size the paper, draw it through a 3 per cent. solution of gelatine, or
apply to the surface of the paper with a brush, a 3 per cent. to 5 per cent. solu-
tion of starch. W. E. CARLIN.
... ... ...
Photography.
Oh, wondrous gift, to fix at will
For coming years, a moment's smile;
The gleaming sunshine on a hill ;
The face we knew-how short a while !-F.
 CAMERA NOTES. 75

Our lliustrations.
"The Little Princess," by Mr. J. Craig Annan, of Glasgow, Scotland, which
forms the frontispiece of this number, shows this photographer at his best.
The original of the production was exhibited about three or four years ago, in
the London Salon, and immediately became very popular. Its naturalness,
simplicity and breadth of treatment are certainly fascinating.
The photogravure was produced by Mr. Walter L. Colis, of London,
England.
The second insert, "Spring," by l\1r. Clarence H. \Vhite, of Newark,
Ohio, is a reproduction of the picture which was considered one of the master-
pieces shown at last year's Philadelphia Salon. As a rule it appeals principally
to artists, the average photographer failing to grasp its beauties. We bring it
as one of Mr. White's happiest efforts. The delicate reproduction, which has
maintained all the quality of the' original, was produced by the Photochrome
Engraving Company, New York.
"Arabian Nobleman," by Mr. Joseph T. Keiley, New York, our third in-
sert, is a reproduction of a brush-developed platinum print, a process which Mr.
Keiley has greatly perfected and which he masters absolutely. The effects to
be obtained with this printing method are remarkable. In a future number of
CAMERA NoTES more will be said about this subject. As in the reproduction
of Mr. \Vhite's picture, the Photochrome Engraving Company here again has
been very successful in reproducing- the character of the original print.
"Scurrying Home," by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, New York, is here published
by request. It is still this photographer's most popular picture. The edition
of photogravures was produced by \Vatter L. Cotls. It has a special interest,
having been in the hold of the Paris for several weeks, when that somewhat
unfortunate steamship had grounded off the Manacles last May. The prints
do not seem to have been affected by their experience.
In the text, half-tone reproductions are printecl from originals by Count
Gloeden, of Italv; Messrs. Fercl. Stark, of New York: A. .Horslev Hinton,
London: F. H. Day, Boston: W. D. 1\furphv. New York: W. J. Cassard, New
York: John Beeby. New York: Chas. I. Rerg. New York: George Lorillard
Ronalds, New York; R. Eickemever. Jr .• New York; Mrs. Myra A. Wiggins,
Salem, Oregon, and Miss E. A. Slade. New York.
... ... ...
Money Talks.
An Unexpected Ad.
Sccuc: CAMERA NoTES Office.
VrsrToR.-By the way, the last number of your maga7.ine must have contained
some particularly fine illustrations. If you have any copies left I wish
you would reserve half a dozen for me.
EDITOR.-Yes, most of our illustrations were exceptionally fine, and the last
number is in great demand on that account and is selling at a premium,
as there are but few copies left-in fact, I cannot let you have half a
dozen. But tell me why did you imagine that it was anything remark-
able, not having seen it?
VISITOR.-Well, the truth is, that I chanced upon a copv of the Tin-Tiu-Abulus
Echo in a seaside tin-typer's, into whose place ·I ha1! stepped to escape
a sudden thunder-storm, and in glancing over it I noticed that its
antiquated editor, old Dr. Greenback, declared that your paper did not
contain a single artistic illustration. As the old man never was any-
thing more than an alloy in matters of art, I concluded at once that tile
number of your magazine referred to must be exceptionally good.
J. T. K.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Stieglitz Exhibition.

(May J-J7.)

With the exhibition of pictures by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, shown on the Club walls dur-
ing the peri<Jd included within the dates of .May 1st and 17th of this year, closed the second
season of the <>ne-man exhibitions. That these exhibitions have heen of great value a~
educators, has h.een amph· demonstrated both within and with<>ut the Clnh. Within, by the
marked influence they have exerted on the work of the members: evidenced by the high
average of really fine photographs displayed at the members' exhibition; without, by the
very apparent improvement in the ta~te of, and the increasing demand for, high-class work
from ;>rofes~ional photographers by the public, and the readiness to pay high prices in
order to obtain it. Perhaps in no other city in the world doe~ any club exercise the same
influence on the taste of the general public through its exhibitions and its magazine; and
never was that influence more pronounced than in the case of the present exhibition. The
works of th:s exhibition have run the gauntlet of the critics the world m·er, from antipo-
dean Calcutta to Toronto in the north, and have come out of the ordeal unscathed :md
with ever inrreasing reputation. On this account, and because such of them as had been
reproduced had attracted so much attention wherever shown, it has been the desire of the
Club e\·er since the inauguration of the above-mentioned exhibitions, that these pictures be
displayed at home, not sinlllv, but collectively, a~ a one-man exhibition. And. t.aving under-
taken to comply with the request of the Chairman of the print committee, Mr. Stieglitz, to
my certain knowledge, spared no expense, and left nothing undone that would tend to make
an cxhibiti<>n ·worthv of the Camera Club, for in common with the maiorityofitsmembers.
he has the feeling that the fact that photographs have been shown on our walls should be
sufficient to insure their admission into the most exclusive exhibiti<>n~ in the world. Hence
pictures that were thought good enough for Paris and London had to be reprinted and
reframed for the Camera Club exhibition.
Each picture was most <arcfully and tastefully framed, and so hung as to preserve its
individuality, w1thout clashing with or detracting from any of its neighbors. The cata-
logue, which with the exception of its annotations and introductory note, was Mr. Stieg-
litz's own conception and work, and represents his idea of what a catalogue should be, is a
refined and elegant example of the printer's art.* While speaking of the catalogue it
should be observed in passing that its one blemish is to be found under Title 8, where the
words "Commercial Dry Plate" were omitted after the word ''orthochromatic." While
the members of the Club are too well informed to he misled by this typographical omission,
attention is here called to it for the benefit of those outside of our body, whose lack of in-
formation on this sub.iect may cause them to fall into the error that Mr. Stieglit7. was the
first to use the orthochromatic plate, when, as a matter of fact, the orthochromatic wet
plate was in use consir\erahly before this timt: or to ronsider him as claiming that to which
he is not t'ntitled, a thing of which he is inrapable, and of which only a small, envious
nature could distemper itself into believing him guilty. The orthochromatic dry plate was
invented in the laboratory of Professor Vogel. 1\Ir. Stieglit7. was at the time associated
with Dr. Vogel in this laboratory, and was at once struck by the grt'at advantage to be
derived from the use of the orthochromatic dry-plate in general pictorial work, and when
Dr. Vogel made such usc of the plate possible by selling the secret of the method of pre-
paring it to a 1\Iunich firm of plate manufacturers (who placed the first orthochromatic
dry plates on the market), Mr. Stieglitz was the first to use them, and for many years
thereafter ust'd them to the t:xclusion of all other plates. The picture in question was the
first result of thl" use of !hest: plates in pictorial photographic work.
Hoth :'If r. Sti•.'glitz aJ,r\ the Chth have every reason to rongratulate themselves on th;:
results, and those who undertake hil!"h dass exhibitions in the future would do well to
.-om!.ud thl"m <>lonl! similar lines.
-------------------------
*If there b<! any of our readers who would care to !JOsscss a copy of this catalogue,
they can obtain it by addressing the Secretary of the Camera Club on the subject. There
are a few (.opies of this very artistic publication in hand. and these l\tr. Stieglitz has very
kindly placed at the disposal of the readers of CAMt:RA NoTES.
- ------- - ---- -

CAMERA NOT/iS. 77

The collection of pictures was the result of upwards of fifteen years of com;tant ami
serious labor in the field of pictorial photography.
The splendid vista that to-day opens up to the camera in this direction was, fifteen
years ago, almost if not entirely veiled by the mists that ever obscure the hour of dawn,
for pictorial pht.'tography was then in its orient. An offspring of science, it developed
•mder the tutelage of the scientists, who, as a class, have never been remarkable for their
artistic inspiration or aspirations. With several notable exceptions, these men were not
broad enough to perceive its nobler possibilities and simply regarded the camera as a
clever copyist. The idea that it could he used to give expression to one's individuality
2nd taste they ridiculed unmercifully and opposed with bitterness; while public opinion-
ever ready to condemn that about which it knows nothing-assailed it with that fierceness
that is born cf ignorance and prejudice. Yet despite all this, pictorial photography has
won for itself in the world of art an important position, and has advanced with unswerv-
ing progression towards better things. To the student of pictorial photography, this
collection presented an opportunity for the study of the manner and course of this de-
•·elopment, as invaluable on the one hand as it was rare on the other, for it does not often
happen that the professional career of one man is virtually co-extensive with the life of
that art or calling to which he may have devoted himself, or that his work will reflect more
than a fraction of the evolution that is going on in the world of which he forms a part.
When Mr. Stieglitz entered upon this work pictorial photography was in its infancy.
From that time to the present moment he has labored on with untiring energy and a rest-
less striving after greater perfection. In the art centres of America, England, Germany
and France, examples of his work have invariably carried off high honors. A number
of these medal pictures, if t:ntcred in a high-class exhibition to-day, would probably be
pas~eri over with simply a mentil'ln. Yet these pictures were considered the very best of
their kind by competent judges at tire time when they were awarded their medals.
This fact will illustrate how much higher the standard of photographic excellence
is to-day in the different countries mentioned than it was a few years ago, a change
which Mr. Stieglitz's own efforts have helped very materially to bring about. Each one
of these pictures represents the average standard of excellence at the time when it received
its award. and stands as a mile-post marking the way of progress. Few of them have
stood the test of their maker's own severe judgment, and son•e of them show grave faults;
and had he chosen to do so he could have excluded these and many of the other prinb
shown, and offered for exhibition only those pictures which have come to be regarded
as the most perfect examples of his art. This, however, would not have been in har-
mony with the purpose of these one-man exhibitions, which are designed to exhibit a series
of prints that will tell truthfully the story of his work from its beginning, recording not
only his su.:ceso;es, but likewise his failures. The subjects were all well chosen, and
treatt•d seriously and with keen artistic feeling, while the entire absence of all clap-trap
sentimentality was another evidence of the purP.Iy <esthetic quality of the work.
While too much importance cannot be attached to thi~ collection, because it presented
not only such splendid successes as "Mending Nets," "Winter, Fifth Avenue," and other
epoch-marking pictures, but the failures, if they can be properly so called, upon which
these were built-with the many lessons that they teach of what to strive for-I have,
for obvious reasons, refrained from dwelling at length on this, to me, more than interest-
ing subject, in a review written for CAMERA NoTES.
During the two weeks of the exhibition it was more than well attended. Among the
visitors were many artists and art students, who viewed the pictures with evident pleasure,
and it is the regret of all who saw it that the pictures of the exhibition could not be kept
intact as a permanent collection.
 CAM.l!."RA NOTES.

The Stieglitz Lantem Slide Exhibition.

(May 12.)
During the period of the Steiglitz exhibition, on the evening of May 12th, a
lantem slide exhibition of one hundred and thirty-eight slides by Mr. Stieglitz, was given
at the rooms oi the Camera Club. !'he slides shown were rt>markahle, not only for the
rhoice and treatment of subject. which, as with his prints, were artistic to a degree, but
also for their technical perfection. The exhibition included examples of :\lr. Stieglitz's
experiments in local reduction of plates, double toning. and such other innovations and
improvements as have been introduced hy him, accounts of which, together with formulre,
have been recorded from time to time in CAMERA NoTES, and widely copied by the lead-
ing photographic magazines of the world. The audience which viewed the exhibition,
and which crowded the exhibition room to its fullest capacity. was the most thoroughly
representative of any that has ever been seen at any of our exhibitions. It was addressed
by the President, 11r. 1\lurphy. who had kindly volunteered his services, and whose dis-
course was designed to introduce and explain the different slides. Mr. Murphy's address,
deliven·d in his inimitable manner, was both entertaining and diverting, and the audience
departed at the end, delighted at what they had seen, and smiling at what they had heard.
]. T. K.

...
The Members' Exhibition of Prints.
(Exhibited May 22-Sept. JO.)
The second annual exhibition of prints by members of the Camera Club, shown in the
rooms during the sun:mer months. must have been very gratifying to all those interested
in the photographic advancement of the Club.
The exhihiti.on consisted of one hundred and sixty-nine frames, the work of fifty-seven
members, and shows the liberal support accorded the Print Committee in this undertaking.
As the latter acrepted most oi the frames submitted, taking at least one frame from every
contributor, we see by the few really poor things which are shown that our members have
begun to understand the term "discretion." This is perhaps the great feature of the ex-
hibition. for it is the failing of most photographers to exhibit all their work, good or bad,
!!'Cnerally considering it "good enough."
The exhibition certainly shows the remarkable influenee that the winter exhibitions
have had on the work of the members. and th:s too is a good omen, for it proves that the
Club is beginning to observe and appreciate.
We see ~ubjccts of every class treated with feeling and refinement. The monotony of
former exhibitions has disappeared, and we sec pictures executed in the most advanced
manners, including bichromate of gum, and the Kcilcy glycerine platinotype. Even the
mounting and framing have received unusual attention. in short it ha~ been realized that in
pictorial photography the minutest detail has an influence on the whole. It is all these
factors which permit us to lo~k hopefully to a most promising future.
The exhibition contains but few masterpieces, although many of the pictures are of
more than usual merit; it is the good average which we commend.
The Print Committee hung the pictures with most excellent taste and judgment and
did not permit the few poor specimens to mar the generally refined appearance of the
whole. On another page will be found a complete catalogue of the exhibition.
A. S.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Current Notes.
Ozotype. -Recent English photographic literature has given considerable
attention to a new photographic printing process described by Mr. Thos. Manly
before the Royal Photographic Society in March of this year. It is called the
Ozotypc process, and is a simple substitution for carbon printing. It may be
briefly described as follows:
A well sized paper-such as the single transfer paper of the carbon pro-
cess-is coated by brushing with a solution of potassium bichromate, seven
parts; sulphate of manganese (manganous sulphate), fourteen parts; water,
one hundred parts. After drying, this paper is exposed under a negative until
all gradations are distinctly though faintly visible. It is then washed in several
changes of water and dried. Under proper conditions this print has now the
power of so acting upon pigmented carbon tissue as to produce a result almost
identical with the ordinary carbon print. For this purpose the pigmented car-
Lou tissue is soaked for about a minute in a solution of water, rooo c.c. ; glacial
acetic acid, 3 c.c.; hydroquinone, 1 gramme. The chromium-manganese print
is also immersed in this bath and the two squeegeed together as in the carbon sin-
gle transfer process and then hung up to dry in contact. After drying, the double
sheet is soaked in cold water for about half an hour and the further steps of the
process are exactly the same as the carbon process with increasing degrees of
warm water. Instead of hydroquinone, other reducing agents may be used, and
by varying the composition of the acetic acid bath a certain amount of control
may be obtained; an excess of acetic acid giving increased contrast and an
excess of the reducing agent greater softness.
The advantages claimed for this method are that the print is distinctly
visible at the time of printing, that double transfer is avoided, and that the entire
process, while giving almost the same result, is much simpler than the carbon
process.
Marlotype.-In connection with Ozotype it is interesting to recall a
method produced by Mr. M. A. l\larion in 1873. and called after him the l\hrio-
type process. Single transfer tisstle is sensitized 111 a 6 per cent. solution of bi-
chromate of potassium, to which a little sulphuric acid has been added. After
drying, a print is made, and the print is immersed with a sheet of unsensitized
pigmented tissue in a 2 per cent. solution of bichromate of potassium. The two
are squeegeed together and while moist are placed under pressure. and left there
for from eight to ten hours. The action of the light continues on the carbon
tissue and it is then developed in the ordinary way.
Benham Proceaa-The Deutscher Photographen Zeitung gives a new
and simple printing process producing sepia tones more or less warm. according
to the composition of the sensitizing hath. The sensitizing solution is as fol-
lows:
Water .......•.....•.......•...................•................. 170 c c.
Bichromate of potassium ......••••......................•......... 15 ~~;rm.
Sulphate of copper. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 "
A brownish precipitate is formed which is removed hy filtering-. This
solution keeps well if not exposed to light. It is poured on the paper or thin
card and dried quickly. To this point the process is conducted in the dark.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The paper is exposed under a vigorous negative until a brown print with all
the details is obtained. It is then washed in water containing a small amount
of common salt and developed in a solution of pyrogallol 1 gramme to water
roo c.c., and then washed and dried. vVarmer prints can be obtained with a
smaller amount of sulphate of copper. Snch prints greatly resemble photo-
gravures.
Adurol.- The new developer Adurol, prepared by Schering & Co., and also
Hauff, has proved to be a valuable addition to the list of photographic agents.
It has several strong recommendations. It is less liable to oxidize in theair, either
in the crystal or in solution, than other similar agents. It is soluble in water
and extremely soluble in solutions of sulphite of soda or metabisulphate of po-
tassium. Development is rapid and the negatives are vigorous, with good
gradations and a black deposit. It does not discolor the gelatine or cause chem-
ical fog-.
The following solutions are recommended;
CONCI!.NTRA I ED SOLUTION.
Water..................••.............••........................ 400 part!'.
Sulphite of sodium . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........•.. 75
Carbonate of potassium.. .. .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. 1 so "
Adurol. .... . ..... ... . .. .. . .. . .. .. . ........... .. ..... 15
For use, dilute with five to se\·en parts of water.
TWO SOLUTION FORMULA.
A. Water ......................................•.......... . .. 500 parts.
Sulphite of sodinm.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so
Adurol .....•............................•..••.•.............. 10
B. \Vater............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...................... soo ports.
Carbonate of potassium. . . • . • • • • . • . . . • •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o
Take equal parts of A and B, and add bromide as required.
Platinum Prints from Weak Necatives.- Herr P. von Janko in Das
Atelier des Pltotographen recommends a solution of potassium oxalate and am-
monium persulphate to obtain strong, vigorous platinum prints from weak
negatives. The formul:e are :
Potassium oxalate ( 1 t•• 3). . . . ...•.•••....•......•..•••....••.••.. 4 parts.
Water.... .. ................................................ 7
Ammonium persulpbate (I to 20) ••••••••••....••. . 1 part

For still harder results:

Potassium oxalate (I to 3)....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................. 4 parts.
Water .•••.•..••................................................. 4
Ammonium persulpbate (I to 2••1 .....•...........••.••..•..... 4
Tinting Platinum Prints.-For certain suhjects artistic effects can be
produced by giving the paper of platinum prints a slight tint-thus resembling
prints on India paper. Dr. E. Vogel in Photographische .ii.fittheiluuge11 gives
the following simple method for obtaining a light gold brown tint: The print
is immersed for a short time in a very weak solution of permanganate of potas-
simn. The duration of immersion determines the depth of the tint and the result-
ing color is pem1anent. Others have recommended solutions of tea, coffee or
tannin for similar effects.
In this connection it may be interesting to call attention to two reproduc-
tions in Plwtographisclte Mitthei/ungeu, No. t I, t8c}<). entitled "Die Schmiede
86 CAMERA NOTES.

The Portfolio.
As announced in our last issue the Portfolio of American Pictorial Pho-
tography, Series I, was ready for distribution early in July. The Portfolio,
which presents a very handsome appearance, contains eighteen photogravures
that are so remarkably executed as to deceive the eye into the belief that they
are original platinum and carbon prints and not merely reproductions there-
from. The engravers have every reason to feel proud of their work, which has
attracted great attention wherever shown, and which deserves to be ranked with,
if not as, the best work of the kind ever done in this country. The edition,
which is a limited one--only one hundred and fifty portfolios having been
printed-is enclosed within handsome green covers stamped in gold with the
seal of the club; is prefaced by a title page printed in red and black on heavy
japan paper, on the reverse of which page is printed the name of the subscriber
and the number of his copy. Opposite this page is the table of contents, printed
also in red and black on japan paper. Each copy is countersigned with the sig-
nature of the chairman of the Publication Committee. Following the table of
contents are the following pictures, mounted on white or tinted mounts as the
print ref'}uired: "Beauty is Truth, Truth Beauty," by F. Holland Day; Reflec-
tions-Venice, by Alfred Stieglitz; Pasadena Landscape, by W. B. Post; Flor-
entinl' Boy, by Gertrude Kasebier; W eepi11g .Hagdaleu, by Chas. I. Berg;
Vesper Bells, by Rud. Eickemeyer, Jr.; A Sketch, by Joseph T. Keiley;
l!boi!'J' and h•ory, by F. Holland Day; Early Morn, by Alfred Stieglitz; Por-
tr~it of a Boy, by Gertrude Kasebier; Wet Night, ColumbflS Circle, New York,
by Wm. A. Fraser; Niagara Falls, by Wm. D. Murphy; Clario11et Player, by
John E. Dumont; Beatrice, hy Mathilde Weil; Gainsboro' Girl, by Francis B.
Johnston; La Cigale, by Emma J. Farnsworth; "Oda/csqlle," by Chas. I. Berg;
Spri11g, by Clarence H. White.
While it is realized that in certain particulars the Portfolio is open to im-
provement, it is also felt that its merits are of the first order and leave little to
be desired. The purpose of the Portfolio was to put within the reach of each
member at nominal price (the original subscribers obtained their copies at less
than actual cost of production), some of the most characteristic examples of the
work of those Americans whose names are best known to the club or whose
influtnce has been most pronounced on the development of pictorial photogra-
phy in America. Owing to the fact that the financial resources at the commit-
tee's disposal are far from being unlimited, it is not possible to publish more
than a limited number of pictures at a time. Should it be found feasible to
issue from time to time additional series of pictures as designed, it is predicted
that the complete series will be the most representative collection of pictures
ever published, and should be in the hands of every serious student of pictorial
photography, not alone as a record ()f representative American work, but be-
cause of the exceptional opportunity afforded by it of perfecting one's own
work through the careful, conscientious study of that of others. As it is, the
Portfolio has been warmly welcomed by the club, and the few extra copies in
the committee's hands have been in great demand and the present indicatio!ls
are that the edition will soon be exhausted. Until it is exhausted copies can he
obtained hy addressing the secretary of the Camera Club.* J. T. K.
* The publication may be purchased by others than members of the Club.
 CAMERA NOTE.'i.

Exhibitions and Competitions.

The Philadelphia Salon.
The Philadelphia S<olon, for which the entries are about to close, promises to be a
great succl'ss. Europe wiJJ be adequately represented, for the Committee has sent invita-
tions to all the ml•mhers uf the Linker] Ring, whose works will he accepted and hung with-
out being submitted to the Selecting C0mmittce. This is following the precedent estab-
lished by all the ,·ontinental European exhibitions, which have adopted the lines of the
famous Dudley Salon at London. Let Americans look to their laurels and be adequately
represented!
... ...
American Institute Salon.
The Photugraphical Section of "The American Institute" announces that a Photo-
graphic Salon will be held in New York, under its auspices, from November 27th to
December 18th, ISoo.
It is to be run much on the same lines as has been adopted by salons generally. We
must say that it is rather unfortunate that this exhibition has been so arranKed as to clash
with that announced many months ago for Philadelphia. Both exhibitions will probably
suffer somewhat in consequence. Entries close October 25th. For further particulars
address]. W. Bartlett, M.D., 19 West 44th Street, New York City .

... ... ...

One-Man Exhibitions at the Camera. Club, New York.
The Chairman of the Print Committee, Mr. Chas. I. Berg, announcl's the following
exhibitions:
October ............................................... Clarence H. White.
November ............................................. Frank Eugene.
December. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F. H. Day.
January ............................................... l\fathilde Wei!.
February. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................ Charles I. Berg.
March ................................................ .Joseph T. Keiley.
Aprtl .................................................. Eva Lawrence Watson .

... ... ...

A Communication.
THE PuBLICATION CoMMITTEE, CAMERA NoTES.
Gentlemen.-Permit me to correct an error which crept into a statement appearing in
the last number of CAMERA NoTES relating to the Gold Medal in Champion Class, awarded
me at the last Exhibition of the South London Photographic Society. The statement in
question closes with these words, "the award was protested, and protest upheld." The
fact is, that the South London Society honored the award of the judges notwithstanding
the protest, the medal was sent to me, and has bl·cn safely received.
Yours very truly
July 17th, 1899. WM. :\. FRASER.
[Note hy Editors. We beg to apologize for having been misinformed, and congratulate
~1r. Fraser ·.1pon the receipt of medal. According to the literal interpretation of the con-
ditions of the Competition the protest should ha\·e been upheld; still, we are glad
to see that tht~ London Club has interpreted its own conditions liberally, for morally Mr.
Fraser was certainly entitled to the medal. The precedent established is nevertheless a
dangerous one.]
88 CAMERA NOTES.
- --------------------------

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following ha\·e been elected member~ of the Club ~ince th<• last is~ue of CAMEKA
NOTES: !\fes•rs. ]. Ridgeway :\1oore, 20 Ea~t Sev<"nteenth stre<·t. City: H. C. White,
North Bennington, Vt.: K. !\1. Lindberg, 1133 Broadway, City; H. K. Bull, Great Bar-
rington, Conn. ; Frank C. Clarke. Knickerhocku Athletic Club, City.

Members will please remember that. se\·eral important Ch•h competitums close on
October firsi. Full particulars have app<·ared in prC\'ious numhers of C.\MERA NOTES .

... ...
Reviews and Exchanges.
Naturalistic Photoaraphy. By Dr. P. mistaken, and gradually this hook exerted
H. Emerson. Special American edi- ~uch an influence that now it is regarded as
tion, revised and enlarged. Published a "classic'' in photographic literature. To
by Sco\'ill & Adams, New York. Price, it pictorial photography owes the stability
$.1·50· which it now enjoy~.
That "Naturalistic Photography" when The present edition has been entirely re-
published a little ovc.>r ten years ago in vised, much enlarged. and rewritten in
England, created a whirlpool of comment is parts for the American photographer.
putting it mildly. In truth, the book was Pictorial photography having at last tak-
the talk of the photographic world for en a serious hold on Americans, all those
months and was the cause of many bitter interested in the subject should set about to
controversies. Dr. F.merson had struck a 'study this important work. if they have not
blow which shattered idols without mercy; done so already. It is part of the education
the lucid and forcible style could not be of the pictorial photographer. A. S.

... ... ...

Report of the Committee on Research.
'fhe Committee of Sctentific Research to the regular combination to effect the
has consider~d t\\'O new articles of photo- above result<~, but such a lens wuuld be apt
graphic apparat•u• worthy of mention. They to distort the lines.
are being put upon the market by Mr. 'fbe second article i11 a small telephoto
Nehring. a member of the Club. who is comhmation intendett fc r use with a 4 x 5
in the photographic business on Forty- or 5 x 7 camera. It consists of a tube about
second street. One of these consists of a three inches long, upon the inner end of
small lens, mounted in a cell which can b~ which i11 screwed a negative lens of two inch
readily dropped into place immediately be- focus, and upon the other the regular cam-
bintl the diaphragm of the ordinary 4 x 5 er.l lens mount, carryin~e the shutter, etc.,
camera. It thus becomes a part of the into which is introduced an addit1unal lens
rear combinatlon of the regular camera to shorten the focus. With the orrlinary
lens, and produceR an equivalent focus of le-ngth of bellow11, say 6~ inches, the whole
about two and lhrt>e-quarter inches. With combination produces an equivalent focus
the lens well stopped do,vn it is possible to of aboo.1t 19 inches, and it is claimed w1ll
copy prints, etc., full size, and with the work at aboul//32 cr //45· The merit r f
long focus camera to obtain an enlargement this piece of apparatus is, that it i" small
of four diameters. It can also be used in and light and suited to the delicate folding
photographing small objects full size, but cameras of the day, and that ito; cost is less
only with very small lens opening. The than a quarter that of the older form of
Committee bas not tested any of the tense.>, telephoto lenses. So far as the experience
but Mr. Nehring shows examples of work of the Committee goe!l, it is the only tele·
suowing the results to be rectilinear. There photo lens suitable for use with a small
is, of course, nothinll new in adding a lens camera. JOHN ASPINWALL, C.tazrman.
 Volume Ill, No. 3

Errata.
On page 116, in the dialogue " Ovtrluard in a Suburban
Club," omit the fifth marginal word, " Librarian," and
the sixth, "Visitor."
On page 151, after the word "of" (fifth line) and before
"genre" (sixth line) insert the word ''its."
On page 165, in the critique of the " Brushes of Comet's
Hair," substitute the word '• pictorial " for '' pastoral."
QZ CAMERA NOTE.!:i".

merely to persuade the unsympathetic to observe the common law of "live and
let live." And far more must be said to carry conviction to the minds of those
who see nothing but scientific interest in photography.
However, none need desire to convert his fellows into active participation
in his own pursuits. Those for whose enlightenment it is worth while to ex-
pend time and thought and such powers of interpretation as we may possess, are
the many who regard as "Pictorial,'' and, therefore. as the aim and goal of the
artistic worker, any representation of nature which for a time pleases those
whose yearnings soar no higher than the pettiness of bric-a-brac, and which
at the same time conforms to a certain literary formula called "Composition."
There are many who glory in the profession of their proselyte state and ac-
knowledge with enthusiasm the "artistic merit" of works in which the meas-
ure of art, from the popular standpoint, is determined by the people's ignorance
of art. Converts are they to a faith the very principles of which they have
never grasped. They know not how few among the productions which hang
on the exhibition walls have any right to be in a "pictorial section." :\lost are
there only because the _judges are incompetent to sift the chaff from the wheat.
or owing to the prevailing vogue of the hour, which has warped the selectors'
judgn1ent or blinded their better faculties.
Says the tea<.'her often and again-"\Vell, if photography at its best be
not art, what some men produce is so different from the ordinary in character
and so <esthetically satisfying that we must admit it is at least pictorial." Have
we not often heard this form of argument? Have not many of us adopted n
while not sufficiently sure of our ground, not yet really convinced, yet trying to
convince others? Thus many of us seek safety in a middle course, as though it
were possible to sum up the points of difference between the "artistic" and the
"merely pictorial"; and we experience self-congratulation if perchance we se-
~ure the acknowledgement of having won a petty victory, the contemptible
gratification of having achieved mediocrity.
Art, whatever the means employed to express her inspirations, may have
many phases, many moods. There may even seem many degrees of perfection,
according to the power of him whom the gods have chosen to carry out the
thought that began with them. Rut that which is produced is either artistic or
it is not. There should be no middle stage called pictorial in which to rest
content, because the object of the picture is to accomplish the artistic, and to
stop short is to acknowledge incompetence and defeat.
Such a condition deludes us into smug self-satisfaction and misleads
others, who are seeking knowledge, into accepting as refined gold what is
merely counterfeit, an abortive offspring of incompetence and incredulity.
But probably my readers may think all this mere vain vaporing, or at least
only ringing the changes on old and familiar expressions. Yet this theme
seems to me well worthy of being kept ever to the front, because of the many
who are almost daily added to the number of those who are beginning to take
a more intelligent interest in photography. Otherwise these are in danger of
forming an opinion of the highest and best by the average, and, therefore, con-
demning all and refusing to admit possibilities.
Then there are many practicing photography who have but partly under-
94 CA.JIERA NOTES.

\Vhether control over the production oi the mechanically produced photo-

graph be sought by chemical or physical means during the development and
after-treatment of negative or print, whether it be attempted during exposure of
the plate or printing of the positive or else hy such alien means as "retouching"
negative or print, all modification is practically restricted within the narrow lim-
its of detection. That is to say, any auxiliary to the total effect, the presence of
which can he deteckd under the ordinary conditions of observation, is, by reason
of its seli-hetrayal, outside the limits of justifiable modjfication. But the assist-
ance to the pnrdy photographic which is not discoverable, cannot be objected
to, becaust· the consciousness of its existence depends upon previous knowledge
of the manner of the picture's making.
Let it, however, be fully unders!ood that in o;eeking to justify such "faking"
as cannot be detected, it is not intended for one moment to place a premium
upon the mere cleverness of not being found out. The justification of the un-
discoverable seems to be the necessary alternative to the condemnation of that
"faking" which, either in consequence of its degree or the manner in which it
has been done, is obtrusive and, therefore, offensive, because it disturbs appre-
ciation of the picture as a whole.
If in a pen and ink sketch a wrong line be accidentally drawn, it is per-
fectly permissible to take it out, so long as it is done in .such a way that the
erasure does not let itself be seen and make one conscious of the error and of the
shortcomings of the draughtsman.
Remember especially that we are only taking into consideration such pho-
tography as has a purely artistic or pictorial motive and in which no guarantee
can be asked, or should be given, as to how the result is attained. If our pho-
tograph is offered as an example of the process, and its merit or value consist in
its exemplifying what the photographic process can accomplish, then to impart
any alien means what~oever is just as much a fraudulent adulteration as to add
water to milk or sand to sugar.
If at any time the question be raised as to whether or not it is justifiable to
add anything to the photograph which is not photographically produced from
nature, there must first be a clear understanding as to the motive or purpose of
the work, and it may then be seen that the end justifies the means within the
limits already suggested. It does so in two different ways. The e11d in ·view-
that is, the intention of the photograph-may justify our having recourse to
alien methods, because the pictorial motive releases us from the obligation to
produce a good example of photography. Tlte md attained-that is, the satisfac-
tory nature of the result, when successful-will excuse any methods used to ob-
tain that result or prevent any questioning as to how it was done; or, to put it
differently, the end we have in view leads us deliberately to depart from the pre-
scribed course of photographic procedure if in so doing we believe we shall the
better attain our end. And when that end is attained and a successful result
achieved the picture proclaims the accomplishment of our purpose and represses
any curiosity or criticism as to execution, in proportion to its convincing and
artistically satisfying character. Hence comes the necessity for any auxiliary
or mixed methods not betraying their presence. \Ve are all, perhaps, apt to
look at a picture with too much curiosity and interest as to how it has been
 CAMERA NOTES.

times perfectly suitable for the picture, and it is on this that the whole matter
turns. There are two vositions from which to meet this statement.
The first is that the condition of things that shall bring about the perfection
of harmony worthy a picture i~ so rare and nature so seldom artistically right,
that we may say that nature is usually wrong. N'or should this doctrine sound
so heinous as it may at first seem, if we remember and keep clearly before us tlw
fact that the function of the picture is not identical with that of a mirror. The
latter is a reflection, and if the reflection were permanent it would be a copy and
an imitation, whereas the picture is a creation. It is not merely a reconstruction,
because the main thing in it is something created which had no real existence
before. V\'e speak of a pensive evening, whilst to other phases of nature we at-
tach the attributes sad, jubilant or solemn, all of which sentiments are purely
fictitious so far as nature itself is concerned. They are emotions which are
awakened in us by certain physical circumstances, and if we so portray the par-
ticular scene as to convey t11e same emotion to others, we have created some-
thing which only existed in our own imagination. We have vitalized the dead,
physical facts that we portray with a life which is a part of our own personality.
To do this we add, or deduct, or borrow, according to our means and our skill in
using them.
As a keyboard contains all notes, so nature contains all forms and all colors,
and the artist picks and chooses and gathers together just as the musical com-
poser selects and arranges his notes. There is no question of copying nature,
for if such were the aim of art, then, amongst monochrome arts at least, the
meanest photograph would far surpass the finest drawing or etching. Every
human imagination must be founded on fact, and so every form drawn or
painted is founded on some fornt borrowed from experience of nature. nut
within the narrow restrictions of photography perhaps the best we can do is to
take the most suitable scene and suppress everything which interferes with the
expression of the sefltiment intended, and then modify the remainder towarcls
the same end.
If such a picture be successful it will be truthful to nature to such a degree
that the untruthfulness will not be perceived; and it will have been infused with
the sentiments and ideas belonging to the producer. Thus it is that a picture
possesses an individuality which no other producer could impart exactly to it, for
the reason that every man's feelings vary slightly and are differently appealed to
by the same scene.
Now if it were conceivable to find some scene in nature which contained
exactly, neither more nor less, the elements which the artist required, the fac-
simile of this scene still would be nature and not art, because if one man could
copy it so could another and it would no longer be the personal creation that
every work of art must be. Again, were it conceivable to produce a facsimile of
a natural scene which surpassed in composition, power and beauty any picture
that ever came from a great master's hand, yet would it not be a fine picture
artistically, because it would not have been a personal creation.
Now, in pure photography, he the process neYer so perfect and never so
consummately handled, ancl be the original scene selected never so beautiful, the
result-unless personal judgment have its influence and personal control and
102 CAMERA NOTES.

rapher does not desire the adulation of the mol>, he is mostly an amateur, and
not dependent on his art for a livelihood. But he would like to establish his
name, to become well known to the profession ami the art-loving public. And
for that the press, unfortunately, is indispensable. Good work alone is not
sufficient. If a man is but little known to a community like ours he is apt to be
entirely forgotten ; as it is, he has to make his reputation over again every five
years. Naturally, if a man stands so high above common mortals that art is all
to him, and that he entertains an utter and honest indifference to the public, he
may also shrug his shoulders at criticism. I am certain that such a man would
be amused by intelligent blackguarding. But too high an opinion of oneself
bars every improvement.
The art critic is the agreeable means of intermediation and conciliation be-
tween the artists and the public. And the best criticism is, after all, nothing but
an individual, carefully considered estimate of a man of taste, and in rare
cases, when it is at its best, the concentrated opinion of a certain part of the puJJ-
lic. Professional men should appreciate the difficult position of the art critic in
a country which is as stagnant, commonplace and businesslike in art matters as
America is in this year of grace 1&J9. And in Europe conditions are not much
better. There the production of paintings has reached such alarming condi-
tions that Emile Bergerat, the '"Caliban" of the Figaro, exclaimed in despair, '"I
return from the Salon ctnd am dumbfounded ; painting is no longer an art-
it is a vice." It is well nigh impossible for a critic to sift the hundred thou-
sands of prints which artistic photography produces and do justice to others and
to himself. For is it not the critic's duty to enter an artist's individuality, to
discover his intentions-intentions of which the artist himself is perhaps un-
conscious-so as to judge how far he has realized them, and then to determine
what place he occupies in contemporary art ?
The trouble with photographic criticism at present is that it is maudlin and
insignificant, without the slightest pretense to any educational or inspirational
power.
The so-called criticisms that appear now and then in the professional mag-
azines are written either by photographers who have a special view to rlefend;
or worse, by amateurs who consider photography, as well as the writing of the
article, merely a pastime, or by clerks of wholesale houses of photographic ma-
terial. That such concoctions are not worth serious thought is quite natural.
They are merely ordinary writers, without any knowledge or discrimina-
tion about art, who indulge either in cheap praise or unjustified fault-finding.
Some merely enumerate and write biographical notes, while others fill pages
without venturing a single straight-forward opinion. Apollo be merciful to
them!
The only branch in which something has been accomplished is in general
technical criticism. I, however, know of no work on photography which woulcl
compare in clearness of purpose and expression with Philip Gilbert Hamerton's
"Etchers' Handbook." Rut an account of processes can hardly be tcrmecl criti-
cism, ancl criticism of individual methods becomes too easily diclactic to be of
much use. \Yc all like to know how a man docs a thing. hut it is futile to ad-
vise him how to do it. The critic is not necessarily a pedagogue, although the
 CAMERA NOTES. IOJ

majority of them possess that philanthropic disposition. When they visit a

photographic exhibition they equip themselves with a big bag of regulations,
and woe to the poor photographer who dares to violate one of these. They
pursue with indefatigable advice, pity and hostility all who are obstinate
and endeavor to search for truth in roads <lifferent from those they con-
sider right.
There is, in reality, only one kind of criticism which is just to all, and the
man who practices it must be willing and able to understand and absorb the
artist's idea and judge his work from the artist's point of view.
N'o matter whether a photographer depicts ~ew York models as Weep-
ing Magdalenes, or himself as Christ, scientific foreground studies or Fifth
Avenues in \\'inter, Japanese ghosts or morose Old Masters: no matter how
he exposes, retouches and paints; whether it is over or under exposure, whether
he dodges or applies chemical baths, etches on the plate or lets it take care of it-
self; whether he prints light or dark, on platinum or on aristc.r-all that
is of but little consequence. The question is simply whether the artist
has something to express and expresses it well, and it is the critic's busi-
ness to tell his own impression frankly, without personal subterfuge, to
his readers.
Only in the highest order of criticism is didacticism permissible-that is,
in the laying down of universal rules for one or another art, as Lessing has done
for painting, sculpture and the drama, and Boileau for poetry. These critics
do not bother with individuals and specimens of work unless they serve the
purpose of proving one of their theories. Ruskin, who endeavored to establish
rules for a certain school of painting, the Preraphealites, unnecessarily limited
his field of labor, so that his theories now seem partial and already, in must
cases, hopelessly out of date. They will be forgotten unless his style save:~
them.
Photography is still too young an art to command such a critic. The time
has not yet arrived to write a history of artistic photography a Ia Taine. The
material would not warrant it. The majority of photographers do not consider
their profession an art. Even a Demachy and Stieglitz feel very sceptical about
it. What, then, can be expected of the critic !
Looking over the list of the prominent art critics of to-day, I could not men-
tion a single one who has occupied himself seriously with artistic photography,
except in now and then launching an anathema against the mechanism of pho-
tography, which is received with great satisfaction in artistic circles, for the
painters and illustrators, who do not disdain to use photography as a help, are
very reluctant to give it a place amongst the fine arts.
And, sad to state, the general mass of production is quite unworthy of the
critic's attention. The majority of amateurs seem to imagine that composition
and chiaroscuro of a degree of badness which nobody would tolerate in a paint-
ing, somehow becomes allowable in photography: that because no clearly de-
fined laws exist for the art of Daguerre, a photographer is at liberty to set at de-
fiance all the known laws of nature and art: that the mere pressing of the rubber
bulb implies in itself a cleverness, elevating the practitioner above the common
canons of criticism.
 CAMERA NOTES. 105
-· ---------------
On Plagiarism and Imitation.
To be free is not to be independent of any form, it is to be master of many forms.-
SIDNEY LANIER.

I have always endorsed Heine's defense of plagiarism, that it is permissible

to steal entire columns and porticoes from a temple, providing the new edifice
one erects with their aid is great enough to warrant such violent proceedings.
The history of art has proven this some\\'hat surprising statement to be true.
What is the Marguerite Gauthier of Dumas the younger but a modernized
version of L' Abbe Prevost's "Manon Lescant ?" Did not Balzac in his Pere
Goriot," Turgeniev in his "King Lear of the Steppes," and Zola in "La Terre,"
make use of the same tragic theme as Shakespeare in "King Lear?" Is the
story of the three rings in Lessing's "Nathan der '\Veise" not taken from Roc-
caccio's "Decameron," which has served mnre writers with plots than any other
book in the world's literature? And did Boccaccio himself not gather this col-
lection of a hundred stories from every available source, often merely embellish-
ing an old legend with the concise beauty of his style? Has it not been proven
that Milton copied a large part of his "Paradise Lost" from the Dutch poet von
Vondel? And did not Shakespeare take whole passages from Plutarch, sim-
ply changing them into blank verse and inserting them, for instance, in his "An-
tony and Cleopatra?"
To transform history into art is surely not a sin. In all those cases men-
tioned, the artist has freely borrowed material from predecessors, but has at the
same time understood how to imbue it with his own individuality and to lend it
new vitality through the vibrations of his own sou!.
That is re-creation, which is almost as admissible as originality, if the latter
is possible, and not, as in most cases, merely a new combination of the work of
previous generations. For no artist is so self-sufficient that he will shape his
course unaffected by, and apart from, what has been done before. It is impos-
sible to wipe one's mind entirely clear of what one has seen and rea(!, and heard
in intercourse with other beings. Every work of art must necessarily bear in-
fluences of previous accomplishments.
We are heirs of the ages, but the heritage bequeathed to us should merely
be the basic soil for future growth, and reveal itself unconsciously. Otherwise
it becomes mere copyism, a danger into which many a young artist, through an
absorption of all that is best in the past and present, has fallen. It should
widen, not narrow, our sympathies. Symonds has well phrased it when he said,
we modern men are in the need "of self-tillage, the ploughing and harrowing of
self by use of what the ages have transmitted to us from the work of gifted
minds."
It is logical for a young American comedy writer to imitate the so-called
"paper chase" invented by Sardou, in which the losing of an object is used to
tangle up all the characters, and thereby produce most unexpected and funn~·
situations. But it is also offensive to our code of ethics if he slavishly recon-
structs each situation with slight changes in the characters, perhaps merely
Americanizing them, and yet gives ont the result as his original work. Burg-
laries of this kind are committed often, and furnish ghastly examples of intel-
lectual impotence and degeneracy.
ro8 CAMERA NOTES.
~-----------

magazine, I discovered an initial letter, the design of which contained the same
figure which I had admired so much in the painting. Now did Mr. Blashfield
elaborate the designer's idea, or did the designer copy l\fr. Blashfield's figure?
In the first case it would be justified adaptation, in the second, rank stealing.
In this case it would be difficult to make an accusation of borrowing, and it
is a sad fact that very often accusations are made when there is no cause or evi-
dence whatever.
Artistic photography offers such a case. Mr. Stieglitz exhibited his well-
known "Net Mender" in Germany and was at once accused by several critics
that he would never have thought of treating the subject if Liebermann had not
painted it. Now Mr. Stieglitz states, that, although he is acquainted with Lie-
bemlann's work, he has never seen a painting resembling his "Net Mender" and
that Liebermann's representation of Dutch fishing folk had never entered his
mind. The critics consider it a foregone conclusion that if one of the two de-
rived anything from the other it must necessarily have been the photographer.
The general public is not yet sufficiently acquainted with artistic photography to
know that it can rival other arts in originality and beauty. Much less do
the artists realize this fact. They would unscrupulously make use of any pho-
tograph suitable to their line of work, and not for a moment consider it stealing,
as to them photography is merely a helpmate, without any claim to artistic
merit.
The similarity in this case is merely a matter of coincidence. Each in his
respective medium has worked conscientiously to gain a certain effect, and both
have accomplished it. But even if one of them were obliged for the idea to the
other, it would be of no consequence. Both productions are works of art of a
high type, and any indebtedness in this case would be owing to the creation of
one masterpiece by the suggestion of another. And of that every artist is
guilty.
Heine is right, borrow as much as you like. But be certain that you mas-
ter the accumulations and accreted experiences of others to such an extent
that they have become your own, only that you can rear on the understructure
of precedent accomplishments stitt higher and more imposing monuments of
beauty. SAD.\KICHT HARTMANN.

... ... ...

"Royal Medals" Won by Americans.
Inasmuch as two of the eleven awards at this year's London exhibition
were won by Americans, it will be of interest to our readers to know that in all
only nine of these medals have thus far come across the ocean. This includes
the two won this year. The list is as follows: Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, of New
York, has won three; 1Iessrs. R. Eickemeyer, Jr., of Yonkers; Dudley Hoyt,
of Rochester; Dr. Leaming, of New York; \V. A. Fraser, of New York, and
the Misses Emma J. Fitz, of Boston, and l\lathilde \Veil, of Philadelphia,
have each won one.
112 CAMERA NOTES.

one who cannot make sane art-lovers enthusiastic, constructs pictures to shock
the philistines. But going on stilts is not the normal way to walk, nor is shriek-
ing singing, nor grotesqueness strength. The old world feels this, even when it
is not wise enough to know it. And it does know that it is, itself, ever changing;
and feels that somehow there are ever new aspects of itself and new points of
view it is offering, which talent and genius can and will seize whenever there is
talent or genius upon the earth to seize anything.
The strength of the masters of old lies in the fact that they were satisfied to
be the product of their time, and to live therein. They wrought their art from
the world about them, and to-day we hear it said that those were ages full of
wonder and beauty; simply because there were men who had souls to see the
wonder and beauty of their own times. \Vhy, is not our own day, our better, hap-
pier world, as wonderful and beautiful, if only we have souls to see this? It is so,
surely, for thougl; men's perceptions must ever be such that they shall not recog-
nize the full worth of the true prophets still living among them, now and then we
do get glimpses at our world through the eyes of genius, and are deeply moved.
\Ve are the better and greater ourselves for each such glimpse through the eyes
of another personality. As, for instance, no one, however long he may have lived
among the hills of northern New Jersey or of Connecticut and observed their
beauty, but will see more there after he has studied what Inness saw and loved
so near us, and recorded so characteristically.
It is tints, from the material of humanity and nature, continually milled and
disintegrated and rearranged, as in a kaleidoscope of time, that combinations are
selected by the strong and beauty-laYing personalities of the epochs and are
wrought into what we call new creations of art. It is very tempting for us to
imitate these creations; to try, as it were, to arrange our own facts in the combi-
nations fixed by the masters, and thus as nearly as may he to see our experiences
through the glorifying eyes of genius. To take a homely instance, if the young-
est-born of our house goes out every day looking just like a Baby Stuart, why
should we not photograph him so?
But it is not necessary to keep refurbishing the old creations. Th.ere is ever
material and combinations for it at our hands without this, if we are good
enough to do anything of worth. The hacks keep dinging it into us that there
is, and can be, nothing new under the sun. But everything keeps changing con-
tinually, as we do ourselves every moment. And the new raw material of our
day and our generation lies ever ready if we can see clearly enough to seize it, if
we have the knowledge and love of beauty sufficient to fashion it to art, and the
strength of personality wherewith to stamp it. The doing of this is called origi-
nality.
But all do not strive to reach this high plane of creative work. And if artis-
tic people are content to do minor work, stamped obviously by the influence of
this or that master, old or new, we should acknowledge it gratefully, unless they
or their friends claim too much for it. Then we must beg to insist that after all,
though pleasing work, it is not very original but only after (and way after) the
original master, and that these are disciples-perhaps more or less belated-of
his school. l\luch taste and talent, and even some degree of originality, may be
shown thus. And frank and not too slavish imitation is more agreeable than in-
 CAMERA NOTES. IIJ

artistic origination. 1\or should we be hasty in accusations of borrowing, for

again and again the history of art has shown conclusively that two or more inde-
pendent workers ha~e hit on very similar combinations of ideas, just as in
science inventors have arrived at similar results while entirely ignorant of each
other's labors.
It is wise, if we have a suspicion that a thing has been done before, to be
sure we are not infringing on another's better rights. Otherwise we may have to
regret laying omselves open to sneers and ridicule. Hence it is well to know as
much as we may of what has been accomplished already, that the knowledge not
only may aid our inspiration and stimulate our endeavors to add a little to the
glorious whole of man's attainments, but also may ward us from doing what has
been done already. But when a fearless following out of one's own impt)lses,
without imitation, leads to results somewhat similar to something done before,
but under different conditions, we need have little doubt, nor fear any passing
charge of appropriation. D.\LLETT FuGUET.
+ + +
Uranium Toning on Bromide Papers.
It is rather strange that in the published accounts of toning bromide papers
with uranium either nothing is said as to the permanency of the process, or the
matter is treated so vaguely as to leave it entirely in doubt. \Vhat the exact
limitation of the word permanent, as applied to a photographic prin,t, is, or
should be, is a decidedly open question, but in all processes except carbon and
platinum the average amatem has a lingering suspicion that within a limited
number of years his masterpiece of to-day will have ceased to be a thing of
beauty-and if he is at all progressive and ambitious he will be glad of it when
the time comes. However, within reasonable limits at least it is desirable that a
print should retain its color, tone and brilliancy.
In the case of bromide prints toned with uranium, a little practical experi-
ence has demonstrated to me that an unprotected print will deteriorate within a
few months to such an extent as to be entirely worthless; and the rich tones
obtained on platinum paper by this salt also lose very greatly in quality within a
year. These results do not seem attributable to light but entirely to the action
of the atmosphere, so that the nature of the remedy suggests itself.
Whether the degradation of the print is caused by the oxidizing effects of
the air itself, or by gases contained in it, or by chemical matters conveyed by
moist air, the writer cannot state, and it seems a matter of little moment for our
purpose as long as the results, whatever the particular cause may be, can be
easilv overcome.
·The natural suggestion in a case like this is to protect the print from the air,
and a method which I have found to be effective is to coat the surface with a
solution of white wax in turpentine. as was suggested by me last year in
CutER.\ XoTES. I then stated that a moderately thin coating which would
require from two to three days to dry thoroughly was about right, and subse-
quent observation has confirmed my original impression. I am inclined to think.
however, that the coating should be renewed from time to time, and for this I
would suggest that about once a year the print should be gone over lightly with
a very dilute solution of the wax. If the print has been framed with glass, and
care taken to make the covering air tight by a binding around the edge of the
mount and the glass before placing in the frame, as should always he done with
 C.'A illER A NO Tl!.:S.

a valuable print, there seems no reason why the print should not last as long as
the paper without any subsequent attention.
Some of our members have used very dilute aquarelle varnish on their
prints, but more for the sake of increasing the brilliancy than as a protection
from the atmosphere, but it is also supposed to serve the latter purpose as well.
This I am inclined to doubt, especially in the dilute form in which it is used, as
no spirit varnish will withstand the effects of the atmosphere for any length of
time.
The glass usually placed over a framed print was originally intended to pro-
tect it from air and dust, hut unless sealed to the print, as noted almve, it fails in
its principal object. .\ print properly coated with wax requires no glass over it,
and in many cases, especially prints on rough paper, the effect is much improved
by omitting the glass in framing. W. F. H.\I'GOOD.
... ... ...
Our lliustrations.
"A Street in Jfentone," by ~Ir. Robert Demachy,.of Paris, which forms
the frontispiece of this issue of CAMERA NoTES, shows this pictorial photogra-
pher at his best. The original from which the photogravure was made is a
bichromate-of-gum print. the medium in which this artist exclusively works,
and with which he is so intimately identified. In this particular picture, the
breadth of treatment is trnly painter-like.
"Beatrice," hy Miss :\lathilde Weil, of Philadelphia, the second of the pho-
togravure inserts, is a representative example of this lady's clever productions.
The gold medal was awarded this picture in the portrait class at last year's
American Institute Exhibition.
"La Cigale," by Miss E. J. Farnsworth, of Albany. 1'\. Y., the third of the
series of photogravures in this issue, created much comment and was decidedly
popular at the time of its production some six or seven years ago. \Vith all its
shortcomings, as viewed from to-day's much higher standards, it still retains a
certain charnt. It is unfortunate that :Miss Farnsworth should devote so little
time to photography. for it is but a few years ago that she unquestionably stood
first among American women photographers, promising much for the future.
"Odalisq•te.'' hy :\Jr. Chas. I. 11t>rg, of ~ew York, appeals to everyone. It
is one of the most satisfactory pictures yet produced by the talented chairman of
our Print Committee.
These four phutugravurt>s are productions of the Photochrome Engraving
Company, of New York. ·
"The 11! all,'' by 1\J r. Eustace Calland, of Lond\m, the last of the series of
photogravures, was first shown at the London Salon in 1896. l\fr. Calland's
work has always a strong individuality and is full of uncom·entional character-
!stics. One might call hi111 the plein-airistc amongst pictorial photographers.
The photogravure is the production of \Valter Coils, London.
Two of the three half-tone inserts are reproductions of Mr. Horsley
Hinton's channing "On Suffolk Mt>adowo;," and "Fleeting Shadows," the origi-
nals of which were hung at the Philadelphia Salon. The reproductions necessa-
rily lose some of the charm of the large platinotypes.
"Ladv \Vith the Venus," bv 1\fr. Clarence H. \Vhite, of Newark, Ohio,
forms the.third half-tone insert. ·Mr. White's work is fully reviewed on another
page.
The text contains reproductions of pictures by Messrs. Hugo Henneberg,
of Vienna: Heinrich Kiihn, of Vienna; Desire Declercq, of Brussels; Leon-
hard Misonne, of France: Jos. T. Keile~·. of ~ew York: Rudolph Eickemeyer,
Jr._. of New York: Sidney Herhert, of New York: J. Henry Quinn, of Trov:
:\f1ss Eva L. Watson, of Philadelphia; George W. Norris, of Philadelphia; P.
Dubreuil, of France.
 CAMERA NOTES. us

An Improved Method of Developing Platinotypes.

The method of print development here descrihed, simple as it appears, is
nevertheless the outcome of years of thought and study, many experiments and
countless failures. And but for the overmastering desire, on the one hand to
discover means of emancipating photographic picture-making from the almost
mechanical tyranny that held it enthralled, and a conviction on the other that
photography was destined to be used as a medium for expressing the individual
feeling for the beautiful, the disheartening failures met with would have re-
sulted long ago in the entire abandonmt'nt of all fllrther experiment.
The starting point of these experiments was a suggestion made in the cir-
culars that some years hack accompanied packages of platinum paper, to the
effect that glycerine used in the developing solution would produce clear whites
and brilliant high-lights in the picture. This, upon being tested, was found to
be true; but it was also discovered that these brilliant effects were obtained at
the expense of the delicate half-tones of the upper register, namely, those
ascending from a pale gray to a gray white, which are highly composite in their
nature and wonderfully soft and charming. These the glycerine invariably
destroyed. In the lower register, on the other hand, that is, in the case of those
tones descending from a dark gray to a bronze black, a greater harmony seemed
to result from its action. Therefore when the glycerine was permitted to act
evenly over the surface of a print it invariably destroyed some of its most
charming qualities. (This is probably the reason for the omission of all refer-
ence to the use of gl)cerine in the circulars that have accompanied the packages
of platinum paper of late years).
Thc·se experiments suggested the idea that this peculiar property of the
glycerine might be used to advantage if its action could be localized by·applying
with a brush to certain parts of the print, as otherwise it was quite worthless
except in the case of prints whose most brilliant tone did not ascend higher than
a dark gray, and even then its action was uneven enough to be frequently very
false in the tonality of the results obtained. Experiments on this line resulted
in unpleasantly stained and clauhy prints, owing to the impossibility of harmoni-
ously blending the different tonal values an<l of retarding or completely stop-
ping the action of the developer at will--and at ·any particular point. To over-
come the first part of this difficulty the entire surface of the print was brushed
over with pure glycerine, but it was found that while this prevented the ugly
and clearly defined staining, it interfered with nice line or sectional development.
owing to the fact that the brush carrying the fleveloper would, in working
through the liquid glycerine coating that covered the print, distribute developer
over portions of the print not intended to he acted upon. It was clear from this
that after the print had been evenly coated it would be necessary to remove
all superfluous glycerine. For this purpose prepared blotting paper was ~nally
used. This use of the blotting paper was naturally followed by its use for the
purpose of removing the developer from the print wherever it was thought
desirable to retard or stop its action, and this, together with a preparation of
developing baths of various strengths, put into the hands of the writer, who, in
tum, now that he has perfected his system, presents it to the photographic
world, the means of controlling absolutely the development of his prints and
imparting to his pictures any character that he wills.
These experiments were followed hy others, made at the suggestion of and
in collaboration with ~I r. Alfred Stieglitz, that have for their object the utiliza-
tion of this facilitv for local control in the direction of the chemical color devel-
opment of different parts of a picture. The most satisfactory of these experi-
ments has been that of the use of mercury for the production of flesh-tones.
From the present outlook it is heli'eved that these latter experiments will
II6 CAMERA NOTES.

result in placing at the command of photographic workers a fair range of color-

developers. It should be said in closing, for the benefit of experimenters, that
the platinum paper used in these experiments was the ordinary stock papt:r;
that the developer was always used cold, or, properly, at normal temperature,
and that sepia and flesh tones were obtained hy adding mercury to the develop-
ing solution.
In a recent article Robert Demachy states that what the photographic world
wants is a reproducing medium "giving transparent shadows, great depth in
the strongest blacks, and allowing of easy local development"' ; ancl it is the con-
viction of the writer that ::\fr. Demachy will find that platinum paper submitted
to this treatment more than meets all of these demands.*

... ... ... JosErn T. KEII.EY.

Overheard in a Suburban Oub.

LIBRARIAN (to visitor.)-This is the Librar:;.•.
VISITOR.-The library. Ah! yes. Charming little room, bright and comfortable.
Good magazine rack that; solid cases, and-( goes from case to case
examining books )-but surely you must have more books than these
-fifty percentum are technical and not the best either-and most of
the rest trash that it's a waste oi good money to bind-and as for
good substantial art works, there are not three in the whole collec-
tion.
LIBRARIAN.-Yes, this is our entire library-the best reprints of the photo-
graphic cplzcmcridcs bound so as to catch the eye. See that red, for
example, you can distinguish it from the opposite windows-it just
matches the costumes of two fairies who danced and sang at the last
smoker-'twas then that I saw that color first. And as for the tech-
nical works, they must be the best, for the publishers told me so.
And art works ; what on earth does a Camera Club want with art
works?
VISITOR.-But where is Ganot's work on physics, and ~vlaxwell's work on the
theory of light, and Roscoe & Schorlemmer's work on chemistry,
surely you must have these?
LmRARIAN.-Ah! pardon me. I did not wish to be so discourteous as to contra-
dict you, hut, you see, I was educated at the Hopkins University,
and I have never quite gotten over the idea that the authors studied
there were the greatest authorities. Purely a local prejudice, I
assure you. And as for this red, yes, it is pronounced and singularly
appropriate for a library, too, where it is desirable that all books
should be re (a) d.
VISITOR.-Rut where are the works of Da Vinci, Lessing, Reynolds, Hamer-
ton and Svmonds-not to mention a host of others?
LtnR:\RIAN.-Da Vinci, Lessing, Reynolds, Hamerton, Symonds! They must
he new men. I never heard of them in the photographic world
before.
VISITOR.-Thev were artists and art critics.
LmRARI:\ N.-Oh ! you mean those art cranks? \Veil, we'd like to please every·
one, and if I had a large enough appropriation I would buy a ft>w.
They are of no particular importance and so can wait. You see, I
have to have a lot of these annuals and reprints bound yet.
J. T. K.
--------------
•Non:.---ln the immediate future the results of the many experiment~ made by :\.fessrs.
Keiley and Stieglitz will be rl'vealed to the club in a comprehensive demonstration-of
which a full report will be published in these pages.-EDITORS.
 CAMERA NOTES. II7

Exhibitions and Competitions.

The London Salon.

As in the past. the London Salon this year lived up to its reputation as the pictorial
photographic exhibition of the year, and attracted photographers interested in the produc-
tion of pictures by m ... ans of the camera from all parts of the world. As heretofore, the
number of rejected frames far outnumbered those hung.
To Americans this year's exhibition was of unusual interest, as quite a contingent
had sent pictures over the pond. and were fortunate enough to have the big majority
accepted. According to the Engli3h press this exhibit was the pircc de resista11cc of this
year's Salon. (See page IlK)
Thi~ is a gratifying omen for the future of American work, and CAMERA NoTES takes
a pardonable pride in feeling that it is doing its share in aiding those Americans who are
taking pictorial photography seriously.
The London Salon consisted of two hundred and fifty-six pictures, the work of one
hundred and six exhibitors. Of these, fifty-nine were by nineteen Americans.
The following is a list of the Americans who contributed and the number of pictures
each had accepted and hung:
Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier, of New York, seven: Messrs. Alfred Stieglitz, of New York:
Joseph T. Keiley, of Brooklyn: Francis Watts Lee, of Boston; Miss E. Lawrence Watson.
of Philadelphia; Miss :\Iary Devens, of Cambridge, Mass., each five; Mr. F. Holland Day.
of Boston. four; :\Irs. E. Cabot, of Boston, and 1\Iessr;;. Clarence H. White, of Newark.
Ohio, and Frank Eugene. of New York. each three; Miss Zaicla Ben Yusuf, of New York.
and Messrs. Frank W. Birchall, of Boston; John G. Bullock. of Philadelphia; Wm. E.
Carlin. of New York; Herbert Hess, of Northampton, Mass .. each two; Miss Mathilde
Weil, of Philadelphia. Mrs. ~fargaret Russell, of Boston. and Messrs. Sidney Herbert.
of New York. and R. Eickeme)·er, Jr., of New York. each one.
As is well known. the only honor to be won at this exhibition is to have one's pictures
accepted and hung.

... ...
The " RoyaL"
The forty-fourth annual exhibition held by the Royal Photographic Society, London.
is reported to have been of a superior average and quality, and not much below the
!otandard of the Salon, which. bv the way. has had an immense influence on these
annual exhibitions. The United States, although not numerically strongly represented.
nevertheless was fortunate enough to carry off two of the coveted "Royal Medals.'' Mr.
Alfred Stieglitz receiving one for his "Vignette in Platinum.'' in two colors. produced
by a method of platinum printing introduced by Mr. Jos. T. Keiley and himself last
winter; and Mr. Dudley Hoyt, of Rochester, receiving the othu for a "Portrait."
The iollowing Americans were represented :
Messrs. Alfred Stieglitz, with six pictures; .Miss l\Iathilde \Veil and Mr. W. A.
Fraser, each four; Mr. John Beeby, three; 1\lr. R. Eickemeyer. Jr .. two, and Mr. Dudley
Hoyt, one; in all five exhibitors with twenty pictures.
The exhibition consisted of four hundred and eighteen numbers, contributed by one
hundred and eighty-one exhibitors.
118 CAiltERA NOTES.

Mr. George Davison on the American Works at the

Salon.
The principle of "the open door."' such an essential featnre in British policy, is a chcr-
i~hed tradition with the nrgani1.ers of the Photographic Salon. anti there can be no doubt
!Jut that English pictorial photography profits nearly as much by the opportunity afforded
by the Salon for comparing and ~tudying Continental and American work as foreign coun-
tries have benefited from the influence of this country, and this year the French and Vien-
nese work is perhaps only lc~s a distinctive feature than hen•tofore because of the marked
advance and the large increase of pictorial work from America, and that our contemporary
photographers acr>lSS thl• Atlantic h:~Ye been induced to send so reprcst'ntative a lot of
work is Jlrobahly lan~tly due to the enterprise and intlt•ence of 1\-lr. Alfred Stieglitz. who
never begrudges time (•r trouble where the furtherance of photography's best interests is at
stake.
On the subject of the American work we haYe rereived the following appropriate
notes from .'\1r. r;eorge Davison, whose useful criticisms of exhibitions ha\'e been greatly
missed since he practically rclmqui~hcd the pen.
Mr. Davison says:
"I am greatly surprised not to have come upon cntJCJsms of the Photo-
graphic Salon in which the remarkable development among American exhibitors
is comml•ntcd on. It seems to me that is the most striking general feature of the
show this year. \Vhen acting on the Selecting Committee I felt that every
writer upon the exhibition would make it the first point in his review, hut I do
not rememher to have seen this opinion given any prominence or even put for-
ward at all. Honor and encouragement where it is due! Possibly the delicacy
and small size of much of the work causes it to escape attention, but the origJ-
alality and technical skill shown, and the striking effects s~.;cured in portraiture
and figure subjects impre~sed me considerably. It is not only the quality of the
skill, bnt the greatly increased number of exhibitors from the States who seem
to have suddenly jumped into excellence!
"The rapid spread of interest in pictorial photography which took place
among Vienna workers after their first invitation exhibition there will be well
remembered, as also more recently the adoption and mastery of the art among
our friends in Paris, ami now a similar quick step seems to have been taken in
the States. I have no time to inquire into the influences at work, but whatever
the causes may be, the effect must be very welcome to everyone interested in
these movements, and it would be a pity to let the circumstances pass unnoticed
if there is any accuracy in the observation.
"Altogether the exhibition this year strikes me as very satisfactory, and I
feel quite with your contributor last week, Mr. \Varcl 1\luir, that very many of
the exhibits come as surprises upon one, and are capable of giving keen pleasure
as pictures. There is still a predominance of attention given to fine or sensa-
tional effects of light and interest of subject planned without awkwardness, hut
there is also some appearance of that complete decorative quality which to me
seems more in eviden!=e in the little photographs by :\1 r. Calland than anywhere
else in the exhibition.
"One other word. Ill it too much to hope that the critics will cease repeat-
ing the statement that photographs arc done in reprehensible imitation of some
other style of graphic representation? 1 do not think it possible that anyone who
 CAMERA NOTES. 121

has genuinely given himself to making photographic pictures, even as a casual

hobby, could ever write or think such a comment. It betrays the albumenized
silver paper champion, and is reminiscent of the early persecution of Sir William
Newton. It were no great wonder if two workers, one with brush and the other
in photography, both ainung at making landscape pictures in black and white,
should show similar characteristics in their finished results! The truth is that
the photographer seeks an effect plec:sing to himself. Whether he is printing or
en:arging on bromide paper, dot1ble or treble printing on platinotype, or de-
veloping gum-bichromate photographs, he makes use of and pays attention to
the particular characteristics of the process, and selects and exhibits those results
which give him something of the pleasurable feeling which is his test of success.
Each of the processes has specific qualities, and the critic who fails to see any
advantage at all in any particular one of them either has a policy to misguide
him or is not qualified to deliver any judgment. Personally, I have tested and
tasted the pleasure of working in all the chief processes, and would strongly
recommend all those who essay to be critics to make themselves acquainted with
the technicalities of each process, and give a little honest work to picture-
making, instead of writing ahead of experience and trying to create an untrue
and foul current of opinion among those subject to their influence. By all
means let there be keen criticism, but let it be above newspaper and personal
policy. and let it show internal evidence of knowledge of the subject dealt
with."-The Amateur Photographer, London.
... ... ...
To Whom It May Concern.
Having more than once been asked by individuals whose work had been thrown out
by the jury of selection for the Philadelphia Photographic Salon, 1899, the reasons there-
of, I quote from some notes made during the judging of the photographs, with no idea
to make those already wise wiser, but, wishing to bring workers far away from the large
centers of our cities and societies more in touch with the photographic standards pre-
vailing in those places, and hoping to encourage many whose work was full of promise
and still refused, to try again. I find in my note book such memoranda as these of the
rejected work:
"Good material, badly handled, lrard, microscopic."
"Center of interest et·enl~· divided."
Meaning that the subject could neither be termed a figure with landscape or a
landscape with a figure, the importance of each being equal and therefore the composition
faulty.
"Lack of repose."
"Uninteresting to a general public."
"Bulls-eye."
Which refers to a large class of compositions with lines-trees, roads, buildings-
converging to a common center and buttoning as it were, with a large dark object such as
a wagon, a boat, etc.
Picturesque material, too black and ·white, would he greatly benefited by Platinotype
and Glycerine process.
"Too much like last year's exlribit."
Maker strikes but one note.
"Forced, hackn~J•t'd posr."
Arms thrown up, hands clasped behind the head.
"Name i11 white letters too couspic11o11s 011 fr,,me."
"Bad spacing."
A little more courage or knowledge of trimming would have helped many to pass
the test.
"Old school."
Sharply focused, retouched without judgment, purely mechanical effort.
 CAMERA NOTES: 123

Exhibition of the Pictures of Clarence H. White, of

Newark, Ohio.
(Oct. JO to 3t, J899.)
This collection of pictures embraced one hundred and twenty-one catalogued and some
half -a-dozen uncatalogued prints, and rtpresented the labor of four years; the serious.
purposeful labor of the best hours of four years of a man's life; the offspring-to speak
figuratively-of his heart and brain. Yet there were more than a few of those who saw
it who spoke of it flippantly and derisively as the chance work of an idle hour, and of
badly exposed plates; and who were confident that thty could do as well and better-
we are all masters till we try-and one prominent gentleman was moved to say, after hav-
ing seen the pictures for the first time, that it was "an outrage and an imposition" to have
hung such a collection of prints.
Indeed, so many interesting fragments of healthy abuse were launched at the print
committee. that if that body hatJ been scnsitivl' it would promptly have made its little act
of contrition; resigned its commission into the hands of the honorable president, and gone
into exile. Instead of doing this, how~:ver, its members continued to devote many hours
of their time to arranging for new exhibitions. And there is little room for doubt that so
long as it continues in existence this autocratic council of three will continue to the best
of its ability to carry out its origiml purpose-that of placing before the club comprehensive
exhibitions showing in its various stages the work of such as have won distinction in the
world of photography and art-that such members as are seriously interested may them-
~elves have the opportunity to ~ee this work, themselves judge of its merit or demerit at
first hand and themselves profit by the study of pictures that have found favor with
capabll' and eminent judges-if they be desirous of so doing. From the very high average
of the work shown at the last members' exhibition, it is certain that many of our members
are both seriously desirous and entirely capable of profiting by what they see and of
putting their knowledge to excellent use; and should they continue as they have begun
there is every reason tor believing that the Camera Club, New York, will eventually con-
tain some of the foremost workers in the photographic world.
But to return to the exhibition-the evident disappointment and distaste that it at
first ex<..1ted in the minds of some was quite counterbalanced by the frank surprise and
keen dehght that it aroused among others. especially among the artists who visited it.
And in order to properly understand the real nature and character of Mr. White's work
it will be necessary to discover if possible the precise reasons for its condemnation on
the one hand and its approval on the other. and an analysis of the situation based upon
careful personal observation has led to the conviction that those who condemned it did so
from some one of the following reasom : Some did not like it-could see nothing in it be-
cause they did not like the model. This was a prejudice akin to that of the individual who
could never see any beauty in the Venus of Melos because he did not happen to fancy its
face. Others found the use of the same model throughout tiresome. This from a
typical New Yorker who has become accustomed to live on new experiences-new excite-
ments-new tastes-who to a great extent has become blase and detests repetition and
demands the new-is the most natural objection in the worlrl. Lombroso would find in
it an evidence of degenerativn on the part of those who raised it. As nearly every great
artist in the age of great art marle repeated use of the same model. Mr. \Vhite is not en-
tirely without precedent. Apropos of this, one of thf' gentlemen of the club very wittily re-
marked that :Mr. \\'bite's was a one-man and at tht> same time a one-woman exhibition.
The marvel of the thing is that with one model he has been able to do so much.
Others ;tgain objected to Mr. White's style-his fondness for working in subdued
and niinor tones. Here again we have an objection found~:d on habits and associations
and it is only natural that one whose taste has been formed in a city like New York-
with its palatial piles of stone and iron-its brilliant pageants and spectacles-its dash-
its glare-its color, its extremcs in everything, should not take kindly to the subdued,
 CAMENA NOTE .....

contemplative tone of these pic-tures-conceived and executed in entirely different sur·

roundings and in an altogether different atmosphere.
The admirers of Mr. White's work on the other hand found it always interesting
1nd sometimes masterful in compo:;ition; refined in treatment; charming in notan:
poetic in feeling: and at times singularly beautiful. Furthennore, they see in it the distinct
evidence of thought and design. The "Lady with the Venus" for example was clearly
suggested by the lines of the statuette. and is an attempt to present a decorative portrait
tn;ated in a firm, forceful, simple manner; the "Readers," to tell a story with special
attention to the composition of the picture; the ''Bubble," to suggest a story rather than
tell one, the idea behind this picture being one of the most truly poetic of all of those
presented by :Mr. White. It is the picture of a young girl calmly, almost questioningly
contemplating a beautiful bubble which ~he has just blown. It is a well-nigh perfect piece
of composition (the unmounted, uncatalogued print is referred to), whose subject with
subtle poetry leaves much to land stimulates the imagination of the observer-while to
those familiar with them it calls to mind Tabb's beautiful lines on the same theme:-
"Why should I stay? Nor seed, nor fruit have I.
But sprung at once to beauty's perfect round,
Nor loss, n'Jr gain, nor change in me is found-
A life-complete in death-complete to die.
"Study of Hands, of Girl with H:.rp" tells its own story without the aid of the cata·
logue-a certain test of the artist's mastery of his subject. The picture has but one
fault-the face is rather too highly lighted for the absolute harmony of the picture, as it
distracts the attention from the hand;;, which resting upon a lap-harp are the centre of in·
terest, telling as they do the picture's story. They are refined, expressive hands with long
sensitive fingers that are in the act of sounding some chord upon the strings, and their
poise, the beautiful flowing cur\'es of the full sleeves that fall from the shoulders to the
wrists-the oval, spiritual face whose downcast eyes direct attention to the hands possess
a rythmic beauty that immediately suggests the idea of music and harmony; while in ''Fear"
and the "Old Chest Studies" the purely dramatic has been attempted with no small degree
of success.
It follows therefore from ;,II that has been said, that !\lr. White is an artist of the
first rank, and that his work bears the ~tamp of originality, sincerity and genius. There
is a unity of purpose and treatment about it that gin·s to it a distinctly individual char-
acter and imparts to it a marktd style. This is a dangerous quality, as it often imper-
ceptibly lures on to self-repetition and from being a means to an end becomes the end it-
self. More than one artist of great promise, having acquired a reputation for a good style,
has become the slave of his own creation and sacrificed to it his originality and genius.
Not all of the pictures of this collection were pleasing-some were hard of line, rough
in tone and faulty in composition-but as these one-man exhibitions are designed to show
a man's faulty work as well as his best, the only excuse for dwelling at length upon such
matters is that of calling them to the attention of the exhibitor that he may correct them;
and as an examination of !\lr. White's finished work showed very clearly that he had
himself discovered and corrected nearly all of these it will not be necessary to dwell longer
on the subject. While some of the pictures fail to exl'ite more than a momentary interest,
all of them challenge the respect due to serious and thoughtful work. And finally it may
be said about Mr. White's work that though critics may ra\'e about it, it will never appeal
to or be popular with the general public-it is too refined-too delicate and too purely
artistic and spirituelle; it appeals only to people of the nicest taste and feeling, to poets,
artists, and those of the most liberal education in art. \\iithout wishing to invite com-
parison it may be added for the purpose of making the meaning of the above statement
entirely clear, that the characteristics described are the same that prevented Shelley's
poems from ever l•ecoming generally Pt'pular, and which won for him at the same time
the rank of being the poet's poet. It should be said in closing that at the termination
of Mr. White's exhibition his pictures had no more outspoken admirer than the gentleman
who thought their hanging an imposition. ]. T. K.
 CAMERA NOTES. 125

Proceedings.
The regular monthly meeting for ] une petitiOn, announced that this cup had been
was held on the 13th, President Murphy awarded to Mr. Wm. D. Murphy for the
presiding. The treasurer reported a bal- ensuing six months.
ance on hand of $2,929-40· Mr. Beach announced that the entries
The only other business transacted w:.~ for the Lantern Slide Interchange would
the passing of a motion to refer to the close in a few days, and he moved that the
Lantern Slide Committee the question Lantern Slide Committee be requested to
whether the Club should contribute to the endeavor to collect a set of slides from
Lantern Slide Interchange this season. members to represent the dub in the Inter-
change for the ensuing year. The motion
• • • was carried.
On September 12th, the date prescribed Mr. Champney moved that the Lantern
for the first regular monthly meeting of Slide Committee be requested to secure or
the fall season, there was not a quorum note all desirable slides offered for test in
present, and no business was transacted. the future, with a view to the selection of
• • • future Interchange sets. The motion was
The regular October meeting was held carried.
on Tuesday, the 1oth, President Murphy After a brief discussion of the desirability
presiding. of having some official and recognized
The treasurer reported a balance on hand criticism of slides and prints, Mr. Strauss
of $1,856.63. offrred the following resolution, which was
President Murphy called attention to the seconded by Mr. Champney, and carried:
various club competitions, and urged mem-
bers to participate and to begin the work Resolved, That the trustees be requested
of preparation at once. to appoint a committee of competent critics,
~ome one of whom shall, at such times as
No other business being presented the the trustees shall direct, be prepared to
meeting then adjourned. criticise as to art and technique, such slides
•• • and prints as may be submitted to him by
members with a request for criticism.
At the regular monthly meeting of
November qth, President Murphy presid- ~lr. ]. Wells Champney called attention
ing, the treasurer reported a balance of to the exhibition of the work of Mr. Frank
$2,!)64.28. Eugene, whose exhibition on the walls of
Mr. Champney, as chairman of the the club hall was opened that evening, and
judges of the Presidential Print Committee, paid a most complimentary tribute to the
announced that the cup had been awarded work, both for its fine artistic. and original
to Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, to be held during technical qualities. He moved that a
the ensuing six months. minute be made of our appreciation of the
Mr. Stieglitz, chairman of the judges of exhibition as a demonstration of the artistic
the Championship Lantern Slide Com- possibilities of photography.

Last winter 1\lr. L. M. McCormick, a Club an interesting talk on his juurneyings

member of the Camera Club, spent several and experiences, illustrating it by slides
months in the Philippine Islands engaged from a number of his negatives. The audi-
in collecting arms, utensils and other ob- ence gained considerable information in
jects illustrative of the life and pursuits of relation to our new possessions, and the
the inhabitants, and while there he made illustrated descriptions conveyed clearer
many photographs of places and incidents impressions than are readily secured from
which he saw. newspaper accounts or books on the sub-
On Tuesday, October 24th, he gave the ject.
 126 CAMERA NOTES.

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following have been elected members of the Club ~ince the last issue of CAMERA
N'oTES: !\lessrs. Schuyler E. Day, 3I Nassau street, City; Henry H. Kingston, Jr. :z6
Cortlandt street. City; Louis C. Whiton, I4Q Broadway, City; Alfred Tuckerman. '342
West Fifty-seventh street, City; Henry K. Bull, Great Barrington, Mass.; ]. C. Vail. Mor-
ristown, N. J.: Fred. D. Storey, I I 1 Fifth avenue, City; Lloyd T. Williams, 186 Second
avenue, City; Joseph Schneible, 30 East One Hundred and Nineteenth street. City; Maj.
Frank C. Grugan. 10 East F1fty-third street, City; Albert E. Schaaf, 7 West One Hundred
and First street. City: James Douglas. 99 John street, City; ]. Wesley Allison, Phila-
delphia, Pa.: John W. Barber, Newton !\tass.: William Hoge, Buffalo. N. Y.: Edward N.
Grt:tton. 34 Nassau street, City; Harold Hart, I03 West Eighty-eight street, City; Edward
Heim, 3.1 Wall street, City; Henry Galoupean, 243 East Seventy-second street, City; Mrs.
Gertrude Kiisebier, 27J Fifth avenue, City, and Miss Virginia Prall, Washington, D. C.
The Club is indebted to :\Iessrs. W. E. Wilmerding, W. A. Fraser, and Franklin

... ... ...

Harper for donations and gifts for the improvement of the photographic plant.

Honors Won in Foreig-n Lands by Camera Cub Members.

Mr. Alfred Stieglitz was awarded the "Royal .1\Ieclal" at the forty-fourth annual exhi-
bition of the Royal Photographic Society, London.
Mr. R. Eickemeyer, ]r., was fortunate enough to secure three prizes at the Bootie
Society Exhibition, England; a gold, a silver, and a hronze medal in various classes.

... ...
Mr. John Beeby received the silver medal for lantern slides in the same exhibition .

Detroit Salon.
At the recent Detroit Exhibition, W. D. Murphy received the Grand Prize in the Salon

... ... Salon....

Section for hi& Lutschinenthal, Switzerland.

Chicago
The Chicago Society of Amateur Photographers proposes holding an International
Photo-Salon in Chicago, sometime in the early spring of H}OO. The exhibition will be
held in galleries placed at the disposal of the Society by the Art Institute of Chicago,
and will be conducted on substantially the same lines as the Philadelphia.
The Jury of Selection will be composed of Messrs. Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph T. Keiley
and Clarence White, Miss Eva Lawrence Watson and Mr. Ralph Clarkson. who is one
of the jury of selection of pictures for the American exhibit in the Paris Exposition
of 1900.
The Committee in charge of the Chicago Salon consists of Messrs. Frederick K.

... ... ...

Lawrence, William B. Dyer, Edward L. Bourke and l\larshall Wait.

Camera Club
,.
Competitions.
Lantern Slide Championship Cup.
jUDGE's REPORT.
It is sincerely to be regretted that the members of the Club have again shown so little
interest in this competition. There is but one entry. Still, the undersigned thinks the
same of sufficient merit to warrant the award of the cup. Mr. \Vm. D. Murphy thus
becomes the holder of the cup for the coming year.
(Signed) AL•'RED STIEGLITZ,
Judge.
Messrs. Fraser, Berg and Murphy have each won the cup once. In order to become

... ... ...

the owner of it, it must be won three times by one and the same competitor.

Presidential Print Priu Competition..

Messrs. J. Wells Champney, Jos. T. Keiley and R. Eickemeyer, Jr., awarded this
prize to Mr. Alfred Stieglitz for his entry, which as in the above competition was the
sole one.
Mr. Stieglitz has now won the cup twice, and only needs to score once more to win
it outright.
 CAMERA NOTES. 1117

Current Notes.
Polychrome Process for Projectlon.-~1. Leon \"ida!, in the Bulletin
du Photo-Club de Paris, describes an interesting and simple method of produc-
ing polychrome projection slides. For obtaining the three negatives giving the
radiations of the primary colors the reader is referred to the extensive literature
on this subject. To produce the projection slides thin film, such as the Kodak
film of the Eastman Co., is ust'd. This is cut in pieces of the desired size and
sensitized in a 0.75 per cent. solution of bichromate of ammonia by immersion
kr two minutes and then pinned on a board to dry. This is done in a dim light.
not necessarily red or yellow, and the drying in the dark. The films are exposed
in sunlight under the negative-film side mvay from the negative-exposure
varying from fifteen seconds to one or two minutes. A photometer is here a
valuable aid. They are then developed, by artificial lig-ht, in water at a temper-
ature of 40° to 50° C. After development the remaining bromidt: of silver ts
removed in a r 5 per cent. solution of hyposulphite of soda. They are then
washed and dried. It is well to mark them previously with the letters B, Rand
Y, corresponding to the negatives for blue, red and yellow, in order to avoid
error in the further manipulation.
The films are now tinted in solutions of methyl green (which in reality
gives a blue color) for the blue, erythrome for the red and a mixture of naph-
thol yellow and eosine yellow for the yellow. They are floated for a short time
on these solutions and dried without washing. Then they are superimposed
and properly registered-the blue being placed on the yellow and the red on the
blue. If exposures and tinrtng have been correct the result will be good. If it
is not so the fault will generally be in the red or blue film and can be corrected
by replacing by a new film the one which is too strong or too weak. The whole
is mounted between two cover glasses, matted and hound and is then ready for
the lantern.
Oralned Prlnta.-M. Vidal in the ilfoniteur de Ia Photographic suggests
the use of a grained glass screen to obtain prints resembling engravings or
water-color drawings. A positive is made from the original negative and
then a second negative through a grained glass screen. From this last negative
prints in gum, carbon, or any other process may be made resembling crayon
drawings on rough paper.
Varnished Bromide Prints -Dr. E. Vogel in Photographische Mit-
teillmgm states that bromide prints frequently lose brilliancy in the shadows
after drying. This can be remedied by the use of a varnish which will give
the same effect as when they are wet. He gives the following formula for a
varnish.
Borax. . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 gm.
Coarse powdered white shellac ................ Joo gm.
Water ....•............•...................... soo cern.
Solution is hastened by warming and the addition of so to 100 ccm. of al-
cohol makes the solution clearer. This bath is filtered and the prmts floated
upon it. Prints toned with uranium or ferricyanide of potassium should not
be treated in this way, as the borax destroys the tone.
128 CAMERA NOTES.

Pbotostrapby on Wood.-This process, invented and published in 1857

by Lalleman, a French engraver, has recently been revived. It is as follows:
The wood is first polished with fine sandpaper and then soaked in a solu-
tion of alum and dried. To it is then applied the following solution:
Water ........................................ 450 cern.
White soap.................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to gm.
Alum................. ....................... 5 gm.
Gelatine .................•................ 15 to 20 gm.
Before the application of this solution the wood is slightly warmed and af-
terwards the solution is wiped off and then fresh solution reapplied and allowed
to dry. When thoroughly dry it is soaked for one or two minutes in a solution
of chloride of ammonia 3 to rooo and dried, then sensitized in a solution
of nitrate of silver 1 to 8 and dried in the dark. It is printed and fixed in the
regular way and afterwards washed for five minutes only. Very beautiful re-
sults are thus obtained.
Reduc:lnst and Reveralnst Nestatlves.-Prof. Namias in Photography
gives the result of some of his experimental research in this line and finds that
solutions of permang-anate of potash and sulphuric acid will yield results closely
resembling those of ammonium persulphate without the necessity of subsequent
treatment with sulphite. The reducing formula is as follows:
Potassium permanganate.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o.so gm.
Commercial sulphuric acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 cern.
Water ........................................ 1000 cern.
The solution keeps well. It is poured on the negative and the dish rocked
during immersion. If the negative assumes a brown color this can be removed
by dipping for a few moments in a o.so to I per cent. solution of oxalic acid.
For reversing the plate should be by preference not very rapid and should
be fully exposed. It is developed as far as possible without giving rise to fo~
with a hydroquinone developer containing at least 7 grammes of potassium bro-
mide to the litre. The plate is then rinsed in water and placed in the acidifiecl
pcrmanganate solution, which ought to be twice as strong as that used for re-
duction. In this bath the silver forming the image rapidly dissolves and the
plate takes a biownish tinge which can be removed as before hy treatment with
oxalic acid. The operations subsequent to development can be performed in
daylight. The positive image should now be blackened and a solution of metol
with caustic alkali is recommended.
Metol................................. . . . . . . . 10 gm.
Sodium sulphite.............................. 20 gm.
Potassium hydrate....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 ~·
Water.......................... ....... ... 1000 cern.

Development takes place rapidly and if necessary a little formalin may be added
to prevent frilling.
lnten•lflc:atlon of Platlnotypes.-Pnderprintcd platinotypes may often
be saved hy the following method-that of Hiibl:
SoLUTION A.
Formate of soda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 gm.
Water............ .. .. . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. 30 cern.
SoLUTION B.
Perchloride of platinum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . 6. 5 gm.
Water ....................................... 30 ccm.
 CAMERA NOTh:S 131
------- ---~--- --- - -- -

Take I cern. of each solution (A and B), water 30 cern., and immerse the
prints (which should have been previously well washed) therein. Density grad-
ually increases and as soon as this is sufficient they should be well washed and
dried.
Agfa. -The new intensifying agent Agfa, prepared by the Actien-Gesell-
schaft fiir Anilin Fabrikation zu Berlin has been found most satisfactory by
those who have employed it. The results obtained are far superior to those of
the old process and are nearly if not quite equal to those obtained with platinum
intensification, with the advantage of being much less expensive.
.Sulphide Tonlng,-The Photographic News for Sept. 8th, '99, gives a
new method of toning silver prints without the use of gold, giving results of
great permanence.
The prints should first be thoroughly washed in water, then in salt and
water and again in water to get rid of all soluble salts of silver and also any
preservative acids that may be in the paper. They are then fixed thoroughly
in a fresh hypo solution. After fixing give a rapid wash in several changes of
water and again immerse in a fresh solution of hypo for a few minutes. The
prints should then be washed in several changes of water at first and then in
running water. Much of the success depends on the efficiency of the washing.
To tone the prints all that is necessary is to convert the silver into th~
mono-sulphide, Ag2 S. To do this take a solution of ammonium sulphide-an
evil-smelling liquid-which should be used in extremely dilute condition. An
exact formula cannot be given, as the strength of the ammonium sulphide solu-
tion varies so much, but three to four drops to a pint of water is ample. The
amount is readily estimated by the smell, which should be scarcely perceptible.
The slower the toning the better the result and fifteen minutes at least should
be allowed for this. If carefully done the prints will slowly and gradually
darken through all the stages of sepia browns to rich purple or purple brown and
the whites remain perfectly pure. Black or blue-black cannot be obtained by this
method.
Celluloid Filma In Printing.-Thin films of celluloid placed between the
negative and sensitive paper in printing will produce most pleasing and artistic
effects. In this way all essential details of the negatives are retained, without
giving the effect of out of focus negatives and the result is simply that the lines
of the print are softened. The effect may be varied bv using thin or thick cellu-
loid or a varying number of layers of thin celluloid.
Development of Orthochromatic: Plates.-To those who find difficulty
in developing orthochromatic plates in a very dark room or with the develop-
ing tray covered with some dark screen the following method will be found
of advantage:
The tray containing the plate is covered over with a sheet of red glass and
the full light of the dark-room turned on. To the operator in the dark-
room the red glass appears white and the full process of development can be
watched without detriment to the plate.
X Ray Prlnta. -Those interested in X ray work will find the formulae
given in the last number of CAMERA NOTES under the heading Platinum Prints
from Weak Negatives of great value in obtaining prints from negatives where
132 CAMERA NOTE!,:

the contrast between bone and tissue is not marked. The writer has adoptec.l
this method in preference to all others anc.l finds the results superior to those
which can be obtained from any of the silver papers, both in contrast and
brilliancy of definition.
Kac:bln.-Much has been written of late in regard to simultaneous de-
velopment and fixing. The new agent Kachin can be used with hypo to
develop and fix at the same time ami has the additional advantages of being
rapidly dissolved and not discoloring either fingers or film. A great latitude of
exposure is also admissible. The formula is as follows:
SoLUTION' A.
Sulphite of soda crystals ..................... 30 l(rn.
Water ........................................ 75 cern
Pure caustic soda . .. . . . . ... . . . 7 gm.
Kachin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jtm.
For use take
Solution A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 12 cern.
Hyposulphite of soda ......................... 20 gm.
Water ......................................... 30 cern.
The plate is left in the solution until entirely fixed but can be examined by or
dinary gas light before development is complete.
Panak and Blrasaol.-These terms are applied to preparations recently
introduced which may be used to sensitize postal cards, letter heads, etc., and
which require no gold bath for development or fixing. Prof. Valenta has an-
alyzed these products and gives the following formulre, which will give identical
!'('Stilts:
'· Ferric ammonium citrate......... . . . . . . . . 2.5 Jl.r.
Water .................................. 25 ccm.
2. Nitrate of silver...................... .. .. 3·~ gr.
Water............. .. . .. ............... 15.20 cern.
Ammonia is added to the second solution until the brown precipitate is redis-
solved and then a few drops of sulphuric acid, so that the solution still has an
acid reaction but no longer an ammoniacal odor. The two solutions are then
mixed and preserved in the dark. A little gelatine increases the brilliancy.
The paper is brushed over with this liquid and printed when dry. It is fixed in
a solution of hypo. 3·5 to 100 grammes of water, to which is aclded 1.3 grammes
of sulphite of soda.
... ... ...
CHARLES W. STEVENS.

A Hint in Platinum.
Instead of trimming your rough platinum prints accurately and pain-
fully sharp and straight all around, try teariug the paper to the required size
and shape. This gives soft ''hand made'' edges, and various clegrees of rough-
ness may be easily secured.
By placing the paper face down and tearing in one sweep along the edge
of a rule, a comparatively straight edge results. If the paper is torn a little
at a time, a fresh hold being taken at frequent intervals, the result is rougher.
If the paper is placed face up these processes give the same results, but with
more or less white edges. Another good method is to fold the paper, but with-
out rubbing down the fold, and then to cut it with a comparative!\' blunt
paper cutter. Try it! W. F. H.
134 CAMERA NOTES.

the name of portraits. They should not force the word sketch to their use, and
good etymological compounds with it art! very awkward and cumbersome, and
yet they need a word like it. Why not try once more an old, and now suffi-
ciently redeemed and dignified name, which just fills the want, and call these
creations photographs. Are the art photographers afraid to?
To return to our main line of thought: The photographer has no right
virtually to ask our consideration and admiration of a thing as pictorial, and yet
try to shield himself from serious criticism in any way, and especially not by a
misuse of and a juggling with terms. Art products must be judged by immuta-
ble laws and universal standards. Particular and personal considerations may
influence our judgment of the man and lead us to praise him for doing so well,
or having such high ideals, but they should not affect our judgment of his per-
formances as art, when he offers them to us as such. Photographers in art mat-
ters are ordinarily more amateurish and complacent than was little Tommy
Tucker, and over very small plums. And they demand "criticism" more appre-
ciative, lenient and constructive than that for lack of which Browning's Waring
slipped off to hide in Van Dieman's Land. But our photographers do not dis-
appear in the night, although some of their "studies" mostly do.
In comic opera Gilbert gave us a woman whose fascination lay in a beauti-
ful shoulder-blade. Photographers apparently would also give us Katishas, or
else they expect us to imagine--to reconstruct-a woman from a glint of light
on a rounded shoulder. This is often all the more disappointing because the
little we can see is so very charming. But all the rest is little but muddy blacks
on muddier blacks, for photographic shadows unfortunately are seldom lumi-
nous, or the blacks deep and full of quality. M. Demachy has told us but the
mournful truth in this matter.
A recent exhibitor, in explaining a large print that showed the exquisite
outline of a cheek and arm in a very intense light, but elsewhere revealed noth-
ing but blackness, save for the corner of a window, said that he liked the thing
because it gave him the feeling that the rest of the figure was there, in the dark.
But really that is not as logical an art reason as if he had said a certain door was
ugly because its edge, in as great darkness, had given him the feeling of being
there also. It is no part of the critic's duty to go back of what is shown in the
art product, to discover things that are not there. As far as he can follow the
artist through his work, as deep as he can go therein and get meaning, he may
go. But when he begins to give meaning to mere cloudiness, he is past the lim-
its of criticism. Nowadays we have many-too many-appreciations that mask
under the title of criticisms.
Nature does not show such extreme contrasts as most of these very black
and white photographs represent. That is no reason why art should not make
extremes meet, if we thus improve on nature artistically-that is, in the produc-
tion of a certain effect. But the graphic arts must make their appeal to us
through our eyes, and most of us can not see a great deal in the dark. How-
ever, it is but fair to ourselves and others to see all we truthfully can in every
honest effort towards art. DAr.LETT FuGUET.
be, and intended as an exercise to give familiarity and certainty of treatment when after-
wards dealing with such study as part of a completed work. Thus, before commencing
on a figure composition, a painter may make many studies for the leading lines, the mass-
ing of light and shade, the drapery, the hands, pose of the head, etc. Of each of these
he makes many versions, improving. selecting, discarding-they are truly 'studies.' In
photography, too often, the 'study' betrays no evidence of thought, is in no sense an
exercise, and can have no beneficial effect upon any subsequently-to-be-finished picture.
except as an example of what to avoid. Wherefore. why not be content to call a spade a
spade, and a sheep a sheep, or be content with a simple catalogue number and no title
if the subject will not warrant one?"
 CAMERA. SOTES.

II.
The Salon of 1899 is now numbered among the events of the past.
It opened on the evening of October the twenty-first, when the gallery of
the academy in which the pictures were displayed was uncomfortably crowded
by the brilliant throng that had gathered in honor of the event: and from that
time till the period of its close it was well attended by visitors from all over the
country. It was my privilege to be present at the opening and to note the im-
pression created by the exhibition on those who then saw it, which was very evi-
dently one of incredulous surprise in most instances, for frequently during the
evening I heard one remark to another: "That picture there can only be the
copy of some painting": and thereafter I remained for a week's time in Phila-
uelphia studying the pictures from my own point of view and from that of many
others with whom I came in contact in the gallery during that time in order that
I might be in a position to prepare as comprehensive a review of this exhibition
as it is possible for any one person swayed by preconceived tastes and prejudices
to write. And I shall now endeavor to present such a critical review of the ex-
hibition as will convey an accurate notion of its main characteristics and short-
comings and which will be representative not of my own views alone, but those
of many others from different parts of the country with whom it was my good
fortune to discuss these pictures.
\Vhen, preparatory to beginning work upon this article, I looked over the
catalogue of the pictures of the Salon I found that a number of these were al-
ready quite forgotten. Let such be consigned to kind oblivion, for when a pict-
ure after very careful study fails to leave an impression on the memory that
will last beyond the period of a few days it is not apt to possess any of those
qualities that demand serious, thoughtful criticism.
Serious, thoughtful criticism! One would be led to infer from most of
the photographic reviews and criticisms that have so far appeared that to criti-
cise photographs seriously or to attribute to their makers any degree of purpose
were a deadly crime. Indeed the two chief inducements, apparently, that
tempt the critics to write about photographs at all seem to be first, the chance to
say something smart at the picture's expense entirely regardless of whether the
picture may merit ridicule or not. and second, the opportunity to realize an
honest ( ?) penny by filling space about them with the merest verbiage.
The "critic's'' vocabulary seemingly must consist of a varied assortment of
sugared, non-committal, space-filling words, such for instance as sweet, lovely.
clever and the like, which may be qualified by adjectives superlative or modified
by such saving words as if. almost, or perhaps. The rules of criticism seem to
be: first, never by any chance say anything positive or definite : second, never to
lose the opportunity of saying something smart or clever if the victim happens
to he unknown ; third, and above all never to presume to regard a pho-
tograph as an example of work evidencing individual artistic conception
or feeling.
This, of course, though not universally true, is the rule rather than the
exception, and whenever protest is entered the critics in question pause in their
labors long enough to attack him who undertakes to take them to task, and to
 CAMERA NOTES. 137

insinuate that he is either an abnormally sensitive person, a blind enthusiast or a

gibbering idiot. "You have quite mistaken our attitude, but you are simply
blind to the limitations of photography, which is but a craft at best," practically
declares the art critic who wrote the greatest number of reviews of this year's
Salon.
The trouble is that most art critics, however learned they may be in other
departments of art, are not well informed on matters photographic nor upon the
aims of the photographer; and hence being obliged to say something when in
writing up photographic exhibitions which they have been sent to review, they
meet with a photograph which appears to possess merit above that which they
are in the habit of associating with the ordinary photograph, of their own taking
perhaps, they promptly call it either an illegitimate production or a "clever imi-
tation" of that process which it calls most readily to their minds.
Let me say in beginning my review, therefore, that it is not a fact that I am
an enthusiast upon this subject to the extent of allowing my judgment to be
blinded. None could be more opposed than myself to the foisting upon the pub-
lic of wretched photographs as pictures worthy of admiration. I am quite as
c:pposed to this as I am to the taste-degenerating habit of many of our modern
art societies of annually exhibiting rafts of the most wretched water-color pro-
ductions imaginable. But I realize the possibilities of photography and feel
that those who are doing good work are entitled to serious, honest criticism, and
I shall therefore state with entire frankness my impressions of the Salon as a
whole and of its pictures individually wherever they left with me a lasting im-
pression. I shall not, however, permit mere judgment of technical treatment to
be the dominating influence in my criticism, for as Heine observes: "It is not
fitting that the first voice to be heard estimating works of art should be that of
cold judgment, any more than the same judgment should play the chief part in
their conception. The general idea of a work of art has birth in the soul, and
the soul draws upon the imagination for the power of realization. Phantasy
then throws all her flowers in and around the idea; and instead vitalizing it
would almost smother it, did not judgment limp along and push aside the super-
fluous flowers, or prune them with naked garden shears. Judgment maintains
order merely; and, so to speak, acts as police in the realm of art. In life judg-
ment is usually an impassive calculator which reckons up our follies. Alas, it
is too often merely the auditor of a broken heart and sums up the deficit with
deliberate calm."
Therefore I shall not pass from picture to picture dwelling merely upon
whether this one was well printed, that properly exposed or the negative of
another under-developed or that the one beyond is not legitimate because de-
veloped with a brush, but I shall endeavor to discover whether it possessed any
positive beauty, sensuous or intellectual, and if so wherein lies its chief charm
and whether it was the result of a preconceived idea or inspiration, and if so
whether in my judgment it was feelingly rendered or worthy of perpetuation.
Incidentally I shall point out what appeared to me to be a picture's gravest
faults, and where it appears to me that any picture is out of place and unworthy
I shall state that fact, for if it should happen that I was in error, which is quite
possible, and the picture possessed positive artistic merit, nothing that I can say
 CAMERA NOTES.

will materially injure it, and I, rather than the picture, will be the one most apt
to suffer.
The exhibition as a whole impressed me most favorably. This was due to
the fact that there was a pleasing variety of style, color and form in the individ-
ual exhibitions and to the circumstance that the pictures were exceptionally well
hung and presented to the eye a harmonious unity and delightful variety that
was singularly satisfactory; so that even the Sears pictures with their broad,
light mounts did not jar upon the sight as much as otherwise they certainly
would have done.
The pictures thus referred to, those by 1\frs. Sarah C. Sears, received a
larger share of my attention than any other pictures in the entire collection.
This was due to the circumstance that my first impression of them had been any-
thing but favorable; and to the conviction that in view of the existing circum-
stances of their having been accepted by a jury whose opinions I respect, given
what is popularly considered the place of honor on the walls (it would have been
impossible to have hung them elsewhere, however, without doing mortal injury
to their neighbors because of the great areas of white about them) ; and referred
to by nearly all of the reviewers as one of the features of the exhibition-that
that first impression must necessarily have been an erroneous one.
Hence, whenever I entered the gallery I visited Mrs. Sears' pictures, ex-
amined them with the greatest care, discussed them with their most ardent
admirers, and did my best to convince myself that they were entirely worthy of
all that had been said and written of them. Yet despite all this my first opinion
grew stronger instead of disappearing. The pictures showed absolutely no
imagination; they were entirely lacking in the purely sensuous charm of notan
or line. They were not even technically perfect. Let it not be thought from this
last observation that I discount technique. Such is not the case, for the more
one knows about technique in photography, or anything else, the better is he
equipped for the execution of his ideas, and the less he knows the more is he
handicapped; I simply referred to technique because there are times when a very
commonplace picture is extremely interesting and possessed of certain merit
because of its perfect technical treatment, and the pictures in question had not
even that to condone their existence. Their chief merit lay in a certain force,
which is very marked in several of the pictures, which, if they had been spaced
more happily, would have saved them to some extent. There was also shown an
appreciation for textural values, which in fairness should be noted. They ap-
peared crude in other respects, and hardly deserved a place in such an exhibi-
tion as this, and their presence in it lowered the tone of the entire collection.
I have seen pictures far worse than these at some of our water-color exhibi-
tions, and I could name one or two of our painters whose productions have met
with some degree of favor, whose work is much inferior, but that is no reason
for their having been permitted to mar a first-class photographic salon-a dis-
tinction, by the way, of which they by no means enjoyed the monopoly, as there
were other pictures shown that even outclassed them.
Immediately adjoining and to the left of this exhibit as I faced it, was that
of Miss Mathilde Weil, one of the best known and most accomplished of Phila-
delphia's professional photographers. This exhibit, while much in advance of
 CAMERA NOTES. 141
----~- -- --------------------------
its neighbor, was not by any means of the first order. Song of the Meadow
Lark, No. 334, which was reproduced in the catalogue, was evidently the most
popular of Miss Weil's pictures. Yet as I stood before it there came over me
strong doubts as to its sincerity. By that I mean that it had the appearance of
inconsistency. Each of the handsome girls in the picture had her skirt carefully
folded back upon itself and fastened about the waist, that its outer surface might
not be disfigured by burrs or defaced by briars, and one of them carried in her
beautiful hands a small sickle, as if to put into the observer's mind the sugges-
tion·that they were peasant girls, while the small ricks of hay or grain that
showed in the distance were evidently intended to carry out the suggestion by
making it appear that the girls had been working in the field, and had either
paused in or just finished their labors, and were listening to the song of the lark.
But where women work in the fields they do not wear skirts that are lined with
crash or horsehair stiffening material, and in these days they would not under-
take to mow down so large a field with so small an instrument, whose chief use
is either that of lopping off the tops of plants or trimming corners or other
places inaccessible to the scythe or mower-and if they did by any chance under-
take the task, the use of such an instrument would play sad havoc with the beau-
tiful hands that grasped it. Neither do the countenances of country lassies show
such traces of urbane refinement and culture as marked these fair faces so dis-
tinctively. The costumes, too, were too chic for peasants' costumes, and I found
myself speculating as I looked at the picture, if each one of these beautiful girls
did not find special charm in some delicate perfume, after the dainty French
fashion, and whether I should not see them later in the season in some one of the
fashionable boxes at the Horse Show or opera. In a word, they did not seem to
belong to the landscape, which, by the way, was rather well rendered, and the
picture impressed me as being the result rather of aspiration than a creation of
inspiration.
Of the pictures shown by Miss Weil that entitled Portrait: Miss Jf., No.
331, pleased me most. It is a refined piece of portrait work, simple and in good
taste. Lady With Muff, No. 332, was also quite attractive, and in some respects
a more vigorous picture than the others. But the entire exhibition gave me the
impression that while Miss W eil brought into her photographic work distinct
evidence of good taste, judgment and literary accomplishments, she failed to
impart to it the stamp of a still more important characteristic, that of loving to
do it for its own sake: and, in a word, that it is with her rather a clever accom-
plishment than an absorbing passion. The literary influence, by the way, was
shown in the selection of the title of No. 334, for so11g of any kind fits better to
a poem than to a picture.
Turning from Miss Weil's pictures I came upon those of Mr. Francis
Watts Lee. Certain of his portraits remind me somewhat of some of Mrs.
Kasebier's work. I do not wish to be understood to say that they are copies in
any sense of the word, for Mr. Lee's own individuality is too pronounced and
his honesty too sterling to make even the suggestion of such a thing possible.
What I would convey is that certain qualities in her work had suggested certain
ideas to him, which he has proceeded to work out in his own way. The portraits
in question were fine examples of honest portraiture, dignified in style and evi-
 CA.UERA NOTES.

dencing a nice appreciation of the characteristics of the subjects-and admirable

as such rather than as works of art. But the central piece of his exhibition, No.
216, I think it was, the head of a woman of middle age shown in profile, is
really an exquisite piece of work, trrated with a simple elegance that is almost
classic. Of its kind it was the most perfect thing that I have ever seen, and the
frame was in such entire harmony with the picture that picture and frame
formed an inseparable unity. Mr. Lee was not so happy in the framing of
several other pictures of his exhibit, whose subtle delicacy of outline was alto-
gether lost to the eye through the inharmonious massiveness of their frames.
One of these latter was especially attractive-it was entitled the "Vision, and was
the portrait of a woman so delicately rendered that it faded away almost imper-
ceptibly into the white background. The face was of a spirituelle type, full of
delicate refinement and feeling, and the wide-open eyes, which looked squarely
out at the observer, were so soft with some strange, sacred sadness, that they
haunted me long after and made me feel that there are depths in the heart of a
woman that man can never know.
The five pictures shown by Miss Mary Devens were far in advance of those
exhibited by her last year. Her gum-bichromate work, while wanting the vivac-
ity and facility of Demachy prints, is strong and shows nice taste and discrim-
ination. Her Portrait: Aunt Howe, which was not unlike a Holbein drawing in
style, was a very attractive piece of work, full of strength and character; but it
was The Country Road that I liked most, although her Willows, No. 115, repro-
duced in the catalogue, was by far the more popular picture. It was one of the
marked pictures of the Salon, partly because of its own individuality and partly
because it was reminiscent of certain immortal canvases of painters long since
dead, and on comparing it with one of them, a Corot of a somewhat similar sub-
ject, I find that the light in the sky of the painting has not the riband effect of
the photograph, but is much more subtly and pleasingly diffused, melting im-
perceptibly into its darker portions. It is in this respect chiefly that I find the
photograph at fault, most of the darker sky-parts massing too solidly, thus los-
ing the atmospheric quality, like certain old English paintings that, owing to the
inferior quality of the pigment used, have quite lost their original character and
grown "blocky" in their skies. The tree in the distance is well rendered, except
for the dark note in its upper. left corner, (I speak of the left side of the picture,
not mine as I face it), which was quite as dark as some of the darker portions of
the trees in the foreground, which would hardly be true of so distant an object;
but the massing foliage at the left and the foreground of the picture have been
handled with singular power and feeling and are full of charm. In A Misty
Morning, No. I 17, Miss Devens exhibited one of her very interesting fog pict-
ures, which would be much truer, it strikes me, if rendered in a grayer tone. In
this picture was presented the same subject virtually that Mrs. Russell displayed
in another aspect. Mrs. Russell likewise exhibited five pictures, of which the
picture just referred to, The bmer Harbor, No. 259, was one of the most attrac-
tive, and which greatly resembled a delightful bit of Delft. Her Wingaer Sheik,
No. 257, was a much stronger picture, if not quite so decorative, while her
Spring Time, No. 256, was a very interesting child study.
In Alfred, No. 6o, (Mr. John G. Bullock), was shown another child study,
 CAMERA NOTES. 143
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quaint and full of feeling. This picture was lighted from the side in a rather
interesting manner. Road with Cattle, No. 61, also by ~\fr. Bullock, was a quiet
little country scene that was both restful and pleasing.
The Eye of Day, No. 203, Nellie M. C. Knappen, was a rather pleasing bit
of landscape, with a ghostly doe or cow grazing in the foreground, a circum-
stance that caused me no little speculation. What had the Eye of Day to do with
the wandering shades of darkness?
~Ir. Fraser's Moonlight on the Pla::a, No. 134, was by no means as fine a
piece of work as his Columbus Circle of last year. The picture was more inter-
esting from a local and technical point of view than from an artistic one. Its
values, too, are wanting to some extent in verity.
In The Day's End, No. 133, G. D. Firmin, the horizon line is rather hard
and the distance not well managed, but the group of figures in the foreground is
exceptionally well rendered, and in this respect Mr. Firmin has succeeded in
making a picture out of one of the most unpicturesque subjects imaginable-a
party of men in modern costume just returned from a long day's fishing. The
average man when he goes off for a day of sea-fishing, if he really means to fish,
dons the most disreputable suit of clothing that his wardrobe can furnish, and
arrayed therein is anything but pleasing to the artistic eye. I know of one
object only that is less so, and that is the same man on his return. The group in
this picture was composed of a party of just such men beaching their fishing
boat at the hour of dusk. They look tired and disappointed and go quietly
about their work of landing, showing none of the evidences of a successful day.
Their attitudes are easy and picturesque as they move forward through the surf
dragging their boat after them-dim in the dusk of approaching night. It is
hard to imagine this subject having been more ably or satisfactorily presented;
and in it Mr. Firmin has scored a distinct success.
Lidia, No. 81, and The Century. No. 8o, two posters by Allan Drew Cook,
attracted much attention and suggested new fields for photographic workers,
but it was in his portrait work that Mr. Cook was at his best. and the two ex-
amples, Herbert, 1\o. R2, and Mrs. 0., No. 83, show him to be a man of quick
perception and nice artistic feeling. The portrait, Mrs. 0., is a splendid picture
of an exceptionally handsome woman. It is well spaced and shows well ren-
dered flesh texture. But it is with children that he seems to be at his best. He
evidently studies and understands their natures and wins their confidence to the
point of being able to interpret them in the light of their chief characteristics
truly and sympathetically. Yet as I looked at this work-pleasing as it was, I
could not banish the notion that it showed certain traces of restraint, as if its
maker were being held back by some influence from doing the best that he is
capable of, and that only when he succeeds in absolutely asserting his individu-
ality will he accomplish his greatest and most lasting work.
In tlze Refectory, !\'o. 76, (S. Hudson Chapman), was a technically fine
piece of work which I should call interesting rather than artistic; that is, it was
not a picture calculated to impart ::esthetic pleasure.
There was a homely charm about W. S. Clow's two pictures, Where Trou-
ble E1zds, No. 77, and Wlzo Can Tell What a Baby Thi11ks, No. 78, that went to
the hearts of those that loved and understood child life with all of its strange
 CAMERA NOTES.

little incidents and woes. The manner in which the third figure was introduced
into No. 78 was original, effective and daring.
Hewett A. Beasley's small picture, The New Arri·z;als, No. 40, illustrated
how very much can be done towards making a pleasing picture with the simplest
of material if one is blessed with the artist's instincts and knowledge enough of
technique to put it into execution. I have never seen a subject of this kind so
well handled in photography before. The tonal values of the picture leave little
to be desired, and its composition is admirable. In its own way the picture was
a little gem.
Miss Alice Austin's Portrait, No. 21, was a simple, refined, unostentatious
example of modern portraiture.
Highland Pasture, No. 52, J. C. Brenan, was to a great extent a master-
piece. It showed a number of sheep in search of pasturage moving lazily along
a mountain side that sloped gradually from right to left. They were spread out
almost in line and outlil!ed in profile against a gray sky, presenting a series of
the most beautiful undulating curves that I have ever seen. They were the
curves of motion and were positively rhythmical. Owing to the indifferent
framing of the picture and a certain crudeness of finish it escaped my eye more
than once, but upon examination I had to confess that it was one of the most at-
tractive sheep pictures that I had ever seen.
Anson Bidwell McVay's A Jfisty Morni11g, No. 224, might have been an
interesting picture but for the little black dog in the distance. This dog stood
some way up the road, in advance of the girl in the left foreground, but the ani-
mal was so badly placed and so very black that it proved the point of power, or
center of gravitation of the picture, and brought the girl and road flat against
one another, and itself directly under the girl's arm-all of which, of course, was
fatal to the pictorial possibilities of the picture.
Memories, No. 204, George F. Kunz, and Spirits of Spri11g, No. 226, H. W.
Minns, were two very pleasing landscape pictures, done in rich silver grays. I
thought at first that they were the work of the same person, so alike were they
in style. They were slightly suggestive of some of Puyo's landscape work.
Early Morning, November, No. 202, E. Kingsland, was a vague, misty
thing, full of poetic charm; while h1to the Treasuries of the S11ow, No. 250,
William H. Roberts, which was rather a study for a picture than anything else-
for it takes long familiarity with and careful study of the subject to be able to
produce a snow picture that will be any way true or harmonious in the relative
tonal values of its lights, shades and shadows-displayed much taste and feeling
and seemed to promise more finished and better results from Mr. Roberts in the
future, as it argued his ability to do more advanced work.
Evming Landscape, No. 22, F. C. Baker, Ohio. This was a very beauti-
ful bit of landscape, well composed, rich in its suggestions of color, and brilliant
in its sky, and though entirely simple, absolutely unconventional.
Not so its near neighbor, Portrait, No. 245, H. G. Reading, which was a
very conventional picture of a man with a pipe. Technically, and as a portrait,
I have no doubt that this picture was quite faultless, though it was not suffi-
ciently attractive to call for close examination, but it seemed to me that it should
have possessed other quaiities to have won it admission to the Salc..n.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Though all of the pictures exhibited by Miss Emma Spencer, of Ohio, were
attractive, I found Melody, No. 270, the most interesting. It was a happy con-
ception, that of presenting Melody in the shape of a fresh, sweet, earnest, child-
ish voice, for real melody is always young and pure and unaffected. The two
figures in the picture were excellently managed, and remarkably well rendered.
Hinsdale Smith exhibited three landscapes, two of which should have been
excluded, as they were very faulty in composition, and appeared to have been
experimental studies for Landscape, No. 26<), which is a finished picture, pleas-
ing in composition, and attractive as a landscape harmoniously handled.
Of Edward S. Steichens' three pictures, two call for remark, Portrait
Study, No. 273, which was an original and effective treatment of a portrait
study, though somewhat suggestive of certain of the Chap-Book portraits of
some time back, and The Lady in the Doorway, No. 275, which was also origi-
nal, if not artistic or serious. I am inclined to think that Mr. Steichen himself
rather regarded it as a puzzle picture, for he on more than one occasion, I am
told, set it on end and asked his friends to guess what it was. There were those
who termed it ultra impressionistic; to me is seemed ridiculously freakish.
I stood some time before My Lady of Visions, No. 45, by Frank W.
Birchall, trying to discover something in the picture that would give me a clue
to the reason for so naming it; but my efforts met with signal failure, and in
the end I felt that my time had been quite wasted, for the picture had nothing
else to recommend it to the attention. To anyone who knew the person photo-
graphed it might have proved interesting-to the general observer it did not.
John Dolman's Sun Glint on the Sea, No. 120, was almost impressionistic-
! use this word in its broadest and best, and not in its narrow and freakish sense
-in its treatment, and while faulty in many respects, showed certain nice feel-
ing in its selection and rendering.
All of Mr. Troth's pictures were interesting and possessed of some excel-
lent pictorial qualities; but certain of them were much less strong than others,
and in some of them there was a monotony that almost sapped their life. This
is a characteristic that men of Mr. Troth's fine temperament have constantly to
combat. In their devotion to that which is refined and delicate and quiet they
often permit themselves to fall into a style which, while it means much to them
because their own sympathetic natures are quickly responsive to its delicacy, too
often means little or nothing to the average observer because it lacks the vigor
to make him understand and appreciate its charms. Cloisters, San Juan Capis-
trano, No. 309, impressed me as being Mr. Troth's best picture of the set shown.
The rendering of the sunlight in the court of the cloister and against the light
hued monastic walls was exceptionally true and expressive, and as I looked at
the picture I could ;llmost feel the heat of the glaring western sun and the parch-
ing of the dry atmosphere and the profound silence of the place ; and there came
back to me out of the past the memory of just such a scene as this that was full
of the poetry of realities that have melted into dreams. In another of Mr.
Troth's pictures-a group of stately trees upon a solitary shore-the character-
istic sadness of certain portions of the California coast was well depicted. There
was a feeling of loneliness about the group of trees that stood guard upon the
edge of the ocean-lashed coast, almost within reach of the advancing and reced-
 CAMERA NOTES.
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ing waves. Like the few old Spanianls ,,ho still linger in the land which once
they ruled, they maintain an air of dignified hauteur and suppressed sadness.
Perhaps the ocean will one <.lay deprive them also of their <.lominion: but thus
will they remain till the end. It seemed to me that the shadows of this picture
called for a much stronger feeling of sunlight than !\lr. Troth has imparted to
it.
If Miss Van Buren used the name :\ladonna in picture Xo. 315 in the ordi-
nary sense of the Italian word and not in tlw religious sense, I have s1mply to
say that the picture was in many respects excellent, and that its chief faults lay
in twined drapery or veil that hung from the left hand of the mother, which was
not only disturbing, but even grotesque; and the light lines in background
which seemed a little crude and too pronounced. The chil<.l's expressiOn, too.
was somewhat unpleasant. If the title was intended in the religious sense of
the word I should say that the picture had not been well named, for it is not
devotional, and that :Miss Van Buren had fallen into the error of many of the
modern painters-some few among the French ami most of the English and
American artists-who undertake such subjects, namely, that of thinking that in
order to make a picture of the Madonna, i. c., the mother of Christ-it is neces-
sary only to present a young and pretty woman draped in a certain way holding
a semi-nude infant on her lap or in her arms. One has but to study the old
masters to see how false this theory is. Where the belief in any subject is ab-
sent the picture cannot have a soul.
No. 316, A Raill)' Day, was a picture of no little interest and rendered with
artistic cleverness.
Miss Virginia Prall's Fro111 Old l"irginia, No. 244, one of the pictures re-
produced in the ca!alogue, was in many respects a really excellent portra1t study
-marred, however, by the unpleasant merging into the background of the right
side of the man's hat and head-the immediate result of which was tlre apparent
distortion of that side of the sitter's head. The picture was well posed and
spaced. The expression of the subject was complex, it was kindly and good
humored, yet there was a something about the picture that hinted at vindictive-
ness.
The three pictures shown by 1\Ir. C. Yarnall Abbott I found extremely in-
teresting. They were all gum-bichromate prints, that apparently being 1\Ir.
Abbott's favorite medium.
The Alphabet, No. 2, a woman seated in a chair, hook in hand, was well
conceived and had decidedly the effect of a poster or book cover design. The
one fatal defect of the picture was a patch of light on the lower corner of the
lady's gown. This was most unfortunate, as it threw the rest of the picture out
of balance by having two centers of light.
In H erodias, No. I, Mr. Abbott had evidently striven to convey the idea of
physical force and power. Jn th1s he succeedt-d to a great extent, the portions
of the body visible showing evidence of great muscular strength and massive-
ness. Had the light been concentrated upon the face instead of upon the breast
the effect would have been far more pleasing and artistic. The manner in which
the print had been manipulated gave to it a somewhat wooden appearance. Per-
haps Mr. Abbott hetter than anyone else realized this fact, for while in Phila-
152 CAMERA NOTES.

I think that on the whole its composition was good and that it had the merit of
being a successful, a pleasing picture, if not a great one. In Gather Y e Roses
While Yc May; Old Time is Still a-Flying, No. 192, l\lr. Keighley also dis-
played much poetic feeling. His other pictures, No. 1&), a railroad photograph;
No. I<)O, a picture of rays of light that skip dark places, and No. 191, are a dif-
ferent class of work, and only passably interesting .
•-\.s a member of the bar I could not fail to entertain a certain professional
admiration for !\Ir. Crooke's pictures of Lord Ki11ncar, :!\o. 86, Ale.raudcr Carle,
Esq., No. 87, and Sheriff Comrie Thompson, Q. C., No. 88, they so entirely re-
sembled modern reproductions of the old time-stained prints of Barristers,
Solicitors, Queen's Counselors and Lords Chief Justice that we lawyers are so
fond of ripping out of old books, framing in the stiffest manner possible for
dignity's sake and hanging in our offices for the purpose of spurring us on to
perpetuate ourselves in like manner, and incidentally to excite a proper sense of
awe and respect in the breasts of our clients by impressing them with the fact
that we attorneys belong to a superior and gifted class of the community-its
intellectual and linguistic aristocracy, so to speak. Those pictures were full of
that professional dignity and superiority that the lawyer so loves-and if there
be any among my readers who, having seen Mr. Crooke's photographs, are in-
clined to question the truthfnlness of their portrayal of those characteristics, let
them call to mind if they know him, and if not let them seek out our own es-
teemed fellow citizen and international celehrity, for I understand that he has of
late purchased a castle and estate in Ireland, the Honorable Barrister Nolan, of
the New York bar, when all doubt will vanish into thin air. Rut we all have it
in greater or less degree, we lawyers, down to the merest little popinjay of a
shyster, whose knowledge of law would scarce!~· fill a thimble. Indeed, I have
long since come to believe that it is this dtvine characteristic of personal and in-
tellectual superiority (in judging of this we of course act as our own judge and
jury), which inclines us to the study of the law. To medicine, of course, we
could never take, for eminently respectable as it is to-day, we cannot forget that
in its pristine simplicity its profession was part of the repertoire of that loqua-
cious and menial member of the community, the barber, ami that originally the
medico's coat-of-arms consisted of three pills rampant on a soup-plate pendant
with a semicircular fragment chipped out of its upper edge. Mr. Crooke's
pictures were, from a technical point of view, beautiful pieces of work. The
background consisted in most cases of a heavily draped window-and the view
out of the window was cleverly varied in the different pictures by the use in the
aperture of the window of a series of out door views that just filled with pre-
cision the space to he covered.
Mr. Job's picture, S11ow and Suushiue, No. 170, was disturbing because of
its sky, whose clouds were unpleasantly like puffs of cigar smoke.
Farmstead, No. 19, (\V. S. Aston), was spoiled by too much foreground.
Otherwise the picture was well spaced and its general effect pleasing.
The Quay Side, No. 16<;}, (Job), is a subject very similar to a picture by
Mrs. Russell shown in the same exhiibtion. The latter picture was handled with
a delightful appreciation of the picturesque possibilities of the subject, and while
by no means a masterpiece, was certainly a very decorative bit, full of refinement
 CAMERA NOTES. 153
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and feeling. Such was not the case, however, with print No. 16g, which was
neither vague enough to excite the imagination-hard enough to shock-{)r
picturesque enough to attract-in a word it was simply a good photograph.
Of Mr. Mummery's two pictures, that entitled Uwveiled Her Peerless
Light, a11d o'er the Dark Her Sih•er Ma11t!e Threw, No. 231, alone seemed to
call for special notice. It was so framed and matted that its really great charm
almost escaped me. Executed in soft blacks and luminous grays that had all the
quality of charcoal, thi<; little night scene is truly nocturnal in its feeling, and it
certainly stood in a class by itself. Some who looked at it objected to the bright-
ness of the rising moon. For my own part I found nothing to object to in this
or in anything else in the picture except the artist's printed name on the lower
corner of the print, which, besides not being in the best of taste, was most injuri-
ous to the picture because of the rigidi!Y and heaviness of the letters.
In Aftemoon, No. 217, (Vicount Maitland), 011 the Way, No. 218, (Mait-
iand), and Suffolk Lowla11ds, No. 227, (L. Morgan), An Outcasi 011 tlze
Essex Saltiugs, No. 228, (L. Morgan), the sky portions of the pictures
seemed to clash with their other parts, and this is a fatal clefe<:t, as harmony of
parts is one of the essential elements of a perfect picture. This clashing was
especially noti<:eable "in No. 218. When we behold such a sky as this in nature
the foreground with all of the details is taken in by the eye only as an incident,
and appears as a massing of shadowy lines and forms against the sky beyond.
In this picture, however, the foreground has been rendered with painful exact-
ness. The resulting effect is extremely disturbing and unpicturesque. No. 228
hardly tells its own story.
Of the seven pictures shown by A. Horsley Hinton, Syh•an Solitude, No.
162, appealed to me the most strongly. Indeed it has left a more permanent
impression than any other picture by him that I have yet seen, and has caused
me to regret that I am but indifferently familiar with his work. If I am not
greatly mistaken it is a picture that one could live with and grow fonder of with
more intimate knowledge of it, which, after all, is the crudal test of the depth of
a picture-and which cannot be said of the majority of the few pictures of Mr.
Hinton which I know. The pi<:ture presents to us a forest hillside well wooded
with ancient trees that outline their majestic forms against a sky that hints of
advancing night or coming storm. The sloping hillside is carpeted with soft
gray moss that has all the appearance of never having been disturbed by the
foot of man. One cannot look upon this picture without feeling the peace of
such solitudes as this, where no sound is heard save, perhaps, the snapping of a
dry twig under foot-the song of some forest warbler-{)r the music of plashing
brook, where far removed from the hardening influence of the tumultuous pas-
sions and ceaseless strife of inhabited pla<:es, man communes again with Mother
Earth-and through the refreshing and inspiring influence of her sublime
beauty feels the nobility of his manhood within his soul and awakens to the
paltry meanness of most of the ambitions of the world.
Of the other pictures shown by Mr. Hinton, The Headla11d, No. 158, was
perhaps the most striking-yet neither this nor the remaining pictures gave me
more than a· passing pleasure. They lack something that is essential to a pict-
ure's immortality. Whether it be that they are false in their renderings I am
154 CAMERA NOTES.

not prepared to say-for while I am familiar with English landscape-! am not

sufficiently familiar with it to pass critical judgment upon it, and I have no
desire to fall into the error of certain European critics, who, being ignorant of
landscape and sky effect in America, have undertaken to demonstrate the false-
ness of certain of Mr. Stieglitz's snow scenes, than which I have never seen any-
thing more perfect, and which I know were the result of years of very careful
study of winter effects, and to ridicule the tone of the sky portion of one of Mr.
Eickemeyer's recent pictures. Let me say in passing that the picture whose sky
was so generally ridiculed by the English critics was one of the most poetic
things that Mr. Eickemeyer ever created-but the yellow sky, because unnatural
to them, seemed to blind all the English critics to its every other charm. Ary
Scheffer's enemies declared that he painted exclusively with snuff and green
soap-yet Heine did not allow either of these to get into his eyes to the extent of
blinding him to the merits of Scheffer's work.
There were certain qualities in Italian, French and English paintings that I
never understood till I had visited those countries, though, I doubt not, that pre-
Yiously I had more than once presumed to comment upon them ; and since then,
realizing how very silly some of my early comments must have been, I have
made it a rule never to pass judgment upon that concerning which I am indif-
ferently informed. It is to be hoped that in time certain English and American
critics will learn the same lesson.
After the Storm, No. 2o6, George Lamley, was a satisfactory marine bit,
very suggestive of Harrison's paintings of the sea.
J. A. Sinclair's picture, No. 266, entitled Twilight, raised a doubt in my
mind as to whether my own conception of twilight was the correct one.
Paul Martin's two pictures, A Frosty Night, No. 219, and A Winters
Night on the Embankment, No. 220, were most interesting, not only from a
picturesque, but from an historical point of view, as Mr. Martin was one of the
first Englishmen to undertake night photography, making his experiments in
England at the same time that Mr. Stieglitz was making the initial experiments
in this country-each working without any knowledge that the other was la-
boring along the same lines. Mr. Martin's pictures seemed to me somewhat
hard and unatmospheric, otherwise they were quite perfect in their way.
During the time that I spent at the Salon I never stood before No. 46, Iris,
without marvelling how the picture came to be hung-for the picture was badly
spaced and brutally hard, and conveyed nothing of the delicacy of the flower.
It is difficult, of course, to render in a picture the exqltisite delicacy and grace of
a flower; but that it can be done I know, for I have before me as I write a
picture of this same subject by Miss Eva L. Watson, that portrays the flower
with all of its delicate grace and beauty: yet I do not exaggerate when I say that
the stem of the flower shown in picture No. 46 looked as though it might be
used for a heavy club. As a chart for the use of the student, to enable him to
study with care the flower's different parts, it might have served admirably; but
as a piece of pictorial work it was, in my judgment, the saddest kind of a failure.
My Nephew, No. 79, Archibald Cochrane, while not as large as his picture
of last year, was well worthy of study.
None the less interesting because of its small size, was F. A. Bolton's
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Shades of Eve1ting, Ko. 98. It was a narrow river or canal scene, the stream
flowing outwards, so that both banks were visible, and was well treated, and
showed much imagination and feeling-its pictorial value being pronounced.
Mr. J. P. Croft sent one of his delightfully poetic pictures entitled On the
Hillside, No. 84, that was full of a vague dreaminess that appealed to the imagi-
nation. Like most of Mr. Croft's pictures, it possessed a quiet charm and re-
fined originality that was truly admirable.
Of the two pictures shown by W. F. Greatbatch, No. 142, Sunshine and
Shadow, a woodland bit that displayed no little appreciation of the charm of
leaf-filtered light, was by far the best.
]. C. Warburg's At the Spring, No. 322, cannot be passed over unnoticed,
for it certainly possessed a distinct charm and fascination. Its studied irregu-
larity, its vagueness, its odd side strip, all challenged attention. Most of those
who saw it denounced it at first, but I noticed that later on they went back to it,
and that the oftener that they saw it, the milder was their condemnation.
A Greek Girl, No. 207, A. B. Langfield, was a quiet study of the nude in
the open air. It was in no way offensive, and quite in advance, in· many re-
spects, of the work shown by Mr. Langfield at the last Salon. I saw nothing
distinctly Greek about the model, and presume that the picture was so named
to blunt the edge of any feeling that might arise against it, on the score of its
nudeness; for education and habit have accustomed us to associate the idea of
nudeness with Greek art. There is unquestionably a strong feeling against
the making of pictures of the nude by means of the camera. This prejudice,
while to a great extent justified, is frequently carried to the extreme of narrow-
ness. Within proper limitations, the study of the nude in photography is desir-
able; beyond such limitations, it is to be condemned, for it is apt to be abused,
quite as much as it has been by a large number of modern painters, who yearly
flood the continental exhibitions of Europe with countless numbers of pictures
of the nude, neither elevating nor refining, and executed, to all appearances,
solely for the purpose of showing upon canvas in public that which in real life
the code of decency, both of the ancient and modern world, would unqualifiedly
condemn as subversion of the morals of the community.
Of Robert Demachy's work I had seen a sufficient number of original ex-
amples and reproductions, and had heard enough to cause me to look forward
with interest to the opportunitv of seeing ten carefully selected examples of his
art, for it is reasonable to suppose that when one is invited to exhibit pictures at
a first-class exhibition, he will, if he be possessed of a proper sense of propriety,
send either his best work or decline to participate ; especially when that exhibi-
tion is to be held in a foreign country. And M. Demachy did send ten very
characteristic examples, three of which were the strongest of his pictures that I
had ever seen. This set of pictures confirmed me in the opinion that, while he
can clo strong work, strength is not one of his chief characteristics, and that as
a rule his work is dainty and decorative, rather than big in conception. He
handles his gum-bichromate medium with great dexterity, and his technique is
almost faultless, but in his choice of subjects he seems to incline more to things
that are chic, than to those that are forceful: at least, by such work is he best
kpown, and upon it is most of his reputation based. Yet three of the pictures
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shown by him at Philadelphia were essentially powerful pictures. Stormy

Weather, No. 11 I, for example, was the picture of a majestic headland jutting
out into a threatening sea. There was an angry snap about the lights and
atmosphere of the picture that boded no good to the mariner, while fierce cloucis
hustled along through the sky, as if determined to hlot out the few lingering
traces of the light of day. Some few of the touches of daylight that fell upon
the parts of the picture that were in shadow seemed themselves to emanate
from darkness, hut T hesitate to state this as a positive fact, as I had some doubt
in my own mind, concerning this point, even after examining the picture. They
simply seemed to me untrue.
As an excellent reproduction of another of the three pictures referred to,
.Mentollt.': Noo11, No. 112, will be found elsewhere in this number of CAMER,•.
NoTES, I will say but a word concerning it. It is a splendid piece of work, iull
of local color and atmosphere, and almost faultless as to its composition and
values. To really appreciate how fine this picture is one must have visited
Mentone, and have come to know it familiarly.
The third picture, Thistles, No. 105, was not a favorite, yet for me it had a
distinct charm. The picture was taken from such a view point that the hedges
of thistles were outlined against the distant sky, with nothing to intervene,
nothing to contrast. i\s we are accustomed to see trees, rather than thistles, so
outlined, the natural result was that to the humble weed was given an unfa-
miliar prominence, and a seemingly Gulliverian hugeness. To this fact, prob-
ably, was due its want of popularity, for in homely subjects, such as this, most
observers look for the natural, as they know it, and failing to find it, they are all
too frequently moved to condemn the picture, without further examination.
The picture was most suggestive of strength and very decorative.
Children, 1'\o. 107, the picture reproduced as the frontispiece of the cata-
logue, I had seen rendered as a design for a fan, and found that treatment and
spacing much more pleasing. The spotting. as some call it, was rather good,
but in its general effect the arrangement was very disturbing. The boy's hands
should have been in entire repose, or had their occupation clearly explained, so
that it would not have been possible for them to suggest the ludicrous idea that
they evoked in the mind of nearly every observer. T could not but wonder, as
I looked at the Stude11t, No. 113, whether the spacing of this picture had any
significance, and if Demachy intended to suggest that his student had progressed
far-so very much space did he leave behind him on the picture. Of his
remaining pictures I have but to add that they were decorative in some degree,
and had a certain finish-a characteristic of much of the French work. Their
subjects, howe\er, did not appeal to me, and their notanistic charm was not suf-
ficiently marked to render them pleasing from a purely sensuous point of view.
A Head, No. ro6, was decorative; Prima1!era, No. 108, Meda/lio11, No. 109,
Study in Red, No. 110, were somewhat pretty; Stud)' of Reflected Light, No.
II4, was quiet.
Maurice Bremard's pictures, Study, No. 49, Profile, No. so, St11dy of Light,
No. sr, were all strong, but impressed one as being rather unfinished, and
studies for rather than finished pictures; No. 49 alone having anything like a
finished appearance.
 CAMERA NOTES.

be improved upon. The subject is not one that appeals to my personal liking,
but for what it is, it is the best thing of the kind that I know. It is full of char-
acter and action and is treated in a masterly manner that places Mr. Calland in
the front rank of serious photographic workers.
Rose Trail, No. 6g, and Vine Leaves, No. 70, by Carine Cadby, were in-
teresting as delicate color studies of trailing leaves, and much in advance of
most of the painted things of the kind with which I am familiar.
The pictures of H. \V. Barnett, Nos. 33 to 39, while somewhat conven-
tional, were executed with great taste and refinement and evidenced an intimate
familiarity with the style of some of England's best portrait painters of the past,
both in their style and composition. Several of these pictures were faulty in
composition, and one was so trimmed (it was cut in circular form), as to exag-
gerate the unsymmetrical lines of the composition of the subject-crowding the
figure, seemingly, into a very awkward attitucie. Of these pictures-Memories,
No. 34, The Princess, No. 35, and Agnes Romney, No. 36, were much the most
attractive. In the case of the picture of the violin player the picture was rather
unfortunately cut in two by the violin and most disturbing in its composition in
consequence.
Tears, No. 71, (Will Cadby}, was the photograph of a child partly draped
in what appeared to be a portion of a lace shawl or curtain and supposed to be
weeping from the fact that it had its knuckles screwed into its eyes; while
Blossoms ( ?), No. 72, was a Bergesque production a Ia Magdalene, which
lacked both force and purpose. There Came a Big Spider, No. 73, can only be
described in jingle:
A wall with a fall,
A spider dried,
Nude child besicie,
\Vraps and leaves,
Frame from eaves.

Apropos of the frame, some one referreci to the English frames as lumber-
yards, and I must confess that the characterization was most apt-for with some
notable exceptions they were ungainly, massive affairs, made seemingly from
the same sort of molding from which the eaves of old frame houses were con-
structed.
Mr. Craigie's Portrait: George Batten. No. 91, was one of the best examples
of forceful portrait work shown in the Salon. The heart \vas strong, well poised
and lighted, and full of character, without being unpleasantly sharp. The neck-
cloth and collar seemed to me a trifle brilliant for the subdued tones of the bal-
ance of the picture. The framing of the picture was atrocious.
Dr. John Todlumter, No. 126, G. A. Stor'y, Esq., R. A., No. 127, and Por-
trait Study: A Jewess, No. 128, three pictures by F. H. Evans, were so wretch-
edly spaC'ed and horribly framed that the observer was tempted to pass them
without looking at thein twice. A careful examination showed rather good
modeling and an evident effort to convey something of the character of the sit-
ter-but when it comes to giving Dr. Todhunter a complexion as jaundiced as
the bindings of some of his illustrious namesake's mathematical works, I think
that some one should call a halt. I have since seen this picture reproduced in
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black and white, and thus rendered and freed from the damning influence of its
frame, which was not in evidence in the reproduction, the picture looked vastly
better. Picture No. 127 was anremic in tone, while No. 128 was as chalky as
some of England's own cliffs. As fragmentary studies these prints were inter-
esting, as finished pictures they were not.
An E-<•eni11g Sky, No. 129, also by Evans, suggested possibilities only to
show how far they had been missed; while /n Surrey 1¥ood, No. 130, is a puzzle
picture, which, till closely examined, strikingly resembled a posterior view of a
line of ostriches with their heads buried in the ground raising a cloud of dust.
The picture is tastelessly matted and framed. In No. 131, Glo1tcester Cathe-
dral: In the North Tra11sept, Mr. Evans was seen at his best. This was really
a fine bit of architectural work and worthy of careful study. It is in this work
that l\Ir. Evans is most happy and successful.
As I stood before No. 68, Lc Monde, c'est ce qui m'am1tse, A. Burchett,
I heard a dainty little lady say: "Nice dreo;s-nice gloves-nice parasol-
but her hat I It's shockingly out of style-and I guess she must know it, too,
she looks so distressed.'' This, one of the largest pictures shown, was certainly
not an example of high art-and the little lady above referred to classed it well
-it was little better than a clever fashion plate. Its most distinguished feature
was its French title. No. 67, Caller Herrin', A. Burchett, was evidently in-
tended for a character or type study. The motive that prompted the attempt is
all that I can commend, for the picture itself was false, posey, and wanting in
atmosphere. The girl's eyes were not the eyes of a simple fish-vender, but of a
charming little Miss-who was entirely conscious that she was having her pict-
ure taken. Her soft and faultlessly clean hands never carried a fish basket about
nor handled fish, and the basket itself is a marvel of cleanliness-bearing never
a stain. The spacing of the picture is rather well managed-but the picture as
a picture is insincere. No. 64, Winter, Arthur Burchett. Such a title is too
comprehensive to be bestowed on a picture like this, which shows merely a
snow-covered landscape, in which the snow was badly rendered, the composi-
tion poor and the subject very commonplace. It neither presented nor suggests
to the imagination anything of the bleakness of winter with its whistling winds,
its driving storms, its icy-whisperings of weird frozen mysteries, or its prefig-
urations of death.
The title of a picture will invariably betray how much or how little its
maker is in sympathy with his work. It is amusing to note the misfit qualities
of many titles; it is depressing and significant also, for such work, though it
may be pleasing, is never deep and often not sincere, and it rarely happens that
its author ever goes beyond it into higher and nobler fields of intellectual and
artistic activity.
Apropos of titles, I quite clearly recall the explanation given by a gentle-
man well known in the photographic world, of the title of one of his exhibits, that
had caused much speculation among those who had noted it. "After I had con-
cluded to arrange this exhibit thus," he said, "my friends and I got together to
select a name for it, and we decided upon this name because we concluded that
it would give people something to think about." "Then your title and arrange-
ment was merely an after thought?" I asked. "Precisely," was the reply. This
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reminded me of an experience that I once had with an Italian who turned plas-
ter into gold by selling casts and plaster reproductions of well known master-
pieces. I had ordered from him a mask of Cicero and another of Demosthenes.
When the masks reached me I had no trouble in recognizing the features of the
eloquent citizen of Rome, but that of Demosthenes filled me with consternation,
for he had lost his beard and grown quite stout. Yet with much eloquence my
Italian friend assured me that it was Demosthenes. Despite this fact, however,
it has always been my private opinion that the vender of casts, having discov-
ered that he did not have Demosthenes in stock, had made a plaster cast of the
face of his father-in-law and called it after the Greek. And after all, as one of
the defenders of this method of naming pictures put it: ''Parents don't name
their children till after they are born, especially in America, where to call a boy
Marie would mean juvenile persecution on the part of his future schoolfellows
and lifelong impertinence from all the fu1111y people he chanced to know."
To No. 63, also called Winter, Arthur Burchett, the same objection ap-
plies. As a mere study of trees the texture was very well portrayed, but the
trees themselves were entirely too black and individually too assertive, each
demanding separate attention.
Reedy Wastes, No. 18, 'vV. Smedley Aston, was a landscape that reminded
me somewhat of certain of Hinton's pictures. The manner of the treatment of
the subject and the naming of the picture displayed no real feeling for its artis-
tic qualities, for while the sky possessed some little charm, the distance was not
well rendered, and the reeds in the foreground were peculiarly aggressive, but
not sufficiently impressive to suggest the picture's title, the interest actually cen-
tering in the sky.
I found the frames of Nos. 295 and 297, \V. Thomas, quite original. The
former contained a clever photograph of a dog, and was called in the catalogue
Cats; the latter, a salt-sprinkled landscape, entitled Winter. No. 298 was a
picture of a number of sheep. The catalogued title is Disturbed. Its effect on
the observer was disturbing. It had all the appearance of a plain or hillside that
has been hit underneath either by an earthquake or the hammer of Thor, and
set vibrating in a most remarkable manner. \Vhile I was observing the picture
a gentleman alongside of me, who had been examining an adjoining picture,
turned his eyes upon this one. Instantly he grasped the distance-bar in front of
him and exclaimed in shaky tones: "Great heavens, look at that Di::;:::y-type !"
Pictures Nos. 296, Aut1wm, 299, Woodland Graces, 302, ht a Kentish
Wood, other examples of Mr. Thomas' work, were broad expanses of trees,
fern and frames. No. 301, Sunset in the Pool, was perhaps the most pleasing of
all his pictures, because the least visible-thanks to its modest dimness-while
No. 300, A Summer Evmiug, possessed certain merit because of the manner in
which the water was indicated.
Mr. Harold Baker dic;played ten pictures, Nos. 23-32. No. 26, Miss
Lily Hanbury, was chiefly remarkable for the jewelry worn by the
subject. It was pretty jewelry. No. 31, Stratford-ot~-A1'01l in Feb-
ruary, was simply a waste of space; No. 29, Portrait in Costume, was of a cos-
tume with a man in it; No. 25, Grey Az•on's Peace, appeared somewhat better
than No. 3t, while No. 28, A. Horsley Hinton, Esq., was an example of Mr.
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Horsley Hinton's great forbearance. I heard more than one person say as
they looked at this picture, that never again could they like Mr. Hinton's pict-
ures as well as they did before having seen this portrait of him. !\o. 30, The
Countess of Warwick, the picture of a very charming woman, was rather well
posed, and rendered flesh and textural valnes with a considerable degree of
truth; No. 27, Edward R. Ta:ylor, Esq., was an example of the horrible possi-
bilities of photography. The general impression created by A Pleasa11t Story,
No. 24, was that the lady must have been indulging in very light literature from
the way in which the book floats in air, supported at one end by the tip of a
tapering finger touched to the leaves, and at the other by a downy pillow: Xo.
23 was the portrait of a rather charming child, while No. 32, Room in Which
Shakespeare lV as Born, seemed somewhat untrue in line.

IV.
"Can you tell me, sir, if it be the purpose of that picture to teach that
in the last battle it will be the Powers of Darkness that will win the victory? If
so, the idea is a horrible one-as horrible and repulsive as that black figure that
is the center piece of the triptych; and that is so brutal and repulsive that it
makes my flesh creep to look at it.'' I had been standing for some little while
beiore :Mr. Day's pictures attentively examining the group which he had entitled
Armagcddo11, No. 97, when I was thus addressed, and turning in the direction
whence the rather fine voice proceeded I saw almost at my side a little old lady
in black, who could not have been less than seventy years of age. Her black
garb, which was that of mourning, was of the simplest character and gave abso-
lutely no clue to the lady's circumstances or social standing, and though it
hinted just a trifle at wear, one could gather little or nothing from the circum-
stance. Her face, which was well furrowed by time, was kindly and intelligent,
but her eyes, which were brown in color, had been in no way bedimmed by the
blinding ravab'e of years, for they saw without the aid of glasses and were
bright and penetrating. And the brain behind those eyes I soon found had lost
none of its keenness with advancing age. "I am inclined to the opinion," I re-
plied, "that 1\Ir. Day's resthetic temperament would make such an idea repulsive
to him, and that in so grouping these pictures he had no intention of conveying
any such meaning. I myself have been studying the pictures attentively for the
purpose of discovering if any definite meaning can be read into this grouping of
subjects, and I have found a meaning which appears to me to fit. It is this:
Armageddon (mountain of destruction), as you are doubtless aware, is a place
in Samaria, east of Cresarea, noted for its scenes of carnage. Following this
idea we readily associate with it the idea of a battlefield on which many have
died and upon which many shall die-and passing on a step further we begin to
look upon it as the field upon which each man fights his fight with the powers of
darkness, and either conquers or is overcome. Bearing this in mind, let us
examine the picture. You will note that the central figure-that of the semi-
nude African, who impresses you so unfavorably--stands passive and immobile,
with spear in hand, ready to strike his victim without warning. The picture to
his left is that of a beantifu).veil-draped woman lying asleep in a quiet daphnean
grove upon the skin of a leopard ; while that to his right shows a figure seated
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upon the ground in a rugged wood, its arms resting upon its knees and support-
ing the head, which is bowed in thought or sleep. The figure is nearly nude, its
drapery having slipped almost entirely away from it. Through the trees in the
background can be seen a river brilliant with reflected light. If you will now
recall the verse of the Apocalypse immediately preceding that in which Arma-
geddon is mentioned, which is the sixteenth of the sixteenth chapter, you will
remember that it runs thus: 'Behold, I come as a thief. Blessed is he that
watcheth and keepeth his garments, lest he walk naked and they see his shame.'
You will also recall that in another place in the Apocalypse the unclean, beauti-
ful Babylon is represented as seated upon a leopard. Therefore the picture may
be interpreted to mean that Death comes unannounced like a thief, and that if
man sleepeth upon the skin of the leopard or dream idly within the shadow of
the wood the powers of darkness may be victorious-but that if he remember
that his enemy is always armed-and that his step is noiseless and his blow de-
livered under cover of darkness-the Stygian stream will seem to him bright in
his passage instead of somber, and the powers of darkness and not he will be
conquered. However, when I asked Mr. Day about the matter I understood
him to say that he had no such idea in mind when he grouped the three
pictures."
The grouping of these three pictures was very effective, though just a
trifle theatrical. Almost adjoining was one of :Yir. Day's much discussed cruci-
fixion pictures. It consisted of a cross, to which the body of a nearly nude man
was fastened, erected upon a sterile piece of ground, having for a sky a blank
white space. The picture was cut nearly in two from side to side by the crossbar
of the crucifix. From the artistic point of view it was hard-wanting in atmos-
phere and absolutely tmdevotional. It was remarkably like one of the terribly
crude representations of the crucifixion stamped on the cheapest grade of Ger-
man mortuary cards. The chief interest of the picture lay in the nature of the
subject which 1fr. Day had chosen. The body, though thin, was not emaciated
from the fasting, agony and bloody-sweat, the stripping and crowning with
thorns, and finally the terrible journey to Calvary. There was nothing of this
in this figure, with its painted wound upon its side. The face exhibited no sign
of this; it simply wore an expression of resthetic appreciation, nothing more.
And yet this is exhibited as a serious conception of the Divine Christ, upon
whom hundreds of thousands look as the Son of (~od and Redeemer of the
World. I am confident that in making it !vir. Day was entirely serious and that
he entertained unbounded intellectual respect for the subject which he treated,
and that he had no intention of desecrating what many of his fellow men hold
deeply sacred. Yet I can quite understand the horror of those who regard the
crucifixion of Jesus Christ as the most sorrowful, the most momentous, the most
sacred e·ve11t of all history, when they looked upon the picture in question and
realized that it was nothing more than the photograph of a modern man, whom
some recognized, gotten up to represent the dying Christ; and I can fully
appreciate their indignation when they exclaimed: "How dare he presume to
impersonate, good though he may be, or procure another to impersonate the
Divine Christ. It is blasphemous."
Mr. Day has been sevel·ely criticized for this work both here and abroad,
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and several English critics have stepped from the legitimate field of criticism
and entered' into the personal, and insinuated that his object in undertaking it
was purely a financial one. No one who knows :Mr. Day will entertain such an
idea for a moment. Whatever his object may have been, he certainly never
undertook this work for the purpose of reaping financial benefit therefrom, and
such inuendoes are worthy only of contempt. Let critics be as severe as they
please, but let them not forget that when they attempt to abuse their position by
endeavoring, under the cloak of criticism, to injure a man's personal reputation
with the public, by attributing to him mean, or contemptible, and in this partic-
ular instance, Judas-like motives, they are rather apt-unless there be circum-
stances sufficiently strong to justify them in their course-to win for themselves
in the minds of all fair-minded people the unenviable distinction of belonging
to a class designated by another term than that of gentleman.
Puck, No. 95, was a rather crude specimen of glycerine-developed print,
and was rather disagreeable from the fact the child had moved during the ex-
posure of the plate, thus giving to its figure two distinct outlines .
.Me11elek, No. 96, was rather unpleasantly posed, and its lower limbs struck
me as being considerably out of drawing.
In grouping together his pictures, Beauty is Truth, etc., and the dead
Christ, Mr. Day brought into strong contrast the purely pagan idea so admir-
ably illustrated by Petronius, arbiter elegantiae, that the enjoyment of refined,
elegant, sensuous beauty alone was the highest purpose and motive of existence,
with the Christian teaching that man's one object in life was that of attaining
spiritual perfection, and that in order to accomplish this end he must constantly
deny himself and hold to the great truth of life immortal, even though he have
to face physical death in consequence. Originally, I believe, no idea was enter-
tained of so grouping these two pictures, but the intellectual pleasure of thus
poetically presenting so strong a pictorial antithesis was, I fancy, the reason for
their being brought together in this way. It struck me as being rather charac-
teristic of Mr. Day's style that the pagan idea was given the first place-for I
have long felt that Mr. Day approached all of his subjects, whether representa-
tions of Christ or such themes as Ebony and Ivory, from a purely Greek point
of view, and that it is on that account that they rarely move the observer to any
stronger feeling than that of a cold, intellectual admiration. This may also arise
from the fact that many of his pictures are artistic from the literary standpoint
rather than from any other.
Portrait: Letmg Foo, No. 98, had all the appearance of being a very excel-
lent portrait.study. The Lacquer Box, No. 99, was the picture of a youth ar-
rayed in a Chinese upper garment with a Turkish fez upon his head that per-
mitted the hair on the fore part of the head to fall forward over the brow in a
style that I believe is still referred to as "bangs." The hands, though not orien-
tal hands, had been so remarkably well posed that they presented a distinctly
eastern appearance. They were engaged in the act of opening a small lacquer
box. The face showed a strange commingling of fine feeling and viciousness.
The eyes, which looked directly out of the picture, were set with a strange, al-
most hypnotic stare, as though moved by some strange dread. Evidently the
picture was not intended to illustrate the charming Japanese legend of Urashi-
 CAMERA NOTES.
- - - ---- -~- -
ma Taro and the lacquered box tied about with a silver cord that was given him
by the sea god's daughter, and which he so foolishly opened! Then as I looked
at the picture there flashed hack to me the memory of another eastern legend
that had to do with a beautiful young pilgrim, who in reality was a Nogitsune
that had assumed the form of a man for the purpose of traveling from place to
place, to make mischief among men and cause friend to misunderstand and turn
against friend. If attacked while wearing the form of man he could be put to
death, but none could discover his identity unless his shadow fell upon water,
when the shadow that appeared was not that of a man but that of a Nogitsune;
and whenever he had reason to suspect that his identity had been discovered he
would quickly open a little lacquer box which he carried about his person,
whereupon he would immediately become invisible to the human vision. Was
it this legend, I wonder, that :Mr. Day had in mind when he made the picture of
The Lacquer Box!
Mr. Day's Vas Laclzrymarum seems to have been suggested by the pictur-
esque possibilities of the handsome stairway in the picture's left and the dark
niche to the right of it.
On turning to l\f rs. Kasebier's pictures, which immediately adjoined those
of Mr. Day, I found the little old lady in black standing before that entitled The
Manger, No. x8o. Her eyes and face wore an expression so different from that
excited by Mr. Day's pictures that I turned quickly to the picture to discover
the cause, when I saw before me one of the most remarkable photographs that I
have ever seen. It was the picture of a young virgin seated in the corner of a
rough stable by the side of a manger holding an infant figure to her breast.
Both infant and woman were clothed in some soft white or delicate gray ma-
terial. The former was so swathed about that its general outline alone could be
distinguished, while the garments of the latter fell about her person in the most
beautiful lines and folds imaginable, and from her head clown either side to the
floor hung a thin, transparent white veil, symbolic of innocence. Light filtered
in through the window in the upper left corner of the picture's background
in soft rays, that lingered where they fell upon the veil and white garments, with
a soft, rich brilliance that is impossible to describe. The beautiful, girlish head
was bent reverentially over the form of the infant in speechless adoration, while
from the form of the child there seemed to emanate a delicate illumination that
actually seemed to light the picture. The picture needed no title, it told its uwn
story at a glance, and there was about it an air of purity and holiness that in-
spired a sense of reverence in the breasts of e\·en the most indifferent of those
who looked upon it. After a reasonable time had elapsed I turned to my netgh-
bor to learn, if possible, her opinion, for she who had discussed Day's pictures
so readily had not uttered a word concerning this, and I discovered that she
was still looking fixedly at the picture and that her eyes were moist and that her
lip was trembling slightly. Day's pictures had stirred her intellectually-this
one had done more-it had touched her heart. "I am an old woman," she said
finally. "and have seen many pictures and am not readily moved by them, for
most pictures are soulless and conventional, but this is very beautiful-very
holy."
Ah! little old lady, yours after all is the greatest criticism. When a picture
so affects that we begin immediately coldly to discuss its merits, I fear that such
a picture is lacking in the essential element of greatness and immortality-a soul
-while, on the other hand, when we are drawn to a picture by some charm
which we cannot and do not try to explain, but which holds us before it and
excites within us a feeling of sincere delight, so that it never enters our heads to
look for its faults or to try and hunt for an agreeable feature in it, that we may
be ahle to say something pleasant to its maker when next we meet-then indeed
 CAMERA NOTES.

is it apt to have infused into it something of the immortal soul of its maker, and
be destined to live like all immortal thoughts either penned, painted or graven,
long after its creator has passed into the realm of Shades. The picture's tech-
nique was remarkable, and for this and its other qualifications did it deserve to
rank as a great picture, if not as the masterpiece of the Salon.
La Gra11d'mere, No. 185, came next in the order of rank. It was a splendid
picture of a quaint old Breton peasant woman. There was a pathetic expression
upon the old woman's face as she stood with crucifix in hand, evidently waiting
the approach of a procession, which her age would not permit her to join, that
said as clearly as words could that she was brooding over the fact that she had
grown so old that ever~·one considered her a burden and secretly hoped that she
would soon meet with a happy death. Poor old grandmother!
The Brushes of Comets' Hair, Xo. 187, was a strong pastoral study of a
young artist, evidently an enlargement, and though full of character and fine
quality, unpleasantly out of balance in its rendering of certain values, and
harshlv abrupt in several places in the transition from light to shadow. This
was evidently due to want of knowledge or skill on the part of the craftsman
who made the enlargement-as the same faults were to be found in its neighbor,
Portrait: Miss N., No. 184, but nowhere in any of the smaller pictures.
A Group, l\'o. 179, Mother and Chi/dre11, No. 182, were two pictures full of
maternal feeling, and almost faultless in technique. Peter, No. 178, was excel-
lent in every respect. A/ other and Child, No. 181, was full of pictorial charm
and quite decorative. Portrait: Mr. Day, No. 186, while technically pleasing,
came dangerously near being conventional-as near, I fancy, as Mrs. Kasehier
has ever gotten. It was by no means as interesting or as characteristic as her
portrait of Mr. Day that was exhibited under 1\Ir. Day's collection, which I con-
sider one of the most characteristic portraits that I have ever seen.
Unpretentious and quiet, the exhibit of William B. Dyer, of Chicago, was
one of the features of this year's Salon. It consisted of but five pic~ures, and
not all of them were particularly good, and the best of them might have been
improved upon (none of them were mediocre, I should add), yet they showed
so much fine feeling, so much poetic originality, so much earnestness of pur-
pose, that no additional argument was needed to enforce the conviction that Mr.
Dyer deserved to be ranked among the foremost workers of the country. Of
the five pictures shown, Circe, No. 125, was in certain respects perhaps the most
remarkable. There are few of us unfamiliar with the storv of Circe-she who
turned men to swine ; but few of us have ever seen her d.epicted in any other
way than as a woman of regal beauty, bewitchingly costumed, enthroned in a
palatial hall, surrounded by filthy swine. I was astonished, therefore. upon
looking at the picture to note that instead of the well known and rather theatri-
cal treatment of the subject, there was presented a sleeping woman, in whose
lap was a human skull. The woman was seated upon a couch and her head had
fallen back in sleep, her fair cheek resting upon her shoulder-displaying in this
attitude the round, soft beauty of her neck. Her beautiful breasts, too, were
carelessly exposed to view, and nestling in her lap looking out of the dimness
was the skull, just barely perceptible. The picture is actually a psychological
conception of the character of Circe, the power of whose beauty was so irresisti-
ble that it seemed as though it must last for all time. The thought that that
beauty must wither and turn to dust was one that never for a moment disturbed
a mind that dwelt alone upon the thought of its body's power to command the
adoration and fire the passions of men ; and forgetful in this dream of pleasure
of the noblest purposes of life. and unswayed by the thought of death, she hesi-
tated not to turn men to swine.
Clytie, No. 124, was a very well rendered study of a head-done in a red
tone (gum-hie.). The drapery seemed to me a little crude in its rendering. Of
the three portraits shown that of the boy was by far the best. This was the
166 CAMERA NOTES.

study of a delicate child, so delicate, it struck me, that it had not the energy to
play with other children, and like all such children quaintly wise from suffering.
I have seen little sufferers in hospitals, whose large, appealing eyes seemed wise
with a strange depth of wisdom-yet they were children so young that they had
not yet learned to talk, but they had known suffering always. It was for all the
world like a beautiful little shadow. I learned later that the picture truly pre-
sented the boy in every particular. Both of the two-remaining studies displayed
nice feeling, but one-that of the little girl standing-was trimmed with un-
pleasant closeness.
The six pictures by Miss Eva Lawrence Watson were examples of delicate
taste and artistic originality. They were distinctly individual in their style and
their firm, strong rendering-for beneath their delicacy there is an unobtrusive
strength that is masterful-dearly demonstrate that their maker is an artist,
not only by instinct, but by training, and that they were the result of no mere
chance. Flickering Light, No. 325, is especially charming. The sunlight flick-
ering through the leaves plays with fantastic heauty upon the hillside and tree
trunks. The figure in the foreground is simply gliding by and conveys to the
observer the feeling of soft gliding motion. Like the ligh~ it, too, is passing,
and in some odd way it seems akin to those dancing sunbeams. The one
material criticism to which the picture seemed open was as to the tone of the
sky, the rather pronounced whiteness of which appeared to detract from the
subtle charm of the flickering sunlight, robbing it hy contrast of its real
value.
Quite in contrast to this picture was that entitled _May-Apple Leaf, No. 326,
reproduced in the catalogue and also in this number of CAMERA NoTES. It is a
most interesting piece of composition, extremely decorative in design and very
fanciful in conception.
The arm displayed in La Femme b~eomuee, No. 328, seemed rather out of
drawing by reason of the way in which the folds of the garment fell on either
side of it. · Otherwise it is a most interesting rendering of an idea suggested by
the cast, which forms part of the picture's composition. Sleeping Infant, No.
324, showed much nice feeling. Lady With Parrot, No. 327, I liked especially;
while Profile Study, No. 323, possessed a quaint, old-fashioned charm that was
irresistible, and made one think of blue china-but it did much more as I looked
at it. It excited within me a growing curiosity to see more of the face whose
profile alone was just barely shown, and I could hardly resist the inclination
that grew upon me to put up my hand and endeavor to put aside the old cap that
almost hid it from view. It was a spirit of quiet artistic humor, doubtless, that
prompted the making of such a picture as this, and also a keen, sympatnetic
knowledge of human nature, all of which Miss ·watson possesses in generous
proportion. The very interesting and unique silhouette picture of the jury of
selection of this year's Salon, reproduced with this article, is also one of Miss
Watson's pictures, and to her courtesy am I indebted for the privilege of repro-
ducing it.
The nine pictures exhibited hy Clarence H. White were full of interest. All
of them were well conceived, and most of them executed with exceptional abil-
ity. As his work is fully reviewed on another page I will make simply a passing
allusion to it. Its quietness and delicacy and the low tones in which the
majority were executed is responsible for a very singular use of a word, with
the meaning of which I once thought I was familiar, but upon which subject I
now have doubts. A gentleman who had seen Mr. White's work in Philadel-
phia, and to whom it was well known, characterized it as morbid. I have heard
Beardsley's work referred to as morbid-! have heard certain poems by Francis
Thompson characterized in the same way-but though I had discussed Mr.
White's work with artists and art critics, both from among his friends and ene-
mies, never before had I heard his work characterized as morbid. I must
 CAMERA NOTES. 167

confess for my own part that, though I am familiar with Mr. White's work, I
do not remember to have seen a single picture that could be called morbid in any
sense of the word. They were all healthy conceptions.
No other exhibit shown in this year's Salon covered so broad a range as
that displayed by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz. Showing but one of his most popular
pictures, A Vignette in Platinum, No. 285, which attracted great attention in
London this year, both at the Salon and the Royal, at which latter place it was
honored with a medal-it contained, nevertheless, a series of pictures that were
essentially picturesque and artistic and exceptional examples of perfect tech-
nique.
A Vignette in Platinum, No. 285, was one of Mr. Stieglitz's latest pictures,
and interesting not only from an artistic point of view, but from an historical
one, as it marks an epoch in the advance of photography, broadening, as it does,
the photographer's field. It was a little head done in two colors, and as exquis-
ite as a little French color-drawing, full of a dainty charm. The abrupt termi-
nation of part of the background in a pronounced line is the one unpleasant fea-
ture of the picture. The English critic who wrote of this picture that "the prac-
tical-minded artist who said in our hearing that he could paint a dozen or more
for the same price as that the catalogue hints at, has probably the best of the
argument so far," stated what was quite true. The practical- (for the use of
italics here and above I am responsible) minded artist probably noted that the
picture was, not protected by copyright, and belonged, I fancy, to that class of
artists with whom most of us in this country are familiar, who turn out paint-
ings by the dozen in a studio that consists of a shop window and before an audi-
ence of gamins, "lady shoppers," and appreciative nurse-girls. A real artist
would never have approached this subject from such a practical point of view.
Sno·w: A Foregrouud Study, No. 281, already referred to in this article,
was a remarkable picture ; and no one familiar with the singular and illusive
charm of snow lights and shadows looked upon it without experiencing a keen
pleasure-such a pleasure as comes to the lover of nature when he beholds a
picture that really vibrates with the sensuous poetry of dancing light and creep-
ing shadow. The rendering of quality of the snow: the relative values of the
light and deep shadows, and the truthful presentation of tonal relation of the
sky to the balance of the picture was little short of perfect, and represented and
left much the same impression as a fragment of a perfect musical composition
will sometimes leave upon the hearer-a sort of echo of some beautiful dream
that we ourselves have known.
An Icy Night, No. 278, was by all odds the greatest night photograph that
I have ever seen. Mere night pictures, while attractive to-day because still ra-
ther uncommon, frequently lose interest when, after we have grown familiar with
them, we begin to examine them from other and more important points of view.
If, however, one can manage to introduce into such a picture something of the
weirdness of the night-which legends the world over, irrespective of age or
country, have come to associate with the idea of ghosts, goblins and death-then
indeed will the picture possess a fascination far in advance of that that springs
from mere newness-and infinitely higher and more lasting. This is what Mr.
Stieglitz has succeeded in doing with this picture. The white, naked tree-
trunks in the foreground that lean out of perpendicular and advance their de-
nuded limbs half defensively, half appealingly, as though treating with some
unseen power of darkness, lend to it a weird beauty that is full of the true poetic
character of the night.
A Venetian Cottrtyard, No. 283, was an excellent study of Venetian life-
handled faultlessly-yet I rather regretted that it was reproduced in the cata-
logue, as it was by no means representative of Mr. Stieglitz's best work.
Life and Clay, No. 28o, was a study of an entirely different nature, show-
ing the possibilities open in the line of individual interpretation of clay or mar-
168 CAMERA NOTES.

ble. A few years ago such a picture as this would have been looked upon as a
merely mechanical production, but with our advanced juries of to-day, who have
feeling and imagination enough to appreciate how much can be done in the way
of interpreting clay or marble studies in an individual and artistic manner, such,
of course, would not be the case even had this picture, instead of being an invi-
tation print, been one of those to go before the jury. The rendering of the flesh
and clay qualities in the picture were especially fine.
A Sketch in Red, No. 281, (gum-bichromate), was also a recent print, and
was rendered with much feeling and individuality.
Full of quiet reserve and refinement of feeling were the two pictures shown
by Robert S. Redfield. The Portrait: Heloise, No. 246, while it gave me the
impression of being rather crowded because of the manner in which it had been
trimmed, was full of sincerity and a certain sparkle of vivacity that was very
attractive; while A Brook in Spring Time, No. 247, showed a keen appreciation
of, and a deep love for, the calm beauty of nature. It presented one of those
reposeful little brook-watered landscapes where the poet loves to linger and to
dream-lulled by the music of gently flowing water that is opposed here and
there in its course by some projecting branch or over-bending flower. None but
a man of fine artistic feeling could have made this picture.
Of all the portraits shown in the Salon few were finer or more powerful
than No. 288, Portrait: A Fellow of Balliol, by Edmund Stirling. It showed
vigor of conception and treatment and was an exceptionally fine piece. It would
have been helped, it seemed to me, had the white cuff been kept down somewhat
in a lower tone and the figure relieved slightly from the background, yet as it
stood it was an exceptionally fine piece of work. Mr. Stirling's two little land-
scapes, April Twilight, No. 286, and Meadows at S1mset, No. 287. easily ranked
among the gems of the collection. There are strange mists that ri;e from
meadows in places at the hour of sunset-faint, delicate and poetic, that blot
away hard detail and seem almost like the gathering ghosts of dying meadow
flowers that rise at this hour from the crushed and drooping blossoms, and after
lingering on affectionately near their dead forms till the sun has disappeared,
fly at last before the darker shadows of the night; and in some manner which I
do not pretend to explain, l\T r. Stirling has managed to put this feeling into his
beautiful picture M radows at Sunset. ·
I have reserved the names of Mr. Redfield and Mr. Stirling with which to
close this review, as a special tribute to their unselfish devotion to the highest
and best interests of artistic photography. That the Salon was repeated in Phil-
adelphia this year was largely due to their untiring devotion, and Philadelphia
may well be proud of the results. So long as there are to be found men like
these two gentlemen in the photographic world there need exist little fear that
the cause of photography will not advance.

ITS LESSON.

In order to advance pictorial photography to that degree of perfection

which all those seriously interested in this movement believe to be its destiny, it
is necessary to analyse with impartial honesty the character of so important an
exhibition as this, and to state with unreserved frankness the result of that
analysis. I shall therefore state with all possible brevity the results of my own
observations and my deductions therefrom.
I found that among the entire 350 pictures there were not half-a-dozen
really great pictures ; and that the standard of work offered, though higher this
year than last, still left much to be desired; while the number of undeniably
mediocre pictures that were included among the 182 judged pictures, was so
much in advance of the pictures of the same class found among the carefully
 CAMERA NOTES.

selected pictures of last year, that it was clearly evident that the standard of this
year's jury was not so high as that of the previous year. It is never an easy
matter to sit in judgment upon the merits or faults of person or thing, and
judges and juries, unless they hold unswervingly to the purpose of rendering an
absolutely impartial and just judgment, regardless of any pain or disappoint-
ment that their verdict may occasion, may on occasions be swayed to leniency,
moved thereto, doubtless, by a desire to encourage to better effort, or from a
fear of discouraging from any effort at all. But where the cause of pictorial
photography is concerned photographic juries should harden themselves to all
such feelings and should adopt a rigorously high standard-and enforce it to
the very best of their ability. The following of any other course will be fatal to
the advance of the pictorial movement. I may have seemed somewhat severe in
the case of the Sears and certain other pictures, but it was solely because I felt
that if she and the others were doing simply chance work, then the sooner they
were dissuaded from exhibiting poor work the better; while, if capable of doing
better they are not apt to be stimulated to it by the honoring of poor pictures.
Mrs. Sears can do much better work I know, for I recently saw some of her
pictures that were immeasurably in advance of those shown in Philadelphia, so
much so that I was rather astonished that these latter pictures had ever been
sent.
The standard of excellence should yearly be advanced a notch higher. One
could find no better example of the result of such a course than that presented
by the Philadelphia Salon itself. Most of the foreign exhibits consisted of old
pictures that in their day were considered exceptionally fine; yet to-day they are
looked upon almost with contempt; and certainly by comparison with the best
work of the Salon they seemed but poor specimens of photographic art. Yet hut
for these very pictures, which were the pioneers that made more perfect work
possible, we would not to-day stand where we do; and their presence in the
same collection with examples of the most advanced work of 1899 was a source
of pleasure and encouragement to the thoughtful, who, beholding how great the
advance had been, were convinced beyond the shadow of doubt of the immense
possibilities of the future. .·
The leading photographers of Hamburg, realizing the stimulating influence
growing out of such a comparative study, this year established what is termed
an Historical Section-in which examples of the best work of the past were
shown in connection with their regular exhibitions-a step which to me appears
worthy of the greatest praise and well worth following.
I trust that nothing that I have said will be regarded as having been writ-
ten in disparagement of the esteemed jury of the Salon of 1899-which per-
formed its onerous labors with the most conscientious earnestness, and which is
deserving of the most appreciative thanks. I have been addressing myself
rather to the juries of the future, in whose hands in great measure lies the fate
of pictorial photography, in the hope that they will judge by an ever advancing
standard.
I noted also that but fifteen States were represented, and upon careful
study of the different international exhibitions, of which so many are held
yearly, I have arrived at the irresistible conclusion that concentration of effort is
absolutely necessary, and that one international, or, if you please, interstate,
Salon, to be recognized as the exhibition of the year, alone should be supported,
if we hope to accomplish any great results, as thus only can a uniform standard
of excellence be set, which will be recognized as authoritative and worthy of the
highest respect. Philadelphia has proven herself quite capable of conducting
such a Salon, and should receive' thC' fullest support of the entire country for the
Salon of xgoo, and until such time as it shall appear that there are others who
can do better, when I am confident that the Philadelphians themselves, whose
first thought is for the advance of the present movement towards artistic per-
170 CAMERA NOTES.
~~------- ~- -----

fection, will be the first to give their entire support to those who can do more in
this direction than they are able to do.
Such seems to me to be the lesson taught by a careful analysis of the pres-
ent Salon.
* * * * * * * * *
Some years ago Joaquin Miller wrote a short poem entitled Columbus. I
have no copy of it by me now, but the theme of it was the unswerving persever-
ence of Columbus. Neither man nor element could turn him from his one great
idea. Disappointment, opposition and repeated reverses could not hold back
that indomitable spirit, and fastening his eyes upon the star that none else could
see, he met all objections of sailors and companions with one answer, an answer
that, as Miller puts it in the poem's refrain, it would be well for all photographic
workers to adopt as their motto, and ever remember in face of discouragement
and the glamor of partial success that if they would reach the final goal they
must never pause or turn back, but
"Sail on and on and on and on."
JosEPH T. KErLEY.

NoTE.-A review of the Salon would be incomplete without referring to

Mr. Keiley's own exhibit, especially as it was one of the attractions of the entire
exhibition.
The nine pictures by this photographer struck the visitor's eye immediately
upon glancing around the walls. They were unique in their way, standing out
in bold relief from the neighboring frames.
It may be considered sacrilege to emphasize the technique of any pictures
in a Salon, whose sole object is art. Nevertheless the writer is of the opinion
that without technique there would be no art, and that a certain class of tech-
nique must be considered in even an exhibition of this kind.
We are afraid that technique in photography and mechanical photography
are often confounded by those wondrous art critics who try to belittle the im-
portance of the former factor in the production of pictures, whether they be
produced by means of camera or brush. Mr. Keiley's prints were bold in con-
ception and bolder still in treatment. Their tonality was convincing. But the
chief value of this exhibit lay in the influence it will have on the pictorial pho-
tographer generally, for the technique of Mr. Keiley's platinum prints has
broadened the field of possibilities immeasurably. We honestly believe that
those who have been sneering most at processes, technique, etc., as not constitut-
ing part of art, will be the first to carefully study and apply the methods Mr.
Keiley has so happily evolved out of the glycerine method of platinum print-
ing, which, though by no means originating with him, has been made of practi-
cal value through his efforts, experimentally and pictorially.
It is only fair to him to state here that some of the choicest American work
at this very exhibition would and could not have been produced but for his un-
selfishness in helping intending exhibitors to learn his methods in time to apply
them to their own work. Let us give credit where credit is due ! A. S.
 CAMERA NOTES. 171
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -----
Report of the Research Committee.
Vlnco Platlno-Bromlde Paper. pyro. Every effort to prevent the spots
This new paper is made by John Carbutt, proved useless. Complaint was made to the
manufacturers abroad, and now, we are
who is not in the combine, and a sample of told, the hydrochinon sent over is of a
it was handed to us for trial. With nega- beautifully white crystalline nature and
tives of medium contrast and full of half free from the deferts named.
tones we obtained fine results, the blacks Adurol.
having the real platinum tones, and the The very favorable impression made by
whole print being "plucky." With nega- this new developer from samples handed us
tives having a great deal of contrast and last spring, was not sustained after using
large areas of half tones, the results were several boxes purchased later. The salt in
the latter case had either undergone a
good, but not as satisfactory as in the case change in the cartons. or there was a dif-
of a normal negative. This was to be ex- ference in the manufacture. We are in-
pected. formed that this difficulty has been over-
The image, on developing, comes up come. \Ve shall make further trial and re-
port, and in the mean time we advise our
slowly, and further deposit can be pre- members to "go slow" on this product. We
vented at once by placing the print in a desire to say, that if, upon further trial,
solution of alum and salt. We had no we get results like those first obtained, we
difficulty in working this paper without the have in Adurol a very valuable developer,
use of a "short stop," as Mr. Carbutt calls giving most beautiful half-tones and clear
this alum-salt bath. shadows.
The emulsion is tough, no signs of blis- Agfa.
tering being seen, l'ven with the use of the
ordinary hypo bath slightly weakened. This new intensifier we have tried with
With a normal negative and developer excellent results. It is a one solution in-
diluted a trifle, an exposure of five seconds, tensifier which seems to lie midway be-
twelve inrhes from a 16 c. p. incandescent tween the platinum and the mercurial in its
light gave us very nice results. Develop- effects. That is to say, contrast is not so
mt"nt was done about six feet from this greatly increased, but the whole plate is al-
light. so strengthened, giving it a printing quality
We can recommend this paper. tacking before. Another advantage is in
Hydrocblnon. having only one solution, where the process
of intensification can be watched and
We are informed that within the last few stopped at just the right moment. With
months there has been placed upon the mercury it is rather a lottery as to the ulti-
market a quantity of this salt which con- mate results of the intensification. The
tained numerous black specks, and that up- deposit produced with Agfa is of about the
on developing plates with it, circular spots same color as the original. A preliminary
of decreased density were found all over trial with a lantern slide of brown tone
the plate. We are assured by a very care- made on Paget plate gave an intensifica-
ful observer connected with one of our reli- tion of the same color. This would not be
able chemical houses, that these spots did the result with mercury.
not appear upon plates out of the same box ]. AsPINWALL,
which were developed at the same time with Chairman.
... ...
The Orange Camera Club.
The Fifth Annual Competition of the Orange Camera Club brought together a highly
interesting collection of about three hundred prints and upwards of one hundred lantern
slides.
The exhibit was tastefully hung under direction of the Print Committee, Messrs. Har-
vey, Townsend and Oose, while the awards were made by a J!oard of Judges composed of
non-members of the Cluh, Messrs. Groll, Berg and Murphy.
In portrait, landscape and marine classes the showing was particularly good, but the
lantern slides hardly maintained the standard established by the prints.
At this timl' considerations of taste and space prohibit criticism in detail, but it may
be safely said that it is indeed a hopeful sign in the photographic sky when a club of less
than one hundred membt>rs is able to produce a collection of such varied interest and gen-
eral excellence. This is especially notable when taking into consideration the fact that
under the conditions of the comt>l'tition entries were limited to pictures from negatives
made since the last annual exhibition of the Club.
The Orange Camera Oub is to be congratulated upon the possession of industry and
taste. With those qualities a full harvest may be reaped in the field of photographic art:
W.D.M.
172 CAMERA NOTES.

Reviews and Exchanges.

Photo1rams of the Year 1899· A Pictor- The reproductions have suffered a little
ial and Literary Record of the Best from the change to a substitute for the
Photographic Work of the Year. brittle "Art printing paper," but the gen-
Compiled by the Editors and Staff of eral worth of the volume has been so in-
"The Photogram," assisted b>• A. C. R. creased in many ways as to make up for
Carter. Published for the "Photo- this.
gram," Ltd. Dawbarn & -Ward, Ltd., Altogether, ''Photograms of '99" will re-
London. pay careful study.
We are glad to note that the new volume The volume is well bound, and the cover
of "Photograms of the Year" is very much is uniform with those of preceding years.
larger than its predecessors. This annual
is devoted to the artistic side of photo- Nature Studies In Berkshire. By John
graphic progress, in which there have been Coleman Adams. Illustrations by
so many developments that it takes a much Arthur Scott. Published by G. P
larger space than heretofore to record their Putnam's Sons, New York.
history during the year. "Nature Studies in Berkshire," by Johr.
"Photograms of the Year" is especially Coleman Adams, is, as the author states, a
welcome on this side of the water because record of impressions of what he has seen
it tells so fully, with patient criticism and and felt in his loiterings and many summer
many reproductions, about the great Lon- excursions in this delightful region. It
don exhibitions. But we are also interested consists of a series of separate and com-
in its reports of photographic developments plete articles, or chapters, more or less de-
in France and the colonies, and pleased to scriptive of the scenery, and of his various
see what our energetic and inspiring Joseph wanderings in this region, with the
T. Keiley had to report on "The American thoughts and impressions which his sur-
School," in its new and wide-spread awak- roundings suggested. While the writer
ening. does not at all times fully realize in his
As for the critical review of the two prose all of the subtle romance and poetry
great London exhibitions. it can hardly be of his subject, the book as a whole is most
said that A. C. R. Carter has filled the pleasantly suggestive to anyone who loves
gap that the late Gleeson White left by his the outdoor world, and it is especially so to
death. As a review and help to the student, those who are familiar with Berkshire, to
it lacks just those qualities which made whom it must vividly recall many familiar
those of Mr. White so invaluable. Never- pictures and moments of pleasure.
theless much of it makes good reading. To the photographer there is a particular
There are altogether one hundred and interest in the work, especially to the Cam-
fifty-eight half-tone illustrations, and era Club, for it is illustrated by sixteen
twenty-four of these are of American handsome photogravures from photographs
origin. Our figure and portrait work thus made by Mr. Arthur Scott, a member of
represented, stands well the comparison the Club. Among them are "The Red
with foreign work, although some of us Bridge," "Harvest Time," "The Edge of
will think of a few other pictures which the Storm," and others, which have won
would raise our average standard, if they him recognition among our leading ama-
were introduced. In landscape work we are teurs, as well as medals.
not surprised to find that we are behind. The book, which is published by Messrs.
Indeed, there are shown here some land- G. P. Putnam's Sons, is very handsomely
scapes by English workers that are very gotten up and is worthy of a place in any
fine. library.

"Camera Nota,'' Vola. Land n., bound In half-leather, are now seWnr for twenty dollars
and upwarda In the open market.
 ijZHE Camera Club, of New York, is the result of a con~olidation of "The
Society of Amateur Photographers'' and "The New York Camera Club,"
effected May 7, 189n, when the new club was duly incorporated under the laws
of 1895· The corporate existence of the two component bodies dates from 1884
and 1888 respectively.
The objects of the club are:
First.-The advancement of the photographic art.
Second.-To provide a club house where the members may practice pho-
tography, and cultivate social acquaintance.
Among the advantages of membership may be noted the following items:
Free use of all the club apparatus and stock chemicals, together with the
assistance of the club custodian.
Free subscription to CAMERA NoTES.
Lectures upon many subjects, including Travel, Art, Practical and Scien-
tific Photography.
Expositions of new photggraphic apparatus and demonstrations of modern
methods of photo work.
Weekly test nights for lantern slides, accompanied by instructive comments
by the club critics.
Frequent exhibitions of prints and slides sent in from other photographic
clubs of Europe and America.
Annual competitions for silver trophies, open to all print and slide makers
of the club.
Annual public exhibitions of the best work of the year in prints and slides.
Occasional jolly "smokers" and dinners.
A comprehensive library, including the leading photographic periodicals of
the world.
And best of all, the daily opportunity to "see how it is done" by the leading
amateurs of the country, and to almost unconsciously acquire a higher photo-
graphic standard through simple association with the masters of the art.
All of which advantages may be enjoyed at a nominal cost.
Further particulars will be furnished on application to Mr. H. B. Reid,
Secretary, 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York.
OFFICERS. TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
-OF-

The Camera Club.

1899-1900.

Prnztl~nt.--WILLJAM D. MURPHY.
Vi'c~-Pruid~ni.-ALFREI> STIEGLITZ.
s~cr~lary.-HARkY B. REID.
Tr~asur~r.-WM. E. WILMERDING.

Louis B. ScHRAM, W'M.. J. CASSARO,

CHARLES 1. BERG, jOHN BEEBY,
joHN AsPINWALL. WM. P. AGNEW.

Committees.
Hottu. Prints.
WM. P. AGNEW, Cltairman, CHAS. I. BERG, Cltairman,
R. L. BRACKLOW, A. W. CRAIGIE,
E. T. BIRDSALL. Jos. T. KElLEY.
G. LORILLARD RONALDS.

Lanl~rn Slid~s.
Mutinl(s. FRANK M. HALK, Cltairman
H. B. REID, Chairman, DR. CHAS. W. STEVENS,
DR. jAMES T. VREDENBURGH. ARTHUR SCOTT,
J. F. STIIAUSS,

J!'u/Jiicalzims. * Audztzitg.
AI.FRED STIEm.rrz, Chairman, L. B. ScHRAM, Cltairman
Jos. T. KElLEY. C. C. RouMAGE.
DALLETT FUGUE1', HENRY H. MAN.
W. F. HAPGOOD,
JOSEPH 0BEP.MEYER. !:i'ci~nlijic R~s~arclt.

jOHN ASPINWALL, Chairman.

Li/Jrary. DR. J. H. STEBBINS, JR.
joHN BEEBY. CHAS. E. MANIERRE.
DR. CHAS. W. STEVENS.

Admission.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE, Cltairman,
J. F. STRAUSS. A. w. CRAIGIE.

*Official Club Publication, " Camera Notes.''

 ~ist

Abney, Capt. \V. DeW. Carpenter, Wm. M. *

Adams, W. I. L. * Carlin, \Vm. E.
Adams, John H. Cassier, Louis
Adams, Dr. Rob't S. Cassani, Wm. J.
Agnew, Wm. P. Champney, J. Wells
Alling, Dr. W. G.* Chamherlin, G. H.*
Allison, J. Wesley Chandler, Prof. C. F.
Alger, S.C. Clarke, Frederick C.
Arens, Otto* Clarkson, Miss E. V.
Arosemena, Jos. X.* Cothron, W. Townsend
Aspinwall, John Colgate, R. R.
Atkinson, Louis P. Comstock, Dr. S.C.
Balliard, Charles* Congdon, F. 0.*
Barber, John W.* Coutant, Harrv
Bartlett, Dr. J. W. Cowee, James -F.*
Basset, G. F.* Cooke, P. P.
Beach, F. C. Craigie, A. Walpole
Beasley, Hewett A.* Croll, J. M.*
Beeby, John Cromwell, Benj. F.
Bellows, Edward D.* Cromwell, Prof. G. R.
Beman, ~frs. M. H.* Crosby, C. H.*
Bennett, E. S. Culver, Dr. E. M.
Berg, Charles I. Cullen, Wm. C.
Bickmore, Prof. A. S. Daniels, Major W. C.
Birdsall, E. T. Davanne, A.
Bishop, Dr. J. N. Davidson, Frank E.
Bishop, Dr. Sidney* Davis, Charles H.
Black, J. V. Davis, Ph. B., AI. D.
Blyth, Henry A. Day, Schuyler E.
Borsum, Louis* Dayton, Robert A. B.
Rracklow, Robert L. De Coppet, E. H.
Breese, James L.* Dennis, A. P.
Bridgham, S. W. Devlin, Dr. Robert J.
Brownell, L. W.* Dickerson, E. N.
Bruce, Frederick Dimock, J. A.*
Brulatonr, Jules E. Doering, Henry E.
Bull, J. Edgar Douglas, James
Rull, Henry King* Douglas, H. G.*
Bunker, \Villiam Dupont, William*
Burchell, J as. Durkee, E. \V.
Burke, D.D.S., J. P. Dwight, Theodore
Burns, G. A. P. Eickemeyer, ]r., R.*
Rurton, Prof. W. K. Eder, Prof. Dr. J. M.
Canfield. Charles W. Elgar, Francis C.
Campbeil. S. Maurice Elmendorf, Ph. D., D. L.
Cannon, Mrs. H. W. Ewen, Miss Harriette
Carter, Henry C. Faye, E. F.
*Non-resident members.
 LIST OF MEMBERS.-Continued.

Feeny, Dr. M. B. Howell, Com. C. P.*

Ferguson, Dr. J. F.* Hughes, Thomas R. *
Ferguson, E. Lee* Huntington, 0. W.*
Fitz, Miss Emma J.* Hunter, Arthur M.
Flash, Oscar S. Ireton, Edw. N.
Flash, Mrs. Oscar S. Jacob, Lawrence
Fleming, Henry S. Jacobs, Percy
Fling, Mrs. James L. Jakobi, Mrs. P. 0.
Fordyce, Dr. John A. Jacobus, John S.
Fothergill, J. Vincent Jewett, R. Dickinson*
Fowler, Dr. E. P. Johnson,\\'. E.*
Fox, Dr. George H. Johnston, Miss F. B.*
Fraser, Wm. A. Jones, Chas. Landon
Frisbee, Harry D. Joy, l\Ioses
Fuguet, Dallett Kaltenbach, H. J.*
Galoupean, Harry Kasebier, Mrs. G.
Gardner, Dr. A. W.* Keasbey, Fred'k \V.*
Gardiner, David* Keiley, Joseph T.
Geer, H. M.* Kellogg, Wm. C.
Glaisher, James Kimbel. Richard M.
Goodwillie, Dr. D. H. King, C. Volney
Gould, A. C. Kingston, Jr., H. H.
Graefe, F. Louise Kinney, Francis S.
Grimm, Fred C.* Kirby, G. T.*
Grisdale, H. M. Knapp, J. M.
Grugan, Major F. C. Knight, Samuel I.
Hadaway, Tom* Laidlaw, Rev., Ph. D., W.
Hale, Frank M. Latimer, H. A.*
Halman, I. L.* La Manna, Frank
Halsey, R. T. H. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Hapgood, W. F. Lawrence, Richard H.
Harris, W. H. Lawrence, C. A.*
Harris, George W.* Lawson, Dr. Wm. T.
Harris, \Valter C. Learning, Dr. E.*
Hardenbergh, H. J. Lemercier, A. l\L
Hart, Harold Lewis, C. McK.
Hatfield, Jr., A. Lilienthal, Cap. A. W.*
Hawes, Gilbert Ray* Living-ston, Joseph
Hegeman, Adrian G. Loeber, Chas. H.*
Heim, Edward Loth, Bernard
Henderson, Alex. L. Lounsbery, 1\Irs. R. P.
Hemphill, W. A.* Low, Joseph T.
Herff, B von Lundberg, Kurtz M.
Herbert, Sidney* Lyon, Edw. H.
Hibbard, Charles C. Lyon, Whitney
Himmelwrig-ht, i\. L. A.* Mack, Hugo S.
Hitchcrcl<. Francis R. ~lailloux, C. 0.
Hoge, F. Huber McCormick, L. 1\I. *
Hoge, William* McGourkev, S. D.
Holbrook, J. K. Mcintyre, -Thos. A.
Holder, Dr. 0. H. McKune, C. S.
Holst, L. T. R. Man. Henrv H.
Holzman, Sam. S. Manierre, Charles E.
Hopkins, Clement* Mapes, Augustus S.
*Non-resident members.
 LIST OF MEMBERS.- Collttnutd.

.Marc, T. 11. Schoen, Alfred P .

Marshall, Alfred Schoen, Harrv*
Martin, Miss Mary E. Schermerhorn, J. E.
:\lever, Francis T. Schermerhorn, Mrs. J. E.
:Moore, J. ~idgeway* Schram, Louis B.
Montant, Alphonse Schneible, Joseph
Morschhauser, W. A. Schweickart, Anton
Murray, Wm. M. Schweizer, A.
:\Iullen, Mrs. M. H.* Schmidt, Prof. A. P.
Murphy, Wm. D. Scott, A. W.
Murphy, Dr. Deas Scott, Arthur
Nagle, Dr. John T. Scott, Mrs. A. \V. *
~ ason, Carleton \V. Secor, Geo. F.*
Nash, S.C.* Simpson, Alfred I..
Nehring, U. Simpson, Charles
Newman, Samuel J. Skeel, Dr. F. D.
Obermeyer, Joseph Slade, John
O'Brien, Jas. H. Slade, Miss E. A.
Ogilvie, Clinton Smith, Edward A.
Oppenheim, Wm. G. Smith, John Jewell
Oppenheimer, Sid S. Smith, Henry A.
Paley, Wm. Smith, Sydney A.
Palmer, Stephen S. Sommer, Jr., Mrs. S.
Palmer, Nelson G. Solyom, Charles J*
Parrish, Hugh R. Sorzano, Julio F.
Peavy, Nathaniel Stark, Ferdinand
Peck, Flovd Stebbins, Jr., Ph. D., J. H.
Phipps, Charles A. Steljes, George H.*
Phillips, Guy* Stevens, Dr. Chas. \V.
Pidgeon, Edward Stieglitz, Alfred
Piffard, Dr. H. G. Stoiber, A. H.
Plimpton, Henry R. * Stone, J. Harris
Pope, Charles H. Storey, Fred. D.
Post, Geo. B. Storm, H. F.
Post, Wm. R. Strauss, J. F.
Prall, Miss V. M.* Swan, Robert 0. *
Pratt, C. Winfield Tanenbaum, E.
Preston, Jr., T. ].* Thatcher, Hon. John Boyd
Ray, Frank S. Thorne, Joel V.'.
Reed, R. R. R. Thorne, Mrs. J. *
Reid, Harrv B. Tiemann, HermanN.
Renwick, Wm. W. Tilson, Edward G.*
Richman, Charles* Tompkins, Dr. B. V.
Roepper, C. W.* Tows, Ferars H.
Rogers, John F. Towner, Norman S.
Ronalds, George L. Traver, Chas. W.
Roof, Clarence M.* Truslow, Jr, Jas. L.*
Roosevelt, Jr., R. R. Tuckerman, Alfred
Roumage, C. C. Tunis, Arthur L.
Russak, Jacob Upton, Miss F. K.
Sala, Paul* Vail, J. C.*
Sanford, E. Starr* Van Drunt. Cornelius
Schacht, F. H.* Van Woert, John V.
Schaaf, Alhert E. Van\Vyck, Jr. P. V. R.*
*Non-resident members.
 LIST OF MEMBERS.-Continut'd.

Vidal, Leon White, H. C.*

Vilmar, Frederick Whitehouse, J. H.*
Vogrich, Max Whiton, Louis Claud
Vredenburgh, D.D.S., Jas. T. vViener, Ernest
Waldron, Dr. H. A.* \Viggins, Mrs. M. A. •
Waldo, Dr. Leonard* Williams, David
Walker, Dexter H. Williams, Mrs. David
Ward, Mrs. H. S.* Williams, Llovd T.
Wardwell, Dr. I. F.* Wilmerding, :-\. C. •
\Varrin, Ernest Wilmerding, Wm. E.
Waterman, Jr., G. 0. Wiswell, Edw. H.*
Waterman, F. N. Woodbury, W. E.•
\Vebber, Samuel S.* Wright, J. Dunbar
Wells, E. H. Young, Daniel K.
White, Clarence H.* Zabriskie. Charles F.

LIFE MEMBERS.
(/11cluded in Gmeral List.)
Aspinwall, John Lewis, C. ~lc K.
Atkinson, Louis P. Obermeyer, Joseph
Bridgham, S. W. Post, William U.
Clarkson, Miss E. V. Roumage, C. C.
Colbron, W. Townsend Schermerhorn, J. E.
Dickerson, E. N. Schermerhorn, Mrs. J. E.
Fowler, M. D., E. P. Schram, Louis B.
Joy, Moses Stieglitz, Alfred
King, C. Volney Williams, David
Lawrence, R. H. Williams. :\Irs. David

HONORARY MEMBERS.
(Included in General List.)
Abney, Capt. W. DeW. Glaisher, James
Bickmore, Prof. A. S. Henderson, Alex. L.
Burton, Prof. \V. K. LaManna, Frank
Chandler, Prof. C. F. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Cromwell, Geo. R. ::VIurray, Wm. M.
Davanne, A. Piffard, .M. D., H. G.
Eder, Prof. Dr. J. M. Stone, J. Harris
Elmendorf, Ph. D., D. L. Vidal, Leon
Walker, Dexter H.

*Non-resident members.
 Volume III, No. 4

I
 CAMERA NOTES.

and emphasizes them." "The greatest temptation of all is the complete truth of
nature of which harmonious art only selects what it requires, deliberately sacri-
ficing the rest." But Hamerton never got any farther than he did in these two
statements. He did not admit that there is a question of any verity in art but of
this dangerous truth to natural phenomena.
We photographers could profitably continue on our examination of Hamer-
ton, for aside from his tangle on truth, he is clear and instructive. There is also
much very valuable and suggestive material in his Thoughts on Art, a much
earlier book. The essays in it contain inaccurate and contradictory passages,
showing the engaging frankness of an honest mind in development. It would
be a pity to haggle the good Introduction by quotation here, although it bears
directly on the subject we are considering. It should be read as a whole. The
comparison between wet-plate photography and painting is also worthy of the
attention of students. It shows what artistic difficulties photography has al-
ready overcome, and what others remain.
Mr. Hinton has given us one of the ideas necessary for a completion of
The Graphic Arts by the addition of a few pages on pictorial photography. He
argued that if photography hoped to meet the arts, her workers must "unmake
and undo" and "with a process giving from the first too complete a rendering,
must needs journey back upon the road along which the draughtsman is labori-
ously traveling." So that: "Within the narrow restrictions of photography per-
haps the best we can do is to take the most suitable scene and suppress every-
thing which interferes with the expression of the sentiment intended, and then
modify the remainder towards the same end." By this avoidance of nature's
plethora of material Mr. Hinton considers that we are, in an artistic way, very
desirably untrue to nature. So he concludes: "Scorn to observe truthfulness
when a little falsity will better serve your purpose."
As nature as well as truth is often used in more than one connotation, it is
welt for us here to note Mr. Hinton's phrase: "Truth to physical facts-that is,
nature." Emerson wrote: "Nature, in the common sense, refers to essences un-
changed by man: space, the air, the river, the leaf."
While on first thought most people might not concur in such a proposition,
sound modern writers on art agree that truth to nature is not the end and aim
of art. The trouble, in the cases of both the critics already quoted, is that they
therefore conclude that art must needs be essentially untruthful in every way.
They might as well argue that a musician who charms us with sweet music, is
false because he selects some out of the many notes of his instrument, and more-
over, gives these varying length and value. According to such an art argument
his music is not veracious because he does not sound all the possible notes and
give them all their full value. This general denial of the necessity of truth in
art, this assigning to it so reluctantly of even a merely incidental place, is per-
haps to be explained as coming from two causes. First, because most people
think that Ruskin had put the part for the whole, and made the truth of nature
stand for the whole truth of art. This is why many critics have gone to the
other extreme, to emphasize the falsity, when they should have shown the in-
completeness that made Ruskin's doctrine so dangerous. The second cause for
the denial of truth comes from the eternal necessity for all true artists to be con-
 CAMERA NOTES. I8S

stantly in arms against the mistaken notion that art should have a distinctly
ethical bias, and be tagged and labeled with a fairly plain moral. But preachers,
pedagogues, and scientists masquerading as artists are abhorrent, and their
didacticism is not true art. And so it happens that many artists will not permit
talk of the good or the true, but wish to acknowledge the claims only of the
beautiful. In fact as these are only vague, general terms, they will probably tell
us that they do not care to prate even about "the beautiful," but wish their
beauty brought down to concrete things and specific examples.
In a capital little book entitled Ho·w to Judge of a Picture, Mr. John C. Van
Dyke strikes the right trail and follows it part of the way, when he warns us
that truth to nature is not to be taken as the rule of criticism by which to judge
art: "The idea of imitation is a false conception throughout. Painting is a lan-
guage, and trees, sky, air, water, men, cities, streets, buildings, are but the
symbols of ideas which play their part in the conception." So, he concludes,
truth (to nature) is as absolutely necessary in painting as colors and brushes,
but, like them, only as a means to attain the end and aim of art, which is to
please. This comes very near to Hamerton's mature statement of his views, but
allows accuracy to nature a more legitimate place in art. What truths the artist
shall give, how much of them, and how modified, are problems to be decided by
his own feeling, which must here guide his judgme~t and his knowledge. He
must aim thus at a truth to nature that the scientists would call only apparent
truth, as poetry has been called a feigned reality.
For further insight, for guides to lead us up into the rarified atmosphere
where general truths are throned, and ideas waver and finally melt away to mere
notions-we must seek the stronger writers of literary art. Edward Dowden in
his Studies in Literature says: "To ascertain and communicate facts is the
object of science ; to quicken our life into a higher consciousness through the
feelings is the function of art. But though knowing and feeling are not identi-
cal, and a fact expressed in terms of feeling affects us as other than the same
fact expressed in terms of knowing, yet our emotions rest on and are controlled
by our knowledge." And: ''A great poet is great, and possesses a sway over the
spirits of men, because he has perceived vividly some of the chief facts of the
world and the main issues of life, and received powerful impressions from these.
He is, therefore, deeply concerned about truth, and in his own fashion is a
seeker for truth. When, in an age of incoherent systems and dissolving faiths,
artists devote themselves, as they say, to art for art's sake, and their ideal of
beauty ceases to be the emanation or irradiated form of justice, of charity and
of truth, it is because in such a period no great art is possible, . . ." But
above all else we may depend on the lines of Keats that we took for a foreword,
and by the aid of his inspiration see that truth which is of the very being of
:esthetics.
An examination of the truths in art has especial interest for photographers.
There could be no worse or more dangerous supposition, for the progress of
pictorial photography, than the very popular notion that a photograph gives us
the truth, and that we are therefore on a royal road to picture making, if we but
select our subjects and perform the chemical operations with reasonable care.
But we have seen that truth to nature is only a means to the end, and in no way
t86 CAMERA NOTES.

the aim of art. Moreover, it is a fact that we cannot obtain the best qualities of
even this truth to nature by ordinary photography, as well as the draughtsman
can by his freer artistic technique. It would be a grand thing if all the mere
photogs and button-shovers could be brought to a realization of this fact.
Few think about such things enough to be mindful that what man shall rec-
ognize as true, as well as what he shall call beautiful, is dependent entirely on
his own knowledge and powers. In other words; it is what he is, and not merely
his experience of the mass of what we call material phenomena, that makes his
standards of truth and beauty and forms his world. This is the more easily rec-
ognized concerning beauty, out it is as surely so in the case of truth. To bring
this down to concrete example; suppose we compare the values-the qualities of
light-and-shade and of color-in the photographs of thirty years ago with
those of to-day. They are as much behind the best work of the present as this
is removed from the true values as we see them in nature. And yet there was a
time when those old photographs were popularly considered miraculously true
to nature-partly owing, it is true, to the ever existent danger of an exuberant
rendering of detail. ~ow, most of 0ur photographic perspective and represen-
tations of scenes are as false as were the values of the wet plate. "How ! why!"
some exclaim, "are they not true to nature if they are not altered by meddling
with the scientific processes?" No indeed, they are far from true to nature.
But what do we mean by "true to nature?" How do we judge of this truth,
what is our gauge and what our measure and proof of it? Truth to nature can
be judged only by our observation and knowledge of nature; and we do not see
things in the way the camera sees and reports them. Our vision and the cam-
era's are far from identical; and just as many who had no art training were
formerly so led astray as to come to believe the photographic version of values
often better than that of their own senses, so nowadays we are led into error by
its "truth to nature'' and its forced perspective.
~ow, whatever science may elect to do, whether by ignoring the individual
or trying to minimize the danger of error from the personal equation, art must
take what we perceh·e, and as we perceive it, as her measure for truth. In <l!S-
thetics it is not what scientific -instruments, hut what our senses report, that is
true; it is not what music boxes and mechanical pianos, but what trained human
performers play, that is really music ; and-to reduce the fig-ure to the extreme-
it is not the carrion odors our dogs revel in, but the delicate essences pleasant to
us, that we call perfumes. All that science can do to affect <l!sthetic truth is to
work indirectly and to educate us, so that we shall perceive and feel more than
we did before, and make nicer distinctions.
So, then, all <l!sthetic standards are founded on purely human feelings and
experiences ; and the artist, in mind, heart, will, and hand, must be master and
stand supreme over the process. His truth must be an <l!sthetic one: it is not an
attempt at all the superficial truth of physical phenomena-even as the artist
sees them and not as the camera less correctly gives them. Ruskin did wide-
spread harm, because his advocacy of truth to nature led people to believe that a
really slavish and minute delineation of details was the truth necessary in art.
But Turner did not practice what his defender preached. And after a careful
reading of Vol. I., Part I., Chapter V .. and Vol. III., Part IV., Chapter X., of
188 CAMERA NOTES.

unfortunately there. He sought out the essentials, he desired to go (with his

soul in his eyes) straight to the mysterious heart and core of the beauty that
thus appealed to him; and so, in representing this beauty and translating its feel-
ing and appeal to our own nature in such a way as to move others, he must make
his instrument go straight to the resthetic goal and not dawdle by the way to
naturalize or botanize. \V e have used the word mysterious ; nature is mysteri-
ous to us, and we must suggest it in our pictures. It is not topography as it
tickles the film in a camera, but the heart of nature as it speaks through, and to,
the heart of man, that we need. As man can never give the whole of an abso-
lute truth, let us give a human statement of one truth, rather than partial state-
ments of many truths; as we cannot give the unity of creation, let us be con-
tent with a little unity of our own in composition and idea, rather than give!
apparently discordant atoms of the great whole. And so, rather than "unmake
and undo" merely, we must make and subdue-we must make our picture-idea
clear, and subdue all else to it. It is all the more necessary because, as Hamer-
ton says: "Nature gives abundant hints and suggestions, but never quite com-
poses, in our human sense." The picture-idea is not literary. \Ve might better
call it a motif, as they do in music; we may also describe it as an impulse, a
feeling-anything, however apparently contradictory, that will help us to be-
ware of the Anglo-Saxon tendency to make it rather an intellectual than an
emotional "idea."
Then art is not nature, but a language founded on natural symbols aided by
certain conventions. Now and then we get too far away from nature, and art
becomes too much conventionalized and therefore weak; then we have to return
to nature for newer, more vital symbols. That was the meaning of Ruskin's
preaching; and that was one of the things the Preraphaelites did, as Blake and
Wordsworth had also done it before them in poetry. But it is not enough to
judge the truth of a work of art by nature. We should rather ask : "Now, as
this is not nature but human invention and expression founded on nature, does
it, as an 'effect' (which may be very far from mere truth to nature), give a
clear idea of anything and does it call up any impression or emotion more
strongly than any other scheme would?" It is not a question of "Is it true?"
Art being, as some one has said, "the expression of an idea in form," if we can
say of a picture that it is good, strong, beautiful, it must be true artistically; for
it cannot be these things without the resthetic truth of a beautiful and noble idea
clearly and sincerely expressed. (The question of portraiture is a side issue
which need not be discussed here.)
The important truth in art, therefore, is not that of the exact reproduction
of nature, but of the idea and its expression by the phenomena depicted. Thus
a thing that never happened may be artistically true to life, and a scene that
never had an original-save in the mind of the artist-may be artistically true
to nature. Not only is the truth of a merely "faithful copy of nature" not the
real, human glimpse at the eternal verities which is the truth of art, but it is apt
to impede and block such expression of the inner truth. As it were, one cannot
see the forest for the trees. Scientific particulars may appeal to the reason, but
art must address her appeal to the emotions; and so she does not aim to achieve
the beauty of truth, but the truth of beauty. The first is the scientific, the second
IQO CAMERA NOTES.

ever mistakenly aspired. Beauty is the word man uses in denoting his apprecia-
tion of all those more or Jess noble and relatively perfect things that please his
resthetic feeling. So soon as we think a scene beautiful-that is, when we call
the representation in our consciousness, beautiful-we bring it into the domain
of art. The art may be low or high, according to our capacities, but we mean
that we think we then have all the elements of a work of art except those we
would have to exercise to embody it. :Mr. Hinton's paradox is not completely
worded; he means the tral/,scmdenta/ly beautiful scc1tcs in nature. But when he
qualifies beau~iful by transcendental, he but the more plainly begs the question,
for it is contrary to the meaning of the terms to say that the facts of nature can
be transcendentally beautiful per sc. That would mean either resthetically per-
fect without the aid of consciousness, or else spiritually beautiful, it depends on
whether transcendental is used in a wrong or right sense; either sense is con-
trary to the ordinary meaning of "nature."
Third: We cannot make or imagine on a flat surface a perfect copy or fac-
simile of objects in space. We can attempt merely a delineation or representa-
tion of what we see, by means of art or artifice.
Fourth: No two persons see, or cal), make a representation from nature
with identical results; while if one follows the idea of another and does not im-
prove on it, we know that he does not lessen the value of the original work, but
does prove himself an imitator. Unintentional duplication would seem most
likely to happen in photography, but we know by experience that it is very ran:
and never complete, although with the camera a personal style is difficult.
Nature can never be caught twice alike, and copying nature is not art for reasons
already given, and not because it might lead to duplication.
Fifth : If the paradox we have been examining were true, it would stand
inspection in the kindred terms of literary instead of graphic art-as indeed
should all that we have said about truth in art. So stated, it would be: A mod-
erately good bit of fiction is of greater artistic value than the most perfect record
of the transcendentally beautiful (stories in real life). This only makes more
obvious the fact that Mr. Hinton has committed the fallacy of "begging the
question." The fact is, that though we know what Mr. Hinton was trying to
impress on us, he really said nothing in his paradox. The whole trouble comes
from errors in terms, and originally the confusion comes from his inexact use of
truth.
The truth of art we have seen to be the truth of the universal, not of the
particular. We also saw that ordinary photography could not give even the
truth of the particular, i. c., truth to nature, so truly as could the trained
draughtsman, because an exact transcript of what the insensate camera sees is
nothing but a record of how sundry phenomena affected it: the camera rivals the
rl.raughtsman only because it is so much more rapid. Science may call the cam-
era's version truth, but it is not in all ways the truth as we see it. And what art
requires is the truth that is the verification of all things through human con-
sciousness, and their statement through human feeling. The difference is easily
undP.rstood when we compare various instantaneous photographs. Those that
are records of merely arrested motion, and that therefore seem like strange
glimpses of frozen life, are not artistic, though of scientific interest. It is for
this reason that Remington's drawings often are not pleasing, for he gives a sci-
entific rather than an artistic rendering. But the ordinary photographer is not
even scientifically correct in his rendering of perspective, light-and-shade, and
color values; and much less is he artistically truthful. So, though exact in cer-
tain minutire, we see that if we would be truthful, and even humbly artistic, the
camera ~an be-as they say of fire-a good servant but a bad master.
DALLETT FUGUET.
-
 CAMERA NOTES.
------ -----------------
and contented because their work was good; they knew for a certainty that it
was good, and that no photographer worthy of the name could say it was bad, or
imagine anything better.
Things are changed nowadays. \Ve can never be really satisfied with our
work, for there is no limit to its improvement; and our critics, who are not sat-
isfied either, do not seem to know why and wherefore, if I may judge from most
of the articles it has been my lot to come across.
Photography or, to speak more correctly, a certain number of photogra-
phers, have taken up a new line. Their goal is different from that of their
predecessors, their standards of excellence are borrowed from those of other
crafts, and yet their judges remain the same. If a surgeon used his scalpel to
carve a statuette from a piece of oak, would the Royal College sit as a jury and
ponderously examine his work from a medical point of view? This is, however,
the sort of thing we have to submit to most of the time; it is worse indeed for us
poor photographers (pictorial photographers, we call ourselves, for life is pre-
cious, and we keep clear of the word "artist"), who stand under cross fires,
abused by our community and slated by illustrious painters, who seem to write
more often than they paint. We have lost Mr. Gleeson White, whose straight-
forward criticisms, founded on clear and sound reasoning, gave precious lessons
without causing offense. His place has not yet been filled, and now nearly all
critical articles on photographic exhibitions teach photographers nothing and
leave them either indifferent or confused in their minds.
For criticism does not consist in telling a man that his model is bandy
legged, or that his landscape would look better if it was hung upside down. Of
course this is very witty, but it has nothing to do with criticism, for a critic
ought to speak like a sort of doctor, who diagnoses the disease and points out
the remedy; to be able to do this he must have studied both and made a careful
examination of the patient himself.
Do our photographic critics proceed in this way? I have seen some of
them at work, rushing through the exhibition rooms notebook in hand, and their
eyes fixed downwards on the point of a rapidly scoring pencil, in tow of some
panting organizer; indeed, I have played the part of the tug-boat myself, and
viewed the proceedings from a closer position. But let it be understood that I
have met a few exceptions to the rule--rare ones, it must be owned. These men
worked several hours a day for three or four days on a hundred and fifty pict-
ures each. They knew these pictures so well that they could have drawn a
scheme from memory of every one, and they hated the very titles of them for
weeks afterward. But their criticism had weight. It might be disputed, but
at any rate it was founded on patient study, and it gave sound reasons for its
verdict. Criticism of this order is never offensive and unkind. It does not aim
at being satirical or funny. The little pin scratches and the little jokes of the
genuine critic, even if they are perpetrated in a moment of irritation, do not
stand the polishing process, or they vanish later on under the stroke of the red
pencil. This sort of criticism makes photographers look at their work with
other eyes; I have often met men who laughed at such or such a suggestion
offered in a serious and polite style in the course of one of these articles, but
through a mysterious coincidence, it happened that this very suggestion was
 CAMERA NOTES.

Finally, we are severely warned that a photograph ought to be a photo-

graph and nothing else. Now this sounds very fine, and at first sight appears to
be very clear. But what is a photograph? How shall I know a photograph
from something that is not a photograph. A simple-minded man would answer:
"A photograph is an image produced by means of a lens or a pinhole, and fixed
on some medium or other by means of a chemical reaction caused by light." But
this answer does not explain matters satisfactorily, for pictorial photographs
are produced in this very way, and yet they are often accused of not being pho-
tographs. Is a photog-raph to be recognized by its aspect only? Then which is
the photographic aspect? A print on albumen is quite different from a da-
guerreotype, and has nothing in common with a platinum print; carbon does not
look like gelatino-bromide, and chloride paper has a different aspect from tin-
type. Which style are we to adopt if we want to glory in the name of
Photographers?
Perhaps the critics mean that a photograph is undoubtedly a photograph
when it is printed on a distinctly inartistic medium, highly glazed ; and when it
represents a subject utterly devoid of composition, offensive in tone and false in
values. This might be the true reading of the enigma, but then we must admit
that the critics encourage us to produce detestable work, and this is impossible,
of course.
All this is very confusing, and yet it could be made so clear. Why do not
critics admit that a photograph can be of any sort of color, printed on any sort
of paper, developed by any sort of means, sharp or fuzz-y, light or dark, pro-
vided it is taken with a camera and printed from a negative. Then let them
divide photographs in two classes, the technical and the pictorial, and judge the
work of a man according to the end which he pursues, not according to fixed
rules and standards that have been invented in other times and for other pur-
poses. If the critics come across a print of a new and disconcerting aspect, in-
stead of saying "this is not a photograph," let them understand that it is only a
photograph different from other photographs, just as salted paper was consid-
ered very different from daguerreotype in the old times. And lastly, let them
give us good reasons for their praise or for their blame, reasons that may en-
courage us on the road we have chosen, or teach us what we are to avoid in the
future.
ROBERT DEMACHY.
... ... ...
A New American "Link."
We take great pleasure in recording that our l\Ir. Joseph T. Keiley was
recently elected a member of the "Linked Ring'' in London, an honor in the
photographic world which most pictorial photographers consider second to
none.
Including l\lr. Keiley, there are now four American "Links," :Messrs.
Alfred Stieglitz, (elected 1894); Rudolph Eickemeycr, Jr., ( 1894); and F.
Holland Day, (1896).
 CAMERA NOTES.
- -- ----------
is known as a cell. Usually it is about four inches in diameter and four or five
inches long. Right in front of the source of light is placed one or more lenses
of large size to act as condensers. The first is generally plano-convex, with the
flat side next to the lamp, and at such a distance that the latter is at its focal
point. These condensers are arranged so as to be adjustable in relation to each
other in the line of the axis of the whole apparatus, so that we may readily bring
the light to bear upon the object at varying angles of concentration. Next to
the condensers is placed the alum cell, so called, and then may intervene other
condensing lenses if desired.
As microscopical lenses are not corrected for the actinic rays, it is neces-
sary to admit only those rays which will come nearest to focusing correctly on
both the photographic an <I the vi!'ual planes. Tn other words, these two planes
must coincide, or else we will have to alter the focus for photographing, after
we have focused the object for the eye. The rays coming near the center of the
spectrum are those usually used for this purpose, and therefore a color screen is
interposed between the condensers and the object. Any of the screens sold by
the dealers will answer, although some special formulas have been devised for
special cases.
This brings us to
THE MICROSCOPE.

Any microscope of good make, with fine adjustment, will answer, provided
it have a substage condenser, or a ring suitable for using an ohjective as such.
In practice, with all but the very highest power, I obtain much the best results
with an objective used as a substage condenser. An objective of one or two
inch focal length gives very fine results. It can be readily seen why this is so.
The rays of light approaching the object are already com•ergent, being made so
by the condensers, and if we use one of the wide angle condensing systems sup-
plied on the substages of microscopes, we obtain rays that approach at too
convergent an angle to be correctly used by objectives other than those of great
angular aperture. This must give false lighting, and spoil the fine definition so
desirable in photomicrographs.
Another very important item is the objective used to magnify the object.
It is not always the highest priced objective that gives the best results. I
have a Spencer .14 ", that of their student series, that is superior to a 4 mm.
Zeiss costing three times as much. When it comes to the lower power, the dif-
ference in the qualities for photographic purposes will not be so apparent. One
should have objectives of the following focal length: Two inch, one inch, two-
thirds inch, one-half inch, one-quarter inch, and one-twelfth inch oil immersion.
With such a battery you can tackle almost any subject.
I preferably use no eye piece on the microscope. After an extended serie!
of tests with various forms of eye pieces, including the projection eye pieces
made by Zeiss, and also without any eye piece at all, the best results were ob-
tained without the use of the eye piece. I am sustained in this view by Dr.
Frank D. Skeel, late president of the New York Niicroscopical Society, who has
been very successful in this class of work. Dr. William M. Gray, of the Army
Medical Museum at Washington, and Dr. John A. Fordyce, of New York, how-
ever, prefer to use eye pieces. The former, I believe, uses the projection form,
and the latter the compensating. Both of these gentlemen do magnificent work,
but whether they have ever made comparative tests I cannot say.
202 CAMERA NOTES.

Club Criticism.
The Lantern Slide Committee is making a praiseworthy effort to revive in-
terest in the weekly lantern slide test nights, and for several weeks there has
been a large attendance; but as the attraction lies entirely in the number and
variety of the slides shown, and the meetings are in the nature of entertain-
ments, it remains to be seen if the so-called "tests" will stimulate the making
of slides, or prove of any permanent value to the club.
For many years the Wednesday evening test was an important feature of
the club work, for not only did it exert a most marked effect upon the character
and quality of the slides tested, but the influence of the tests, and the accom-
panying criticisms, was noticeable in every branch of our photographic work;
and this influence was by no means confined within our walls, for the work of
our members, going abroad in slides and prints, has set standards for many an
amateur and professional throughout the country, and stimulated their efforts,
and has won for the club a recognition not surpassed by any other association of
its class in the world.
The test nights, too, have been powerful in their influence upon the social
side of the organization, for they brought the members together in a wholly
informal way, and, besides promoting a better acquaintance among them, af-
forded most favorable opportunities for the exchange of information and the
discussion of questions relating to the interests and management of the club. In
short, these meetings were the pulse of the club.
The older members of the Camera Club, who belonged to the Society of
Amateur Photographers, which originated the lantern slide tests, and who are
familiar with the history of the institution, will remember conditions much like
those prevailing now, when the tests were regarded generally as entertainments,
and everyone felt privileged to make such comment on the slides presented as
he felt disposed. As the comment was usually facetious, it required consider-
able courage, and unusual equanimity on the part of an exhibitor, to face the
ordeal of such a public criticism. Such a system, or lack of system, was not
calculated to encourage, much less stimulate, good work, nevertheless quite a
number of members sought more than the gratification of seeing their work on
the screen, and in their quest for advice and assistance they naturally turned to
a man whose broad and ripe learning and clear judgment had already made him
an authority on almost every subject involved in photographic work, both theo-
retical and technical. It is hardly necessary to say that the gentleman referred
to is Mr. William M. Murray.
As the photographic horizon expanded the progressive members of the
Society felt the necessity of more serious work, and Mr. Murray was induced to
become a member of the Lantern Slide Committee, and to extend the benefit of
his criticism and advice to any member who desired it. The criticism was oblig-
atory on none, but it was so universally requested that in the absence of special
notice it was assumed that all slides presented for testing were also to be criti-
cised, and this system prevailed as long as the criticisms were continued. The
effects of the new system were almost immediately noticeable, for the character
of the work presented improved rapidly, both in artistic and technical qualities,
 CAMERA NOTES. 203

and the number of slides presented increased in proportion as soon as it was

found that competent advice and assistance was available.
The guying at the old time test nights was, after all,. not without its advan-
tages, as many a thin skinned egotist, hungry for praise, received a weli merited
lesson, and later on these, as well as the more earnest workers, were prepared to
accept intelligent criticism, honestly and fearlessly given, and to profit by it.
With the consolidation of the two organizations forming the present club,
and the addition of a large number of new members who were not familiar with
the character and qualifications of the critic and the results of the system of
slide criticism, complaints began to arise. Undoubtedly it is human nature to
consider praise the main duty of a critic. One considered the standard estab-
lished too high, overlooking the fact that a standard is established by the most
accomplished and skillful artists, and not by the critic. Another protested that
the critic did not himself make and exhibit slides, aggrieved that, not being able
to refute a criticism, he was not afforded a possible opportunity of resorting
to the personal argument. Others objected to any criticism whatever, because,
if they exhibited work but declined criticism, the other spectators would com-
ment on the fact. On the other hand, it is but just to state that some of the new
members, who at first bitterly opposed the system of criticism, later on became
ardent champions of it on appreciating its value. The general public, however,
continued to promulgate its criticisms in opposition to the official critic, and to
the system generally, and as an inevitable result the office fell into innocuous
desuetude, likewise the test nights. There was no one left to condemn-and no
one to praise.
With the cessation of criticism a year ago the popularity of the Wednesday
evening assemblies waned decidedly, for the emptiness and lack of motive of the
function was most evident ; and at various times since there have been spasmodic
movements looking toward a resumption of some description of criticism, but,
unfortunately, the ideas as to its nature and scope have so far been extremely
vague. There has been more or less talk of a "popular standard," and "popu-
lar criticism," but logically considered there can be neither one nor the other.
If "a popular standard" means anything in this connection, it must mean such
work as the average amateur photographer produces, and this is evidently a
practically indefinite and indeterminate point in the scale of excellence, while the
best work still remains where it was before, and challenges comparison regard-
le!is of any arbitrary so-called standard. As to "popular criticism," criticism
never was, and in its nature never can be, popular in any sense of the word. A
popular criticism of lantern slides or prints would be universal and indiscrimi-
nate praise-which would be almost as universally false-and undeserved praise
cannot convert a poor picture into a good one, even when put in the form of an
official statement. Even if it were possible to devise a mild and popular form of
criticism, there is little possibility that it would prove acceptable for any length
of time, as one of the necessary elements of criticism, especially under the cir-
cumstances of lantern slide testing, is that it shall be terse and trenchant. There
is little time for long, involved periods, whose only object is to disguise and
smooth over a poor piece of work, and past experience has demonstrated that
such methods found little favor even with the subjects of the remarks.
That the need of a resumption of criticism is so widely felt among the club
members is a strong argument in favor of the old system-the only one of which
we have had any experience-and is a vindication of it, if such be needed; but
it is evident that few have the courage to face real criticism, even if a competent
critic can be found. In the present hesitating conditions of affairs it seems
as if, as a preliminary, it might be well to institute a season of the ancient prac-
tice of guying, to prepare and inure the members against the mortifications of
that straightforward, tn1thful criticism which alone is helpful and of lasting
value. W. F. H.
204 CAMERA NOTES.
------- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Proceedings.
The regular monthly meeting for Decem- Man, Montant, Keiley, Waterman, Craigie.
bt•r was held on the 12th, President :\lurphy Champney, Strauss, Aspinwall and others
presiding. took part, Mr. Strauss withdrew his motion.
The treasurer reported a balance of $3.- After a general discussion of the subject
JsB-90; and verbal reports were made by :\fr. Strauss moved that the original motion
the various committees. he amended by the substitution of one critic
The judges in the Murphy Print Competi- in place of five. Mr. Waterman moved as
tions reported a$ follows: In competition a substitute for Mr. Strauss" amendment
A, for best portrait head or full figure that one judge be eler.ted for general criti-
made in the club gallery. the judges. 1\fessrs. cism, and one judge for lantern slide tech-
Stieglit7.. Berg and Cassani. reported that nique. After debate the amendment and
:\Jessrs. L. W. Brownell. A. W. Craigie and substitute were voted on and lost.
Jos. T. Keiley had tied. having received the Mr. Reid mcved that three critics he
same percentages. The winner was deter- chosen instead of five. Mr. Aspinwall offered
mined by lot. and the prize fell to :\1 r. an amendment to the effect that a Board
Brownell. of Critics of three be appointed by the
In competition B, for the best landscape. chair, with full power to act in the matter
without figures. taken during the summer of criticism. Mr. Montant moved as a
of 1899, the judges. Messrs. :\lurray. Aspin- substitute that such a Board consist of five.
wall and Cra1gie, announced that they had The substitute was lost, and !\fr. Aspin-
awarded the prize to :\fr. F. N. Waterman. wall's motion was carried.
The death of Commodore Chas. P. How- Dr. Stevens moved to reconsider, and tht"
ell, U. S. N .. for many years a member of motion was carried.
the club, was announced. The original motion then being before the
Dr . .Tas. H. Stebbins then read a paper meeting, :\Ir. Strauss moved that :\Iessrs.
on "Recent Progress in Photographic Aspinwall. Champney and Keiley be appoint
Chemistry. Emulsions and Dry Plates," ed club critic,;. The motion was laid on the
which he illustrated by lantern slides. table. :\Ir. Montant moved that the whole
Dr. Robert }. Devlin gave some results of matter be referred back to the Trustees,
a recent analysis of commercial sulphite of with full power to act, and the motion was
~oda. which showed a considerable amount
duly carried.
of impurities. The proceedings and debate demonstrated
The meeting then adjourned. that no definite or fairly ccncordant opinion
in regard to the nature and scope of public
• • • official criticism exists at present among the
On December 19th a special meeting was memh-!rs.
called by the Board of Trustees for the pur- • • •
pose of securing a full discussion of the
subject of club criticisms. as raised by the The regular monthly meeting for January
resolution passed at the meeting of Novem- was hdd on the gth. President ~lurphy pre-
ber 14th. ~iding.
The members were invited to discuss and The Trl'asurer reported a balance of $3,-
take action upon the following resolution: 229.50 on hand.
"That a board of five critics be elected by After reports of the standing committees
the club at said meeting, with suggestions were received a number of cameras and
as to the scope and method of criticism to other apparatus were exhibited by Folmer
be applied to lantern slides and prints." & Schwing.
Mr. Strauss moved that the matter of se- A vote of appreciation and thanks wa~
lecting critics be rl'committed to the Trus- tendered to 1\Ir. Rudolph Eickemeyer for
tees for action. The motion was seconded, the extensive exhibition of his work now on
but after debate, in which Messrs. Stieglitz, view in the club rooms.
 CAMERA NOTES. 205
--------------------------
At the regular meeting, held Tuesday, It was proposed by !\fr. Hoge that it
February 12, Mr. W. D. Murphy in the would be a good idea to hold an auction of
chair, after the regular routine business prints, slides, fake-pictures, for the benefit
the Nominating Committee was selected of the club, the prints, etc., to be donated
in the usual manner, Messrs. Hap- for the purpose by the members of the club.
good, Bracklow and Arthur Scott having After some discussion, the motion was car-
been appointed by the Chair to select a dozen ried, and the Chair appointed Messrs. Hoge.
names, from which five were to be drawn Carlin and Arthur Scott to engineer the
by lot. The committee, as drawn, is as fol- undertaking, giving the committee full
lows: Messrs. Dr. ]. Bartlett, chairman; power to act. The meeting then ad-
W. E. Carlin, C. C. Roumage, ]. Wells journed.
Champney and M. N. Tiemann.

... ...
Lectures.
On December 5, 1899, Dr. J. M. Bishop • Flowers." It is needless to say that the
delivered an illustrated lecture on ''A Visit lecture was illustrated with a superb set
to South Africa During the Winter Months of colored lantern slides, fully equal to
of July and August, 1899." In view of the those which have given Mr. and Mrs. Van
great interest manifested by Americans in Brunt their universal reputation. The lec-
the South African events of the present tltrer drew an overcrowded house, for Mr.
time, Dr. Bishop had but little difficulty in Van Brunt is annually looked forward to as
holding the interest of his audience. furnishing one of the treats of the season,
and, as heretofore, his listeners were not
* * * disappointed.
Mr. John M. Aspinwall, the genial chair-
man of the Research Committee, delivered
• ••
a delightful lecture, "New Orleans to On February 6, Dr. F. D. Skeel enter-
the Pacific," illustrated with a splenaid tained the Camera Club with an exhibi-
set of his slides, on December 28, 1899. tion of microscopical projection by polar-
ized light. Dr. Skeel stands high in micro-
The lecturer kept the immense audience in
a continued state of good humor and merri- scopical circles for his skill and learning,
ment by his natural wit and happy delivery. and is qualified in every way for the diffi-
The lecture was unanimously voted one of cult task he had undertaken. Without
the hits of the season. attempting to make the lecture a scientific
one, the speaker began with a brief and
* • • popular explanation of the subject for the
On January 2, 1900, Prof. A. B. Hamlin evening, and then, by way of introduction,
delivered an illustrated lecture on "A Vaca- threw upon the screen a few cleverly
tion in Northern Italy." The professor stained slides of some beautiful botanical
succeeded in imbuing a rather hackneyed subjects. These were followed by a set
subject with a distinct individuality, which of well selected slides of minerals and
was fully appreciated by the frequenters of chemical salts, which, under Dr. Skeel's
these lectures. The lecture was illustrated skilful manipulation, introduced to the
with appropriate slides. large audience the wonders and beauties
produced by polarized light, accompanying
• • • them by explanations suited to the occa-
On January 23, 1900, 1\lr. Cornelius Van sion. The demonstration was most suc-
Brunt delivered his new lecture on "The cessful in every way, and it was received
Birth of the Butterfly Among the Autumn with hearty appreciation.
:zo6 CAMERA NOTES.

Third Annual Dinner of the Camera Cub.

''Hour of all hours, the most bless'd upon earth,
Blessed hour of our dinners!"
One of the noteworthy facts relating to the varied procession of public din-
ners annually passing in review before the gourmets of New York, is the way
in which the banquets of each fraternity maintain their own distinctive atmos-
phere from year to year. This is especially true of the dinners of the Camera
Club, which by the way, possess an individuality so clearly defined as to render
them almost unique.
This yearly renewal of good cheer and discreet indulgence in the bouhomie
of a not too dignified interchange of post-prandiai repartee, is a most attractive
feature of our club life, and this year the occasion was rendered the more agree-
able by the presence of representatives from the fraternal photographic societies
and clubs of Philadelphia, Orange and Montclair.
The feast was spread at "The Arena'' on Saturday evening, December the
ninth, and was attended by about seventy-five members and guests. In accord-
ance with the custom of the club the souvenir of the occasion consisted of an
artistically arranged menu containing original prints by members of the club,
while three framed prints by Mr. Stieglitz, Mr. Fraser and Mr. Herbert, and
one copy of the CAMER..o\ NoTES Portfolio, donated for the purpose by Mr. Stieg-
litz, were awarded by lot to Mr. A. P. Scheon, Mr. Ferdinand Stark, Mr: Henry
H. Man, and Mr. Morton, respectively.
When the president arose in the capacity of toastmaster, Mr. S. S. Webber
claimed the floor in order to unveil a carefully masked battery and completely
surprised the presiding officer by presenting him with a beautiful silver-
mounted gavel made from wood from the sunken Spanish cruiser "Reina Mer-
cedes." On behalf of certain members involved in the plot Mr. Webber neatly
expressed the kindly feelings entertained towards the recipient of the testimo-
nial, and the president responded in appreciative terms.
Then the oratorical talent of the company was developed in fifteen crisp
speeches by the following gentlemen :
Mr. Redfield, president of The Photographic Society of Philadelphia; Mr.
Gould, president of The Orange Camera Club ; Mr. Gibson, president of The
Montclair Camera Club; Mr. Stirling, secretary of The Philadelphia Society;
Mr. Frank Eugene, Mr. J. Wells Champney, Mr. J. T. Keiley, Mr. Louis Cas-
sier, Mr. Henry H. Man, Mr. Dexter H. Walker, Mr. Charles I. Berg, Mr. J. F.
Strauss, Mr. John Aspinwall, Mr. Joseph X. Arosemena and Mr. Alfred Stieg-
litz.
In the absence of stenographic notes reference to even the most salient
points of the speeches must be omitted, but it may be said that they indicated a
rare degree of artistic purpose combined with such good fellowship, that when
the hour of adjournment arrived the guests departed imbued with the sentiment
expressed in Sidney Smith's well-known lines:
"Serenely full, the epicure would say,
Fate cannot harm me, I have dined to-day."
WM. D. MURPHY.
 CAMERA NOTES. 207

Reviews of the Exhibition of Prints by Frank Eugene.

(Nov. 15-30, J899.)

BY A PAINTER.
When one has interested one's self for many years in any definite department of work
or play. has studied the various conventionalized forms they take, how welcome, is the
fresh thought or a novel presentation of an old thought.
I am reminded of this by a request to write about the extremely interesting exhibit
of Mr. Frank Eugene which adorned the walls of the Camera Club for several weeks
towards the close of 1&)9. Unphotographic photography, it charmed by its novelty, but
not only by that. One saw back of all these prints a mind busy with an effort to make
an impression of force or beauty or character. The work was purposeful and commanded
respect. The reproductions on the printed page will, even when not equalling in charm
the originals, confirm the enthusiastic praise they were awarded by all who see in pho-
tography a means for artistic expression. Mr. Eugene brought to bear upon his photo-
graphic work years of training as a professional artist and so has permitted himself to
use photography at times as a pastime, and his play always interests us. When his record.
made by the camera, has been only partially successful, he has a novel way of working
upon the negatives so as to increase the strength of contrasts, or vary entertainingly the
textures, that was so startlingly daring and demanded such skill of hand as well as definite
artistic conviction that he is not likely to have many followers and still fewer rivals. A
frame of prints like an etcher's different "states of the plate" showed the portrait of a
well-known sculptor as the negative recorded it, and five other prints from the negative
in varying stages of manipulation until the white coat and very commonplace background
had disappeared in darks almost as rich and beautiful as a mezzotint of one of Reynolds'
pictures.
There was beauty of an extremely rare sort in a small print representing the late
famous composer, Seidl. Only a student of the best of the old masters would have thought
of so beautifully balancing the simple lights and shadows.
The note everywhere struck was what for want of a better word we must call artistic,
that struggle for such grace of pose, character in dress, fitting illumination of head, figure
or scene, balancing of masses of light and shadow, sacrifice of the unimportant and trivial,
unity of impression, all of which can be shown by the use of the camera and later treat-
ment of negative or print just as surely as in the painted picture. In many, nay, in most
rases, the difficulty of the photograph-.:r is greater than that of the painter, and insofar as
he combines the qualities mentioned aLon: and others not mentioned does the photographer
interest and move us by his work, and has a right to claim recognition from his brethren
of the brush.
Mr. Eugene's exhibit was of so personal a character that, as has been already said, it
is not likely to affect greatly the average photographer, be he amateur or professional. It
told of an original character, it told of valuable influences. and it spoke of an enthusiasm
and love beyond that pos~essed by most. The hanging of the pictures and the framing
with the simple decoration of leaves and branches should he favorably commented upon,
and I regret that no one preserved for us the pretty treatment of the central group. Mr.
Eugene was made to feel the full sense of indebtedne~s of our club to him for his valuable
display, and I am glad to be the mouthpiece of his friends and admirers in giving shape to
my pleasure and gratitude in CAMERA NoTES. ]. WELLS CHAMPNEY.
Jauuar:y, 1900.
2o8 CAMERA NOTES.

BY A PHOTOGRAPHER.

Mr. White showed us what an earnest photographer, good in technique and poetic in
feeling, could do in spite of a limited and amateurish self-training in art. He met failure
where he also secured his greatest victories,-in the handling of the human figure, and in
tone-when he tried impracticable and viol(nt schemes of light and shad~ All sorts of
work, bad as well as good, were shown purposely and for our benefit; and in the next
~xhibition we had again a showmg of poor result~ with the good.
Mr. Frank Eugene had made most of these prints for his own edification, but was
prevailed on t0 exhibit them for our-;. The di,;play wa~ n·ry imtructive, for it revealed
the work of a painter, using a camera to please him~clf; the by-play of one frankly little
skilled in scientific phctography, but drilled to the use of the pencil and the tricks of the
lmtsh, and also to the clever handling of figures and accessoric~. When he fails in light
and shadl' it is becau~e of unpcrfect understanding and control of actinic and chemical
action.
Though a companson of these two exhibitions was natural and beneficial to the rest
of us, it would be unfair to say from it merely that Mr. Eugen~·s work was not as strong
as Mr. White's, althouih the former shows the savoir fair.: of the trained artist. For
while photography affords Mr. White the highe~t scope he can command, it is but a sec-
ondary matter artistically to the man of the brush. It is also useless to wonder whether
an academic training in the conventions of art would have helped or hindered the expres-
sion of Mr. White's decided individuality.
Mr. Eugene's exhibition found greater favor with the Camera Club than did the one
before it; and though it certainly pleased some artists less, the verdict of the cultivated
laymen undoubtedly has a \·alue which should always be considered by the initiates of the
crafts.
In this case the photographers were willing to overlook the poor photographic execu-
tion for the sake of the novel artistic ideas here embodied-novel, by the way, because now
put into photographic form. Indeecl, the poor technique was in itself interesting, because
unusual, in that the artist had resorted to brush and pencil to effect what a few others
would have obtained by the glycerine:! platinotype method, and the majority by the more
usual ways of masking. dodging and sunning, or by local intemification and reduction.
Mr. Eugene does not work on the prints in any way, but his negati,·es must be in a
state which the ordinary photographer would consider shocking. He apparently rubs
away and scratches the secondary high-lights that he desires to subdue; and he uses pencil
and paint on the shadows he woulcl lessen or lighten. He modifies and changes details
in the same way, and all with a frank boldness which is very interesting and imtructive
to the photographer, and would be very suggestive and pleasing to the searcher after beauty
if it were not for the obtrusive conflict of methods by which he thus endeavors to make
pictures. A true work of art must have unity, and surely must be also whole and in-
divisible in the secondary matter of the technique by which it is made manifest, for other-
wise minor things would interfere with the effect. As 1\Ir. Murray said in a former number
of CAli.IERA NoTES, "That art is best which best conceals art." But !\fr. Eugene's method
does not give the homogeneous resulb that we can easily get; and this is one n:ason why
the work did not please some of th-! artists. They prefer pure photographic technique
in a photograph-the regular, unobtrusive ways of dodging and modifying and correcting
the camera's unhuman vision.
In such a picture as "The Lady of Charlotte," No. 39, with her Beata Beatrix pose, it
was a pity to mar the effect by so poor a way of toning down her robe as by scratching
the neg;;.tive, although in this instance the "etching" is less obviou~ than in many other
cases. A most charming picture this is, the best of eight made with much feeling from
this lady with the hiKh-bred, spiritual face. All of these, as well as some of the other
portraits and figure pieces, in comparison with certain others in the collection, go far in
emphasizing the dependence of an artist behind the camera upon the looks, conceptions
and dramatic abilities of his models, and upon their power to fall in with and to recipro-
cate his feelings and to respond to his ideas.
 CAMERA NOTES. 211

In the decorative: work several of tht: models were stiff and unpleasing. That was the
one fault with the "Decorative Panel," No. 37. The picture in the center showed beautiful
handling, save that the effect of the pose was stiff and rigid, rather than merely formal,
and did not go well with the supple richness of the garb and other accessories. There
was another picture of this model, a light-toned head, with the true decorative spirit, which
indicated the great possibilities that are in such handling of a difficult model. The two
uarrow, flanking ptctures of the decorative triptych, No. 37, which suggested a staiJied-
glass window effect, were better in pose and appeared more appropriate here than did a
less trimmed-down print of one of them-a female with a violin, which was hung separately.
This, apparently for no special reason, and in spite of the dogwood blossoms, was entitled
··summer," No. 43· The figure was gracefully posed, but the effect was academic and
rather artificial. This can be said also of the other supporting figure of the triptych, a
man in armor, which, with similar things, was catchy rather than meritorious in iuea.
In another "Decorative Panel," No. 33, the supports se'!m forced and detracted from
the middle picture, which was of a girl's head and shoulders, against .Mr. Eugene's special
background of a screen of leaves. Thi& portrait was very graceful in pose and soft and
harmonious in tone. A print from this negative was hung separately, but it was printed
too dark, and the charm was entirely lost.
"Launcelot and Guin.:vcre," No. 59, was interesting, especially for the handling of
the background-a painted landscape, effective because simple, and made to serve at
various times alike for dark and light t.ffects in tone.
"Nirvana," No. 67, reveals the extreme of this artist's method. The long-sought
forgetfulness of self comes in a medium which may be water or dewy air or the far a:ther,
as the dreamer's imagination prefers, but which the practical photographer knows to be
paint.
There was a Madonna print hung, not the miscalled and dark-haloed maiden cata·
logued as No. s6, but a picture of a mother and child. This was unnumbered, probably
because it was from so poor a negative, but it appealed to me strongly. The main fault
in this, as in much of the other decorative work, lay in the fact that the main subjects too
often had obviously indoor lighting, while the backgrounds were open-air effects, other-
wise cl.:,·erly simulated in the studio. In the picture under discussion, the strong light
and shade may be supposed to represent sunlight, but unfortunately the background did
not suppcrt the illusion.
Mr. Eugene's nudes should be of great interest to us. From his experience and train-
ing, he at least would seem warranted in trying to depict the human form divine by pho-
tographic means for artistic purposes. Few photographers have studied anatomy, cast
and life drawing, and have a clear idea of the ideal figure, as distinguished from the
imperfect realities of life, which all fall short somewhere. They do not know how to
handle the figure nor to guard against copying the imperfect. This is specially important
in portraying the nude. Indeed, unless photography can select the good points of the
actual flesh and blood figures, and hide the many imperfections-in the proportions of
bones, muscles and ftcsh,-the artist cannot hope ever to do intrinsically good art work
by photographing the nude. And most of such work proves this fact, and also that in the
nude more than ever is the photographer dependent on his model's perfections.
Frank Eugene showed us but a few nudes. Two of these were neither as purely
naturalistic, nor as weakly classical or theatrical, as those we ordinarily see. The female
figure, "La Cigale," No. 71, had a great deal of artistic charm as well as a few fleshly
failings. "The Song of the Lily," No. 55, was rather more unusual, and is, taken all in
all, about the best that has been done in this country with the male nude.
Such decorative work in photography as that which we have been considering ts to be
welcomed eagerly and studied carefully. But it was where this artist comes closest to
pure. untouched photography that he was most satisfactory. This was in his portraits.
Some of them we mi&'ht call direct portrait heads; such as the fine one of "Sadakichi
Hartmann," No. 10; as tlirect and forcible a thing as we ever see, with no touch of the
melodramatic; it was unretouched, and indeed needed a little toning down in on.: or two
somewhat obstreperous details. Numbet 16 was the best of three natural and pleasing
portraits of Master Howard Keirn, and the Seidl portraits were also very fine.
212 CAMERA NOTES.

The print shown of "Miss }.," No. 15, was a poor one; it was too heavy, and the
l>hadow under the hat was mere shoe-blacking. But it was worthy of study for the fine
handling of the rather formidably conventional raiment, and I am sure a technically perfect
print might be made from that negative.
Mr. Daniel Chester French's portrait was exhibited in seven different stages of l\lr.
Eugene's etching and scratching of the plate. The catalogued No. 6 was apparently the
sixth state; the other ""impre~sions'" were assembled in an unnumbered frame. The almost
untouched first state would have been preferred by those who patronize the "photo-art
studios'' at the rate of eight dollars a dozen. The next five states gave much the impres-
sion of fuss and scratches that the Kilkenny cats did in their famous encounter. Out of
this the sixth state emerged in the condition many now like; thty would say that it looked
like the copy of a painting, and consider that high praise. In the unnumbered frame again
was the seventh and late state-! do not intend to suggest the quotation about the last
state of that man being worse than the first-it was not, it was merely very different. It
had great pictorial charm, as had the sixth, but it was too far gone to be a portrait.
Other portraits tht·re were; some merging off into the purely decorative. of which I
have already treated by example. Many of the portraits were pleasing in pose, but some
were stiff, and some were unattractive. Many were more or les~ marred by a serious
technical fault; th! lens had been forced, and figures with any amount of perspective in
the pose were palpably distorted; and certain arms, elbows and hands were out of all pro-
portion. Probably Mr. Eugene is ne-t aware of the cau~e of this-of the danger of getting
the subject too near the camera.
Some of the photographs were hard or poor in light and shade, and consequently in
the sum total of the value~. which is the tone of the picture. This came from faulty pho-
tography, and the best thing in the exhibition was thus injured, to my mind. It is much
to be regretted that the negative of "'S. H. and Family," No. 61, appears to be poor. After
much consideration I have decided that this is the best and most charming photographic
group, pictorially, that I have ever seen; and I believe many will agree with me. This
is but another of the many cllses going to prove that if a thing is really good, we desire to
see-and can safely be allowed to see-·the main objects reasonably clearly. Faded-out
parts and main lines lost in shadow are to be forgiven only when they are not what they
ought to be, and ~o are better lost. But this losing does not make amends tor their
being bad.
This t'xhibition was of great interest and value to the club; we all need the art edu-
cation we can get. There seems danger that Mr. Eugene may let his method of scratching
run away with him, just as others would make of one or another mode of modification a
fad; or else do worse by saying and bel it ving that th(:v follow the only true and legitimate
photographic method, and keep true to nature entirely by scientific means, when they
really do not know what truth in art means. However, each has his time of test; each
must be judged by the results achieved; and it is the only-legitimate-process man who fears
the test most, if he is wise, and who abides by it with the worst grace.
I have dwelt on the technique shown in this exhibition hecause I was requested to do
so. But, after all, technique is merely a minor but necessary part of art. We may throw
the mere technician out of consideration altol{ether, as on a level with the unscienced
button-shover, when we talk about art.
The dictionary says that technic means knowledge applied to art, and that the French
word techniqut', as used in English, has the same meaning. But in practice tahnic and
technical are used of i~adu,;trial art, of the artisanship of the handicraftsman. So technique
bas been retained by artists to denote the skill used in the production of works of art, in
contradistinction to the dexterity of the artificer. No mere button-shover has technique,
although he may have technic; no practicer of pure, unmodified photography has technique,
although he may have gn:at scientific skill. The term technique is not applicable to the
practice of scientific processes, but denotes only the l!xecutive skill of art-workers.
Art cannot exist without technique, and the great artist is even a l{reat technician.
Discussions attempted separately of the art itself, and of its technique, in criticising and in
judging, are based at best on very illusory distinctions. It is simply a survival of some
trace of the struggle between the higher and lower; in photography between art and mer<:
 CAMERA NOTES. 2J3

artifice, which are to each other as music is to mimicry, and as the spirit is to the body.
Tending towards the high extreme we have Corot, Turner-or say, Fuller, even. At the
other extreme we have Ben Austrian's latest "masterpiece,'" and the raft of mere imitations
of nature that are less notable.
Spirit alone is too tenuous for existence here, but the other extreme, the body alone,
is a Frankenstein creation. We must have our spirit and body combined; so that the ideal
in art, as in life, must be "'a sound mind in a sound body," which makes a beautiful spirit
breathing through a beautiful organization.
In the case of Mr. Eugene, it is his artist's appreciation of values that leads to the en-
deavor to correct, in his own painter's way, wrong values and inhannonious details.
These were produced partly by his own faulty photographic technique, but arise partly,
also, from the still imperfect nature of the processes themselves, which we must correct in
Qne way or another to obtain artistic results. And withal, Mr. Eugene's textures are often
admirably rendered, and he shows refined feeling in the treatment of his subjects. Indeed,
it is evitl.ence of such feeling that ever marks the true artist; and was to be seen in two
very different exhibitions by two personalities so different as Mr. Eugene and Mr. White.
It is this feeling that puts some photographers in so entirely different a class from
the rest, although the large residuum tries diligently to rise hy applying empty rules. For
the wouid-be artist-who carries the ruks of art in his mind and tries to apply them thence
-differ~ as much from the real maker-who cherishes in his heart the love of knowledge
and beauty which makes the rules-a:; the priest and the Levite differed in spirit from the
good Samaritan. DALI.ETI FuGUET.
December r, 1900.

Exhibition of Photographic Studies by Mr. J. Dunbar

Wright.
(Dec. 4-16, 1899.)
As a supplementary exhibition to the usual monthly one-man display, Mr. ]. Dunbar
Wright, of Jllew York, having recently returned from an extended foreign trip, exhibited
about one hundred and fifty prints upon the walls of the club from December 4th to 16th.
The exhibition was arranged with much taste, the general tone being one of refinement.
The pictures themselves call for no special comment, as most of them were colored by
hand and therefore do not come within the province of r-hotographic criticism.
The foreword of the very neatly printed catalogue will explain the nature of the exhi-
bition. For more than twenty year5 Mr. Wright has been a devoted student of the photog-
rapher's art, and influenced by its fascinations he has shaped the course of his wanderings
so as to mclude the localities that best afford opportunities for the camerist. Japan, Egypt
and Continental Europe have been his fields, and especially in the land of the Mikado he
has been fortunate enough to secure, far from the beaten track, many pictures. Mr.
Wright's desire to present what he saw, in true local tone, led him to study the laying on
of color (as practiced in Japan) under the tuition of K. Tamamura, the celebrated Japanese
photographer and painter.
In addition to the scenic bits that constitute the major part of this collection, he ex-
hibits a series of portrait studies. Mr. Wright begs to submit his work to public view,
and particularly desires it understood that the exhibit is made without implying any claims
to artistic superiority.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Loan ~hibition.
(Dec. 20, 1899-Jan. 5, 1900.)

A few years ago, and even less remotely, no better means could have been devised for
c-alling an incredulous smile to the lips and a chaffing word to the tongue of the majority
of one's friends than seriously to have asserted that there existed persons sufficiently inter-
ested in the pictorial achievements of photography as to engage themselves in making pri-
vate collections of photographs after the manner that paintings and other objects of art are
collecterl, not simply because results distinctly beautiful were obtained, but for the further
reason that these results were diverse, original, and strongly marked with the creator's style
and individuality
To have followed this assertion with the additional one that comparatively large prices
were asked and paid for individual prints and that as much as a hundred doilars had been
given for a single picture would have won for the speaker an unenviable if picturesque
reputation for trifling with pure truth.
Such, nevertheless, is the case. There exist to-day, here and abroad, a number of val-
uable private collection of pictorial photographs, and a Stieglitz, an Annan or a Demachy
is as much of a prize in its way as a Breton, a Fortuny or a Billotte. These collections have
exercised much excellent influence upon the taste of those who were fortunate enough to
have access to them, and have helped very materially in broadening the artistic influence of
photography and in encouraging to greater and more ambitious effort, those who are en-
deavoring to give expression to their artistic feeling and inspiration through the medium of
the camera. It was therefore determined by the Print Committee to inaugurate a series of
loan exhibitions, to be selected from such private collections and to close the old and open
the new year with the first of these exhibitions; and no more fitting climax for the closing
of the series of exhibitions displayed during the year 1899 nor better introduction to the ex-
hibitions of 1900 could well have been imagined than the exhibition which hung upon the
club walls from the 20th day of December, 1899, to the sth day of January, 1900.
It emphasized all that was excellent and redeemed the shortcomings of those that had
gone before, and was a happy augury for the future.
Made up of pictures selected from the private collections of Eva L. Watson, Mathilde
Wei!, ]. We~ley Allison, Alfred Stieglitz, Chas. I. Berg, Joseph Obermeyer, John Beeby
and Joseph T. Keiley, it con~isted of one hundred and ten examples of some of the fore-
most European and American work-fourteen Europeans and thirty Americans being rep-
resented-and contained the pick of the best exhibitions ever shown in this country. In
many respects it was one of the most representative and carefully selected exhibitions of
high-class work ever shown in the United States. Had it not been for the fact that
pictures by club members were barred from the exhibition it unquestionably would have
been the most representative collection of photographs ever gotten together. This enforced
absence of some of the greatest American work, while a source of general regret among
those who viewed the collection, was also the occasion of a certain feeling of pride on the
part of the members of the club. who had it thus brought home to them forcibly, if in a
rather negative manner, that nearly all of the foremost American workers are enrolled 'as
members of the Camera Club. In the collection there were at least five really great
pictures, the greatest of them and indeed one of the greatest pictures ever made by means
of the camera being Craig Annan's Monks Walking (Stieglit7. Collection). The other four
pictures that stood out so markedly from the rest were Hinton's Sylvan Solitudes (Allison
Collection), Eugene's Lady of Charlotte (Keiley Collection), and Demachy's Street in
Mentone and Poster (Stie-glitz Collection).
The exhibition included examples of the work of]. Craig Annan (Scotland), Edgar
Lee (England), Paul Martin (England), Richard Marsh (England), W. Smedley Aston
(England), Bernard Lintott (England), H. P. Robinson (England), Charles Job
(England), Robert Demachy (France), Chas. F. Inston (England), ]. C. Mummery
(England), A. Horsley Hinton (England), Karl Greger (England), Alex. Keighley
 CAMERA NOTES. ::ns

(England), F. H. Day (Boston), Rev. Dr. Townsend (Orange, N. ].), Dr. H. C.

Oose (Orange, N. ].), Edmund Stirling (Philadelphia), W. B. Dyer (Chicago),
Mary Devens (Cambridge, Mass.), Alan D. Cooke (Philadelphia), Eva L. Watson
(Philadelphia), Robert S. Redfield (Philadelphia), Rose Clark (Rochester), Mary S.
Perkins (Philadelphia), Mary Keipp (Philadelphia), Henry Utard (New York), Frank
Eugene (New York), H. Troth (Philadelphia), C. Yarnall Abbott (Philadelphia),
Amelia C. Van Buren (Detroit), Frank St. John, Mrs. S. M. Eakins (Philadelphia),
Thos. Eakins (Philadelphia), Alice Trimble (Baltimore), F. G. Von Rapp (Philadelphia),
Mary Seamuller, A. Clements (Philadelphia), E. M. Kenton, Miss Crowell, Ellen Ahmes,
Samuel Murray.
The pictures were shown to their best advantage, being allowed ample wall space
where there was no clashing or disturbing environment to dwarf or submerge their indi-
viduality. Hence it happened that many of the pictures already favorably known took
on a new charm, acquired an additional value by being thus displayed.
It is always a misfortune to have to crowd pictures when they have distinct merit;
for while a picture may be strong enough to assist its individuality despite its surround-
ings it certainly suffers very materially from being crowdt'd among a lot of other pictures
of ~treater or less merit and attractiveness, oeach framed differently and often inhar-
moniously.
The eye and the mind are necessarily, though often unconsciously. affected by the sur-
roundings, and invariably judgment of a picture's merits is based as much upon the modi-
fying, improving or distracting influence of a picture's environments as upon the inherent
merits or demerits of the picture itself.
The portraits of Lady Wallscourt and Lady Robert Manners, by Sir Thomas Lawrence,
for example, were hung on either side of Turner's Cologne in the exhibition of 18.26. The
brilliant color of the sky of Turner's picture practically killed the color in the two portraits.
Turner was generous enough upon discovering this to wash over the entire brilliant golden
sky of his picture with a wash of lampblack in water color. thus temporarily ruining the
sky, because "poor Lawrence was so unhappy." But all exhibitors are not as generous as
Turner, and it is just as well so; otherwise the public would be decidedly the loser, as in
the case of Turner's own picture. The point of the illustration is that all hanging com-
mittees should do their best towards making it impossible that such a generous sacrifice
should be necessary. More than one public exhibition has been actually discounted and
robbed of the high reputation which it deserved solely throu~h the poor taste and want of
judgment on the part of those responsible for the hanging of the pictures. It was with
sincere regret that the members of the club saw this exhibition taken from the walls. It
was studit'd by them with care to their pleasure and profit: and it is believed that the hope
expres~ed by the chairman of the Print Committee in his brief foreword to the catalogue
of the exhibition that it would "bring more forcibly to the members and to the public the
claim made for pictorial photography, and at the same time show the interest taken in the
works of those who have already won honors in this country and abroad," has been more
than realized. ]. T. K.

Philadelphia Photographic Salon, 1900.

The Penmylvania Academy of the Fine Arts has the honor to announce that under
joint management with the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia Photo-
graphic Salon for 1900 (third year) will be hdd in the Galleries of the Acedemy, from
October 21 to November 18, 1900.
The aim of the Salon is to show only such pictures produced by photography as may
give distinct evidence of individual artistic feeling and execution, rigidly selected by a
competent jury, the honor of acceptance being the only award.
All those interested in the purpose of the Salon are invited to give it their cordial
support and enmuragement, both bv mbmitting specimens of their work and by making
it favorably known to others. -
This preliminary notice will be followed in due course by a full circular, with all
details, entry forms, etc.
THE PENNSYLVANIA ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS.
EDWARD H. CoATES, President,
HARRISON S. MORRIS, Secretary.
THE PHOTOGRAPHC SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA.
ROBERT S. REDFIELD,
JonN G. BuLLOCK,
EDMUND STIRLING.
Broad Street, above Arch, Philaddplria, Pa., U. S. A., March r, 1900.
216 CAMERA NOTES.

Exhibition of Photographs by Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr.

(Jan. lG-Feb. 5. l900.)

This exhibition has done us the great service of showing exactly what to think in
regard to Mr. R. Eickemeyer's photographic work. The best known of his productions,
like "The Vesper Bell," "A Ranchman,'' "At Close of Day,'' etc., were included, as well
as the best of those done for the Carbon Studio. In addition. there were a few recent
productions, and above all else his flamboyant "When the Daylight Dies"-the most pic-
torial photograph I have ever seen-in which the artist has sought to sum up and to
epitomize his talent. \Vhile, however, the work of Eickemeyer is charming, it is not a
revelation to the New York connoisseur. We have known him long and rated him highly.
We all know that on the common ground of technical performance and executive skill,
where all capable workers meet, he has a worthy place among the best. As an artist,
however, he does not rank as highly. I fear he has worked too much in the professional
lines to be a producer of absolute individuality; even the ensemble of his exhibition sug-
gested that it was restless, the framing too heavy, the prints too varied in their tones. and
reminded somewhat of the shop. He also exhibited too much. One-third of the ex-
hibits, carefully selected, would have done him more justice. Yet it would be a foolish
misconception to consider Eickemeyer merely a photographer of simple prettiness, a pot-
boiler, who went on repeating a certain type of picture. like his "The Dance," because he
found it saleable and generally popular. He is a man whose aims are distinct and whose
methods are scientific, and who possesses enough inventive rower steadily to improve upot:
the ideas formed in earlier periods of his life. He is of all American photographers the
most versatile one. He can be decorative, commonplace, poetical, picturesque, humorous
by turns. There seems to be no limit to his invention, no bound to his ingenuity.
All that he lacks is temperament; one might call him "a photographer without pas-
bions and without emotions." Nearly all his work looks somewhat forced, an~ no matter
how hard he strives to imbue a subject with sentiment, he seldom accomplishes more than
a melodramatic effect, at least as far as his stltdio pictures arc concerned. But he merely
claims the right to be con.sidered one of ''the vigorous workers in the advancement of pho-
tographic art, who possesses nothing but a love for the simple and homely, a careful atten-
tion to detail, and a positive genius for hard work." and judging him from this viewpoint
he is indeed worthy of a place among the elect. During the working life of nearly fifteen
years he proved in a rapid succession of creditable work what resthetic possibilities lie in
artistic photography. He helped to show that beauty of form, appreciation of color, ex-
quisite balance of line and space-arrangement, and consummat~ skill of handling, are all
possibl~ in photographic print. He preached, through the medium of his own practice,
the doctrine that all the popular~y accepted functions of portrait-photography are so many
hindrances to its real mis~ion to produce something artistic with strktly legitimate means.
It appears to me, however, that Eickemeyer gives in his landscapes and foreground-
studies the most convincing, most interesting proofs of his talent. Pictures like his "Path
Thro' the Sheep Pasture" are masterpit:ces. In such pictures he becomes a poet, despite
his lack of artistic temperament. When he is alone with nature he seems to forget his
scientific methods, and to try to simply realize what she offers. Of course, I do not wish
to convey that photographing from nature is a mere mechanical process with him. It de-
mands complete mastery of technique and a most sensitive power of observation to realize
one of the ever-changing mood~ of nature as he does. But after all there is but little to
arrange; the photographer has simply to search for a place that suggests a picture to him.
Patience is perhaps the most necessary virtue for the searcher of foreground studi~s
to cultivate, for one has to deal with a mo~t capricious factor: the wind. The foliage
must be absolutely still, the smallest movements sufficing to spoil the negative. Not until
one undertakes this kind of work does one realize how very seldom the air is even approx-
imately motionless. On the calmest day there is enough wind to keep the grasses swaying
 CAMERA NOTES.

for several minutes after each puff of air has passed over. Oh, the agony of it! Standing
in a cramped attitude for ten minutes, craning one's neck to watch the changing light on
the distant grass as it is bowed by the wind; or raising the eyes in (not always mute)
invocation to the summer clouds, and in so motionless an attitude that the birds and in-
~ects forget to be afraid and approach to gaze in astonishment at the strange instrument
before them. Elves and pixies seem ready to pop out from each little shadow, and every
moment one expects to hear tiny voices close to one's ear. One is greatly tempted some-
times when it is very windy to remove flowers and grasses to a sheltered spot where they
can be photographed at leisure. This experiment is never tried twice, for no matter how
hard one tries, the stolen treasures can never be made to look as if they grew therl1.
Patience is the only alternative, and the best thing to do under the circumstances is to
light a cigarette, sit down on a convenient stump, give free scope to one's imagination, and
wait for a calm. When patience becomes exhausted, and there is still too much wind, the
best thing to do is to go home, for there is nothing so foolish as wasting plates.
In his foreground-studies Eickemeyer undoubtedly achieved his greatest triumphs. He
apparently has the necessary patience and perseverance for them. I wish he could devote
himself entirely to them. Nobody can rival him on that ground. and the mor~ I look at
his work, the more I come to the conclusion that he is master, practically, only in one
branch of photography ; hut that he works in that branch with amazing elasticity and
freshness of invention.
His camera coulcl open the gates of an enchanted land, the grassy rings with their elfin
bowers of spreading burdocks and tangled bracken, where Oberon and Titania hold their
revels. He says to himself in the modest preface of his catalogue that "he has settled
down with the determination to conquer two square miles of country in the vicinity of his
home." Should he be able to follow this ideal vocation persistently, then a mist would roll
from many eyes; those who hitherto rretended to be lovers of nature would see abundant
beauty where before there was none ; and he might teach us to view the few miles around
our dwellings as a veritable fairyland, endless in changing loveliness.
SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
January 17, 1900.

... ...
Attendance of Trustees at Board Meetings.
January, J899-Tanuary 1900, included.

MEETINGS NAME ATTENDANCE

11 Wm. D. Murphy.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11 Alfred Stieglitz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
11 Harry B. Reid............... .. .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. 10
10 W. E. Wilmerding. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11 L. B. Schram.................................... 9
11 John Beeby..................................... 10
9 W. P. Agnew.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . 8
11 Chas. I. Berg.................................... 8
9 John Aspinwall. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
9 Wm. J. Cassard................................. 4
3 Dr. J. T. Vredenburgh..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Wm. Bunker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
218 CAMERA NOTES.

Camera Oub Competitions.

The Aspinwall Scientific Research Competition.

l\1 r. John Aspinwall, chairman of the Committee on Scientific Research, has kindly
offered a
and ~~t P~!7c:::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :~~::
for original research in photo~:raphic ch!'mistry, optics or m(thods, open to competition
among the members of the Camera Club.
The prizes will be awarded by three judges appointed by the Trustees of the Club.
The reports of the re~earches shall be filed with the Secretary prior to January I, 1901.
The prize-winning reports or papers are to be published in CAMERA NoTEs .
... ... ...
Fin-de-Siecle Lantern Slide Competition.
The competition having failed as originally outlined, it is re-opened under the following
conditions:
Mr . .T. Edgar Bull ha'i offered a silver cup to be competed for by the members of the
Camera Oub, upon the following conditions:
RULES GOVERNING THE FIN-DE-SIECLE LANTERN SLIDE COMPETITION.
1.The competition is open to all members of the club who have not received a
Camera Oub reward in a lantern slide competition.
2. The prize is to become the property of the winner, and will be awarded on the
basis of artistic merit-the basis on which pictures generally are judged-without the
mental effort of discriminating between art and technique.
3. Every entry must consist of six ~)ides from negatives made between the first day
of January and the last day of December, r&J9, and shall be, as ·well as the slides made
therefrom, solely the work of the competitor.
4. Entries must be delivered at the club rooms, addressed to. the secretary, on or before
April I, 1900, and must be presented only in nom de plume or cipher.
s. A sealed envelope, addre~~t'd to the secretary, and bearing the pseudonym or
cipher, must contain the name of the competitor. No envelope will be opened until the
award is announced.
6. There will be no award unless at least seven entries are received, and no competitor
~hall make more than one entry.
7. Only the name of the winnt'r will be announced. The pseudonyms of unsuccessful
competitors will be announced in the order of comparative merit of the slides submitted.
8. Slides are preferably to be marked with appropriate titles.
g. The slides of the winning set shall become the property of the club.
10. All slides are to be e:'{hihited at the club rooms on the night the award is
announced.
11. The award will be announced at the annual meeting, April TO, IQOO.
The judges will be Alfred Stieglitz, Wm. M. Murray and C. I. Berg.
... ...
Appreciation.
"Tire ,\Ianger,'' by Gertrude Kasebier. generally considered the gem of last year's
Philadelphia Salon. was recently hought by a New York lady for one hundred dollars.
The purchaser had never taken any i1•terest ir. photography, nor knew anything of the
claims of pictorial photographers. She bought the picture as a picture, regardless of the
means of its production.
This i< the second time within a year that one hundred doliars has been paid for a
pictorial photograph in this city. showing th2t exceptional work in that line occasionally
does find appreciation of the right kind .
... ...
There are still afew portfolios of "American Pictorial Photography," Series I., to be had
from the Publication Committee. Price, ten dollars.
THE "CAMERA NOTES" IMPROVED GLYCERINE
PROCESS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF PLATI-
NUM PRINTS, INCLUDING THE EXPERIMENTS
BY JOSEPH T. KElLEY AND ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
ILLUSTRATED BY REPRODUCTIONS OF PRINTS
BY THE EXPERIMENTERS. ,JA ,JA ,JA ,JA ,JA ~ ,JA ,JA
 COPYRIOHTI!D 1900
BY
ALPRI!D STII!OLITZ AND jOSI!PH T. KI!ILI!Y,
NI!W YORK, N. Y.
 CAMER..I NOTES. 221

The "Camera Notes" Improved Glycerine Process for the

Development of Platinum Prints.
The use of glycerine in combination with the developer used in developing
platinum paper is not new. It has been tried at different times and by various
experimenters ; and records of the results of these experiments are to be found
in the various photographic Year Books and in certain publications treating of
platinum paper and its various uses.
Its most valuable and far reaching possibilities, however, appear to have
been overlooked entirely or to have been beyond the visual range of those who
originally introduced the use of glycerine in connection with the finishing of
platinum prints. Originally it seems to have been regarded simply as a medium
whereby clear high lights might be obtained in prints together with a modifica-
tion of the heavy shadows. Later it came to be regarded as "a valuable and
useful means of mechanically restraining or retarding the deYelopment," while
one of the most recent articles upon this subject treats of it as an eliminator of
unnecessary and obtrusive detail and warmly champions this property as its
greatest virtue. And there are still many who believe that its sole value lies in
the possibility it affords to produce passable and even pleasing prints from
negatives that would not yield by any other means an even half satisfactory
picture.
Its greatest utility to the photographic world, however, that of bringing it
within the power of the photographer to correct on his print the falsely rendered
values of his negative; to harmonize, limit or extend its tonal range; to impress
upon his work the stamp of his feeling for the subject treated, seems not even to
have been suspected. This, doubtless, was due to the circumstance that it never
was imagined that the action of the platinum developing solution or oxalate
developer in combination with glycerine could be kept so entirely under the
control of the skillful manipulator as to make it possible to develop any part of
the print at will independently of all its other parts, and to such an extent as was
thought most desirable, without imparting to the finished print the appearance
of a crude design for a stained-glass window or piece of mosaic work-or mak- I
ing it look like a very badly stained photograph. Perhaps the necessary experi-
ments were never tried because few suspected that any paper moistened would t
submit itself to the comparatively rough usage through which the platinum
paper has to pass in the course of the brush manipulation of its surface.
There is a final reason which in all probability is the weightiest. As much
was not demanded of photography in the past, from the artistic standpoint, as is
demanded to-day; its aspiration towards artistic perfection was not so high ;
harmony or correctness of tone from the artist's point of view was not looked
for in a photograph, and whenever attempted was damned as illegitimate, and
hence as there was no demand for such a process none conceived the idea of it.
Let it be remembered that the great merit of this method of development
lies in its corrective possibilities and that through it is the manipulator enabled
222 CA.\!ERA NOTES.

to reclaim his print from the rigid bondage of the hitherto unalterable render-
ings of values recorded therein during the process of printing, and to introduce
into it his own conception of the values, tonal quality, feeling and artistic effect
of the theme under treatment. There are reproduced with this article four dif-
ferent renderings of the same negative, A North Carolina Landscape, that will
serve to illustrate this statement.

THE PROCESS BRIEFLY OUTLINED.

The platinum paper is printed in the usual manner, but somewhat farther
than is the case where the ordinary development is to be resorted to. (See
Note 1.)
Vpon being removed from the printing frame the paper is placed face up
upon a sheet of glass. (See Note 2.)
It should then be coated o\·er entirely and evenly with pure glycerine by
means of a broad brush. (See Note 3·)
A blotter of corresponding size should then be placed upon and pressed to
the print that the glycerine may be worked into the sensitized surface. The
print is then thinly recoated and developed by means of brushes, two developing
solutions being used, one consisting of a solution of equal parts of developer and
glycerine, the other of pure developer. (See Note 4.)
\Vhen it is desired to introduce a warm brown or flesh tone into portions of
the print, three additional solutions must be kept at hand, one of pure mercury-
bichloride, fairly strong, the other of developer to which mercury has been
added, and the third of the glycerine-diluted developer, to which mercury has
also been added. (See Note 5.)
When the print has been developed to suit the taste it should be placed in a
cleariug solution of I part of muriatic acid to no parts of water, the entire sur-
face of the print being brushed over with a broad, soft brush immediately that
tlw print is immersed therein. (See Note 6.)
The print should be given at least three separate washings in clearing solu-
tion-each bath being fresh-the tray being rocked the while. If the third bath
when poun·d off appears clear and free from tint, the print should be washed
in running water for about five minutes. (See Note;.) ·

Notes.

1. Any cold bath platinum paper may be used. The heavier grades, B. B.
and C. C., of Willis & Clements' manufacture, or the corresponding grades of
other platinum papers, are the most desirable for the purpose.
A lighter grade of paper may be used, but it is rather apt, because of its
thinness or want of body, to become thoroughly saturated with moisture when
the operation of development is protracted over any length of time, which is in-
variably the case, and to be abraised, torn or excorciated by the brush during
the process of development. Sometimes it escapes all catastrophy till it reaches
the clearing or final washing bath, where. owing to its almost pulpy and thor-
 CAMERA NOTES. 223

oughly saturated state, it will tear on the slightest provocation. Ami often dur-
ing the action of drying for the same reason it will meet injury.
This point is gone into at some length, because the development of a single
print will take anywhere from fifteen to fifty minutes, often longer, and it is
well to avoid so probable a chance of having the final results of one's labor and
patience ruined at the very last moment.
The age, dampness or dryness of the paper used will, of course, influence
the final results, as in the case of the ordinary method of development. Old
paper, however, can for certain results be used to far better and more telling ad-
' antage through this process than was ever before possible-and for certain
effects it is absolutely essential.
The printing of the paper is done in the customary manner, either in the
Mm or shade, according to the character of the negative. The depth of the
printing depends upon the result desired; but as a general rule it should be car-
ried somewhat farther than in the case of a print from the same negative in-
tended for ordinary development.
In the case of a landscape, for example, the delicate detail of the sky is the
objective printing point (if the sky be blank print for a tone in the sky portion
of the picture). The sky portion of a picture is the objective point because the
foreground can be held back in the process of development at the will of the
manipulator.
This rule involves a cardinal principle of this process. The printing should
be carried far enough to ensure the recording of those delicate tones and half
tones in the high lights of a picture that are so full of subtle charm, but which
under ordinar)' circumstances must be entirelj• sacrificed becaztse their printing
~c·ould involve the overprinting of e·very other part nf tlte picture.
This allows the full range or tonal capacity of a negative as a basis from
which to work, and the manipulator can then develop his print as his taste dic-
tates and his skill makes possible. In the case of the landscape already referred
to, the first reproduction is a literal unmanipulated rendering of the story of the
negative, while the other three are manipulated prints and may properly be
designated as interpretations.
It will be found desirable, in certain instances, to permit the shadows of a
picture to print to the point of bronzing, or as it is sometimes expressed, till they
solarize-as charming warm effects, suggestive of color, can thus be obtained.
It will be inexpedient, however, to formulate any set of laws as to the different
methods and degrees of printing to be resorted to, other than those already sug-
gested. These embody all the essential principles, and if properly and compre-
hensively understood will enable the worker to evolve such rules and laws as are
necessary for his own guidance out of the suggestions therein contained.
2. It is advisable that a large, heavy sheet of glass be used upon which to
develop. This glass should be carefully cleaned with a towel after each develop-
ment, as the developer remaining thereupon, if allowed to stay, will often soak
through the back of the next print placed upon it and deface it with ugly and
irremovable stains. As it is necessary to have the print to be developed lie per-
fectly flat upon the surface of the glass it will be advisable to put the platinum
paper under such pressure before using as will accomplish this result. A little
224 CAMERA NOTES.

pure glycerine brushed over the surface of the glass where the print is to lie will
also help to keep it down and prevent its slipping about.
3. At least four brushes are necessary for this process of development:
(a) A brush an inch and a half or even two inches broad with which to
coat the print with glycerine. (The rubber set brush used for dusting plates
will serve admirably.)
(b) An ordinary round brush with a long handle, the circumference of the
thickest part of its hair portion to correspond' with that of the ordinary lead pen-
cil and firm enough to give a certain stroke, but not stiff enough to scratch the
surface of the paper. (There are certain soft brushes to be had at hardware
shops for a small price that will answer.)
(c) A thin, fine pointed brush for the purpose of working in fine lines and
delicate shadows. (The retoucher's "spotting-out" brush will do very well for
the purpose; but better still are Japanese brushes that will keep a fine point.)
{d) A brush at least two inches broad for the purpose of brushing the
clearing solution over the developed print. (The rubber set brush will serve for
this purpose also.)
There is no restriction as to the number of brushes that may be used. One's
own individual taste and requirements will govern that point ; but every care
should be taken that the brushes be of the kind that are not stiff enough to
scratch the paper and such as do not shed their hairs. Whenever a hair is ob-
served upon the surface of the print under development, it should instantly be
removed; otherwise any developer that may be on or near it will lie along the
line of the hair and develop a corresponding line upon the face of the print.
4· A good supply of blotters, to be used for the purpose of taking up the
superfluous glycerine and developer during the course of development, should
be kept on hand. These blotters should be of the heavy white variety that are
especially prepared for photographic purposes. (As these particular blotters
are not carried in stock by all dealers, it should be mentioned for the benefit of
those desiring to obtain them, that they can always be procured from the Obrig
Camera Co.) The blotters come in large sheets ( 18 x 22 in.). When preparing
to develop a print, several pieces of blotter corresponding to the size of the print
should be cut from one of these sheets and kept within easy reach of the hand
during the course of development-as delay, even for a few seconds, in being
able to procure a piece of fresh blotter while developing a print, may result in
the absolute ruin of the picture.
After a print has been developed the blotters used thereupon should be
destroyed. This precaution is rendered necessary from the fact that a blotter
that has once been used for this purpose has absorbed a certain amount of the
developing solution; and if re-used the developer thus absorbed may impart it-
self to the print under development and cause such partial development thereof
at the places of contact as will entirely mar the results striven for. Upon being
laid upon the glass the print should be evenly brushed over with glycerine and
then blotted off, to ensure the glycerine's getting well into the body of the print,
which is then thinly recoated all over, and afterwards heavily coated as to those
parts where the development is to be especially restrained or the details elimi-
nated.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The glycerine-diluted developer is then brushed on those portions that

it is thought desirable to bring up first-and the print is thus gradually built up
as the taste dictates-the strong solution being used where a pronounced shade
is required. The brush carrying the strong developer should be passed between
the finger and thumb before being touched to the print, that the dripping devel-
oper upon it may be removed. Whenever the development appears to have gone
far enough the print should at once be blotted off as to that part, which should
then be covered with glycerine and not again touched. An examination of Mr.
Stieglitz's two studies of a woman seated in a chair, the first reproduced from
an unmanipulated print, the second from a print developed by this process, will
show to what extent this partial development can be carried. Outline drawings
can be obtained by going over the picture's outlines with a fine brush and keep-
ing all else coated with glycerine. That a clear understanding may be had of
what is means by the expression "strong developer" as used in this article, it
should be explained that the Willis & Clements' developing salts, dissolved as
per formula upon box containing the said salts, is here referred to. This devel-
oper very much diluted gives soft charcoal effects. It should not be forgotten,
while developing a print, that it will dry out somewhat darker than it appears at
the time of removal from clearing bath.
5· Very beautiful effects can be gotten through the use of mercury-hie.
in combination with the ordinary developer, as suggested by Mr. Stieglitz, and
by the application of the developing bath without mercury to one part of the
print and that containing it to another, a double toned print will result, whose
beauty will depend entirely on the correctness of the maker's taste. If not ex-
ceptionally good it is more than apt to be remarkably crude, unpleasant and in-
artistic. The mercury is a very uncertain quantity and rarely acts in the same
way twice, so that one must use it with great caution. As the tone produced by
its use is of a more or less transparent character, development with the co-oper-
ation of the salts of mercury can be carried much farther than is the case with
the developing solution containing no mercury, as the shadows will not be
clogged and opaque. The brushes used to apply the mercury should never be
used for any other purpose, as they will carry traces of the mercury for a long
while after once having been dipped into a solution containing it. If used with
any other solution thereafter other than that containing mercury, it will almost
certainly leave an ugly stain.
A series of experiments are being made by Mr. Stieglitz for the purpose
of ascertaining the character and permanency of these mercurial tones, a full
account of which will appear in a later number of CAMERA NoTES. The belief
entertained of them at present is that they are fairly permanent.
Excellent sepia tones also can be obtained by using a small quantity of mer-
cury in che developing solution.
The print is developed by means of brushes, the developer being applied
locally and in different strengths, the strength of the developer being governed
by the effect desired. During the process of this development the print is blot-
ted off from time to time and recoated entirely or in part with glycerine in order
that the development may be kept completely under control and that staining
may be prevented.
226 CAMERA NOTES.

6. The development of a print being completed, it should be placed imme-

diately in the clearing solution and brushed over quickly and entirely with a
broad, soft brush. This is done in order to get the clearing solution at once to
all parts o·f the print. Where the precaution is not taken, the action of the de-
veloper is apt to continue under the protection of the glycerine coating, which,
despite the blotting off at the termination of the development, has not been re-
moved entirely, and the final results will not be such as originally were intended
or worked for; neither will they be especially artistic. Where mercury-devel-
oped prints are concerned it should be remembered that the tendency of the acid
is to eliminate the mercury, and that if left a sufficiently long time in the nor-
mal clearing bath, a mercury-developed print will have all trace of the mercury
eliminated therefrom. Therefore a special clearing bath should be used for such
prints, and the process of clearing should be rushed and every trace of acid
washed from the prints with all possible celerity. While touching upon this
matter of the action of the acid upon mercury-developed prints, mention should
be made of a very original use to which Mr. Alfred Stieglitz recently has turned
it-which will be of great value to platinum workers, and which he is kind
enough to permit to be mentioned here. Prints were made by him from certain
flat negatives that were entirely wanting in brilliancy. The printing was car-
ried far enough to ensure good black tones in the darkest portions of the picture,
and then developed with a developer containing glycerine and mercury. As the
mercury possesses bleaching as well as coloring properties, and as its action is
strongest upon the most soluble portions of the print, it reduced or bleached
those portions of the print least densely printed-in a portrait, for example, the
face, without materially affecting the less soluble portions. An acid bath rathe1
stronger than that ordinarily used was prepared for the clearing of these prints,
and they were permitted to remain then•in till all traces of the mercury had been
eaten away. The resulting prints present brilliant white and black contrasts,
that could not have been obtained in any other manner.
In case the print has been partially developed with mercury, the acid bath
should be much weaker than that mentioned above.
7. Prints should be washed, after clearing, in three or four baths of clear
water, or for about five minutes in running water. The water should not be
permitted to fall directly upon the surface of a print, and no print should be
allowed to remain any length of time in water, as after so much manipulation
soaking in water is apt to injure the texture of the paper. Drying between blot-
ters often accentuates a print's texture.
The print is then dried, either by hanging it up by its corners, or between
blotters.
* * * * * * * *
\Vhat has been written above should be considered as merely opening the
door to new and great possibilities. Those who familiarize themselves with the
process will soon formulate rules for their own guidance-work in their own
way and branch out into such new fields as their knowledge and leanings may
lead them, and the prophecy is ventured that through it a broad way has been
unbarred for the photographer into a new world full of dazzling possibilities.
JosEPH T. KElLEY.
ILLUSTRATIONS TO THE
FOREGOING ARTICLE.

Bl'ING A SERIES OF REPRODUCTIONS

FROM PRINTS PREPARED TO ILLUS-

TRATE THIS PROCESS, IN WHICH

CERTAIN ARTISTIC POSSIBILITIES

OFFERED BY THE NEGATIVES HAVE

BEEN SACRIFICED SO THAT THE

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE

PROCESS MIGHT BE EMPHASIZED BY

EXAGGERATIONS NOT NECESSARILY

ARTISTIC ••
 A NORTH CAROLINA LANDSCAPE
BY josEPH T. KEtLEY.

UHMANIPULATED PRINT TRANSLATING LITERALLY

THE STORY 01' THE NEGATIVE.

MANIPULATED PRINT, INTERPRETIHO A PHASI! 01'

THE SAMI! NI!QATIVI!.

A SI!COND IHTERPRETATIOH 01' THE NEOATIVI!.

AND A THIRD.

These illustrations are designed to show the great range allowed the manipulator to control
tone, drawing and composition of his subjects.
 A VIGNETIE IN PLATINUM
(IN TWO COLORS).

BY ALFRED STII!QLITZ.

THE PURPOSE 01' THIS REPRODUCTION WHICH IS

AN A~PROXIMATI! RATHER THAN A CORRECT REN-
DERING 01' THE ORIGINAL PRINT, MUCH 01' WHOSE
BEAUTY AND DELICACY HAS BEEN SACRIFICED IN
THE PROCESS 01' REPRODUCING, IS TO ILLUSTRATE
WHAT CAN BE DONI! BY THE USE 01' THE COM-
BINED DEVELOPERS RI!I'ERRI!D TO IN THE TEXT.
EXPERIMENT IN MERCURY AND OXALATE.
BY ALFRED STIEGLITZ

MUCH OF THE! QUALITY AND CHARM OF THE

ORIGINAL PRINT IS ENTIRELY SACRII'ICI!D IN THIS
REPRODUCTION, AS THI! CHARACTER 01' THE!
PLATINUM IMAGE AND TEXTURE CANNOT BE EX-
ACTLY RI!NDI!RRD IN HALPTONI! REPRODUCTION.
 CAMERA NOTES. 239

Current Notes.
Plate narks.- For a number of years the writer has experimented in
various ways to imitate a plate mark on thin mounts and has devised a method
which is very simple and satisfactory. The best form of mount to use is what
is known as plate paper, which is of a very soft texture, or any thin paper, such
as cover paper; bristol board is liable to crack. For mounting the ordinary
photographic paste cannot be used unless the prints are glued only by the
eclges, and in this case the least exposure to moisture, especially if they are
platinum prints, is liable to make them wrinkle in the center. A very good
mounting medium, and one which is absolutely non-cockling, is a solution of
white shellac in alcohol. The alcohol should be 95 per cent., and sufficient
shellac added to give the mixture a syrupy consistency, that is. almost a sat-
urated solution. It requires about twenty-four hours for the shellac to dis-
solve completely. The print, being perfectly dry, is brushed over with this
paste and then applied to the mount. It is then rubbed down thoroughly and
the whole immediately put under heavy pressure between blotters. A letter
press is best for this purpose. This whole operation should be performed as
rapidly as possible, as the shellac dries very quickly.
Either before or after mounting an ordinary piece of card mount is cut
the size of the desired plate mark. A margin of about three-eighths of an
inch beyond each edge of the print will be found suitable in most cases. Then
from any kind of thin paper at hand a mat is cut, with opening the exact
size of the cardboard form, this to serve as a guide in properly placing the
form. The mounted print is now placed face upwards on a smooth table or
sheet of glass and the mat placed over it and carefully adjusted so that all of
the margins are of the proper width ; then the cardboard form is fitted into the
mat. The mat can now either be carefully removed or may remain in place.
One hand is now passed under the print, while the other retains the form in
exact position, and the whole turned face downward on the table, form
underneath. It may require some little practice to perform this turning with-
out altering the position of the form. Now, while the mount is held firmly
down on the form, with a handkerchief wrapped around the finger thoroughly
rub down the back of the mount all around the edge of the form, which can
be easily felt. This will give an impression on the mount with a sharp inner
edge and an outer curved bevel almost identical with a plate mark made in
the regular way, and has the advantage of requiring no complicated presses or
metal plates. The forms may be cut of any shape and the depth of the im-
pression varied by the thickness of the card. Often prints with a wide white
margin are made effective by making the plate mark directly on the print, and
for this purpose thin card should be used.
Oum Bichromate Proc:es.s.-Herr \Vatzek has pointed out that it is
always advantageous to give the paper med for gum bichromate prints a pre-
liminary sizing. He has found chrome gelatine to be the most advantageous.
J f plain gelatine is used the color mixture is partially and locally absorbed,
and therefore it is difficult to obtain clear lights.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The strength of the chrome gelatine recommended is a 5 per cent. solu-

tion of chrome alum in a 5 per cent. solution of gelatine. The mixture must
be applied hot. Decomposed gelatine was used with success, at the sug-
gestion of Herr Ghiglione. A 5 per cent. solution of gelatine was exposed
in an open vessel till it had become mouldy on the top and liquid underneath.
The liquid portion was poured into a bottle, and to every 1 ,ooo parts from 5
to 10 parts of formaline added, and kept well corked ; this can be diluted with
water to any extent, and for thin paper should be diluted with an equal quantity
of water, but used full strength for drawing papers.
New Bichromate Process -In the December number of the Bulleti11
du Photo-Club de Paris, Prof. R. Namias describes a new bichromate process
for obtaining prints or transparencies in any desired color. The principle of
the process is that bichromated gelatine after sufficient exposure to light loses
the property of absorbing certain saline solutions.
For transparencies an ordinary gelatine plate, thoroughly fixed and washed,
will answer. It is sensitized in a 4 per cent. solution of bichromate of potassium,
dried in the dark, exposed under a positive-either glass or a paper positive
made transparent by some oily substance-for about two minutes in direct
sunlight, and then thoroughly washed in water until nearly all trace of color
has left it. It is then soaked for at least fifteen minutes in the first saline solu-
tion, and then without washing placed in the second solution, the purpose of
which is to react on the first and cause a colored precipitate. The colors to
be obtained are numerous, and the principal ones are indicated in the table:

First Solution. Second Solution. Color of Precipitate.

Chloride of barium Sulphate of soda White

.. ..
Nitrate of uranium Ferrocyanide of potassium Dark red
SulC:hate of copper Liiht red
C loride of iron lue
Chloride of cadmium
Acetate of lead .. ..
Sulphide of sorla Yellow
Black

A 5 to 10 per cent. solution of the above salts is found to be best. After

removal from the second solution the plate is washed and slightly rubbed if
necessary to remove any superfluous precipitate.
If paper is used it should first be coated with an insoluble gelatine, then
soaked in formaline, and finally coated with bichromated gelatine or pure gela-
tine to be afterwards sensitized.
This process can be used to advantage on porcelain, which is afterwards
to be fired.
Toning and Intensification With Copper Salts.--At a meeting of the
Royal Photographic Society, on January 9 last, Mr. \V. D. Ferguson, ~I. A ..
Q. C., presented a paper with the above title. He had found that many of
his lantern slides, which had been toned with uranium or intensified after
bleaching with bichloride of mercury, had undergone such unlonkcd-for changes
that they were practically useless. Since 1895 he has conducted experiments
in toning lantern slides and bromi<le prints with copper salts as a basis, and
 CAMERA NOTES.

succeeded in obtaining very beautiful and varied results with the formula here
given:
Neutral Citrate of potassium ( 10% sol.) ...................... 250 c. c.
Sulphate of copper (ro% sol.) .. .. . • .. .. .. . .. .. . . . .. . .. .. .. .. 35 c. c.
Ferrocyanide of potassium (10% sol.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . 30 c. c.
Mix in the order named.
The color varies, according to the time of immersion, from purple black
to cherry red, the slide or print assuming a warmer tone in four or five
seconds, becoming purple brown in half a minute, and in two minutes a warm
brown, verging on red. Twice this time turns the image a bright red.

... ... ...

CHAR£-ES \V. STEVENS.

Notes from the Secretary's Desk.

The following have been electetl members of the club since the publication of the last
issue of CAMERA NoTES:
Messrs. Marshall R. Kernochan, 182 Madison avenue, City; Julian Rix, 391 Fifth
avenue, City; F. C. Green, Arlington, N. J.; Charles Edward Barnes, Flushing, L. I.; E.
A. Wheatley, City; Geo. W. Blakeslee, 43 West Thirty-sixth street, City; Frank Scott
Gerrish, 17 East Seventy-sixth street, City; ]. H. Benrimo; Ellsworth Daggett, Salt Lake
City, Utah; Charles J. Bull, :34 Gramercy Park, City; T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr., 55 Montrose
avenue, South Orange, N. J,; M. C. Herrmann, so West Forty-ninth street, City; Gustav
Schwarz, New Rochelle, N. Y.; Henry H. Pease, 56 West Fifty-second street, City; S. K.
Reynolds, 529 West One Hundred and Forty-fourth street, City; C. G. Adams, too William
street, Jos. J, O'Donohue, 68 West Forty-ninth street, City; H. R. Howser, 239 West
Eleventh street, City; M. Rosenkr:mds, us Broadway, City; R. L. Townsend, 2Q East
~ineteenth street, City; Louis M. Starr, 206 Fifth avenue, City, and Charles S. Price,
1012 Chestnut street, Philadelphia, Pa.
~-w-
The club begs to acknowledge and thank the Obrig Camera Co. for the donation to the
library of bound volumes of The American Annual of Photography and Photographic
rimes Almanac, 1900, and The International Annllal of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin,
1900.
Mr. Louis Cassier donated to the library bound copies of the following special num-
bers of Cassier's Magasine: "Electric Railway," "The Harnessing of Niagara,•· "Marine."
The club tenders its thanks for the valuable donation.
... ... ...
Honors Won by Camera Club Members.
At the Toronto Exhibition, Mr. R. W. Craigie received a bronze medal for portraiture.
Mr. Charles I. Berg received the first prize of twenty-five dollars in gold at the Oregon
Industrial Exhibition, Photographic Section.
Mr. John Beeby was awarded a brom~e medal for a set of his slides at Borough Poly-
technic, London; and silver medal~ for ~I ides at the exhibitions at Southsea and Bootie,
Eng-land.
Mr. W. B. Post received the gold medal, fir~t prize, in a recent Photographic Com-
petition held at the New York Athletic Club.
... ... ...
American Representative for the Paris Congress.
Won) reaches us as we g•J to press that our Mr. Stieglitz has received the official
appointment to act as sole representative of the United States at the coming Congress at
Paris. Full<'r particulars will be given in the following number.
242 CAMERA NOTES.
----------

Report of Research Gommittee.

THE K'DONOUGH PROCESS OF COLOR PHOTOG- through the use of an illuminant of con-
RAPHY. stant actinic value. The promoters offered
Under this name, a process for produc- to supply us with enough material to try
ing lantern slides in colors was exploited the process and report in CAMERA NoTES,
at the Camera Club last fall by a concern and although we received word several
from Chicago. The process does not differ months ago "that some of the material had
materially from that of Prof. Joly; in been shipped and that the rest would be
fact, it is acknowledged by the promoters, sent the followinJZ Monday," nothing has
we are told, that Prof. Joly's patents were come to hand, so a detailed report is impos-
bought by them. So far as originality goes, sible.
the McDonough process is a scientific Since the above was written, we have
"chestnut,'' the burr of which was cracked seen some half-dozen slides, made by one
before this club a long time ago, when of our members, from negatives of colored
Joly's ideas first reached this country. We prints, and the results obtained we con-
hardly think it worth while to give an ex- sider very promising.
tended description of the Joly-McDonough The promoters were given the privilege
process. of the Camera Club to the extent of using
Although the process, as shown by the the dark rooms for a couple of weeks, and
promoters, gave false color values in also the electric current on various occa-
a majority of cases where landscapes sions, in order to make demonstrations be-
were shown, yet we think it might be fore the press and public.
applied successfully in photo-micrography }OliN AsPINWALL, Chairman .

... ...
Extracts from a Letter to One of Our Members.
It was my ambition this year to try and visit the Philadelphia Salon, but it takes place at
the wrong time for me. I would like to see at first hand what the advanced workers are do-
ing, for the reproductions, as a rule, must certainly lose the feeling in the original. Of course,
I read the criticism, and not till then did I throw up my arms in despair of ever producing
anything with the camera. What surprises me most is, that the critics, who are photogra-
phers, and who know just what is right, cannot in their own work set a shining example
for "lesser lights" to follow. But when their own work is put on exhibition the next critic
comes along to condemn it as they condemn the others. You will notice in Jlhotograms for
18Qg and in the la~t number of CAMERA NoTEs. that the work of most of the leaders in the
advanced school, who are telling us what to do-what to strive for, from Demachy, Hinton,
Craig Annan, right through the list, have their efforts well cut up or thoroughly damned
with faint praise.
Then in Photograms the work which is singled out as redeeming the exhibit, is repro·
duced in the most unsatisfactory manner, and full pages given to what was condemned
as inferior work. One of the prints in the London Salon, "An Italian Villa," which Mr.
Carter says might be an asylum for undertakers, I see reproduced in the last issue of
CAMERA NoTES. New, who is right?
Then there is that deadly method of comparing a man's pictures, one with another,
which is enough to make him send in but one exhibit. It seems to me that pictures are
like our friends-none are quite perfect, no two possess the same qualities, and all differ
in their excellences and defects; yet we would not reiect one if he was not up to the
highest standard. It must, of course, be assumed that one must be up to a certain standard
to be a friend.
 CAMERA NOTES. 243

For my part, I am a thorougl~ luvcr of nature, and can ~ee and feel as much of its
poetry as anyone I have yet met. I can appreciate all classes of pictures, but it is land-
scape in particular which appeals to me. Now, how is the feeling which I experience for
the different phases of nature inferior to that felt by those whose taste is for figure studies,
and who claim it is more rxalted?
I thoroughly enjoy any landscape having merit in it. I would not rrject good food
because there was something I liked better, especially if I was hungry.
Although I am in sympathy with most of l\lr. White's work, I must say that the "Lady
and the Venus," and some others of the ~arne kind, do not appeal to me. They are too
much like something else, or recail the old ;rsthetic days, when maids were so soul-
fully intense, or loved to appear in that wrapt ecstatic way. And while in a critical mood,
do you.not think the "Beatrice" would be improved by the suggestion of an arm, or other-
wise by cutting off a couple of inches at the bottom?
How easy it is to criticize; it make~ one think of Byron's retort that it was easier to
ronclem•1 his scrihhlings than mend their own.
Yours truly,
]. H. QUINN.
Troy, Duembtr 28, 1899.
...
Extracts from Mr. Craig Annan's Address
At the Opening of the Exhibition of His \Vorb at the Royal Photographic Society,
London.

I find myself in rather an unusual situation this evening, as hitherto I have refrained
from speaking publicly on the s:~h}et:t of pictorial photography.
I have never experienced any desire to do so, feeling that, if my photographs were of
any real value, they would express more clearly than words any serviceable or valuable
idea!- I may possess.
Then art is so subtle a subject, that even after very careful consideration, one is apt to
expre,;s convictions to-day which one's experience or imagination would cause one to
renounce to-morrow, especially if one works, as I do, more from instinct and the impres-
sion of th·! moment than £1om any pre-determined theory or principle.
It is much safer, I think, to leave the definition of the principles which govern the
prcduclior. of a work of art to professional critics, who are not liable to have the remainder
of their lives embittered through the reckless expression of some temporary conviction.
Another reason why I have refrained from taking part in the public discussion of
arti~tic matters is, that in my exprrience all such discussion, if it develops into argument,
as it usm·lly does, is entirely futile. If a picture has any real merit as an ;rsthetic work,
it should touch a sympathetic chord in the intelligence of the observer, and give him plea-
sure. If it does so, it has fulfilled its mi~sion, >o far as he i~ concerned; but if it does not,
no amount of argument will enable him to realize and enjoy the artistic intention of the
producer, because the aim of a picture is not to demonstrate any theory or fact, but is to
rxcite a ctrtain sensory pleasure.
Ii tht observer has reason to appreciate strongly the opinion of a critic, he may
endravor to admire, and proiess to admire, a certain picture, or class of pictures, and may
even attempt to produce similar work himself, because he has been convinced that it is the
right thing to do, while all the time it is a foreign language to him.
Thur. fashions arise, and art suffers, becau~e it loses the individual work which the
weak-kneed observer mil[ht have produced had he persevered in working out his own
artistic soul's salvation in his own individual way. For if he is to be a success at all, he
must havr an individual way. Art cannot be taught. The student may be counseled and
guided, and helped out of, or pa~t. many difficulties through the experience of others, but
244 CAMERA NOTES.

unless he has already in him the germ ot an art instinct, no amount of teaching or argu-
ment will enable him to see things in an artistic way, and so produce artistic work.
But while I depreciate as useless argument about the peculiar qualities which constitute
a work of art, I acknowledgt most readily the great benefit to be derived from a sympa-
thetic exchange of ideas. Practically nc man is strong enough to isolate himself entirely;
to develop his mind to its fullest capacity he must have the benefit of his neighbor's
experience, but such intercourse, to be of real assistance, mttst rest upon a strong basis
of agreement. If the idea,; of two per;ons are fundamentally ditlerent, a discussion between
them is worse than useless. Art is purely a •entimcnt, and it is impossible to give logical
reasons why one thing -;hould be right and another wrong. Certain laws have been dis-
covered which seem to govern composition anc.! design, but these arc the outcome of ex-
perience, not reason. Besides, it is absurd to be dogmatic. The test of time has assigned to
Botticelli and Albert Durer two oi the highest nid1es in the temple of art, and yet I am
acquainted with highly cultured, artistic persons who take the keenest possible interest in
the works of the one, who can derive practically no pleasure from the productions of the
other. Yet, I am sure yon will agree that any logical mind is bound to accept as deserved
the eminent position which the con~ensus of opinion for centuries has accorded to each of
these masters, and to conclude that it is only our lack of appreciation or sympathy, and not
any lack of merit in their pictures, which may prevent us periving that pleasure from them
which others seem to do.
Th<·re are, therefore, two pitfalls into whtch the critic is apt to fall, or perhaps I ought
rather to say, that there are two classes of mer. who make very incompetent and untrust-
worthy critics.
The one is the man of no strong personal idea, who extols the work which happens to
be at the moment popular; and the other is the man of one consuming idea, who waxes
exuberant about the picture in which this particular quality is predominant, and who
ruthlessly denounces all pictures ir•. which it docs not occur, quite oblivious of the fact
that there may be othu qualities quite as capable of giving genuine ;esthetic pleasure, but
which do not synchronize with his temperament. It follows that what may be right and
true to one, may be false and wrong to another. T, therefore, dedicate my work to those
whose temperament is ~imilar and sympathetic, and to tho5e who can take no genuine pleas-
ure in it I take no offence. It i,; simply not for them.
But granted a certain basis of sympathy, the discussion of any art work is of the
greatest pos~ible value. It raises enthusiasm and that healthy form of excitement which
;timulates the mind, and enables one to produce the highest form of work of which one is
physically capable. I have personally experienced this very strongly; it has been when I
have associated closely for a period with artists of power that I have made my most suc-
cessful pictures; and, on the other hand, when I have, for instance, spent a holiday with
others who may have distinguished themselves equally in their particular professions, but
had little intimate knowledge of art, I have found the contents of my camera to be sadly
lacking in that subtle something which makes one photograph so very much more inter-
esting than another. And in my experience, this contagious enthusiasm does not spread
readily from a platform nor from a printed page. It is in the casual conversation of
friendships that it is most active, though probably imperceptible. It is not sufficient,
however, to rely upon our acquaintanct•s alone for our stimulus, we must study the work of
the great art masters. But this. again, is useltss advice to give to anyone who has out-
grown his boyhood, b<:canse if we have the germ of art instir.ct within us, we will do so
without such advi~e; ;.nd if we have not, no amount of advict: will compel us to do what
is a physical impossibility. We may, from a sem•e of duty, visit art galleries, and derive
very considerable pleasure from a study of the subjects and sentiments of the pictures,
tven the drawing and likeness to nature may attract u>. but we will be unable to appreciate
the subtle qualities of spacing and arrangcmt:nt (If light and shadow, or of sweetly curving
and rigidly severe line. and all the other t:lements which go to the making of a fine work of
art. Still, the germ of art in,;tinct requires ctth1vation. and there is no doubt that the more
assiduous the cultivation, the greater will be the d<:velopmcnt.
And to develop uur minds by the study of great pictures, it is not sufficient that we
should make a point of vi,iting picture galleries whenever occasion offers, or that we should
 CAMERA NOTES. 245

provide ourselves with a collection of reproductions which we may store in a cupboard, and
only refer to occasionally. We must have them upon our walls, where we can see them
at all times, that we may absorb their influence as unconsciously as the air we
may breathe, in short, we must endeavor to surround ourselves in the rooms
in which we chiefly live with the most beautiful objects which we can procure, and,
what is equally important, we must exclude everything from our immediate surroundings
which is antagonistic to beauty, if we are to place ourselves in the most favorable position
to do artistic work.
It may ~eem ridiculous to many to suggest that the unconscious sight of a beautiful
curve of a chair at breakfast may enable one, later in the day, to produce a photograph of
value which he otherwise would not have produced; but I am perfectly convinced that such
is the fact. I do not consider beautiful surroundings a luxury, but an absolute necessity to
the successful cultivation of an artistic spirit.
By accustoming one's self cqnstantly to see things of beauty, one becomes more sensi-
tive and more able to discriminate rapidly as to what is really fine and what is not, and
it is this power of rapid discrimination which is the most useful attribute a photographer
can possess. His subject, unless it be one of still life, is constantly varying, and he must
be capable of instantly deciding when it has assumed such an arrangement as most nearly
realizes his ideal. And the effect of beautiful surroundings is not only to quicken the
artistic perception, but it is a constant incentive to the creation of new and finer ideas,
and consequently to the production of more personal and original work.
It may seem strange to sugge~t that the intimate study of other work should tend to
make our own more original, yet if we thoroughly digest what we have observed, the result
will be as I have stated. The effect of seeing anything of character and power is to excite
our intelligence, and to enable us more fully to exercise our latent capacity. We may as
well expect a bird to sing in the dark, or a criminal to reform in a blank dungeon, as
expect to evolve brilliant conceptions. if we are content to live in an environment in
which there is nothing to excite our imagination or re<thetic faculties.
When the photographer has succeeded in producing a picture which, to a certain
extent, expresses his intention, he has to face the difficult problem of how it may be dis-
played to the greatest possible ;,dvantage, both as regards the exhibition of its own merits,
and also that it may most effectively decorate or adorn the room in which it is to be hung.
For a number of years I have given the subject some consideration, and have come to
several conclusions. which seem to me, at all events, reasonable.
The chief of these is that it is quite impossible to take a specific photograph, and say
that a certain method of framing will be most suitable for it. One must go farther, and
enquire where it is to be placed; whether the chief end of the framing is to cause it to look
its best in some spec1al exh1bition, or whether the principal effort should be to make it
suitable for the position which it is eventually intended to occupy.
We are all familiar with the appearance of the old-time photographic exhibition, where
the prints were generally mounted on white or toned card, and surrounded by an oak
or black and gold composite moulding, and the whole were packed upon the walls tier upon
tier, with or without a sen~e of balance and proportion, according to the capacity of the
hangers: and we all know the distres~ing kaleidoscoric effect which the general appearance
presented. To obviatt> this, we gradually dispensed with the mounts altogether, and en-
closed our pictures in broad and frequently massive wooden mouldings, generally of a dark
tone. The result has been to render the task of the hangers a much easier and more pleas-
ant one, and to produce a harmony of tone in an exhibition which had hitherto been
impossible.
This seemed to point to the conclusion that now we were proceeding on the right
line5, ancl that perfection would be reached by a natural development; but I have never
been able to rest satisfied with this conviction, because I have never been able to rest con-
tl~nt with such frames surrounding the prints which decorate my own sitting rooms. I
have, therefore, been forced to the conclusion that the style of framing which is most
suitable for a general exhibition is not neces5arily so for the walls of a living room, and
that, while the mounts themselves are not inherently offensive, it seems impossible to
arrange a great number of them. of various tints and qualities, in an agreeable manner.
 INDEX.
Articles.

A PAGE PAGI
F
A Method of Toning Lantern Slides, by Fourth Annual .Meeting............... 24
C. Welborne Piper.................. 14 a
American Pictorial Photographs for the
International Art Exhibition at Glas- Glasgow Recognizes the Possibilities of
gow, by Alfred Stieglitz ............ 273 Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

American Pictorial Photography, Series H

II................................. 286 How Our Neighbors View Us........ 55
Another American Link .............. 286 How Lenses May Affect Results, by
Art in the Foreground, by Chas. E. Thos. Bolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 I
A Plea for the Picturesqueness of New
York, by Sadakichi Hartmann. . . . . . 91 Impressionism: What Is It? by Chas.
American Pictures at the London Salon. 182 H. Caffin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
A Note for "Gum" Workers, by T. Impressionism in Photography, by R.
O'Conor Sloane, ] r. .. . . .. . .. .. . .. . 228 Ottolengui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Attendance of Trustees at Board K
Meeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Kromskop Color Photography, by F.
8
Ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Books Received ................... 127, 229 L
British Photography from an American
L'Homme Qui Rit ................... 123
Point of View, by Ed. ]. Steichen ... 175
Lantern Slide News .................. 184
c M
Color and Texture in Photography, by
Maker and Critic. by Dallett Fuguet... 77
Sadakichi Hartmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
More Gossip, by Dallett Fuguet ....... 152
Qub Entertainments ............... 36; 121
Motion in Art, by Chas. E. Manierre.. g8
Qub Items of Interest ................ 122
Camera Qub Competitions............ 48 N
Catalogue of the Print aad Slide Notes ..................... 54, 128, 230,,286
Auction ........................... 49 Naturalism in Photography, by A.
Current Notes, by Chas. W. Stevens .. . Horsley Hinton.................... 83
6s. 101, 228, 281 Newark (0.) Exhibition of Pictorial
Catalogue of the Members' Third An- Photography, by E. 0. Beck ........ 263
nual Exhibition of Prints ........... 103 Naturalistic, by Dallett Fuguet ........ 268
Oub Paragraphs .................. 184, 284
Camera Oub Members ............... 233
0
Catchwords and Cant, by John Francis On the Tone and Density of Negatives,
. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 by Chas E. Manierre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Curator of the Oub .................. 102 On Composition, by Sadakichi Hart-
E mann .............. .'.............. 257
p
Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Exhibition of Prints by Members of the Proceedings .............. 24, 121. 183, 283
Boston Camera Oub ................ 278 Pictorial Photography from America,
Exhibition of Prints by Members of the by A Horsley Hinton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
San Francisco Camera Qub ......... 278 Pictorialistic, by Dallett Fuguet ........ 267
 PAGE PAGE
R T
Review of the Exhibition of Photo- The Pictorial Movement in Photog-
graphic Studies, by Chas. I. Berg, by raphy, and the .Significance of the
Sadakichi Hartmann. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Modern Salon, by Jos. T. Keiley.... 18
Review of the Exhibition of Photo- The Keely Cure, or How It Came to
graphic Studies, by Chas. I. Berg ; Be Written, by A. Smiler. . . . . . . . . . . 56
from another Point of View, by ]. The Transcendentalists, a Comedy, by
Edgar Bull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 A. Smiler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Review of the Eva L. Watson Prints, The Chicago Salon, by Wm. B. Dyer.. 6g
by Jos. T. Keiley ................... 122 The Members' Third Annual Exhibi-
Review of the Rose Clark and Eliza- tion of Prints: A Few Remarks
beth Flint Wade Prints, by Chas. Thereon, by Alfred Stieglitz ........ 109
H. Caffin .......................... 186 The Philadelphia Salon ............... 121
Review of the Keiley Exhibition-A To My Two-year-old Son, by Dallett
Man and a Method, by Dallett Fu- Fuguet ............................ 136
guet .............................. 42 The Influence of Juries of Selection
Review of the Keiley Exhibition- Upon Photographic Art, by J. Ridg-
Through Semi-Japanese Eyes, by way Moore........................ 149
Sadakichi Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The Oub and Its Official Organ, by
Review of the Third Philadelphia Salon, John F. Strauss .................... 153
by Jos. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18g The Camera Club and List of Members 231
Review of the Exhibition of Prints by The English Exhibition and the Ameri-
]. Ridgway Moore, by Jos. T. Keiley. 275 ican Invasion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Review of the Exhibition of Prints by Two New American Links ........... 186
Virginia M. Prall, by Sadakichi Hart- The New House Committee, by L. W.
mann .............................. 276 Brownell .......................... 230
Review of the Exhibition of Prints by The Oub Smoker of 1901, by John F.
Wm. B. Post, by Sadakichi Hartmann 277 Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Reward for the Identification of the The Standard Club Developer. . . . . . . . . 285
Amanuensis of the "Smiler Etudes". 125 The Annual Dinner, by J. Edgar Bull. 285
s w
Some Thoughts on Landscape and Whom the Cap Fits, Let Him Wear It. 100
Nature, by Chas. H. Caffin.......... 3 What Is Permissible in the Legitimate
Secretary's Notes .................. 55, 184 Artistic 'Photograph? by Wm. B.
Snap-Shot Fables for Developing Dyer .............................. II2
Photographers, by Dallett Fuguet. . . 185 Whither? by Dallett Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . 241

Authors.
Child Bayley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 F. Ives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
E. 0. Beck ........................... 263 Jos. T. Keiley ............. 18, 122, 18g, 275
Thos. Bedding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Chas. E. Manierre .............. 17, 98, 144
Thos. Bolas .......................... 137 J. R. Moore .......................... 149
J. Edgar Bull ...................... J8, 285 R. Ottolengui. ....................... 251
L. W. Brownell ...................... 2JO C. Welborne Piper................... 14
Chas. H. Caffin ................. 3, 131, 186 T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
Wm. B. Dyer .................... . 6g, 112 "A. Smiler" ........................ 56, 61
Dallett Fuguet. .. 42, 77, 136, 152, 185, Eduard ]. Steichen. . . . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. . 175
241, 267. 268 Chas. W. Stevens ......... 65, 101, 228, 281
Sadakichi Hartmann ................. . Alfred Stieglitz ........... ·55, 109, 273, 286
9. 37. 46, 91, 257. 276, 277 John Francis Strauss .......... 153, 247 271
A. Horsley Hinton ............. 83. 16g, 181 E. ]. Wall ........................... 164
 mustrators.
PAGE PAGE
]. W. Allison ........................ 104 H. Kuehn ............................ 177
]. Craig Annan. . . . . .... 130, 147a, I62, I67 Lifshey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
E. R. Ashton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Oscar Maurer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6g
Chas. I. Berg ........................ 271 ]. R. Moore ......................... 112
F. C. Baker......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS R. Ottolengui. ............... 254, 255, 256
Lionel Bennett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 R. S. Redfield .................... 131, 245
John G. Bullock ..................... 241 Arthur Scott ......................... 1o8
W. E. Carlin ..................... I03, I07 A. W. Scott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
J. Wells Champney ................... 94 T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr................ 104
A. W. Crai~ie ........................ Io8 S. A. Smith .......................... 111
F. C. Clarke ...................... no, III A. Stieglitz ................... 105, I46, 149
Rose Oark and Elizabeth Flint Wade .. 279 A. H. Stoiber. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
R. Eickemeyer, Jr .............. 3, 76, IIS J. F. Strauss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
F. Eugene ............................ 157 E. ]. Steichen ....... 135, 139, 145, 147, 153
Dallett Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1o8 Mary Stanbery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Karl Greger. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 H. Troth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
Hugo Henneberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Eva L. Watson ............. .77, 81, 89, 205
F. and 0. Hofmeister. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Clarence H. White ... .79, 137, 240, 259, 269
W. E. Johnson & F. Hale ............. 272 Myra A. Wiggins .................... 107
Gertrude Kasebier ........ 1, 19, 57. 109. 133 J. Dunbar Wright .................... I09
Jos. T. Keiley ......... . 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, 39 H. Watzek ........................... 187

Inserts.
The Manger, by Gertrude Kasebier...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Blessed Art Thou Among Women, by Gertrude Kasebier........ 19-20
Italian Landscape, by Hugo Henneberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29-30
Winter Landscape, by Jos. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39-40
A Portrait, by Gertrude Kasebier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57-58
Old Cronies, by Ralph W. Robinson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67-68
The Dance, by Rudolph Eickemeyer, Jr......................... 75-76
A Stormy Evening, by Lionel C. Bennett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85---86
A Study, by J. Wells Champney............................... 94----95
Landing of the Boats, by Alfred Stieglitz...................... 105-106
By the Wayside, by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.................... 115-116
Whitefriar Monks, by J. Craig Annan........................ 129-130
Landscape, by Edward J. Steichen............................ 139-140
Janet Burnet, by J. Craig Annan ............................ 147a-148a
Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz, by Frank Eugene................. 157-158
Lombardy Ploughing Team, by J. Craig Annan................ 167-168
Sicilian Bark, by Heinrich Kiihn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177-178
Poplars and Clouds, by Hans Watzek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187-188
A Study Head, by Eva L. Watson............................ 205-200
Telegraph Poles, by Clarence H. White....................... 239-240
Cairene Cafe, by Ernest R. Ashton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 250
At the Edge of the Woods-Evening, by Clarence H. White..... 259-200
The Spider-Web, by Clarence H. White...................... 269--270
Portrait of Miss M., of Washington, by Rose Clark and Elizabeth
Flint \Vade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279-28o
Volume IV, No.I
 SOME THOUGHTS ON LANDSCAPE AND NATURE.

cerne and finds them tedious. The link of human interest seems to be wanting.
It is strange, very strange, but quite intelligible. Yet there is something wrong
with the man. His temperament has been deflected until it has been· stunted.
The man of larger faculty will surely saturate himself in art and yet find enjoy-
ment in bathing, as it were, in the free ocean of natural beauty.
But the very immensity of nature in her untrammeled grandeur will deter
him from trying to tame it to the limitations of his own art. Poetry may be able
to reach the height and depth of it, for it is a more suggestive art ; at once tell-
mg more and leaving more to the imagination. But the picture-maker is re-
stricted to certain facts, and he must set them down with an amount of definite-
ness that narrows the possibilities of suggestiveness. In presence of the stupen-
dous features of nature he may well feel the inadequateness of his particular
medium. Nature in her loftiest mood so completely dominates our little msig-
nificant ego that the latter is swamped, lost: and this, by the way, is the great,
particular boon of nature. It momentarily swallows up oneself, with all one's
petty worries and ambitions, to release one afterwards, purged and strength-
ened. But during the process your subjective consciousness is in abeyance; you
are not master of the situation; how can you paint it?
So the great masters of modern landscape have all sought their subjects
in the paysage i11time; among pastures and cultivated lands, by the side of
navigable streams or in the unordered woods that fringe the rural civilization ;
never straying far from the human life and interest of the neighborhood.
Nature, in her relation to humanity, directly or indirectly, is the prevailing
theme. Indirectly, often; for, as in Corot's finest pictures, it is human senti-
ment rather than human agency that is felt. This same quality of sentiment,
as one examines it, appears a little more complex than one had thought. There
are the two broad distinctions of subjective and objective sentiment, and many
indiscriminate gradations between. Thus Corot's sentiment seems purely sub-
jective. The buoyant perennial. freshness of his temperament made him love
in nature her daily renewal of life, the vibrant freshness, the purity and
spiritual tranquility of waxing and waning light. He looked for them and
idealized them by his own poetic, creative power. Daubigny, on the other hand,
seems much more fascinated with the objective charm of nature. He did not
seek to make her interpret his own dreams, but took her as he found her,
loving her for her own sake under every phase. The measure of his greatness
was the fulness of the disinterested love and the clarity of observation and sym-
pathy of record which resulted from it. I find the same quality of almost
purely objective sentiment in the landscapes of George Inness. His inspira-
tion consisted in the impulse that constantly came upon him to paint; then he
bent all the concentration of his effort upon reproducing the scene before him,
as he saw it, not as he might have wished to see it; but with such a fervid
glance of vision and with no hindrance from his hand, for he had made tech-
nique his ready slave, that he renders much more than we should have noticed
in the scene, catching and setting on his canvas its very spirit. On the other
hand, Alexander 'Wyant, in his delicate, poetical way, and Homer Martin, in
his tremendous intensity of personal feeling, make the scene before them
interpret their respective moods.
5
 CAMERA NOTES.

This distinction of sentiment in a picture is worth consideration ; for many

people are inclined to look only for what they suppose to be the evidence of
strong personal feeling on the part of the artist ; by which they mean his
making nature interpret his own mood, forgetting that the strength of feeling
may quite as well be shown in the ab'negation of self and in the increased vitality
and meaning thereby extracted from the scene. The tendency to consider only
subjective sentiment is fostered by the practice of so many novelists and poets,
who make nature a sympathetic background to their heroes and heroines;
dreary and threatening in response to their reverses, or bright when they are
happy. All of which is an expression of sentimentalism rather than of senti-
ment, for nature is quite relentless in her laws, and will storm upon a bridal
party, or be radiant at a funeral, with perfect impartiality.
Thi!= difference in the painter's point of view produces the broadest differ-
ences in the character of the landscapes. Compare, fo~ example, those by Eng-
lishmen, whether executed in color or monochrome, with the work of our own
landscapists. The former are, almost without exception, frankly objective; the
latter almost as exclusively subjective. And the Englishman's point of view
i!:- not only objective, but for the most part superficially so; overlooking the
inwardness of the subject in his satisfaction over the more obvious facts.
Hence the subject he selects to paint or photograph is nearly always more
obviously beautiful than the American's, but lacks the artistic qualities which
make the latter's a more beautiful picture. I\ ature absorbs the one. art the
ether. The Englishman is satisfied with nature in her broadest and simplest
phenomena, for her own sake, while the Am~rican rather uses nature as a
means to an artistic end; carrying his purpose so far, that he will often de-
iiberately choose an ugly scene, in order to prove the triumph ef art over
material nature.
But, while admitting the intrinsic inferiority of the English picture or
print as a work of art, let us not fail to note the big cause behind it, which
goes far to compensate the Englishman. That cause is the national fondness
for out of door life. In no other country are there such facilities for it.
\Vith a climate, never verv hot or very cold, with twilights in summer time
extending to nine or ten o'clock, with no mosquitoes to worry them, English-
men and women live and love the open-air life to an extent that is not dreamed
of in this country. They know intimately every spot of beauty in their
neighborhood, walk to them frequently just for the pleasure of seeing the view:
their very intimacy with the material phenomenon blinding them to the subtle
aspects, but giving them, on the other hand, a companionship with their sur-
roundings that forms one of the most beautiful traits of English life. The
habitual fondness for nature in this way is so universal, that the artists also
come under its influence. They paint the landscape as the Englishman loves it
and sees it, and the Englishman buys it. The American's canvas is finer, very
likely, as a work of art ; but too often it• stands in a stack of others, with its
face to the studio-wall, covered with dust; neglected, for the average Ameri-
l'an's love of nature is practically non-existent.
While on the subject of national characteristics, one notes how the land-
scape differs in different countries, and in a large country like ours, in different
6
 CA.HERA 11:0TES.

difficult to detect and harder still to describe. llut when the artist does succeed
in rendering the spirituality of atmosphere; expressed in color, the quality
;md texture of his lights and shades and in the individual suggestiveness of air,
he gives us something indeed precious. It is often said that music is the only
art that can give expression to the subtlety of emotion which characterizes
modern times. But I feel sure that in the best American landscapes an equal
subtlety is reached, and under greater difficulties of medium. The analysis has
been keen and searching: the synthetical arrangement, really so mysteriously
involved appears so simple and conclusive, that it is a delight both to one's
intelligence and emotions.
llut who are the artists producing such work? Invariably, those who are
living with nature, constantly in some one locality which is endeared to them
by long companionship: until they know not only its physiognomy, b1,1t it'i
inward spirit. This living in the country leads also to sympathy with the
dwellers in the country, human and animal. Thus the landscapes of such
painters express not only the subtle local characteristics, but the equally subtle
relations of those to human life, and represent the very anima·ls as related to
the scheme of nature and humanity. These riner qualities will not be found
in the pictures of the globe-trotting artist. He may catch the obvious pheno-
mena, but for lack of acquaintanceship and sympathy misses the deeper vision.
I ventured this remark to one of our painters. He admitted its truth ; but
pleaded, firstly, that the charm of country life is more fascinating in the
old world, and, secondly, that the sky here is so uniformly clear in summer
that it was almost impossible to secure grand cloud effects. There is much in
his reasons ; but it is also a fact that what his landscapes gain in vigor they lose
in individuality and intimacy. He has painted them from the point of view of
a sympathetic stra11ger.
Just one more point. There is a perennial freshness in t,he vision of some
landscape artists, while others seem to see in nature only one phase, reproducing
it with most tiresome iteration. It is so difficult to escape the suspicion that
they have discovered a recipe, as another man does for pills, and are using it
for commercial purposes solely. \Vhat a contrast to such men is Monet!
Nearly half a century, devoted to intimate companionship with nature and a
tireless sympathy with innumerable phases of her beauty I No one has analyzed
more searchingly, concentrating upon the fleeting impression of a few minutes
of the day, and returning day after day to continue his study at the same place
and time. The result is a verisimilitude to the phenomena and spirit of nature
that fill one with increasing wonder and enthusiasm. His finest landscapes
have brought landscape art to a pitch of perfection inconceivable until he
achieved it. The Dutch and English painters established the true relation of
landscapes to human life, and the Fontainbleau-Barbizon men infused a po-
etical significance into that relation. The modern artist strives to preserve
those qualities; but to attain them through a closer fidelity to the subtler, be-
cause more evanescent, characteristics of nature. It is in this direction that
Monet excels, and that the development of the art is trending more and more.
It is realism, made to yield up its ideal essence; sentiment distilled from truth
CHARLES H. CAFFIN

8
 COLOR AND 'FEXTURE l:V PHOTOGRAPHY.

study and reason out everything they undertake. J do not believe that he ever
had a special conception in his mind when he took "La Cigale." The setting of
the soft luminous figure in a deep, shadowy background, rich in mellow tints,
was merely an accident, and yet the commonplace person accepts its beauty and
the visionary feels the strange vein of poetry and the dreamy voluptuousness it
expresses, realized by an amplitude of masses, broken by speckles, flashes, pass-
ing shimmers and accidental lights. Here we think we have the realization of
color, as far as it is possible in photography.
But looking at his "A Portrait of Miss Jones," we realize that even more
can be achieved in that direction. Here you have a photograph which gives all
the natural facts in decorative unity. Notice the range of tone in the straw of
her hat with its chiffon and flower embellishments, in her face, the collar, the
tie, the shirt front, the star-flecked vest and the collar and sleeve of the jacket;
each detail has at close discrimination an individual local tint. One can almost
guess the color of each separate part. How was it accomplished! One might
come to the conclusion that Mr. Eugene took special pains with the picture and
had the model robe herself according to his directions. I do not think so. True
enough the high tone of the tie tells, thereby keeping back sufficient force in
reserve to give to all the other parts their due importance and true definition
without any exaggeration of painful emptiness, which we so often find in Eicke-
meyer's cold and overstudied figure compositions. But this does not explain the
mystery. As far as I am acquainted with Mr. Eugene's method of working, he
is never guilty of scientific observation and over-timid artistic conscience ; he
merely obeys his .impulse--in which, true enough, he at times enlists all his
knowledge-and therefore I believe I have a right to say that the success of the
picture was largely due to the way in which the lady was dressed when she had
herself photographed ; the colors of her make-up were of such a character that
they created a perfect harmony when reproduced by the lens. With the insuffi-
l'ient technical knowledge Mr. Eugene has, it was impossible for him to know
the result at the start. At the same time we must not overlook the fact that Mr.
Eugene is first of all a painter, and a painter of considerable ability (not an
amateur as Mrs. Kasebier was), and that his way of looking at a scene is
always that of a painter, namely, taking a delight in form and color, and an un-
l'Onscious mental absorption of proportion and value. His poetic temperament
is to him what a completer training is to others. His eye, but poorly satisfied
with the results of commonplace realism, always selects something which looks
artistic or reminds one of the art of painting. Therefore, the charm of his
''unphotographic photography," as Mr. \.Yells Champney has so aptly said.
Strange that nobody else has ever realized color to that extent. If a man is
at once a keen observer and a master of photographic technique, it should be
easy enough; for color in photography is nothing but co11trast and arra11geme11t
of <Jalues. Without destroying the dignity and breadth of the general aspect,
each part of the picture should suggest its local color, and this can only be
accomplished, in my opinion, by knowing exactly how every color effect in real
life will look on the plate, and to arrange all details accordingly, and by such a
juxtaposition of lighter and darker tones a scheme of values can be attained
which will suggest color.
II
 CAMERA .VOTES.

As to texture, that is quite a different problem. First of aU, there are two
meanings to the word texture. It can mean either the exact representation of a
fabric, with every thread stealing in and out, or it can mean a peculiar method
oi handling the surface of a work of art.
The first can in no other art be so easily attained as in photography. The
camera is only too accurate. It even exaggerates at times absolutely unneces-
sary details. The photographer is apt to consider this a grievous shortcoming
of the medium he is compelled to work in. I am of a different opinion ; I think
it offers a wide field to the ingenuity of a thinking mind, as it could be used to
good advantage in all work when modification and suppression are applied ; it
muld help the composition and enable one to obtain Whistleresque effects, that
is, exaggerating details here and scorning them there. I have never yet seen vel-
vet, satin or silk as realistically and beautifutty represented in photography as.
for instance, Carolus Duran universally does in his portraits of French mon-
daines. Craig Annan almost succeeded in his "Little Princess.'' So do Dav
and Demachy at times. Dut the average artisdc photographer absolutely fails i~
this. Miss Johnston apparently never realized the pictorial possibilities of a
Japanese kimona, and yet it seems to be the raiso11 d'Nre of her picture, for the
cigarette, although a very good title, plays only a very subordinate part in it.
With a more sensitive treatment the gloss and shine of the silk, set off by the
rich embroidery, might have revealed both poetry and mystery, by handling
some parts with breadth and others here and there with charming and refined
details. What is the use of making such a picture, if it does not portray a
peculiar mood, "emotions in the presence of a Japanese gown,'' for instance, as
Mr. Albert Herter once painted, a scheme of subdued color patches and shim-
mering flesh in a twilight atmosphere. He had also nothing else but a kimona
and a model, not even a cigarette.
Mr. Eugene is at times quite successful in suggesting the material, as for
instance, in his "Portrait of Miss Jones." There one feels that the sleeve is
made of some woolen fabric of a medium tint, the collar of some dark, smooth
cloth, and the vest of what is catted in thf' dry-goods store pique. You may
laugh at this, but show me another picture where you can discover such details.
without their becoming obtrusive. This quality, however, is only perceivable in
very few of his prints, while the second kind of texture can be found in nearly
aU his works. And strangely enough, no one approaches him in this respect; he
stands alone.
Let me explain what the painters mean by texture. An attractive brush-
work, a certain peculiar way of laying on the colors different from the conven-
tional academic ways. Nearly all the great painters of our age have developed a
style of their own, which in a sense reflects their personality and is recognizable
by the connoisseur at the first glance. Raffaetti, Zorn, Sargent, Baldini, Len-
bach, Menzel, to mention only a few, all have adopted a certain mannerism. (I
call it mannerism of using their brush, because the greatest ones, like Whistler
and Bocklin, do not need such exceptional methods ; true enough also Gerome,
Bouguereau, etc., have none, but rather you feel too much individuality.)
This Mr. Eugene has introduced into photography by the means of all sorts
of furious manipulations on the plate. It is an interesting innovation, but a
12
 C.-1.\fERA NOTES.

most free, it offers slighter hindrance to the immediate expression than by other
retouching processes; indeed, it is so perfectly free as to offer no delay or
obstacle of any kind whatever. The slightest accent or deviation, even the most
transient hesitation or trembling of the retoucher's hand, is at once registered.
In a word, his daubs and lines are vital, and as the eye sees them, it reads the
varying thoughts and moods of the artist.
The mechanical shortcomings of photography are thereby partly overcome.
If they should be overcome in such a manner is, however, an open question.
""hich other practitioners have to decide for themselves.
Photography, with its wide range of possibilities, is essentially a craft
which any man may use: if he can do it in such a way as to impress his own
individuality on it, the better-no matter whether the result is good or bad-
individuality alone gives any art its value for this age or for ages to come.
SAO.\KICHI HARTMANN.

A Method of Toning Lantem Slides.

The production of warm toned lantern slides Ly the well known method of
long exposure and restrained development is a process that is wearisome to
many amateurs, and, further, one that in their hands is not always an absolute
success. There are, however, other methods that can be carried out with ease
and certainty and at the expenditure of very little time or trouble.
The image in an ordinary black toned slide, made on any of the usual
brands of gelatine emulsion lantern plates, if thoroughly fixed and washed,
should consist of metallic silver imbedded in gelatine. By various processes we
can convert this metallic image into one consisting of a salt of silver, and the
color will then vary with the nature of the salt. These salts are, howe\·er, sensi-
tive to light, exposure, in some cases, very materially altering their color, and
while this sensitiveness lasts the tone is liable to change slightly every time the
slide is exhibited in the lantern. The remedy for this instability is, fortunately,
very simple. There is a limit to the visible change that can be produced by light,
and, if by prolonged exposure to sunlight this limit is reached, the result is not
then likely to be affected by any number of brief exposures in the lantern. Upon
these principles the methods of toning that 1 am about to describe are based.
We take a developed, fixed and washed slide, convert the metallic image
into a salt of silver, wash, dry, and then expose to sunlight for a period which,
naturally, varies with the time of year. In London I find that the required ef-
fect is produced if the slide is left exposed in a window looking due south for a
period of two days in winter, or one in summer. The actual necessary time of
exposure of course varies considerably with the weather, but a guide to the min-
imum amount of sunning required is afforded in a manner that will presently be
described. The sunning process cannot be overdone, so the slides require no
attention during exposure. The result of the first treatment of the slide is the
production of an image which appears of a white or yellow cQior by reflected
light; the conversion of the image is therdore generally styled a "bleaching''
process. At this stage, seen by transmitted light, or on the lantern screen, the
image is of a brown tone, the exact shade varying according to the process
14
 CAMERA NOTES.

mence with tmly five drops, adding more if required. This bath may be used a
number of times in succession, and so may the sulphite solution.
The white image, resulting from the bleaching process, consists of chlonde
of silver, and has a brown tone when looked through against the light. By the
sunning process it becomes a bright red brown, not a pure red, but a somewhat
softer and more pleasing tone than that produced by uranium. It should be
noted that the tone of the image upon the l~ntern screen is slightly different to
the tone seen by transmitted light. In all cases, tone can only be properly
judged in the lantern.
Gray Tones.- The process for obtaining gray tones is exactly similar to that
for red tones, with the exception that the constitution of the bleaching solution
i-; altered. Again take two ounces of the stock bichromate solution, but, instead
of hydrochloric acid, add ten grains of potassium bromide, and five to ten drops
of nitric acid. The treatment is precisely the same in all other respects, and the
acid must be added as cautiously as before.
The bleached white image now consists of bromide of silr•er, and, as the re-
sult of sunning, it acquires a cool soft gray tone. The time of exposure required
to produce this definite tone is about the same as that necessary to render the
red chloride image permanent, and, thus, one bromide slide may be emplo) eel to
fix the time necessary to effectually sun any number of chloride slides.
Brow11 Tones.- To obtain these we can substitute potassium iodide for the
bromide used in the bleaching bath for gray tones, and then proceed in precisely
the same manner, in all respects.
The bleached yellow image consists of iodide of sih•er and it is not very
appreciably affected by sunning, though it is a desirable precaution to carry out
the process. The tone of the image is a yellow brown upon the lantern screen.
These three tones of red, gray, and brown, can be obtained with certainty
if you keep to the same developer and brand of plates for the production of the
original black toned slide, and develop each plate to about the same density.
Variations in plates, developer, and density may cause slight variations in tone.
One of the advantages of this method of toning is, that, with certain limitations,
the tones can be altered as easily as they were produced.
The red chloride image can be turned into gray bromide by simply soaking
the plate in a solution of potassium bromide, then washing, and again sunning
the result. By soaking in potassium iodicle solution, either the red chloride or
gray bromide images can be turned into yelJow brown iodide. A red chloride
image cannot, however, be produced from either of the others : nor can the
brown iodide image be further changed by similar easy means. On this account
it is advisable, when there is any doubt as to the tone that is likely to best suit
the subject, to first produce a red chloride image, since this can be easily turned
into either of the others.
By employing weak bromide and iodide solutions ( sav ~-;; per cent.). the
conversion takes place gradually and can be stopped at intermediate stages.
Thus a red image is gradually cooled clown by a weak bromide solution until
g-ray is reached. and during- the process it passes throug-h a series of brown and
warm gray tones. Similarly. a very weak iodide solution will gradually warm
up a colcl gray bromide image until the normal yellow brown is reached. It is
therefore possible by varying the strength of the solutions, and the times of im-
n'ersion. to produce a great variety of shades of brown, the most pleasant
series of browns. perhaps. being met with between the red and gray tones.
After any of these secondary toning processes thorough washing and sun-
ning are necessary to insure permanency.
c. WELBORNE PIPER.
16
 CAMERA NOTES.

not show the picture quite as well as the other parts, and they are very apt to
be overlooked. More or less of the foreground of the print has generally to be
cut away to make the picture, and it is sometimes possible, by judicious cut-
ting, to take advantage of chance conditions and to give the corners and lower
foreground their proper character. It seems probable that many good fore-
grounds have been produced through a proper instinct as to the right place to
cut rather than through a deliberate knowledge of the subject and previous
intention when the picture was taken to obtain just the result arrived at.
CHARLES E. MANIERRI-:.
+ + +
The Pictorial Movement in Photography and the Significance of
the Modem Photographic Salon.
BY JosEPH T. KEII.I-:Y.

(An addreu dcli<lered before the Orange Camera Club, April 20, 1900.)

The pictorial movement in photograph)' is of comparatively recent origin

and justly may be said to be still in its infancy. It is a movement having for its
cbject the creation of pictures through the medium of photography that will
stand the test of being judged by the canons of art and which will be not simply
mechanical productions, but pictures in the highest sense of the word, possessed
of distinct individuality and positive artistic merit. It is the result of an agita-
tion in this direction originated by a small circle of men. who, having beheld
drowsing in the frozen clasp of science the beautiful spirit of art, strove to
awaken it from its icy slumber to add new beauty to the world.
Through the tireless energy of this group of workers a definite pictorial
movement was established, one of the first positive results being the creation of
the Linked Ring, of London, a very cosmopolitan body, pledged to labor in the
interest o{ the cause of pictorial photography. The movement met with opposi-
tion here and abroad from within and without the photographic world. The
opposition was traceable to the allied forces of ignorance, self-interest, preju-
dice and misunderstanding.
For example; among those who used photography, the makers of portraits
chiefly, there was a large element quite innocent of the significance of the term
'·composition" as applied to picture making, to whom the word "tonality" con-
veyed as much meaning as an Aztec hieroglyph and who were as devoid of any
feeling for the artistic as it is possible for a human being to be.
This element, with an instinct that '"·as born of a sense of self-preservation,
combatted the movement with unrelenting bitterness; for though few of them
fully appreciated its real significance, it was for this class as the writing upon
the wall that presaged approaching doom. The success of the movement meant
the education of the public taste and the consequent refusal of the public longer
to accept the inartistic wares of this class of workers.
The less liberal and more dogmatic of the painters also ranged themselves
with the opposition. They saw in photography a purely mechanical process, of
which the photographer was simply a part of the mechanism; and when from
time to time they were forced to admit the positive artistic merit of certain pho-
I8
 THE PICTORIAl. MOVEMENT IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

tographs, they would, with a naive disregard for logical consequences, observe
that the person who made the pictures under consideration had a positive genius
for doing work in charcoal, india-ink or paint; forgetting all the while that this
attitude was an admission of a distinct individuality in the work that they had
already pronounced mechanical, and consequently a positive contradiction of
their original position.
The artist, they held, must select the best from nature, compose it into such
a picture as his taste and imagination may dictate and present it through the
medium of his own sense of color and line: passive nature, immobile and insen-
sate, presents many incidental facts, all of which are interesting, each of which
may be suggestive of the beautiful, and every one of which will excite some sort
of interest or appreciation ; but which, presented literally and collectively just as
they appear in nature, will not compose into a picture, nature requiring for this
purpose the co-operation of the imaginative mind of man.
Photography, being in their opinion purely mechanical and quite devoid of
any power of selection, and the photographer part of the'mechanism, it was not
possible for a photograph to be truly artistic, because it was simply a mechanic-
ally exact copy of nature.
To admit after this that any photograph from nature possesses distinct
artistic merit and charm, was to admit that it differed in character from other
photographs, and also that it did not interpret nature literally.
To admit this is to admit the existence somewhere of a power of selection
and composition, and this involves a denial of the proposition that photography
ic; a purely mechanical medium. Such denial compels the admission that it is a
more or less pliant tool in the hands of the photographic worker; and such an
admission leads to the irresistible conclusion that photography is entitled to an
honorable place among the graphic arts.
The purely technical and scientific photographer, misunderstanding its pur-
pose and laboring under the mistaken impression that the movement made mor-
tal assault upon technical and scientific photography, also ranged himself with
the forces that opposed it. But despite all opposition and undeterred by the ridi-
cule and abuse that was heaped upon all those who displayed any activity in its
Lehalf, it has spread its influence slowly but surely throughout Europe and
finally taken root in America. The development of the movement here is
watched with the closest attention by all who are interested in the advance of
photographic art. It has taken root so firmly and so quickly in so many differ-
ent sections of the country that no doubt can be entertained either as to the
seriousness of its purpose or the comprehensiveness of its scope: and the convic-
tion is growing that it is the beginning of a distinctly American school of artistic
photography, which eventually will do more for the advancement of photogra-
phy as an art than ever elsewhere has been accomplished. Here as elsewhere
there has been and still is opposition; but slowly, irresistibly, almost impercepti-
bly, the forces of ignorance, provincialism and prejudice have been crushed to
the dust and no longer bar the advance of progress.
The modern photographic Salon is the offspring of this pictorial movement,
and as such has a significance that is quite apart and distinct from all other pho-
tographic exhibitions. It stands for one thing only, the artistic,pietorial possi-
21
 CAMERA NOTES.

bilities of photography. In speaking of a photographic Salon there must be no

misunderstanding as to what is meant. Such exhibitions as have been held in
Philadelphia, and recently in Chicag<r--the seriousness of whose purpose cannot
be called in question-are referred to.
The frequent misuse of the term Salon by those engaged in organizing
popular photographic exhibitions has misled not only the general public but
likewise many members of the photographic world as to the purpose and mean-
ing of the real photographic Salon, properly so called.
Misled by these pseudo-salons many persons have imagined that the salons
gotten up in the interest of pictorial photography were to be popular exhibitions
merely, along the old pseudo-salonistic lines; and rather flattered by the prospect
of having their work exhibited in a real art gallery, submitted examples of it to
the juries of these pictorial-salons ; having disregarded or failed to comprehend
the significance of the statement contained in the prospectus of every such Salon
that:
"The purpose of the Salon is to exhibit that class of work only in which
there is distinct evidence of individual artistic feeling and execution, the pict-
ures to be rigidly selected by a competent jury."
When it is the fortune of such to have their work rejected their vanity is
wounded, and instead of allowing that the jury was not altogether wrong nor
entirely partisan, and without reflecting that perhaps in rejecting their work the
jury saved them from the greater humiliation of having their pictures publicly
branded as mediocre or imperfect by permitting them to hang on the same walls
with pictures so infinitely superior that the shortcomings of inferior work are by
contrast forced into prominence, the disappointed ones immediately begin to
seek some explanation for the rejection of their pictures that is far from flatter-
ing to the exhibition in question or the members of its jury of selection.
First, thev declare that the judges were narrow-minded and that no tech-
nically good photograph could by any chance win their approval-forgetting in
their warmth that such a post-facto characterization of the judges must make
themselves appear ridiculous, as they knew perfectly well who the judges were
to be before submitting their pictures; and that as for the statement concerning
the non-eligibility of a technically good photograph-it must appear absurd in
any light-for on the one hand if a picture had no other merit to recommend it
than its technical excellence, it was clearly barred by the very terms governing
the character of the exhibition, to which they had submitted and subscribed:
while if on the other hand it was intended to charge the jury with having barred
out all technicatly excellent pictures because of their technical excetlence, and in
spite of their artistic merit, the argument would carry little weight for two
reasons-because it had been made without having seen the pictures accepted,
and because in photography artistic perfection involves corresponding technical
correctness.
Then again it will be declared that the judges are arrogant persons, who
have declared themselves leaders without the consent of the entire photographic
world, and that any picture that does not conform to their arbitrary ideas is
thrown out. This is but a repetition of the first part of the first objection, with
the additional one as to leadership, and when proof of a single instance in which
22
 THE PICTORIAL MOVEMENT IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

any of the persons accused has by written or spoken word been guilty of the out-
rageous crime of having usurped photographic leadership without the consent
of the entire photographic world is called for, it is not forthcoming.
Some one else will then chime in, and after frankly admitting that he delib-
erately copied the work of another, object because his picture was not accepted
a!' original work; and this argument will be followed by the somewhat irrelevant
one that photographic juries should govern their choice of pictures by the same
rules that painters use in selecting pictures for exhibitions-entirely regardless
of the fact that no such rules exist. And still another may declare that if Smith
had only put the name of Jones to his pictures they would all have gotten into
the exhibition, no matter how poor they might be, thereby calling in question the
honesty of the jury; and thereupon one or more members of it is held up to ridi-
cule to the general satisfaction of all the disappointed would be exhibitors.
All this is quite human and under the circumstances inevitable and should
not be taken seriously. Yet such trivialities as this too often do irreparable
harm. They give rise, too frequently, to ill-feeling, and often call into being per-
sonal enmities that by their consuming bitterness retard or defeat some of the
noblest ambitions. Indeed, more than one really great cause has miscarried or
been lost from opposition growing out of just such misunderstandings and
trivial circumstances. On that account I have taken up your time with matters
that otherwise I would have passed over. Let us understand each other and let
there be no misunderstanding of the purpose of the photographic Salon.
The modern photographic Salon stands for art and art alone.
Art, broadly speaking, is the universal language of beautiful conceptions
and noble thoughts. If one be impressed by the rare beauty of a theme-beauty
of thought or feeling, or both-and can produce a picture thereof that will
excite the same or nearly the same sense of pleasure in those who behold it, he
stands a very excellent chance of winning entrance to the most advanced Salon
and of being recognized an artist in the true sense of the word. If on the other
hand his highest aim is that of making simply technically perfect pictures, his
business is not with the Salon but with exhibitions that have to do solely with
craftsmanship. Let this be thoroughly understood and let each choose in ac-
cordance with his ability and inclination, and do all in his power tc conserve the
progress of all.
The photographic world is big enough for all. In the great universe of
progress there is scarce a calling or occupation, science or art, to which photog-
raphy has not played its part of slave, hand-maiden or helping friend. Its fields
of usefulness are daily broadening and growing in number, and there need be
none who, if he sincerely wish, cannot find ample means oi satisfying all his
photographic inclinations wilthout falling afoul of his fellow workers in the
mighty world that owes its allegiance to the sun.

23
 Proceedings.
At the regular monthly meeting held on purchase of desirable prints and lantern
March 13, President Murphy presided. slides at the roming club auction, and it
After the presentation of the usual reports was voted accordingly.
of the standing committees, and of the A vote of appreciation and thanks was
Committee on the Auction of Prints, none tendered to Mr. Joseph F. Keiley for the
of which call for special notice, Mr. Hogc exhibition of his collection of prints which
made a motion that the trustees be recom- are now on view.
mended to make an appropriation for the
... ...
Fourth Annual Meeting of the Camera Oub.
The annual meeting was held on April 10, when fifty-five members were
present. Reports were presented by the officers and the standing committees,
and these will be found in another portion of this issue of CAMERA NoTES.
Mr. Schram, representing the trustees. presented a report recommending
that the dub engage Mr. Walter E. Woodbury as curator. In explanation of
this recommendation Mr. Schram stated that the large amount of valuable ap-
paratus owned by the dub required the care and supervision of a competent man
to preserve it and to keep it in effective order. The same was the case with the
studio; and also it had become necessary to have some official representative
who would meet and deal with the many strangers who presented themselves
at the dub rooms. No more capable or efficient man than Mr. Woodbury could
be found, and besides the above services his wide experience would enable him
to render much other valuable assistance, besides acting as adviser in technical
matters to any members who desired his aid. The recommendation was votecl
upon, and accepted by the club.
At this point the chairman interrupted the proceedings to perform a very
pleasant duty, in presenting to the secret;try, Mr. Harry B. Reid, on behalf of
one hundred members of the club, a handsome gold watch and fob in recognition
of valuable services which he has gratuitously rendered for several years in his
official capacity. The front case bore a handsome monogram, while the back
was decorated with a reproduction of the club seal. An appropriate inscription
was engraved within the cover. In making the presentation Mr. Murphy said:
MR. REID:
For three years you have served this club as secretary with a fidelity and
constancy rarely found in this fickle world.
Had every detail of business and every item of expense been at your own
personal charge, you could not have exercised a greater vigilance.
In this organization. yours had not been ''the primrose path of dalliance,"
but rather the rough riding of a disciple of the "strenuous life."
You have heard more of "kicking" than of kindness: more of protest than
of praise, and often has the electric voltage of your righteous wrath completed
its circuit through the ears of some reckless waster of light, or water.
Absorbed in the faithful discharge of your duties you have borne a charmed
life. Resolutions, loving cups and gavels have fallen in your immediate vicinity
and never touched you. In view of these facts you mav perhaps have sought
mental comfort from the Emersonian philosophv that : "The silence that acceptc;;
merit as the most natural thing in the world is the highest applause."
But while you have been the watch clog of the club your fellow members
24
 PROCEEDI.\'GS.

have not slumbered, and now they propose to put a watch upon you for the
balance of your natural life.
And now on behalf of a hundred of the members of the club I have the
honor to hand you this testimonial of their high appreciation of your services
in the secretarial office which you have so long and so ably filled.
Although completely surprised by the proceeding, Mr. Reid succeeded in
expressing his appreciation and gratitude for the gift.
The election of officers for the ensuing year then took place and the follow-
ing gentlemen were elected, there being no opposition: William D. Murphy,
president; Alfred Stieglitz, vice-president; Harry B. Reid, secretary, and Wil-
liam E. Wilmerding, treasurer, were re-elected. William P. Agnew and John
Beeby were elected trustees for three years. J. F. Stra.uss, Theo. Dwight and F.
N. Waterman were elected as the committee on admissions.
The meeting then adjourned to partake of refreshments with the president,
who had provided a handsome collation in the adjoining room.
... ... ...
Report of the President.
In the long, up-hill journey that must necessarily precede the safe entrenchment of
a club upon the kopjr of a permanent and unassailable success, it would not be sur-
prising to occasionally find that ~mall actual advance had been made in some single year.
This general rule renders all the more notable the steady and continuous advancement
of the fortunes of the Camera Oub during each successive year of corporate existence.
and to-night our club, a lusty four-year-old, meets to celebrate its birthday and to plant
another milestone on the broad highway of progress.
Stronger in membership, richer in cash, and with a broader influence in the photo-
graphic world at large, well may we pause to cast a retrospective glance over the detail
of the year.
The printed reports of the Secretary, Treasurer and Auditing Committee, together
with the formal report of the several committees to be presented to-night, relieve the
president of the task of a lengthy recital of the facts, though a brief analysis of the situa-
tion may not be superflous.
Our total membership, up to April I, numbers J44. During the year sixty-seven new
members were elected; thirty-seven resignations accepted and eleven names were dropped
from the rolls, while we must sadly record that two members were taken from us by death,
Commander Howell, U. S. N., and Mr. James L. Truslow, Jr., the balance giving a net
gain of twenty-two for the year, as against thirty-six for the preceding year. As the
list shows 215 active members, our attention is called to the fact that only thirty-five more
are needed to reach the constitutional limit. It would seem that with a little individual
effort thirty-five desirable applicants for admission could be rallied in a few weeks, and
your president most earnestly calls for a hearty move in this direction. In such work the
assistance of our newtr members is especially valuable.
A glance at the Treasurer's statement shows a highly satisfactory financial condition,
with a ca~h balance of $2.502 on hand, a net gain for the year of $1,167, compared with
$326 for the previous year.
The club has no outstanding debts and no member owes it a single dollar of arrears
in dues.
Too much praise cannot be given to our Secretary and our Treasurer for their
exceptional devotion to the interests of the club, and their annual reports in detail are
models of businesslike «dministration of club affairs.
The several committees, on Admissions, Publication, House, Prints, Meetings.
Lantern Slides and Audit, have each and all contributed distinguished services, and if
space permitted a full statement of their work, it would be easy to demonstrate the fact
that never in the history of our club have the various departments been more efficiently
administered.
The Admission Committee has proved that character and fitness are conditions
precedent to a favorable report upon any candidate for admission to the club, and to-day
the standard of membership in the Camera Club is distinctly higher, because of the work
of this committee.
CAMERA NoTES, the chief glory of the club, has continued its triumphal march, win-
ning encomiums at home and abroad, but there is only time for a brief congratulatory
word to the Publication Committee upon the brilliant editing of the magazine. To
Alfred Stieglitz and his associates the club is deeply indebted.
25
 CAJ!El?A XOTF.S.

The House Committee, ~ubject to troubles of its own. ha" daily labored to keep the
club apparatus from being reduced to splinters by over enthu,iastic members. In view of
the general ~i~position in all clubs to find fault with house committeemen, perhaps the
gentle admomtton conveyed by that historic sign hung up in a Leadville concert hall might
well be blazoned on our walls:
''Don't shoot at the Pianist, he is doing his Best!"
The Print Committee has been most diligent, securing an unbroken sequence of
exhibitions, keeping us in touch with the current phases of photographic achievement.
The Committee on Meetings has also scored a marked success in the high character
of the lectures given.
The Lantern Slide Committee has succeeded in awakening a revival in slide making
that promises many more attractive VVednesday evenings. In thi~ connection the newly
appointed critic, Mr. ]. Wells Champney, has added greatly to the value of the "Test
Nights" by his luminous and instructive criticisms.
The annual dinner of the club in December was well attended, and was made
especially memorable to your president by the presentation to him of the handsome and
historic gavel, made from the wood of the sunken Spanish cruiser "Reina Mercedes," a
testimonial valued by him as one of his choicest possessions, on account of its historical
interest and more especially because of the sentiment behind the gift.
The one new ripple on the placid surface of our club life was occasioned by the
recent show and sale of prints and slides, including the "Fake" pictures entered in com-
petition for the silver cup, donated by the committee chairman. Mr. Hoge. The affair was
a pronounced success, promising to set the pace for more of its kind. Modesty prevents
any extended reference to the fate of the mammoth vase above mentioned.
As usual, interest in the competitions for the fixed prizes of the year excited little
interest. and while two new cups were awarded for prints in portrait and landscape
classes, it is discouraging to note that the ''Fin de Siecle" Lantern Slide Cup, offered by
Mr. ]. Edgar Bull, has twice failed to secure a sufficient number of entries, but as it was
only one short in the second instance, the donor has generously waived the condition.
In outside events our members have been highly successful, winning many of the
highest honors of the year, both in Europe and America.
Turning from the recital of things accomplished to things omitted, we must chronicle
the failure to hold the annual auction of photo materials, which was vetoed by the
board, but such action must not be thought to indicate any plan for the extinction of that
jolly feature of our club life.
The "smoker," usually held in January. was also passed over, because, in the rush of
matters at that time it did not seem possible to arrange a creditable function, with a
programme sufficiently comprehensive to satisfy the literary, artistic, terpsichorean ang
dramatic tastes of our membership; but the omission was only one of expediency and
does not indicate hostility to such entertainments.
Now, turning from the past to the future, a matter of great weight in the develop-
ment of the club has received the serious consideration of vour Board of Trustees.
The growing demands upon the time of your officers and committees, coupled with the
natural desire to place at the disposal of members every possible aid, have led to a
definite proposition, to be submitted in regular order to-night, the question being the
wisdom of securing a competent superintendent of the rooms and affairs of the club.
In conclusion, it may be pardonable to say a few words regarding the policy pursued
by your trustees in their unceasing efforts to manage the affairs of the club within
established lines.
No group of members can be more conscious of official shortcomings than are the
officers themselves, but probably no one outside of the board appreciates the difficulties
that are almost daily presented for solution.
To provide each and every member with just what he may want at any given time is
an obvious impossibility, and, with the limited resources at our disposal, the best that
can be accomplished is to fill the needs in the order of their apparent necessity, the
first object being to keep the club upon an absolutely solvent basis.
For three successive years your president has strenuously endeavored to mould and
give expression to a broad policy of toleration and mu1t1al concession in the best
interests of the club. In the nature of things, in a clnb of more than three httndred
members, serious and honest differences of opinion must often arise, and the discussion
of such differences is not to be regretted or prevt:nted.
All that can be expected is that vexed questions shall be temperately debated, for from
such debate only good r<!sults can come.
A club, open to all artistic suggestions, styles and schools, but definitely committed
to no one cult or clique, should be, and is, the chief plank in our platform. On this broad
base we may safely face the future with its doubts and hopes, drawing comfort in
moments of disappointment from Ruskin's aphorism, which relates to other things as
well as art: "Greater completion marks the progress in art, absolute completion usually its
decline." Respectfully submitted,
WM. D. MuRPHY, Prcsidc111.
 Treasurer's Report for the Year Ending March 3t, J900.

I IB99-1900 I 1898-r899
I
RECEIPTS. IB9C)-1900 1898-1899 DISBURSEMENTS.
Balance April 1st . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... $1,335-06 $1,008.62 CameraNotes ...........•........ ~.~~~ $300-00 $200.00
Members' Dues . • • • . . . . • . . • . . .•.•....•.••.. 4,819.84 4,242.65 Services (Custodian) ......................•.. 477-00 sro.85
Locker Rents .......•.............•••........ 979.05 879.51Mail Chute ....••••..•....•.................. I7.00
Entrance Fees ............................. . 765.00 735.00Rent 8th Floor.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ............... . 3.000.00 2,916.66
Studio ..................•.•......•.......... 335.00 231.00Studio Rent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 154-75 101.00
Telephone ••••.•.......................... 59· 75 34.83
Telephone ............................... . 105.62 95-43
Incidentals. Donation by Mr. Herbert. ....... . ro.oo . • . . . . . . • • •
Incidentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . I92.83 100.72
Fitting up Studio, Donation by Mr. Russak . so.oo ........••.. Fitting up Studio .......•.••••....•........ 74-23 218.90
Annual Dinner ............................. . 231.05 191.25Annual Dinner .........•..•.•............. 231.05 I86.03
Auction ..........................•.......... .. . . . . . .. . . 69.21
Light and Current •........................ 386.94 284.29
h Smoker .........•........................... . . . . .. . . . . . . Smoker. . . . . . ............................••. . . . . . . . . . . . .
I 78. so 157-00
Ct: Library .........•.•..•••................. .. . ... . .. . . . 5· so
Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....•. I 58 22 109.62
a Sale of Furniture ..................•......... ............ I03.04Furniture ................................ . I14-79 221 61
0... Surplus ........••............•..••......... .. . . . . . . . . . . 4.00
Stationery and Printing ................... . 338.42 284. I i
tl.)
Ct: Donations to Moving Fund .....•.........•.. .. . . . . . . . . . . 2,302.00 Print Committee .......................... . 5I. 21 46.25
Chemicals ....................•.•......... 93·32 96.28
V)
Cc
Ice and Laundry . . . . . . . . . . ................ . 28.51 34.26 ....
tl.)
Insurance ..........................•....... 21.35 10.00 "'
Ct: 'Cleaning Rooms ...........•........ 121.50 104-30
~ !Postage
Elevator.... . . . . . ...................... . So.oo 47.00
V) ....................•....... 1 t8.8o 101.61
"'!; L. S. Interchange .......................... . II. 7.2 ........... .
tl.)
Ct: Print Auction .............................. . 5-00 ... .
f-.. Moving . . ......•......................... 82.45
Fitting up Rooms ...................•....... 2.536 34
New Apparatus .............•.•............. 184.28
Print Collection ............................. . ........ 15.00
i1Jt>,o82. 261 -$S,65o.os
Balance on hand •.•......................... 2,502 4-9 1,335·00
$8,584.75 $9,9ss.u $8,584,7 5 $9,985. I I

AjJjJrov~d:
L. B. SCHRAM. Clzairman, In Bank of New Amstenlam .................•.............. $1.502.49
C. C. ROUMAGE, In Union Trust Co ........................................... r,ooo.oo
HENRY H. MAN, $2.502-49
Auditing Committu. WM. E. WILMERDING,
MARCH 31, 1900. Tr~asurer.
 CAMERA NOTES.

Report of the Auditing Committee.

To the Board of Trustees of the Camera Club:
The Auditing Committee herewith submit their report as follows:
We have examined the books of account and vouchers of the Treasurer covering the
fiscal year ending March JI, 1900, and the bank balances at that date and find the same to
be correct.
The Treasurer's books are well and systematically kept.
The total receipts for the year were as follows:
Cash. on hand at the beginning of the year ............... . $I,JJ5.o6
Recetpts from all sources ................................ . 7.249-69
Total .•.. $8.584·75
Disbursements $6,o82.26
Balance on hand March 31, 1900 ..................... $2,502.49
Showing an ex:cess of receipts over expenditures for the
year of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. $1,167.43
The funds of the club are deposited as follows:
Bank of New Amsterdam ................................ $1,502.49
Union Trust Co.......................................... I,ooo.oo
Total ............................................... $2,502.49
Respectfully submitted, Louis B. ScHRAM, Clrairma11.
C. C. Rot:MAGE.

... ... HENRY H. MAN .

Report of the Committee on Muting-.

The following lectures illustrated by lantern slides were given during the past year:
April 24. 1899--"The Flora of Central Park," by Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt.
May 12-"Exhibition of Lantern Slides," the work of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, explained
by Mr. Wm. D. Murphy.
May !&-"Moving Pictures," by American Vitagraph Company.
October 4-"A Trip to the Philippines," by Mr. L. M. McCormick.
November 17-"A Demonstration of the McDonough Process of Color Photography."
December 5-"A Visit to South Africa," by Dr. J. N. Bishop.
December 2&--"New Orleans to the Pacific," by Mr. John Aspinwall.
January 2, IQOG-"A Vacation in Northern Italy,'' by Prof. A. D. F. Hamlin.
January 23-"The Birth of the Butterfly Among the Autumn Flowers," by Mr. Cor-
nelius Van Brunt.
February 6--"Microscopical Projection with Polarized Light," by Dr. Skeel.
February 27-"Demonstration of the Ives Kromskop," by Mr. F. E. lves.
March 5-"0ur Wild Neighbors" (the four-footed animals of the United States), by
Mr. Ernest Ingersoll.
March 22-"Habits of the Honey Bee," by l'vlr. John Aspinwall.
April 19-"Hawaiian Islands," by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore.
April 26-"The Black Sea and Thereabouts," by Mr. Frank La Manna.
At the regular monthly meetings photographic apparatus and demonstrations of print-
ing were given by the following:
May 9, 18gg--"The Nehring Copying and Enlarging Lens," by Mr. U. Nehring.
June 13-"Demonstration of Dekko Paper," by the Eastman Company.
November 14-"Demonstration of Aristo Platino Paper."
Dece~ber 12-Dr. James H. Stebbins, Jr., read a paper entitled "Recent Progress in
Photographic Chemistry, Emulsions and Dry Plates," illustrated hy lantern slides.
January g, I9Q(r-'fhe Folmer & Schwing Company exhibited cameras, magazine plate
holders, etc.
February 1,3-Mr. John Bradley gave a demonstration of "Bradley Platinotype Paper."
Respectfully submitted, HARRY B. REID, Chairman.
28
 PROCEEDINGS.

Scuctarv's Report.
MEMBERSHIP.

~ .,00
~ ,_
.
1:1
flo
"'
Active members . . . . . . 194 19 8 4 51 2IS 21
Non-resident members. 76 10 3 2 4 12 16 92 16
Correspond'g members. 15 .1 12 IS
Life members . . . . . . . . 20 20
Honorary members . . 17 17
Total members .. .. . 322 32 II 2 I6 4 12 67 344 37 IS
Net gain .......... . 22
Total membership, March 31, I900, 344.
There were held one special and ten regular meetings of the Board of Trustees, one
special and ten regular club meetings. HARRY B. REID, Secretary.
April I, 1900.
+ +
Report of the Print Committee.
The Print Committee for the Camera Club respectfully reports as follows:
Since the last annual report it has arranged for the members and their friends, ten
exhibitions:
Number of
Exhibits.
1899.-From April 12 to April 22:
Mr. John E. Dumont. ....................................... . 34
From May I to May 15 :
Mr. Alfred Stieglitz............ .. ...................... .. 93
From May 22 to June 3:
Collection of prints by members of the Camera Club ............ . I6g
From October 10 to 28:
Mr. Clarence H. White, of Newark, Ohio ..................... . 121
From November IS to 30:
Mr. Frank Eugene, of New York ............................ . 77
From December 4 to 16:
Supplementary Exhibition of Photographic Studies by Mr. J.
Dunbar Wright. ........................................... . ISI
December 20 to January s. I<)OO:
Loan Exhibition from Private Collections of Eva L. Watson, Ma-
thilde Wei!, J. Wesley Allison. Alfred Stieglitz, Charles I.
.Berg, Joseph Obermeyer, John Beeby, Joseph T. Keiley ...... . Io8
Igoo.-January 10 to February 3:
.. Mr. Rudolph Eickemeyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... . I2S
February 14 to March 3:
Mr. Charles I. Berg ........................................ .. II6
1\-larch 13 to March 3I :
Mr. Joseph T. Keile:v ......................................... . iS
The Print Committee have arranged for April the Photographic Studies of Miss Eva
L. Watson, and in May the :\{embers' Exhibition, and it is proposed to have an exhibition
on the walls during the summer months.
The Committee feel much gratified at the intt'rest taken, both by the public at large
and the members as well, in the monthly exhibits, and particularly at the responsiveness to
the invitations issued to the several exhibitions. In no case was an invitation declined.
As to the merit of the several exhibitions, the Committee respectfully refers to the
comments and criticisms which appear regularly in CAMERA NoTEs.
The Committee is of the opinion that it would be well to buy from time to time
certain prints for a permanent collection, and hopes that the Club may find its way to set
aside an appropriation for this purpo~e. CnARJ.ES I. BERG, Chairman.
31
 CAM/iNA NOTES.

Report of Lantern Slide Committee.

Some months ago it became evident to the members of this committee as well as to
those intimate with affairs of the club that the \Vednesday evening test nights had become
far from satisfactory. Few slides were shown on the screen, the attendance of members
was small and the general interest in slides and slide-making seemed to have materially
declined. It therefore became the duty of the pro.>sent committee to revive this flagging
interest and to do all in their power to place the test nights on their old footing, as these
nights not only were a very pleasant feature of Camera Club life, but in the opinion of the
committee their succe~s or failure was a matter of great importance to the interests of
the club.
Three factors have been predominant in this revival. In the first place, personal
appeals were made by the committee to those of thr members who had in the past been
interested in slide-!illaking to induce them to show their slides, either old or new, on the
screen and thus increase the number of 5lides shown. We have also attempted to abolish
the past formality of these evenings by encouraging freedom of speech and requesting
members to describe and discuss their own work on the screen.
The second factor is one nf great importance. That is the revival of criticism. This
importance has already been shown by the increase in the number of new slides and also
the larger attendance on cnticism nights. The committee feel that the club should he
~ongratulated on the choice of critics made by the trustees.
The last factor has beeR the re-entrance of the club in the American Lantern Slide
Interchange, which brings us in touch with the work being done by other photographic
clubs throughout the country.
We hope that some advance has been made in bringing the Wednesday test nights
hack to their old standing, but there is still much to be done, and the hearty co-operation
of all the members in this matter is desired.
Your committee are endeavoring to form a club collection of slides, which can be
shown on the screen when desired, or loaned to the members for private exhibition. An
appeal is made to all the slide makers of the club to aid us by presentation of slides.
This collection should not he confined merely to slides of artistic merit, but should also
contain historical and scientific subjects, and, in short, anything which would be of general
interest. We hope that the time will come when the committee will be supplied with a
regular appropriation for the purchase of slides by eminent makers outside of the club.
The chairman of the committee wishes to take this opportunity to express his gratitude
for the active and efficient co-operation of his fellow committee members.
CnAs. M. STEVENS, Chairman.

+ +
Report of the Committee on Research.

Your Committee on Research has, during the past year, investigated various new
chemicals that have appeared upon the market and have also looked into the value of
various new lenses and paper. We would report that the following articles have been
carefully considered, and the results of the deliberation of this committee upon them
have appeared in CAMERA NaTES during the past year. The articles examined lately are
as follows: Acknowledging auxiliary lenses and tele-photography combination, both made
by Nehring; Vinca Platina-Bromide Paper, Hydrochinon, Ad•1rol, Agfa, McDonough
process of color photography.
Your committee would have been pleased to have taken up other matters had they
been submitted to them by the members of the club.
Numerous inquiries have been made and answers given on the various fundamental
processes of photography, but no other scientific inquiries were taken up and reported
upon except those above mentioned. JoHN AsPINWALL, Cha.irman.
32
 PROCEEDINGS.

Library Report,
The Librarian reports that during the year past seventy-three new books have been
added, forty-six volumes bound and eighteen donated, making a total of 137 volumes.
The following ~ets have been completed, viz.: "Photography Annual,'' "Photographic Club
of Paris" and the "French Annual.''
The library now contains over soo volumes, and includes the most recent works
published, and forty-eight magazines. Donations of books have been received from Dr.
James Douglas, W. A. Fraser, W. E. Carlin. Cassier Company, ]. C. Abel, Obrig Camera
Company, Alfred Stieglitz, George L. Ronalds, ]. F. Strauss and Sidney Herbert.
'
... ... JoHN BEEilY, Librarian .

Report of the House Committee.

Your House Committee respectfully submits the following report:
We have received $200 appropriated from the funds of the club and $10 donated by
:\1r. Sydney Herbert, making a total of $210. Of this amount we have expended $102.83
for the incidental expenses of the club, leaving a credit balance of $Ij.I7.
The rooms and apparatus of the club are in fairly good condition, although we realize
that some improvements might be made. These improvements we hope to make during
the coming summer, and they will be made in direct proportion to the amount of money
whic.h the Board of Trustees may decide that they can afford to appropriate for this pur-
pose from the funds of the club. Your committee would have less difficulty in keeping the
club apparatus in order if more stringent rules were made to restrain those members
who most grossly misuse the club property.
During the twelve months from April 1, 1899, to April I, 1900, there has been
received from members for the me of the studio the sum of $.335. a donation of $so from
Mr. Ru~sak and $so appropriated from the club funds for fitting up the studio, making
a total of $435. Deducting from this amount the sums of $150 for rent and the $so
appropriation shows a profit from the studio of $18o; $74.23 has been expended in fitting
up the studio, which leaves the studio account with a credit of $211.77.

... ... ... W. P. AGNEW, Chairman .

Report of the Publication Committee.

Mr. Stieglitz, Chairman of the Publication Committee, made a lengthy verbal report
on CAMERA NoTES, goinfl into full particulars of the business methods of the magazine.
He showed that, notwithstanding the increased expense, the four numbers of Volume
I II having cost over $J,OOO.oo, that the policy originally planned to make the undertaking
~elf-supporting, without aiming at profit, had been strictly adhered to, and that the mcome
of the year had somewhat more than covered the outlay.
He also showed that the Club had, during the three years of the existence of the
magazine, appropriated $750.00 for the maintenance of the same, in return for which all
members of the Club received copies gratis.
The full appropriations, plus about one hundred dollars, were now in the bank to the
credit of CAMERA NoTES, and all bills paid.
It was also shown that since the origin of the magazine that one hundred cents on the
dollar had been ·collected on every hill rendered, so that thus far CAMERA NoTEs had not
lost a single penny in bad debts, a truly unique ~bowing in a business undertaking.
It was pointed out that the property had become a valuable one, but that the Publica-
tion Committee, in <-stimating its assets, only considered the actual dollars and cents in the
bank as an asset.
As for the policy of the magazine, it has been true to itself, in trying to raise its
own standard and thus help in raising the standard of photography generally.
Notwithstanding the belittling of the magazine in certain quarters, its influence has
been very great, as the subscription list includrs names from all parts of the world.
33
 CAJ.fERA NOTES.

The one thousand copies issued quarterly have probably more readers than some of
the magazines claiming a much larger circulation.
Mr. Stieglitz also pointed out that no sample copies were ever sent out, and that thf'
exchange list was limited to twenty.
During the year full sets of the magazine brought as high as thirty dollars, over four
hundred dollars having been in that way collected in premiums.
The portfolio, "American Pictorial Photography, Series I.," was also reported as hav-
ing been a financial success. A second series is in contemplation.
Mr. Stieglitz warmly thanked his associates for the cordial and active support they
had given him, and emphasized the fact that without their faithful co-operation, the mag-
azine as it stands, would have been an impossibility.

... ... ...

At the regular monthly meeting, held on thus giving the Club the benefit of the views
May 8, President Murphy presided. After of different artists, and bringing the artist
the usual formal business the Secretary an- and the photographer into closer relations.
nounced that the Championship Cup for The proposition was referred to the Lantern
Lantern Slides had been won this year by Slide Committee with power to act.
the President, Mr. Wm. D. Murphy; it was The President announced with regret, on
also announced that Mr. Alfred Stieglitz behalf of the Trustees, that, on account of
was the winner of the Championship Cup the many demands upon his time, and the
for prints, and that Mr. T. ]. Preston, Jr., condition of his health, .Mr. Stieglitz had
had been awarded the Bull Cup. felt it incumbent on him to tender his resig-
Dr. Stevens, reporting for the Lantern nation as Vice-President of the Camera
Slide Committee, stated that he had been Club. On the motion of Mr. Schram that a
informed by Mr. Champney that, as he was committee be appointed to take appropriate
about to go abroad for at least six months, action, and to express the regrets of the
he would not be able to act as Critic fur- club on the loss of so valuable an officer, the
ther this year. Mr. Champney suggested chair appointed Messrs. Hapgood, Schram
that criticisms should be made but once and Stevens. This committee expressed the
each month, and that some artist of prom- sentiments of the Club in the following pre-
inence should be asked to act as critic on sentment, a copy of which was later trans-
such evenings, a different person each time, mitted to Mr. Stieglitz :
The Camera Club, having received the resignation of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz as Vice-
President of the Club, herewith makes record of its appreciation of the excellent work
done by Mr. Stieglitz in that capacity, and expresses its sincere regret that the Club
must lose the benefit of his efforts as an officer.
Since the organization of the Club 2V1r. Stieglitz has devoted the greater part of his
time to the promotion of its welfare, and has brought to his work the signal ability, the
enthusiasm and the devotion to artistic photography which have served more than words
can express, to advance not only the standard of the Club, but also the level of photography
in this country.
Appreciated, as his merits are, by photographers here and abroad, recognized by our
government as the man best fitted to represent officially American photography at the
Congress of Photographers of all nations, ~oon to convene at Paris, the members of the
Camera Club are most deeply conscious of his admirable qualities and gladly bear tribute
to his sterling worth.
Regret that the condition of Mr. Stieglitz's health makes his retirement from office
imperative is tempered with gratitude that his activity as the responsible head of CAMERA
NoTES will continue.
In behalf of every member of the Camera Club we express to Mr. Stieglitz every
assurance of appreciation, and the hope that a partial respite from exacting work may re-
sult in his restoration to perfect health, to be accompanied by a resumption on his part of
the work which he now, we hope, only temporarily lays down.
After the adjournment of the meeting his remarks by a number of prints show-
~1r.Chas. F. Becker delivered a short talk ing the results of the processes he de-
on Aristo Photographic Papers. illustrating scribed.
34
 Kromskop Color Photography.
On Tuesday evening, February 27, Mr. and three color screens. The other new
Frederic Ives gave a most interesting lecture device is a "Miniature" Kromskop, which
demonstration of Kromskop Color Photog- is remarkably simple in construction and
raphy. He began by giving a general review operation, and can be made and sold at a
of the history of attempts to solve the prob- low price. The construction of the new
lem of color photography, showing why all camera is shown in Fig. I, in which A is a
the earlier attempts had failed, and fol- simple achromatic lens, focusing by means
lowed with an exposition of the principles of a slip tube or rack and pinion in front
of scientific trichromatic photography, and of a diaphragm aperture B. This lens
descriptions of the special devices designed focuses an image at C, which is perfectly
by him for carrying out the process with defined to the edges of the small image
no more trouble than ordinary stereoscopic required; but in order to divide the light
photography. Screen projections in colors and form other images at D and E, the
were shown by his ingenious "Lantern
Kromskop," employing a single source of
light, and permitting of separating the
colored images upon the screen and bring-
mg them into register again by the move-
ment of a lever, thus demonstrating the
method with a spectacular effect which was
very striking and evidently greatly enjoyed
by all present.
The lecturer then pointed out the limita-
tions of the screen projection method, and
advocated as the most practicable and gen-
erally available method of color photog-
raphy the system comprising a "one-plate-
one-exposure" camera for making the tri-
chromatic color record. and a viewing de- FIG. I.
vice, the Kromskop, used like a stereo-
scope, for blending the images of the color prisms F and G are so placed that their
record to the eye. The result, obtained by inner front edges partly cover the dia-
means as simple in practice as stereoscopic phragm aperture, which then appears like
photography, was an absolutely permanent three juxtaposed slits, giving three prac-
color record, and a reproduction to the eye tically coincident points of view. The light
which was almost like a mirrored reflection passing into the prisms is twice reflected,
of the objects themselves, all the qualities producing unreversed images at D and E,
of color, texture, sheen, translucency, at- which, owing to the greater distance from
mosphere, solidity, being reproduced with- B to D and E than from B to G, would
out the surface reflections and distracting be of larger size than the middle image
surroundings which would detract from the and much out of focus, but for the fact
realism of even the most perfect color print that the greater refractive index of the
upon paper. glass as compared with air extends the
Since giving the demonstration, Mr. lves focal point, so that the images are equal,
has described, at a meeting of the Phila- except for the differences of light and shade
delphia Photographic Society, two new de- introduced by the color screens, H, H, H.
vices, by which the problem of successful The construction of the ":\liniature"
trichromatic photography would seem to be Kromskop is shown in Fig. 2, in which R,
reduced to its very simplest terms. One B, G are the three pure color screens re-
of the'se new devices is a camera which, al- spectively, red, blue and green, in front
though competent to produce a perfect tri- of which -the Kromogram, which is on a
chromatic color record by one exposure single piece of glass, is placed. The light
upon a single sensitive plate, contains, in passes through the Kromogram images and
addition to the essential parts of an ordi- color screens in the direction of the dotted
nary camera, nothing more than two prisms lines R', B' and G', the green being re-
35
 CAMERA NOTES.

fleeted by the silvered mirror C, and the shortening and distortion which would
other colors by the transparent colored glass ordinarily result from this angle of vision,
mirrors D and E, along one line, through is corrected by the prismatic lens and
prism. The images in the Miniature
Kromskop appear much smaller than those
. / in the other Kromskops, but otherwise
equally as perfect, and the single plate
H kromogram and the simplicity of the manip-
ulations, as well as its low price, make it
very attractive.
The Kromskop View Camera is prefer-
ably made to suit the "Junior" monocular
Kromskop, but by double printing positives
...· can be made to ~how in the stereo Krom-
skop; and stereoscopic records can also
readily be made by exposing two plates,
with a lateral movew.ent of the camera be-
tween the exposures. It can also be spe·
FIG. 2.
dally adapted for the miniature Kromskop,
in which case the positives are ready for
the prismatic lens F and the prism H, to viewing in color without cutting and
the eye at I. The images are seen at an mounting on the folding cardboard frames
angle of 45" to their plane, but the fore- which are used in the larger Kromskops.

... ... ...

Cub Entertainments.
During the spring months the club has he proved himself a thorough master of his
been entertained by several unusually inter- subject in all its branches.
esting lectures, which have proved so pop- Professor Albert S. Bickmore favored
ular that there is no doubt the speakers the club with an illustrated lecture on the
will be pressed to appear again next season. "Hawaiian Islands'' on April 9, when a
On March S Mr. Ernest Ingersoll spoke large and appreciative audience was pres-
on "Our Wild Neighbors, the Four-Footed ent. Many facts entirely new to most of
Animals of the United States." Mr. In- those present were brought out, and the
gersoll is not only noted as a naturalist, but professor's descriptions gave the audience
is an easy and interesting speaker, and as a greatly enlarged understanding of this
he illustrated his lecture with slides from portion of our new possessions. The slides
Mr. W. G. Carlin's excellent negatives the were interesting, and those illustrating the
entertainment was a pronounced success. volcanoes increased our appreciation of this
The lecture, we understand, is one of a feature of the islands.
series on the subject of birds and animals On April :z6 Mr. Frank La Manna gave
which 1\fr. Ingersoll has delivered with an ilh1strated account of an unusually in-
marked success before a number of so- teresting trip which he recently made
cieties and educational institutions. abroad. His subject was "The Black Sea
On March 22 Mr. John Aspinwall spoke and Thereabouts." Starting at Gibraltar,
on "The Habits of the Honey Bee," and the speaker took his audience along the
illustrated his remarks by numerous photo- shores of the Mediterranean to Constanti-
micrographic and other slides, which he nople, and thence to the Black Sea, en-
has prepared with considerable labor. Mr. livening the way by a fund of anecdotes
Aspinwall's graphic descriptions and ready which kept the audience in sympathy with
wit are wt>ll known to his fellow members the spt>aker, and held their interest to the
of the club, and his lectures are always end. Mr. La l\fanna is well known as an
most popular with his audiences; moreover, unusually clever photographer and happy
as he is not only a skilled microscopist and speaker, and it is hoped he may be induced
photographer, but also an expert apiarist, to appear before the club more frequently.
 Reviews of the Exhibition of Photographic Studies by
Charles I. Berg.
(February J4-March J3, J900.)
In these days many men and most women have a real affection for pretty things.
things which are pretty in a trivial sense, but have no claim at all to be considered
beautiful. If the artist can achieve this standard of prettiness, and can content himself
with it, he reaps a golden harvest, as do all those who supply a demand. But there are
some whose minds cannot be satisfied with accomplishing anything short of the best, and
yet whose actual ability is never sufficient to create something very original and beautiful.
Mr. Charles I. Berg is one of these. He strives hard, he seems to have resolved to
appear new. It would be wrong to deny his good intentions-but the results of his
patient labor, as shown in this exhibition, reveal no very strong characteristics nor a style
of his own.
He has succeeded in making half a dozen good pictures, among them the "Odalisque,"
the "Cigarette Girl," the "Weeping Magdalen" and the "Water Nymph." They show
pleasant qualities, many people would like to own and frame them, and even the critic
might at the first glance find no particular fault with them. If, however, he should take
the trouble of examining them more carefully, he would find many traces of imitation.
How many French painters have excelled in charming Oriental arrangement: would Mr.
Berg ever have succeeded without their help? And I am almost certain that I have seen
the pose of his "Weeping Magdalen'' in some French painting.
Mr. Berg apparently has been satisfied as far as composition is concerned with
mumbling old formulre, and as he even lacks the power to re-create, which is the keynote
of Mr. Eugene's work, the hackneyed has become still more hackneyed. Henner is
indisputably a great colorist and chiaroscurist. but what is the use of reproducing, however
faithfully, one of his pictures? There can be no claim for any originality whatever in
this homage of pure imitation. We can only appreciate the cleverness and knowledge
in the photographer.
In the little announcement of his exhibition I read the following:
"Perhaps the greatest part of Mr. Berg's work has been with the professional model
in the direction of classic lines to be used as suggestions for sculpture, or architectural
effects, to which he natnrally turns. Many of the pictures were taken at the two
Sculpture Society exhibitions."
This statement is worthy of consideration. It is a paradox, true and false at the same
time. If the writer means by "classic lines'' the work of well-known painters, very well;
but I fail to see how the photographer can suggest anything but the original sources from
which his inspiration flowed. If I see a Henner reproduced I involuntarily think of the
original, and of how much more satisfactory it is than any reproduction. even the very
best, conld possibly be. That Mr. Berg strives for "suggestions for sculpture or archi-
tectural effects," I do not doubt for a moment. He is an architect by profession, and
never denies it. One only needs to look at the general arrangement of his exhibition to be
convinced of it. But also his posmg, lighting and draping reveal it. They arc always
stiff and architectonic, never soft and pictorial. This is the only way in which one might
say that his personality is reflected in his work, and it proves rather a drawback than an
advantage. And yet what wonderful opportunities Mr. Berg has had. What photographer
had ever such suggestive backgrounds for figure studies as the two Sculpture Society
exhibitions afforded? Imagine an artist like Monsieur Le Begue with his camera and
models in such surroundings. Mr. Berg absolutely failed; the pictures he took in the
Vanderbilt Gallery are the most commonplace of his collection.
His nudes. taken in the open air, arc more genuine, although not always pleasant to
look at. He at least deserves praise for the enterprise he displays in making them amid
appropriate surroundings, as the impressionist painters do.
If his nudes were only less realistic! The naked form, independent of any sentiment,
is not particularly interesting, and as he never succeeds in eliminating the physical short-
37
 CAMERA NOTES.

comings of his model, to show the form to the best advantage-not to mention any at-
tempt at spiritualization, as that is far out of the reach of Mr. Berg-his photographs
cannot be compared with the efforts in this direction of Messrs. Eugene and Day.
Very charming are his two Japanese semi-nudes with heavy renaissance mouldings
as background; and his recent portrait studies of a young lady in a sort of Trelawny gown
with flounces, who was graceful enough to make him forget his profession and simply
to photograph what he saw before him. They really represent his best work.
With Mr. Berg's chemical experiments I do not sympathize. I also do not agree
with his biographer that he has shown "much new in style." Mr. Keiley has worked in
the glycerine process for years; the only difference is in the way they employ it. Mr.
Keiley uses it to correct shortcomings of tone, while ~fr. Berg uses it to eliminate entire
backgrounds, and thereby to produce with faulty negatives tolerably good prints. It may
be desirable·to have unsightly adjuncts suppressed by glycerine and the brush, even very
desirable, but it is no longer legitimate photography. Plates without any unsightly ad-
juncts would be by far more desirable. Also his wholesale production of flesh tints with
mercury can hardly be called .esthetic. They are first of all not true to life. I would
be exceedingly sorry for any human being who had such a muddy complexion as Mr. Berg
has so generously bestowed upon most of his sitters. Mr. Stieglitz, I am sorry to say, also
experimented with the process, but he was at least merciful and satisfied with showing us
one example, while Mr. Berg found it necessary to color and spoil dozens and dozens of
prints by this most ungraceful of all photographic manipulations. All that I can admire
in it is the patience which was necessary to accomplish these dire results. It must have
taken weeks. How much better could the time have been employed. Nevertheless there
is one mercury print of a little baby against a dark background that is quite artistic, and
makes us pardon many of the other sins, committed in this exhibition, in the name of
artistic photography. SADAKICHI HARTMANN.

From Another Point of View.

Photography begins with a sensitive film and a pin-hole, or its equivalent, but where
does it end? Is the word "legitimate" (in some modified sense, perhaps) to be retained
in the vocabulary photographic, or is it to be banished entirely? I ask for information,
because I do not know. I see my brethren all about me taking off their hats to those
whose devious ways were denominated in recent and simpler days as "faking."
The truth is, photography occupies an anomalous position. It stands at the cross-
lOads ,Jf science and art. The camera is no less an instrument of precision than an imple-
ment of artistic expression. Everything in anything is, for the most part, a matter of
point of view, and to enumerate the poil!ts from which photography may be viewed is like
boxing the mariner's compass. That which to the mundane scientific gentleman appears
to be a heinous crime, to his artistic friend, whose views of crime are more or less obscured
by the vaporous and elevated medium in which he doth for the most part abide, appears
to be a legitimate means to a desirable end.
Possessing nothing but a judicial instinct, without pretensions to either scientific or
artistic qualifications, to me anything which does not involve the element of fraud or decep-
tion is entitled to be regarded as legitimate and may even be worthy of applause. The
painter may employ photography, so long as he does not pretend that the drawing is his
own, and the photographer may use th~ pencil, the stylus and the hrush ad libituffl, so long
as he cloes not conceal his wiles. In art the end always justifies the means, and, for my
part, I wish those painters who cannot draw would let the sun do it for them, and those
photographers who can paint would conceal from our view nature's asperities and dis-
tractions. It is a question of morals-not of means. Hypocrisy is the only unpardonable
sin.
Had a creed as broad as this been adopted at the beginning, much time wasted in
~urveying and setting up monuments to mark the line which divides orthodoxy from
heterodoxy might have been devoted to more fruitful pursuits. Not many calends have
gone hy since the days when anyone daring to practice the black arts frankly resorted to
by many of the recent exhibitors at the Camera Club would have been burned at the stake
JS
 REVIEWS OF THE BERG EXHIBITION.

as a warning to prospective heretics, and in vindication of our own exclusive right to

formulate for others infallible codes of morals.
Mr. Berg, the efficient chairman of our print committee, is no hypocrite. In his recent
exhibition, he painted backgrounds and accessories in and he painted them out, with perfect
frankness and charming impartiality. There was a certain atmosphere of jollity about
some of his glycerine brush-work which was suggestive of other things. To create from
the same negative a three-quarter portrait of Carmen standing up and another of Carmen
~itting down had in it an element of caricature which, while doubtless shocking to the
profoundly serious, appeals in quite a different way to those whose yearning for tragedy is
satisfied in the everyday struggle to survive as one of the fittest. and whose appreciation
of pictures is in direct proportion to the pleasurable sensations which they can induce in a
weary brain. Whether the lady posed standing or sitting, only she and Mr. Berg know,
and it matters not; nor wonld it interest me at this time, if it did not raise an absorbing
question. It is undeniably art ; hut is it photography-below the waist line?
Mr. Berg's work is so widely known through the medium of published reproductions
that a systematic review of it is unnecessary. Its characteristics are simplicity and direct-
ness. Its charm resides in beauty of modeling, skillful handling of draperies and a fine
di~play of balance and proportion. He does not aim to startle by vagaries and he does not
leave the beholder guessing as to what he sees. He neither produces pictures which are
reversible, nor does he strive to photograph a chapter of the Apocalypse. He seems to
think that poses and effects which have been reproduced with only trifling modifications by
the masters for centuries, and are being reproduced hy the best painters to-day, are quite
good enough for the photographer's model; and he believes that if by means of a lens he
can fairly approach the beauty or fairly catch the sentiment of the originals, he is justifying
the title of photography to a seat in the congress of fine arts and a place in the hearts of
those who love beauty for beauty's sake. The purely transcendental and those who have
a taste for puzzle pictures only are warned to pass by on the other side, lest their tender
sensibilities be too rudely shocked.
l\.fr. Berg's work, as I translate it, is full of serious pnrpose, and like all purposeful
work, has a strongly marked and consistently-sustained individuality. His training in
Paris as a stndent has imbued him with a reverential love of the beautiful as expressed in
graceful lines and in the language of classic simplicity. His studies for decorative pur-
poses, particularly those of architectural design, arc probably least admired because the
motive of their serious conventionalism is least understood. Is he a copyist? In a shal-
low ~eme, ye~: hut only in the sense that co-workers in a school are all copyists. To copy
in this sense is not plagiarism. It requires brains. I know, because I have tried it-and
never once has ~y best friend discovered what I was aiming at, without a descriptive title
to direct his imagination! I ~hould be vastly pleased to be caught red-handed in such a
crime. To copy successfully in the broad sense means that gray-matter behind the
ground-glass has somehow managed by the direction of chemical agencies to express the
thought which the painter has expressed with implements far more facile. In my judg-
ment there arc, for example. in photography very, very few things finer than Mr. Berg's
1\fagdalc-n (with the Japanese background mercifully eliminated) and his Water Nymph,
contrasting the exquisite modeling and delicate tones of a nude figure with the broad and
extremely simple treatment of foreground.
The taste for the too indefinite and obscure in photography is merely the evidence of
a natural revolt against the too sharp and microscopic methods which preceded it. Orig-
inality is not synonomous with art.
As if to satisfy the curious that perhaps he too might. if he tried, make prints from
ovt-rtimed and undeveloped nc-gatives, Mr. Berg included in his exhibit a picture which,
when one managed to make it out, disclosed a naked infant sitting in a posture
indicath·e of sudden and excruciating pain. and which certainly must have appealed for
aid to the maternal instinct of every right-minded woman who saw it. I am glad to say I
heard this unintelligible and muddy little affair more than once praised as the gem of the
exhibition. I say I am glad to have heard the praise, because honest and frankly expressed
differences of opinion are the pre-requisite of advancement. and deserve encouragement
as the best evidence of a condition out of which healthy progress grows.
I have never seen anything unintelligible in the work of Hinton in England, or
Demachy in France. or Stieglitz in America; and yet I may admit that it would be a bad
thing for photography if we should all swarm about the same point of view.
]. EDGAR BuLL.

41
Reviews of the Exhibition of Prints bv Joseph T. Keiley.
(March J4-3J. J900.)
A Man and a Method.
The exhibition of prints by Mr. Joseph T. Keiley, like certain of the former ex-
hibitions, was not ordinary photography, as photography has heretofore been known. It
is a strengthening thought to an unpretentious critic, too well aware of his fallibility, that
at least he has work well worth ~trict criticism. So. the standards of this exhibition
being set on a high plane. judged by artistic aims and ideals, some of these prints must
he recorded as attempts ratht:r than succt>ssful achievements. But we are immensely in-
clebted to l\Ir. Keiley even for the failures. for he and we can found successes on the
truths thus negatively as well as positively shown. He has dared go pioneering in many
an unexploited region; to don his armor and. with focal as well as vocal fulgerations,
do up the philistines. If he has sometimes come into collision with the eternal verities
it has never been in an extremely disastrous crash, for he has too much chivalry to treat
Dame Nature outrageously, and too great a love of beauty to continue long on any pursuit
that leads away from true art.
Those acquainted with Mr. Keiley's earlier work hoped to see more examples of it
here, and even to find a sort of exposition of his development through a series of years.
His lanclscape work has always been considered by his older friends to be rather
secondary in importance to his figure and portrait work. In landscape he has always
sought a poetical rendition and had an eye for effects. Most of his early productions
were straightforward, and were rightly prized by his friends. His portraits have always
been pleasing as well as strong, and han showed the subtle rendering of character which
betokens on the part of the maker the insight and personality that discern and bring out
the traits of his sitters, and are the inborn qualifications of a good portraitist.
In this exhibition there was only one notable print in :'vir. Keilt>y's earlier style-a
small portrait of the photographer's father. It had much of the quality of a fine steel
engraving and was generally naticed and justly admired. Its only fault. if it could be
said to have one, was that it had some of that heaviness of shadow in the eyes that i~
found with the tendency to top-lighting ob~ervable in open-air portraiture. The greater
part of the prints shown had been glycerined, and even those that had not were of a
pleasing quality very similar to the kind of softness obtained by glycerine. Some of the
glycerined prints could have been made as well without, for they were not manipulated,
and the finer texture of a floated print would have suited the subjects at least as well as
the grain gotten by the precipitation of platinum in the pores of the paper, due to slow
development with glycerine.
It is to be noted that some of these prints-as several of the smaller ones of Mr.
Sidney Herbert in the character of Shylock-were of that charming gray that suggests
color so well. This is usually to be obtained by direct development of prints from soft.
thin negatives; the glycerine process gives more of the beautiful brown-black gradations
of ivory black-though these may also be obtained by floating the ordinary paper on a
hot oxalate developing bath. As glycerine acts as a restrainer. it gives more contrast than
the hot developer, unless the wry greatest care and luck enahle us to bring up all th(·
high-lights first, or the development is prolonged, so that the platinum salts not used in
forming the image have time to be reduced and precipitated. muddying the whites. This
Mr. Keiley now partly avoids, hy continual blotting off of developer and application of
fresh glycerine.
I have, as it were, slipped into the di,cussion of the glycerine method. and, indeed, I
think this review must include it. This exhibition was in a way devoted to the exposition
of the glycerined platinotype, and was the biggest argument yet given for the process of
which Mr. .Keiley has been the chief exponent. This seems also the fitting place to speak
a word of warning. Mr. Keiley's work is so interesting and his enthusiasm so catching.
that I suppose we are bound to have a large school of R"lycerine-swabbers. I have already
seen and made many questionable effects and had some happier results. But the glycerine
process is not, like the gold cure, a faith cure for what we have neglected in ourselves, nor
42
 REVIEWS OF THE KElLEY EXHIBITION.

a cure for lack of feeling. Those who have temperament to express, as Mr. Keiley has
may manage to make good use of the Keileytype method in some ways.
The present striving to get what we hear described as unphotographic photographs is
most admirable when that means to make consistent, artistic photographs. But there is
danger of another tendency working with or without the truly artistic one-namely, that
prints ma:v be made unphotographic by mannerisms, astonishing and outre effects, and
primitive attempts at imitating art processes that are beyond our technique. Imitation
is not necessarily sinful, and in this connection it is so mainly when the efforts are crude
and the results bad. A platinotype that looks like a wash-drawing, made by a tyro, is no
more worthy of consideration than it would be if it were merely the bad wash-drawing-
although a photograph that looked like a good drawing might be very pleasing. But the
practiser unlearned in art could never acquire any knowledge of drawing from making
Keileytypes forever. However, it is conceivable that for those who can think and com-
pare, but who still need a realizing sense of the importance of correct light-and-shade, of
values, and of harmonious simplicity of line and mass, it might prove valuable. But so
will all photographic methods if we have the ability to learn from them.
Many would down the Keileytype with the argument that it is not legitimate pho-
tography, but just where they would draw the line of legitimacy it would puzzle them to
say. Under the old way of competitions for prizes, it was necessary to draw a line some-
where, and the only safe w~y was to be a little strict about it. But it was an entirely
arbitrary distinction, based on scientific principles. Art was little consulted. Now, legiti-
mate is a word that sounds very big, but means merely "according to law"; a~ if there
is no definite, concrete law on the subject, legitimate does not apply at all. But the only
law that art requires photography or any other process to observe, is that its results shall
be beautiful. If certain processes cannot be made to give pleasing results, according tn
the rules of taste formulated by man from long experience, then those processes do not
meet the requirf'ments of art; but if they do fulfil the demands, they are legitimate enough.
:'\ferely for reason of acceptance for exhibition the question may come up as to whether
some results are photography or not, but instead of drawing the line strictly art would make
it a lax on~. While art would not rej~:ct a good photograph that was good art for an
equally artistic thing that wa~ doubtful photography, the question more likely to arise and
be decided affirmatively would be whether to take the more manipulated, but at the same
time more arhst1c print. But this is not a problem to worry over, it will take care of
itself; the extremists and the inartistic in either camp will find themselves sooner or later
~hut out.
As gum hichromate has won a place as good photogr::phy, there would ~eem little
reason, besides ignorance, for objecting to the glycerined platinotype. However, a slight.
distinction can be made. In thr gum print we start. with a dark surface, leave parts.
reduce parts and wash parts away. In the platinotype we reverse the process and can not
only restrain or bring out whatever parts we wish, to whatever extent we desire (at least
in theory), but we can also to some extent practically create, as much as if we used
hrushes loaded with color, because we are working on a considerably over-printed and
very responsive proof. We may call this a departure from the old photographic methods
toward:; monochrome water-color, and the logical extreme of the method would be to
work on a piece of platinotype paper that had been exposed to light, but not under a
negatives. No one who has the training and skill to do real water-color work would
devote time to this mongrel process; if for no more artistic reason than merely because
the results would not be nearly so certain.
The highest and most complete utterance attained through graphic art is by oil
painting in colors, for in that medium we can get the greatest number of manifestations
of truth and beauty. Every other process concerns itself with those things it can do most
thoroughly and satisfactorily-water-color, pastel, etching. pen and ink, each in its more
humble way strives for the beauties it can best represent. Barring the vital points of color
and freedom of selectlon, photography can, as well ac; any of them, humbly follow the
t'xamples and ideals of oil painting and, in so far, to say that a photograph looks like the
copy of a painting is a word in its favor.
But instead of an effort towards the aims and possibJiities of the highest form of
43
 CAMERA NOTES.

graphic art, workers with glycerine often elect to parallel the effects of water monochrome,
and so produce less ambitious things in imitation of wagh work. These can be very
pleasing, but are necessarily lighter, less serious, less in the grand style. But the glycerine
process will give other effects also. We may get either the breadth and delicacy of char-
coal, or the breadth and strength of oil, the better by aid of its artistic use; and therein lies
a danger. For instance, very charming vignettes can be made with appropriate subjects;
but white edges on more serious, pretentious or stronger subjects look merely unfinished
and are unpleasant. A combination of the wrong qualities in this manner, as any such
vignetting, or wash edges on a portrait head having some of the strength and solidity of
oil painting, is very disastrous. Hence the process is bound to be extra dangerous to its
users, and a "dead give-away" for the inartistic, because it gives a power that only an
artist could always usc with due moderation and relev1mcy. It will also more surely than
the ordinary processes betray any lack of trained appreciation of values, of ability in the
due co-ordination and unific-ation of details, or want of training in drawing, especially
when one makes an attempt at line work. The subtleties of the line should be tried by
none but the trained artist.
We are told that with this proc-ess we can print negatives that we could not use other-
wise-those poor technically, poorly spaced or lighted, or with objectionable accessories.
To a certain extent this is true, but we must remember two things: We must not take too
great artistic credit to ourselves for being able to get something out of a negative wherein
we have made technical or arti~tic blunders; and we must not expect out of two wrongs
to make a perfect thing-an incomplete print from a poor negative does not give the kind
of simplicity and unity necessary in a serious work. Naturally there are many things in
the line of correcting faults in a negative that can be tried with glycerine but could also
be effected by treating the negative, or with more certainty by making another negative.
But we do not like to risk the original one by attempts at alteration, nor do we wish the
trouble of making another.
Exquisite gradation and fineness of texture are among the possibilities of photog-
raphy. Some sacrifice these as one way of avoiding minutiz of detail and diffusion of
interest They would concentrate attention on the main object by this method, more fully
than they can by composition, selection of subject and accessories, and appropriate illumi-
nation. In a portrait or figure piece. where the surroundings are of secondary im-
portance, this works very well. In landscape or other work, where the concentration or,
in proper term, the unity, of interest is the result of a harmonious balance of parts, in
form and light-and-shade, the glycerine method is apt to be hazardous. You are playing
with bottled lightning, and while you are developing one part to your liking, another
portion of equal value is likely to be thrown out of key involuntarily, even if you do not
do it by your own act, through losing sight of the desired result as a. whole. Even good
artists are apt to do that, and in more leisurely kinds of work. There is a.lso a certain
heaviness of shadow, almost always induced by this process, because the darks have been
~o overprinted; if this is carried to solarization a worse, because a contradictory, result
ensues.
It has even been made a vaunt in this and certain other processes that you cannot
get two prints alike. This is thought to prove the artistic value of such methods and
their results, because they make a good print in its way as unique as a good painting. But
in stntggling to pull the scientific leg of poor photography out of the slough of technical
process, let us take care that we do not bemire the artistic foot. A painter may not be
able to paint twice exactly alike because of emotional and mental changes, although he
does not duplicate canvases mainly because he has new ideas to express. He would be
justly ridiculed if he argued that because he could not control the spreading and mingling
of his colors, each painting must be a work of art, as his technique was not under his
control sufficiently to admit of reduplication. When pieces of pottery do not come out
{rom the firing finished in the form, glaze and colors which the makers intended, they are
called freaks. There are kilns rnn hap-hazard in France and Japan, especially for freaks,
and very lovely some of them are. But the art potteries with names to maintain do not
try for freaks. and when they accidentally obtain them they are destroyed or kept for
private consideration. It is hardly necessary that photographic freaks be thus severely
44
 REVIEWS OF THE KElLEY EXHIBITION.

treated, but on the other hand we must not claim any special merit merely because of
their freakishness. Their money value may be enhanced; uniques-even ugly ones-
command a vogue from many, and especially from those who care little for every-day
beauties.
The photographer's way of working is more nearly comparable to the etcher's or
lithographer's than to the painter's. We prepare a negative as they do their plate or
stone; some of the prints struck off will be better than others. We have, however, a
little more power to vary the prints.
The main danger in the use of glycerine lies in trying to make of it a cure-all for
every light-registered photographic ill. There are other methods by which failings can
also be treated, perhaps not always so rapidly, but with more certainty and control over
results. Glycerine development of a print is only one means of dodging, and, as I have
said elsewhere, the thorough artist is a good technician, with all the tools and tricks of
his art at his command.
Mr. Keiley was very cantious about exhibiting examples of the chromo effects ob-
tained by the use of mercury in tinting parts of prints. One of these could not but
compel admiration from all, especially by artificial light, when the effect of the double
toning was minimized. I think that a sepia print would have been at least as charming,
and a good red-chalk gum print more so. A small print showing a gray sky and a brown,
~olarized foreground was inharmonious to me, as an prints developed with mercury,
which show bricky-sepia half-tones and black shadows. Such things have not even the
excuse of delicate two color prints; they simply are not "chromatically harmonious, as
every monochrome ought to be."
Now let us examine 1\lr. Keiley's exhibition as exemplifying the merits and faults of
the glycerine process. The results were very varied and the standard variable. Many of
the faults which we have discussed were to be seen to some degree. Showing poetic,
unacademical feeling, even when in error, these prints suggested things to us, taught us,
led us to think, perhaps to combat, but also to enjoy and long to possess them. Several
of the extremely out-of-focus ones made my eyes dazzle a bit ; they were probably intended
to represent what a water-colorist would call a "blot," a first, wet sketch of a head or
scene with the masses washed in ha&tily. Many other prints reminded one of more or
less finished sketches; some were pleasing on this account, others one would rather have
had finished out with body-color. as it were. Now and then Mr. Keiley had apparently
sketched in a supporting line or two very hastily and nonchalantly, when perhaps the
development of the face or other main part was getting away from him and he had to
fix the print. But it looked too much as if he were carelessly indulging an instinct for
drawing, in attempts that were probably intentionally naive. Thi~ occurred in prints
where mnch manipulation was undertaken ; the straighter prints sinned less in this way.
For in<~tance, of the Indian heads, all fine in breadth and textures, the largest and
strongest had, unfortunately, a few crude lmes and spaces, instead of a shoulder in
consistent tone. Very differently carried out was the bolder of the large Shylock prints,
which was rendered in a fine, painty way with much solidity. The center print on the
west wall-the Mcissonnier-like de Guic/ze-was a delightful bit of character work,
delicately done except for what appeared to be the black outlook from a window, and a
black bit of wall underneath it. The photograph hanging right below the de Guiclle, of a
woman's hair, neck and shoulder, was charming in its simplicity and exquisite in its render-
ing, especially of the flesh. The two photographs of Mr. Zolnay's model for a bust of
Poe were masterly in their interpretive qualities, and I do not wonder that the sculptor
was delighted with them, and that his friends abroad were, as he said, astounded by such
photography.
At times Mr. Keiley was extreme and arbitrary in his values. Perhaps this was
shown most plainly in his larger landscapes, where his lights and darks were sometimes
so forced, to express his meaning, as to be boldly artificial. A notable exception was the
scene with a grassy, rising fort·ground and a cottage amid trees. This had excellently
sustained values, both of color rendition and light-and-shade, and hence good, coherent
tone (or tonality, as some say), and as it was well composed as to form also, it made in
all ways a most pleasing picture. The cornlield print had similar points of merit. The
45
 CAMERA NOTES.

little water-fall landscape was not so perfect in tone; it rather suggested an old engraving,
was very poetic, and-as one observer said-lacked only the naiad. The bit of lily-padded
water with the curving stone coping sweeping away to the mysterious trees-above which
a line of clouds faintly paralleled the curve below-was very decorative in feeling, if a
little too heavy in tone for the decorative idea. As typical of Mr. Keiley's ideas and
methods as any of the prints, were, 0::1 the one hand. the Bacchante pictures, both of which
had charming qualities, and on the other hand, the mountain view with cloud and mist.
This was broad and atmospheric, even if we felt that it was a little too forced in values.
In one way the exhibition was quite a relief, for at least Mr. Keiley did not overhang
himself. The arrangements were also in the extreme of simplicity, with pleasing results.
The absence of catalogue and titles made many of the pictures difficult to allude to
specifically, and may have left most of those who 5aw the exhibition in a puzzled state of
mind as to the meaning of a few of the exhibits, but a picture that is not satisfying without
the aid of a title is a failure anyhow. But though there were some things whose meaning
might be questioned, there were many more that were lucid and explicit in pictorial idea.
If any there were who could not understand from the exhibition for what Mr. Keiley has
been striving, or any that considered his standards too high, their quarrel should be with
themselves and not with him. He has in no way made the standards of art (no photog-
rapher has) ; he has only ht.lped introduce them in photography, and in so far he has
done only good work in his efforts to live up to artistic ideals as he feels them, in his own
work, just as he has done well in withholding praise from the work of others which does
not merit it.
The exhibition as a whole suggested a 5eeking for beauty that was even restless, so
that there was perhap~ too little repo~e and poise. But even this has been invaluable to
others, urging on not only his associates, but even those who had misapprehended the
value of his work, and called it by more or less appropriate names, inappropriately used,
as the production of an impressionist, symbolist, mystic and idealist. All these thing!'.
those who thoroughly understand the terms ought to he able to call this photographer, so
I hope they will come forth in their glory and go deeply into subjects I shall for the
present leave to them. DALLETT FucuET.
April I, If)OO.

Through Semi-Japanese Eyes.

Mr. Joseph T. Keiley is one of those artistically wrought natures who deviated from
the trodden paths of photography and produced a number of prints which, both in con-
ception and execution, represent a distinct departure from the ordinary studio work.
He has given up the quest for beauty pure and simple, and has sought rather to
express what there is of beauty in the whimsical and far-fetched. He is indisputably a
man of power and distinction, but I do not comprehend why he insists on looking at the
universe through Oriental spectacles. All that he produces shows originality, and is yet
deeply impregnated with Dowesque Japanese ideas and feelings.
Mr. Keiley is no mere ingenious copyist, reproducing the mannerisms and carefully
overlooking the essential merits of Japanese art. His talent is too personal to permit him
to condescend to mere unbridled imitation of "notan."
But the a:sthetic canons of Japanese art, in which he prefers to roam, are in my
opinion beyond the pale of conception for an American mind. Japanese art, with its
peculiar world of thought and tradition, is a sealed book to Westerners, and, notwith-
standing its embarrassing popularity and decadence of late years, its essence is still as
unknown as ever, despite all foreign analysis. I do not believe Mr. Keiley has solved the
mystery.
Each nation may be regarded as an individual whose talents are of a distinct stamp.
The nation has, like the individual, its own predispositions and its own likings, just as
also it possesses its own train of ideas. Each nation naturally feeds on spiritual nourish-
ment from without, and, according to its temperament, derives good from it or otherwise.
But, in my opinion, it is as absurd for a Japanese to take lessons from Chase as for
an American to explore the fundamental laws of art by studying Japanese wood engravings.
 REVIEWS OF THE KElLEY EXHIBITION.

Mr. Keiley's exhibition was the best proof of this. There was photography at its best,
photo-scientifically speaking, and yet entirely appreciating its merits, and even owning that
only few could surpass this work on its chosen ground, one realizes more clearly that
the most perfect work of this kind lal'ks the elusive charm, the discriminative selection
and the translation of facts to art which must always leave the true artist room to beat
its best record. That his photographs are more artistic, however, in every way, than the
majority, may be readily admitted.
It is far more amusing to dwell upon one's pleasure in a man's work (that is, if it
contains any) than upon what may seem its weaknesses, and though he has allowed a
number of prints to leave his workshop which are not worthy to be signed by him, some
of the little studies of female anatomy, notably one of a coiffure and a cheek bone, ~eem
to me, in execution as well as design, quite equal to the best work shown at the Camera
Club. Then, too, his little landscapes are altogether delightful; though they are flat-
tinted in the right sense, they are not imitations. But most interesting of all is his use of
empty space, with which he weaves his ideas into an harmonious whole. He has obtained
in them a singularly interesting quality, and always disposes them so as to make a-if not
scientifically spaced--at least suggestive arabesque. Certainly, with the comparatively
~mall amount of work which Mr. Keiley has produced he has managed to appeal to the
connoisseur-and what more could he wish?
The art critic. however, is forced to investigate his case more closely. I cannot pass
in silence the signs of }apomania, recently a very obstinate and contagious disease among
artists, which I can trace in all of Mr. Keiley's prints that interest me-l do not consider
photographic reproductions of romantic actors with false beards and Arabian bric-a-brac
peddlers represented as noblemen, works of art. I know no reason why this influence
should not be apparent, as hardly any modern artist from Whistler to Aubrey Beardsley
has escaped it. But the majority of them have digested and absorbed it better than Mr.
Keiley. Their power of assimilation is superior to his.
One cannot charge him with blindness to broad effects; he persistently tries to avoid
niggling effects and to throw a glamor over things with a filmy, suggestive and mysterious
manner. But his observation often mistakes the trivial for the essential, and often over-
states the small and lets the large go unexpressed. He is blind to values and small
shades of local color. He endeavors to show us largeness by being observant only of
small corners; his breadth thereby becomes mere wilful emptiness and confusion. To
equip a man for treating more ethereal kinds of impressions, there is need of something
dse: those researches into effects of focus and definition by which artists suit nature to
the conditions of a framed composition, by which they obtain an effective scale of relative
importances in color, tone, air and detail, and so secure their fleeting impressions of
grandeur, size, space and mystery. Without it (I mean the painter's technique), even the
cleverest handling of the scientific part of photography cannot become a part of the
imagination. It will take a more piece-meal view of things, and so more willingly put up
with rugged or haphazard handling. This is why so many disciples of Edouard Monet
failed, while he, in full possession of the technical achievement of all ages and nations,
succeeded in initiating the impressionistic quality that characterizes the new schools.
One must be a very powerful personality to walk successfully on such "forbidden
grounds" as Mr. Keiley does. 1\Iediocrities look more or less ridiculous. I am unable to
judge from the few prints whether Mr. Keiley belongs to the powerful or to the ridiculous,
and I believe the majority of those few who are acquainted with the idiosyncracies of his
muse find themselves in thl' same dilemma.
People, therefore, are justified in calling his departure "a baseless novelty,'' "an eph-
emeral fashion,'' or "an utter eccentricity." Art is something serious, not a fad. He
must prove his superiority by other more competent work. It may be with him, after all,
a logical outcome of his artistically wrought nature aspiring to climb Parnassian heights.
Until that day of accomplishment God speed! In the meantime, I shall always be very
grateful to him, as his art has afforded me many pleasant hours. I must confess I have
seen few men represent Nothing as interestingly as Mr. Keiley.
SADAKICHJ HARTMANN.
April I, 1900.
47
 Camera Cub Competitions.
The Fin-de-Siede Lantern Slide Competition.
The- undersigned beg to announce that they award the cup donated for the purpose by
Mr. ]. Edgar Bull to the set ·'Arcturus," the pseudonym for Mr. Thomas J. Preston. The
set by "Montauk" (W. P. Agnew) ranks ~econd in me-rit.
(Signed) W. M. MURRAY.
CHAS. I. BERG.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
When this competition originally failed to fill, it was sincerely hoped that such would
not be its fate when re-opened. One of the conditions called for seven entries or no con-
test. Ne-vertheless, but six entries were received. Rather than again re-open the competi-
tion, the donor of the cup, Mr. J. Edgar Bull, requeste-d that the judges, Messrs. Murray,
Rerg and Stieglitz, judge the submitted slide-s and make the award.
The slides were duly tested. Most of the competitors spoiled their sets with some
very poor slides, thus ruining their averages and their chances. Even the winning set
contained two decidedly mediocre slides, and for that reason the highest average obtained
is exceptionally low; in fact, so low that one of the judges was in favor of withholding the
award. Upon opening the envelope of "Arcturus," who had received 53 per cent., it was
found to contain the name of Thomas J. Prestor•. who thus becomes the winner of the
handsome cup. "Montauk" (W. P. Agnew) was second, with an average of 47 3-4 per cent.

Lantern Slide Championship Cup.

The judges in the Lantern Slide Championship Cup respectfully report that they have
awarded the Cup to Mr. W. B. Murphy.
(Signed) J. WELLS CHAMPNEY.
May 8, 1900. JOHN ASPINWALL.

Presidential Print Priu Competition.

The judges as appointed to decide on the prints submitted in the Competition for the
Presidential Print Prize met on Tuesday, May 2, and beg to report as follows:
There were but two contestants, and the prize was awarded to Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, he
having received 84 1-3 per cent., against Mr. Arthur Scott, 62 2-3 per cent.
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) CHAS. I. BERG.
R. w. CRAIGIE,
Jos. T. KEtLEY.
+++
Exhibitions.
The Philadelphia Photographic Salon, t900.
Entry forms and full particulars for the third annual Philadelphia Salon have been
published and are now ready for distribution. This important exhibition promises to be
even more successful than its predecessors, and deserves the support of all those earnestly
striving to raise the standard of pictorial photography.
As heretofore, the purpose of the Salon is to exhibit that class of work only in which
tl1ere is disti11ct C'llidence of individt~al artistic feeling a11d execution.
The Jury of Selection will be Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, of New York; Mrs. Gertrude-
Kisebier, of Brooklyn; Mr. Clarence H. White, of Newark, Ohio; Mr. Frank Eugene, of
New York, and Miss Eva Lawrence Watson, of Philadelphia. Entry blanks may be had
by addressing CAIIIERA NoTES.

The "Royal."
The 45th Annual Exhibition of the Royal Photographic Society will be held in
London, from October 1 to November J.
The judges for the Pictorial Section will be: Messrs. P. H. Emerson, M. A., M. B.,
Col. J. Gale. A. Horsley Hinton, B. W. Leader, R. A., and J. B. B. Wellington.
The Technical Section will be judged by Messrs. Thos. Bolas, F. I. C., F. C. S., Chap-
man Jones, F. I. C., F. C. S., and J. W. Swan, M.A., F. R. S.
Entries must be in the hands of the Secretary, Royal Photographic Society, 66 Russell
Square, London, W. C., England, on or before September 11.
48
Catalogue of the Print and Slide Auction, Together with
the Fake Competition.
Prints.
1. The Fagot Gatherer Anonymous
2. Old Roman Road, Whitby, Eng. W. P. Agnew
3· Water Nymph Chas. I. Berg
4·
. .
Study of a girl's head
,,"
5· " "
6. " " " "
7· Whittier Elm, Haverhill, Mass. R. L. Bracklow
8. Artichoke River, above Curzon's Mill
9· Surf and Rocks, Marblehead "
10. Haying on the Salt Marshes
11.
12.
Sunset, Narragansett Bay
Home of an "Early Settler" ."
13. Windmill at East Hampton "
14. A Study L. W. Brownell
1 5· Red-eyed Vireo "
16. Long-billed Marsh Wren "
17· Grizzly Bear "
18. Dewey Arch G. F. Basset
19. Regent's Park, London John Beeby
20. Winter, New York "
21. White Tail Deer Wm. E. Carlin
~·22. Camera Notes Portfolio "
23. One of Our Sweet Girls F. Colburn Clark
24. M. Emile Faure "
25. A Spanish General "
26. The Coming Storm Harry Coutant
27. (No Title) "
28. "
29. The Old and the New D. Fuguet
30. In the West Pasture-Late "
31. Hill Pasture "
32. On the Delaware River Henry Galoupean
33· Waterfall, Central Park "
34· In Central Park "
35· Portrait of a Boy F. Huber Hoge
36. Portrait of Mr. H-- "
37· Brooklyn High School Camera Club "
38. Girl's Head "
39· Scene at Windsor Hotel Fire
" " .
W. C. Harris
40.
.. "
41. "
,,"
42. " " "
* Sold in 19 lots.
49
 C.·J.\tER.·I xon:s.
43· Scene at \Vindsor Hotel Fire W. C. Harris
44·
45·
46. A Rescue
47· The Falling of the Walls
48. Great Falls of the Yellowstone L. S. Jacobus
49· Adirondacks
so. Adirondacks
51. A Panel Gertrude Kasebier
52. By the Brook Alphonse Montant
53· Autumn
54· A Country Road
55· A Cosy Corner
s6. The Evening Hour Draws Near
57· "Moving Pictures"
s8. When a Pair Beats "Three"
59· Recessional Wm. D. Murphy
6o. American Falls, Niagara
61. At the Foot of the Horseshoe Falls
62. In the Yosemite
63. Mirror Lake, Yosemite
64. Surf Study
Gs. A Mill by a Dam Site W. G. Oppenheim
66. Moonlight on Casco Bay
67. The Breaking Waves
68. Cloud land
6g. War Bulletins, June, 'g8
70. The Battle of the Swans
71. The Hermit's Home
72. Mother and Child Virginia M. Prall
73· Portrait of a Lady
74· A Head
75· The Spinner
76. A Head S. S. Palmer
77· A Study "
78. Study of a Girl
79· A Portrait
So. The Shepherd T. Henry Quinn
81. The Path in the Woods F. S. Ray
82. After Sunset in November
83. Snowstorm on Fifth Avenue Geo. L. Ronalds
84. A Heavy Snowfall
ss. October Alfred Stieglitz
..
86. A Study
87. Gossip-Venice
88. The Old Mill "
8g. A Panel "
so
 CATALOGUE.

90· A Wet Day on the Boulevarde Alfred Stieglitz

91. An Icy Night
92. A Black Forest Studio ..
93· A Venetian Stairway
94· Road in the Bronx
95· Snow in the Bronx .
J. F. Strauss

¢. On the Delaware A. W. Scott

97· The Joke-Its Results
98. Two Souls with but a Single Thought
99· Skiagraph of Knee Containing Bullet C. W. Stevens
100. " a Man's Body
101. " " a Woman's Body
102. A Winter Morning J. F. Strauss
103. Road-Pelham
104. The Torrent
105. An Arm of the Sound ..
1o6. The Dunes
107. Fountain in Larchmont A. Tuckerman
108. Corner in a Parlor
109. A Summer Landscape Edw. H. Wiswell
1 10. A Street Scene
III. Sheep S. S. Webber
112. A Courtier Jos. T. Keiley
113. Head of an Indian
1 14. Head of Arab
1 15. Shylock "
1 1 6. Daisies f'. Colburn Clark
117. Portrait of a Child "
118. Dolly's Tea-party
119. All Coons Look Alike
120. A Nude
121. A Dreary Morn Jno. Beeby
122. Stormy Morning, Fifth Avenue
123. Mist on the Hills
124. The Morning Walk
125. A Lily Chas. W. Traver
126. Miss Marlow Frances B. Johnstone
127. The Gainsborough Girl
128. The Woman in a Veil
129. The Critic
130. A Pasture
131. Wind Swept Sedges
132. Mistress Anne
133· Lynemouth, Eng. Jno. Beeby
Lantern Slides.
134. A Venetian Bit A. Stieglitz
51
 CAMERA NOTES.

13S· Breaking of the Clouds

..
A. Stieglitz
136.
137·
Approaching Stonn
Portrait (after Berg) ..
138.
139·
Snow, Foreground
Snow (after Montant) ..
140. A Landscape
141. A. Scott
142.
143·
President McKinley and General Porter
Cradling .
I44. The Brookside Drive J. F. ..Strauss
14S·
146.
Moonlight on the Bay
The Roadside ..
]. Beeby
147· Regent's Park, London
..
I48.
I49·
.
ISO. A Rainy Day in Harlem
lSI. The Man With the Hoe
IS2. Oeaning Up Snow "
IS3· Tree Lightning
..
"
IS+ Loading Snow, Winter '99
..
ISS·
IS6.
Ruins of a Fire in Pittsburg
On the Thames, London ..
IS7· On the Beach W. D. Murphy
IS8.
IS9·
Eas~er Lilies
Roses, Baroness Rothschild .
W. A. Fraser

I6o. Chrysanthemums
I6I. Daisies
162. After the Snow Stonn
163. Fifth Avenue by Night
164.
I6s.
A Wet Night
Broadway, South from Union Square ..
I66. Thames Embankment, London
..
C. H. Crosby
16;.
168.
Resting
On the East River ..
16g. A Hazy Sunset Wm. D. Murphy
I70.
171.
Cathedral at Chicontimi
Prince of the Dark Room ."
172. Young Rose-breasted Grosbeak L. w. .Brownell
173· Fire Engine in Operation
174· Nest and Eggs of Wilson's Thrush
I7S· Moonlight on Hudson
.
176. Black Creek, Ulster Co.
.
177· Gray Squirrel
.
178. Red-eyed Vireo on Nest
..
179· Snowy Day in Madison Square
..
18o.
181.
Grizzly Bear
Red-eyed Vireo, Young on Nest .
52
 CATALOGUE.

182. Nest and Eggs of Brown Thrasher L. W. Brownell

183.
184.
Wood Pewees, Nest and Eggs
Water Tower in Operation .
185. Grizzly Bear "
186. Gray Squirrel
187.
188.
Gen. 'Wheeler and Gov. Roosevelt
Woodbury Kane's Troops Landing at Camp ..
S. M. Campbell

Wyckoff
C. E. Manierre
189.
19Q. " " .
Head by Greuze

191. ,, " "

192. Fountain of Neptune, Wash. W. P. Agnew
193· Congressional Library, Interior
194· Fountain of Neptune, Wash.
..
.. .
195· Congressional Library, Interior
1¢. . ..
Fake Competition.
197· "Go-Sip" Chas. I. Berg
198. Landscape After Taking Keely Cure L. W. Brownell
199. "Sunny Day on the Hudson" F. Huber Hoge
200. Arabian Chief (a long way after Keiley) Sam. F. Holzman
201. The Adoration of the Rose
202. Repentant Magdaleni, a Ia Hollandaise
.
20J. Alfred Stieglitz after a "Case of Beer"
..
204. The Glad Hand . Alphonse Montant
205. Photograph of a Sound-"The Ring of a Bell'' "
200. Features and Expression of One of- Our Visitors
207. Snap-shot of a Bung-hole
2o8. Composition Keileyesque Wm. D. Murphy
2Q9. Snowy Night on Fifth Avenue, by Freezer "
210. The Color-Blind Process "
211. A Gum Print
212. Impression of What is it Woods "
21J. Katwyck
214. "Skurrying Home" "
215. Foreground Effect After Iky Meyer "
216. A Daughter of the Nile .

The auction was held at the rooms on the evening of April 6, President Murphy act-
ing as auctioneer.
He managed to keep the fairly good sized attendance in good humor, and the bidding
was consequently brisk and spirited.
As an initial attempt the auction was an undoubted success, and the committee,
Messrs. Hoge, Arthur Scott, Carlin and Montant, deserve great credit for it. It ought
surely be followed up by still greater successes in years to come.
The highest prices realized for prints were $8.25 for Gertrude Kisebier's "Woman
and Child," No. 51, bought by Mr. Hoge. and $8.oo for No. 92. "A Black Forest Studio,"
by Alfred Stieglitz, and bought by 1\frs. Kisebier.
53
 Secretary's Notes.
The following members have been elected since the issue of the last number of CAMERA
NoTES: Messrs. George B. Magoun, Babylon, L. I.; Myron P. Denton, 33 East Thirty-
third street, City; ]. M. Emery, 43 Seventh avenue, City; Dr. 1\f. Degenhardt, 175 East
Seventy-ninth street, City; Dr. T. A. Ryan, 149 West Ninety-sixth street, City; J. F.
Palmer, Riverside, Cook County, Ill.; Dr. E. A. De Wolfe. 1730 Broadway, City; George
M. Knight, 3 East Thirtieth street, City; Juan C. Ahel, 62 East Eleventh street, City;
Hubert Vos, Honolulu; Thos. Doliber, Boston, Mass.; Hllward Richmond, Providence.
R. I.; Lenox Banks, New Hamburgh, N. Y.; Dr. B. A. Ottolengui, 115 Madison avenue,
City; Gustav Schwarz, New Rochelle, N. Y., and Miss Helen Shaw, 243 West Ninety-
ninth street, City.
+++
It does not necessarily follow that because a negative has produced a print
which would pass a strict Salon jury that every other print from the same
negative would also prove acceptable. Exhibitors do not seem to grasp the fact
that there is a decided difference in prints made from a negative, whether
straight or manipulated, and that while the one may possess the ''quality" which
gives the print a pictorial value, the others may lack that factor. The inability
to appreciate these subtle differences in results is the cause of many of the dis-
appointments experienced by numerous intending exhibitors m recent Salons.
A. S .
...
How Our Neighbors View Us.
American photography, taken as a whole, is one of the very funniest things going.
and if studied keeps one's nerves in a perpetual switchback kind of condition, alternating
between the heights of real intellectual and :esthetic enjoyment and the lowest depths of
depression and outraged senses. If you chance to have a strong sense of humor which
rises superior to the shock, then an inspection of the month's illustrated American
rhotographic journals will afford great amusement, but if you take your photography
seriously then, I promise you, you will turn away sighing or disgusted, and thank Heaven
for our Annans and Warneukes, our Stuarts and our Ralstons. This piece of pious re-
flection is the outcome of a leisure Easter. during which period, in addition to "spring-
cleaning" the dark-room, I spent a little time with a budget of American magazines,
which came in apparently by the !<arne mail as brought the number of CAMERA NOTES, to
which I referred last week.
Now for CAMERA NoTES, letterpress an<t illustrations, I have no end of praise. It
occupies at the present time the premier position amongst photographic serial publica-
tions throughout the world. As to that I believe there are no two opinions; so New
York may take credit for "licking creation" in this matter; but, unless we take the
Photographic Times as the bright and particular exception, which appears to achieve a
sort of compromise between the tasteful and the intensely commonplace, one looks in
vain for anything amongst the other magazines to make a good second. Of course, it is
notorious that the American photographic magazines are run by extracting-"lifting" is
the technical term-articles solid from their English contemporaries, and when this time-
honored and economical plan is departed from and a member of the editorial staff takes
off his coat, so to speak, to do something original, the result does not usually contribute
to the honor either of American photography or literature.
A New York Magazine. Tire' Plroto-American, publishes a satirical attack on our
friends, Messrs. Alfred Stieglitz and Joseph T. Keiley, and the New York Camera Club.
Is it a case of the fox and the grapes, or are these two gentlemen, with some three or four
others, really so far in advance of their generation as to be misunderstood? Apyway, they
are appreciated in Great Britain.-Evening Times (Glasgow, Scotland), April 19, 11)00.
55
 The Keely Cure; or, How It Came to be Written.
A Commedy In Two Acta.

BY A. SMILER.

AcT I. have finished. Our club is known the

ScENE: The reception room of a world over as being the birthplace of
western camera club. art in photography, the cradle of all
(The President and members of the scientific discoveries made since the
club are found seated around a table in days of Daguerre. Some of our mem-
the reception room. A knock is heard bers knew all about photography be-
at the door, and a gentleman enters, fore Daguerre was born, but, sir, we
handsomely attired.) are exclusive, and they wouldn't tell.
Visitor: Ah, pardon me, but is this We have solved the problem of the
the Suburban Camera Club? chemical action of light on the sensi-
President: Yes, sir; walk in and tive silver film of the dry plate, the
take a seat. hitherto unsolved problem of the ages,
Visitor: Ah, pardon me, but I am and put it in terms which the most un-
a member of the Camera Club (em- enlightened can grasp. V..'e have dis-
phasizing), ami as I was spending the covered the modern method of control
evening in your city, I thought I in the development of platinotype pa-
would stop in and make myself known per by the use of glycerine. We have
to you. discovered the system of the compen-
President : : Very glad to see you, sating cover-glass in lantern-slide
str. Always glad to see members of work, by which the glaring high lights
our sister clubs. Fraternizing is a of the ordinary slide are converted
good thing-helps the cause along. into most beautiful and harmonious
\Vhat club did you say you belonged translucency. \Ve have brought night
to? photography to a point of perfection,
Visitor: The Camera Club. which makes the birds, which in days
President : Yes, yes. What city- gone by were content to pick at the
Chicago? fruit on the artist's canvas, now go off
Visitor (slightly abashed): No, sir; to roost at the sight of one of our
the Camera Club of New York. night pictures. \Ve have--
President: Ah, indeed. They have President (interrupting, the mem-
a camera club there then. have they? bers in the meantime having gathered
Strange I had never heard of it. New around the visitor in the utmost con-
club, I dare say. Well, sir, we should fusion) : nut. sir; who are the men
he very glad to give yottr club the who have done all these things?
benefit of any experience that we may Visitor: The men? How can you
possess. We always believe in help- ask such a question? Have you never
ing along new institutions, and no heard of the Keely-Litstig platinotype
doubt if you are just starting our ex- process? Have you never heard of the
perience will he of some value to you. Litstig and Frazier night scenes?
Tn the first place-- Have yon never heard of the Litstig
Visitor (interrupting) : But, sir, we compensating cover-glass? Have you
hm•e started. In fact, I might say we never heard of the Iseberg nudes?
56
 THE KEELY CURE.

And more than all, have you never (Visitor faints and is carried off the
heard of that peerless publication stage by waiting attendants. Slow
Camera Notes-that Kohinoor of music. Curtain falls.)
photographic literature, the magazine ACT II.
a complete file of which is worth a Scene: The assembly room of the
king's ransom, the magazine which C'.amera Club, New York.
the public libraries of the country are (Scene opens with "Visitor" of last
falling over each other to get on their act narrating his experiences in the
shelves? Suburban Camera Club.)
President (turning to Librarian) : Mr. Litstig: And you say they
Mr. Librarian, how is it that this club never heard of me?
doesn't get Camera Notes? "Visitor:" No, I said one of them
Librarian: Never heard of it, sir. had heard of you and remembered
From what the gentleman says it must seeing some of your work in Sun-
be very rare, and I had my instruc-- light and Sltadow aud Scribner's.
tions from the club not to purchase Mr. Litstig (smelling a bottle of
rare photographic works of any kind salts) : And you say they never heard
unless there was a demand for them. of Camera Notes!
President (turning to a member) : "Visitor:" Never heard of it. Li-
Mr. - - you keep well posted on cur- brarian thought it was an antiquated
rent photographic literature, can you curio.
tell us anything about this Camera Mr. Litstig (throwing away smell-
Club or these gentlemen, Keely, Lit- ing salts) : Janitor-brandy and soda !
stig, Iseberg, etc.? Janitor: Carbonate of soda or caus-
Member: Well, Mr. President, all tic soda? (Mr. Litstig explains that it
I know is that Mr. Litstig was one of is an invigorator and not an accelera-
the judges at the Philadelphia Salon tor that he needs.)
in 1898, and I saw some of his work Mr. Keely: And you say they never
in Srtnlight and Shadow, and the au- heard of me?
thor of that book said he was a prom- "Visitor:" Yep.
ising photographer. But then I saw Mr. Keely: Litstig, we must do
some of the same pictures in S crib- something to show these people what
tier's two or three years later, and he we are.
had taken out a coil of rope from one Mr. Litstig: What can we do?
and a boardwalk from another and We've discovered everything in pho-
trimmed some more in different ways, tography.
so of course I thought he was just Mr. Keely: Then let's write. Pho-
beginning to learn how to make pho- to grams has asked me to write up the
tographs when Sunlight and Shadow Progress of Photography in America.
was written. I may have heard of I'll put in something about ourselves.
some of those other men, but there are Mr. Litstig: That's good. Make it
so many pictures published now-a- warm.
days that we don't notice the names Mr. Keely: Janitor-a ream of
unless the pictures are very good. I paper-writing paper, a pint of ink
suppose those men must publish all of and a gross of pens. (Janitor departs
theirs in that Camera Notes the gen- with truck and Mr. Keely drops into
tleman speaks of. deep thought.)
59
 CAMERA NOTES.

Mr. Keely: Now, Litstig, this is all and with each other ; has educated the
right, but where do I come in? I can't public taste to an understanding of
write about myself, but I've discov- what really good work is; and finally,
ered too much not to be mentioned. has created an art movement in the
Mr. Litstig: Oh, that's all right. I'll photographic world that gives every
write you up. (Enter Janitor with indication of maturing into a distinct-
supplies. Mr. Keely and Mr. Litstig ly American school that will reflect,
fall to work. Great scratching of pens. etc., etc." (and goes on for twenty
Orchestra plays rag-time music.) minutes in same strain). Now you
Mr. Litstig: I'm through, how are read yours.
you getting along? Mr. Litstig (reads): "Mr. Keely's
Mr. Keely: Why, you can't be pictures are bold in conception and
through yet. bolder still in treatment. The princi-
Mr. Litstig: Yes, I am, I've said pal value of his work lies in the influ-
everything I could say. ence it will have on pictorial photog-
Mr. Keely: \Veil, I'm down to you, raphy generally, for the technique of
now. I can wind it up in a minute. Mr. Keely's platinum prints has
Mr. Litstig: Oh, don't hurry your- broadened the field of possibilities im-
self. I've plenty of time. (Scratching measurably. The methods he has
continues. More rag-time music. Mr. evolved out of the glycerine method of
Keely finally concludes.) platinum printing, though by no
Mr. Keely: Now I'll read it means originating with him (since
(reads) : "By far the most important they originated with me), have been
development of the year has been ac- made of practical value thro' his ef-
complished largely through the cease- forts, experimentally and pictorially.
less efforts and tireless zeal of one Let us give credit where credit is due
man, and the instrumentality of the -to Keely and me." (Mr. Litstig
most unique photographic publication continues reading and then says) :
in the world. With an edition limited How does that suit you? If they don't
to one thousand, Camera Notes, the publish it we will put it in Camera
organ of the New York Camera Club, Notes.
a quarterly magazine edited by Alfred Mr. Keely: That's fine. How did
you like mine?
Stieglitz in the interest of pictorial Mr. Litstig: Fine.
photography, has made itself known Mr. Keely: Let's hug.
and felt throughout the entire coun- (The actors embrace. Curtain falls,
try; has raised the standard of photo- the orchestra playing "He Is Not the
graphic excellence in both amateur Only One" until Mr. Litstig and Mr.
Keely put their heads around the re-
and professional circles far above any spective ends of the curtain and cry
previously established ; has brought out simultaneously:
the leaders in touch with the students "We are!" -Photo-America11.
... ... ...
F(lr the bcnrfi! of o_ur m;m." frie11ds. n•e reprint the ab(l~·e a11d next dialogues, which
r~centl3• appeared ltl a N e·w l o1·k C(llltemporary. The)• arc ra really clet•er that it serms ;,
p1ty that our clNJer e.r-Scotrh colleague and editor of a Chicago photographic journal, F.
Dundas Todd, should not enjoy all the glo1·y that f(l/lon•s in their wake. We do not, llow-
•'t•cr, want to e11tirely deprit•t our Eastern frirnd, tl1e editor of tl1e "Photo-Error" of his
possible share (If the glory, no matter hou• rc11wte that might be. '
We arr not resf'onsiblc for tl1e e.rtra "m" in "Commcd\1'' uor the e.'l'tm "t" i11 "Tal-
bott." as we rrprint tho1 articles as published. - EDITORS.

6o
 CAMERA NOTES.

giving to the world free (protected by and if any follow our glorious lead
copyright) that which had cost us so isn't that evidence of artistic feeling?
much to acquire. We are now about Litstig: Right, oh, my beloved.
to reap the benefits of our labors. On Thy training in thy profession of the
yon walls I see that our glorious lead law enables thee to reason out the
has been followed by many of the ex- most abstruse problems with ease.
hibitors. The R. H. L. H. C. Keely Clark's Son : I move for the admis-
and myself, the Art Minister Plenipo- sion of the legitimate.
tentiary and Photographic Ambassa- Chorus : What? Sacrilege ! Bar-
dor Extraordinary of the United barian ! Antiquated one ! Porkite I
States to Paris, stand to-day as the The Owlet: Scoot!
highest living exponents of Art in The Hindoo: Shoot!
Photography. Come up here on the (The Chicago member takes the
pedestal with me, R. H. L. H. C. owlet's advice and leaves hurriedly.)
Keely. Wight (goes up to the wall and ex-
Keely: Yea, A.M. P. P. E. E. U. amines a beautiful landscape in platin-
S. P. Litstig, I am with you, and con- otype printed by the Horseley Hinton
cur in all that you have said. method) : It seems to me that this is
(Keely takes place beside Litstig on good.
the pedestal and the owlet leaves lady's Keely: But it's double printing.
wrist and hovers over them, hooting Why waste an afternoon in printing in
dubiously. The Hindoo slave plays a a sky, when one could in a few weeks'
triumphant Hindoo two-step.) time and with a few dozen sheets of
Chorus : And now to work ! paper produce by my method such a
gem as this South Carolina landscape
Acr I. (Including many).
of mine?
Wight: And now, what plan shall Litstig: "My method," did you say?
we adopt in judging you array of Keely: Oh, pardon, "our method,"
frames? I meant to say.
Chorus : What? Litstig: Yes, cast it out.
Owlet: Hoot! (Hindoo slave bears it off disdain-
Hindoo: Hit! fully.)
Litstig: First, let us determine Wight: But here I see a beautiful
what shall remain. Out of honor to study of an interior by midnight, with
the peerless Demachy, whose bichro- naught but a ray of sunlight entering
matized and gummy hands I am soon the casement sash and falling upon the
to clasp on the farther side of the bowed head of a mother deep in
broad Atlantic Ocean, I move that we prayer beside the bier of her dead
admit all the gum-bichromates. child. Such things appeal to me.
Keely: And I move that we admit Litstig: What's it in?
all the locally developed platinotypes. Wight: Straight platinotype.
Litstig: Dost mean both good and Litstig and Keely: Take it away!
bad, H. R. L. H. C.? (Hindoo slave bears it away, shed-
Keely: Why certainly. 0, peerless ding copious tears of grief as he gazes
A. M. P. P. E. E. U. S. P.! The pro- upon the subject. The owlet hoots
spectus only calls for evidences of in- long-drawn hoots of sorrow.)
dividual artistic feeling and execution, Keely: Look, Litstig, look!
62
 THE TRANCENDENT ALISTS.

Litstig (going over where Keely it with the others which have been dis-
stands gazing at a symphony in brown carded.)
and black with highly-polished head- Litstig: But, friends, we must
lights, speaking low so the others can- hurry. Only three gone out of eleven
not hear) : Hist! How do you think hundred, and if we leave over one
it was done? hundred these Chicago people will
Keely: Why, the developer was put think we are no good. We must take
on with a blacking brush, just as I did out a thousand. Let's all to work.
with that large landscape of mine ; but (The Hindoo and the five judges
the artist wanted to bring out the red fall rapidly to work removing the
disk of the sun, so it looks like he put thousand straight photographs, leav-
some russet polish on with the mer- ing none but those of the classes desig-
cury developer and then polished with nated by the New York Amalgamated
another brush. That's too valuable an Order of Discoverers. By an over-
idea to let another man discover. We sight one hundred and fourteen were
must turn this picture down and dis- left instead of one hundred, but apolo-
cover the process for ourselves. gies will be made for that in a forth-
They'll be ripe for it next year. coming issue of Cam era Notes.)
(Keely bears picture off and places Curtain.

EPILOGUE.

ScENE: Same at night. Enter three shades, the first of Daguerre, the next
of Niepce, and the third of Fox Talbott.

Daguerre: Well, gentlemen, we're with the yellow faces. Some of them
in the wrong pew. Go back to the are Indians, a purely American race
door, Fox, and ask that fellow where which you have never seen ; and these
the photographs are. with the brown faces are half-breed
(Exit Fox Talbott, while the others negroes-mulattoes, they call them in
look around the room out of curi- this country. In fact, most of them
osity.) seem to be of this latter class. They
Niepce: Pardon, bard, but how do haven't any Europeans in the lot.
ze dink zese pictures war made, and (Enter the shade of Fox Talbott on
what are ze of? the run.)
Daguerre: Drop your English until Talbott : The man at the gate says
Fox comes back. (In French): This this is the photographic exhibition we
thing here was evidently made by a came to see. They don't call it that;
painter who didn't know anything they call it a Salon. That sounds
about painting. It's a regular daub. French, and you fellows ought to
There isn't a good thing in it. The know what it is. He gave me a cata-
most of them are just as bad. In logue. Here it is.
France we wouldn't have hung such Daguerre : These photographs.
paintings for a moment in our day. Niepce: This a Salon?
As to what they are pictures of, I Daguerre: Well, I'm glad it's pretty
should say from the colors that some well settled now that I didn't discover
of them are Chinamen ; these, I mean, photography. Niepce, it's up to you.
 CA-'IERA NOTES.

Johnny Tennant says that you discov- Daguerre: But I haven't. These
ered it. aren't colors. They are smears. No
Niepce: He don't know what he's man, woman or child ever had such a
talking about. You discovered it color as this thing (pointing to one of
yourself. There are half a dozen mon- Litstig' s masterpieces).
uments to you all over the world. You (Talbott has meanwhile picked up a
can't put it on me. magazine, April Camera Notes, from
Daguerre: Well, I didn't do it. which he reads all about the process
Talbott must have done it. I didn't of local development, and proceeds to
believe those articles in Photograms translate the same in French to the
and the Photographic Times, but I'm others.)
beginning to believe them now. Tal- Daguerre and Niepce (in chorus):
bott, you're to blame for this. And they call that photography?
Talbott: May I never eat another Talbott: They do; but I don't. And
shade of a saddle of Southdown if I I move that we make a formal protest
did. Daguerre, you are to blame for against it.
this. One of the first things you ever Daguerre and Niepce: We will.
said was that you were going to dis- (The three shades get their heads
cover photography in colors, and now together and produce the following
you've done it. document, which they sign and seal):

STATEMENT.

We, the undersigned, the discoverers of photography, hereby certify that

we have examined the within collection of so-called photographs, and that we
never discovered or intended to discover any such thing.
While we are always glad to see discoveries made in connection with pho-
tography which will assist in the ease and certainty of results, and feel that if
intelligent efforts are made in that direction, photography will in the course of
time become an independent one of the fine arts, and the means of the fullest
expression of all that is artistic in the worker, we do not feel that any efforts are
for the real good of photography which make it in any way subservient to a
sister art, like that of painting, and which require the methods, skill and train-
ing of the painter to produce desired results in color or tone.
We think that the man who paints with a brush, be his medium pigment or
a chemical, is a painter and not a photographer. And we think that a picture
the lines and shades of which are produced by the application of a bntsh charged
with either a chemical or a pigment, is a painting or drawing and not a
photograph.
We think, moreov~r and finally, that every effort which makes the latent
photographic image merely subsidiary to the exercise of talents apart and aside
from pure photography, and clearly within the domain of a sister art, is an
~ffort in the wrong direction and destructive of the status of photography as an
mdependent art.
DAGUERRE,
[Signed] N IEPCE,
TALBOTT.
The shades affix this statement to the walls of the galleries and sadly depart.
Curtain Falls. -Photo-American.
 Current Notes.
Temporary nountlng.-Various methods of mounting pnnts either for
temporary preservation in albums or portfolios have been devised, none of
which have seemed to me thoroughly satisfactory, such as, for instance, cutting
small slits in thin manila paper and inserting the corners of the print-a
method which results invariably in breaking the corners off. I have lately had
occasion to mount a large number of foreign prints of large size, and a method
has been used which with modifications to suit the occasion may be found
advantageous.
The prints are mounted between two sheets of thin card, one used as a sup-
port and the other cut out as a mat of the desired size and shape. The two
cards are fastened together with a strip of gummed paper along only one edge
as a lantern slide binder would be used. The print is then fitted under the mat
on the support and held in place by the following device:

Small narrow strips of gummed paper are cut, and in the middle of each
strip on the gummed side is attached a small triangular piece of ordinary thin
paper, the whole having the appearance and approximately the size of the
accompanying diagram.
The print is held in place by four of these strips, one 'lt each corner, so that
the triangle of ordinary paper comes in contact with the print and the outlying
wings of gummed paper are glued to the support. Mounted in this way the
print can be in no way injured, and it can be removed from the mount at any
time without detriment either to the print or the mount, which latter can be
used repeatedly with a print of the proper size.
The gummed paper which I have used was obtained at an artists' supply
shop. It comes in rolls about three-quarters of an inch wide, is quite thin, and
can be used both as a binder and for the mounting strips. It is of French manu-
facture and called Papier gomme. Thin court plaster or such paper as is pro-
vided for stamp collectors could be equally well used.
Ammonium Persulphate.-Mr. C. S. Pudy, in Photography, February 8,
describes a new action for persulphate of ammonium. If a small quantity of
sulphocyanide of ammonium be added to the regul;tr persulphate solution the
action of the reducer is changed so that it increases contrast by eating away the
''shadow detail" and acting very little on the denser portions of the negative.
This action is more marked than with the ferricyanide developer. A good
formula is ammonium persulphate r.6o gm. dissolved in water 30 c. c. and add
sulphocyanide of ammonium ( 10 per cent. sol.) 8 c. c.
Ceric Sulphate as a Reducer.-At a meeting of the Societe Fran-
cais de Photographie in February Messrs. Lumiere Freres and Seyewetz
presented an interesting and important paper on reducing agents. It is
frequently desired to employ an agent which acts in an inverse way
from that of ammonium persulphate-that is, by increasing contrasts. As
6s
 CAMERA NOTES.

a fact, most reducers act in this way. They are, as a rule, of two
classes, either two separate solutions or a single solution. The objection to the
two solution formulre is that they are not under sufficient control, and the one
solution formul:e do not keep. The authors set themselves to work to discover
some salt to take the place of the various known reducers. Iron salts, man-
ganic salts, peroxide of titanium and mercuric salts were carefully experi-
mented with and the results and faults of these salts as reducers discussed.
The best results, however, were obtained with the sulphate of peroxide of
cerium. A 10 per cent. solution of this salt is made, to which for each 100 c. c.
of solution 4 c. c. of sulphuric acid is added. This strong solution acts very
energetically and evenly, but its action can be regulated at will by dilution.
A 5 per cent. solution acts very rapidly, and on the more opaque portions of
the negative sooner than on the transparent portions. The solution keeps
perfectly well. This reducer may be used on bromide papers without
staining.
A Ferrous Oxalate Developer Whlc::h Keeps.-Ferrous oxalate de-
veloper, though but little used at present, is still considered by some
to hold a first rank among developers. Its principal disadvantage is
that it does not keep when the two solutions of ferrous sulphate and
potassium oxalate are mixed. Extensive experiments, described in full in
Photographischc Rtmdschau, have been carried on hy Dr. Georg Hauberisser
to discover some preservative for this developer, and he finds that the addition
of Rochelle salts (sodium potassio-tartrate) not only acts as a preservative, but
has no deleterious effect on the developer. He recommends the following
formula:

A. Neutral potassium oxalate................................................ 500 gm.

Hot water (preferably distilled) .......................................... I,500 c. c.
B. Ferrous sulphate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 gm.
Water (boiled or distilled)................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6oo c. c.
Sulphuric acid ........................................................ a few drops.
C. Rochelle salts............................................................. 20 gm.
Water .................................................................. . IOO C. C.
D. Potassium bromide ....................................................... . IOgm.
Water .................................................................. . IOO C. c.

For use five parts of B are mixed with one to one and a half parts of C.
The mixture is boiled and poured hot into seventeen and a half parts of A.
turning the solution reddish brown. To each 100 c. c. of this developer from
five to ten drops of D should be added, as required. This solution remains
clear and will keep for a long time if well stoppered.
For dipping bath development the following is recommended :

Potassium oxalate ( 1 to 3 sol.) ............................................... 25 parts

Ferrous sulphate (I to 3 sol.) .................................................. 5 parts
Rochelle salts solution ................................................... I to Il/z parts
Water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............................. IOO to 200 parts
Potassium bromide ........................................................ as required
CHARLES \V. STEVENS.

66
 CAMERA NOTES.

human heart, the man and the woman, were to be hereafter considered in the
Eerious works of a national salon. Along this line, with remarkable unanimity
of opinion, the judges prosecuted their work, and finally presented to the con-
sideration and criticism of our people this, the first salon to be held in the \Vest,
distinguished Ly the highest standard of any previous exhibition.
Mr. Ralph Clarkson, of the jury, in a talk before the society on the evening
of the opening day, stated that he had never served in the similar capacity of
judging the pictures of the painter where the standard adopted was as uni-
formly maintained. A leading painter, who has visited the salon repeatedly,
remarked that the exhibition thrilled him as no collection of paintings had done
in many years. This same feeling rather prompts one to consider the salon first
from a comprehensive, and subsequently from a contemplative, point of view.
From the first standpoint a delightful harmony is felt. There is a mini-
mum of jarring notes. The unit of excellence preserves its integral value to a
remarkable degree. The works are well hung. The scheme of hanging intro-
duced by Mr. F. K. Lawrence has been productive of the best results. Not a
picture is lost. Each one is given a distinctive position. About the rooms one
feels an atmosphere bespeaking the thoughtful, serious purpose indicated by the
pictures. Like finding old friends, one comes upon certain pieces previously
shown in Philadelphia and New York. Regarding these it is a pleasure to in-
dorse the thoughtful words written of the Eastern salons touching upon the
work of Mrs. Kasebier, Miss Watson, Miss Johnston, Mr. Stieglitz, Mr. Keiley,
Mr. White, Mr. Abbott, and Mr. Berg. Although a great pleasure to look upon
certain well-known pieces by some of these workers, there was a fresh charm to
be found in other work of theirs not seen in the Eastern exhibits. This pleasure
was also found in prints submitted by Mr. Abbott and .Mr. Von Rapp, of Phila-
delphia; Miss Austin, of Boston: l\'lr. Kunz, of Akron, Ohio; Mr. Peddinghaus,
of Marietta, Ohio, and Mr. Steichen, of Milwaukee. There is a special attrac-
tion in the remarkable advance made by the latter. Here is a worker with a soul
full of feeling, a thoughtful mind, and skilled hand. His future is sure to be
most interesting. Miss Van Buren's collection of work possesses a distinct
charm; a strong, characteristic quality distinguishes her pictures, and convinces
one of greater things to follow.
The New York workers make a fine showing in contributions of a high
order of merit. There is special cleverness shown in Mr. Berg's "Carmen."
The reality and solidity of the figure, and its picturesque background, present a
harmony so close that, handled less deftly, the result might easily have been a
discord. The work sent by Mr. Fuguet, Mr. Murphy, Mr. Waterman, Mr.
Carlin, and Mr. Chaffee has proven to be particularly attractive to both the or-
dinary visitor and the critic. Mr. Chaffee's "Now is the Year's Recessional"
has been particularly admired. Mr. Gleason, of Everett, 1\Iass.: Mr. Hess, of
Northampton, Mass.; Mr. Sloane, of Orange, N. J.; Mr. Minns and Miss Wal-
born, of Akron, Ohio, and Miss Spencer and Miss Cherry, of Newark. con-
tribute pictures of a high order.
"The Last Glow," by T. J. Preston, Jr., and H. P. Powell Rees, of East
Orange, N. J.. has been felt by many to be one of the best things in the salon.
Philadelphia is worthily represented by Miss Watson, Edmund Stirling,
70
 CHICAGO SALON.

Anne Biddle Stirling, Mr. Troth, Mr. Adamson, Mr. Bullock, Mr. Redfield.
Mr. Abbott, Miss Weil, Benjamin Sharp, and Virginia G. Sharp. To the latter
has come the honor of having a picture bought by the Art Institute for its per-
manent collection. This, we believe, is the first instance in the history of the art
institutions of the country where the photograph has been purchased purely a5
a work of art, and is most significant of what has been secured for the future.
While the Chicago salon is honored by the presence of much of the best work
by the acknowledged leaders, it is also distinguished by exceptionally fine work
bearing names that we will certainly hear more of in the future. One of these
names is that of Oscar Maurer, of San Francisco. He sends ''The Storm," and
it is one of the big things of the exhibition. This picture possesses rare feeling,
exquisite tones, and the best of composition. All visitors seem to notice it. An-
other noteworthy contribution is the collection of work sent by Rose Clark and
Elizabeth Flint Wade, of Buffalo, N. Y. Their work is most noteworthy anrl
impressive, and fully deserves the commendatory remarks daily made concern-
ing it. Chicago is worthily represented by landscapes by Mr. Lamb, Mr. Page,
and Mr. Brownell, and a figure study by Mrs. Beman. The work of these ladies
is especially refined and delicate.
Contemplatively viewing the exhibit, one cannot but feel that the Chicago
Society of Amateurs is to be congratulated on the accomplishment of this fine
result of its efforts to secure a salon of such exceptional merit. In it the artists
of the city have found much to interest them, and the public show the keenest
appreciation. Numerous pictures have been sold, and many inquiries are made
as to prices, showing substantial appreciation of the pictures. The general style
of the work shown indicates that to secure recognition for artistic work it is not
necessary to follow any particular school. Individuality, good taste, seriousness
of purpose, and intelligent handling of the media at the disposal of the worker
will bring reward to the most ambitious.
The Chicago salon is full of significance for the future. It is of exceptional
interest to find that in the judgment of those skilled in the other arts the photo-
graphic picture can be a thing of true and honest art, and the work be further
developed and advanced with the finished product still a photograph. To meet
the critical judgment of others, the purist and impressionist have an equal
chance, so long as the heart and mind of the worker guide the effort in the ac-
complishment of serious and honest purpose. The salons of next fall and spring
will doubtless show improvement all along the line, but just in what particular
cannot be foretold. The pictorial idea must have room for healthy growth in
the immediate future. Success has been achieved in infusing pictorial quality
of high excellence into the portrait and the study. The next accomplishment
must be pictures pregnant with meaning and significance. The study must give
way to work of a wider scope, and pictures, difficult of accomplishment as
they may be, pictures that tell the tales of human feelings and experiences, these
must be the fruit of future endeavor, at least to a greater extent than heretofore.
The keynote of this future movement seems to have been struck by Mr.
White in his delightful ''Ring Toss," and Mr. Stirling, in his impressive "Bad
News." Through them we catch a glimpse of the possibilities in the rendering
of those pictures of home life that are always most interesting at the present
71
 OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES
-OF-

The Camera Club.

1900- l90J.

Trusttes.
Presidcnt.-WtLLIAM D. MuRPHY.
Vice-Prrsidcnt.----
Secretar.y.-HARRY B. REm.
Treasurer.-\VM. E. WILMERDING.
Louis B. ScHRAM, WM. ]. CASSARO,
CHARLES I. BERG, }OliN BEEBY,
}OliN ASPINWALl., W)l,l. P. AGNEW.

Committees.
House. Lantern Slides.
WM. P. AGNEW, Cllairmm1, -----,Chairman,
G. loRILLARD RONALDS, L. W. BROWNELL,
L. W. BROWNELL, F. N. wATERMAN,
H. B. HART.
Meetings. Auditing.
H. B. REID, Chairman. L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
Publicatio11s. * C. C. RouMAGE,
HENRY H. MAN.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Chairman,
Jos. T. KElLEY,
Scientific Researc/1.
DALLETT FUGUET,
w. F. HAPGOOD, }OHN AsPINWALl., Chairman,
Ca ... s. W. STEVENs. DR. ]. H. STEBBINS, }R.,

Library. CHAS. E. MANIERRE,

]OHN BEEBY.
Prints. Admission.
CHAS. I. BERG, Cllairmat1, ]. F. STRAUSS, Chairman,
A. w. CRAIGIE, THEO. DWIGHT,
]os. T. KETLEY. F. N. WATERM.\N.

Oub Critics and ] udges.

Prints. La11tern Slides.
CHAS. I. BERG,
]. WELLS CHAMPNEY,
A. w. CRAIGIE,
w. A. FRASER.
Jos. T. KElLEY.

* Official Club Publication, " Camera Notes.''

 POSTSCRIPT.
The vacancy caused by the resignation of
l\lr. Alfred Stieglitz, as vice-president, was
duly filled by the Board of Trustees, who
unanimously elected Mr. J. Wells Champney
to fill the position. Mr. Champney is now in
Europe on an extended trip of six months.
Volume IV, No. 2
 CAMERA NOTES.

rules or of knowing how, but of originative force; while a good critic may have
full powers to appreciate work he could not dream of equalling.
Another rather prevalent but mistaken idea is that the critic should guide
and teach the artist; but it is just the other way; he is to teach the public. It is
the artist who originates and so reveals new ideas and possibilities to the critic.
The latter acts as a mediator between art and the public. He is a representative
of the people, of greater sensibility and culture than most; and he usually speaks
to, and of, the artist only as such a representative-not as a superior authority,
but as a special expositor of the popular mind.
Of course there come infrequently minds of rare critical ability that treat
of things so constructively and broadly as to teach all, makers as well as- public
-such we usually class as essayists and art-writers. Hut this kind of criticism is
unusual, and many artists find it wise to ignore popular reviews and to labor for
what they consider their best, unaffected and undeterred by popular comment.
However, many on the contrary find a reference to semi-popular ideas a help
when they would gauge their work as accurately as one may judge of one's self.
But an artist who would complain that ordinary criticism does not teach him,
should take further lessons from regular instructors, or give up the profession,
because he has found himself one who lacks the inspiration that should be the
maker's guide and his best mentor.
It is the way with artists to act rather than to reason, for they are trained
to reach truth through feeling rather than logic. And indeed, the greatest
truths are those reached by those highly organized beings whose reason is well
developed, but so thoroughly overlaid and hidden by feeling that they act by
processes of thought apparently too swift and prophetic to be in any way akin
to the methods of ratiocination. Sir Joshua Reynolds was a good artist who
had a fairly logical mind. He set forth the theory and practice in painting of
the great Italian masters, and of that school founded on a study of them, which
he started in England. This is dealt with in his "Discourses" very admirably
and fully-except that, as Allan Cunningham says, he kept silent "concerning
the domestic style and the mystery of portraiture, in which he himself was un-
equalled." Yet his contemporary, Gainsborough, was on the whole an even
greater artist, as we regard things now-a-days, but he was anything rather than
logical, and never attempted critical writing, however much he may have envied
the esteem and fame his rival thus won.
It will always be a matter of doubt as to how much moral and how much
merely mental obliquity Reynolds showed; the fact stands clear that by precept
he sent his disciples to starve in following the grand style of Raphael and
Michael Angelo, while he seems personally to have been more interested in
Titian, and certainly obtained fame and fortune by portraiture. But it must not
be forgotten that he said he ranked portrait-painting low among the various
departments of painting; and that to the last he indulged the belief that he was
inspired by the spirit of Michael Angelo. It is no disgrace if one's practice does
not come up to one's precepts in art, if we are honest in preaching and suffi-
ciently modest about our achievements. Indeed, it is utterly absurd to apply to
critics what is at best an entirely ethical test of sincerity, for practice need not
l>e commensurate with precept in crsthetics; and in fact cannot be equal to it if
78
 CAMERA NOTES.

perfectly as possible; but he acts then as a specialist, in his own line of thought
and feeling. In trying to criticise the work of others, the artist is likely to be
too strict (if he is in earnest, and if a critic can be too strict), and so too severe
on work similar to his own, unless it be so fine as to compel unlimited admira-
tion. And he is likely also to be too lenient or unappreciative, and very possibly
a poor critic, when examining work that takes him in other fields of life and in-
terest than his own. He will probably be lenient if the change and variety
offered be pleasant to him; unappreciative if it docs not appeal to him: and a
poor critic anyway, because he is outside of his specially well known ground.
For us in photography who (whatever we may be potentially) are neither
clearly artists nor critics, it is well to remember that critical taste and artistic
gifts must be developed by processes within ourselves, and mainly by ourselves.
The poet is born, not made; but the poet that accomplishes great things has real-
ized his possibilities by self-culture more painstaking and thorough than the
care given the finest prize flower or fruit; and this is equally true of those who
are successful in any kind of artistic work. It is worse than useless for us to
run to others for criticism on every little snap-shot we make. Each worker
must learn to depend a great deal on his own observation and taste. It has been
said that art cannot be taught--that though skill and knowledge can be im-
parted, the "germ of art instinct" must be in the student. \Vhile that is true,
modern educational experience suggests that this "germ" may exist to some
degree in almost everyone-just as it is now said that nearly everyone has a
"voice" and can be taught to sing. Elementary and industrial art education has
indicated some aptitude in most children who are introduced, while young
enough, to ideas of art by correct methods.
It is pathetic, as showing the still lowly state of photographers, that they are
continually crying for official criticism that will teach the photographer. Koone
can object to the request that criticism shall, when possible, teach the one criti-
cised something, but artists should be the real teachers of themselves and of the
public, and the critics but commentators on their texts. Beginners in art need
critical instruction, but it is not fair to expect general criticism of public exhibi-
tions to be merely patient and thorough instruction in the elements of their craft
to would-be artists. When it comes to the advanced stage of. public exhibition.
surely the artist should inspire the critic or else be ignored, unless fallacies in
his work ought to be shown up for the benefit of the public. That is one of the
most important and disagreeable duties of a critic. If he could only wing his
way along airily, as a bee does, favoring solely what could reward him with
sweets! But he must condemn faults as well as admire beauties, and must de-
vote himself more especially to the less obvious and popular beauties and point
a warning finger at the errors most likely to impose on the public-altogether a
rather thankless task.
There has been many a fuss raised here and abroad, during the last few
years, over work often merely of relative or historical value, and photographers
who strive to fnrther artistic aims have received freaky and cliquey names
thereby. It is a general tendency and fault of the times to rush into exhibitions
and into print before we should. The better photographers have followed the
example of workers in other lines, and the button-shovers attempt to follow the
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How many button-shovers realize that not only can much taste be exercised in
the practice of their pet indulgence, but that the collections of prints which they
so guilelessly exhibit, usually betray their lack of artistic culture and their in-
continence of taste? \Vhen an artist said that the more exposures you made, the
more pictures you probably would have to show, although most of the snap
shots would be for your home use only-how many button-shovers and bulb-
squeezers misunderstood him? Did he, perchance, misunderstand himself?
Yet he undoubtedly would rather have a blind man shoot at him one hundred
times, than a sharpshooter once.
Now we cannot become artistic sharpshooters by trying to remember and
apply rules of composition and other critical laws at the moment of creation. In
arranging for and making our exposures we must learn to depend largely on a
nice feeling for the picturesque; and reserve our analytical and critical reason-
ing till we come to judge of the proof, and determine whether it is worth while,
and if so, how to finish a print. It is by schooling ourselves in these practices,
2nd by studying man and nature, together with the great examples of fine art,
elucidated by the best critical writings, that we must educate our artistic feeling.
But with all this the ordinary critic has little to do; his work comes last, and
may prove very bracing medicine.
Pictorial photography has a great future before it as an educational influ-
ence. The day will come when myriads of long-haired photographers may be seen
prowling around looking for masterpieces, when knowledge and lqve of beauty
will be all-pervasive and infectious, and even Fifth Avenue stores will find it
impossible to sell the glaringly inartistic prints which they exhibit now-a-days.
The ordinary professional may in time be influenced. He has never reached the
very elementary art stage of the young amateur, or perhaps he has fallen away
from it into vice. Perchance he may cease to be entirely mechanical-that de-
pends on his patrons, for the ordinary professional's idea is to satisfy his cus-
tomers with the least work and wear and tear possible. What a delightful day
it will be when the amateur is a seeker after beauty, the professional is less
abnormally normal, and the critic has more to criticise and less proportionately
to jump on.
DALLETT FuGUET

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and if, as some would assert, the seeds had already been sown, then it surely
quickened their germination, and probably the very excess of forceful language,
the very dogmatism, which at times seems ill a(lvised, were the means of arrest-
ing the tide, as a calmer am! more deliberate address would have failed to do.
Most revolutionary movements run to excess in the initial stages, but if one be
good, the ebullitions of its youth give place to strength in maturity, and viewing
things as they are now, and reviewing the growth of the pictorial movement, it
is not easy to say how much of it is due to the hook referred to, yet it is as diffi-
cult to my mind, to deny that it did have a powerful effect, and the reverbera-
tions of its thunders have not yet ceased, else should I not be now re-
ferring to it.
Amongst the many who discovered in Dr. Emerson's book inspiration for
writing of a controversial character I find l\Ir. H. Dennis Taylor, who in an arti-
cle contributed to The Photographic Quarterly (April, I89o), challenges the
consistency of Dr. Emerson's arguments on this question of so-called naturalis-
tic focusing. He enumerates the doctrine thus: "Naturalistic focusing is so
called because it professes to be based upon the conditions of natural vision and
certain other optical principles," and summarizes the three principal aims said
to be attained by it as: First, differentiation of focus, by which the chief object
is presented with the greatest degree of sharpness, other objects or planes being
differently focused in accordance with their varying distances; secondly, the
subordination of objects other than the principal one, and the destruction of
irritating details by throwing them rather out of focus, and third, the sup-
pression of detail in distance in order to simulate the effect given by the pres-
ence of atmosphere.
At about the same date, in more than one place, and often since, I find
myself urging upon my reader that the solution of the problem of focus for
pictorial effect is not to be found by scientific knowledge of the construction and
powers of the human eye, nor of itself will the representation of objects pre-
cisely as the eyes see them, secure artistic satisfaction, the aspects and appear-
ances from which we derive <esthetic pleasure being not so much as things are
as what we imagine them, not actuality and physical fact, but a mental im-
pression, distinctively moulded by personal sympathy and temperament.
In like manner Mr. Dennis Taylor traverses Dr. Emerson's arguments, and
quotes his examples in order to show that the doctor is confusing optical focus
and mental focus. The third chapter of Naturalistic Photography starts with
the statement to which it is claimed the preceding ones logically lead, that the
"best artists have always tried to interpret nature, and express by their art an
impression of nature, as nearly as possible similar to that made 011 the retina of
the human eye." I have italicized the concluding words because it is this
idea, which often recurs in the book, which seems to need discussing. In the
opening of the same chapter we read, "Our contention is that a picture should
be a translation of a scene as seen by the normal human eye," while later, in a
chapter devoted to practical hints in focusing, we read, "Now our student, hav-
ing sharply focused his picture with open aperture, must take his head from
beneath the focusing cloth and look steadily at his picture; fixing his eye on
the principal object, he should go through this mental analysis, and at the same
84
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time note carefully how much detail he can see, both in the field of direct and
indirect vision."
The student may well ask himself if the works of the great masters of
painting do exhibit in any remarkable degree that exhaustive fidelity to what
the eye sees, even in one plane, or ever ever so limited an area in that plane, as
would confirm the artist's claim to superiority if accuracy to the retinal image
were the aim of art.
We know not through what circumstances and by what process Dr. Emer-
son arrived at his conclusions, but does it not look like a process of induction
from certain facts to form principles? Deriving greater satisfaction and ex-
periencing pleasure from certain photographs in which the delineation of detail
and the. rendering of the various planes were different from most photo-
graphs, both contemporaneous and thitherto (for remember that ten years ago
the kind of "pictorial photograph" to the character and style of which we are
all now quite accustomed, was hardly known, and when seen was always con-
demned and ridiculed), it looks as though the scientifically trained mind forth-
with sought to establish something like a scientific principle which would ac-
count for these facts of pleasure and satisfaction, and then, being so carried
away by the cleverness and more than plausibility of his own principle, he is so
convinced of its truth that even some of the greatest in the history of art must
be dethroned. The passionate belief in a new creed; the enthusiasm for a cause
which in revolutionary times has prompted the most appalling iconoclasm ; here
in the name of naturalistic photography does not hesitate to overturn the
pedestals of all those who do not appear to have reproduced their retinal
image. Turner is described as "a great man gone wrong," an imitator, a com-
petitor. Rubens and VanDyck are ''lacking in feeling and in truth.'' Raphael's
paintings are sickly sentimentalities, puerile in composition, and showing lack
of observation of nature. It is not my purpose to question the justice of these
criticisms; the doctrine of naturalistic photography. according to the writer of
that book, inevitably leads to such conclusion, and desecration though it may
seem, must be accepted and held, if we are to believe that the ''translation of a
scene, as seen by the normal human eye," is the goal of the picture maker.
But the acceptance of such a creed leads to even more serious consequences
than a disbelief in some whom the world rightly or wrongly has held in rev-
erence, namely, to "an inquiry, on scientific grounds, what the normal human
eye really does see,'' and when this is conducted by rule and measurement: by a
study of light and physiology, a knowledge of the functions of the macula
lutea, the forea centralis, and the physical characters of the eye as an optical
instrument, we have presently a fixed law in accordance with which definition
in our pictures is to be produced.
It is conceivable that from certain data the optician and physiologist could
tell the exact degree of definition which one's eye would see in each plane of
the scene, so that, provided that the lens were pointed directly towards the
scene, the artist-photographer could, merely by a focusing scale, secure the
image precisely as seen by the normal human '!ye without ever looking at the
scene at all! It reduces the whole art of focusing and the determination of the
degree of definition to be employed, to rule of thumb, and it is precisely this
P.7
 CAMERA NOTES.

domination of artistic effort by scientific rule that too often imparts the me-
::hanical character to photography, from which it seems so desirable to emanci-
pate it.
Optical focus, the vision of the normal human eye, within certain limits and
subject to inconsiderable variations, is as fixed and ascertainable a quantity as
mental focus is variable and beyond the reach of rule and measurement, and I
submit that the impression we carry away of a scene is a mental impression; it
is an affair of the imagination, emotions, sympathy and temperament ; a matter
of purely personal response to some particular character or condition which ap-
pealed to us ; hence the variety in representations of the same physical facts; a
degree of individuality much more distinctive than the discrepancies between
the eyesight of various artists.
Let me here disclaim any wish to tilt at "Naturalistic Photography,"' hav-
ing, ever since its first publication, found it as a whole a great deal too inter-
esting and useful, inconsistent as some parts of it may seem, and just as it is
difficult to reconcile Mr. Ruskin's eulogium of Turner's works with his fanati-
cism for truth to nature, so is it hard to find in Dr. Emerson's own pictures
more than a partial and occasional application of its favorite principle.
And yet another reason for not condemning the book because of some
things we may not be able to accept, is on account of the new impetus it gave to
endeavor, and the fresh channel to thought among photographers-its indirect
and unintentional influence has perhaps been the more precious. Just as the Pre-
raphaelite movement was a reaction from tradition which directed men to the
fountain head, and some that went found springs of more enduring invigoration
than did those that led the way, so perhaps the apostle of the renascence in
artistic photography may be said to have built the bridge which helped others to
find a surer road, and this while some contended with the teacher in the way.
Thus in the article to which brief reference has been made, Mr. Dennis Taylor
attempts to demolish the naturalistic method of representation in accordance
with optical laws, by setting up in its place a different, though parallel,
method.
I quote this article of ten years ago because it is quite typical of the kind of
contention one meets with even to-day (and yet forever we hear the exclamation,
"What wonderful advances photography has made!''). He says that although
while intently gazing at the most attractive point in the scene we are indifferent to
and partly unconscious of details elsewhere, if the eye and attention be diverted
to any other part we shall be able to see this in turn quite clearly defined, from
which he argues the accurate definition throughout the picture should not inter-
fere with the mental impression of the scene. He continues: "Let all details
throughout the photograph be nicely defined, so that they may satisfy the eye
when it looks at them." The italics are his, not mine, and perhaps, after all, we
have made some progress in the past decade, for it seems hardly necessary to-day
to point out that if details are sharply defined throughout we ca1t't help looking
at them, and involuntarily trying to look at them all at once, hence the absence of
repose and concentration in the sharply focused picture. Doubtless Emerson's
theory is right scientifically, and equally incontestable logically is Taylor's con-
tention, but laws of optical focus and the conditions attendant upon mental con-
81!
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Now, while the parallel is not quite complete, have we not a somewhat simi-
lar triple case to consider? There is nature as it actually is ; there is our personal
impression of nature, and then there is our representation of it, which con-
veys that impression more clearly than a {acsi111ilc of nature itself could do.
But is it possible to represent nature so as to be more intelligible than nature
itself? Certainly it is, otherwise how is it that the ordinary man by means of a
picture has his eyes opened to the beauties of a scene with which he is perfectly
familiar, but never paused to consider?
In this way the artist, be he painter or photographer, becomes the interpre-
ter or the expounder, and not the reproducer of nature. His brushings and pen-
cilings, his scratchings on metal, his sun printings in metallic salts, ~hould be but
the deliberate arrangement of lights and darks in such a way that the spectator
receives the impression he is intended to receive so fully and convincingly as to
never need to question what are the objects represent~d.
The artist, by reason of his artistic temperament, feels nature more readily
than another who examines the hidden mechanism of her various organisms, or
than hi! who is too engrossed with the affairs of city or state. By constant,
reverent study of her exterior, he becomes so that, as a tightly drawn wire or a
hollow glass globe will resonate if a particular note is struck, so he quickly
responds to an effect in nature, and by his art, .his artifice and craft produces
something which will make others feel or imagine something that perhaps had
no actual physical existence, but was the offspring of visible nature and his own
particular temperament.
The joyousness, the grandeur, the sadness of the landscape have no actual
existence; they are the personal contribution of a human temperament. Brush
strokes, pencil marks, dots and Jines with the point of the pen, may with but
little variation convey with equal success the idea of masses of foliage, boulders
on the mountain side, or the rippled surface of a lake. If the highest aim of the
picture be to represent these and other things in nature as they actually are,
or as the human eye, as an optical instrument, sees them, then photography, by
its very unbiassed and unpersonal character, should far surpass any other means.
Yet he would be a bold man and blind to facts who asserted that photography
was indeed greater than all the arts.
What brush, pencil and pen actually produce are more or less conventional
signs or symbols, which under certain conditions we accept as representing
definite objects, but the difference between the fine picture and the school girl"s
water-color sketch or copy is that subtle quality which moves the spectator more
than his recognition of the objects portrayed. Much that in a painting stands
for trees, or stones, or clouds, or running "streams are purely arbitrary signs,
which from their grouping and general manner as much as anything, fulfil their
intention. That they really represent nature as the eye see~ it cannot be enter-
tained for a moment if we examine and analyze any painting of merit. Is it not
a fact that with many a good painting. if it l:.e placed upside down and so viewed,
many features, but for previous acquaintance, would be incomprehensible.
Nature similarly viewed is perfectly comprehensible. In rare instances, where
'Vith infinite labor the artist has striven to put into his picture every minutia,
apeing as far as human skill may the image in a looking-glass, can it be said that
1)0
 A PLEA FOR THE PICTURESQUENESS OF NEW YORK.

that picture is more impressive, more appealing in proportion as it comes more

nearly to depicting nature as we really see it?
If now, as many hold, the stirring of the feelings and emotions is no part
for the picture to play, which should only please the eye, awakening a pleasurable
st"nsation by its symmetry, its contrasts, its color, its forms, then again it is not
nature, but the things suggested by nature, which the artist gives, but this were
too long a train of thought to follow here.
Now the signs, the masses of light and dark on paper or glass, by which,
with photography, we must strive to do what the artist does who employs brush
or pencil, etc., are of a totally different character from the first. According to
the skill and the purpose with which the lens has been constructed, the image is
as close as may be to nature's actual existence, or as the human retina receives it,
but if from a study of contemporary graphic means we agree that a purely arbi-
trary scheme may convey more forcibly than anything else the artist's impres-
sion, we are met by the problem as to how we may control the lens-made drawing
to an almost unlimited degree, that all tones and forms may be produced at will.
Viewed in this light, the relationship between nature and photography for pic-
torial purposes becomes less close than maybe we had believed. Is it true to
nature? and Is that as the eye sees things? become no longer the test questions,
a negative answer to which is the condemna.tion of the picture.
And the alternative? That the dainty goddess which has brought so much
beauty into the world, has inspired imagination, giving birth to visible evidence
of a soul which before was hidden in the merely animal, must in these later days
veil herself in somber colors and keep compa.ny with her graver sister, Science.
In the infatuation for truth, beauty will be forgotten and the resthetic sense qui-
escent and extinct. Realism shall succeed naturalism, from which it is already
hardly distinguishable, and hard-featured truth. no longer clothed in dainty gar-
ments borrowed from imagination, shall command our interest as much for dis-
ease, death, and decay as for many-hued flower and blushing youth.
A. HORSLEY HINTON.

A Plea for the Picturesqueness of New York.

At every exhibition I am astonished at the limited range of subjects which
the artistic photographers attempt to portray. One invariably finds numer-
ous portraits, and studies of heads or draped figures, a number of landscapes.
interiors and out-of-door snap-shots, and a few-very few-serious composi-
tions, mostly genre subjects, which can claim a general pictorial quality. This
paucity of ideas is really embarrassing to the lover of art, who is interested in
the sights and scenes of our own times.
Occasionally an artist seems to have resolved to be new, and a few brilliant
efforts are made, but, considering all, little has been done by the average ama-
teur to exchange cheap portraiture and studio orientality and medirevalism for a
style more true to his existing surroundings.
The passions of life and the passions of art are not the same to them.
They seem unaware that the best art is that which is most clearly the out-
9'
 CAMERA NOTES.

come of the time of its production, and the art signifying most in respect to the
characteristics of its age, is that which ultimately becomes classic. To give to
art the complexion of our time, boldly to express the actual, is the thing in-
finitely desirable. What artistic photography needs most is a Steinlen, who has
succeeded in expressing in his weekly illustrations for the Gil Bias supplement
-as valuable as any Japanese wood cuts-the heat, the hurry, the vexations,
the lurid excitements and frivolous graces, the tragedies and comedies of Pari-
sian life, and in a more perfect manner than Zola has in his long-drawn series of
novels.
All these years our artistic photographers-and painters and sculptors as
well-with a fe,,,. exceptions have been mumbling old formulas, and have appar-
ently combined in a gigantic trust of imitation.
The dignified vigor of the old masters, the restless desires of modem art,
the incomparable suggestiveness of the Japanese, have all been mortgaged. No
past effort has escaperl their versatility for reproducing. Everything seems to
have struck their fancy, even that which is only questionably good.
I know that a large majority will object to my arguments; those who do
not feel that there is an imposing grandeur in the Brooklyn Bridge; who do not
acknowledge the beauty of the large sweeping curves in the new Speedway,
which would set a Munich Secessionist ,,•ild; who do not feel the poetry of our
waterfronts. the semi-opaque water reflecting the gray sky, the confusion of
square-rigged vessels with their rusty sides and the sunburnt faces peering
from the deck: ancl who would laugh outright if anyone would dare to suggest
that Paddy's market on Ninth Avenue or the Bowery could be reduced to decor-
ative purposes.
Such men claim that there is nothing pictorial and picturesque in New
York and our modem life, and continue their homage to imitation. The truth
is that they lack the inspiration of the true artist, which wants to create and not
merely to revive or adapt. They are satisfied witli an incongruous mixture of
what they know and see with what they have learned in school and what comes
to them easily, no matter whether at second or at third hand: it saves them
experiments and shields them from failures. They work as do the journalists,
who write of things they know nothing about, and whose superficial knowledge
is concealed by the rapid succession of publications. But for that reason their
work can also be likened to the wake of a ship, it foams a little, to be seen no
more.
To open new realms to art takes a good share of courage and patience. It
always takes moral courage to do what the rest of the profession does not; that
of course the man possesses who starts out to conquer the beauties of New
York. It takes actual physical courage to go out into the crowd with your cam-
era, and to be stared and laughed at on the most inopportune occasions. But
that even Mr. J. G. Brown braved: why not you. It takes also a marvelous
amount of patience to stand for hours at the same spot, perhaps in very bad
weather-in rain, snow, or even in a thunder-storm-until at last one sees be-
fore him what he considers essential for a picture: or· persistently to return at
every opportunity to a subject-perhaps to something that may recur only once
in a year, as the "May Festival" in Central Park-until he has at last mastered it.
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 A PLEA FOR THE PICTURESQUENESS OF NEW YORK.

And even after one has succeeded, there is no harvest of praise to reap, for
all those who are in quest of beauty will experience that the very people who
said there could be no beauty there, will later on point out that it undoubtedly
was there long before it was discovered.
But what does it matter? The true artist works for himself, and does not
care a rap for the opinion of others, as long as he knows-if that should be his
aim-that his work has been infused with the spirit of to-day, with something
unmistakably the outcome of the present. I would like to make his acquaint-
ance ; I might feel inclined to become his Ruskin.
I am well aware that much is lacking here which makes European cities so
interesting and inspiring to the sightseer and artist. No monuments of past
glory, no cathedral spires of Gothic grandeur, no historic edifices, scarcely
even masterpieces of modem architecture lift their imposing structures in our
almost alarmingly democratic land.
Despite this, I stick to my assertion, and believe that I can prove its truth.
For years I have made it rr.y business to find all the various picturesque effects
New York is capable of-effects which the eye has not yet got used to, nor dis-
covered and applied in painting and literature, but which nevertheless exist.
Have you ever watched a dawn on the platform of an elevated railroad sta-
tion, when the first rays of the rising sun lay glittering on the rails? This
Vance Thompson compared to the waterways of Venice in pictorial effect. The
morning mist, in strange shapes and forms, played in the distance where the
lines of the houses on both sides of the street finally united.
Have you ever dined in one of the roof-garden restaurants and watched
twilight descending on that sea of roofs, and seen light after light flame out.
until all the distant windows began to glimmer like sparks, and the whole city
seemed to be strewn with stars? If you have not, you are not yet acquainted
with New York.
Then take lHadison Square. Place yourself at one of its corners on a rainy
night and you will see a picture of peculiar fascination : Dark silhouettes of
buildings and trees, surrounded by numerous light reflections, are mirrored in
the wet pavement as in a sheet of water. But also in daytime it is highly at-
tractive. The paths are crowded with romping children, and their gay-colored
garments make a charming contrast to the lawn and the foliage of the trees, to
which the Diana's tower and the rows of houses with windows glittering in the
sun, form a suitable background.
The Boulevard has many interesting parts. The rows of trees in the mid-
dle, the light brick fronts of the new apartment houses, and the many vehicles
and bicyclists on a Sunday afternoon offer ample opponmity for snap-shots.
Comparing New York with other cities, it can boast of a decided strain of
gayety and vitality in its architecture. The clear atmosphere has encouraged
bright colors, which, when subdued by the mist that hovers at times over all
large cities, afford delightful harmonies that can be suggested even by the pho-
tographer's black and white process.
Almost any wide street with an elevated station is interesting at those times
when the populace goes to or returns from work. The nearer day approaches
these hours, the more crowded are the sidewalks. Thousands and thousands
climb up or down the stairs, reflecting in their varied appearance all the classes
·Jf society, all the different professions. the lights and shadows of a large city.
and the joys and sorrows of its inhabitants.
In Central Park we meet with scenes of rare elegance and dignity. Many
a tourist will find himself transported to the palace gardens of the old world, as
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 '
• C.BfERA NOTES.

his eyes gaze on these quiet lakes peopled with swans and on the edifices shim-
mering in the sun ami rising from the autumnal foliage into the sky.
A peculiar sight can be enjoyed standing on a starlit night at the block
house near the northwest entrance of the Park. One sees in the distance the
illumined windows of the West Side. and the Elevated, which rises at the double
curve at One Hundred and Tenth Street to dizzy heights, and whose construc-
tion is hardly visible in the dimness of night. A train passes by, like a fantastic
fire-worm from some giant fairyland, crawling in mid-air. The little locomo-
tive emits a cloud of smoke, and suddenly the commonplace and yet so mystic
scene changes into a tumult of color, red and saffron, changing every moment
into an unsteady gray and blue. This should be painted, but as our New York
artists prefer to paint Paris and Munich reminiscences, the camera can at least
suggest it.
A picture genuinely American in spirit is afforded by Riverside Park. Old
towering trees stretch their branches towards the Hudson. Almost touching
their trunks the trains on the railroad rush bv. On the water heavilv loaded
a
canal boats pass on slowly, and now and then white river steamboat glides by
majestically, while the clouds change the chiaroscuro effects at every gust of
wind.
Another picture of surprising beauty reveals itself when you approach New
York by the Jersey City ferry. The gigantic parallelograms of office buildings
and skyscrapers soar into the clear atmosphere like the towers, turrets and bat-
tlements of some ancient fortress, a modern Cathay, for whose favor all nations
contend.
The traffic in the North and the East rivers and the harbor offers abun-
dant material; only think of the graceful four-masted East Jndiamen that
anchor in the bay, laden with spices which recall even in these northern climes
quaint Oriental legends, of indolent life under tropical suns. I am also very
fond of the vista of the harbor from Battery Park, particularly at dawn. How
strange this scene looks in the cold morning mist. There is no distance and no
perspective; the outlines of Jersey City and Brooklyn fade ghost-like in the
mist; soft shimmering sails, dark shadows and long pennants of smoke inter-
rupt the gray harmony, and are in their uncertain contours not unlike the fan-
tastic birds which enliven at times the background of Japanese flower designs.
Whoever is fond of panoramic views should place himself at the High-
bridge Reservoir and look northwards. At sunset this scene-the wide Harlem
River sluggishly flowing through a valley over which two aqueducts span their
numerous arches-reminds one involuntarily of a landscape by Claude Lorraine.
For the lovers of proletarian socialism-who like Dudley Hardy and Gas-
ton Letouche, and would like to depict the hunger and the filth of the slums,
the unfathomable and inexhaustible misery, which hides itself in every metro-
politan city-subjects are not lacking in New York Only it is more difficult
to find them than in European cities.
Rafaelli, the French painter, once asked me to show him the poorest quar·
ters. I took him through Stanton, Cherry, Baxter and Essex Streets. I could
not satisfy him. But when he saw a row of dilapidated red brick houses with
black fire-escapes covered all over with bedding, clothes lines, and all
sorts of truck, he exclaimed: ''C' est fort curieux !'' and like a ferret ran from one
side to the other to take a number of snap-shots.
True enough we have not such scenes of extreme poverty as Rafaelli found
in the outskirts of Paris, at least not so open; but one only needs to leave the
big thoroughfares and go to the downtown back alleys, to Jewtown, to the vil-
lage (East Twenty-ninth Street), or Frog Hollow, to prove sufficientlv that
many a portfolio could be filled with pictures of our slums, which would teach
us better than any book "how the other half lives."
From there you should go to the Potter's Field, on Hart's Island, that rag-
94
 A PLEA FOR THE PICTURESQUENESS OF NEW YORK.

ged little i~lanrl where the nameless dead are buried in long trenches, each of
which is marked by a stone to record that one hundred and fifty paupers lie be-
low. And out beyond the sandy shore gleam the shimmering waters of the
Sound.
But you can find mortuary themes in New York, without boarding at 6
A. M., the Fidelity, that sad little charity steamer which plies between the
Morgue and Hart's Island. There lies in the very heart of the city, in the
midst of a block bounded by Second Avenue, the Bowery, Second Street and
Third Street, a little neglected graveyard, as romantic as anything of that nature
I have ever seen. The gravestones are sadly dilapidated, and almost disappear
in the wild flowers that sprout in great abundance from the untrimmed grass
and weeds. Clotheslines cross this desolate spot everywhere, and on week days
long rows of linen flap gayly in the breeze. More than half a century ha~
passed over these graves and left plain traces of the flight of the years. A
Hamlet-like mood takes me at the sight. There the two gravediggers might dig
up Yorick's skull and prepare the grave for the fair Ophelia.
Verestchagin was particularly interested in our telegraph poles, now
largely a thing of the past, and the net of wires that is spread all over the city.
Wherever some large building is being constructed the photographer
should appear. It would be so easy to procure an interesting picture, and yet I
have never harl the pleasure te see a good picture of an excavation or an iron
skeleton framework. I think there is something wonderful in iron architecture,
which as if guided by magic, weaves its networks with scientific precision over
the rivers or straight into the air. They create, by the very absence of unneces-
sary ornamentation, new laws of beauty, which have not yet been determined,
and are perhaps not even realized by the originators. I am weary of the ever-
lasting complaint that we have no modern style of architecture. It would indeed
he strange if an age as fertile as ours had produced nothing new in that art
which has always more than others reflected the aspirations and accomplish-
ments of mankind at certain epochs of history. The iron architecture is our
style.
I still could add hundreds and hundreds of suggestions for pictures, but T
fear I would tire my readers. I will therefore only mention a few haphazard.
There is the Fulton fish market, a wonderful mixture of hustling human life
and the slimy products of Neptune's realm, at its best on a morning during
Lent; then the Gansevoort market on Saturday mornings or evenings; the
remnants of Shantytown; the leisure piers; the open-air gymnasiums at
Stryker's Lane and the foot of Hester Street; the starting of a tally-ho coach
from the \Valdorf-Astoria on its gay drive to vVestchester: the canal-boat
colony at Coenties Slip; the huge storage houses of Gowanus Bay. Another
kind of subjects now comes to mind-the children of the tenement districts re-
turning from school: or the organ-grinder, and little girls showing off their
terpsichorean skill on the sidewalk to an admiring crowd.
But really what would he the use of specifying any further? Any person
with his eyes open, and with sympathy for the time, place and conditions in
which he lives, has only to take a walk or to board a trolley, to find a picture
worthy of depiction almost in every block he goes.
I am perfectly aware that only a few of my readers endorse my assertions.
and see something in my ardent plea. In thirty years, however, nobody will be-
lieve that I once fought for it, for then the beauty of New York will have been
explored by thousands.
But who will be the first to venture on these nntrorlden fields and teach
New Yorkers to love their own city as I have learned to love it, and to be proud
of its beauties as the Parisians are of their city? He will have to he a great poet
and of course an expert ph0tographer.
:May he soon appear! S.\DAKICIII I-IARnlANN.
97
 Motion in Art.
A peculiarly difficult feat in photography is the successful taking of objects
in motion. To get a result which shall have true artistic merit requires both
patience and considerable knowledge of what is to be sought.
In watching moving objects the eye sees motiou, i. e., a moving of the ob-
ject against a background, as well as varied movements of the object itself. Of
course this is impossible in a print. There the motion can only be suggested and
the eye more or less educated to understand what is implied. There is a definite
suggestion of motion even in words used to denote it, and advancing beyond
these to pictures, certain com·entional attitudes we have been taught to under-
stand to imply certain movements. Some of these conventional attitudes have
been conclusively shown to have no existence in fact, and have been discarded of
late, more or less, by artists on that account. Nevertheless they contain some-
thing of truth, not as to the absolute motion, but as to the impression left upon
the eye of the beholder. It seems to be quite certain that the eye takes in and
retains the extreme limits of motion as being characteristics of the motion. As
for example, a running horse with his fore feet extended forward as far as he
puts them and his hind feet extended backward to their extreme limit, at once
conveys the idea of a running animal. A photograph of a kicking horse at the
moment when the kick had reached half its full height, the eye never would un-
derstand to be taken at half height. It would insist that that was the limit and
that the kick was a low kick, because no eye ever takes in that moment when the
kick has arrived at that stage. The photograph may then be considered actually
untrue; although it is a record of the fact, it could not fail to convey a wrong
impression. It seems also possible that too much sharpness is not to be desired
where the motion is supposed to be swift, because perfect sharpness of outline is
indicative of comparative rest and so is at war with the idea of rapid motion. It
is said of Fromentin that his horses in motion were anatomically incorrect, in
that they were stretched out too long for their other proportions, but practically
they gave a very successful idea of a forward rush of the animal.
Aside from the above matters, which rule out as impossible many of the
actual positions assumed in the course of a motion, there are other positions of
motion the lines of which are unpleasing from an artistic standpoint. In fact, in
the motion of both men and animals the majority of positions assumed are not
allowable artistically, and in regard to the few that are allowable there still
remains to be considered the viewpoint from which they are taken.
As a general rule it is safe to say that almost any other position than front-
face or profile is to be desired, and that whatever the action, one should attempt
to catch it either at the moment of starting, as of a pitcher about to throw a ball,
or else at the moment when the action is ceasing, if it is of an intermittent char-
acter. If the motion is continuously rapid, the best one can do is to show it at
some point of extreme action.
Considering the very great difficulty of taking a single object in motion so as
to properly convey the idea of motion and at the same time hold to good lines in
the object, it would seem practically impossible to attempt to obtain even toler-
able results with several objects in motion. Curiously enough, street scenes are
98
 MOTION IN ART.

frequently, successful where there are many objects more or less in motion, but
it will be found on closely examining them that by reason of the crowd or lack
of motion of the objects most prominently in the foreground the difficulties of
the situation have been avoided. On the other hand, some very good pictures
of city streets have been much marred by the appearance of one or two individ-
uals holding their feet perpetually in the air before them, even though when
compared with the whole picture they were small objects-the eye seems to be
drawn to such incongruities.
Whatever the motion the photographer desires to take, he must make up
his mind that unless he studies in advance the particular allowable positions, the
chances of his accidentally coming upon a really good result in composition and
line are very small indeed.
CAMERA NoTES has published but few pictures indicating motion. In Vol.
II. of the NoTES, at p. 47, is a picture entitled "Spinning," by Miss Clarkson. It
suggests activity about to begin and was doubtless a posed picture. If it hall
been actually caught as a snap while the work was progressing it would serve
better as an illustration of our subject. In Vol. III. of the NoTES, at p. 73, is
Mr. Stieglitz's well known picture, ''Scurrying Home." In this picture the
position of the feet of the left hand figure indicates admirably that the person is
walking fast, and at the same time the lines are good. The right hand figure as
a whole of course adds greatly to the picture and its general attitude adds also
to the idea of motion, but taken by itself, by covering over the left hand figure,
the position of the feet is meaningless. It only illustrates that where two objects
are not moving in step only one can be completely well caught at a time. There
probably is no better position for the feet of a walking person than that of the
forward foot firmly planted and the foot at the rear just leaving the ground.
This is not an adverse criticism of the picture as a whole, for to have had both
figures keeping step would have detracted from its artistic merit. The NoTES
also contain a large picture by Mr. Stieglitz of two children posting a letter,
which was probably posed, hut if actually a snap would be deemed a most suc-
cessful choice of the right moment. Mr. Beeby's "A Wet Day on Fourteenth
Street," a small copy of which appears in Vol. III., p. 81, is a good example of
a street scene, with more or less motion in it in the middle distance, suggested
without showing the positions of the individual figures.
In addition to the above, in Vol. II., p. 12, there is a small picture of a
priest descending a broad stairway, and at page 41 a large picture by Mr. Eicke-
meyer. Both of these are peculiar, in that the position of the figure shows no
motion, but its situation enables us to draw the inference of the motion. The
priest might be standing in the middle of the stairway looking at the view, but
we assume that he is going down; and the colored man might be studying the
dust in the road, but we assume that he is advancing. Turning to the annual
volume of photographs known as Photograms, we find in each volume not more
than four or five pictures showing motion, and some of these illustrate admir-
ably what not to do. In the volume of '98, p. 13, ther~ is a figure of a dancing
girl entitled "The Dizzy Whirl." This is so painfully sharp that it seems im-
possible to associate any idea of motion with the picture. It might serve as an
advertisement of horse-racing shutters, but from an artistic standpoint it was an
99
 CAMERA NOTES.

impossible subject. The same might be said of the picture called "The Finish''
('99, p. 74), showing two horses in a race, both absolutely sharp and each in an
almost impossible position, so far as the human eye is concerned. In the same
volume, at page 174, there is a picture showing the arrival of vultures which is
much better. In Photograms of 'if>, p. t2, the large picture of "Atalanta," by
\V. and D. Downey, is, so far as the action is concerned, a great success. The
lines are good and no one could mistake the motion. The same may be said of
the two pictures on p. 8o of the Photo grams of '95, and of the very small picture
entitled ''Plowing" at p. 70 of '96, and the picture entitled "Gas Works; Warm
Work," by Fred :\Iarsh. '97, p. 57· In addition to those named there are half a
dozen others. The members' exhibition of prints at the Club Rooms, now upov
the walls, shows but four pictures conveying the idea of motion: "On the Indian
River," by J. Dunbar Wright: "The Street Paver," by Mr. Stieglitz, and "Ring-
toss," by Clarence H. \\'hite, and also "Downy Paddlers," by Mr. Wilmerding.
This last is a group of swimming ducks, and has somewhat of the character of a
sailing yacht in motion, and is really outside of our subject, because the position
is held for some time altogether and is not subject to rapid variations of attitude.
Considering the willingness of most amateurs to snap moving objects, this seems
a very small showing, and only goes to illustrate the difficulty of artistic success
along this line. CHARLES E. MANIERRE.
June, 1900.
+ +
Whom the Cap Fits, Let Him Wcar It.
Apropos of verdicts, the above is one that a certain young provincial editor seems to
have passed upon himself, and in that connection the editors of CAMERA NoTEs take pleas·
ure in re-printing, for the benefit of its readers, who otherwise would scarcely see it, an
amusing item sent them by a kind friend, clipped, it is understood, from a little sheet
called the Photo-Era. probably the ambitious organ of some little country club or clubs
not over-particular about the correctness of English or manners, and over -anxious for a
little notice of any kind, at any cost.
The only utterance in the last issue of CAMERA NoTES that seems even remotely to
connect itself with the young man's heroic profession of his noble confidence in the Amer-
ican people is also reprinted, as it seems to have been the innocent cause of this delight-
ful eruption. Here it is:
"We do not, however, want to entirely deprive our eastern friend, the editor of the
'Photo-Error,' of his possible share in the glory, no matter how remote that may be."
This paragraph might have referred to Mr. Abel, or Mr. Ward, or Mr. Tennant, or
Childe Bayley, or even Cosmos, but our young friend evidently believes that he alone, of
all photographic editors, is, by right, entitled to the significant sobriquet, the "Editor of
tire Photo-Error." Even though by accident, we are glad to have been in at the christen-
ing, and are quite willing to admit that he is editor of the Photo-Error by error and in
error. With a word of advice to our young friend that he study some good dictionary
before again attempting to use big words with whose meaning he is not familiar, that he
may avoid again making himself a laughing stock, and that he peruse a small volume
called Don't, that his manners may become less crude and provincial, we reprint his funny
1 emarks without further comment :
"The editor of CAMERA NoTES, in a recent issue of that publication, descencls to the
level of Billingsgate. We re~pectfully submit to our erstwhile esteemed contemporary
that calling names is not argument. When a fake lawyer has no case, he tries to bluff
the court by abusing the plaintiff's attorney. This would seem to be the tactics adopte,i
hy our contemporary. But, fortunately, in the pre~ent instance, the court of final arbitra-
tion is the great American photographic world, and not the mere handful of men on Man-
hattan hland, the disciples of CAMERA NoTES. \Ve await the verdict of the American
people with calm confidence and trust."-From the Photo-Era, July, 1900.
IOO
 Current Notes.
Proofs on Unsenaitlzed Paper.-At a recent meeting of the Louvain
section of the Association Beige de Photographie, M . .Misonne described an in-
reresting and simple method of obtaining from negatives rapid proofs on un-
sensitized paper, which may be usefal in some cases. To understand the prin-
ciple, if a print is exactly applied to the negative from which it was made the
two neutralize each other, and by transmitted light the whole surface appears
of a uniform darkness. If, now, instead of a print a piece of white paper be
substituted, it is only necessary-to obtain a positive with all proper lines and
half tones-to neutralize the negative either with pencil, charcoal or any color-
ing matter. At first sight it would seem that this would be an exceedingly diffi-
cult process, but it should be remembered that it is purely technical tracing and
does not require a skilled hand. Not all negatives are suitable; they should be
sufficiently transparent and not have too great contrasts. A good method of
procedure is to project an image of the negative on a piece of white paper with
an enlarging lantern, and then fill in the whites of the paper. With a little prac-
tice this can be done very rapidly.
Discolored Platinum Print..-The paper of platinum prints from which
the iron salts have been imperfectly eliminated, either from insufficient time in
the acid bath or insufficient washing, will, in the course of time, turn yellow.
Herr Gaedicke recommends a bath of 15 grammes of soda and 20 grammes of
chloride of lime, dissolved in 200 c.c. of water, as a bleaching agent to remove
this stain.
Developing Silver Paper.s.-Numerous formulre have been published for
developing silver prints, all of which have so many ingredients and are so com-
plicated that they are rarely used. A very simple formula has recently been
published and tried at the Camera Club with admirable results. A solution of
metol, o. 10 gm. to 200 c.c. of water is made, and in this is put a few scraps of
silver paper and the whole allowed to digest for some hours. It is then filtered
and is ready for use. Any ordinary commercial silver paper is exposed under a
negative, either to daylight or before a strong artificial light, until the faintest
image is just perceptible on the paper. With a Welsbach light three minutes
will be sufficient. The print is now placed in the developer without previous
washing, and in a very short time the image begins to appear. A very large
range of tones can be obtained, and the delicacy of detail and purity of half tones
are far greater than with actual printing out and toning. The development
should be carried a little further than the required tone, the print rinsed and
then fixed in a weak hypo bath.
A New ~estralner.-Potassium bromide as a restrainer serves to pro-
long development without any appreciable advantage. while the citrates have a
strong tendency to cut out shadow detail. ~Ir. Benj. E. Edwards has recently
suggested the use of potassium borotartrate as a restrainer. This salt effectively
l'revents the high lights from gaining density beyond a certain point, but does
not slow the development or interfere with the shadow detail. It should be
made up in a 10 per cent. solution and about 6 c.c. added to every IOO c.c. of
101
 CAMERA NOTES.

mixed developer, according to the subject. Illustrations in a recent number of

Photography, by l\Ir. R. R. Hawkins, show remarkable results. He states,
however, that the behavior of the plate is curious, the image being strongly
visible at the back of the negative long before development is complete. while a
general veil makes it rather difficult to judge the density of the shadows. This
fog, however, disappears on fixing.
Improved Oum-Bichromate Process.-Herr L. Steyrer, in Photo-
graphische Correspo11den::, describes a new method of manipulating gum prints
which gives a more satisfactory rendering of half tones and details than by the
ordinary methods. The sensitizing mixture is composed of a 40 per cent. gum so-
lution, a concentrated bichromate solution, a little starch paste and a sufficient
quantity of pigment. This is spread on a clean glass plate, dried in the dark,
and then coated with collodion. The plate is printed in the usual way under a
reversed negative. A sheet of paper is then floated on a warm gelatine solution
for a short time and then lightly squeegeed on to the exposed surface of the
plate. The paper and plate are allowed to remain in contact for some time, and
then the plate is placed in a tray full of cold water. As soon as the paper is
sufficiently moist it is stripped from the plate, and the further development is
carried on in fresh cold water in the usual manner.
CHAS. w. STEVENS.
... ... ...
W. E. Woodbury, Curator of the Club.
To the Members of the Camera Clttb:
The Trustees have the pleasure of announcing that Mr. Walter E. Wood-
bury, F. R. P. S., has been engaged as Curator of The Camera Club.
Until further notice Mr. Woodbury will be in attendance at the Club dur-
ing the afternoon and evening (excepting on Sunday and on Saturday even-
ing), and it is hoped that members desiring photographic information or advice,
will freely avail themselves of the opportunity to consult with him. Mr. Wood-
bury is so well known in photographic circles at home and abroad that a recital
of his qualifications for this position is unnecessary.
The Curator will be in general superintendence of the Club Rooms and will
assist in the work of the several Committees.
WM. D. MuRPHY, H. B. REID,
President. Secretary.
The above was sent out to members of the Club shortly after the last num-
ber of CAMERA NoTES was issued. It is herewith published as an official record.
Comm~nt is unnecessary; l\Ir. Woodbury is too well known in the photographic
world to need an introduction. The Club has every reason to congratulate it-
self in having been able to gain his assistance in the endeavor to make the insti-
tution a permanent one and one of educational value.
 WHAT IS PERMISSIBLE IN THE LEGITIMATE ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPH!

friends, or the things judged, for do we not find that very often what we easily
dislike to-day we enjoy a year later? Our taste and appreciation undergo
changes incident to the new conditions of passing days.
Appreciation is a very near relative to judgment and must be reckoned
with. Then again, to render work that shall be pleasing and legitimately artistic
we must consider the judgment of those who we well know possess a higher
education and broader and more extended experience in fields where we are
just beginning to tum the furrows. Of course, an individual of most profound
learning may, in certain instances, judge with far less accuracy than one of
more limited education. But I think we will all agree that, with the higher edu-
cation (it may be acquired in a garret), closer observation and broader knowl-
edge along any line, there comes the keener appreciation and most reliable
judgment. \Ve find the same condition prevailing in the matter of music and
literature. To-day the lightest and most shallow in fiction and the easy tune
of "Jolly Brothers' Gallop" may please our senses and satisfy our appreciation;
a year hence we may be better satisfied, through better reading and better
music, with a "Vanity Fair," "Henry Esmond," "Ivanhoe" and a "Beethoven
Symphony," the significance of such experiences in our taste for the beautiful in
literature and music going to show how our appreciation for things artistic, pict-
ures, if you please, may change as we make more frequent and longer journeys
into places where acknowledged art is found, and we become imbued with its at-
mosphere. As our minds become more sympathetic our appreciation grows keen-
er, and we find and comprehend beauties and charms to which we had previously
been insensible, and of greater importance, we learn to love the human person-
ality and individuality of the maker, whose spirit dominates the work. Let us
hope that the time may soon come when a photograph by a Stieglitz or a
Kasebier may be loved, not because it is the best photograph in the world, but
for the reason that the spirit of a certain human being permeates the work, as
we love the lines of Burns, either in ribaldry or in love. We must read and
study and observe. The prices of our magazines and books are such as to bring
them within the reach of all workers. Their pages are full of information re-
garding the experiences, observations, and experiments of others, who give
freely what is worthy of the consideration of all workers. Through constant
reading ideas of greatest value can often be discovered that will clear the film
of many a fogged mind.
Now, as to the object of attack, the result of our efforts, the thing judged:
It is often said that our finished picture, to deserve an honorable existence,
must, in its finished condition, look like a photograph. Will some wise one tell
me just how a photograph should look? Is Brown's conception of how a photo-
graph should appear any indication of Smith's conception? Was the photo-
graph of x8so a standard for that of x86o? Was that of 189<> just what the
picture of 1900 should resemble? Does the photograph of to-day constitute a
die which shall stamp the photograph of to-morrow? We are all aware of see-
ing paintings made fifty years ago that are to-day standards of highest art-
solely because those who made such pictures were artists-with an artist's
taste, with an artist's training, and the pictures themselves worked out on the
soundest principles of art. Not so is it with the photograph. It has had no
IT3
 CAMERA NOTES.

such breeding and bringing up. The photograph of thirty years ago has no
artistic standing whatever at the present day. It was never meant to be a work
of art. Only within comparative recent years has there come to the pho-
tographer any ambition to be an artist. And what is the result? Why one of
Mrs. Kasebier's or Miss Watson's portraits will be a work of art fifty years
hence, just as it is to-day. It possesses the true qualities of art--qualities that
endure, and which are indigenous to the artist's temperament and training in
art. God alone can help us in the acquiring of the temperament-the training
is within the reach of each of us-we must get it in some way. It is for us to
study and dig, as other art students do. This work is not to be trifled with in
any do-little, do-easy' stylt:. We must get right down and sweat. To simply
say that our finished work should look like a photograph, in order to escape
being a hybrid, is the sheerest nonsense. To say that no effort should be made
to reproduce the technical effects of painter, sculptor, or the other well known
classes of workers, I believe, is perfectly correct. for it means honest and con-
sistent work. As our art stands to-day, in its condition of evolution, it is far
less arbitrary for us to make the claim that it should not be of a certain form
than that it should be within certain measurements. After all, I cannot but
believe that there is a good deal of unnecessary worry assumed in connection
with a consideration of this subject, of what is legitimate in our art. The indi-
vidual taste is bound to dictate the modus operandi of the worker. One's taste
might promote the enjoyment and appreciation of a certain line of work ; any
effort to produce work, of such a nature; would not yield satisfactory results
unless such taste and appreciation were satisfied. Success may be finally at-
tained by use of v·ariot,s methods and media, which the worker is capable of
handling, and the result is, I believe, thoroughly honest and artistic, if, besides
satisfying the hest taste of the worker, it is in harmony with the good taste and
judgment of those more capable than the maker in the criticising flf the
product of his labor.
The picture has the right of appeal from the judgment of the lower court
of a limited experience to the higher court of greater artistic learning, for it is
within the jurisdiction of such a tribunal that the fairer opinion, based on a
broader knowledge, more thorough understanding and keener appreciation, can
be had.
Our picture is good or bad. It is rendered by the camera, after the style
of the impressionist or the purist, in good or bad taste, as the case may be. To
be a good picture, by either style, it must possess qualities that will please the
eye, and appeal to the appreciation of those familiar with pictures and capable of
understanding them. \Vithout such qualities it will come very near to being a
bad picture. Generally speaking, these qualities would probably be composi-
tion, feeling and expression. The composition should show such a construc-
t:on as we would call the plot of the play or story; the feeling, the degree of
personal interest felt by the worker when he made the picture; the expression,
shown by the clearness with which the maker communicates his impression of
what was before him ; in this sense all pictures should be more or less im-
pressiomsttc. In the matter of artistic composition we again find the demand
made upon us to read, study and observe if we would succeed. There arc
 WHAT IS PERMISSIBLE IN THE LEGITIMATE ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHf

certain rules of composition governing the arrangement of form and line, light
and shadow, which are considered as best insuring pleasing results-involving
principles found to prevail in good pictures. Constant study of these rules and
their varied application will result in such an understanding of them that we
will find ourselves conforming with their requirements almost unconsciously,
and at just that point we are beginning to infuse into the work something of
that feeling, expression and individuality that provide so vital a quality to the
artistic picture. An expert whist player has told me that a thorough under-
standing and accurate application of the fundamental rules of the game is abso-
lutely demanded of the student, but that the highest proficiency is attained and
the greatest pleasure is derived when the player becomes so skillful as to know
just when to violate or modify the application of those rules. A student of
telegraphy once explained to me how, when he was studying and applying the
alphabet he resorted to spelling out, by telegraphic symbols, all words that his
eyes fell on as he walked along the streets, in a measure looking at everything
in a telegraphic sense; for a long time he jerked away at his key in a mechanical
way until finally it became easier-the letters were made more smoothly, he
hardly knew that he was making each character, and then he discovered that he
was acquiring a certain style, or touch, in his ticking and dashing, and finally
he could recognize the styles of different workers along the line. In other
words, he began to appreciate the presence of feeling and expression connected
with the work.
In music, so familiar does the player become with certain rules and prin-
ciples of harmony that he is able to vary and modify them, and yet produce most
pleasing melodies, and combinations of chords thoroughly delightful. Some-
times the harmony is so close and subtle that to the untrained ear discord seems
to have been produced, when in reality the keener musical sense discovers only
the legitimate musical and artistic. In literature we find a similar condition,
going to show that, in general, the legitimately artistic must show evidence of
intelligent understanding of the underlying principles of the accomplishment,
sympathetic feeling toward the subject, and an interesting expression of that
feeling. The thought as to how these requirements can be attained in our pict-
ures brings us to that third element which occurred to my mind in connection
with this subject, viz., the photographer. How is he to produce pictures that
will meet the favorable judgment, not only of himself, but of those possibly
more skilled in considering the results of his labors? How is he to produce a
truly artistic thing? He has his camera, plates, chemicals and printing paper.
To be sure these media have their limitations, but such is the case with the facil-
ities attached to the other arts. In the first place, no matter what his style of
work may be, his picture must possess pleasing composition in form, line, or
lights and shadows. In accomplishing this some of the better known rules of
composition we may find apparently disregarded by some workers. If this be
so and the picture is still pleasing, it is probably a case where the worker has
originated some individual scheme of composition, in good taste and harmony
and with an artistic result. New compositions are being continually discovered
and invented-some successful and some unsuccessful. In the treatment of the
composition there is brought out the style of the worker in communicating his
117
 CAMERA NOTES.

feeling and mode of expression, and herein we find the purist and impressionist.
I cannot see why there should be these distinct classes of workers, and doub~
if they really do exist, practicing these two styles exclusively. That is, for in-
stance, impressionists who are such in all of their work, as is the case with some
painters. Various articles written on the pictures of the present day seem to
make it more necessary for the impressionist to defend his position than for the
purist. Of course there are numerous pictures rendered in this impressionist
style, and it would seem that such method possesses merit when consistent with
the nature of the subject, and when carried out in good taste-and there is the
pinch-the different points of view from which the subject is viewed by a num-
ber of people-and their varying tastes. We are compelled to judge of many
such pictures when we do not look upon them at all with the same understand-
ing as the workers who made them. As a general thing, they are not so quickly
or cordially appreciated as their companions of the purer type. Their meaning
may not at once be clear; they may require explanation. There are many gems
of literature that we only learn to admire and to love after their true meaning
has been made known to us. To possess merit we must put more into the im-
pressionist picture than a mere blurry, fuzzy appearance; in some deeper and
more subtle way the treatment must he consistent with the subject, and disclose
the serious intent of its maker. Mrs. Cameron's portrait of Carlyle, thoroughly
impressionistic, conveys, through its great masses of lights and shadows, and in
rough outlines, a thousandfold more of Carlyle's great rugged nature than
would a portrait of a purer type, and yet what a travesty on portraiture would
be such impressionistic rendering of an up-to-date business man. But in mak-
ing use of this particular method of expression, I doubt very much the real
efficacy of the out-of-focus treatment. By out-of-focus I mean that decided
fuzzy, flurry effect with which we are all more or less familiar, not to a slight
and pleasing softness that really does not disturb outline.
I believe it is a step in the right direction and that it shows most praise-
worthy intent on the part of many, but I do not think it quite attains the desired
end as a general thing. In idealizing the human face or figure to represent some
sentiment of vagueness, the out-of-foet1s treatment does seem to produce an
artistic and legitimate effect. Such result appears to be due to the strong carry-
ing power of such masses as the face and figure in spite of indefinite outline.
But in nature studies I am more skeptical of the usefulness of this method. Liv-
ing in the midst of landscape material, I have been tempted to search nature
most carefully for the last few months, trying to see out-of-focus effects, but I
do not find them-maybe I am color blind. There is no difficulty in discover-
ing certain conditions of softness, indefiniteness and vagueness, hut such quali-
ties seem to be caused by certain conditions of atmosphere surrounding the
object, not by such a condition of the object itself as out-of-focus method
causes; the latter docs not create atmospheric conditions; instead of so doing, it
tends to destroy the actual structural condition of the object we would picture.
In such a case as this I believe the truly legitimate method of pictming the
effect is to make the attempt when just the right natmal conditions exist, and
picture these conditions just as we get the other parts of the picture.
Although in many impressionistic paintings there is a certain broad, blurry
II8
 WHAT IS PERMISSIBLE IN THE LEGITIMATE ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPH?

effect, still the brush seems to impart a certain quality of definiteness to the vital
parts of the picture that seems to be lacking in a photograph made with the out-
of-focus effect. I have looked into the woods at times when the heaviest hazi-
ness and dimness of outline prevailed, but have found no such effect as the
general out-of-focus treatment gives. There is a difference between this effect
and softness and delicacy. \Ve find in nature masses which seem to disclose
little, if any, of the detail which goes to make up those masses, and yet the
masses themselves appear to possess a certain definiteness of form without a
blurry effect. I am inclined to believe that if we desire softness, or to destroy
minuteness of detail, we can attain more legitimate effects through clever print-
ing than by resorting to the out-of-focus treatment. Then again, in developing,
intensifying, reducing and retouching, we have -access to mediums that are of
great value. As to what extent these and other manipulation are to be resorted
to there is no law governing except that of good taste. If we are forbidden
these various practices, by which we would make our work more attractive,
there is at the same time demanded of the photographer a perfection of me-
chanical and artistic skill that is not required of workers in the other arts-a
skill well-nigh unattainable. We would be like race-horses urged on with the
spur and held back with a curb-bit. If the ethics of the art, which I believe to be
the case, grant permission to spot a pin-hole on the negative, I believe that any
other liberty is allowable, so long as the finished print does not show marked
evidence of the work. If it is right to spot a pin-hole or dust-mark it is gen-
erally right to spot out a freckle, to modify a shadow or a high light. Jones
cannot work up his negative and at the same time tell Smith that he must not
work his print, nor shall Jones say that his silver print is proper, while Smith's
aristo, Brown's platinum and another's gums are all improper, simply on account
of the mediums. Any clever method of getting the best results in negative or
print, I believe, is perfectly allowable, restricted only by the demands of good
taste, and when the results do not show an effort on the part of the worker to
make an etching or a painting, or some other form of picture.
Just what component parts one may use to make up a legitimate artistic
picture it would be difficult· to say, so often do results contradict our calcula-
tions and anticipations. All through the great and mysterious process by which
the photographic picture is produced there have been discovered and invented
various means for the securing of better results, and according to the use to
which we put them, whether to obtain pictures of the pure or the impression-
istic type, will the results be artistic or inartistic to the cultivated and educated
taste, for such must be the standard by which we must measure our merits and
shortcomings.
It is only within the past few years that the photographer has known aught
of success or of failure. He has had no lofty ideas of higher attainment, and
has not realized his shortcoming'>. He has had no lofty ambitions, and has
consequently known no Waterloo defeats. But recentiy we have come to
knock at the door of the great abode of art ; there has come to us some keener
perception of the difficulties that have beset the paths of those following the
other arts. The seriousness of purpose and conscientious endeavor that marks
their efforts must be ours to emulate. The tasteful use of what is already at our
disposal, and a care to discover and invent what may be of still greater use, will
make us sharers in the art whereby is honestly pictured the great beauties of
nature as we find them in th(' human face and figure and out under the blue
skies. W. B. DYER.
 Glasgow Recognizes the Possibilities of Photography.
In the Glasgow International Exhibition, to be held during the summer of
I9QI, it is intended that the Fine Art Section shall be a feature of special promi-
nence and importance. The beginning of the twentieth century will afford an
appropriate occasion for reviewing the art of the preceding hundred years, and
it has accordingly been determined by the Executive Council of the Association
that loan collections of pictorial works shall be formed, with the view of illus-
trating the progress of art during the nineteenth century.
The new Art Gallery and Museum Building, which is to be the future
home of the Art and Science Collections of Glasgow, will be entirely devoted to
the purposes of this section.
The Art Section will be entirely confined to the works obtained on loan,
and will embrace the following divisions:
I. Oil Paintings of the Nineteenth Century.
2. Water Color Paintings and Pastels of the Nineteenth Century, and
Miniatures.
3· Sculpture and Architecture.
4· Works in Black and White.
5· Photography.
6. Art Objects.
7· Scottish Archaeology and History.
Mr. J. Craig Annan, a household name in the world of pictorial photogra-
phy, has been appointed to take charge of the photographic section. Mr. Alfred
Stieglitz has been requested by him to select fifty to sixty American pictorial
photographs, representative of the very best that the United States can produce.
Glasgow, one of the leading art centers of the world, shows itself to be
decidedly more progressive than Paris, in that it recognizes the possibilities of
pictorial photography as an art. It therefore deserves earnest and sincere sup-
port, which it will undoubtedly receive from all parts of the world. That
will ensure Glasgow the finest collection of pictorial photographs ever gotten
together.
Mr. Stieglitz has already set to work to collect the American pictures,
which will be ready for shipment early in December.
In our next issue we shall publish a complete list of the American
selections.
... ... ...
Mr. F. Holland Day, one of the foremost of this country's pictorial photographers,
who for ~orne years or so has been following photography in a semi-professional way in
Boston. has decided to establish himself professionally in London for a year or two. Mr.
Day has now opened a studio there and may be said to have joined the ranks with a ven-
geance. We all wish him the success that such an earnest worker and enthusiast deserves.

120
 The Philadelphia Salon.
It is sincerely to be hoped that all those actively interested in pictorial pho-
tography will send some of their work to the coming Salon. The Philadelphia
Salon is to this country what the Dudley Salon is to London. Its importance
increases with years, and to have had a picture hung in this year's exhibition
will be an honor indeed, for the standard will be high, higher than heretofore,
but that ought certainly not to frighten the sincere and conscientious plodder.
Dame Rumor has it that the exhibition will be a great success. A feature of
the coming exhibition will be its special invitation section, which will contain,
besides the work of the Jury of Selection, exhibits by Messrs. J. Craig Annan,
Puyo, Demachy, Hinton, Calland, the Hofmeisters, and one or two others, who
have been invited to send special exhibits.
... ... ...
Proceedings.
At the regular meeting. June 12, Presi- R. H. Devlin, H. Coutant, W. A. Fraser,
dent Murphy in the chair, routine business H. B. Reid, A. W. Craigie, R. L. Bracklow
was at first transacted. The Treasurer re- and A. M. Lemercier.
ported a balance on hand of $4,410.49. Mr. Murphy also announced that Mr. ].
Mr. Murphy reported for the Board of Wells Champney had been elected by the
Trustees, and also announced that the fol- Trustees as Vice-President, to fill the va-
lowing committee had attended the funeral cancy caused by the resignation of Mr. Al-
services of our fellow member, Arthur fred Stieglitz.
Prof. Newton Harrison exhibited his
Scott, on May 13: Messrs. W. D. Murphy, Patented Portable Photographic Dark
A. P. Schoen, Dr. Charles W. Stevens, Dr. Room. The meeting then adjourned.

Club Entertainments.
On May 10, Mr. George B. Wood, of the learn ; a serious lecture had been expected,
Salamagundi Club, a painter by profession, while Mr. Wood treated the subject from
and an amateur photographer of quite some an entirely different point of view.
repute twenty years ago, delivered a lec- "One of the Mouths of the Mississippi,"
ture, "The Camera in the Hands of an a young negro boy biting into a water-
Artist," illustrated with slides. Truly, the melon, will illustrate the general tone of
title of the lecture was promising enough to the lecture. A. S.
pack the hall with an expectant audience, On May 17 Mr. Gilbert Ray Hawes en-
who had come to listen and to learn. Un- tertained the members and their friends
fortunately the title had been misinter- with a talk entitled "Snapshots Taken on
preted by the majority who had come to a Cycling Tour Abroad."

By the death of Arthur Scott, who died of peritonitis on May II, the
Club lost one of its most valuable members. Mr. Scott was not only
an active and capable worker in the various branches of photography,
but was always ready to assist the Club in lending a helping hand when-
ever required. \Vith his quiet, modest and unassuming manner, he wa~

popular with one and all of his fellow members. His loss will be keenly
felt.

121
 Club Items of Interest.
Mr. J. Wells Champney, who was unanimously elected Vice-President by the Board of
Trustees, to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of ~lr. Alfred Stieglitz, has sent
word from Paris that under no consideration would or could he accept the office, although
fully appreciating the honor the Board of Trustees wished to bestow upon him. Mr.
Champney is an old member of the organization, and exceedingly popular. It is therefore
to be regretted that he has found it impossible to serve.

The general dissatisfaction with the unsafe light in the dark-rooms induced the Board
of Trustees to appoint Dr. L. Waldo and 1\lr. W. A. Fraser as a special committee to look
into the matter, and remedy the evil, if possible. The rooms are perfectly safe now, and he
must be an inveterate kicker who will have any further complaint to make in that direc-
tion.
Mr. Woodbury has taken the bull by the horns, and with the aid of the Chairman of
the House Committee, has seen to it that the photographic apparatus of the Club ceased to
be simply ornamental; it has been put into working order. Photographic apparatus (es-
pecially when public property). needs constant watching and overhauling. and in this
respect the Oub has heretofore been hardly up-to-date.

The Presidential Print Prize Cup has become the property of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, he
having won it the necessary three times, as prescribed by the conditions of the donors, to
entitle him to its ownership.
...
Exhibition of Prints by Eva L. Watson.
(April J3-24, J900.)
Following the club auction and fake exhibitions 1\liss Watson's wall display of prints
came as a very decided relief to all those who take pride in deriving pleasure from seeing
the club's exhibition wall space present a refined and artistic a11pearance. In the auction
display and fake show the heterogenous and often conflicting character and quantity of
the material offered made anything like a uniform or harmoniom and artistic, or even passa·
bly pleasing display an impossibility. Miss \Vatson's exhibition. on the other hand, was
homogenous in character, full of quiet refinement, markedly artistic in feeling and pur-
pose, serious and thoughtful in its conception, and, as a whole, entirely harmonious an:\
generally pleasing. The collection consisted of portrait and character studies, studies in
composition, experiments and decorative design, llowl'r studies, a few landscapes and one
or two impressions.
About a third of the collection was framed, very simply and unobtrusively, while the
unframed pictures were mounted in a way that displayed great taste and a keen understand-
ing and appreciation of tone mass and line values, ~pacing and artistic proportion.
When I first saw Miss Watson's work some years ago (Philadelphia Salon, 18c)8), it
seemed to me, taken as a whole, to be rather too spirituelle and delicate, and wanting in
color. That she was able to produce strong, deep toned work, full of life and force, was
proven beyond a doubt by her ··:Mother and Child" and one or two other examples, but
taken as a whole, there was a certain paleness about it that bespoke in their maker a very
strong tendency towards the purely fanciful as opposed to the purely mundane and
physical. Somehow it seemed to disregard life as such, and to forget entirely the beauty of
its physical force in the contemplation of the scope and characler of its disembodied, soar-
ing fancy. It showed a poetic :1ppreciation of the highc<t order, and a singular sympathy
with the more delicate beauty of nature that only pa.;sionless sorrow or suffering of some
kind can key one's nature to an accord with. In the case of the present collection, which
contained many of the Philadelphia Salon prints of 18c)8 and 1~. as well as quite a num-
ber of additional pictures, I had much the same feeling about Miss Watson's work.
122

-
 l.'HOMlr!E QUI RIT.

Her appreciation of the more delicate side of nature was clearly shown in the flower
~tudies, which were singularly impressive and beautiful; indeed, in the entire photographic
world I know few who can approach her in. this. The most popular picture of the collection
was a portrait study of a young girl, very charmingly rendered (see January Number,
1901). while the most striking and original composition was generally conceded to be the
":\!other and Child" picture reproduced in this number, and one of the pictures which first
attracted public and general attention to l\liss \Vatson's work. These two pictures, together
with several others, comprised the finished and best pictures of this collection. The other
picture3 were largely experimental, each, as it were, testing the value of a certain tone, or
the pictorial character of a certain conception or feeling, or the notanistic quality of certain
massings of light and shade.
Note after note was struck, and but for an occasional discord, and sometimes a slightly
false vibration. everything rang dear and true; but it seemed as though the player, to carry
out the musical metaphor, was vaguely conscious of a still grander harmony, and dissatis-
fied in this consciousm·ss with all that had already been accomplished (even in the most fin-
ished work), was waiting with confidence and patience, the moment when it would be
possible to make the low, illusive echo of inspiration roll forth into a splendid volume o{
resounding harmony. In other words, while this exhihition was perhaps one of the most
even and generally refined of any of the year, and while it contained some splendid exam-
ples of finished work or a high order-both the finished and the unfinished work indicated
a striving after something still beyond and unexpressed ; something full of immortal vigor
and splendid beauty, something, in short, that is not only delicate with the charm of the
flower, but vibrant with the vigor of passionate, splendid life. This collection, which was
the last of the regular monthly exhibitions arranged for by the Print Committee, for the
season of 1899-1900, was well attended. and a fitting close to one of the most successful and
brilliant series of individual exhibitions ever held in America. In the interest of the Cam-
era Club, in which every member should take the greatest pride, and wish to see foremost
in all photographic matters and events, it is to be hoped that the standard thus set will be
lived up to and advanced, for it would be rather humiliating, after all that has gone before,
to move backward instead of forward.
T.
... ... ... JosEPH KEILEY•

L'Homme Qui Rit.

The publication in the last issue of CAMERA NoTES of the burlesque efforts
of a certain incognito originally printed elsewhere over the pen-name of "A
Smiler," has brought about a very marked change in the status of their author-
ship. Previous to their appearance in CAMERA Non:s these innocent effusions
were like literary waifs, the author of whose being seemed either afraid or
ashamed or for some reason unwilling to acknowledge his offspring. Subse-
quently they have come to resemble those who having acquired sudden wealth
or fame, are bewildered and astonished by the number of hitherto unheard-of
persons who wish to prove their close relationship.
Since the publication of these productions in CAMERA NoTES any number of
persons have come forward as claimants of the honor of their authorship, who,
like the Tichborne impersonators, are all of them quite prepared to prove their
identity by certain indisputable marks and signs.
One correspondent, to prove his claim, sent what he declared was the orig-
il'al manuscripts of the productions. It was quite sufficiently soiled to lend some
color to the claim, and it pained the editors of CAMERA NoTES to be compelled
to disallow the claim after the very evident trouble the claimant had been put
123
 CAMERA NOTES.

to, to support it; but, unfortunately, there was no other course, as the verified
manuscripts presented the text as set up in the CAMERA NoTES edition, show-
ing the identical spacing, etc. Another gentleman, this time the editor of a
certain little _photographic publication, who is rather fond of preaching- "editor-
ial courtesy" in his valuable columns, moved either by a motive similar to that
that prompted William T. Stead some years ago to try and prove that a series
of articles published in different parts of Europe over a certain signature, could
not have been written by one person ; or through a desire to divert suspicion
to himself, referred to certain observations anent the "Smiler" articles that ap-
peared in the last issue of CAMERA NoTES, which he had both misread and mis-
understood, in language not generally considered of a most courteous character,
and did his best to appear superiorly knowing upon the subject.
While still another aspirant, writing us from a little country township, favor-
ed us with a letter of introduction to himself as the only author of these "Smiler"
articles. This gentleman committed the indiscretion of addressing us on his
father's legal note-paper. The writer is evidently very youthful and entirely un-
conscious of the impropriety of this, but it would be well for the parent's profes-
sional reputation, if in the future, he would keep his letter-head paper out of
reach of his hopeful namesake, as the letter received by us would disgrace even
an unpolished and crude Eastern-Sho'-law-student with no other quality to
recommend him than his effrontery. The character of this letter, were other
proof wanting in this particular instance, was more than enough to negative
the claim of its writer to the authorship of the "Smiler" articles, for they, at
least were cle·ver. It is related of this youth, that he was so carried away by
his dream of authorship, to call it by no more medical term, that he had visiting
cards printed on which he was designated as the real author of the "Smiler
Etudes," and that, armed with these, he made a pilgrimage from his peaceful
rural home to a number of our metropolitan photo-editorial offices, and that
in the case of those editors that he knew of, but could not visit, that he mailed
to each one of these cards, with the C\.MERA NoTES comments on the cleverness
of the "Smiler" productions printed on the back. Others again, though not
charged with having written the articles in question, have endeavored to divert
suspicion to themselves by entering a denial of their authorship of them.
Almost daily some new claimant has appeared, bringing or sending "abso-
lutely convincing proof" of the verity of his claim; but the editors are forced
to confess that none of these evidences thus offered possesses much weight.
All this calls to mind the words of the eminent jurist Bentham apropos of
false confessions and certain of the motives that prompt them: "Vanity," he
observes, "without the aid of any other motive, has been known (the force of
moral sanction being in this case divided against itself) to afford an interest
strong enough to engage a man to sink himself in the good opinion of one part
of mankind, under the notion of raising himself in that of another.
"False confessions from the same motive are equally within the range of
possibility, in regard to all acts regarded in opposite points of view by persons
of different descriptions. I insulted such or such a man; I wrote such or such
a party pamphlet, regarded by the ruling party as a libel, hy mine as a merito-
rious exertion in the cause of truth ; I wrote such or such a religious tract, de-
124
 L'HOMME QUI RIT.

fending opinions regarded as heretical by the established church, regarded as

orthodox by my own sect." Commenting upon the above, Best writes in his
work on evidence :
"False statements of this kind are sometimes the offspring of a morbid love
of notoriety at any price." 'While the editors have found some amusement in
all this they feel but small interest in, and have made no statement concerning,
the identity of the amanuensis who wrote the "Smiler" articles, but for the
benefit of their many friends who have shown such warm interest in the matter,
especially those who have been good enough to suggest that the "Smiler''
articles really emanated from the office of CAMERA NoTES, they take pleasure
in offering an inducement for his identification, which need not necessarily be
consummated by the Bertillon system.*
The over-serious attitude of many of our really respected and usually well-
balanced contemporaries towards the "Smiler" and similar ebullitions has
forced the editors of CAMERA NoTES to take some public notice of the situation.
This they now do in the manner most befitting the case and causes, and so far as
they are concerned, the incident, as is said in diplomacy, is definitely closed, and
will not again be alluded to in these pages .
... ...
Books Received.
Kiiostlerlsc:he Landsehafta·Photographle mitted to us by its editor, ).[r. Juan C. Abel.
translated into German from the Eng- The Annual for 1901 differs materially
lish of A. Horsley Hinton. Published from its predecessors in its general make-
by Gustav Schmid, Berlin, Germany. up, its new editor evidently desiring to lend
It is a good sign for pictorial photogra- it a new individuality. It is made up of
phy in Germany that Mr. Hinton's excel- fewer, but more exhaustive, articles than
lent book on landscape photography should heretofore, and pictorially it is more thor-
l•ave already reached a second and enlarged oughly American than in former years. It
edition. Mr. Hinton is an authority on the is always a most difficult problem to try and
subject, his landscapes being amongst the satisfy all tastes, but Mr. Abel has succeed-
finest ever produced by means of the ed most admirably in doing this. The
camera. The German publisher is to be ,·tandard of the illustrations is above the
congratulated upon the good typography of average for such publications, but here and
the publication. there we would have preferred blank paper
to what is now supposed to adorn it. Some
Photographle lostruetlon Text, by Geo. photographs are worse than worthless, and
H. Paltridge, instructor in photogra- it is a pity that Mr. Abel should not have
phy, Lewis Institute, Chicago. eliminated these few, for the sake of the
A most useful book for the beginner, a~ others, if not for his readers. Some of the
well as the more advanced. most striking pictures are by Gertrude
Kiisebier, Eva L. Watson, Edmund Stirling,
The Amerlean Annual of Photography John G. Bullock, Joseph T. Keiley, Clarence
and Photographle Times Almanae for H. White, R. Eickemeyer, Jr., Charles I.
1901. Edited by Juan C. Abel. Pub- Berg, Alice Austin, Robert Demachy, Zaida
lished by Scovill & Adams, New Ben-Yusuf, Frank Eugene, Alfred Clem-
York. ents, etc. It is in the literary line that this
On the eve of our going to press, advance year's volume has made its most distinct ad-
sheets of the above volume have been sub- vance. The leading article. "Photography
* See annexed insert.
127
 CAMERA NOTES.

and Progress," by Joseph T. Keiley, is a "Gum-Bichromate Process," by Henry

comprehensive and exhaustive treatise, cov- Wenzel, Jr.; "The Training of the Photog-
rapher in View of Pictorial Results," by
ering the subject from the point of view of Robert Demachy; "Markets for Amateur
the immense part that photography has Photographs," by Gilson Willets; "In the
played in the history of intellectual, scien- Realms of the Clouds," by Henry C. Del-
tific and artistic progress. It is written in a lery; "Doctoring the Negatives," by John
lucid and masterly style, and is illustrated Carbutt, etc., etc. An innovation in the
with exhaustive and valuable notes culled form of "Photo-Paragraphs" will be wel-
from the most reliable sources. This arti- comed by the readers of the Annual. Mr.
cle, together with many of the illustrations Abel is also to be congratulated on having
alone is worth the price of the volume. It completely overhauled the formulz pub-
covers some thirty pages of text. lished annually in the book, and which have
Other ably written articles are: "Natural stood for some ten years without change.
History Photography," by W. E. Carlin; A. S.
+ + +
Notes.
Tbe J. C. Millen Manufacturing Com· logues. This firm of manufacturers is
pany, of Denver announces that its making a specialty of high-class cameras
chemical laboratory and all the materials for special, as well as general, purposes.
used in the manufacture of its papers are
again under the personal supervision of The Volgtlaender 4: Son Opth:al Co.
Mr. J. C. Millen. Said firm was kind have favored us with a copy of their cata-
enough to send us a sample of the platinum logue of Collinear lenses, Telephoto lenses
paper, which was duly tested under various and Porro Prism Binoculars. The cata-
conditions. The results obtained were emi- logue contains much interesting informa-
nently satisfactory. We would suggest that tion.
the paper be sent out in tin tubes containing
calcium chloride, so that its keeping quali- The Hammer Dry Plate Company
ties would be prolonged. sends us a copy of their booklet, "The Little
Hammer," containing a treatise on develop-
0.-0ennert has favored us with a copy ing, and other practical photographic infor-
of his new catalogue, which is full of good mation.
things. It includes many novelties in the
way of imported specialties. The catalogue Pyrol is a new developer in the market.
may be had for the asking of it. The Committee on Scientific Research will
report on the same in a future issue. G.
Tbe Folmer 4: &:hwlng Company Gennert is the American agent for the new
has also favored us with one of its cata- chemical.
+ + +
The Grand Prix at Paris.
The exhibit of the Eastman Kodak Company has been awarded the Grand Prix at the
Paris exhibition. This is the highest honor obtainable in the exhibition, and puts the firm
"hors de concours" in all future French exhibitions. No other American manufacturer of
photographic apparatus or materials was awarded the Grand Prix, nor did any '-English
manufacturer receive a like award.
+ + +
American Pictorial Photography, Series n.
The first series of this publication having met with such success, the publish-
ers take pleasure in announcing that Series II. is now on the press. The edition
will again be limited to one hundred and fifty numbered copies. For further
particulars see our advertisement and subscription blank attached thereto.
Those who wish to subscribe had better do so at once, as it will be a case of first
come, first served,
us
Volume IV, No. 3
-
CAMERA NOTES.

But a great many pictures are not painted in the presence of nature : they
are painfully manufactured in the studio. A model is posed and studied sepa-
rately; another treated correspondingly. and so on until all the ingredients of
the group have been arranged like the pieces in a puzzle-map. So too. Jess
often, but not unseldom, in the case of landscapes. This and that detail arc
gathered frcm the note book, and gradually the scene is put together as a patch
work. The artist has not a vivid impression-precedent. hot and strong within
his brain. to which perforce he must give expression. Thus we reach an inner
circle of meaning in this wide circumference of impressionism.
It distinguishes the comprehensive from the piecemeal manner of concep-
tion. The artist, impressionist in this sense of the word, has his conception.
clearly seen and felt, before he starts to execute it. He is full of it, in labor
with it, and must needs bring it forth, and does so with concentrated ardor and
enthusiasm.
"Je peins comrne l'oiseau chante," said Monet to a friend: "I paint as the
bird sings"; and not, one may believe, as the canary in its gilt cage amid the
crowded circumstances of a room, but as the skylark. soaring up until the earth
below it is laid out in a simple pattern of shapes and colors. For this compre-
hensiveness of conception, antedating the execution, involves the qualities of
breadth and simplicity. The impressionist allows himself to see only the essen-
tials of his subject, the big truths of the phenomenon that he is studying,
whether it be the character of his sitter for a portrait or the character of the
landscape.
This is impressionism, properly so termed. It is the sense in which Velas-
quez is the prince of impressionists. Painter, by royal appointment, to a court
the most punctiliously ceremonious in history. where every detail of etiquette
was scrupulously observed, he rises above all the insistence upon little things.
sees only the large side of the life, and paints in a synthesis of grand simplicity
the character, manners and outward appearances of his subjects.
After all, this way of seeing a subject is the normal one. In presence of
a clever man or a beautiful woman, we immediately are impressed with a per-
sonality. At first, the features and their play of expression, the physique, pose
and costume, are all merged in one unified impression. Gradually. however, the
character gf the impression becomes more intelligible and we note details.
though not as separate facts, but in relation to the supreme fact of the personal-
ity. The woman's eyes may be the focus of expression: echoed in the curves of
the mouth, the turn of the neck, the poise of the hands, in the very carriage of
the body and the costume, which partly reveals and partly hides it. We note
these points. but it is back again to her eyes that our attention is continuaily
drawn, and through them we peer into her brain and conjecture her quality of
mind or mindlessness.
On the other hand, if we are not interested in the personality of the woman.
it will be the details, separately regarded, that will very soon, even if not from
the first. distract our attention. Vve shall con them over and very likely become
absorbed in some one that is quite trivial. That a man or woman does not inter-
est us is quite as likely to be our fault as theirs. We may lack sympathy or the
power to form an estimate.
132
 CAMERA NOTES.

his colleagues and to consider that "blurred" foliage is a recipe for poetical
landscape. Hence the innumerable "muzzy" effects in painting and photogra-
phy. Yet a little reflection must surely dissipate such a notion. Even Corot does
not attain to poetic feeling by this means alone. There is the exquisite balance:
between the dark ·and light portions of his pictures, and his skies have "soft-
ness," if you will; but not the softness of velvet, impenetrable to the eye. They
are vaults of penetrable luminosity; vibrating with gently increasing light or
slowly growing into the slumber of darkness. l\Iuch more than softness, vague-
ness, blur or muzziness. Also he painted in poetic fashion many a morsel of
landscape around Ville d' Avray, as clear and tenderly crisp as you see.
Then what of Rousseau's landscapes; their strong, firm ground ; giant
trunks and muscular branches ; their bright and buoyant skies and wealth of
rich color? They are the very antithesis of the list of qualities detailed above,
and yet you can scarce deny their invigorating, magnificent poetry. Indistinct
they may be in parts, in the shadowed recesses of the undergrowth, just as the
forest itself has mysteries of shade as well as brilliantly defined contrasts; but
never "blurry." The shadows are profound and Titanesque, like the lighter
portions of the strongly modeled forms.
Diaz, too, would stump off on his wooden leg into some deep secluded por-
tion of the forest and revel in the giant's play of light, as it flashed on tree trunk
and glade, was flung from branch to branch and peered into the trackles!.'
shadows. In fact, with all the Fontainebleau-Barbizon group. above and be-
yond the synthetic method of their work and the deep. earnest purpose of repre-
senting nature as she impressed them, was this love of light. One finds it in the
evening glow upon Daubigny's river scenes, or.reflected on the backs of Troy-
on's cattle, permeating Dupre's marines, or feathering the wool on Jacque's
sheep; light, in its waxing or waning, in its struggle with clouds and shadow.
always as the typical manifestation of light.
Thus, while the previous conception, earnestly and fully realized, is the
fundamental principle of impressionism, its distinguishing manifestation is its
love 0f light. It is the tie which unites these landscapists to their successors; to
Cazin on the one hand and on the other to the small band whom the world incor-
rectly singles out as ''Impressionists."
These last, pre-eminently Pissarro, Monet. Sisley and Renoir. should more
properly be called "Luminarists, '' for they have carried the study and rendering
of light so much further than other painters; even than the English Turner and
with another great difference, that while his canvases have blackened by time,
theirs are mellowing. The fact is due to their method of work. They have
profited by the researches of scientists, notably of Professor Rood, of Columbia
University, and discovered the difference between color and pigments. Their
minute analysis of light and color in nature has proved to them the inadequacy
of pigments, as generally used, to represent them. 1\Iixing the pigments on the
palette reduces their luminosity: so they juxtapose their pigments on the canvas
in separate stipples. leaving it to the eye to mix them. They substitute the
optical melange for the mclat~ge of pigments.
In this aim after light, which is their distinguishing purpose, and in thi<;
separate stipple, which is their distinguishing method, there is nothing necessa-
134
 CAMERA NOTES.

pictures of St. Mamme's or the Laing shows his love of brilliance and clarity of
light.
With all these artists it is light in its manifestation of life and movement
that they strive for, and it would seem to me that for artists of the camera there
must be more to be learned from these men than almost any others. Light is
the photographer's medittm; while the painter seeks to represent light, the pho-
tographer paints with light. But he is drawing a red herring across the course
of his possible progress if he confuses the pursuit of light with the obtaining of
blurred effects.
It is precisely the same mistake as a painter trying to imitate the
style of Corot; whereas he is not Corot and can never feel as he did. The blur,
so far as Corot used it, was part of his expression, adequate for his purpose, but
not a trick to use on all occasions. Corot saw the trees as blurs and so painted
them, whereas another painter, with equal truth to nature sees them clearly out-
lined against the sky and represents them so. It is only a case of individual
vision finding its own adequate. language of expression. The language is not
what constitutes the poetry: that quality is an antecedent and will find its own
language.
I can well believe that a future for photography lies along the lines of im-
pressionism. Through it the artist escapes the deadly mediocrity of the me-
chanical photograph, which sees and records everything with such relentless
impartiality. Any child can touch the button; the artist desires to get away
from this commonplace facility into personal, individual expression. I can im-
agine him viewing a landscape, forming in his mind a large and simple concep-
tion of its beauty as· he sees it, exposing his plate and then in the subsequent
stages eliminating and strengthening, until he reaches the synthesis he dreams
of. Working in this spirit, if he has the poetry in him, he will express it in his
print. If he has not, no amount of technical device can cheat us into seeing it in
his work.
Only I would modestly suggest that his poetry shake itself free of shibbo-
leths and recipes, and express itself frankly and as itself suggests. Then, per-
haps, the beauty of light, clear and scintillating as well as tender and suffused.
will be his theme. In the whites of his pictures he will strive for vibration, in
his shadows for profundity ; mere muzziness will seem like idle affectation.
CHART.ES H. CAFFIN.
... ... ...
To My Two-year-old Son.
I watch you at your play, my merry boy;
I echo your compelling, golden laugh.
Ah me, what sad and tantalizing joy,
To still your motion to a photograph !
F.
 CAMERA NOTES.

sonally I do not think that Ruskin exaggerated, as it seems to me that Dove's

researches on stereoscopic vision (Journal of the Photographic Society, Lon-
don, May 23, 1859. pp. 294 and 297), clearly show that a difference of outline
which is quite comparable in its minuteness to the permissible error in the figur-
ing of a microscopic objective, may substantially affect the appearance of things,
and may influence the delicacies of expression. Further, anyone repeating
Dove's experiments, but using subjects represented by the mean or suggested
outlines of the half-tone process block, will find that similar considerations hold
good.
This introduction is intended to partly fence, ward off or meet any sugges-
tion that I am considerably over-straining things in contending that the aberra-
tions incidental to most lenses, and to all lenses of large aperture, may be-and
probably are-fatal to the best. the mpst pictorial and the truest rendering of
scenes. If any reader thinks I over-estimate the essential and unavoidable im-
perfection of the lens of large aperture .when used for near objects, I would ask
him to discount my views and to see if, when discounted, there is not enough left
to merit the serious consideration of those photographers who seek to do work
which shall satisfy the keenest instincts of cultured persons. Further, I would
again emphasize the scientific possibility of reducing a mass of shade or a vig-
netted outline to an absolutely definite location ; which location will seldom be in
the middle of the mass or outline, just as the mean sea level will seldom cut a
shelving shore midway between high-water mark and low-water mark.
The trained artistic sense, or the trained mechanical sense as developed in
the: workshop, will often detect errors almost beyond the power of measurc-
:nent ; errors far smaller than those introduced into outlines hy aberrations aris-
ing from the diameter of the lens. It is easy to believe that in works of art these
trivial errors tell immensely ; at least when the work is seen by a competent
critic. Tn addition, I conjecture that in order to produce a correct resthetic
effect it may be r~ecessary that unsharpness should be just and exact, not ran-
dom ; that it should convey to the trained mind a microscopically defined outline.
If this surmise is correct, the following notes on lenses, a11rl on the nature of
lenticular unsharpness, must have a very real and vital interest to the photogra-
pher who strives for artistic effect; if my surmise as to the need of exactness
and truth in unsharpness is not correct, there i~ still a very large margin of in-
terest in connection with the following considerations as to the effects of lenses.
Far too general is the practice of considering a lens as a geometrical ab-
straction, the equivalent of which can be represented by systems radiating from
the so-called hinging (cardinal) points. The actual lens as constructed is very
different.
If my views as to the nature of outline are correct, the pinhole must be
given the first place among image-forming devices, as none of the aberrations
which mar the definition of lenses step in when the pinhole is used. In the first
place, the pinhole is rectilinear in the usual photographic sense of the term :
that is to say, it will give an undistorted image of a diagram. Secondly, the
cardinality of the pinhole. if not absolute in the mathematical sense, is necessa-
rily confined to the area of the pinhole. Tn the third place, all the various dis-
tinctions of exactness arising out of spherical aberration are non-existent ; and
138
(j
 CAMERA NOTES.

they arc fitted for use in the stereoscope. In like manner the pictures
through b and e will be ditfercnt from the preceding, and different from
one another. In the one through b, we shall see parts below the eyebrows, below
the nose, below the upper lip, and below the chin; parts which are not visible in
the picture through e, nor in those through c and d. * * * In whatever
part of the lens L R we place the aperture. we obtain a picture different from
that through any other part." In another place ( p. 174), Sir David Brewster
speaks of the ordinary photographic portraits as "false or hideous."
The combination of many slightly differing pictures on the same sheet
comes to a very different thing from the mere unsharpness of a pinhole photo-
graph, as no true outlines are obtained, and no average outline can possibly be
found by integration. A cube, face on (the perspective or pinhole aspect of
which will be a square), will show five of its six sides to a lens of larger diam-
eter than the cube, and every small object like a stem standing out from a main
object will be shown as transparent at the edges, or all over. These examples
will illustrate the two main defects of the ordinary portrait as taken with a large
lens. First, that peculiar over-rounding and burlesque relief of all features,
which is sometimes spoken of in England as pudding-facedness, and secondly,
that emphasizing of the projecting parts of the beard which results from seeing
too much of the side of the cylinder; this latter becoming more especially
noticeable when an enlargement is made.
Soon after the general introduction of the rapid gelatino-bromide process.
it became usual to take portraits with an old style view lens, and the more natu-
ral appearance of such portraits was the subject of much comment; but prob-
ably few realized the difference as being due rather to the smaller aperture than
to the lens.
It should be remembered that the large area of a lens, as giving the super-
imposition of images from differing points of view, is a factor mainly affecting
near objects; hence the consideration of this matter is chiefly for those who pro-
duce pictures of life and character. Still it is worth while to bear in mind that
if the lens has an aperture larger than the pupil of the eye, it cannot in any case
see precisely as the eye sees. The modern anastigmat as turned out by the best
makers, is a wonderful triumph of skill, ami for copying from the flat it is as
near perfection as can be expected, the impossibilityof complete chromatic cor-
rection only stepping in as a practically disturbing factor when the most exact
and fine copying is to be done on a scale about equal to the original, or when
color screens are used; still it must not be forgotten that if these lenses are used
with full or large aperture on near objects (other than flat objects), there may
be deformations very destructive of pictorial-character.
Before touching on other aberrations which are outstanding in most com-
mercial lenses, and which certainly have some bearing on truthful represen-
tation, I should like at this stage to call attention to a suggestion of Sir David
Brewster's as to a lens which shall sketch as the eye sees: that is to say, as one
eye sees, for no single picture can show things as seen by two eyes. The
lens in question is a single lens of rock crystal, having a diameter of one-fourth
of an inch, and the radii of its two convex curvatures are as 6 to 1, and there
must be no superfluous thickness. If the most curved side of this lens is turned
142
 HOW LENSES MAY AFFECT RESULTS.

towards the object, the spherical aberration will be almost negligible if the focal
length of the lens is six inches or more; the difference between the focal length
for margins or centre being but little over the thickness of the lens. This lens
will also be rectilinear, and will show all things in as nearly true perspective as
any lens will show them. There will be chromatic aberration, it is true, but this
will in many cases be unimportant, and if the sharpest definition is wanted, it
will be sufficient to bring the lens and plate nearer after focusing, by about one-
sixtieth of the focal length of the lens. It will be understood that whatever the
focal length of the lens the diameter is to be the same, and in all cases the depth
of focus will be that which the normal eye would see with the iris at its full. A
stop may be used with this lens to make it slower, but the stop must be close to
the lens. This true-vision lens will be at least twice as rapid as an ordinary lens
of equal focal length and stopped down to the same aperture, as the rock crystal
is highly transparent to the photographically active rays.
Lenses of the kind here mentioned were used in past times by a few seekers
after excellence in portraiture, Claudet, for example, and had not the need of
shortening the exposure set opticians to the task of making lenses rapid above
all else, more attention would certainly have been given to the construction of
lenses for showing things in true perspective, or as the eye sees them. Now that
we have the benefits of rapid plates it may be time to go back to the simple lens
without a diaphragm at a distance ; for certain purposes, at any rate. It is the
diaphragm in the usual single view lens which introduces distortion.
What, then, are the other faults of the current lenses as against the simple
lens? Apart from such distortion as is due to the stop placed at a distance from
the single lens, the chief faults, as affecting pictorial rendering, may be summed
up in one expression, "the absence of cardinality," or the failure of the various
rays to hinge from a definite point.
It is obviously out of the question now elaborately to discuss a chapter of
photographic optics which, strangely enough, has been scarcely touched upon
by writers on this subject,* possibly because it is so easy to put forward the
doctrines of Gauss in a general fom1, and to assume that these doctrines repre-
sent an absolute and objective truth.
Fig. 2 represents a doublet lens according to the usual popular perversion

FIG. II.

of the Gauss doctrine. The rays from the object are regarded as meeting at a
hinging (cardinal) point, and as being transferred in a right line to a second
*As an exception I may mention Colonel Moesard, who in his L'Optique Photo-
grapltique (Gauthier-Villars. Paris), 1898, treats largely of "Aberration Nodale," in
its various manife~tations.
143
 CA!tfERA NOTES.

hinging point. If this state of things were as shown in the diagram, there would
be no distortion owing to the size of the lens. Further, if there were abso-
lute cardinality, the multi focal aberrations (chromatic and spherical aberration),
would merely make the image unsharp; but. as it is, the multi focal aberrations
cause images of differing size to be
projected on the same plate, as various
rays virtttally start from different
points on the axis of the lens ; a matter
illustrated in an exaggerated fashion
by Fig. 3· It is quite obvious that
when images of different size are
superimposed we have the worst con-
fusion; radial lines may be sharp. hut l'JG. Ill.
tangential lines will be unsharp and in-
l'reasingly so towards the margin. Such a very thin lens of small diameter, as
is recommended by Drewster, will he almost practically free from nodal
aberrations.
It should at any rate be remembered that a lens may he as perfect as human
skill can make it, for reproducing a diagram, map or other flat object, and yet
that lens may not give a faithful pirtnrc of a solid ohjcct.
THo!'.L\S Roi.AS.

... ... ...

On the Tone and Density of Negatives.
In nature there is a vast range of tones between the deepest black and the
highest light, whether these arc shown in color or translated into monochrome.
This range is so great that it is impossible for an artist to approximate to either
of its extremes. As .Mr. Ruskin pointed out, even a piece of white paper held in
good light by the window is darker than the blue sky without. Artists in en-
deavoring to indicate a greater range of tone than their whitest white and black-
est black permit, have adopted various devices, some of them giving the darker
tones their full value and crowding the high lights, and others crowding the
darker tones and giving the high lights their full value. Others again have
graded dow"n through the whole scale evenly. The photographic worker has
little or no choice. So far as his negative will indicate tones at all they are
evenly graded from highest light to the deepest dark. At one end of his scale
the tones are all a solid black and at the other end a solid white, with no grada-
tion in either. The photographic worker may limit himself to comparatively
few tones, which will be sharply distinguished, by making what is ordinarily
called a hard negative, or he may cover a great range of tones by making what
i!; known as a thin negative.
Quite distinct from the range of tones is the matter of gradations. In the
thin negative the gradations are so slight that it is not easy for the eye to dis-
tinguish a difference in tone, which nevertheless exists, as appears when the
same negative is intensified. These gradations may be deemed steps along the
 CA.\IER.4 .\"OTES.

An examination into the circumstances attending the judging may pos-

sibly throw some light upon the subject.
There appear to be two causes which ha\·e brought about the present con-
ditions. The first is found in the unfortunate glare of light in which prints are
judged. It is not in the nature of photographic prints to stand extremely high
light. They are not possessed of sufficient mbstance.
It. thereiore. follows that prints pitched in a \·ery low tone, and even more
frequently those of a general monotone. stil.nding the strong light best, find
fa,·or on that account. To exemplify this suggestion Jet us take an instance
or two.
On returning after the selections were made, one of the judges remarked:
"I did not dare look at my prints in that light; for I feared I should have a
desire to tear them ail up.'' Ancther Gf the judges handed the writer a print of
exceptional power and purpose. Gne which in real and positive merit was
scarcely equaled by any of the ten examples hung by this talented exhibitor,
though pitched in a somewhat higher key than most of those shown, saying:
··I examined this print by the light in Philadelphia. and it went all to pieces."
It was withheld, though exempt from the ordeal of trial by jury.
:\lr. Alfred Stieglitz openly expresses the opinion that had his exhibit come
before the jury. not more than five. cr poss:t-ly six. of his offering would have
been hung; and he is likewise convinced that hardly rr>ore than a similar propor-
tion of the work contributed by the other judges wot:lrl have been selected.
The other cause may be found in thl! composition of the jury itself.
Xothing seems more just and fair than that an aggregation cf judges. repre-
senting ail phases of pictorial photography. should be brought together for the
purpose at hand. That there were wide differences of opinion among them
they frankly admit.
Let us consider th .. probable effect of these conflicting elements. Does it
not tend toward compromise? Do not those prints. whose characteristic fea-
ture lies in the negative quality of being thoroughly unobjectionable. find a
readier acceptance than those cast in a more positive mould? Is it in negative
qualities that the tme road to progress lies?
:\ careful examination of the one hundred and sixteen accepted prints
woulrl probably convince most competent observers that 8o per cent. of those
selected. shGw th results of the inrhtences of which note has been made.
Even the judges themseh·es do not escape from the effects of their own
work. One nf them was heard to remark: "If my prints were to go before the
jury, I should nnt have chosen the ten I sent for exhibition in Philadelphia:
for I know the judges." \\'as not this an acknowledgment of the powerful
influence of the jury upon the kind of print which would find favor? Is it not
probable that the prints thus eliminated wculd be those of greatest individu-
alitv. and mere than likeh· those of fullest ;x>wer and purpose? In doing this
the. exhibitor would effac.e a portion of his own individuality. in deference to
his assured knowledge of the kind of pril't which would find favor. Is not
the influence of juries, in exerting a tendency toward promoting one sort of
thing. thus made apparent? Does it not limit the scope. and with it the in-
dividuality and power through whose agencies the greatest prospect of progress
is assured?
THE INFLUENCE OF JURIES OF SELECTION UPON PHVTVGRAPHJC ART.

The following extract from the London Times, in an article on the London
Photographic Salon of this year, was handed the writer by a judge of probably
the widest experience of any officiating at Philadelphia, as the most just
criticism yet seen of the most modern American photography, from a foreign
source:
"Strange to say, nearly all the American exhibitors who show this year
seem to be in a marked degree under the same influence, and possess, therefore,
a sameness in color, quality and idea. There is an ever-pervading tendency
toward the mysterious and the bizarre; all outlines and detail are in many cases
so suppressed and lost in delicate shadow that their meaning and intention are
hard to discover, and their .esthetic value is rather that they are void of offence
than that they possess positive charm." * * *
If this opinion be just, does it not foster the conclusion that our present
canons, made by the selections for the Salons of America, promote a tendency
toward negative excellence rather than to positive merit? It is but fair to
say that the American exhibitors in London were selected by one person, Mr.
Day, though an examination of the list shows it to be fairly representative.
Let it not be imagined that any sort of plea for the hard and mechanical,
justice-without-mercy variety of production, belonging to an earlier day of
photographic work, is embraced in thest: observations. Nor is it to he concluded
that virility may not be imparted to subjects treated in as low a key of tonality
as many cf the prints accepted in Philadelphia, though in a great majority of
them this positive quality is anything but conspicuous, and most frequently
quite wanting. Probably the road to progress lies in the line of work shown
by Mr. Robert Demachy, Mr. Alfred Stieglitz. Mr. Frank Eugene, Mr. Ed-
uard J. Steichen. some of the examples of l\l r. J. Craig Annan, and a couple
of the prints of Mr. Clarence H. White. To these would be added the
name of Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier, if this gifted lady would elect to exhibit her
!-trongest work, which, unfortunately for photography, she does not do.
The prints selected this year were perhaps of a higher standard of average
excellence t:han any heretofore shown, and th<' judicious admixture of the con-
tributed work among them dispersed in a measure the rather monotonous
effect which, had they been hung by themselves, would have been more
observable. It may be asked in what manner the present system of judging
may be bettered; and the discouraging reply is ready: It cannot be bettered.
So long as general exhibitions of paintings or photographic prints go on, thr
same difficulties will be encountered. Nor has the experience of the past pro-
vided an improvement. On the contrary, dividing into smaller cliques or
lowering the standard for general exhibitors, has increased rather than miti-
gated the evils. So far as photographic prints are concerned, however, pre-
cautions might be taken to judge them in no higher a light than that in which
they are to be shown.
It would be difficult, indeed, to select more competent, sincere and honest
judges than the Salons have had the good fortune to secure; and, after all.
they are but human. Let it be regarded as but a matter of circumstance that
their influence should tf'nd toward the mah:ing of a certain kind of print.
Perhaps the pendulum has swung a bit far in the reverse direction from th<'
JSJ
 CAMERA NOTES.

hard productions of an earlier day, and now finds itself in the haze and mysti-
cism which lead to weakness. In good season it may swing back to something
in which we may hope to find more virility and power. In the meantime it
would be well for all serious workers to emancipate themselves from the influ-
ences of Salons and their temporary canons. The fundamental principles of art
underlie all good work. With drawing already furnished by the camera, there
remains to be considered composition, tonality and atmosphere--each a hig
subject in itself. A master indeed is he who can perfectly combine them;
but the measure of success awaiting a photographic artist will depend upon his
knowledge of, and his ability harmoniously to associate them.
There will be some, though very, verv few, who, having the right stuff in
them, will take their own line; and they will come to the front independently
of juries, Salons or other temporary canons, or in spite of them.
The others, among whom the writer includes himself, if they really love
pieasure it affords.
J. Rmcw Av MooRE.

More Gossip.
\Ve hear rumors of new developments in photographic dark rooms, as
well as the fixing and intensification of recent clt>partures.
Among nther things come reports of several more or less literary all-own
works that may prove of interest to) focusers, as they are by several hands
more or less guilty of button-shoving. These include "The Monotonists," an
historical novel by a promising Nco-Decadent; "The Back-biters," a comedy
by a leading song-and-dance artiste; a volume of essays. including critical
estimates of "The Tempest" and "The Teapot"; a book of photographic madri-
gals and love sonnets, and also a revised Yersion of "The Day's \Vork."
:Vleanwhile many photographers' tongues are still cliquing away merrily
in anticipation of the proposed Anti-Art Trust prospectus. It is said there
are to be offered annual dividends of two medals per share, besides a right to
enter any print in the great handicap cpmpetition for the grand prize of an
<~xtra dose of bromo-seltzer. The stock will be largely over-subscribed, but the
manipulators of the deal probably will not succeed in getting it listed, either in
New York or Philadelphia.
For further particulars as to any of these rumors, those interested will
please send their full names and addresses to CAMERA NoTES, which will do all
in its power to help them in their laudable investigations.
F.

I 52
 CAMERA NOTES.

F. N. Waterman, J. Obermeyer, Dr. Goodwillie, W. P. Agnew, F. C. Clarke,

A. W. Scott, Dr. Stevens, J. ]. O'Donohue, H. B. Hart, L. W. Brownell, and T.
O'Conor Sloane.
The main business of the evening was now entered upon by Mr. Stieglitz
in the following statement:
This meeting, he said, had been called at his request. No attempt had been
made to secure an exceptional number of signatures, only those having been
asked to sign who happened to be about the Club-rooms at the time. To-night
he had a confession to make. He had been guilty of having lied to the world.
CAMERA NoTES was a lie; its tone, assumed by the public to represent the tone
and standard of the Club, was in reality far in advance of that of the larger
body of the Club-members. As chairman of the Publication Committee, Mr.
Stieglitz felt that he was responsible for this.
Four years ago, he continued, he had submitted to the Board
of Trustees a plan for a Club magazine to take the place of the
then intermittently published circular of Club proceedings, which
reached the members only, was unattractive in form and was relegated to
the waste-paper basket almost as soon as received. This plan he had at that
time so fully matured as to be able virtually to guarantee the Club against
deficit, provided the Trustees would appropriate yearly for this purpose a sum
equal to about that spent annually on the Club's semi-occasional circular. The
magazine was planned to appear as an illustrated quarterly, and in return for
the appropriation of $250 the members of the Club were to receive CAMERA
N'OTES gratis. As a condition precedent to his undertaking the task, Mr.
Stieglitz was to be appointed permanent chairman of the Publication Committee,
with absolute power to conduct the magazine as he saw fit and to associate with
himself such gentlemen as he desired. It was, at that time, generally under-
stood how very much of a hobby this project had become with him, and that he
would undertake these labors with no other motive than enthusiasm for the
cause and with no other compensation than the pleasure of having done the
work well. It was distinctly understood by the Doard that the undertaking was
not to be a money-making one, though it was to be conducted upon business
principles, and that the profits, if any, were to be devoted to the future improve-
ment of the magazine, and it was agreed that the funds were to be kept separate
and apart from the Club Treasury.
The Board having signified its approval of these conditions, CAMERA
NoTES became an established fact. At its very beginning he had associated
with himself Mr. v\'m. ?11. Murray as his right-hand man. For two years they
had collaborated, Mr. Murray doing much of the literary editing, :Mr. Stieglitz
outlining the policy and doing all else. Every article which was published was
signed by its author, whose views it expressed, though these views were not
always shared by all of the Committee.
He had earnestly hoped that the Club would become seriously interested
in his undertaking and had iterated and re-iterated his wish that members
would write and otherwise contribute to CA.!MERA NoTES. And how enthusi-
astic had been the response! Since its inception the grand total of 12,0
pages of printed matter had been the extent of that enthusiasm which he
154
 THE CLUB AND ITS OFFICIAL ORGAN.

had hoped to kindle. Not only had the individual members failed to re-
spond, but the Club, as a body, had provided no means to report its lectures,
nor anything more than the bare skeleton of the minutes of its proceedings.
Then, too, the incessant criticism of Mr. Murray's outspoken views had become
so general as to disgust that gentleman almost to the point of "throwing up tht:
sponge." As Mr. Stieglitz refused to assume the role of beggar for either CAM-
ERA NoTES or the Club, he was at last compelled to look outside the Club for
articles and illustrations, and to pay big prices to get them. Still his enthusiasm
for the cause was unabated, and he still believed in the future of the Club and of
CAMERA NoTES. But the volume of dissatisfaction continued to swell and swell,
many members believing that the magazine contained too little personal Club
news, and that it should be nm more nearly like a "Photographic Munsey's,"
forgetting that while he was willing- to sacrifice time, trouble and talent for the
Club, he was not ready to sacrifice his reputation. Besides, he had recognized
that in CAMERA NoTES the Club had an instrument, which, if properly used,
would contribute towards making the position of the organization one of pre-
eminence in the photographic world.
At that time he had had the good fortune to become acquainted with Mr.
Joseph T. Keiley, whose work he had seen before, and who, for years, had been
laboring earnestly in photography. Mr. Keiley had called upon him for advice
in some matter photographic, and had, incidentally, shown him the manuscripts
of a review of the Philadelphia Salon. That article had had in it the merit of
ideas, and arrangements were at once consummated to secure it for CAMERA
NoTES. Shortly after this, Mr. Murray, fortunately for himself, but most un-
fortunately for Mr. Stieglitz, became associated with a business which compelled
him to sever his connection with CAMERA NoTES. Mr. Stieglitz now found him-
self all alone and uncertain whether he could continue the magazine unaided.
At a time when his labors had begun to bear fruit-not so much within the Club
as outside of it-he had found himself unsupported by word or deed. Where
should he look for aid? Within the Club he knew of no one in sympathy with
the seriousness and purpose of his policy, nor with the ability to help him as he
would require. While thinking over this dilemma, his mind had reverted to
Mr. Keiley and his work, and in him he had recognized a possibility in partly
replacing Mr. Murray. With such a consummation in mind, l\1r. Stieglitz
had induced him to join the Club and had put him on CAMERA NoTES. Mr.
Keiley's first published effort \Vas this critique of the Salon, and its ap-
pearance raised such a howl in that quiet city as to reach even to New
York. Members of the Philadelphia Society demanded to know "who
that man Keiley was, who wrote as if he really knew all about it," and
charged the Camera Club of :'\Jew York with being envious of Philadelphia's
success. Our own Club, too, was far from pleased. A nineteen page
review of the Philadelphia Show in its organ! It was incredible. But, ignoring
all comments, CAMERA NoTES pursued its course. Soon, however, the Phila-
delphians awakened to the error of their ways and recognized that, had their
exhibition been Jess excellent, CAMERA NoTES would not have devoted nine-
teen pages to a criticism of it. Mr. Keiley, too, began to be appreciated among
serious workers "and those who had come to scoff remained to pray." The
ISS
 CAMERA NOTES.

circulation of C.utERA NoTES in PhiladelJ.1hia rose, from one subscriber before

that article was written, to some ninety, six months later. Mr. Stieglitz's judg-
ment had been vindicated.
In the meantime CAMERA NoTES had grown in size and influence, and with
that growth came added responsibilities, d1fficulties and expenses, but no real
support, literary or otherwise, from the Club. The Committee still found itself
compelled to go outside of the Club for materials and to pay very high prices
for them. :\lr. \V. F. Hapgood, an old member, had then joined the Com-
mittee, and, a little later, :\1 r. Dallett Fuguet joined the Club and the Committee,
at Mr. Stieglitz's solicitation, and soon C.utERA NoTES began to create talk the
world over. The Camera Club suddenly found fame thrust upon it, and was
widely envied for the activity of its enthusiastic members. And how did the
Club evidence its appreciation of the labors of these gentlemen? By attacking
Mr. Keiley even more bitterly than it had 1\lr. Murray, and through these attacks
reaching at Mr. Stieglitz. As l\Ir. Keiley"s unpopularity grew, Mr. Stieglitz,
too, found himself losing friends, ancl the growth of CAMERA NoTES in the out-
side world was paralleled only by growth of Mr. Keiley's unpopularity within
the Club.
This antagonism to all that made for light, these covert sneers and stabs had
been hard enough to bear, but the climax had now been reached. When
gentlemen of this Club began to question the honesty of Mr. Stieglitz he felt
it time to call a halt. It hac.! reached his ears, through numerous channels, that
a member of old standing had raised questions as to the state of the books of
CAMERo\ NoTES, and in the presence of many had charged him with showing
pictures which were not his own work. If these charges were true, he, himself.
recognized that his usefulness to the Club and to CAMERA NoTES was at an end.
He had, therefore, called this meeting to enable all opponents of CA:IIERA NoTES
or of himself now to come forward and boldly to state their objections and their
charges, or else to ever after hold their peace. He had not called the meeting
to have the Club pat his associates and himself on the back, but to enable all
who had a criticism to pass to state their position openly, instead of privately
pouring their grievances into the ears of other members.
As Mr. Stieglitz resumed his seat, 1\'lr. Young, who had twice interrupted
the speaker without the formality of first having obtained recognition from the
Chair, moved that the meeting adjourn. This motion was seconded, but was
overwhelmingly defeated, the majority of those present having no desire to
choke off discussion by resort to parliamentary tactics. ~Ir. J. Edgar Bull
evidently voiced the sentiments of the Club by declaring that it would certain!~·
tend to a clearer understanding of grievances "to let the pot simmer and steam."
At this point Mr. Fraser rose to speak upon a question of privilege. Refer-
ring to Mr. Stieglitz's expressed complaint that the opponents of CAMERA NoTES
within the Club had gone to such lengths as to question implicitly the honesty
of the editor of that publication, in that he had never opened the books of
CAMERA NoTES to the inspection of the Club nor even to his fellows upon the
Publication Committee, Mr. Fraser acknowledged that he was the author of
this criticism, but denied that in saying this he had the slightest intention of
questioning the personal honesty of Mr. Stieglitz or any of his associates upon
156
 THE CLUB AND ITS OFFICIAL ORGAN.

the staff of CAMERA NoTES. His strictures, he maintained, were directed solely
against the bad precedent thus established, and not against any person. As to
the statement that l\Ir. Stieglitz had been guilty of exhibiting a picture which
could not be fairly claimed as his own work, he not only acknowledged the
authorship, but still adhered to it. He had not charged, he said, that Mr.
Stieglitz had ever exhibited such a picture in any competition for a medal or
other honor, but that upon the walls of this Club he had seen pictures, attributed
to and claimed by Mr. Stieglitz as his own work, in the production of which the
latter had had no hand in making negative, or positive, or print. He had
prepared an article for publication in the photographic press in which such
actions were exposed and denounced, but had refrained from publishing it in
the interests of peace and quiet, and, because, one of the officers of the Club, to
whom he had spoken of the article, has advised him to repress it in view of Mr.
Stieglitz's over-excited state and recent illness.
When Mr. Stieglitz rose to reply to this, his intense indignation was but too
plainly visible. His defence, if defence it need be called, was briefly this: He
thanked Mr. Fraser for his over-indulgent consideration, but did not appreciate
consideration of such a kind. The prints Mr. Fraser had seen upon the wall,
and which he claimed Mr. Stieglitz had shown as his own work, undoubtedly
were the carbon enlargements which had been made under Mr. Stieglitz's
direction and oftentimes personal supervision. How had these enlargements
been produced? Had he not suggested the method to be employed? Had he
not examined and criticized the transparencies and suggested the character of
the enlarged negative? Had he not often been obliged to have negative after
negative made in order to obtain an approximately suitable one for his purpose?
Had he not then suggested how the print was to be treated? And what did this
all mean; the making of print after print? These had been paid for, and most
of them destroyed as useless, until at times an approximation of his ideas wa'>
produced. If these statements were not the exact truth, he called upon the
gentleman who had made them for him and who was then present to challenge
and refute them. And why had he not done all this himself? Lack of facility,
health and time were the main reasons. He therefore wished to ask whether
he had not a perfect moral right to show such pictures as his own creations in
any pictorial exhibition in which there were no conditions excluding work not
entirely one's own? Whose brain, he asked, had planned and conceived the
finished product? Whose ideas did the result portray? Those of the man whom
he had used as his tool to accomplish the ends he had planned and conceived?
Those of the instrument which had physically wrought those ends? Was the
product less his own than was the statue of marble the sculptor's, albeit the
latter had hardly touched a hand to it? Had he entered any work which was not
entirely his own throughout in any competition or exhibition for an award?
Mr. Fraser well knew he never had. For twelve whole years, Mr. Stieglitz
continued, while competitions and medals had been the vogue, he had preached
most sincerely the gospel of "own work throughout," and he had practised what
he preached. Never had he permitted a soul to make even as much as an
aristo proof or to touch one of his negatives for any purpose whatever. Had he
not over and over again proven his ability as a technician? Had he attempted
159
 CAMERA NOTES.

to conceal the facts? Had he not rather blazoned them forth to the world?
Had he not often recommended the work of the man who had made the enlarge-
ments for him to the members of the Club and to others? Had not Mr. Fraser
heard all this from Mr. Stieglitz's own lips? Had he not been cognizant of all
long before, and had he ever until this late hour seen aught reprehensible in it?
Mr. Stieglitz felt he had nothing to conceal; the Club knew all the facts as well
as he, himself, and it remaim·d with them to determine whether Mr. Fraser's
position was tenable or not. Above all, he deplored the suppression of that
article Mr. Fraser had written, as its publication would have given him the
opportunity to reply to it in print in the matmer such attacks merited. As it
was, he left the matter to the Club and the Trustees. llut before sitting down, he
wished to know, while this question of exhibition of pictures which were not
entirely one's own handicraft was before the Club, whether the exhibition of a
few enlargements produced under the circumstances as already described and
shown in exhibitions, the conditions of which permitted their acceptance, was a
greater or less offence than to show ~s one"s or.:•11 work throughout, and to accept
medals therefor, pictures in which technical manipulations were one's own and
the conceptions stolen in their entirety from another-in short, a deliberate,
downright plagiarism? This, he thought, presented an interesting topic for a
Club debate.
1\ow came !\Ir. Young's opportunity to prove to the Club that he
was well versed, not only in the art of breaking the rules of parliamentary prac-
tice, but in preserving them. He rose to a point of order, and fortified with
written extracts from Cushing's ~lanual, he proceeded to instruct the Chair that
a member must not speak more than once upon the same subject. The President
held that while, strictly speaking, the point was well taken, yet under the rules of
the House of Representatives a member might speak twice upon the same sub-
ject, and that he would allow a similar privilege to the speakers this evening,
especially in view of the fact that up to this time the Club had been violating all
parliamentary usage by proceeding to discussion without there being a motion or
resolution before the house. 1\lr. Colbron now had the floor, and declared it as
his opinion that this meeting never should have been called, as, after all, it ap-
peared that there were no general Club policil•s to discuss, but only some per-
sonal questions concerning C\MERA NoTES and its editors, and that compared
with the Club and its welfare, CAMERA ::\nn:s was "mighty insignifi-
cant and of no account.'' ~lr. :\lanierre, being recognized, proceeded to up-
hold the Publication Committee in a few words spoken in appreciation of their
efforts, and then offered a resolution embodying this sentiment.
This was promptly seconded, and just as promptly Mr. Young moved, as an
amendment, that.the publication of CL\IER.\ XoTES he suspended. This amend-
ment seemed to meet with as little appreciation as ~f r. Young's previous efforts
in behalf of the Club, as again he found himself a forlorn hope, without anyone
to second his motion. !\Ir. Strauss now moved to enlarge the original motion by
adding an expression of the Club's willingness to confide the future management
oi the magazine to the present committee without limitation. Mr. 1\lanierre,
having accepted this amendment, it required no seconder. l\Ir. \Vaterman,
while endorsing the motion, moved as an amendment, that a committee of ten be
1&u
 THE CLUB AND ITS OFFICIAL ORGAN.

appointed by the Chair to confer with the present management of CAMER.\

NoTES to devise some means, of whose nature he had no suggestions to offer, to
procure co-operation between the Club and the publication staff. Messrs. Man
.md Champney urged the futility of all such committees, and suggested that at
all events the resolution be divided into two parts. The appeals of these two
gentlemen so impressed Mr. Waterman that he requested unanimous consent to
withdraw his amendment, which was promptly granted. Mr. Young, not yet
daunted by the minority in which he had found himself, now moved to lay the
whole business on the table. Again no seconder. Mr. Cothron then termed the
resolution, as it stood, "windy" and ungrammatical, but failed to facilitate mat-
ters by suggesting any substitute. Mr. Bull suggested that a committee of three
be appointed to clothe the pending resolution in appropriate language, while re-
taining its full intent. This was at once seconded. The Chair now took a hand
in the discussion, admitting that in doing so it was out of order and subject to a
"call-down." No member having the audacity to question the actions of so
august an officer as the President, Mr. Murphy spoke briefly in favor of the ad-
visability of appointing such a sub-committee of three, and stated it as a fact
that the officers of the Club had at all times done all that lay in their power to aid
and to uphold the Club organ. Mr. Strauss urged that it mattered little, in his
estimation, how this resolution was worded; that he deemed the Club's honest
attitude and feeling upon this question the vital point; that if the Club believed
in and appreciated the honesty, sincerity, ability and disinterestedness of the
Publication Committee, it mattered but little in what shape it expressed such
belief. The Secretary, somewhat brusquely, broke in at this point, and the
speaker had to yield the floor with what grace he could, as l\lr. Reid seemed
determined to unburden himself at once. While apparently praising CAMERA
NoTES, his words could be construed in no other way than as a certificate of
merit for the printer, who had done his work so "nicely." He had been charged
previously, he said, with failing to furnish minutes of Club meetings for publica-
tion, and defended himself by asserting "that at no meetings of the Club was
anything ever said worth recording." The members expressed their agreement
with this by liberal applause.
As it was growing late, uneasiness manifested itself by frequent calls for
the question. The ''Committee of Three amendment" being put and carried, the
Chair appointed Messrs. Manierre, Strauss and wlan to revise the language of
the resolution. This committee withdrew, and soon reported, as the result of it~
labors, the following resolution: "That the Camera Club approves the policy of
the Publication Committee, and pledges its support in the future to CAMERA
NoTEs."
The presiding officer now put the question on the resolution as reported,
and it was passed without a dissenting vote. \Vithout waiting for further busi-
ness to develop, the Chair suggested it would now entertain a motion to adjourn,
which, being obediently made and seconded, was carried, to the evident relief of
many. The members at once gathered into groups, discussed the events of the
evening, and gradually in little parties departed into the night. Thus ended the
special meeting, upon whose proceedings comment would be superfluous and
invidious. JoHN FRANCIS STRAUSs.
161
 THE ENGLISH EXHIBITIONS AND THE "AMERICAN INVASION."

photographic work which a handful of American photographers, encouraged by the adula-

tory writings of neurotic ''appreciators," were deceived into believing "artistic" or "pic-
torial." These things are to be seen in Piccadilly just now, and, no doubt, some of them
will be reproduced in books and annuals during the next few months. There will thus be
plenty of opportunities for English photographers to examine the newest pictorial work
(sic) that has reached them from a distance, and those of them who are sufficiently inter-
ested in the matter to keep in mind what is exhibited year by year will have no difficulty in
perceiving that the productions of these very modern amateur photographers are, if any-
thing, less defensible than the mere blurs and fuzzytypes that were mostly laughed out of
the English exhibitions a few years ago. A specimen of the critical writing, which must
in some measure be held responsible for the photographic inanities produced in America
and now sent to this country for public exhibition, may here be usefully quoted. The critic
or appreciator has taken the work of Mr. F. Holland Day for his theme:
"He is a psychologist: ever on the alert, ever seeking for this-to grasp and to express
in material form the individual characteristics of his subject. What do I care for the blood
flowing beneath the skin, for the nt."twork of swelling and throbbing veins? What matters
the sight of the straining muscles full of life, if the invisible part, the mystery of this living
being, be absent from the picture, if I cannot enter into communication with its spirit? I
care not how brightly, how truly, the eyes may shine, if I know nothing of the thought, the
fancy animating them. Even a flatness, or the projection of a bone, or the irregularity of a
line, a deformity even, gives e\·idence of some habitual trait which, if at times contradic-
tory, is, nevertheless, always full of intert."st. As I said before, Mr. Day's art is
<:ne of delicacy and subtle refinement. To prove this, examine carefully the figures he so
delights in. His subjt."cts are intemely alike with the inner life: they seem heedless of all
that might tear them from their own secret dreamings. They make no attempt at futile
agitation, but are content with the thoughtful gestures of repose, the special poses and atti-
tudes of pensive grace, in which the artist has fixed them. Look, for instance, at his por-
trait of Miss Ben Yusuf. How well he has caught her habit, her ordinary way of being,
'all her little ways.' One feels at onct." that the artist has photographed her with his heart.
if such a thing can be said. The portrait thus conceived becomes a plastic psycholQKical
synthesis of the person represented."
Pia tic psychological synthesis? Plastic psychological fiddlesticks! A~ we remarked
in l\Iarch last. when reproducing the article of which the above rhodomontade is an ex-
tract, the portrait so referred to was a very ordinary photograph of a tastefully attired
young lady leaning against the door of a room. But :\fr. Day-of whose striking figure
work some few years ago we have the most vivid recollection-is not the only victim of
thi~ hysterical foolishness: 1\fr. Eugene, Mr. Clarence White. and Mrs. Kiisebier have all
been subjected to it, and, if we may trace back effect to cause, these worthy people, who
can make good photographs if they choose, devote so much attention to the cultivation of
the plastic psychological synthetic that they have clean forgotten all they may have known
in their early days, and obviously stand in need of a few elementary lessons in posing,
lighting, printing, and so forth. Are there no evening polytechnics in New York, Boston,
and Philadelphia.
Those of us who have watched the drift of that new movement of which so much was
~aid eight or nine years ago, are not astonished that it has culminated in the production of
work which is the very negation of good photography. \Ve ~aw it coming-this Cult of the
Spoilt Print. To be in this movement you must take a negative hap-hazard and neglect all
considerations of lighting, composition, definition, and other devices of the ignorant. Pre-
ferably make a portrait of some person whose likeness you may wish to bury in a mass of
gray shadow. Pay particular attention to your printing process, and select one which gives
you a great amount of "personal control." With gum bichromate it is easy to brush away
as much of the pigment as you choose, but the process is not one to be recommended save
in cases where it is desirable, from some cause or other, to raise strong doubts as to what
was in front of the camera when the shutter moved or the cap was taken off. Local devel-
opment with glycerine and treatment with a salt of mercury is an easy plan of securing
·•washed-ouf' effects, or, failing mercury for the flesh tint, a little of the iron may be left
163
 CAMERA NOTES.

in the paper. It is a splendid yellowing agent. Care must be bestowed on the trimming
and mounting. If the subject is a portrait, run the knife through the back of the head and
shoulder. The edges of the print should be left rough. In mounting, any position but a
central .one should be chosen. Brown paper is an excellent support for photographs, and
it takes pencil or bru~hwork well, thus giving you scope for making a feature of your sig-
nature or initials, which, however, mn~t be neither legible nor intelligible. The details of
framing vary with the individual. A hen-coop supplies very good material for some pur-
poses. On the other hand, the pasu-partout system. which went out of fashion a quarter
of a century ago, nowadays looks novel and uncommon.
And of such is the Cult of the Spoilt Print! Surely in this matter the lowest depths of
folly have been plumbed! . Mr. Holland Day adds to our perplexity.
For three of his pictures, which, to do :\Jr. Day justice, are not in his "Spoilt Print" vein.
he asks the modest sum of ten guineas each. One is about half-plate size, entitled "Mother
and Daughter," and is a somewhat sombre little interior group study. We fail to see value
for money in this, even granting its posse~sion of plastic psychological synthesis-which we
do not.
Of ~Iiss Weil's contribution~. she is happiest with a "·ery graceful study, No. 102,
"Lady with Muff." In fanciful portraiture of this order she is usually successful, and her
prints have a depth, richness and vigor which makes the bilious glycerine-mercury abomi-
nations of her compatriots difficult to tolerate. Portraiture of a recognizable kind comes
from Mrs. Kasebier-No. 116, "1\lr. W. H. Lee." The lady will be well advised if she
sticks to work of this kind. and lea\·es pla5tic psychological ~ynthesis severely alone. A
word of praise is due to .Miss E. L. Watson for (No. 18o) "Head of a Young Girl," the
best of the glycerine prints. The photographic qualities of the negative are so manifestly
good that we are forced to wonder why "faking" was considered necessary; a good print
could have been obtained in any ordinary medium. such as carbon, sepia, platinum, Velox.
etc.
As regards the display as a whole a little plain language becomes a duty, from the per
formance of which. howe,·er unpleasant it may be, it is a sin to shrink. The eighth exhibi-
tion of the Photographic Salon i;; an insult to the public upon whose support it relies to
pay rent and other expenses. It does incalculable harm to photography by attracting to it
the contempt of those who ha\·e no sympathy with the prostitntion of a beautiful method of
graphic expression to the lamentable idiosyncrasies of those whom nature. for some in-
scrutable purpose, has endowed with a pas ion for the grotesque and the ugly, which may
deserve our pity, but neither our admiration nor our imitation. \Ve live in a free country,
and fortunately, or unfortunately, there is no law to forbid people debasing the powers
which sixty years of photographic research and progress have placed within their grasp;
but when the painful prodnctinns of these perverted uses of photography are dragged from
the impregnable security of privacy and held up to public view, then, in the minds of all
~ensible photographers, scorn. disgust, and contempt :lispute for pride of place.-Britisli
Journal of Pllotograph.v, London.
E. J. Wall, Editor of the Photographic News (London) says:
The eighth annual exhibition of the Salon was opened on Friday last. at its usual
home, the Hall of Mystery, yclept Egyptian, in Piccadilly, and, after a careful survey, we
cannot but say that, on the whole. it is disappointing. There are some fine things, of
course. and others which are woefully commonplace, and one or two which would certainly,
had they been sent into our monthly competitions, not have stood the slightest chance.
We miss from the catalogue the fen·ent forewords characterized by the "smug godling
complacency" that called forth such pitying smiles from the unregenerate, but we learn
from it some curious facts. There are in all ninety-five prints by twenty-one members of
the General Committee of the Linked Ring, sixty-four prints by foreign exhibitors, and
only eighty by English exhibitors, making a total of 239 in all. Of the ninety-five mem-
bers' pictures sixty-six are English, sevt:nteen French, and twelve American; of the foreign
exhibits by non-members, fifty-seven come from U. S. A .. and seven from France.
This little analysis is interesting because of the utterances of a well-known writer.
who said recently, in an American trade catalogue: "Artistic or pictorial photography in
164
 THE ENGLISH EXHIBITION.•; AND THE "AMERICAN INVASION."

America is but of a very tender age, and in no country are the possibilities of its future
greater." Now, if this be true, and Americans can have accepted nearly one-third of the
total number of pictorial photographs at the Salon while yet their art is but of a very tender
age," what will they do when it comes to a robuster age?
Another quotation from the same writer we may be permitted to make, and this time
from the current number of the Bulletin du Photo Cl11b de Paris. He says: "L'admission
au Linked Ring devint un grand honneur t't un bre\'et de capacite, le caractfre internatiotr-
al de Ia Societe donna ti ses Expositions rm intcrit tout particulicr." The italics are ours.
In this exhibition the internationality is confined to England, France, and America. Thus
is photographic history made.
It is a pity that the catalogue, in place of the forewords, did not have the following
passage printed in red: "The notoriety which awaits on mere eccentricity is the applause
which is indulgently given to the fool. Chance effects are the antics of a clown, or the
jangle of cap and bells, and the praises awarded to each one are of equal value." This is
by the same writer. Or we would suggest the following little distich:
Gum, gum, dollops o' gum,
Ink, and blood, and wuzzy-
Never mind what it is
So long as it is fuzzy.
Here a blotch and there a splotch,
Nothing to be seen bnt
Gum, gum, dollops o' gum-
Let it all be fuzzy.
To the frivolous-minded there is much food for mirth at this show. For instance, take
No.4, "Elizabeth," by Clarence H. White. We should call it "Chair Back and Bare Back."
for it represents a young lady in very decollete costume sitting in a high-backed chair.
Again, take No. 24, "Self Portrait," by E. ]. Steichen, of 1\Iilwaukee, U. S. A. We should
call this "Wanted, a Pair of Braces," for his trousers are tied up with string.
Such a thing as technique is. of course. absolutely foreign to the Salon. but we thought
they could spell ; or have they gone in for phonetics? No. 111 i; called "Girl with the
Picture"; or is it a mistake, and should ·witlr read inf Now, the East-enders talk about
their "pictchers," and this girl has got a "pitcher," alias an ewer.
No. 141, by F. Holland Uay (price £10 10s.). is called "Young Sicilian"; we should
call it "Miss Tow Hair." "ln Arcadia,'' by Herbert Arthur Hes•, we mistook at a dis-
tance for some bleached earthworms; we presume, however, they are ancient Britons. And
just here we got another shock, for a representative of one of the daily papers came up to
us and asked us why Mr. Holland Day charged £10 10s. for No. 200, "The Student," and,
when we admitted our ignorance, he had the impertinence to ask us whether it was because
it was mounted on five different colored bits of paper.
Close to the door are two prints which might. we think. have justly found their way
out altogether without being mis!!ed. No. 236. ''Nocturne No. 12-Miss G.," by E. ].
Steichen (£3), represents a young lady who is ~bowing off a new kind of lattice-work cor-
sets, obviously of Yankee origin. No. 2,38, "An Arrangement in Tone," by the same
author, represents a young lady just landed from a sea trip, and she is very green with mal
de mer. The same worker mounts his prints, which are all small, near the top of a sheet
of brown paper, and on the lower half he draws in pencil a sort of Egyptian hieroglyph,
which may i)e clever, but it and his happy ( ?) trick of cutting a figure right in half. as
though he had not got it all on the plate, merely drives home the pith of one of our quota-
tions anent the antics of a clown.
No. 17, "Portrait." by Miss Mary Devens. is distinctly ugly.
No. 25. "Boy with a Hoop," is by Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier. Of course. anyone can sel!
it is a boy with a hoop; it certainly isn't a boy with a cow, or a horse, or a railway engine.
~o that this may be said to be its one good point. but beyond that it is decidedly weak and
wishy-washy. A flat and poor photograph may be our ultimate verdict.
It is as well that Arthur H. Gleason has condescended to tell us that his print repre-
sents winter.
 CAMERA NOTES.

It might be winter-probably it i£-but it had evidently been snowing ink before he

exposed his plate, for we presume the muddy-looking stuff on the pavement and roads is
intended to represent snow. If so, we are glad we do not get much of that sort here.
Surely Frances Watte Lee has made a mistake in calling her poor subject "Convales-
cent," in No. 35. We should think she could more appropriately have called her "Sick
Unto Death," for a more ghastly photograph of its kind would be difficult to conceive.
In No. 38 we have another weak and deadly portrait by F. Holland Day. It looks as
though it might be a glycerine developed platinotype print, but the vignetting has been
badly done.
And, again, what is the object of having so many paste-down mounts. one upon the
other. and each one a little larger than its preceding fellow.
May we suggest for next year that the more mounts employed the greater the chance
of selection.
No. 6g, "Lady in Black," by Mr. Clarence White. This is an excellent title, for there
is no mistake about the blackness. At a distance of three feet from the print it is impossi-
ble to distinguish anything but a light muddy patch somewhere towards the top of the
print, and this represents all we can see of the face. It may be art, for it is certainly con-
cealed. Etc., etc.
The London Times says:
The annual exhibition of photographs, known as the Photographic Salon, opened
yesterday at the Dudley Gallery of the Egyptian Hall. Piccadilly, and will continue open
until November 3· It is the eighth of the series of yearly exhibitions imtituted by an
informal society or brotherhood of leading photographic workers known as "The Linked
Ring," the members of which are. by invitation, drawn from the ranks of either amateurs
or professionals in Great Britain, America, and throughout the Continent of Europe; the
purpose of the society being to encourage by conference and public exhibition the possi-
bilities of pictorial photography.
The same international chararter which stamps the membership of the organizing
body 1s maintained in the works exhibited, and a unique opportunity is thus afforded of
comparing the styles and methods of applying photography to artistic ends prevalent in
different countries. And it may be said at once that throughout the 250 pictures shown
there is no difficulty in identifying the various productions of the stronger and more indi-
vidual workers, or in recognizing by general generic characters the works coming from
different countries. For they clearly and unmistakably reflect the taste, the preferences.
even the imagination, of the indil·idual. and bear the impre~!> of local or national influ-
ences, not only by the nature of the subjects selected and portrayed or by the method or
process employed, but by those subtle qualities of which in pictures we are only mad.:
aware by the consciousness of the different effect produced upon our feelings and imagina-
tion. The qualification of a picture's admission to the exhibition is that it should give
evidence of personal artistic intention, in view of which a secondary importance attaches to
mere execution, and to the exemplification of the achievements of appliances and processes,
which were at first regarded as the only standard of "technical excellence."
The average merit of this year's collection is distinctly in advance of its predecessors.
and may safely be described as the finest and most interesting exhibition of pictorial pho-
tography which has been held; and while few. if any. single examples impress one as very
much in' advance of their fellows, it is more because of the higher average excellence as
compared with previous years than from absence of distinguished merit. * * •
The general tendency of the photographs this year is towards less pretentiousness.
both in point of size and in the character of mounting and framing. Especially is this
noticeable in the French and American contributions, the latter being this year particularly
numerous. Strange to say, nearly all the American exhibitors who show this year seem
to be in a marked degree under the same influence, and possess. therefore. a sameness in
color, quality, and idea. There is an all-pervading tendency towards the mysterious and
the bizarre; all outlines and detail are in many cases so suppressed and lost in delicate
!hadow that their meaning and iutention are hard to discover, and their a>sthetic value is
rather that they are void of offence than that they possess positive charm. Still, as the out-
I66
 THE ENGLISH EXHIIJJT/ONS AND THE ''AMERICAN INVASION."

come of a revolt from the conventional photographic rendering of sharp detail and harsh
contrasts they are refreshing, and are evidently the outcome of intelligent and consistent
effort. Grace and subtlety they possess without doubt. and, if originality has overreached
legitimate boundaries and is lost in the merely eccentric, it may be that it is the extreme
swing of the pendulum which was necessary ere the reaction in photographic taste could
bring it back to the normal. Yet thus to dispose of the American work would be unjust;
some of the older and best esteemed exhibitors, as, for instance, Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, are
not this year represented, but Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier, Mr. Holland Day, Clarence H.
White, Frank Eugene, and E. }. Steichen, to mention only a few, put so much enthusiasm
into their photography that its very earnestness compels respect, even if it does not com-
mand admiration.
Visitors with the preconceived notion that the essential characteristics of photography
are exquisite and undiscriminating definition and a highly-wrought finish, which astonishes
by its perfection. though repelling by its artificiality, will find that the newer phase of
pictorial photography, as illustrated at the Photographic Salon, will either disappoint, and
even shock, their prejudices, or render necessary a total readjustment of their ideas.-Lon-
don Times, September u, 1900.

A Horsley Hinton, Editor of the Amateur Photographer, London, says:

Some leading points there are in connection with the eighth annual Photographic
Salon, some impressions, which can be recorded without reference to one's note-book, as,
for instance, that there is a notable diminution in the number of excessively heavy frames,
resulting in a generally lighter and more pleasant appearance in the gallery; also that
the exhibition is not a one-part play; there are not even half a dozen pictures which
stand so ahead of their fellows that one will remember this year's show solely by their
presence. There is a greater uniformity in merit throughout the whole 239 pictures, and
we quite concur with what seems to be the general opinion, that the Salon of 1900 is tht
best and most interesting exhibition which during the past seven or eight years the
"Linked Ring" has organized. Throughout the pictures hung there is practically nothing
which can be described as commonplace, and though there are many which will perhaps
be described as "extreme," yet are there none which seem to be wantonly eccentric. And
we say this after making allowance for the fact that after a little time that which strikes
us as usual comes to be accepted without surprise; albeit, if what we have said is true,
there is no greater proof of the sanity of the movement which petulant critics aforetime
called "insane," than the manner in which almost universally a welcome is accorded to
photographs of a kind which the London Photographic Salon alone first dared to exhibit.
Another notable characteristic this year is that the members of the organizing com-
mittee, or "Linked Ring," both in the number and the character of their own works,
constitute a less predominant element, and certainly this yt:ar no complaint can be madt'
that the members themselves monopolize too much of the wall space. The Photographic
Salon opened to the public on Friday last. and will continue until November 3 daily, from
10 A. M. to 6 P. 1\1., and on Wednesday and Saturday evenings, from 7 P. !\f. till 10
P. M., and a certain private or personal charactu is imparted to the gallery, from the fact
that from 4 to 5 every day visitors are invited to take afternoon tea.
To many the conditions attending the origin of the Photographic Salon, as well as its
objects, will be perfectly familiar, but for those who have taken an interest in photographic
matters more recently, it may be well to note that nine years ago certain members of the
Photographic Society of Great Britain. who were chiefly interested in the application of
photography to pictorial ends, felt that the old society did not furnish adequate means for
the furtherance of that side of photography in which they were interested. and that their
scientific co-members were not in sympathy with their motives; then came the rupture
which was destined to subsequently so powerfully influence photographic activity
throughout the country, and the first steps were taken toward holding an annual exhibi-
tion, open to all, without charge for wall space. the only qualification for a picture's ad-
mission being that it gave evidence of personal artistic intention in its execution. The
informal society or coterie of enthusiasts called the "Linked Ring" have from the first
 CAMERA NOTES.

maintained the exhibition entirely at their own risk, and if ever the question were asked
as to whether its institution were necessary, a satisfactory answer is surely found in the
fact that each of the past seven annual exhibitions has been practically self-supporting, the
public gate money, commission on picture sales, and similar means of income, having year
by year met the rather heavy expenses attending an exhibition in the West End of London.
Perhaps a certain feeling of antagonism between the Photographic Salon and the exhibi-
tion of the Royal Photographic Society, held each year contemporaneously, was inevitable,
partly from the circumstances attending the commencement of the former, and for the
unaccountably bitter animosity shown by a limited section of photographic critics; but as
year by year its natal associations become more remote, it is to be hoped that these
animo5ities may dwindle and die, inasmuch as it is the opinion of dispassionate critics
that each exhibition is a complement of the other. rather than being its rival. The
Photographic Salon especially holds out encouragement to those who are working on
unconventional lines, seeking to give expression to ideas which were formerly considered
outside the pale of photography. Under these circumstances it is quite possible that
occasionally work may he admitted, the unusualness of which has no other motive than the
producer's morbid desire to he eccentric. We say that such may be the case, but fortu-
nately the effect of time and public opinion is such that we do not think it can be said
that the Photographic Salon has fostered anything the fate of which has not been early
determined by the automatic action of its own merits or demerits. The photographer is
himself prone to cling to the prescribed method< and academic standards. by which he
himself has learned to use the process successfully. and is therefore astonished and even
resentful when he finds the traditions which he respect< departed from by others, hence
it may be that those who, uninitiated in photographic matters, are capable of appreciating
artistic tendencies in others, will, without introduction, find most enjoyment in the
works shown at the Dudley Gallery; but if the photographer will for a while master his
prejudices, and recognize the fact that the exhibited works are selected on account of the
intentions and motives of which they give evidence, wholly irrespective of the methods
t·mployed, provided only that they are sufficiently correctly described as "by photographic
means," then we think that such an exhibition as the present cannot bt•t be at once inter-
esting and eventually eminently useful and instructive.
In the present article it is not our intention to critici1.e the pictllres in detail. Earliest
in the catalogue the works are for the most part from some leading American workers, anc..i
for the pre,ence of these this year the public have mainly to thank 1\Ir. F. Holland Day,
who has brought to this country a considerable collection of these works. Mrs. Gertrude
Kiisebier, Mr. Clarence H. White, and Francis Watts Lee are already well known in this
country. To their excellent and talented company are now added other workers, such as
Frank Eugene, E. ]. Steichen, F. C. Baker, Miss S. ]. Eddy, l\frs. Sarah C. Sears. l\lrs.
Elise Cabot. 1\lrs. William E. Russell. and many others. The American work contributes
a rather distinctive note to the exhibition as a whole. There is a certain similar characte!
which pervades most of them. which sugge~ts the existence on the other side of the
Atlantic of a school or cult which, consciously or not. is inAuenced by one or two leaders.
and if to most English observers there appears a technical incompleteness and total sur.
pression of almost every quality which we customarily associate with a photograph, for
the production of something which is not quite self-explanatory or convincing, let it be
remembered that the violence of a revolution is generally in proportion to the degree of
evil which it seeks to reform, and from the standard of the more intelligent photographer.
not only in Great Britain. but elsewhere. there is a very large amount of photography in
America of the commercial and every-day character of such a vulgar-we had almost said
brutal-character that an antidote of the most searching kind was neces~ary. Mr. Alfred
Stieglitz, who has long held the premier position among American pictorial workers. is, in
consequence of ill-health and pre-occupation. not exhibiting this year. His work has always
appeared most closely allied to the best Briti~h work. and therefore holds a unique posi-
tion; but the American work in London this year. including the contributions of Mr. F.
Holland Day himself, is to us exceedingly interesting. even as the pre-Raphaelites and
many other offsprings of reaction were interesting and powerful for good.

170
 THE ENGLTSH EXHIBITIONS AND THE "AMERICAN INVASION."

Child Bayley, Editor of Photogra- ing to say against a back view as such, par-.
phy ( London), says : ticularly if there be any especial charm of
form or tone that a front view would miss;
The portraits of but in this lady's back we do not think the
beauty likely to exceed that of her front.
FRANK EUGENE The pose is in no way remarkably fine, for
gave rise, we found, to some differences of it makes the arm appear disproportionately
opinion. To our minds, artistic as they are, small. In the treatment adopted, all the
they suffer from a want of light, like so brilliance and texture that we look for in a
many works at this gallery. No. 3 is the portrait of this kind are completely lost,
best of them all, we think. It is called for the flesh is heavy and deathly. The
"Miss Z.," and is a strip of rich tones, most- "Lady in Black" (No. 69) is a much more
ly very dark, but from which the lady's artistic production, but the whole thing is
shoulder stands out with a very marked too entirely in black to suit us. Next to it
high light. It would be just as nice if it hangs "The Camp Chair" (70), perhaps the
were no figure at all, but only so many juicy most artistic of them all, because it displays
tones relieved by lighter gradations and a the most quality. But where is the raison
bright spot. We like it solely upon these d'itre for the subject? The pose is good,
decorative considerations, but as a portrait but why the sitter should take up so un-
we do not see how it could satisfy the sitter's usual a position in a room does not appear.
relatives. Whether the lady is tall or not, Perhaps Mr. White is careless of concealing
the operator's methods would have easily in his results the curiosities of ways and
admitted of an inch more of his dark mix- means. This lady, with her unkempt hair,
ture at the bottom ; the impression of a tells us in the plainest accents that nothing
more commanding figure would then have matters at all, so long as Mr. White
been secured. The gloominess of "Miss achieves something new and stunning at the
B. C." ( 11) is, we trust, not symbolic of Salon. He certainly has achieved a lovely
her mental state, nor the tone and texture piece of tone, but the rest is ordinary. And
of her hands a truthful record of her physi- the ''Girl with the Pitcher" (I I I) is more
cal condition. Why a photographer should ordinary still ; in fact, we think that nothing
allow one of the charms of the gentle sex, but the methods employed warrants the
the hands, to appear with these frightful perpetuation of this commonplace figure go-
scratches, we cannot tell ; an ugly striation, ing nowhere in particular, with an ugly
due to brush marks, apparently, that should jug of the supper-beer variety. In No. I67
warrant destruction to the print. It is im- we get a figure charmingly posed. So good
possible to deny the artistic power of the is it that perhaps we ought not to ask for
portrait, but the defect we have named, anything more. But still, we feel the glar-
added to the all-over murkiness, discounts ing absence of motive that reduces all Mr.
our pleasure in the work. Much the same White's pictures to experimental studies.
must be said of "Mrs. C." (No. 2I). There What girl, unless she were demented, would
is still no light, and still the brush marks sit in the middle of an empty room when an
show. We wonder what is supposed to be open window is a few feet before her? The
gained by the darkness; surely an ordinary picture's title is as vague as its theme.
bright print would be more interesting. "Waiting" is all the explanation the cata-
No. 3I is "Mr. P."-probably a first-rate logue vouches, and the only conviction we
likeness. but without the pictorial charms have is that the model is patiently waiting
of the other three works, although it has through the photographer's experiments.
some contrasts of tone. The edges of The print would be better for a little more
the print are entirely untrimmed. Per- strength. No. 205, "Boy with the Wagon,"
chance the reader may likt' it so; we do not. is better in respect of motive, because there
is no telling into what holes and corners
CLARENCE H. WHITE children will not get. Of all the things here
that set out to be quaint, this is one of the
sends half a cozen figure pictures. The quaintest; but that misfortune about the
first in the room is "Elizabeth" (No. 4). mount is a great pity. Poor Mr. White!
It does not support his reputation. In the Out of all the sweepings, this is the best
first place, it is a back view. We have noth- bit of strawboard he could find.
 CAMERA NOTES.

MRS. KASEBIER. MRS RUSSELL.

This very talented worker has a share in Two blue gray landscapes by Mrs. Rus-
the honors of the show. Her work is al- sell, "By the River" (No. 9) and ''A Bit of
ways artistic and replete with quality. Delft" (No. r6), show a good feeling for
Some of the finest productions that we have the picturesque in landscape, but in both
seen from her hand are in this gallery, and cases the shadows are masses of obscurity,
will do much to enhance an already en- and the pictures greatly suffer in conse-
viable reputation. Nevertheless, like all quence. Her portrait called "Master ]. P."
great souls (in the photographic world), (No. 29) is a nicer thing than either: The
she has her little moments of ill-advised sitter is a pretty boy, and the print is in an
pranks and deliberate ,naughtinesses. What agreeable Bartolozzi red.
we like extremely in her ":\Irs. Lee and
Daughter" is the perfectly simple and nat- :0.1155 S. J. EDDY.
ural poses of this lady and child, who have Two very pretty and beautifully posed
just arrived at the studio and have appar- figures are shown by l\1 iss Eddy, under the
ently been snapped off while they are await- title of "By the Window" (No. IS). The
ing their turn in the waiting room. This
lighting is excellent, but in the trimming we
nice spontaneous record or the American
have another instance of Transatlantic
lady of to-day is No. 6. No. 23 is called
scorn of perpendiculars. It might be a
"Portrait Study," and is a very elegant
ship's cabin that the figures are seated in,
head and bust of a handsome sitter. A
certainly; but no other room could be built
most agreeable effect is secured by the color
on the skew in this way. Two more figures
and strength of the print, though it is only
in No. 33 are called "St. Francis," an old
fair to say that a faded silver print is ca-
gentleman well got up as a monk, and a
pable of the same charm. The next one.
little baby which he scrutinizes with joy and
No. 25, '"Boy with a Hoop," is character-
surprise. \Ve do not remember what St.
i;:ed by a similar effect. A "Mother and
Francis had to do with babies, but no doubt
Child" ( 104) is the finest work of the
Miss Eddy has hunted up the question-we
group. The child is an absolutely perfect thought that birds were his only victims.
study of a little nude girl; the mother with The motive, though somewhat far-fetched,
hidden face bends over her in some cxces~ is better than none. \Vhat really makes the
of emotion, bl!t the aspect of the head as picture is the fine head of the man, the pret-
we see it is very lovely. The posing of the
tiness of the infant and the delightful com-
figures is the work of a thoughtful mind, position.
possessing artistic instincts of a high order.
We presume that the curiously low key in MISS MARY DEVENS.
which 1\frs. Kasebier has chosen to make
the print is meant to accord with the mys- In the matter of quality this lady over-
tery and intemity of the subject. The doses us. Her "Portrait" ( 17) is a great
portrait of "l\fr. W. H. Lee" seems to us to thing in brick red, of which the clothes
suffer from an unnecessary flatness. It is might as well be shapes of red paper stuck
No. 116. "The Long Coat" (126) is tht> on, and the face cut out of a section of a
next portrait, and is, indeed, a portrait of nice spongy brick. It is nearly pushed out
nothing but a coat. Capital joke, ?.Irs. K.! of the frame on the right hand side, in
We'll laugh when we have time to put down accordance with the latest Yankee fad, leav-
the pen. "An :\rti,t"' (155), if we mistake ing a preponderance of empty space; and in
not, has already been introduced to us be- execution it is coarse-even brutal. No. r8r
fore, but we are glad of the opportunity to is a "'.\!other and Child." The visitor must
see a real American artist again; l\lr. Gam- take the catalogue's word for it; he will
bier Bolton should see this. They are such not be able to detect the subject himself,
rare birds that specimens are always snap- for it is entirely obscured by ''quality."
shotted when espied. No one would dream The young gentleman whom ~I iss Devens
that this was nne; however, he might do calls "l\ly Nephew" (No. 227) is likewise
for almost anything. Let's hope his work submerged. Inhuman treatment by a lady
is not so murky as the atmosphere that sur- in Cambridge, .\fass.-mother, child and
rounds him at present. nephew buried alive!
172
 THE ENGLISH EXHIBITIONS AND THE "AMERICAN INVASION."

F. H. DAY. six papers, not one or all of which, how-

ever, really suits the subject. What a pity
Of this talented worker's eight exhibits the supply of paper ran out so soon I The
three are surpassingly good, the rest only effect of those he has used is too heavy for
more or less so. \Ve think that clever men the print, which suffers in consequence of
often make a vast mistake by exhibiting too a lack of juicy darks that might have sup-
much. If they were more jealous of their pressed the mounts a little. It is rather
reputation, they would be like public singers bald in its tones; the blouse nowhere takes
and never sing with the slightest cold. No. kindly to its surroundings. For our own
19, for example, "The Sisters," is scarcely part, we like No. 222 the best of all. It
worthy of Mr. Day. Men with far smaller represents a girl in a dark corner, listen-
fame could do better. He has, like some ing at a chink in a doorway, through which
others who send here, forgotten to trim the the light beyond streams with a startling
print. The frame of No. 38 is remarkable realism. The picture, which is a master-
for the number and variety of the loose pa- piece of clear low tone, is called ''Curios-
per samples it contains. "Mrs. E. P. C." ity," and is a well thought-out effort in all
appears in a very faded condition on the respects.
left hand edge of the top piece. In ''Vase
F. C. BAKER.
Lachrymarum" ( 1o6) he is himself again,
and shows us how the tear-bottle trick was Here is an American gentleman who
done in ancient days. We wonder how he sends a picture upon the nice, rich effect of
found out. It is a most successfully com- which we may safely congratulate him.
posed picture, full of mysterious feeling anrl We hope, however, that he will not be hurt
romantic gloom. Another beautiful work when we remark that a close look reveals
is called "Young Sicilian" ( 141). Her hair the whole trick, and proves his efforts utter
is decidedly "there," and a trifle too fluffy foolishness I He should have called it
for beauty, with its recentlv washed appear- "The Light That Never Was on Sea or
ance. It gives to the face, however, a char- Land," but its title is merely "By the Pool."
acterization that makes the picture remark- Behind a middle distance of trees the sun
able. In the "Portrait, Mother and Daugh- has just hidden himself in brillliant
ter" (145), Mr. Day has made a composi- grandeur. From some supernatural source
tion that can scarcely lay claim to the title shadows heavy and dark in their strength
of portrait. An interior subject with fig- are cast from these same trees from the
ures would describe it more accurately, for right-front. Moonlight is out of the ques-
the faces are so dark and averted that it is tion, since in the necessitated position the
impossible to find the character of the sit- moon could not be much larger than its
ters in them, and that, if anything at all, first or last quarter, and with such a blaze
is what a portrait should show. The lady in the heavens could cast no appreciable
is, perhaps, too centrally placed to please shadows at all. Mr. Baker must think that
all. Somewhat the same complaint may Britishers are as simple as himself.
justly be lodged against the "Portrait, Miss
Y." (195), which, though very fine as a E. J. STEICHEN.
whole, is sadly in want of more definition Mr. Steichen sends a "Self Portrait!"
in the face, and is almost as bad in this We do earnestly hope that the phrase will
respect as Mrs. Kasebier's "Long Coat." not become current over here. Imagine half
"The Student" (200) is better. Here we a young man, clothed only in shirt and
have a very old masterish looking picture of trousers, standing before a light wall, quite
an interesting young man. It has beautiful bare, save for a black picture frame that
quality, though a little heavy in the he could easily swallow at a gulp, and you
shadows. Perhaps more quality still is in have a self-portrait. It is probable that his
the very severe, but admirable, "Mrs. missing half is at the next door neighbor's,
]. M. B." (211). By far the best of Mr. for we notice that his address is 342~
Day's portraits is "Frank Eugene, Esq." Seventh street, Milwaukee.
(No. 215). It has the photographer's usual The self-portrait is not an immense pro-
freshness and unconventionality, and is full duction, but it reposes in a wilderness of
of capital character. It is well mounted, mount, and underneath it is a feeble coffin-
and no mistake, reposing on no less than like pencil scrawl that we imagine must be the
173
 CAMERA NOTES.

badge by which the Milwaukee Indians who subject called "~fa donna." It is altogether
do not know their letters recognize his self- a lovely work of art, quite like a Bou-
portraits. To be fair, we must give him guereau. The girl impersonating the Vir-
praise for the beautiful quality of the print, gin is very beautiful, and the child has a
but we wish it were something else than suitably saintly look. All is in keeping-
the awful thing he calls it. His 236 is throne, lily and figures-and recalls an altar-
"Nocturne No. I2, Miss G." One would piece by an early Italian. Nevertheless, we
scarcely guess that No. I2 was the particu- think these impersonations of character<>
lar nocturne that Miss G.'s arm is eliciting that are to most minds Divinities had better
from a row of white squares on a sweep's be left alone. "The Path Thro' the Sheep
cloth. The print, as well as the lady, is Pasture" (223) is a sunlit snow scene that
quite untrimmed, and in it one may discern it is impossible to imagine surpassed by any-
the arm and keys aforesaid, a patent corset, one at any time. Truer sunlight or more
a nose tip and a lip. The rest of the head convincing snow we do not remember to
may be hair, or another part of the sweep's have seen; Mr. Eickmeyer does this sort
cloth. The nocturne is much wider than it of thing to perfection.
is high, but its mount is much higher than
MISS WElL.
it is wide, affording ample room for noc-
turnes I I and I3 above and below, which Two girls. both somewhat self-conscious
would very agreeably fill up the frame -one even aggressively heroic-form the
'round this enormous sheet of brown paper. subject of Miss Weil's "Song of the
As "An Arrangement in Tone," No. 238 Meadow Lark" (No. 72). It is a favorite
may be most desirable-as anything else it here, but somewhat too hard for our taste.
leaves us entirely unmoved. We should No. 102, ''Lady with Muff," is very sweet,
like the mount for several useful purposes, but violent in its contrasts. From these two
were it not for the same self-trade mark pictures of very pronounced chiaroscuro,
that disfigures the others. Mr. Steichen Miss Weil jumps suddenly to two monot-
evidently has the free run of a brown pa- onously dark-toned ones in the approved
per store. American manner. We are pretty sure that
''Eleanor" could not see to read her picture
MRS. SEARS, MRS. CABOT AND A. H. GLEASON.
book in the dark corner where she sits. She
The "Girl in White" (No. 27), whom has a pretty face, but a barbarous frock,
Mrs. Sears sends from Boston, alone and and is numbered 131. Similarly the abso-
unfriended, is very passably nice, but will lute want of contrast due to the peculiar
not become the rage. Mrs. E. P. Cabot lighting of "Two Little Brothers" ( 187) re-
shows us an ''Infant Joy" (28), in the shape sults only in flatness. Nevertheless the
of a boy who squints and grabs his toes in print is very good, and decidedly unconven-
pure delight. He reminds us of a Mellin's tional, which we believe ranks as a merit in
food advertisement, one-sidedly posted in these days.
one of Bill Sticker's intemperate lapses. E. STIRLING AND MISS WATSON.
"Winter" (No. 30) has been photographed
by Mr. Gleason with a camera obscura; its Mr. Stirling works in a very similar man-
darkness is, at any rate, not the gentle il- ner, but his "Drawing Lesson" (73)-a
lumination of a winter's day. most taking and quaint subject of a mother
and son at work upon the floor-though
F. W. LEE. low in tone, quite escapes the charge of
We congratulate Mr. Lee's "Convales- monotony. This "The Old Wedding
cent" upon her hopeful condition, but we Dress" ( 105) does not do so effectually.
think she would have been seen to better We confess to not understanding the appli-
advantage if she had been photographed cation of the title.
when perfectly recovered; her toilet might Miss Watson has a way of placing the
have been less incomplete. heads of her sitters so much in the corner
that in one case-No. 77. "Lady with a Cat"
R. EICKEMEYER, JR.
-it amounts to trepanning and ear slicing.
We now come to the two pictures of thi~ This is a great pity, for the sitter ha-s so
extensive worker. Would there were more fine a face that we are sure all he!' head, and
of them! The first (No. 55) is a figure her hair into the bargain, would have made
174
 BRITISH PHOTOGRAPHY FROM AN AMERICAN POINT OF VIEW.

a more taking picture. The cat is good. is the head and bust of a classically drap·:d
and is all there. In 84. "Mother and Child," woman, who bends her head back into the
there is a very nice effect of light, and the shadowy background. In the superbness of
child is extremely pretty. The head of the ito; simple masses, and its largeness of
"Child Holding Oakfringe" (I.U) is also style, it very much recalls the work of
packed up into a corner. but the picture Watts. We should like, however, to have
is a very nice one. in spite of that peculiar- seen the head a little less obscured. No.
ity. The vignetted "Head of a Young 217 is simply called ''Study." It is beauti-
Girl" (No. 17?) is a very smooth but pleas- ful, and that sums up our remarks upon it.
ing print of a girl in a sun bonnet.
H. TROTH.
Y. C. ABBOTT. A striking composition in 1\lr. Troth's
Two beautiful figure studies are con- picture. "The Downs" (88) is the making
tributed by Mr. Abbott. "Shadows" (99) of it .

... ... ...

British Photography from an American Point of View.
ll\" EDUARD J. STEICHEN.

The very first words that g.reeted me upon entering the Salon were amusingly char-
acteristic of much that has been ~aid and written since. A fussy little gentleman wa:-~
apparently annoyed at the price catalogued for one of Eugene's prints, and after studying
the picture in apparent perplexity for ~orne time, he turned to me with indignation written
upon his face, and very emphatically expressed his opinion: "Three guineas! Why, J
wouldn't give tu'p'nce for it. and take it away with me."
Some of the British journals seem to have vied with each other in abuse of the modern
prints shown. and of the American work in particular. One writer sees an opportunity to
cater to the amusement of his readers, another is rude. and thus hopes to strengthen his.
position. while a third makes use of a little of both. Of the man that had nothing but
rr.nk abuse for the whole Salon one need hardly be told that it was all a mere display of
ignorant prejudice, making itself very evident in the praise of such photography as the
"Joan of Arc"-a thing which 1f done in the days of the far past might have been accorded
a position among tt'chnical experiments, but in a modern Salon it is a creation unworthy
consideration, and cannot be looked upon as an example of British pictorial photography.
Some of our most eminent people of art and letters. and of artists whose name and posi-
tion even the photographic critic in question cannot unseat. are thus numbered among the
neurotic appreciators of American photography, and the "handful of American photog-
graphers," to say the very least, i5 quito' a handful ! As to the prices asked for the exhibited
prints, happily it does not become necessary to ask advice in that matter. That such
pr:ces ha,·e long since been paid by "neurotic appreciators" may be of interest, and that
one of the exhibitors at the Salon of this year has more than once received as much as
twenty guineas for a single print may surprise the gentleman who thinks that as many
shillings would be too much; and it might be further noted that one of these prints was pur-
chased at this price by a British subject. It has been graciou~ly suggested that such prices
may have been paid because of the novelty and curiosity of the things. Art collectors and
art museums are not generally in the habit of purchasing curios for their picture collections,
not even in America. Dubbing the Salon "an insult to the public" is merely a vague play-
ing with words tending to insult the cause of photography, and we are continually reminded
of Whistler's answer to the "symphony crank," when he replied with the "f-f-f-f-fool."
I have repeatedly observed in conversation and in reading matter nertaining to photog-
raphy, that the prevalt'nt idea pertaining to tt'chnique is that a photograph of great defini-
tion and contrast, with an abundance of minute detail, constitutes good technique. Now,
175
 CAMERA .VOTES.

applying this definition to any other pictorial art, what a state of affairs we should find our-
selves in; what a sorry collection of pictures the National Gallery possesses! Ah, Turner
should have lived to-day, and have been a subscriber to some of the photographic journals.
And Rembrandt, Velasquez, Titian, and Holbein, Whistler, Sargent, and Alexander,
all these should have had a few lessons in composition and lighting-from some of our
contemporary critics; even the Japanese masters might have profited by a few such lessons.
Another matter which annoys many is that the face is not always entirely seen, that it is
not clear enough. Is the face thtn always the all-important element in a picture? He
who feels inclined to think thus I would send to the Tate Gallery to look upon the works of
Watts, and study the pictures of this great master. Let him dwell particularly before hi5
•'For He Had Great Posses.;ions." Is there another picture in the entire gallery that tells
so much with so very little-with ~uch utter simplicity?
We are at least justified in the striving to obtain the results of the painter, the etcher,
and the lithographer. Surely this is more legitimate than any feeble imitation of the
material technique employed by any of these arts. And to exemplify this we may look at
the small ''glycerined" prints by George Davison at the Salon. That these very poor
imitations of wash drawings appearing in our cheaper magazines as head or tail pieces,
are a step toward advancing photography, I am inclined very much to doubt. Yet it would
be unjust to condemn these prints, for we would not look for anything from 1\lr. Davison
that was not serious of purpose. Glycerine development, especially when employed witr1
mercury, is a very precariou,; medium. and needs be employed very discreetly; but that it i~
full of great possibilities, some of the prints we have previously seen are unmistakable
evidence. It has qualities entirdy of its own, and need not borrow by imitation, for it fs
well here to bear in mind the advice. if one might call it so, of "not to carry a medium any
farther than it goes."
The size of the American prints and the "packing paper mounts" have all come in for
their share of derision. Even granted that the prints are small, the way they have been
noticed argues well for them, in so far that it proves that size is not a necessary quality.
And, further, we are not inclined to belie,·e that the photograph holds a position of
sufficient importance to lay claim to "attempts at mural decoration." The packing paper
mounts we simply consider more in keeping with the print than the heavy creations of
slabs of timber surrounding some of the more pretentious photographs at the Royal Ex-
hibition, and even displayed on some at the Salon.
In severe contrast to the atmospheric qualities of come of the pictures one might just
mention, is the print by Charles Moss, "Thunder Clouds," No. 183. It is a very much over-
manipulated print, that is so full of evidence of its artificial qualities that it can neither
convey to us the feeling its title proclaims or any other, being at its best a very poor imtta-
tion of the technique of George Innes, however, contrary to his canvases; it is heavy with
pigment instead of the atmosphere that hangs over a landscape shadowed with such clouds.
"Honesty," No. 37. by Miss Constance Ellis, is rather decoratively composed, and if
printed on a rougher paper it would still gain, by losing some of its present hard and chalky
appearance.
Mr. ]. i\I. C. Grove shows a series of very interesting and original gum prints, of which
we like his "Winter in the Wood," No. 41, best. There is very little in this print, as some
would say, and it is very much "out of focus," but it certainly is what it pretends to be,
winter in the woods. The desolation and cold barrenness is strongly suggested, and gives
evidence that Mr. Grove is an artist of rare feeling, and knows more about nature and her
moods than many of the fussy photographers and critics who find naught but ridicule ior
his prints. That they do not see things that way, as they say, is no fault of the photog-
rapher's, and to quote the recent words of the editor of one of our leading art journals, in
discussing other prints, "So much the worse for them." Even though we do not entirely
agree with all Mr. Grove does, the sheer force of his originality and conviction bears evi-
dence of seriousness and deserves at least our respect. Walter Bennington shows a land-
scape entitled "Peace," No. 42. Just why it is so named I hardly realize, for there is noth-
ing in the print that even suggests it; neither the feeling, the atmosphere, nor the subject
tends to convey it.
lj6
 BRITISH PHOTOGRAPHY FROJI AN AMERICAN POINT OF VIEW.

Mr. Alex. Keighley should turn to Monet and Sisley, or to La Thangue and other
modern English painters; certainly a study of such works would be a good influence, anrl
might infuse more truth into his work. How a man with the poetry within him to conceive:
such a motive as the ''Host of Golden Daffodils" can render it so is inexplicable.
One of the best portraits comes from T. Lee Syms, No. 6o. It is well composed; the
well rendered values, the pleasing atmospheric quality of the print, the fine suggestion of
color in the flesh, without actual color, all go together to form a very harmonious ensemble
in this portrait.
Value-a term the painter is so fond of using-one cannot often apply to British prints.
The continual harping on focus and contrast seems to have totally blinded the photographer
to the most important quality in a picture. Without atmospheric planes in a landscape it is
never true, be it ever so sharp, and without value both in texture and in color, a por-
trait, or, in fact, any picture, is not to be called good. This brings me to Walter Benning-
ton's "Among the Housetops," one of the strongest things at the Salon. It~ very unpre-
tentious subject, its utter lack of "prettiness," its simplicity of treatment, appeal to me
very much. The atmospheric strata are finely rendered here, and the unique composition
makes it a striking note among the many conventional things at the show, such, for ex-
ample, as the everlasting wrecked boats "in the lonely shore" subjects.
Mr. Craigie's portraits would be very much improved by less enlargement, as much of
the real charm that his "Viola" may po~sess in the original is certainly lost. The frame em-
ployed, though of a very fine design, seems a trifle strong for so delicate a subject. Mr.
Archibald Cochrane's "Bonne Bouche" shows such strong painterlike qualities that one al-
most feels its photographer mu~t be such, yet the great enlargement here and the coarse
SC'reen effect do much to mar it. His "Teamster," No. 256, at the Royal, is a very fine
rendering of a much abused subject. There is a feeling in Mr. Cochrane's work that gives
<me pleasure, because it is so rare in British photography.
If the prints sent by ]. Craig Annan had come from another source, we might be in-
dined to give them much consideration, but coming as they do from one whom we have
been taught to look up to in the photographic world, from the creator of "The Lombardy
Plowing Team" and such prints, we are disappointed. Even the superior quality in his
exhibited marine. "On the Elbe," does not cover this loss. How much pleasure such a
portrait as the "Georjite Frederick Watts," by Hollyer, gives us! The corner with that
wondrously fine hand alone might be cut out and hung as a worthy tribute to the greatest
poet among modern British painters. The "Pine Glade," by George Davison, is composed
in very decorative masses, but the lack of a finer feeling for tone and quality is very ap-
parent, and even more so in his ''Long Arm," which has not even good composition to re-
deem it. The "Misty ~'lorning,'' by Rev. F. C. Lambert, is well worthy of recognition. In
fact, its simple conception and rendering make it an important print in the exhibition. "A
Wooded Streamlet," No. g6, by]. Kearney, Jr., is very decorative and well balanced. "A
Wet Day in the Highlands," near it, is a contrast indeed. Mr. Francis A. Bolton has
put something very fine into this print, and the real wet appearance he has so successfully
secured deserves congratulation. One is brought face to face with a pleasant surprise
in Mr. Evans' architectural subjects. Both at the Salon and at the Royal his prints are
among the very finest things shown, and without a doubt the most beautiful renderings
of architecture we have ever known. His ''Sandhills in the Sun," 218, is a very original
and decorative composition, but like with Thaulow's canvases, one is best pleased with
what he does best. "Hauling Timber," 153, by Charles Grindrod, is hardly worthy of
reproduction in a lumberman's catalogue, much less to hang on the walls of a modern ex-
hibition. Mr. W. Thomas has completely destroyed any quality his "Autumn Mists" may
possess by the ugly black lacquer frame with which he surrounds it. There are many
other good, bad, and indifferent prints at the Salon which should come in for criticism, but
space forbids such a detailed account, and in passing to the Royal, I must still mention
one more rather clever print by Mrs. Cadby, entitled "Nasturtiums." It appeals to one
not only becau~e it is alone of its kind at the Salon. but because it has been handled with
such a delicate feeling.
In speaking of the Royal Photographic Society's Exhibition, we are very willing to
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 CAMERA NOTES.

admit that it is a good showing. I was pleasantly disappointed on my first visit, for I ex-
pected to find a severely academical show, and the "open door policy" displayed in the
selection spoke very favorably for the jury. In fact, the influence of the Salon seems to
have had a very healthy effect on this exhibition. However, in the medaling the old time-
honored traditions again put in their appearance. The picture by Mr. Greatbatch may
deserve such recognition for what it is; but is it not very similar to many things that have
been done by another? In the "Venice," by Mr. Lewis, I have been absolutely at loss to
account for the jury's award. The Royal is especially replete with good and very poor
landscapes. It takes more than grass, trees, and sky to make a landscape, nor does a mere
imitation of another's work suffice. The charm of the landscapes by one prominent ex-
hibitor who abstains from showing at the Royal this year lies in the airy, cheery and pe-
culiar blossomy fec;ling, a fact which his numberless imitators fail to realize, and the result
is a jumble of pretty petty things called landscapes. Mr. J. P. Croft rises above this with a
dignity and work of his own. An exquisite piece of tonal study full of dreamy poetry is his
''Within the Dale," No. 103. There is real water in this picture that flows, as Thaulow
would make it flow in his landscapes, and the atmosphere is admirably given. The self-
conviction the composition evinces breaks severely away from tradition, and helps well
to interpret the lovely theme. 1\[r. Croft shows several other things, but in this he has
so surpas, ld himself that we refer only to it.
"The Rivetters," by John Gash, No. 225, is one of the best things the Royal has to
present. A simple, commonplace subject well rendered is all this pretends to be, ana it
certainly is that. Another good print is "A Question of Cost," No. 340, by F. Lee Syms,
and "Rest," by William Reid, which is a remarkably fine animal study, very happy in its
rendering of value and the breezy crispness of the air. An example of the very poor work
shown is marked by W. 1\L Warneuke's "Golden Age," No. 17. Charles Horne's "Moonlit
Cottage" is very effective, and full of that peculiar feeling of night which, secured by
whatever means, is very successful. A very fine landscape is "After the Rain," by Charles
Job. If more of the members of the Royal Photographic Society were doing such work,
there might never have been the need of a secession. It is a picture that would worthily
replace many of the much more academical things, even on the Salon walls. In fact, the
one great point wherein the Salon stands so open to criticism is the admission of inferior
and academical work. It should always be borne in mind at such an exhibition that the
work to be hung is work seceding from the traditional fetters with which another body
hampers its newer material, and that any work coming under this head is not in a position
to be represented on the walls of the Salon. That one journal's mad dash of condemnation
of all within its reach asserted that the Salon was on its last resources, does not necessarily
mean that it is so. A glance in at the Salon on any day will at once prove the childish
prejudice displayed in this as in other statements, and will also prove that the tastes of all
people are not in accord with those of the brave critics ( ? ) and journalists (?).
If the position of the Salon in the world of art be precarious, it is certainly not due
to the same reason such critics would have it. If there be any danger whatever, it lies in
the direction of another secession. We in America would not tolerate some of the prints
shown at the Dudley Gallery at our Philadelphia or Chicago Salon. When the jury met
at Chicago this last spring for the selection of the work of the Salon, they met to select
pictures "bearing evidence of individual artistic feeling and execution," and every picture
hung on the walls proclaimed that they held by this preamble. Can the Salon jury say this?
Are you of the Salon not clinging as tenaciously to set traditions to-day as did once the
Royal to theirs? Does your this year's exhibit differ from your last, and the last from
the one before? It is this sameness in the work from year to year that has established
such a stumbling-block as a set idea in the minds of the public of what was right and
what was not right. What leads one to being so very positive that one's work is absolutely
the only work that is in the right vein, and that everything else and everyone else is only
working and studying that when he shows us things we may laugh and have fun? What
leads one to feel thus, if it be not established tradition? A word from the man who is ready
to try and understand what his fellow worker has to say is like sweet music in the chaos
of the jumbling, wholesale ridicule lavished by narrow and fettered minds.
180
 PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY FROM AMERICA.

Such acts are hardly to be looked upon as steps toward the furtherance of photography.
A movement that is hampered on all sides by prejudice cannot advance rapidly. The goal
for which so many are striving is still far, far away, and it seems that each and every
man needs contribute toward the element which is to reach it. and which each and every
worker believes eventually will, or at least should, be reached .

.,. ... ...

Pictorial Photography from America.
"An exhibition of prints by the New School of American Photography, supplemented
by an additional collection of one hundred examples of the work of F. Holland Day, of
Boston, U. S. A., held by the Royal Photographic Society."
Such is the title of the exhibition of photographs which opens this week at 66 Russell
Square, London, and will remain open free to the' public daily until November IO, from
IO A. M. to 4 P. M.. and on Wednesdays, 10 A. M. to 8 P. M. It is to Mr. Holland Day
that the presence of this large collection of nearly 400 prints is due. and the hard work of
suitably mounting and arranging the whole he has cheerfully undertaken. for the sake of
the cause for which his zeal knows no bounds; ::\Ir. Eduard]. Steichen. who is also on a
visit to London, rendering him able assistance.
Elsewhere, in speaking of the American work which is so conspicuous at the two big
London shows now running. it has been too hastily ~aid that " certain similarity, denoting
a common inHuence, marks the whole. The fact probably is that, between British pictorial
photography and the new American School there is so strong a line of demarcation, so
wide a separation. that. compared with it, the variations and differences in the new school
itself seem small, and are lost sight of: and upou closer study, one finds that between the
work of some of the principal exponents there is as much variety of motive, and as great a
difference. as between the works of a similar number of British workers.
We can readily distinguish between the productions by H. P. Robinson, G. Davison,
Hollyer. Annan, and others, and their individuality is generally acknowledged. Yet is not
this acknowledgment more due to the intelligent spectator's ability to distinguish and
appreciate the individuality in each?
A man devoted to his art is, in a sense, selfish-in his work he seeks only to please
himself, or to satisfy his craving to give expression to some sentiment or idea. His art is
the evidence of his temperament, and appeals only to those who are in sympathy. On the
walls of an average simple English home paintings by Birkett Foster, photographs like
H. P. Robinson's, are fit and proper, and until quite recently the bulk of English art is
rightly in keeping with the atmosphere of roast beef, and the conventional life of the
wealthy bourgeoise. The appreciation of Whistler and the signs of his influence denote a
change in taste and in ideas.
We run in a groove until some one has the wit to resist the prevailing trend, and starts
a· new path. It seems so unnecessary, and the contented ones deep down in the rut laugh
at the mere eccentricity of the departure until we all get used to it, and find that the new
way answers so much better the requirements of those coming along after us. Then we,
too, catch the contagion, adapt ourselves unconsciously, and are surprised to find we had
tastes we knew not of-acquired tastes for that which was at first unwelcome are ever the
most lasting. Once get a liking for Wagner, and it becomes a passion. Did you ever know
a man to whom olives or caviare became distasteful who once acquired a real liking for
them?
But to come to these American photographs. That many of Clarence White's,
Steichen's, Holland Day's, Eugene's productions, and those of others, will fail to meet
with appreciation from an average public is likely enough; that they have already proved
incomprehensible to the average critic, who has not hesitated to hurl ridicule in his foolish
and intolerant manner, is not surprising. Would the public or the photographer critic
181
 CAMERA NOTES.

pause in his tour of a picture gallery to admire a Whistler lithograph or a little Rembrandt
etching, if he had not a catalogue to tell him the artist's name?
We do not propose to at present particularly criticize the American pictures, but merely
to introduce them, and strongly urge everyone who can to see them.
Most of them are elusive and indefinite in character; the mere suggestiou of forms
and features leave a great deal for imagination, yet the delicacy of treatment, the selection,
the composition, in most cases denote intense feeling; but if the spectator lacks imagination
and power of feeling, their effect upon him must be nil ; or if he resists their influence, he
is like an unwilling subject in the mesmerist's hands.
That the members of this new school of American photographers are capable workers,
and very sincere in their endeavors, cannot be doubted. One has only to talk to Mr. Hol-
land Day to realize the passionate earnestness which impels him, though the refinement of
feeling and good taste of the highest order of western icvilization, which are so distinctly
his, imparts to his utterances a reticence less observable in his more joyous and impetuous
companion, Mr. Steichen.
On Monday last we found these two gentlemen at Russell Square, hard at work hang-
ing the pictures, and we greatly benefited by the occasion. Sometimes we felt that these
enthusiastic apostles of the new school would have us read into some of the work a little
more than was ever intended; but that may be due to our own conservatism. That their
ideas, sympathies, their very lives, are widely different to those of the public whom these
pictures await was easy to see, and we fear they will feel keenly th~ isolation which such
differences must create. But a year or so hence, and thence onwards, the influence of this
American work will be seen, and Mr. Day will have his reward.
We are indebted to him for enabling us to produce this week a lengthy digest of the
address which he was, when we saw him, preparing for delivery at the opening of the exhi-
bition on Wednesday, and we may have more to say upon the pictures themselves on an-
other occasion.-Amateu,. Photog,.aphe,., (London), Octobe,. 12, 1900.

... ...
American Pictures at the London Salon.
The eighth annual London Salon contained sixty-four pictures by Americans. In all
there were two hundred and thirty-nine pictures hung. The Americans represented were:
F. H. Day ,of Boston, by ten pictures; Gertrude Kasebier, of New York, seven; Clarence
H. White ,of Newark, 0., six; Frank Eugent, of New York, four; Mathilde Wei!, of Phil-
adelphia, four; Eva L. Watson, of Philadelphia, four; Mary Devens, of Cambridge, three ;
Mrs. Wm. E. Russell, of Cambridge, three; E. J. Steichen ,of Milwaukee, three; Alvin L.
Coburn, of Boston, three: Yarnell C. Abbott, of Philadelphia, two; Rud. Eickemeyer, Jr.,
two, Virginia M. Prall, of Washington, two; Edmund Stirling, of Philadelphia, two, and
the following each by one : Alice Austin, of Boston ; F. C. Baker, of Cleveland; Mrs. Elise
P. Cabot, of Boston; Sarah ]. Eddy, of Providence; Arthur H. Gleason, of Everett; Her-
bert A. Hess, of Massachusetts; W. G. Ladd, of Massachusetts; Francis Watts Lee, of
Boston; Ida W. Pal ache, of San Francisco; Anne Pillsbury, of Boston; Robert Redfield,
of Philadelphia; F. E. Robbins, of Massachusetts ; Sarah C. Sears, of Boston; Mrs. S. B.
Simons, of Massachusetts; Henry Troth, of Philadelphia.
Among the prominent American absentees we find: W. B. Dyer, of Chicago; Zaida
Ben Yusuf, of New York; Joseph T. Kelley, of New York; Alfred Stieglitz, of New York;
Charles I. Berg, of New York, etc., etc., all of whom were prevented from contributing
from some cause or other.

182
 Proceedings.
The regular monthly meeting for Septem- standard which makes a pretty woman look
ber was held on the uth, Mr. ]. F. Strauss like a negress, or which takes delight in
acting as chairman, in the absence of the producing pictures of men and women
President. The minutes of the previous merely because they are so ugly that good
meeting were read and approved. The taste would suggest to them they never have
Treasurer reported a balance on hand of their pictures exhibited." Mr. Chas. Simp-
$3,235.88. The meeting then adjourned. son endorsed these views most heartily.
The amendment was duly craried, and Mr.
Strauss was elected Lantern Slide Director,
The October meeting was held on the 9th, for the purpose of carrying out the club's
Mr. Murphy in the chair. The Treasurer wishes. The meeting was then adjourned.
reported a balance on hand of $2,848.85.
The chairman of the Lantern Slide Com-
mittee, Mr. Strauss, read a communication The special meeting held October 25th is
from Mr. Beach, requesting the entrance ot elsewhere reported. (See page 153.)
the club in the Interchange, and that in view
of past experience and present apathy within
the club in all branches of photography, that Tht! regular monthly meeting of the club,
the committee was of the opinion not to at- which was held on Tuesday evening, No-
tempt to enter the Interchange. Mr. Mur- vember 13th, with Mr. 1\lurphy in the chair,
phy reported for the Trustees that Mr. was well attended. The minutes of the
Charles I. Berg had been elected Vice-Pres- preceding meeting were read and approved.
ident of the club, and Mr. ]. Edgar Bull, The Treasurer's statement showed the club
Trustee. He also reported the termination to be in a prosperous condition, with a bal-
of Mr. W. E. Woodbury's services as Cura- ance on hand of $3,841.24. The chairman
tor of the club. of the Lantern Slide Committee reported
It was moved by Mr. Hart, in behalf of the failure of the attempt to form a set for
the committee, duly seconded, that the club the American Lantern Slide Interchange,
do not enter the Interchange. Dr. Stevens and the Secretary reported the resignation
offered an amendment that the club do of that committee. The Publication Com-
enter. This led to a very lively discussion. mittee reported the receipt of a communi-
in which Messrs. Young, A. Schoen, A. L. cation which they desired to have read to the
Simpson, Mann, Chas. Simpson and others club, and requested that the club take such
participated; these gentlemen speaking in action thereon as it might deem best. The
favor of the amendment. Mr. Young re- communication proved to be a scurrilous
marked that as "regarding the complaint and vulgar doggerel, composed and signed
that there is less enthusiasm in the club than by a club member. It being unfit for pub-
heretofore, I am of the opinion that it is lication, it cannot be printed in these pages.
somewhat due to a small portion of the club A motion having been made and seconded
who try to arrogate to themselves all the that the resignation of the offending mem-
artistic feeling that the club possesses. ber be asked for, some discussion ensued,
These disciples of sensationalism who put which demonstrated that every member
themselves on a pedestal and claim that present condemned the production, and all
they are far in advance of their age, pro- but one man apparently included the author
duce pictures which have only one counter- in the general condemnation. A motion to
part in ·nature, those deformed, misshapen refer the whole matter to the Board of
monstrosities, part man and part beast, part Trustees, as the body vested with the con-
fish and part reptile, etc., etc. There are stitutional power to deal with such offences,
some members of the club who are not for its action, having been unanimously car-
willing to be criticised according to the ried, the meeting adjourned.
 Lantern Slide News.
At the club meeting of No,·ember 13. 1900, the Lantern Slide Committee announced
that the response to its appeal for slides. to be used in the 1900-0I Interchange set, had
proven so enthusia~tic that the clnh would be unable to enter the Interchange. The printed
and personal appeals had produced six slides with which to prepare a set of no less than
fifty. Its labors having proven so successful, the committee, deeming its usefulness at an
end, offered its resignation.

:\lr. ). Wtlls Champney has instituted on Wednesday evenings "Five Minute Talks,"
which are delighting the members. These talks are entirely informal. Mr. Champney has
not even promised to give them regularly, but only when he had something he wished to
say, and as the spirit moved him. The subiects of these little discour~es are in the line of
art as applied to photography.

The members of the Quid Nunc Club were our guests on Friday evening, November
16. The occasion was the exhibition of ahont 125 slide~. which had been collected and
selected by !\Ir. j. \Veils Champney from the club members, to illustrate one of his charm-
ing talks. The rooms were crowded with members and guests, all of whom heartily
concurred in the few appropriate words in which the Pre~ident of the Quid Nunc expressed.
in behalf of his club, his appreci:ttion of the entertainment.

The "Lantern Slide Champion Cup'' competition received but one entry. The same
not coming up to the standard. the judges, ~lessrs. Stieglitz, Champney and Craigie, ad-
vised withholding the prize.
It is rather unfortunate that a club of our size should show so little intere~t in its
competitions.
... ...
Club Paragraphs .
.-\t the October meeting of the Trustees, :\I r. Chas. I. Berg was unanimously elected to
fill the vacant office of Vice-President. ~lr. ]. Edgar Bull was elected Trustee to fill the
vacancy caused by :\f r. Berg's promotion.
At a later meeting. l\lr. H. :\Ian was elected Trustee to fill the \·acancy caused by the
resignation of 1\Ir. \V. P. Agnew.

The annual Club Dinner is announced for January 1 ., The Club Auction and Club
Smoker will al· o he held early in the winter.

An epidemic of resignations from committees seems to have struck the Club. The
continual change of names on the various committees is truly kaleidoscopic: so much so
that it has caused much comment among the members. who are at a loss to understand the
cause of all the trouble.
... ... ...
Secretary's Notes.
The following ha,·e been elected members of the Cluh since the recent issue of this
publication: 1\Ir. Walter Ferguson, Jr., Babylon. L. I.: Mr. Walter G. Jones, 347 West
Twenty-third street, New York City; Mr. W. B. Swift, Cambridge, Mass.; Mr. H. B.
Bunton, l\1. D., Cornell University; :Miss S. !\I. Hawes, Yonkers, N. Y.; l\lr. 1\Ialcolm
Stewart, 120 East Thirty-sixth street. New York City; Mrs. Grace Cook. Tarrytown;.
Mr. H. H. Sessions, Chicago; Mr. A. R. Charleton. 107 East Twenty-seventh street, New
York City; Mr. Martin]. Hackett, Mr. Emil C. Heim. 730 Second avenue, New York City;
l\lr. Albert C. Bostwick, 8 East Sixty-Third street. New York City: :\I iss Ellen R. Ward,
Salt Sulphur Springs.
 Snap-Shot Fables for Developing Photographers.
THE CLUB AND THE BOARD.

Once upon a time a small Publication Committee, which was really no more
than a Board, endeavored to dwell with a fairly technical Club at some distance
above trolley-track level, out of the mud-splattering hustle of the Street.
The Club was a large and rather knotty Club, while the editorial Board
was only a single-faced, straight Board. So the Club proposed that the Board
should consider itself mainly a Bulletin Board, to advise ordinary Humans of
the great Club's doings. And the little Board advised and advertised to the best
of its single-faced ability.
Whenever the great Cluq designed a special exhibition of one of its Knobs,
the little Board did its critical best to tell all other Knobs and Clubs about it.
Then the great Club's Knobs murmured singly and collectively, and said that
the poor little Board always rather took the Artistic Shine off the Show. And
it hurt a Knob's self-appreciation and spoilt his enjoyment when doing the Rub-
ber-neck before his mental triplicate-mirror.
All this made the well-meaning little Board very Tired. So it conferred
among its particles about its articles. It decided how it could please the Club;
with a beaming Face it told one of the real big, official Knobs that in future it
woul<l not say so much, so that it might never take the Shine off an Artistic
Show. It would only announce, and not make comments hereafter; it was
sorry it had put Hot Tamales instead of Lollypops on its critical table d'hote; in
the future it would be more considerate of delicate Stomachs, and while still
unwilling to make the Sick sicker with Plum Duff, at least it would not make
offers of strong. spiced l\'leat.
Then spoke the hig, official Knob: "By Hickory, you can't do that, or you'll
put us All in a hole! Our Exhibitors expect you to give them a rich Menu.
That is one of the main Inducements that enabled Fs to get them to Exhibit.
Some consented only on Condition that you served to them the very Hottest
Tamales.'"
Then the little Board scratched its top Knot, and felt perplexed and maybe
somewhat vexed. Dut it went hack to its station in life and took up its Mission
with a Sigh. Only, it called in some outside Prominent Knobs to help it with
the Hot Tamales.
Al'l'LICATION.

,\11 not on the dead run have already read some of the Morals inherent in
this little Fable. It would be Hopeless to try to set so many good Morals forth
for those too Cnmoral to deduce them. It would waste too much Space.
F.

.. .. ..
"To plagiarize a good technical photograph is not difficult, and is achieved
bv rule and measure, and is contemptible in proportion to the ease with which it
~ay be practiced." A. H. H.
185
 Exhibition of Prints by Miss Rose Clark and Mrs. Elizabeth
Flint Wade.
(October, 9-20, J900.)
A character of distinction marked this exhibition, as it does all the work of these
ladies that I have seen. To use a much tortured word, it is thoroughly artistic; and along
lines quite reasonable and normal. There is no attempt at originality, or a desire to become
identified with some manners that may be recognizable as individual; nothing of the con-
scious pose that one sees through so readily, and grows so tired of, as if originality could
be acquired or individuality assumed 1 Besides, neither quality is necessarily artistic. So
far as picture-making is concerned, that invoh·es the faculty of seeing pictorially through
an eye sensitive to effects of line and form, light and color, and the same trained and
disciplined. It is in this way that Miss Clark, for I understand that ~he is primarily the
artist of the combination, is distinguished. She places her figures within their space, ar-
ranges them conformably to their character in poses often unexpected, but always natural;
is particularly happy in the disposition of draperies. obtains a handsome and expressive dis-
tribution of light and shade by a well-planned, uniform system of lighting in each case, and,
thus relying on true picture-methods, has no recourse to trickeries of any kind to stimulate
interest.
In one respect, I find this work disappointing. Nearly all these prints are portraits of
women, and how many of them escape being homely? This is so delicate a subject that,
in presence of one or two examples, I should have hesitated to allude to it, but here one
may shelter behind numbers. So many of the originals cannot possibly be homely ; the
idea jars upon one's sensibilities as well as violating the laws of probability. One noted,
also, at the Philadelphia Photographic Salon, how homely were the majority of the repre-
sentations of women-observe, that I do not say the women represented, Heaven forbid!
In such cases one suspects that the photographer has been concerned less in securing a
portrait than in making a picture, and, further, that his idea of beauty in a picture is
limited to the technicalities of his craft, and does not embrace the value and beauty of the
human personality. When the artist can render the latter, while drawing liberally upon
the resources of his art, he is creating something more satisfying than a good many of these
examples. C. H. CAFFIN.

The reviews of the J. Ridgway Moore, Virginia 11. Prall, and W. B. Post
exhibitions of prints will appear in the n('xt issue of the magazine .

... ...
Two New American 4' Links."
It is with pleasure that we announce the election of Gertrude Kasebier and
Clarence H. White to the "Linked Ring." This honor coming from England js
in conformity with the estimation in which the work of these two gifted photog-
raphers is held on this side of the water.
Mrs. Kasebier is the first woman who has ever had the honor conferred
upon her, and it is to the credit of the "Ring'' that it has broken away from its
conservatism in this particular respect; for there are few, if any, photographers,
male or female, in this country or elsewhere, who can rank with her as a picture-
maker.
\Vith the two additions, this country is now represented by six members in
the "Linked Ring," that body of photographers which has done so much good
for the advancement of pictorial photography the world over.
186
 The Salon.
(Philadelphia, Oct. ••-Nov. 18, 1900.)

Its Place, Pictures, Critics and Prospects.

The Philadelphia Photographic Salon of 1900 is the third exhibition of its
kind held in the city of Philadelphia. The first of these exhibitions occurred
in 18gB. It was held under the joint auspices of the Pennsylvania Academy of
Fine Arts and the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, and was the outcome!
of a growing appreciation of the artistic pictorial possibilities of photography
both within photographic circles and on the part of the general public, and was
in response to a general demand for its serious recognition and encouragement.
This exhibition was extensively and seriously reviewed in these pages at the
time, both as to its shortcomings and its merits. (See CAMERA NoTES, Vol. II.,
No. 3, p. 113.) Appreciating the import and seriousness of the undertaking,
and foreseeing the smothering misrepresentation begotten of bitter opposition
that must inevitably be met with from certain elements within the photographic
world, this quarterly, established in the best interests of photographic progress
both scientific and pictorial, endeavored to bring to the attention of the entire
photographic world-not in the flippant, carping and misrepresenting manner
so generally adopted in reviewing or noticing photographic exhibitions, but in
the serious and impartial way that such earnest effort deserved and called for-
tpe work that was being done in Philadelphia. for the general encouragement of
all who were honestly interested in the advance of artistic pictorial photography.
In that review, as pertinent to the subject, effort was made l:riefly to outline
the history of the pictorial photographic movement and the origin of the Photo-
graphic Salon.*
From the Niepce-Fox-Talbot-Dagtterrc epoch down through its vanous
metamorphoses to that which beheld photography asserting its right to enter
the realms of art, and thence on to the epoch marked by the establishment of
the first Photographic Salon, properly so called, the history of the pictorial move-
ment was for the first time here presented. This was followed by a review and
critique of the more important pictures of the exhibition and of the general
management of the Salon. This exhibition, while showing some of the best
work ever produced in America, and containing on its catalogue the names of
many who have since won a high reputation throughout the entire photographic
world-as well as of nearly all of the then well-:known American photographers
-was not only deficient in certain important respects, but practically unknown
abroad, and even in many places in America. While admittedly the finest pho-
tograph exhibition ever shown in the United States, and far in advance of the
old Joint Exhibitions, and conducted along lines very much approaching those
that should govern a first-class salon in the correct meaning of the term, the
exhibition of 1898 had no recognized standing among the leading exhibitions
• For further notes on the pictorial movement in photography and the significance of the
Modern Photographic Salon see c_.,MERA NOTES.. Vol. IV., No. I, p. IS; and on the de-
velopment and progress of pictorial photography in the United States, see Photograms of
the Year, 1899, p. 7, and Pllotograms nf tile Year, 1900, p. I7.
189
 CBJERA NOTES.

of the world, and it was a matter of much speculation as to when the attempt
would be repeated.
The second Salon, that of r899, was therefore regarded with very spe-
cial interest by all those concerned in the progress of pictorial photography,
and was more fully and searchingly reviewed than that of the previous year,
nearly fifty pages of CAMERA NoTES being devoted to the consideration of its
purpose and character, and the lesson to be derived from it. (See CAMERA
NoTES, Vol. III., Ko. 2, p. IJj.) It created a more general and more profound
mterest than the previous exhibition had done, and materially lessened any
doubt there may •have existed as to the ability of Philadelphia to carry on the
Salon movement. The exhibition was far in advance of its predecessor, and
besides the American contained much foreign work. The presence of some
dozen or more examples of very inferior work, that had managed to get by the
jury through its desire to be not too exacting, materially lowered the general
standard of excellence many degrees beneath that governing the admission of
pictures to the previous Salon. The general average, however, of the work
submitted to the Jury of Selection for their judgment was very much higher
than of that submitted to the jury of the Salon of 1898. In other words, the
jury of r899. while not maintaining the same evenly high standard of judgment
as that so consistently held to by the jury of 1898, found among the many
pictures entered for judgment a very much larger number of essentially artistic
and original productions than previously had been submitted. This showed
pretty conclusively that the Salon of 1898 had exercised a most beneficial in-
fluence upon a number of the photographic workers of the country, as the best
work, almost without exception, came from those who had been more or less in
touch with the exhibition of that year. Some it had helped by opening their
eyes to what really good work was ; others it had encouraged and stimulated to
more ambitious efforts, as fair recognition of meritorious work must always
stimulate and encourage. New exhibitors had been attracted to show, and,
while the position of the Salon was not yet firmly established, it was evident
that already it was beginning to exercise a broad and far-reaching influence.
No better proof of this could be desired than the bitter opposition that it was
beginning to call forth from all those who were interested in photography from
purely vain or selfish motives. Those sincerely interested in the development
and progress of the pictorial movement looked forward with deep concern for
every evidence that the Salon itself might bring or other sources furnish, of
the effect of the 1~ Salon upon the individual workers, upon the status of
Amerkan work, as such, at home and abroad, and upon the recognized position
of the Salon among the exhibitions of the country and the world.
The opening of the present exhibition was, therefore, looked forward to
with much interest and expectation, and when the evening of October 20 at last
was at hand a glance through the exhibition rooms of the conservative old
Academy of Fine Arts, of Philadelphia, was sufficient to convince the observer
of two facts-first, that there was being shown an exhibition of sufficient im-
portance and interest to the art-loving public to crowd the exhibition halls with
a very representative gathering, and this, too, despite the strong counter attrac-
tion of the long-deferred first night performance of Dr. Weir Mitchell's play,
11)0
 THE SALON.

"The Adventures of Fran~Vois," an event of strong local interest to the Phila-

delphia public; and, secondly, that this exhibition was peculiarly attractive to
the pictorial photographic element of the country, judging from the number of
persons well known in the photographic world present in the crowd. Near the
entrance could be seen the well-set figure of Frank Eugene, his fine open coun-
tenance twisted into a merry smile as he told in a quizzical manner to Miss Wat-
son and some others how Mr. Berg, who loves a jest beyond all things, could
not resist the temptation of putting N. C. after the title, "Lady of Charlotte,"
in getting up the catalogue of Mr. Eugene's New York show; a little beyond,
straight as an arrow and vigorous as the youngest of us, was that veteran
soldier, J. Ridgway Moore, pointing out to Mr. Yarnall Abbott the innocuous
merits of a certain print. Miss Mathilde Weil, looking better and more vigorous
than ever, I came upon a moptent later as she was warmly rebuking some petty
insinuation against the jury of unfair judging, and laying down the very ex-
cellent doctrine that having voluntarily submitted work for judgment, it hardly
became those who had some of their pictures rejected to abuse the jury solely
on that account, and for no better reason than wounded vanity to attribute mean
motives to persons generally respected. Passing on, I came upon George Firmin,
much younger for the loss of his beard, but easily recognizable, and, after him,
Allen Drew Cook, engaged in a very interesting conversation with a very deaf
man, who evidently entertained an exceedingly poor opinion of the whole show,
judging from his rather audible observations to Mr. Cook, and whose sight,
from some of his remarks, seemed quite as poor as his hearing.
Elsewhere in the crowd, trying to discover what it was that anyone could
see in certain pictures to call forth the admiration or commendation that had
been accorded them, could be seen the handsome and genial L. L. Peddinghaus,
one of the best known photographers of the West, accompanied by his wife,
and with them Mr. Brennan, also of Marietta, whose Highland pasture attracted
much favorable attention at last year's Salon, while in another group stood Mrs.
Gertntde Kasebier and Miss Frances B. Johnson, discussing the wisdom of
sending American photographs to Russia. Mr. William B. Dyer, the illustrator
of Riley's Love Lyrics, and foremost artistic pictorial photographer, profes-
sional or amateur-tall, refined, and full of the dreamy fire of the true artist and
poet, in company with T. O'Conor Sloane, one of the most active members of
the Orange Camera Club, I next came upon, standing before one of Mr. Clar-
ence White's best pictures, and regretting that he, too, could not be present at
the opening of the Salon. Not far away from these, in the center of the room,
quite a circle had gathered about Jno. G. Bullock, Edmund Stirling, the active
secretary of the Philadelphia Photographic Society ; Robert S. Redfield, its
president ; Harrison S. Morris, the vigilant and tireless secretary of the Art
Academy, and Alfred Stieglitz, who- were standing together conversing upon
the incidents and phases of the Salon movement and its probable outcome. And
thus at every turn one came upon some one more or less well known in the
world of photography, many of whom had traveled long distances to be present
at this opening. The crowd was so large that it was practically impossible to
get anything more than a passing glimpse of the pictures on the opening night-
a continuous and solid line of humanity three and four deep extending the entire
 CAMERA NOTES.

way around the place of exhibition, moving slowly from picture to picture and
quite blocking every print from general view.
And now as to the position of the Salon!
I.
All leading pictorial workers have come to regard it as the exhibition of the
year in the United States; and conservative estimate, which now places Ameri-
can pictorial photographic work on an equal footing with the most advanced
and artistic work of the times. places the Philadelphia Salon of to-day in the
front rank of the few great pictorial photographic exhibitions of the world.
II.
The Salon of 1900 embraces in all 204 pictures. and represents the work of
sixty-two exhibitors.
Eighty-six of the entire number of pictures shown are specially invited
exhibits and did not go before the jury of selection. These pictures are the
work of the five members of the jury and of four distinguished foreign photog-
raphers-J. Craig Annan, Robert Demachy. Th. Hofmeister and C. Puyo.

I..IST OF EXHIBITORS AND NUMBER OF PRINTS SHOWN BY EACH.

C. Yarnall Abbott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Alfred Holden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Prescott Adamson .................... . Gertrude Kasebier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Frances and Mary Allen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Joseph T. Keiley...................... 7
]. Craig Annan........................ 6 George F. Kunz ...................... .
F. C. Baker .......................... . Frances Watts Lee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Charles I. Berg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Joseph Prince Loud .................. .
Elizabeth Brownell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I J. Ridgway Moore.................... 2'
John G. Bullock....................... 2 Wm. L. Page......................... 2
Louis Casavant ...................... . L. L. Peddinghaus.................... 2
H. E. Cassel. ........................ . Anne Pilsbury. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I •
Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade. . . 3 Wm. B. Post......................... 2
Frederic Colburn Clarke .............. . C. Puyo .............................. 10
Alfred Clements...................... . Robert S. Redfield.................. . . . 2
Allen Drew Cook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Margaret M. Russell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5- •
F. Holland Day. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Benjamin Sharp....................... 2
Robert Demach.y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO Virginia G. Sharp..................... 2·
F. Detlefsen.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . I T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr................. I
· Mary Devens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Emma Spencer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.
Wm. B. Dyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Katharine S. Stanbery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,
T. M. Edminston. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Mary R. Stanbery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Frank Eugene ......................... Io Edmund ]. Steichen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J:
]. H. Field.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. 1 Alfred Stieglitz........................ 10
George P. Firmin..................... 2 Edmund Stirling.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.
Herbert G. French ................... . Walter P. Stokes ..................... .
Charles E. Frick ..................... . Henry Troth ......................... .
Dallett Fuguet ....................... . Amelia Van Buren.................... 3
L. S. Gans ........................... . Frederick Von Rapp................... 2'
Emerson B. Garrison ................ .. Eva Lawrence Watson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Arthur A. Gleason ................... . Mathilde Wei!.. ...................... .
Conrad F. Haeseler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Clarence H. White. .. . . .. .. ... . .. • .. .. 10'
Th. Hofmeister.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IO John Wright. ........................ .
192
 THE SALON.

To the Jury of Selection* were submitted in all 883 pictures (representing

168 entries), of which number 765 were rejected, leaving a balance of 118 pict-
ures actually accepted; which, with the invited works, represents three foreign
countries and twenty-one towns and cities of nine different States.
As a State, Ohio was the most generally represented, six different places-
Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Marietta, Newark and Zanesville-exhibiting al-
together twenty-three pictures.
Viewed as a whole, there is an apparent evenness of tone and intent about
the Salon of 1900 that is quite remarkable, and that seemingly-the collection
being considcrt>d in its entirety-almost attains to a climax of monotony. Only
after repeated examination of the most searching character does it appear that
evenness is more apparent than real, and that it is mainly due to the selecth·e
adopted in the hanging of the Salon picture:-. Instead of following the prece-
dent of former years, of hanging the work of each exhibitor in an individual
group, this year's hanging committee split up the individual groups, and
selected and sorted out to be hung next to one another such pictures as would go
best together, and harmonize, balance and blend in with their neighbors. For
evenness of balance and harmony of effect no happier methods could have been
hit upon, and a high and even standard was preserved, that otherwise could not
possibly have been arrived at : but for the study of the range, characteristics and
purpose of the individual exhibitors no more exasperating nor illusive method
could possibly have been adopted. In order to study any one exhibitor's pict-
ures it was necessary to tack backwards and forwards like a sail-boat that
wishes to reach a given point with the wind blowing considerably off its course.
This method of hanging is without doubt the best that can possibly be adopted
in the case of a one-man show. or where the main thing to be considered is the
appearance of the wall and the best decorative effect that can be gotten out of a
harmoniously selective combination of the pictures at hand. For educational
purposes, however, it by no means affords the best possible opportunity for the
study of the work of the individual exhibitors; and there is small question that
what the exhibition has gained in general harmony by the adoption of this
method of arrangement is more than counterbalanced by what it loses in effect-
ive and striking contrasts, personal individuality and educational effectiveness.
That the whole exhibition gained in apparent strength by the distribution of the
strong pictures pretty evenly over the walls, and by the "blending in" of the
other pictures, so to say, with their surroundings, as a correctly selected frame
blends in and becomes part of the picture it holds, is true beyond dispute. The
task of the hanging committee was by no means an easy one, for they had any-
thing but a harmonious mass of material to deal with : and a wall upon which
to hang whose color, something between a red and a maroon, was almost the
most inimical that could well have been imagined as a background for delicate
photographic prints, unprotected by great areas of defensive margin such as is
*The jury of selection for IQOO consisted of Alfred Stieglitz, New York; Gertrude
Kasebier, Brooklyn: Clarence H. "White, Newark, Ohio; Frank Eugene, New York; Eva
Lawrence Watson, Philadelphia.
The jury was selectecl by the board of management of the Salon-Edward H. Coates
and Harrison S. Morris, representing the Academy of Fine Arts, and Robert S. Redfield,
John G. Bullock and Edmund Stirling. the Photographic Society.
193
 CAMERA fo.'OTES.

used on etchings and engravings. From their point of view the committee per-
formed their thanklest) task-for the hanging of exhibition pictures is almost as
thankless a task as that of judging them-very ably; but despite all their efforts
nearly all the really delicate work of the exhibition was devitalized by that
brutal wall-color, and made to look muddy, colorless or lifeless almost to mori-
bundity by its rough assault.
I have often wondered why so progressive an institution as the Philadel-
phia Academy-and under its present management it is one of the most pro-
gressive art institutions of the country-I have often wondered why it permitted
this aggressive burlap, effective as a background for certain things only, to
remain on the walls constantly in use for the exhibition of pictures of the most
widely different character, and for which some neutral tint would be the most
effective and least detracting or injurious. It plays havoc not with photographs
alone, but with many of the paintings and sketches shown against it, collections
of which I have, on more than one occasion, noted to have been very seriously
affected with the contagion of this "red death." The Chicago Art Institute has
been more happy in its choice of wall color for its general exhibition walls, and
the Carnegie Institute at Pittsburg has likewise exercised great care in this
particular.
In the critical consideration of every pictorial exhibition of any importance,
and particularly of such as are held annually and represent the progress or
retrogression of a pictorial movement, it is necessary for a proper understand-
ing of its entire weight and significance to regard it as a whole, as well as to
analyze separately its component parts. In this way only is it possible to form
some estimate of the general trend of the work, and to note if there be
a marked movement. either organized or spontaneous. in any particular
direction.
To do this properly, and in such a manner as to insure approximately accu-
rate results-in matters dependent on human taste and judgment it would be
folly to expect more-it is essential that the task be approached with ahsolute
impartiality and the single desire to present things as they are, without fear of
offending or desire either to please or annoy.
Keeping this well in mind-for 'tis a rule more often forgotten than re-
membered in the reviewing of not only photographic but many other exhibitions
by professional critics-let us pause for a moment on the threshold of the Salon
to consider what it represents and means before turning to a critical examina-
tion of its pictures.
It presents to the observer an interesting mosaic of the results of a great
amount of exacting labor, infinite thought and earnest striving after some phase
of what is termed the beautiful. With the purely personal element represented
hy these efforts we must not concern ourselves, results alone, independently of
the individuals, having to be passed upon. And it means that a numher of per-
sons throughout the country, using and believing in the camera as a means of
expressing original artistic ideas, have 'l•oluntarily submitted their work to a
carefully sel~cted jury--composed of five different persons all more or less dis-
tinguished in the photographic world, and each representing a certain marked
phase and style of pictorial photography entirely different from that represented
194
 THE SALON.

by every other member of the jury-to determine if their submitted work show
"disti11ct evideuce of i11di-.•idual artistic feeling and cxecfllion."
"Distinct evidence of artistic feeli11g and e.xecution !" What does this
mean and imply. It means that the jury had two main points to deal with in the
case of each picture-one a point of taste, or that having merely to do with the
artistic feeling-the other one of fact, or that dealing with the artistic
execution.
In the matter of the first, each juror would in all probability have his own
particular view of what artistic feeling was; and judgment on this would be
purely discretionary-for what may be a distinct evidence of artistic feeling to
one may have for you no significance in the world. Our opinion upon this point
depends for its color very largely on temperamental peculiarities and educa-
tional prejudices; the Spaniard, for example, may regard as distinct evidence of
artistic feeling that which would never in the world appeal to the Japanese or
the Englishman. In the matter of execution, however, judgment is based on
exact knowledge-of drawing, of values, of tonality, of perspective, of compo-
sition and the like-things following certain fixed and well defined laws and of
exact commensurability-affording no latitude for the exercise of discretionary
judgment.
As few people ever agree upon matters of taste, the only possible way of
arriving at an intelligent and intelligible standard is by recognizing that set by
the agreement of a number of persons of known judgment, ability and taste.
This may, of course, fall short of being correct, as has more than once happened
in the history of affairs of taste. If incorrect, time alone will show, and the fault
will be as much that of the times that produced the judges as of the judges
themselves.
The object of calling upon such a jury is, by obtaining its composite judg-
ment to strike a general average of the best taste of the time; for while one
member of a jury may be in advance of his time and another behind it-one a
conservative and another an extremist-one an impressionist and another a
realist-and while each, if left to his own devices, might be too much swayed by
his own particular likes or prejudices-when acting together such a body is
very apt to hit upon a middle choice that is entirely representative of the really
good work of the period and to set a standard that will register the high-water-
mark of present progress.
The 204 pictures therefore represent two things-the invited work, the
productions of persons of acknowledged and proven ability here and abroad-
the selected pictures, the best in point of taste and the most perfect in matter of
technique, in the opinion of five competent persons of widely differing tastes-
of the mass of pictures submitted for judgment ; or, in other words, work show-
ing "distinct evidence of individual artistic feeling and execution."
Turning now to the exhibition, it appears that the first impression of the
Salon as a whole is one of almost disappointment. Individual pictures and
groups of pictures do not stand out from their surroundings as was the case last
year, and fix the attention whether or no; but instead subordinate themselves to
the general whole, and that general whole to the few really great pictures con-
tained therein in a very remarkable manner. As has already been observed, the
195
 CAMERA NOTES.

method of hanging adopted this year is partially responsible for this: and there
is an almost total absence of the sensational picture. Furthermore. while there
are fewer really big things than formerly, there is a corresponding absence of
the raft of mediocre work that managed to slip through last year, the conse-
quent result being the elimination from this year's exhibition of the abrupt and
violent contrasts so apparent in the last Salon. In a word. the exhibition of this
year is infinitely more even and more evenly refined than formerly.
Artistically speaking, it was almost feminine in its refinement. This ap-
parent evenness of character was partially due. as has already been observed, to
the method of hanging, and was made the more possible by the sameness of
character of certain of the pictures. After a long and careful study of the exhi-
bition, the conviction remained that certain photographers ambitious to do good
work, but still uncertain of themselves and not overabundantly endowed with
creative inspiration, had come under the influence and adopted the style and in
some cases even the mannerisms. of some of the best known workers, and pro-
duced results which, while showing distinct evidence of artistic feeling and exe-
cution, lack the vivifying quality of marked artistic originality or bigness of
conception.
This is as natural as it was inevitable, and is the best possible evidence of
the existence of a distinct movement, serious in its purpose and working
towards a definite end.
Strongly original workers are few and far between in every branch of cre-
ative art; aspiring, ambitious ones, many wherever the artistic appreciation and
perception has been fully awakened into life and action: and these latter seeking
to learn how best to cast their feelings into form-study and borrow from the
experience of those who have pioneered the way-and adopt such forms and
methods as are generally recognized to be the best in which to give expressiOn
to their own thoughts: just as the poet casts his fancies into the form of sonnet.
or Homeric verse and measures by the rhythmic time-beat of dactyl or spon-
dee so combined as best to convey the spirit and music of his thought-the
embodiment of his dream. To the great artist alone it is given to be the slave
of no form or law--other than the law of beauty.
There could be no better voucher for improved and bigger work in the
future when those who now are following begin fully to feel their own strength
and to branch out positively along their own lines. Some of the work shown at
last year's Salon displayed every evidence of being haphazard and without defi-
nite purpose. The American work of to-day as a whole, as represented by the
~alon, shows nothing of this, but is quite direct-strong, finn and full of
definite purpose. It is marked by a distinct style, that has made itself very evi-
dent wherever it has been exhibited alongside the work of other coun-
tries; and while. except in rare instances, wanting to a great degree in
poetic imagination. it shows .keen pictorial appreciation and great refinement
of feeling.
Having thus regarded the pictures collectively, we will now consider them
singly and according to their class-that is, the invited and the judged prints-
after which attention will be given to the exhibits of the members of the Jury
of Selection.
 THE SALON.

The name of J. Craig Annan is the first of the specially invited of the
foreign workers to appear among the catalogued names of this year's exhibitors.
It is a name well and more than favorably known throughout the entire
photographic-pictorial world. Mr. Annan is, in a word, universally conceded, by
all competent judges, to be one of the ablest, the most gifted, most artistic of
the really great pictorial photographic leaders of the times. Yet, from the
six examples of his art shown at this year's Salon, this would hardly appear.
Strong, quiet and full of character, Mr. Annan's portraiture, as here shown, is
hardly more than interesting as exhibition pictorial work, and attracts little
more than passing interest, either by the richness of its values or the character
of its subjects.
Five of the prints are portrait studies. In every instance the interest is
centred on one particular point, there being no obtrusive objects of secondary
importance to divide the attention with the main one. The lighting is well
handled and the body-lines carefully, gracefully, and to all appearances, charac-
teristically disposed. The portrait of Oswald Fergus, Esq., for example, repre-
sents a man in the prime of life, keen, alert and determined, almost to fierceness.
The contracted brow, almost frowning over the penetrating eyes, the clear-cut
features, the firmly set mouth, that faintly hints at the shadow of a quiet smile,
all bespeak a man of intellectual aggressiveness. The figure is almost in profile,
but the face looks out at us over the left shoulder and is bent slightly forward
in an attitude of alert attention ; the hands are hitched naturally into the coat
pockets in an easy attitude, indicative of momentary repose and nervous atten-
tion, that is entirely in keeping with the poise and character of the head. The
strongest light in the picture is on the head, centering the attention there, the
background and figure being fairly illumined with a diffusion of the light. The
frame seemed rather heavy and inappropriate and appeared to detract from
certain of the tone values of the picture, yet a fairly heavy one it certainly
requires, and I must confess that had I to suggest another style of frame, I
should find the task difficult. The portrait entitled W. Q. Orchardson, Esq., R.
tA., No. 12, portrays quite a different character, and in a much lower key.
It is the largest picture in Mr. Annan's collection, and represents a man of
probably sixty years of age, in a sitting posture and in profile. His bearing is
that of a man of the world, formal, polite and entirely self-possessed. One
almost feels an artistic mannerism emanating from the picture, as though the
sitter had lived a while in Paris and had acquired a French poise. The tones
of the picture are rather hard and leathery. The modelling of the face is
especially fine, and the entire picture is in the latest style. M oily, No. 7, the
picture of a child, is, at first glance, most unpleasant to look upon, but careful
examination shows that this is due, to some extent, to the influence of the
frame, and partially to the size of the picture. The overbearing massiveness of
the frame, and its color, greatly detracted from the picture's value and delicacy,
as does the comparative size of the child's figure, which is too large for the space
allowed for it. It was only after repeated and close inspection that I discovered
it to be a really charming study of a child.
In reality it is a very delicate piece of work, but the frame, by its contrasting
strength and heaviness and its closeness to the figure, makes it appear "blurred,
11)7
 CAMERA NOTES.

fuzzy," some might call it, and indistinct. Nevertheless. the picture is not m
character, though it may in reality be very true to life. One of the greatest
charms of child life is its entire naturalness and truth to self, in its very uncon-
sciousness of self. The child in this picture is clearly posing. There is none of
the childish abandon and unconscious naturalness that lend to juvenile life its
greatest charm. The turn and poise of the curly little head, the position of the
shapely little arms and dimpled hand, the entire attitude of the figure, show that
the child was conscious of posing, and in a serious child study that is a grave
fault. The two portraits of women, Nos. 8 and 9. are quiet, dignified studies.
and there is a pensive, far-away expression about their eyes that is always
becoming to women and attractive and incomprehensible to man- attractive
partially, perhaps, because of its very enigmatical character. ":\ penny for
your thoughts,'' you exclaim, my masculine reader. when you behold such an
expression, throwing its almost penetrable veil over the eyes of some fair friend,
and you feel a longing to know of what it is she is thinking that seems to bring
you nearer to her and at the same instant puts you farther away-too far away
to follow the finer fancyings of the woman soul within her. And invariably the
interrogated one smiles archly and refuses any elucidation at any price or else
furnishes you with an explanation that explains nothing. Perhaps it is some
vision or dream too ineffably tender for the less spiritual mind of man to under-
stand, and consequently calculated to excite his derision? or is it that the
daughters of Eve are fully aware that curiosity is not entirely monopolized by
the fair sex, but holds an equally powerful sway over the sons of Adam, despite
all their boasting to the contrary? Like enough it is a little of both. But to
return from our digression-and to Mr. Annan's pictures--of which one still
remains to be considered, that entitled The Dark M01mtai11s, No. 11. This
picture alone. of Mr. Annan's six pictures. possesses certain dramatic and poetic
qualities. "The Dark Mountains"-the very name summons to our imagina-
tions Walpurgian nightmares or Dantesque dreams, ideas of massive, awful
grandeur, unknown, threatening dangers, the unexplored countries beyond,
whence the last light of day flares up into the night-darkening sky. Such a
light flares up into such a sky in Mr. Annan's picture, and outlined against it
we see in the distance a range of dark mountains massing against the beyond.
Some figures in the foreground, draped Dantesque fashion, walk from us
towards the mountains. Their heads are bowed, somewhat like pilgrims ap-
proaching some holy shrine, or men engrossed in all-absorbing thoughts. Their
figures arc indistinct and simply outline themselves in dim masses against the
distance. Whence are ye, oh, silent travelers, and whither are ye bound?
Follow ye the trail of Death over the range of Time in search of the Eternity
beyond? Or are ye bent on Faust-like quest of horrid distraction from the ever
present memory of some ill deed done that chafes the conscience and humiliates
the soul? There are in the immediate foreground of this picture two white
masses that may be rock masses or drifts of snow or glimpses of mountain
streams, but which do not explain themselves and whose pronounced unex-
plained lightness disturh the quiet harmony of the picture. The sky towards the
tops and sides, especially to the left, as we face the picture. is rather too densely
and harshly rendered, and the transition from light to dark is too abrupt to be
198
 THE SALON.

pleasing or thoroughly artistic. This picture, with the two previously men-
tioned, lose certain of their qualities through the manner in which they have
been matted and framed. Differently exhibited, they would have shown to
far better advantage.
The exhibition does not show Mr. Annan at his best, which I regret, for
that best belongs, in my judgment, to the very best that has ever been done in
pictorial photography; his Lombardy Plo-:.uing Team, the Walking Mo11ks
and one or two others of his pictures hold their own with the most perfect
pictorial work yet done with the aid of a camera.
Robert Demachy, whose name follows that of Mr. Annan in this class,
needs no introduction. Wherever interest is taken in pictorial photography
his work and name are known, and with Mr. Annan, he ranks with the fore-
most. He is one of the few photographers whose best work bears the stamp
of a poetic imagination as well as an airy fancy.
Melancholy, No. 43, one of the ten pictures shown by him this year,
is a fine example of this. The picture presents to us a young girl, her head
and shoulders alone visible, pensively watching the day depart over the distant
hill-side. The western under-rims of the gliding clouds are touched with the
afterglow of the diurnal light. The girl's hair falls about the head so as to
afford but the merest glimpse of her face, which presents itself in profile, and
is simplicity itself, showing no trace of any attempt at the petty little vanities
and coquetries of youth. The listless loneliness of this girlish figure in this
mountain solitude at such an hour, her pensive attitude, her disregard of looks
and the idea of death so softly suggested by the fading light that is thus associ-
ated and brought face to face with fair young life is certainly a very poetic
rendering of the picture's title. When viewed near at hand the picture shows
one peculiarity that forces itself upon the observer and very materially detracts
from the seriousness of its purpose. I refer to the manner in which the sleeves
of the girl's dress have been indicated. Thinking that my imagination had
exaggerated this feature, I took a friend to this picture and asked him if there
was any particular detail in this print that forced itself upon him over and
above everything else. "Yes,'' he replied, "the sleeves of the girl's dress. They
make me think of a vegetable that is one of the chief ingredients of gumbo
soUJr-they look like okra stems." Thus, too, had they instantly impressed me.
At a little distance this peculiarity disappears. Of the two portrait studies
shown, that of Count de B., No. 49, is by far the best. It is the portrait of
a man of middle age, in a costume that belongs to a past century. It is so
entirely in character and keeping that it might easily be mistaken for a copy of
some fine old painting. It is well and understandingly handled and is one of
the strongest pieces of work of the kind that I have ever seen. It presented a
phase of M. Demachy's work with which previously J was not familiar. The
other portrait, while rather well handled. was not particularly interesting.
Pride, No. 41, Decorati~·e Figure, No. 46, Girl With Guitar, No. 47,
are effective decorative studies. This picture, the Girl With Guitar, be-
ing especially happy and effective, and executed more in a Florentine than
a Parisian spirit. It suggests rich coloring and the dreamy, voluptuous, pas-
sionate charm of music. It brought hack to me memories of years ago, when
 CAMERA NOTES.

more keenly alive to the poetry and romance of things, I had lolled in a gondola
on Venetian lagoons, and lulled by the caress of the soft summer night, had
listened to the music of the guitar, accompanying some rich, melodious love
song, come floating over the moon-lit waters out of the shadow of the darkness
of some palatial pile as my boat glided on through the topaz night.
Summer Time, No. 45, represents a rather effective landscape, with
a female figure half reclining in the foreground, the head supported against a
tree. The landscape in itself is more or less satisfying, but the girl's figure seems
out of place and incongruous. It is costumed in some sort of flowing gown
that resembles somewhat that worn by college girls as the uniform of their
scholarship and is not in keeping with the surroundings, as it is sufficiently
assertive to attract the attention and bring to the mind the idea of style instead
of summer. At the left shoulder there is fixed a large decorative flower. The
folds of this gown, running toward the front of the picture, introduce a series
of distracting, inharmonious and unpleasant lines into the composition. The
theme itself is channing enough, but it seems to me that in this picture M.
Demachy fails to realize the possibilities that he suggests. The title of No. 48,
while a trifle misleading, designating, as it does, an act rather than a person or
condition, comes near enough to convey the idea intended. The picture portrays
a quaint little French child, garbed in the white dress and veil of a first com-
municant: a commingling of happiness, veneration and awe beams from the
little one's face, and she presents a charnting picture of childish purity and
angelic innocence. How well M. Demachy has given expression to this, is
best understood by comparing this picture with Pride, just above it, and his
Girl With Guitar. The first, coldly vain rather than proud, and entirely
conscious of her voluptuous charms-the other langorously amorous, sensuous.
It is only after such comparison that one begins to understand how entirely M.
Demachy is in sympathy with his work and how understandingly he executes it.
Paris, No. 40, and Old Mentone, No. 44, show another phase of this
artist's work. Paris is not, as one might he led to suppose from the title, a
bird's-eye view of the city to which it is said all good Americans go when they
die, but simply an interesting glimpse of a very small part of it-one of the
squares, if my memory serves me; and Old Mentone, while picturesque and
rather effective, is vastly inferior to the Mentone picture shown in last year's
Salon and afterward reproduced in CAMF:R.\ NoTES. (See Vol. III., No. 3).
The framing of this picture greatly weakens the picture's force and detracts
from its value. The framing of Paris, too, is not in the best taste. It is due
to M. Demachy to say that the half-tone reproduction of Old Me11tone in
the catalogue exaggerates the blackness of the shadows and the lightness of the
sunny portions of the picture, and makes the woman standing in the shadowed
doorway appear an absurd, flat, black shadow plastered against the wall, all of
which is decidedly misleading and untrue to the original picture. M. Demachy,
while more widely known to-day by his purely decorative work, will be remem-
bered longest and most favorably, by such pictures as Mentone, Thistles, Mel-
ancholy and Poster-study. He is a man of much ability and great versatility.
who, though often simply delicately fanciful, can be strong and vigorous when
occasion demands.
200
 Tf/E SALON.

Impressive by reason of size and color, the ten pictures of Herr Th. Hof-
meister, another of those invited to exhibit, attracted especial and immediate at-
tention to themselves. The collection, with one exception, was given a wall to
itself, with ample space for each print and nothing to distract attention. Yet,
with everything in their favor, they, with the exception of two pictures, failed to
make a favorable impression on the majority of those who visited the Salon,
either by reason of the choice of subject or the manner of treatment. At best
they excited little more than curiosity as to the method of their production, as
the general public is not over familiar with the manner in which gum-bichro-
mate prints are made.* Their very size exaggerates their faults, and the
additional element of color conjoined to their strength, for they are strong.
makes them appear crude. Limited as the photographer of to-day is in the
matter of color, it is practically impossible for him at present to render color
effects and combinations with any degree of truth if he would introduce color
into his work. Therefore, he must either confine himself to such subjects as
lend themselves to his limitations. such. fer example, as /11 Fog or Night,
or else he must attempt to produce such an effect as will not challenge com-
parison by its intermittent veracity. hut which, on the contrary. will win admira-
tion by appealing to the untrammeled love of the beautiful, by presenting to the
eye fanciful harmonies that are born of a refined and artistic imagination. Herr
Hofmeister, instead of appealing to the imagination, has challenged comparison
with certain facts of nature, with which those who study his pictures believe
themselves to he conversant; and which seem to them to have been unhappily
rendered in most of his pictures. His pictures are sufficiently literal to make
one think of facts, and one's sense of truth is therefore rather shocked to find
the shadowed side of tree trunks rather strongly illuminated when the light
comes from behind them, as in Summer Evening, No. 93, or the glimpses
of trunks that appear from beneath a mass of shadowing foliage rendered in
an almost higher key than any other part of the picture in which appears a
light-sparkling stream and a brilliant sun-lit sky, as in the case of the Meadow,
No. 91, which is, on the whole, perhaps, the most pleasing and satisfactory
and the most complete of Herr Hofmeister's landscapes here exhibited. Land-
scape, No. 42, is faulty in composition and very disturbing to the eye. Like
Night, No. 87, it lacks concentration, and in certain respects reminds one a
trifle of a painting by E. A. Bailey, I think, exhibited at the Royal Academy,
London, in 18g6, Mr. Bailey's picture, however, being more attractive .
.Vight, No. 87, is the largest and most disturbing picture shown in this
year's Salon. It presents a row of silver birches along the side of a stream, with
a glimpse of landscape showing beyond the stream and to the right of the trees
as we face them. Dividing this picture into the masses which compose it, we
find that we have six different triangular forms, three light, the moon-lit
receding tree trunks, the light reflecting stream and the sky, and three dark,
the landscape on the far side of the stream, that on the hither side and the tree
foliage. all converging to one point like some Chinese triangular block puzzle,
• Those of our readers who are unfamiliar with the gum-bichromate process will find
a lucid explanation of it by turning to Mr. Carlin's article on the subject. CAMERA
NOTES, Vol. III., No. 2. p. 66.
201
 CAMERA NOTES.

compelling the attention to fix itself on that point, which is at the extreme left
of the picture, from the observer's view point, and which is not the point of
pictorial interest ; when at the same time the foremost tree-trunk, the fore-
ground portion of the stream, the receding landscape and the evening sky
irresistibly attract the eyes to the picture's center and right. The disturbing
and positively trying effect upon the eyes of such a composition as this can be
more easily imagined than described. Its color is rather good, and were the
pictures halved, the sky and landscape portion being retained, a rather strongly
decorative night effect would be the result. As it stands, the theme loses all its
force and is full of aggressive faults.
/n Fog, No. 90, on the other hand, is almost faultless. In color, com-
position, feeling and technique it leaves little to be desired, and is one of the
most masterly examples of marine work of this kind that I have ever
seen.
The more I studied it the more its charm grew upon me, and in almost
every light it held its own. Anyone who has lived near the sea and been upon
it when the wind has died down and one of these diaphanous fogs has settled
over the ocean and the sails flap listlessly; when the most uncouth craft hides
its ugliness under the veil of the mist and becomes beautiful in a ghostly way-
a phantom boat upon a phantom sea; when the muffied sound of horn or bell
throbs warningly out of the dim distance; when sailors watch and listen and
speak but little, and then not above a whisper; anyone who has experienced this
will stop before this picture and return to it again, experiencing each time a
new thrill of pleasure and admiration at the thoroughly sympathetic manner in
which the subject has been treated.
Harvest, No. 88, Coming Home from the Harvest Field, No. g6,
and Against the Stream, No. 94, are rural, homely subjects that seem to me
to have lost much force by reason of the largeness of their size. They are
strong. The rendering of the ground appearing between the old peasant's legs
in a lighter way than that on either side of them is false and disturbing. In the
Harvest the landscape is pleasing and well rendered, yet none of these three
pictures seemed particularly picturesque or remarkably interesting.
Portrait of the Artist, F. Mackenson, No. 95· is a very powerful and
splendidly handled example of portraiture. In drawing. composition, tonality,
modeling, lighting, pose and easy naturalness it leaves little to be desired.
Everything in the picture is subordinated to the man and his individuality, and
while conscious of the palette, brush, artist's blouse, negligee shirt and care-
lessly fastened tie, and the river and sky background, nothing distracts the eye
from the strong, vigorous, splendid head, whose attitude and every feature
bespeak boldness, aggressiveness and determination. The touch of light upon
the river at the point where it comes behind the subject's shoulder preserves the
balance of the values and ~hows Herr Hofmeister to be a master. It is one of
the greatest pictorial photographic portraits that I have ever seen.
Essentially French in its character, decorative, dainty, fanciful, at times
almost to frivolity, the work of Captain Puyo never fails to attract the attention:
and the ten examples sent by him in response to the invitation to exhibit at this
year's Salon are no exceptions to this rule.
202
 THE SALON.

Like many another artist, he seems to derive all his inspiration from the
beauty of woman and to devote his art exclusively to representing her in some
gracefully seductive pose or attitude, as, for example, in Slumber, No. 133,
where his fair subject is represented as having fallen asleep over her reading, to
the waste of midnight oil and the entire disedification of two puritanical old
ladies who stood in front of the picture as I approached it, examining the lace
design on pillowcase and counterpane and calling the girl a shameless and
extravagant huzzy; and in Be{o1·e the Fire, No. 136, in which a daintily
appareled little woman sits in a fascinating attitude warming her hands before
a fire; or in some purely decorative way, as in Torso, No. 132.
This picture, designed to ornament a fan, just misses being an exceptionally
handsome piece of work, but the lines of the crumpled gauze that partially
hide the figure are disturbing, and the hip is so posed as to throw the lower
portion of the abdomen out of drawing, and to introduce a pronounced curve
to the hip line that does not lend itself very gracefully to the fan shape into
which the tigme is crowded. As I looked at the picture I could not get rid of
the idea that the fan-shape was an after-thought and that Captain Puyo, having
failed to get what he originally designed to secure, had hit upon the scheme of
utilizing the defective picture in this way, that the picture might not prove an
utter loss. Again, he will personify the seasons in fair female shape in rhythmic-
ally flowing draperies that curve as gracefully and as beautifully as tall grass
or long-stemmed flowers when swayed by a gentle wind and amidst exquisite
landscapes, as in lime, No. 130, and Summer, No. 134. Of the witchery
of her garments, as well as the charm of her person is he an able exponent.
Examine, for example, The Flower Garden, No. 137. How charming the
attitudes of the three girls walking up the path away from us between the
banks of flowers, and how daintily beautiful and in what perfect harmony
every fold, every line, every curve of their garments.
With the spiritual side of woman's nature, too, he sometimes busies him-
self, as is shown in his Sacred Song, No. 135. This picture shows us two
young girls with white transparent veils thrown over their heads, singing from
the same book. The picture tells its own story and needs no title. It is
treated in a minor key; everything about it is soft and delicate. The girls' faces
are innocent, pure young faces, and their expression that of unaffected devotion.
The white gauze veils seem to catch the light and hold it in a soft glow about
the girls' heads and faces. The picture is perhaps the finest and most perfect of
Captain Puyo's ten pictures.
Candle Light, No. 138, is rather forced and theatrical and not especially
attractive, and Salute to the Dawn, No. 139, while poetic in conception, is
faulty and the poorest of the Puyo pictures. An almost entirely nude female
figure sits on a sward in an opening in a forest, or on its edges, calling a greet-
ing to the dawn. The foreground of this scene, up to where the woman sits, is
still dark with the shadow of departing night, while beyond, the nocturnal mists
that still hang over the woods and land are softly gray with the first touch of
approaching day.
The nude figure is not only devoid of striking beauty, but is even ungrace-
fully formed ; and in no way does it bring to mind the graceful wood-sprite or
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lovely fay with whom poetic fancy has peopled the forests and whom we
would expect to find thus saluting the approaching day. Portrait, No. 131,
is a very characteristic portrait study of typical French woman. I took a strong
dislike to the type, yet there was some fascination about the picture that caused
me to examine it every time I entered the gallery. It is a very clever piece of
work. But whether portrait, character, genre, or decorative study, it is woman-
always woman. Nor do I remember ever to have seen any picture by him that
was otherwise-his art seems only to deal with the ever-present, the fascinating.
the eternal Feminine.
\Ve shall now turn to the pictures selected by the jury, and in considering
them we can well afford to pass over those that failed to leave any impression.
either by reason of their charm or their faults. It would be unfair to condemn
them, since they are possessed of certain goocl qualities and may be the fore-
runners of greater things, while to notice them would be to mete out to them
undue praise. Vve will therefore allow them to be forgotten.
Mr. C. Yarnall Abbott is this year represented by three pictures. Marie.
No. 1, is one of the most pleasing things that Mr. Abbott has yet done, and
somewhat resembles a delicate water-color sketch. It presents a child's head,
turned away from the observer. The outline of the top of the head is too pro-
nounced and heavy. The lock of hair that strays rebelliously outward from the
little brow is also too heavy, and is therefore stiff and wiry in appearance, in-
stead of being flexible and wavy. The shoulder and body of the child, without
being strongly outlined, make themselves felt, nevertheless. in too round and
bulky a way for so delicate a subject. This shows a lack of artistic technical
training, but as Mr. Abbott has strong artistic leanings and influences and
moves in art circles, there is little doubt but that he will perfect his technique,
and the charm, delicacy and fine feeling shown by this and some other examples
engender the hope that he will do so; for a man who can do such work should
spare no pains to perfect his art. This picture is so matted and framed as to be
robbed of much of its delicacy.
Katharine, No. 2, another picture by Mr. Abbott, is a quiet portrait study
in gum, harmoniously framed. The back of the head and shoulders dissolve
themselves into meaningless shadow that lightens unpleasantly as it meets the
edge of the frame, the edge of the print having the appearance of having been
clipped in some weak bleaching solution. The left eye of the picture is so deli-
cately rendered, and the right so forcefully delineated, that the difference thus
imparted to the two organs is singularly unpleasant. Viewed from the distance
of ten or twelve feet away the picture appears to be that of a young girl with
back towards us looking over her right shoulder. In reality the front of the
body is towards us, and while the face is that of a young girl, the bust, owing to
the manner in which the drapery has been rendered, is that ot a mature woman.
The picture as a whole is monotonous.
The DyitJg Fire, No. 3, also by Mr. Abbott, is the picture of a man past
middle age, seated comfortably in a Morris chair before what has all the appear-
ance of being a gas-log grate, in which there is no evidence of flame or fire, and
beside which in the tiled mantel front is a hot-air flue. The background of the
picture. with its striped wall paper, is rather too pronouncedly in evidence.
 THE SALO.V.

The figure is reposeful ami very well posed. The picture's title probably refen
to the sitter's age, though he seems hale and vigorous.
'Mid Steam and S111okc, No.4, by Prescott Adamson, is a splendid examplt
of what can be done with an almost impossible subject, if one only have the
genius and ability. Few more homely and inartistic subjects can be well imag-
ined than barn-like factories, steam-pipes. steam. smoke and freight cars. Yet
out of such material Mr. Adamson has composed a strong picture. truly picto-
rial in every sense and well worthy of a place in any first-class exhibition. The
picture has a few minor faults, but is so complete in itself that these melt into
insignificance ami are forgotten. It is the most perfect piece of work of its kind
that I have yet seen.
Frances and Mary Allen exhibit two prints. The Willows, No s. and A
Holbein W o111a11. No. 6. The first is a landscape that is not particularly re-
markahle. The upper portion of its sky is tmmeaningly dark, and gives to that
part of the print the appearance of having been sunned for a tone. At a little
distance from the picture the clouds seem to weave themselves into the dark
tops of the clustering tree branches so as to become part of them. The light of
the picture seems to come from the horizon, yet the near side of the foliage is
very well lighted. The picture lacks concentration. I\evertheless it pleased
some. for I noticed several admiring it and voicing their admiration in pretty
adjectives. The second picture, admittedly inspired by Holbein, is a strong and
well-handled piece of work. It presents a woman of fine, strong features and
passive countenance, no longer in the prime of youth. The head is encased
cloister-fashion in some white material-a long, narrow strip of the same falling
down in front of the body beneath the chin. A mantle of dark stuff envelops
the figure, falling in fine, dignified folds over the shoulders and down the body.
The simplicity of the treatment is one of the picture's charms. The glass over
the print neutralizes some of its finest qualities and practically kills its atmos-
pheric depth. The canvas-like texture of the background is \'ery effective.
Certain markings-due either to "pin-holes" in film or an uneven deposit in !he
development of the prittt-appear here and there over the surface of the pictttre,
and should have been removed. The disregard of such minor details is a charge
to which few of us are not open at one time or another. but which is none the:
less reprehensible. If a picture be worth finishing it should be finished in the
most perfect way possible.
F. C. Baker's picture, At Sunset, No. 13. the :oolitary aristo print shown at
this year's Salon, is one of the most charming landscape bits of the exhibition.
It is of a quiet country road, winding up through beautifully marked trees, and
disappearing over a horizon that shows above it a delightful evening sky. The
picture is rich in tones, splendid in values, and delightfully simple and harmoni-
ous in composthon. It gave me more real pleasure than any other landscape
shown. Its only fault of any consequence lay in the manner in which a mass of
light cloud cut diagonally across the horizontal cloud lines-which was both
marring and disturbing.
Of the three pictures shown by Chas. I. Berg, that entitled A Japanese
Study, No. 16--why Japauese I fail to understand, for Japanese it is not in any
sense-is by far the best. This picture is peculiarly pleasing in tone. It shows
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a female figure in standing pose, the head inclined pensively forward, resting
upon the hand. The head is crowned by a splendid decorative mass of rich dark
hair, into which just over the ear have been interwoven two large decorative
white flowers. The figure is elegantly and simply draped-the drapery falling
in classic flowing lines about the body in such a way as to be inspired with its
life, dignity and rhythm without displaying the outlines of the form. Were it
not for the decided suggestion of material physical beauty afforded by the
drawing of the drapery so taut over the hip so as to display its full round lines
and voluptuous modeling--done to all appearances inadvertently and to elimi-
nate the creases caused by the manner in which the sheet, or whatever was used
for drapery, had been folded previous to use, but which nevertheless appear-
the picture would have had a decideqly spirituelle character, and might have
served as a study of Beatrice, the beloved of Dante, or some similar subject.
The monotony of background has been rather well broken up, though its light
and dark masses are a trifle incoherent and wanting in balance. The after-tint-
ing of the print to something of a yellow tone has added very materially to its
charm.
A Child Study shows faulty drawing, indifferent composition and leathery
flesh tones. It appears to be an example of an unsuccessful attempt to produce
flesh tones by aid of mercury. Were the subject literally copied by some painter
and shown on canvas, I am inclined to the belief that it would be condemned as
a daub. As an attempt it is very interesting and instructive-as a finished pict-
ure it appears to me to be a decided failure. Yet Mr. Frank Eugene, an artist
of ability, and whose taste J know to he good-and others-found much in
it to admire.
Of all the forms in which The Bath has been exhibited, the miniature one
adopted by Mr. Berg for this year's exhibition is the happiest. The dainty
charms of this little nude study are shown to best advantage, and its faults of
drawing and relative values discounted and minimized. It was framed in good
taste and has attracted much favorable attention.
An Autumn Twilight, No. 17, Elizabeth Brownell, while possessing certain
fine pictorial qualities, is very faulty and restless in composition. Its lights are
varied and conflicting, it lacks concentration, and displays the lack of a' well
balanced selective faculty or sense on the part of its maker. On the wall it car-
ries rather well.
John G. Bullock displays two pictures, Tree Study, No. 18, and The Coke
Burner, No. 19, full of fine feeling and evidencing keen, sensitive appreciation.
Mr. Bullock's pictures, while at times faulty in their relative values, show a
highly developed selective sense and great refinement of taste. Of the two pict-
ures shown by him, The Coke Burner is the stronger and more ambitious effort
and is very well handled.
Storm, No. 20, by Louis Casavant, is full of vigor and dramatic force, and
is a splendid example of the application of the introduction of poetic imagina-
tion into landscape work. A mass of trees, half hidden and blurred as to detail
by mist, show rich and dark against an angry, storm-threatening sky. A sug-
gestion of light coming from behind and just above the trees illumines the pict-
ure sufficiently to add force and terror to the gathering darkness and approach-
208
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ing !'torm. \Ve can almost hear the wind thrashing among the trees and almost
see them sway beneath its driving force-and as we look at this little picture
there steals over us something of that feeling of awe and dread admiration that
is inspired by the heroic fury and massive magnificence of the battles of the
elements.
The title of H. E. Cassel's picture, When Bruce Is Good, No. 21, led me to
believe that I was about to look upon the picture of a pet dog. Theretore when
I came before the print I found that I owed it an apology-it was not the pict-
ure of a dog, but of a young child draining the last drops from its milk-bottle,
with every outward evidence of a well established intent to shy the said bottle at
the nearest person as soon as it was quite empty. I've seen infants perform that
trick before. Their parents like them thus and think them "cute," and all pres-
ent, if wise in their day and generation, must unreservedly agree with them-no
matter with what mental reservations. Being in this case free from the coercive
influence of the parental presence, I am free to speak my real feelings and to say
that I do not admire habies under such circumstances, as they are too danger-
ous. and I do not consider the depicting of them thus either high art or particu-
larly <esthetic-though I know no parent will agree with me. I might even
venture to say that in such an exhibition such a picture is out of place. The
<:hild's head shows very fine modeling.
Lawrence, Reynolds. and Gainshorough are brought to mind by the five
pictures shown by Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade, of Buffalo. Miss
Clark makes the negatives. I understand, and Mrs. \Vade the prints. However
that may be, this at least is certain-some of these prints show every evidence
of extreme carelessness in their making. If one person made both negative and
print there might be some excuse for this-but where two are engaged in the
operation, one making the one and one the other, the very best results should be
arrived at, as each has to do solely with perfecting his or her part of the work;
and any carelessness or slovenliness, under such circumstances, is inexcusable.
These pictures show a careful study of and familiarity with the best of the old
masters and some of the more modern ones.
In the picture Girl With a Jar, No. 22, a fine piece of work, the little of the
fingers shown is unpleasantly leathery-due to over printing or toning, or both.
Miss 1VI., of Washington, No. 26, the most effective of this set of pictures, was
in no way improved by its heavy black frame. A Da Vinci Type, No. 23, in
many respects one of the most perfect pictures of the Salon, is greatly marred
by the singularly brilliant and abrupt manner in which the left side of the boy's
face is illuminated. The picture's classic outlines and delicate tones are quite
subordinated and lost in consequence of this search-light like band of light that
strikes across the face. The exaggeration is, I am confident, not in the negative.
Doris and Her Mother, No. 25, while a fine piece of composition, I soon
found failed to hold the interest. All of these pictures are good in composition
and finely conceived, and while borrowing inspiration and style from well
known paintings. are in no sense copies.
:lfynherr Va11 Dyke, No. 27, by Frederick Colburn Clarke, is a very clever
and well handled piece of work, showing artistic training and appreciation. Its
values are true and its tones rich and virile.
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Alfred Clement's Evening Light, No. 28, shows the light of evening glim-
mering over the dunes. There is an air of loneliness about the scene that lends
to it a touch of melancholy sadness.
Of Mr. Allen Drew Cook's three pictures, I found the Hungaria11 Girl, No.
30, the most interesting. It is a pleasing, simple study, that would have been
greatly improved had the light design appearing on the cloth of the sleeve of the
girl's dress been subdued into harmony with the rest of the picture. As it ap-
peared it clashed harmfully. Study of a Girl's Head, No. 31, while interesting,
was not quite so good. Before Playing, No. 29, seemed very much out of place.
F. Holland Day is represented by eight prints. A picture showing a
woman costumed as illustrators are wont to costume angels in Christmas pict-
ures, and seated in the shadow of a decorative alcove beneath the artistic stair-
way of an resthetically designed house, is entitled The Annrmciatiotl., No. 36.
The segment of light appearing at the figure's right is presumably symbolical of
the announcing angel. The idea was, I have no doubt, serious and reverential
enough, but the result is almost travesty.
Mrs. Potter, No. 33, is a rather fine bit of decorative portraiture, and
Madam Yaco, No. 34, is by far the most perfect of this set of pictures. It is a
really charming study of the gifted little Japanese actress, executed in manner
almost Japanese, and the whole picture, even to the mounting and framing, is
kept in perfect character. It is a fine example of Mr. Day's nearly perfect taste.
The other pictures are not up to Mr. Day's standard, and are scarcely interest-
ing from the purely pictorial viewpoint. I believe the pictures shown do not
represent Mr. Day's latest work, he having been absent from the country fo1
some time, and the pictures finished before his departure.
The five pictures shown by Miss Mary Devens show force, originality and
versatility. They are, if the distinction be permissible, remarkable rather for
artistic strength than for artistic beauty. The portrait studies are especially
strong. The Charcoal Effect, No. 54, is interesting as a study but not as a pict-
ure. On the Hillside, No. 55, while the most pleasing of Miss Devens' pictures,
failed to satisfy. The theme is a good one and well and strongly handled, but
the technique uninterpretive. As an imitation of some old Dutch painting dead-
ened and spotted by time it is excellent ; as an interpretation of familiar nature
it is open to strong adverse criticism.
Wm. B. Dyer's eight prints show him to be a man of the finest poetic feel-
ing and the most fanciful and artistic imagination. They are all refined, deli-
cate, without being either weak or frivolous. The Model, No. 59, I do not care
for-the subject is unattractive to me, and the mounting seems to hurt it, while
the red of the Academy wall certainly kills its values. It is exactly what its title
indicates-a nude model-and nothing more. Its nudity is in no way offensive,
even to the most prudish. It is simply a model far from perfectly formed. who
will shortly be called on to pose, and whose defects the artist will do best to hide
or eliminate. The figure is very delicately rendered. The whole thing is kept
in perfect character.
Chloris, No. 57, reproduced in the catalogue, is a very artistic piece of
work, and is, I fancy, a subtle character interpretation.
A Portrait, No. 6o, is a charmingly decorative portrait study, thoroughly
210
 THE SALON.

artistic in conception and treatment. I am inclined to the idea that had the
curve of the hip line been less pronounced, so as to suggest more accurately the
anatomical structure of the form, or the folds of the skirt more clearly sug-
gested, so as to explain the exaggeration of the line in question, the results
would have been more entirely satisfactory and pleasing. As it is, however,
they are very charming.
The Darwinian Theory, No. 62, is a quaintly satirical smile at the theory
of Darwin, in which the artist seems to say, look on this delightful little one and
then on the suggestive object that she holds, and say if you can entertain so un-
poetic, so material, so preposterous a notion? Mr. Dyer is singularly happy in
his portrayal of children. His pictures of them possess a charm and fragrance
that is as rare in child portraiture as it is original.
The picture Such as Sit itJ the Darkness and Shadow of Death, No. 63,
rises to the dramatic, and the nude figure that crouches in the shadow and
stretches forth its hands as if to ward off some dread blow about to fall, is
strongly expressive of tragic fear and distress. The technical rendering of this
picture is faulty to some degree, as though the gum medium had not been en-
tirely responsive to the worker's touch and thought; but the idea is full of poetry
and the rendering strong and expressive. Mr. Dyer's other pictures are all full
of interest and merit, and while his work sometimes indicates a diffident hesi-
tancy, as though he were feeling his way and was not quite sure of the path, it
always evidences a definite purpose and a reaching for the truly harmonious and
beautiful. Here and there in his work I have noted wavering, as of a flickering
light-as though in the seriousness of his purpose he even doubted his own
ability and feared that he were fostering mere cleverness. This is because he
really feels, and his pictures are the creations of his heart rather than his brain.
Yet, like all real artists, he is guided by a something higher than mere reason.
Somewhere, somehow, he has caught a flashing, dazzling glimpse of the Per-
fection of Beattty, and as the force of his nature has developed he has striven
harder and harder actually and fully to realize what in the past he has felt, but
was able only very imperfectly to comprehend because of the limitations of
man's spiritual vision. Thus is it ever with the true artist, to which class Mr.
Dyer properly belongs. He is one of the few American workers who put some-
thing more than mere feeling into their work, and I feel that he will yet give to
the pictorial photography of our country some of the richest of its pos-
sessions.
T. M. Edmiston's three pictures, while showing the influences of Mr.
White's work, are original and ambitious attempts that give much promise of
stronger and better work in the future. They evidence decided ability, but are
rather monotonous in tone, and lack force and vivacity.
Among those who show a very decided improvement and advance in their
work are George D. Firmin, whose two pictures, At the Seashore, No. 78, and
Through Morning Mist, No. 79, are much in advance of the work shown by him
at last year's Salon. Through Morning Mist is much the better of these two
pictures, both by reason of its theme and handling. Through the gray monot-
ony of a misty morning two fishermen are about to launch their boat upon the
incoming waves. The composition of the picture is very well handled, and it
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only wants a touch of luminousness, to relieve it of its flatness, to make it a very

good picture in the best sense.
I attentively examined the picture entitled Jael to discover if possible some
reason for its having been hung, and finally concluded that it must have been
due to its eminently unpicturesque qualities. If meant to represent the Kenite
woman, it was, besides being singularly inartistic, false in both type and cos-
tume. Placed where it was, it was a paradox, for its admission stamped it a
picture-! use the word in narrower and purely artistic sense-and its appear-
ance negatived its every possible claim to pictorial merit.
The Street, No. 82, by Dallett Fuguet, presents a strikingly interesting and
original delineation of a New York street in fine perspective. The forct: and
fine quality and real artistic work of this picture can be hardly appreciated in so
small a print. The picture really needs to be considerably enlarged in order to
show its merits to advantage.
In A Stormy Night ill Tmt'JI, No. 85, Arthur A. Gleason, another striking
street view is shown. Mr. Gleason's picture is a strong and very eftective
effort, full of local character. The picture is well composed, and handled with
much appreciative feeling. Tht' manner in which it was mounted seemed to me
not to help it very materially.
The four pictures shown by Francis \Vatts Lee do not rank with the work
exhibited by him last year-but it would be difficult for a far less busy man
than Mr. Lee to keep up to the exceptionally high standard then set by him, and
which so suddenly advanced him to the ranks of the most advanced workers.
Of these four pictures, Sisters, No. 116, and Stephm~a, 1\o. 117, are by far the
most interesting. They are fine, unpretentious and sympathetic portraits of
children, very simply rendered, very directly. After all, how much there ts that
is beautiful, that is pathetic, that is touching, in child life; that can be known
only from the rapid play of expression that flits unrestrained over the sensitive
little face. At that period the language at its command is too limited, its vocab-
ulary too simple and its comparative experience too narrow to permit of any
verbal rlescription of its feelings or its sensations, and as childhood ripens into
youth it forgets. It is this that gives to such pictures as Mr. Lee's a special
value, for in their earnest expressiveness they open up to us that undiscovered
country from whose bourne we all have come, yet which we do not know.
To those in touch with the world of photography and familiar with its per-
sonnel, the name of Moore will come, not as a new sound and barren of signifi-
cance, but as a very pleasantly familiar one, inseparably associated with the pic-
torial photography of a few years ago--through the very popular pictures of
Mr. Clarence B. Moore, one of the most cultured and genial gentlemen among
the photographic workers. Mr. J. Ridgway Moore is a cousin of 1-.fr. Clarenct'
Moore, and one of the most ardent and energetic of those engaged in photo-
graphic pictorial work, as his recent one-man show at the New York Camera
Club has fully and vigorously demonstrated. Mr. Moore brings to his work an
art training of long and full experience, and a love of strength such as might be
expected from one who has looked upon and participated in the tragic grandeur
of war and followed big game over the wild western prairie. He is here repre-
sented by two pictures, Eventide, No. 121, and Hazy Morning Among tlte
212
 THE SALON.

Keys, No. 122. The first conveys much of the quiet repose of the country at
eventide-when the ear is treated to the rustic music of the lowing of the cow or
the fluttering of the farm fowl as they return to their places of rest. The pict-
ure displays an understanding appreciation of values and tones not always to be
found in the work of those better known in the photographic world. The sec-
ond picture is an attractive little marine-broad in its scope, well composed and
delicate-and it is particularly worthy cf note that in expressing the idea of his
picture Mr. Moore has not found it necessary to giVl' ns a single toned, flat. life-
less picture, as so many have done when attempting to convey the feeling of
haze or fog.
Of the two prints shown by W. L. Page, .A Bit of Nur,•mberg, No. 126, is
the most interesting and full of character. It is so small and so black that it
escaped my notice for some time, as I saw little else but a heavy black blot in the
frame. On close examination it proved to be one of the most interesting pic-
torial architectural pictures in the Salon, next to Mr. Sharp's work. It opened
up a momentary vista into the romantic middle ages, when heavy walls allll
barrecl windows and a strong arm were necessary to a man's comfort-that
translated the observer for the moment from the unromantic present into the
remote and picturesque past. Tlw pictnre is too small for such a big. ~trong
subject, and it was rather too dark and heavy, the blacks of the picture having
something the appearance of clogged printer's ink.
L. L. Peddinghaus shows two pictures. of which that of the sheep is mnch
the mere perfect print. Tlw picture is very familiar. J feel sure that I have
seen it before in a less pleasing shape. The old picture, as I recall it. contained
the present, and much more that conflicted. hence failing to compose into a pict-
ure. _.\II that was superfluous and disturbing has hccn trimmed away, the heart
of the print, or its pictorial part, alone being permitted to remain. However that
may be, the picture hefore us is truly pleasing and a picture properly so called.
It found many admirers, ancl was otie of the first of the collection to find a
purchaser.*
The landscape, while interesting and showing good feeling, was neither so
satisfactory as a theme nor so entirely picturesque. Some of the light cloud
strips showing in the sky come between the observer and certain of the tree tops
*The following is a list of the pictures sold and their purchasers:
'Midst Stream and Smoke ......................... ~Ir. Clarence B. :\loon:.
The Coke Burner ................................. !11r. Clarence B. 1\Ioore.
Dori~ and Her l\1 othrr ................................ ~I r. Charles E. Frick.
Miss M. of Washington ................................ !\lr. A. Leeds }one,;.
Melancholy .......................................... !\1 r. R. H. Townsend.
Carving the Name ................................... Mr. Edmund Stirling.
Evening ............................................. Mr. William B. Dyer.
Adam and Eve ..................................... :\<fr. ]. Ridgway Moore.
Rustling Leaves ........................................ Mr. W. H. Bustin.
Good Night .................................... Mr. Anthony W. Robinson.
The Old Orchard ............................. Mr. ]. Whitehead Nicholson.
Becalmed ............................................. Mr. ]. A. Limerich.
Dandelions ..................................... l\1 r. ]. Horace McFarland.
In the Fold ......................................... Mr. A. W. Robinson.
Study of Head, No. 179 ................................... !\lr. C. B. ~loore.
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in a rather disturbing way. The phenomenon was probably the result of slightly
unsuccessful local development of the sky portion of the picture. This picture
also was soon sold, which is a very material tribute to its value.
It was with a sense of genuine pleasure that the photographic visitors of
the Salon read in its catalogut the name of Wm. B. Post, for it was generally
known that he had been quite ill, and it was feared that in consequence he had
given up photographic work. Mr. Post is represented by two pictures, the
frames of which are an outrage to their finer feeling and a blight on their deli-
cacy. The immediate result of this framing on Lovewell's Pond, No. 128, was
to freeze its surface hard and chill the life out of the water lilies thereupon.
The blight removed, and it all thawed into life again, and proved to be a very
charming and delicate piece of work, in keeping with the best that Mr. Post has
ever done. It is so subtle that it is apt to be passed by, but once carefully ex-
amined, its beauty and delicate charm grow upon the observer and win from
him unstinted praise. It is a fragrant picture, as fragrant and delicate as the
lilies in the foreground, and it is full of placid rhythmic harmony. Some of the
dark spots on the watery foreground of the print produced by projecting stems
or reeds are a trifle disturbing. Intervale in T¥inter, No. 129, suffers less from
its frame than does the other print-it being a cold picture naturally-yet it is
like bringing the dead cold of the grave-which is one sort of chill-into juxta-
position with the glimmering cold of the frost-which is quite another. This
picture is an exceptionally fine and artistic piece of snow rendering-but those
frames! Oh! those frames! How could a man of Mr. Post's taste be guilty
of such a crime? Maybe, though, it was the sole fault of some undertaker, who
missed his vocation and became a frame maker instead.
The Glm.•e, No. 140, by Robert S. Redfield, is a fine, simple study in the
composition of perpendicular lines. It is exceptionally well managed, and
marks a new departure in Mr. Redfield's work. Becalmed, No. 141, is one of
the most delicate marine pictures in the exhibition. Mr. Redfield's work shows
excellent taste and feeling, both in the selection and treatment of his subjects,
and their mounting and framing.
Of Mrs. Margaret Russell's five prints. Eventide, No. 144, is, taken all in
all, one of the best things that she has ever done. It is a splendid piece of ma-
rine work. rather well composed, full of atmosphere, and rich and strong in its
tones, and well balanced in its values. It has substance and virility, and besides
all this it is essentially pictorial in its nature. The picture's technique is open to
criticism here and there, the sky near the sides of the print showing some evi-
dence of indifferent handling: hut, taken all in all, it is very satisfactory. and.
judging from this print. the ozotype is clearly Mrs. Russell's most fitting medi·
urn of expression-technically speaking.
Portrait, N'o. 143; Morning Mist. No. 146, and Ele11or, No. 142, are all
pleasing. well finished pictures, showing good composition, nice taste and al-
most perfect technique, but otherwise not remarkable. A Sprite, No. 145. is a
well executed photograph of a pretty, nude child. In a purely pictorial exhibi-
tion it seems out of place. I see nothing in it to justify its presence in the
exhibition.
Benjamin Sharp shows two pictures, of which the Old Mill at Nanttteket.
2l4
 THE SALON.

No. I48, is the more striking and picturesque theme. It is done in gum and
well handled, but the color, in combination with the mount and frame of the
picture, is anything but pleasing. The Citadel of Wuersburg, No. 147, is the
more complete of the two pictures from the point of pictorial finish. It is a
really fine example of pictorial architectural work.
Of Mrs. Virginia G. Sharp's two prints, Babette, No. 149, a fine portrait of
a child, is the more complete as a finished picture, while A Brown St11dy, No.
I so. is the more ambitious attempt and the more pictorial subject. The color is
rather bad and the treatment somewhat crude, but the subject is essentially pic·
turesque. and the print, with all its faults, strongly individual and artistic.
S·wampland, No. ISI, by T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr., while somewhat hard and
cold in treatment and faulty in composition, is a strong piece of work. It is full
of individ~tality and shows a strong feeling for the poetic, sombre sadness and
pictorial possibilities peculiar to flat, dreary marshlands the world over. To
have been able to instil this into his pictures is no small accomplishment, and
proves that ~fr. Sloane's work possesses something more than superficial merit,
as is unhappily not the case with many landscape workers-in both photography
and painting.
Ema Spencer shows three prints, of which the cleverest is A Mute Ap-
peal, No. 154. This picture is exceptionally well handled, both as to composi-
tion and values. It is a very well composed picture, and merits high praise. Her
other pictures, while less perfect. are well worthy of mention.
Portrait of Dr. Stanber)', "!'\o. I 55, by Katharine Sheward Stanbery, is an
original piece of portrait work of much interest.
The Bar-Maid, No. 170. by Mary R. Stanbery, is well conceived and well
executed, and'is essentially a picture in the best sense of the word. It proves
that in photography. as elsewhere, where there's a will there's a way, and that
the homeliest of material and the most seemingly impossible places can be used
to advantage, and fall most naturally into service when seriously wrapt in our
work and not merely superficially interested in it. Under such circumstances
one instinctively understands the pictorial value of things, and uses them, while
the mere mechanical worker is arguing about the qualities and relative merits of
lenses, and trying to find out how long an exposure 1\Ir. Eickemeyer gave his
plate when he made his Dancer, or whether Demachy uses a broad or narrow
brush in making his gum prints. Nearly everyone, for example, has a cellar,
barrels, demijohns and the like constantly accessible, yet how many photogra-
phers ever thought of putting them to such use till they saw Mrs. Stanbery's
picture. Doubtless there will he many to follow her example, and numberless
cellar pictures will be turned out ; but only a person of real ability would have
recognized the value of such things from the start. Such see their pictures in
their mind's eye, and then proceed to realize as best they can what they have
seen. The picture, while by no means a great one. is as a picture a great success
and challenges our admiration.
The three landscapes by Eduard J. Steichen stand alone in the Salon and
in the entire range of American photographic landscape work. A single glance
tells the observer that they are pictures by an artist of no mean ability, and that
they are entirely distinct from all other photographic landscape work. They are
:!Is
 CAMERA NOTES.

full of poetic originality, and display an understanding of the artistic richness of

the forest-the wonderful luxuriousness of its twilight shadows-the caressing
softness and silvery qualities of the grays of its mistbreath-the flowing beauty
of its trunk lines-the weird enchantment of the fading light through the count-
less vistas of the fragrant, sombre woods. All this and more do these three
pictures reveal, and anyone who has ever known and really felt the charm of the
forest, who knows its moods and its seasons, its humors and language, its dis-
cords·and its harmonies, cannot fail to find a something in Mr. Steichen's pict-
ures that will bring back to him some of the most delightful moments that he
has ever spent in woodland solitudes. And if I may venture a prediction. I will
assert that the maker of these three pictures is destined to rank among the great-
est pictorial photographers of the world if he continues to use the camera. The
sky of Landscape, No. 157, struck me as rather too. light in value for .the rest of
the picture.
Mr. Edmund Stirling's five prints are all subdued in tone. fine in feeling
.flnd refined in conception. While showing the influence to some extent of both
Mrs. Kasebier's and Mr. White's work, Mr. Stirling's pictures are on original
and new lines, the final outcome of which yet remains to be determined-for,
while on the way, he has not yet reached the goal of which he is in search. He
has executed fine work and made marvelous progress. but he has not yet
sounded the depths of his own genius. His pictures are quiet, refined and pic-
torial, but as I look at them I feel that they are wanting in something. and do
not express what I believe he has it in him to express and what he is stri,·ing to
say. His work is more pictorially illustrative than purely pictorial.
Ave Maria; Blessed Be the Hour, No. 176, Walter P. Stokes, possesses a
poetic charm. Its title is for a moment misleading to those who are accustomed
to the somewhat original manner of applying prayers or prayer-titles to pictures
now in vogue, but a glance at the picture itself, which shows a simple little
church on the borders of a lake. pointing its spire towards heaven and sanctify-
ing the waters with the touch of its shadow, and outlining its form against a sky
that tells of the approach of night, at once explains that it is just the hour of
evening when in all Catholic countries every church and chapel, every convent
and monastery, rings out over the land the nine strokes of the Angelus, three in
succession-calling all the faithful to stop for a few moments in whatever occu-
pation may be engaging them, to offer up a short prayer in honor of their God.
An hour later, when twilight has melted into night, the same bells will again ring
out a plaintive summons to prayer-this time to remind the living that in their
charity they must pray for the dead. Mr. Stokes has evidently felt the poetic
charm and beauty of all this, and has done his best to express it in his picture.
How much of the feeling is in the picture and how much suggested by the title
cannot very well be determined, and depends to a great extent on the knowl-
edge and experience of the observer. To one unfamiliar with Catholic customs
the picture under such a title would have no meaning, or only a very vague one.
On the other hand, to one familiar with such customs, the absence of a cross
from the spire of the church steeple would mar the whole effect, for he would
know at once that the church was not a Catholic church, and hence that its bell
would be mute and still at the hour of the Angelus.
2I6
 THE SALON.

/u the Fold, No. 177, the single picture shown this year by Mr. Henry
Troth, is one of the best things that he has ever done, and one of the most pleas-
ing pictures shown this year.
Of Miss Amelia Van Buren's three pictures, Study of Head, No. 179, was
in every respect the best. It was hung rather too high. It is the picture of the
head of a young girl. A thin white veil almost entirely envelopes the head.
The face, which is not covered, shows in profile against this veil, which stands
out slightly from the far side of the head, after the manner of stiff veils. The
effect is most pleasing when viewed on a level with the eye, but when so hung as
to compel the observer to look up at it, the veil seems to grow somewhat stiff
and wiry. All things considered, I think that this is the finest piece of work
that Miss Van Buren has ever done.
~fi!'s.Mathilde \Veil's picture, Mrs. G., No. 193, is a strong, simple portrait
study, entirely free from affectation, and having every appearance of being an
excellent likeness. It is well posed, and I doubt if it could have been better
handled.
Yerkes, No. 204, by Mr. John Wright, is a rather strong study of a child,
rather conventional in treatment.
There are certain other pictures in the exhibition which, as often as I have
been in the gallery, have left no impression. They were sufficiently faultless
technically to escape criticism on that score, and not sufficiently attractive, to me
at least, either by their beauty of subject, originality of conception, of vigor, or
charm of treatment, to hold the interest after the first view of them-and not to
be forgotten as soon as the back was turned. These I have now quite forgotten,
and their names in the catalogue mean 11othing to me-hence my failure to refer
to them. Of course my failure to see anything in them may be an evidence of
my own want of taste. Be that as it may, the fact that any picture has been
forgotten or adversely criticised means nothing if it be really good and possess
true beauty. If it possess real merit and beauty it will live long after my re-
views have been forgotten, and will be another evidence of how very much mis-
taken judges and critics can be and very often are.
We will now turn to a brief consideration of those pictures exhibited by
the jury on the invitation of the Salon Committee.
Each juror was invited, shortly after consenting to serve upon the Salon
jury, to select from his or her work ten pictures, to be representative of the
work of the individual juror, and to be hung without going before the jury of
Selection.
There were two main reasons for the adoption of this course. First, as
judges are invited from among the ranks of those having the reputation for
doing the best work, and on the strength of work already publicly exhibited and
honored, and acknowledged to be highly meritorious, it was customary, as an
expression of appreciation, and likewise from motives of delicacy, so to invite
them to exhibit; and secondly, in order to afford the general public ample op-
portunity to form some idea of the character of the average work and taste of
each individual juror, that some understanding might be had of his qualifica-
tions to serve in the capacity of a judge; and likewise to make possible an appre-
ciation of the exact weight and value of the composite. judgment of the jury as
217
 CAMERA NOTES.

a whole. representing as it does the average judgment of a number of persons,

each doing admittedly excellent individual work.
In response to this invitation, each juror picked out from his work ten pict-
ures and placed them in the hands of the Salon Committee before the jury met
to perform its work.
The ten pictures shown by Mr. Frank Eugene are, in my judgment, repre-
sentative of his art at its best. Examination of them shows him to be a strongly
original worker, and beyond dispute an artist of ability and power. He is
clearly fond of strength and rich, strong coloring-and when working in mono-
chrome of such tones as are most suggestive of strength and warm color; and
correspondingly is he intolerant of that which suggests a lack of vigorous
force or pale coloring. To appeal to him a picture must have body. Look, for
exampl~. at his Dido, No. 67.* It represents a nude female figure seated in an
attitude of despair. Every curve, every line, is indicative of magnificent
life, magnificent force, magnificent despair. Its tones, too, are rich and
strong. The whole thing is big and fitting the theme-the heroic despair
of the humiliated Queen Dido after the flight of Pius AEneas, black
coward that he was-and the errors of drawing, the faults in the subtle
values of the tones, and other minor defects that the picture shows, are
forgotten or forgiven. We are conscious only of the splendid power of the
picture. The print of this picture shown at the Salon does not render the flesh
values !'O splendidly as that shown at Mr. Eugene's one-man exhibition, and
later reproduced in CAMERA NoTES, and is less rich in tone, yet withal it is a
splendid print.
In his Evening, No. 70, will be found the same peculiarities of force and
richness of tone, combined with similar faults. Such also is the case with
the Adam and Eve, No. 73· It is to be found just as strongly marked in his
portrait as in his other work. His portrait study entitled Alfred Stieglit::, No.
72 (see gravure reproduction opposite p. 156), is an excellent example of this.
There are things about the picture that are almost crude. The line of the pro-
filed brow is so exaggeratedly out of drawing as to amount almost to deformity;
the tone values in the cloak, in their balance and harmony-in those transitions
from light to shade in the single tones that break up a flat surface bounded by
descriptive or explanatory outlines, and give to it coherent meaning, vibration
and sensuous charm, are not all that they might be-yet had it far graver faults
the force and vigor of the picture would outweigh and overshadow them. Thus,
too, it is with Anton Seidl, No. 71, and nearly all of his portraits. For fine dec-
orative composition, Mrs. D. and Family, No. 74, is as splendid a thing as is
shown in the Salon-besides being good as portrait work ; while in the Madonna
of the Vine, No. 75, he shows one of the most poetic and beautiful of his con-
ceptions. It is classic in form and line and irresistibly recalls the recumbent
female figure entitled Ariannat in the Vatican collection of antique Roman and
Grecian sculpture. I do not mean to convey the idea that Mr. Eugene's picture
• A reproduction of this picture, but not of the Salon print, will be found in CAMERA
Nons, Vol. III., No. IV.. facing p. 198.
t Arianna is the title by which this beautiful sculptured figure was known when I saw
it in the Vatican Collection twelve years ago. Since then, if I am not greatly mistaken, it
218
 THE SALON.

is copied from this statue, for it is clearly not so. \Vhat I do mean to convey is
that it was conceived in the same spirit. Delicate almost to indistinctness as this
print is, it nevertheless conveys the feeling of strength in repose-of form, of
color, and of the rhythm of flowing line. Mr. Eugene's work is often crude in
certain respects; sometimes he scratches and streaks and excoriates the back-
grounds of his negatives till they look like the maps of the tracks and switches
of some great railroad yard in a condition of mad riot and confusion; and in
certain instances his combination of the line-technique of the etcher with the
tone-technique of the photographer is inharmonious, and even in bad taste, and
anything but pleasing; and there are times when it displays a nonchalance of
drawing that is positively naive. On the other hand, it is always strong and
purposeful, invariably artistic, and at times masterful. It shows clearly that
he sees form-that he feels the other side of the subject that engages his atten-
tion-that he has a great love for strong, brilliant color ; that life in its most per-
fect form-robust, palpitating, glorious life-is the idol of his artistic shrine, the
spirit of his artistic inspiration. His art is essentially healthy and ennobling.
Mr. Clarence White's work, on the other hand, leans rather to the perfec-
tion of line than of form; to the delicate and refined rather than to the robust
and heroic; to the spiritual rather than the physical; to composition rather than
color. Eugene's work delights and overpowers us like a sudden flash of daz-
zling light; White's wins and soothes, like the soft rhythmic harmonics of per-
fect music. His color sense, if less vigorous than Mr. Eugene's, is more subtle
and exquisite, and his appreciation of values infinitely truer and more com-
prehensive.
Girl With Statuette, No. 201, is an excellent example of this line-work.
The statuette in the picture has evidently suggested the theme, and beautifully
and with entire originality has he played upon it. The lines of the flowing
drapery are singularly beautiful, and the gentle personality of the subject lends
a soft, sweet fragrance to the picture. In certain respects this print is not so
pleasing as one previously seen by me, done in platinum, the gum medium ap-
pearing in this instance not to have been entirely responsive.
The Ring Toss, No. 19(}, is an excellent example of Mr. White's mastery of
the art of composition. Not only are the picture's lines and masses well and
harmoniously disposed, but the proper relationship is preserved between them,
so that while each one plays its particular part, it is to the theme or subject of
the picture and not to any one of these parts individually that the attention is
attracted. Then, too, the picture has been handled in the broad manner most
befitting it, instead of with the exact regard for minute detail, necessary ana
made use of in Girl With Statuette or The Song, No. 195·
In Girl With Statllette and The Round Table, Mr. White has delighted us
with the beauty of flowing and curved lines in connection with the portrayal of
the winsom spiritual charm of youthful feminine nature. In Street by the
Canal, No. 200, he attempts the more difficult task of demonstrating the beauty
and power of the straight line entirely independent of the help of any charm
has appeared from antiquarian research that this was not the statue's correct designation,
and the correct name has been substituted ·for its tentative one. What its present title is
J do not now recall.
219
 CAMERA NOTES

that it might borrow or share from association with the living form. For his
subject he has chosen one of the most commonplace imaginable--a canal and a
number of telegraph poles, and some factory-like buildings in the distance. Not
much beauty in that, you say? Yet Mr. White has succeeded in making out of
it an exceptionally fine picture--a symphony in straight lines. Every city, every
town, has material such as this, yet how many photographers or draughtsmen
cf painters ever think of using it for pictorial purposes, ever even realize their
great pictorial possibilities? Instead, they travel the country over: they invade
France, or Spain, or Italy, or the Orient, in se:uch of picturesque and beautiful
subjects. Is it then to be wondered at that so many fail utterly and pitiably,
when they are blind to the beauty that lies in the things and places with which
they are longest and most intimately familiar? It is like the old story of the
man who searched the world for happiness, to discover too late that it was to he
found within sight of his own door. How many of the artists of Philadelphia
or Pittsburg appreciated the pictorial possibilities of those cities till Raffaelli
happened along and pointed them out ? When we reflect on all this we can be-
gin to form some idea of the character and order of Mr. White's genius. What
can you possibly see in that picture? I was asked at different times by different
persons, strangers to each other, of Mr. 'White's The Lacquer Tray, No. 199, a
very clever study in perpendicular line composition. The picture was dim and
gray, yet though the figure's outline was just barely visible, the form of the
body could nevertheless be felt through the grayness. The pictured face that
looked from the picture's frame wore an expression of strange, almost tragic
melancholy. The picture was clearly designed to excite curiosity by awakening
interest and still leaving something to the imagination. That it had accom-
plished its purpose with those who claimed to see nothing in it wa~ ev1dent irom
their having had their attention caught by the dimmest and least obtrusive pict-
ure in the entire Salon, and their curiosity excited to the point of crossing the
exhibition hall to find if I understood what it meant-if I could see anything in
it. Mr. Frank Dumond, the artist, once told me that he had found among art
students and those interested in art a certain class whose interest was propor-
tionate to the incomprehensibility of the subject, and that once clearly ex-
plained it became unattractive and of no further worth. I have met similar
characters, and as I felt that any persons who could say with entire seriousness
and honesty that they could neither understand nor see anything in such a print,
would be deprived of the single pleasure that it could afford them by having its
mysteries explained, I considerately held my peace. It is an evidence of strong
individuality and force that even his weakest work has strength enough to
excite the most vigorous kind of opposition among those not in sympathy with
that phase of art which he so ably represents.
\Vhile never without interest, his work is at times more or less unattractive
to, or too subtle for, the average taste, as in the case of The Lacquer Tray, No.
199, Portraits, No. 203, and Asters, No. 194. Sometimes its delicacy is so rari-
fied that it loses body and becomes visionary, as in the case of Spring Morning,
No. 197, which with all its fine qualities is rather a charming substanceless ap-
parition than the material life-throbbing reality. Sometimes his work is monot-
onous in tone and wanting in color suggestion, though this can hardly be said
220
 THE SALO.V.

of his more recent efforts, which show hath variety and range of tone and the
feeling for delicate color.
In ~lr. \Vhite's work we find at every turn earnest, serious striving for a
realization of the rhythm of pure beauty and the pure beauty of rhythmic line.
As Eugene idolizes throbbing, magnificent life, White seeks-through brmging
the incidents of line, body, situation and sentiment of an event or circumstance,
or the characteristics of a place, into a perfect and absolutely harmonious ac-
cord-to lessen the friction of discord, and with the key of harmony to unlock
the way to that rhythmic beauty that is to be found at every turn, and in most
homely circumstances of life, if we but know how and where to look for it.
Mrs. Kasebier differs strongly from both Mr. Eugene and Mr. White. Her
work is not as evenly consistent as that of either; it is often more compelling
and emotionally artistic. Two strong intluences seem to dominate it-an inter-
nal one. ur her own individuality and genius; an external one, or that of early
artistic idols-those penates which in one's art-student days one selects to pre-
side over one's artistic domicile. Her pictures are either purely decorative, and
at times even to the point of superficiality-as is the case with A Group, No.
101, A Boy, No. 100, and lv!iss Scars, No. 103, or sympathetic and powerful in-
terpretations of some of the most characteristic traits of her sitters, as with
Mrs. S., No. 99, and Portrait of Mrs. L., No. 106; or else they are the pictorial
embodiment of a sentiment. as with A Yo1mg Mother, No. 105, A S1mbeam,
No. 104. and Blessctl Art Thou Among Women, No. 107-all of which thob
with the sentiment of motherhood. In the case of the Miss Sears and A Boy, it
is as though the subjects were merely used to break up a given space into pleas-
ing masses and lines, in order to make it possible to turn out a piece of delightful
and decorative tonality. But for its title, A Boy might just as well be a girl so
far as appearances are concerned ; indeed, it looked more like the latter than the
former-but you did not concern yourself with whether the subjects of these
pictures were boys, or girls. or dolls-they looked a trifle like pretty dolls-but
with the general decorative effect and the greater or less beauty of the tonality.
The pictures were really exquisitely finished and mounted. Both the portraits.
Mrs. S .. and that of Mrs. C., on the contrary, at once interested you in their per-
sonality, vet they are very far from being representative of !\Irs. Kasebier's best
portrait work. They are beautifully finished, exquisitely aud harmoniously
mounted. and almost commonplace. The Portrait of Mrs. L. is far more vigor-
ous and powerful. The sitter seems to have relaxed for the moment from the
conventional poise. and for the time to have unmasked some phase of real self,
under the strongly sympathetic influence of the artist. There is splendid dash
and breadth and acticn to the picture tl•at gives it peculiar charm and puts it in
an entirely different and much higher class than the picture previously men-
tioned.
A S1mbeam, The Young Mother, and Blessed Art Thou Among Women,
are all expressive of the sentiment of motherhood. The first two are in certain
respects extremely crude. A Sunbeam, which, by the way, is the picture of a
young mother and her child, is rather faulty in composition, and the drawing of
the right hand and forearm is so outrageously faulty as to make the wrist and
hand seem the upper forearm, and the elbow the wrist, and to give the impres-
221
 CAMERA NOTES.

sion that two forearn1s instead of one spring from the left upper arm-the two
arms of the young matron are brought thus into proximity in holding the sun-
beam, a young and, of course, pretty, infant.* The spotting of the background
with very assertive patches of light that really give the effect of sunlight, is
rather disturbing, because overdone, but the picture is nevertheless full of
strength and the sentiment of young motherhood.
Of A Young Mother, also faulty in drawing and crude in execution. the
same can be said. Framed so as to rob it of much of its impressiveness and
apparent beauty, and named in the manner most calculated to shock. if not out-
rage, the sensibilities of every person who holds Mary. the mother of Christ. in
special veneration as peculiarly blessed among women as the mother of their
God, and distit;~ct and thus distinguished from all other women-Blessed Art
Thou Among Women is unquestionably one of the most perfect and beautiful
pictures of the Salon. In subject, composition, line, tone and feeling, it is sin-
gularly beautiful-and the beautiful solicitude of the delicate, charming mother,
and the almost indifference of the child, who accepts the maternal devotion as a
matter of course, and looks straight ahead, as though forgetful of the mother in
the contemplation of what is before it, is a picture that will long remain in the
memory of those who have once seen it. t It is natural that the mother should
look solicitously to the child-it is also in accordance with the laws of nature
that the child should look beyond and be even indifferent towards the mother:
that the mother should give all as a matter of nature, and the child accept every-
thing as a matter of course, and I have never seen the thought so beautifully ex-
pressed as by this remarkable picture. It is full of maternal love, and suggest-
ive of the maternal sorrow that in the depth and silence of her own heart every
mother feels at the seeming unresponsiveness of the child. It is charming in
rendering and truly beautiful in sentiment.
Andante, No. 102, is a very pleasing and poetic picture of a child playing a
violin. The lightings suggesting the outlines of the picture by tipping its out-
lines with high lights are a bit forced and false, but the picture, while by no
means great, is quaint, expressive and charming.
Like all true artists, Mrs. Kasebier has her moments of real inspiration, her
days of striving, and her periods of relaxation. Her greatest work wins ap-
proval, not through the brain, but through a direct and irresistible appeal to the
heart. It is always the eloquence of the mother than floods out to you from
these pictures. In The MaJJgerl it is the radiant, pure, holy love of the young
mother as she feels the little being in her arms and has brought home to her for
the first time the wondrous mystery of life. A tenderly beautiful theme, that
has inspired some of the greatest masterpieces in art. In Blessed Art Thou,
etc., as we have already seen, it portrays the mother's loving solicitude: ami in
La Grm1dmere, now old and neglected, it is the mother still, brooding and sor-
rowful because youth in the exuberance of fresh life and amorous happiness in
• The number of infantile pictures shown at this year's Salon forcibly reminded one
of the great increase of population shown by the last census.
t A very accurate reproduction of this picture will be found in CAMERA NoTES, Vol.
IV., No. 1., facing page 18.
t For reproduction of this picture see CAMERA NoTES, Vol. IV., No. I .. frontispiece.
222
 THE SALON.

the satisfaction of that more selfish love, from which again will spring the beau-
teous flower of motherly solicitation, has forgotten the existence of her unselfish
affection.
Mrs. Kasebier's work is nearly always strong. It shows feeling for rich
color at times, and at others it is nearly flat and colorless. The decorative value
of mass and tone, rather than a feeling for drawing or perfect composition,
seems to have had the greater influence, and there are times when the charm of
some particular feature of a picture, which of itself may possess much merit, but
which is more than counterbalanced and outweighed by others that are distract-
ingly faulty, will apparently blind her to the gravest defects. When she works
from mere feeling or appreciation she is not always either satisfying or con-
vincing-when from inspiration, she irresistibly overpowers and compels um-
versal respect and admiration, and creates pictures impulsed with the immortal
life of genius.
The work of Miss Eva Lawrence Watson differs entirely from that of all
the other jurors. Head of a Young Girl, No. 190,* is the most perfect example
of her art of the ten pictures-it is very quiet, very simple, very refined. It is
composed very harmoniously and owes much of its charm to the great delicacy
of its tone values-which, by the way, suffered very materially from the tone of
the narrow brown mat that separated the picture from the mount. Nevertheless
it is in Omar-Khay-yti11 LXVIII., No. 188. that she gives a more definite insight
into the real character of her work. This picture, evidently inspired by and
intended to illustrate the sixty-eighth stanza of the Rubaiyat, shows us a veil
draped form passing through a forest. The landscape is really fine and is most
feelingly rendered, but the figure in many respects is open to criticism. Atten-
tion is drawn immediately to the figure by the play of the sun on the white
gauze veil and the figure beneath, which shows through the transparent veil in
such a manner as to leave the observer in doubt as to whether the figure be go-
ing up the hill-side or descending it-whether walking to the left or to the right
-it is, in a word, impossible to decide which side of the figure you behold,
which is very disturhing to the general harmony. Rut as to the title-the sixty-
eighth stanza rearls :
\Ve are no other than a moving row
Of magic shadow-shapes that come and go
Rotmd the sun-illumin'd lantern, held
In midnight by the l\Iaster of the Show
It is from this that we get an insight into Miss Watson's work.
"Shadow-shapes!'" Many of Miss Watson's pictures show shadow-shapes
flitting by-substanceless forms-creations of pure fancy. In many instances it
is not the human being as such that attracts Miss Watson's interest; it is the
purely decorative part which that being plays in a pictorial scheme-its orna-
mental use, to put it explicitly. Another characteristic is, that in observing an
object Miss \Vatson rarely sees form; things seem to appear to her, as is the
case with many artists fond of decorative work. in flat rather than round or
modeled surfaces. The greater part of her work is not sympathetic-that is, it
* Reproduced in this number, insert opposite p. 204.

223
 CAMERA NOTES.

does not appeal to our sympathies, but rather to our appreciation, or to our
abstract sense of beauty.
In the You11g Girl in Kimoua. ::\o. 192, we are in no way interested in the
girl as such, but simply as part of the picture, our chief interest being in the
general effect. Indeed, we are hardly conscious of the presence of the girl.
This likewise is true of Child With Oak Fringe, No. 189, and Delight, No. 184.
Such, however, is not always the case, for in her flower studies and landscape
work, and when tpuching upon things which appeal most directly to her own
sensitive. reserved nature, she can make pictures that appeal to us in an entirely
different manner, as, for instance, Song of the .May Apples, No. 191, and tht"
cat picture. No. 185. Ordinarily her work is regarded much in the same man-
ner as are Japanese prints. Through all of her work runs a note of reserve
force. a touch of strong personality, refinement of taste, and a decided evidence
of self-suppression and restraint.
:\Ir. Stieglitz's work I will pass over without description or comment.
This seems hardly fair trealment of one of the most important exhibits of this
year's Salon, but in view of our intimate association, and under the existing
circumstances that there are those in the photographic world contemptible
enough to declare any mention of his work by me to have been inspired not by
the merits of the work, hut by my intimate association with its maker, and wish-
ing to spare him any further insult on that score, I refrain from other reference
to it than a list of the titles of the pictures: Autumn; A St11dy; At Anchor;
Meuding Nets; Tho: Street Pa'l.'cr; Portrait of a Baby; The Beaclr: Katw.vk;
Laudiug of the Boats; .lt the WiudoH•: Arr U11finished Stud')'.

III.

The pronouncement of any judgment will draw some adverse criticism and
abuse upon him who acts as judge; and every verdict must of necessity call for
a verdict upon itself from those most interested in or affected by the character
of its decision. It is, therefore, not strange that the Salon and its management
should be adversely criticised-and as an impartial consideration of the critics
and their critiques is more or less pertinent to our subject, we will give the mat-
ter brief attention.
One of the first objections that I heard raised against the Jury of Selection
was that hy the severity of their judgment they would do great injury to the
progress of pictorial photography-by squelching the hopes and stifling the
ambitions of all those who were striving to advance.
The answer to this is, that, first, we have no evidence that the jury was
unduly severe. We may perhaps know of one or two cases in which it seemed
to us that in not seeing merit in the pictures offered t!~-:. jury's taste was warped
or at fault. But that is a matter of taste. Judgment in matters purely of taste
is regulated by no law, but is entirely discretionary, and the presumption is that
one who is deemed fit to act the part of judge is equally, if not better, fitted to
exercise discretionary judgment than those of us who have not been chosen for
that position. For argument's sake let us presume for a moment that the jury
was severe. In submitting our work 'to them for judgment we have confirmed
224
 THE SALON.

the correctness of their selection-therefore we do not question their ability or

fitness, and it follows that their standard, if high, was at least authoritative.
Then, if such be the case, and it is our fixed belief that the pictorial workers are
so sensitive and impressionable as to be disheartened by the severity of the jury,
does it not follow that being impressionable, if the jury had been less severe and
had lowered the tone of the exhibition by admitting indifferent or inferior work,
that these sensitive, responsive ones would have stood a very excellent chance of
being affected to their detriment by that inferior work? For the fact that they
are so hypersensitive shows them to be rather weak in character-and weak
characters are more apt to be influenced by what is vicious than what is good
And finally, is it not a very well established fact that no real perfection can be
arrived at without a corresponding severity of standard, consistently and con-
scientiously maintained and advanced.
It has also been advanced that the jury confined their selection to low-
toned and dim impressionistic work and barred every other wind, because that
happened to be their own particular kind of work and they could see no merit in
any other-and that this impressionism was apt to have a very bad influettce on
the photographic work of the country.
As no two jurors did the same kind of work, as has already been shown,
and as each one represented a very distinct phase of pictorial photography, it
was an impossibility that as a jury they could look upon things through the
same eyes or have a preference collectively for that which they did not care for
as individuals, and if there was a preponderance of low-toned work it is more
reasonable to suppose that among the pictures offered there was a larger per-
centage of really good work in the low-toned class than in any other. So far as
materially affecting the work of the country is concerned-if there be so little
individuality and strength among the American workers, that they are going to
allow themselves to be led round by the nose by any jury, then it's not a Salon at
all that's needed, but a pictorial kindergarten. I have too much faith in Ameri-
can pictorial workers, however, and have seen too much of their work, to enter-
tain so uncomplimentary a view of it and them. They are doing work that is
worthy of being judged by the highest standards, and they want just such a
severe test of merit as these juries give them.
The jury has been quite roundly abused, and it has been suggested that they
judged with such severity in order to make their own work stand out pre-emi-
nently, or, in other words, to make it appear that no other person showing had
so large an exhibition as theirs.
Let us understand the precise meaning of this. It means in plain language
that the members of the jury were deliberately dishonest. Doubtless the person
who made this charge, if accused of sending poor pictures before the jury in
order to have the prints rejected that he might on the strength of it charge the
jury, hitherto eminently respectable, with this sort of low dishonesty, in order
to undermine their positions and characters, would reply that the charge was
preposterous and grossly insulting; and would feel greatly hurt that anyone
could have seen fit to call his honor and honesty in question on the strength of
such a negative supposition as this. Yet the one charge is identical with the
other, except that the tables have been turned.
225
 CAMERA NOTES.

It is urged by some that the standard should be lowered and the exhibition
made a more open one.
How would this work? Photography is practiced by at least so per cent.
oi the population, and the majority of those using the camera are convinced that
their work is artistic-no matter though they have never had the slightest art
education, and even are ignorant of the real meaning of the terms art, beauty,
or inspiration. With these the art of photography lies purely in the mechanical
process--composition, tonality and the like being considered utterly superflu-
ous. Of course they may be right and the art traditions of the world, confirmed
and strengthened by time, wrong-with that contention we have no concern.
What we have chiefly to consider is this: It is believed by a certain number of
people that it is possible to use the camera in the expression of art and in accord-
ance with the requirements of art traditions and teachings. These people have
proved their case to some extent-and the Salon is the result. The only possible
excuse for such an exhibition in a conservative academy of art is because it does
~how evidences of living up to the standards and requirements of art. The
very facility of photography, and the newness of the still not over conclusively
proven artistic possibilities of photography, demand the highest possible stand-
ard-for a movement that is well established can far better afford to be lax in its
methods than one not yet come to its maturity. If, therefore, the bars were let
down, so to speak, and any sort of work let in and hung, it might possibly draw
a crowd to the art gallery in which such an exhibition was held-but it would be
an attendance and a collection entirely out of harmony with the surroundings:
and such an exhibition would call down upon the art gallery that had the
temerity to permit it, the derisive ridicule of the entire artistic world wherever
the thing was known. No art institution with any sense of self-respect could
permit such a thing-and were it permitted, it woul!l be a great set-back to
artistic pictorial photography as a movement. The mistake of the element that
now raises the hue and cry against the Salon lies in their total misunderstanding
of the Salon's meaning and purpose. They evidently want an all-round, open to
all exhibition of photographs, fine as such, and with no regard to the pedantic
limitations of art. The Salon was never intended to be such an exhibition-yet
instead of following the example of the photographic pictorial wing of the body
photographic, and getting up the sort of exhibition they desire, they must needs
-without taking the trouble t<i understand the significance and purpose of the
Salon-enter their photographs in such an exhibition, agreeing to all the pre-
scribed conditions, and when, as was inevitable, their work is rejected, they rise
in their ire, abuse in extremest terms all those connected with the movement,
attribute to them mean or dishonest motives, damn all the accepted pictures as
vile freaks and monstrosities, and finally try to crush the Salon itself.
Their attitude is picturesque and melodramatic and their language full of
color, but their arguments are innocent of logic and somewhat resemble kites,
up in the air stringed to the wind. Why, oh! excited brethren, if this Salon is a
place for monstrosities only. and no haven of repose for your "legitimate," your
beautiful, your detailed photography, do you all subscribe to its conditions, try
your level best to get into it, and, when you have failed, display by your outcries,
by your abuse, indeed, by every possible evidence, the mighty bitterness of
226
 THE SALON.

your disappointment? Is it because you honestly believe all the ill things that
you say of the Salon that you wish to be represented in it and hence are so vin-
dictive? Or are you like the poor, thoughtless, silly moth, whose sole hope of
life and safety lies in the snuffing out of the alluring flame?

IV.

The Salon movement has helped the photographer to advance a long way
on the road to fine art-and has helped very materially to add to his freedom of
action and his artistic liberty. "But it is usual with the people," to quote from
a letter from Cicero to D. Brutus, "and especially with ours, to be particularly
disposed to abuse their liberty, by licentious reflections on those to whom they
are indebted for the enjoyment of it. However, one should be careful not to
give them any just cause for their censures."
The Salon management has done much towards the real interest and ad-
vancement of pure pictorial photography; and the recent censures heaped upon
the gentlemen composing it by those not in sympathy with it, among them cer-
tain members of the Philadelphia Society, were as unjust and unwarranted as
the dragging of the venerable old Photographic Society of Philadelphia into the
mire and notoriety of sensational newspaper misrepresentation and abuse was
deplorable and vulgar. Such attacks can hardly have any other effect than to
react on those who stoop to them. And having played so prominent a part in
every photographic advance in the past, and so leading and honorable a one, in
the pictorial movement, it is hardly possible that the Photographic Society of
Philadelphia will now sound a retreat when in sight of victory because of the
threats and abuse of a few of its dissatisfied members-though such a course
would by no means kill the new school of pictorial photography. Already the
influence of the movement is being widely felt throughout the country in both
amateur and professional circles, as I have endeavored to show in an article
published in Photograms of the Year for 1900, and if the management of the
Salon will but continue to steer a straight course-uninfluenced by abuse or
threat-and, as Cicero observes, be careful not to give any just cause for cen-
sure, then it seems to me that the Salon is destined to win the highest respect,
even from its bitter enemies, and to exert an ever growing and beneficial influ-
ence on the entire photographic world.
JosEPH T. KElLEY.

::VIr. Keiley naturally refrains from alluding to his own pictures which were
hung at the Salon. As in former years, his frames were by no means the least
interesting nor valuable of those hung. His seven pictures were: Zit kala; The
Erlking,· Rustli1tg Leaves; The A·verted Head; An American Type; The Garden
of Drea111s: A Decorati~·e l.aiUiscape.
THE EDITOR.
 Current Notes.
Intensifier for Platinum Prlnta.-To obtain strong platinum prints from
weak negatives, Jacobi recommends a 20 per cent. solution of oxalate of ammo-
nium, five drops of which are added to each ounce of developer.
Double Exposure. -A clever device to avoid double exposures is given
m a recent number of Photography. After loading the plate holders a small
strip of thin gummed paper, such as is used by stamp collectors, is pasted on the
holder so as to include the slide. Remarks as to the make of plate, speed, etc.,
may be written on this. When the slide is drawn for exposure the paper is
broken, so there is no fear of double exposure.
Local Intensification of Negatives. -The following method is given in
Photography: A solution of aniline orange in methylated spirits is ;ipplied
locally to the negative by means of a small tuft of cotton. This deposit may be
modified or removed with cotton moistened in water.
Modification of Undesirable Background -In figure studies where the
background is too prominent, trace the outline of the figure on a piece of paper
and then paste the paper on a thick piece of felt. The felt is now trimmed to the
traced outline with a sharp knife. At the corners and around the edges of the
negative paste narrow strips of cardboard. Fasten the paper the print is to be
made on to the cardboard so as to strain it. The negative is placed in the frame,
the felt form placed over the figure on the paper and the frame is closed. The
pad presses the paper upon the figure, which is sharply printed, while the card-
board keeps the rest of the paper away from the negative, giving diffused print-
ing and an even background.-Photography.
To Prevent Frllling.-Before development take a piece of common wax
candle, anci with the side of the forefinger as a guide, softly rub a light line with
the wax along the four sides of the plate on the film side, allowing it to gently
touch the film. This does no harm whatever and prevents the developing and
fixing solutions from getting under the film at the edges and so cause frilling.
-G. H., in Photography. CHAS. W. STEVENS.
... ... ...
In the various articles on gum-bichromate printing which have been writ-
ten, the formulre usually call for a half ounce of a 2 to 5 gum solution (about 40
grains of pure gum), to the ounce of coating mixture. But when a less grainy
print is desired, and one on which the brush may be used without striking
through to clear paper in the half tones, it is advantageous to reduce the amount
of gum till there is just enough to prevent permanent staining of the paper by
the pigment used. In the case of Montgolfier crayon paper this may be hy as
much as a half, with other papers more or less, depending on the sizing. In the
finished print there is a much better gradation, and a smoother quality, than in
those made with the full strength mixture. It should, however, be observed that
more surface of paper will be covered, and so it may be necessary to slightly
increase the amount of pigment per unit quantity of coating mixture, to insure a
proper depth of color in the finished print.
T. O'CoNoR SLOA~E. ]R.
228
 Books Received.
Photograma of the Year, 1900.-A pic- standard of its predecessors in its general
torial and literary record of the best pho- character. The articles are good, and of
tographic work of the year. Compiled by value to all classes of photographers. The
the editors and staff of The Photogram, illustrations are of the old-fashioned type.
assisted by A. C. R. Carter. Published The typography is above the average, show-
by Dawbarn & Ward. Ltd., London. ing great care in editing and printing. The
volume has our hearty approyal, and we
No other annual receives such a hearty wel-
therefore recommend it to our readers.
come by us, as that accorded to the "Pho-
tograms of the Year." This year's volume
is in many respects even more satisfactory
" Down South," A series of photographic
than its predecessors. It is somewhat
pictures, by Rudolph Eickemeyer. Jr.,
larger, and deals more fully with the various
with ::n introduction by Joel Chandlt!r
phases of international pictorial photogra-
Harris. Published by R. H. Russell,
phy than heretofore.
New York.
Mr. Demachy writes on French photogra-
phy; Mr. Ernst Juhl, on German; Mr. Kei- In "Down South" Mr. Eickemeyer has
ley, most exhaustively on the Salon ques- made a prai,cworthy attempt to picture
tion and matters pertaining thereto in this negro life of the South-and the effort can·
country, etc., etc. Mr. A. C. R. Carter, like not be commended too highly. Mr. Eicke-
last year, reviews the two great exhibitions meyer shows much artistic inspiration in
of Great Britain, the Salon and the his work, and we safely predict a popular
"Royal." In addition we have a reprint of success for this series of pictures.
Mr. Emerson's now famous convention
paper, "Bubbles"; but possibly the most in-
teresting of all the literary matter to us, are A Handbook of Photography Ia Colon.
those pages in the "Fragmentary Retrospect By Thomas Bolas, Alexander Tallent
on the work of the Year," written by the edi- and Edgar Senior. Price, $2.00. Pub·
tor, and devoted to the controversy which is lished by E. & H. T. Anthony & Co.,
now waxing hot in this country, and also in New York, and Marion· & Co., London.
England, about the value of the so-termed
"new movement" in the United States. All Of all branches of photography. none
seriously interested in the latter will do creates so much general interest as that
well to read these pages, for after all the pertaining to the reproduction directly or
rubbish that has been written upon that indirectly of color by photographic means.
vexed subject, both here and abroad, it is The work before us has for its authors
most satisfactory to find some unbiassed three men thoroughly versed with that de-
writer who tries to look at things as they partment which they have treated. Alex·
.tre, and to place them at their right value. ander A. K. Tallent writes very fully about
We do not agree with all he says, but we tri-color photography, elucidating it practi·
compliment him upon his fairness, a rare cally and theoretically in a most able man-
virtue in these days of photographic war- ner. Mr. Bolas gives a synopsis of the
fare. progress of color photography from its
The illustrations of the book a-re quite up origin up to its present stage, and it is need-
to the standard, and are sufficiently diversi- less to add that in such competent hands,
fied to meet with the approval of all tastes. the matter may be deemed authoritative. The
A. s. Lippman process is handled by Mr. Senior,
who. it is said, is the only Englishman thor-
oughly conversant with, and who has ac-
The lnteruatioual Annual of Anthony'• tually obtained results with this method.
Photographic Bulletin, 1901. Edited Taken as a whole the book can be heartily
by W. I. Scandlin. Published by E. & recommended to all those interested in the
H. T. Anthony & Co., New York. photographic color processes, for it is con-
A copy of the above annual comes to hand cise. fully illustrated, practical, and when
as we go to press. A glimpse at its pages dealing with theory, not too heavy for the
proves that the volume is quite up to the average student of photography. A. S.
229
lJZHE Camera Club, of New York, is the result of a consolidation of "The
Society of Amateur Photographers" and "The New York Camera Club,"
effected May 7, 1896, when the new club was duly incorporated under the laws
of 1895. The corporate existence of the two component bodies dates from 1884
and 1888 respectively.
The objects of the club are:
First.-The advancement of the photographic art.
Second.-To provide a club house where the members may practice pho-
tography, and cultivate social acquaintance.
Among the advantages of membership may be noted the following items:
Free use of all the club apparatus and stock chemicals, together with the
assistance of the club custodian.
Free subscription to CAMERA NoTES.
Lectures upon many subjects, including Travel, Art, Practical and Scien-
tific Photography.
Expositions of new photographic apparatus and demonstrations of modem
methods of photo work.
\Veekly test nights for. lantern slides, accompanied by instructive comments
by the club critics.
Frequent exhibitions of prints and slides sent in from other photographic
clubs of Europe and America.
Annual competitions for silver trophies, open to all print and slide makers
of the club.
Annual public exhibitions of the best work of the year in prints and slides.
Occasional jolly "smokers" and dinners.
A comprehensive library, including the leading photographic periodicals of
the world.
And best of all, the daily opportunity to "see how tt is done" by the leading
amateurs of the country, and to almost unconsciously acquire a higher photo-
graphic standard through simple association with the masters of the art.
All of which adyantages may be enjoyed at a nominal cost.
Further particulars will be furnished on application to Mr. H. B. Reid,
Secretary, 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, New York.
 OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND COMMITTEES

-OF-·

The Camera Club.

1900-1901.

TrtUiees.

President.-WILLIAM D. MuRPHY.
Vice-President.-CHAS. I. BERG.
Secretary.-HARRY B. REID.
Treasurer.-WM. E. WILMERDING.
Louis B. ScHRAM, WM. ]. CASSARO,
J. EDGAR BULL, JoHN BEEBY,
}OHN ASPINWALL. H. H. MAN.

Committees.
HotUe. Lantem Slides.
HARRY B. REID, Chairman, A. L. SIMPSON, Chairman,
w. E. WILMERDING, ]. ]. O'DONOHt:F..
L. w. BROWNELL, ]OHN P. BURKE .•
EDW. HEIM.
Meetings. Auditing.
H. B. REID, Chairman. L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman,
Publications. • C. C. RouMAGE,
HENRY H. MAN.
ALnED STIEGLITZ, Chairman,
Jos. T. KElLEY, Scientific Research.
DALLETT FUGUET,
Chairman,
w. F.
HAPGOOD,
]OHN AsPINWALL,
DR. ]. H. STEBBINS, ]R.,
CHAS. w.
STEVENS,
(HAS. E. MANIERRE,
]. F. STRAUSS.
Library. Admission.
]OHN BEEBY.
Prints. ]. F. STRAUSS, Cl1airman,
CHAS. I. BERG, Chairman, THEO. DWIGHT,
A. w. CRAIGIE. F. N. WATERMAN.

Oub Critics and ] udges.

Prints. Lantern Slide.
CHAS. I. BERG,
A. w. CRAIGIE. ]. WELLS CHAMPNEY.

* Official Club Publication, " Camera Notea."

 .........
Abel, Juan C. Campbell, S. Maurice
Abney, Capt. W. DeW. Cannon, Mrs. H. W.
Adams, C. G. Carter, Henry C.
Adams, John H. Carlin, Wm. E.
Adams, Dr. Rob't S. Cassier, Louis
Agnew, Wm. P. Cassard, Wm. ].
Alling, Dr. W. G.* Champney, J. Wells
Allison, J. Wesley* Chandler, Prof. C. F.
Arens, Otto* Charleton, A. R.
Arosemena, J os. X.* Clarke, Frederick C.
Aspinwall, John Clarkson, Miss E. V.
Atkinson, Louis P. Cothron, W. Townsend
Balliard, Charles* Colgate, R. R.
Banks, Lenox* Comstock, Dr. S. C.
Barber, John W.* Congdon, F. 0.*
Bartlett, Dr. ]. W. Cooke, Mrs. Grace
Basset, G. F. Coutant, Harry
Beach, F. C. Cowee, James F.*
Beasley, Hewett A.* Craigie. A. Walpole
Beeby, John Croll, J. M.*
Bellows, Edward D.* Cromwell, Benj. F.
Beman, Mrs. M. H.* Cromwell, Prof. G. R.
Benrimo, J. R. * Crosby, C. H.*
Berg, Charles I. Culver, Dr. E. M.
Bickmore, Prof. A. S. Daggett, Ellsworth*
Birdsall, E. T. Daniels, Major W. C.
Bishop, Dr. J. N. Davanne, A.
Bishop, Dr. Sidney* Davis, Charles H.
Black,]. V. Davis, Ph. B., AI. D.
Blakeslee, Geo. W. Day, Schuyler E.
Blyth, Henry A. Dayton. Robert A. B.
Borsum, Louis* De Coppet, E. H.
Bostwick, Albert C. Degenhardt, Dr. Martin
Bracklow, Robert L. Denton, Myron P., M. D.
Breese, James L.* Dennis, A. P.
Bridgham, S. W. Devlin, Dr. Robert J.
Brownell, L. W. De Wolfe, E. R., M. D.
Bruce, Frederick Dickerson, E. N.
Brulatour, Jules E. Dimock, T. A.*
Bull, Chas. C. Doering, Henry E.
Bull, J. Edgar Doliber, Thos.*
Bull, Henry King* Douglas, James
Bunker, William Dufft. Dr. Carl E.
Burchell, Jas. Dowdney, D. ].
Burke, D.D.S., J. P. Dupont, William*
Buxton, B. H., M. D. Durkee, E. W.
Canfield, Charles W. Dwight, Theodore

* Non-resident members.
 UST OF MEMBERS.-Continued.
Eickemeyer, Jr., R.* Himmelwright, A. L.A.*
Eder, Prof. Dr. J. M. Himrod, Fred E.
Elgar, Francis C. Hitchcock, Francis R.
Emery, Dr. .J. M. Hoge, F. Huber
Elmendorf, Ph. D., D. L. Holst, L. T. R.
Faye, E. F. Holzman, Sam S.
Ferguson, Dr. J. F.* Hopkins, Clement*
Ferguson, E. Lee* Howser, H. R.
, Ferguson, Walter, Jr. Hunter, Arthur M.
Fitz, Miss Emma J.* Ireton, Edw. N.
Flash, Oscar S. Jacobus, John S.
Flash, Mrs. Oscar S. Johnson, W. E.*
Fleming, Henry S. -Johnson, Samuel*
Fling, Mrs. James L. Johnston, Miss F. B.*
Fordyce, Dr. John A. ·Tones, Chas. Landon
Fowler, Dr. E. P. Tones, \Valter G.
Fox, Dr. George H. Toy, Moses
Fraser, Wm. A. Kaltenbach, H. J.*
Frisbee. Harry D. Keasbev, Fred'k W.*
Fuguet, Dallett Keiley, ·Joseph T.
Galoupean, Harry Kellogg, Wm. C.
Gardner, Dr. A. W. * Kernochan, Marshall R.
Gardiner, David* Kerfoot, Tohn Barrett
Geer, H. M.* Kimbel. Richard M.
Gerrish, Frank Scott King, C. Volney
Glaisher, Tames Kingston. Jr., H. H.
Goodwillie. Dr. D. H. Kinnev. Francis S.
Gould, A. C. Kirbv: G. T.*
Graefe. F. Louis Knapp. J. i\L
Green, F. C.* Knight. Samuel I.
Grimm. Fred C.* Laidlaw, Rev., P.h. D .. W.
Grisdale, H. 1\L Latimer, H. A.*
Grugan, Major F. C. La Manna, Frank
Hackett, Martin J. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Hadaway, Tom* Lawrence, Richard H.
Hale, Frank M.* Lawrence, C. A.*
Halsey, R. T. H. Lemercier, A. l\f.
Hapgood, W. T. Lewis, C. McK.
Hardenbergh, Henry ]. Lilienthal. Cap. A. W.*
Harris, W. H. Livingston, Joseph
Harris, George Vt/. * Loeber, Chas. H.*
Harris, Walter C. Loth, Bernarct
Hart, Harold Lounshery. 1\frs. R. P.
Hatfield, Jr., A. Low, Joseph T.
Hawes, Miss S.M. Lvon, Edw. H.
Hawes. Gilbert Rav* l\fack, Hugo S.
Hegeman. Adrian G. Mailloux. C. 0.
Heim, Edward McCormick. L. M.*
Heim, Emil C. Mc(";ourkev, S. D.
Henderson, Alex. L. McKune, C. S.
Herrmann, Milton C. Magoun, Geo. B.*
Herff, B. von Man, Henrv H.
Herbert, Sidney* Manierre, Charles E.
Hibbs, M. D .. R. A. Mapes, Augustus S.

• Non-re~ident members.
 UST OF MEMBERS.-Continued.
Marshall, Alfred Schoen, Alfred P.
Martin, Miss Marv E. Schermerhorn, J. E.
Meyer, Francis T: Schermerhorn, Mrs. ]. E.
Moon, Sidney N. Schram, Louis B.
Moore, J. Ridgway Schneible, Joseph
Montant, Alphonse Schwarz, Gustav
Morschhauser, W. A. Schweizer, A.
Murray, Wm. M. Schmidt, Prof. A. P.
Mullen, Mrs. M. H.* Scofield, Henry C.*
Murphy, Wm. D. Scott, A. W.
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Nagle, Dr. John T. Sessions, H. H.*
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Post, Geo. B. Storey, Fred D.
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Roumage, C. C. Townsencl. Ralph S.
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 LIST OF MEMBERS.-Continu~d.

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Tlu portfolio
"AMERICAN PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, SERIES II.,"
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 Volume IV, No. 4

Errata in Vol. IV., No.4.

Current Notes, indexed as appearing on pages 281

and 282, Vol. IV., No.4, through printer's error, were
omitted from body of the magazine throughout entire
edition.
 CAJJERA 1\"0TE.'>·.

Now-a-days a few lead, the rest of us follow: many, as is usual in such

cases, berating those who arc guiding them in the effcrts of all to escape from
the arid wastes of med1ankal process-work. The best pictorialists have set a
rattling good pace, and what do we see? Mos•-the old, the winded, the mus-
cle-bound, the halt. the partially hlind-all cry out that such pace-makers must
he restrained. stopped, ruled off the course. because one-legged veterans to
whom historical honor is due can not compete with them, and rickety _youths
whose shinbones warp under them. make themselves absurd by trying to race.
Hut the pace-makers naturally keep up setting the pace somehow, and after
them toil the game athletes, and then the ragtag and bobtail that strive to get
there by fair means or foul. On a clearly delimited track. what could these do
but get hopelessly "left'': but in a winding way through wood and thicket, over
hill and dale, what short cuts may not those unfit ones try, whose only desire is
to ''get there." Art is !'Uch a race; but those who try short cuts never really
win. The brand of superliciality is stamped upon them, plain to the discerning
eye.
The worst of it is that fair. moderate goers allow themselves to be forced
out of their stride by a pace too hot for them. We see the evil effects in all the
exhibitions. To change the figure: the lady with the small-bore popgun tries to
make as much noise as the man with the blunderbuss. Noise! alas, yes; we too
often allow ourselves to be carried away by the visual noise, and many there are
who strive to make a photographic racket. It is the story of the ox and the frog
over again.
We are an energetic nation. adaptable. and desirous of success. To excel,
to become prominent, indicates success in material affairs: we are not always
rrindful that in art it is somewhat different, for art is of the spirit, and success
therein must be judged primarily by <esthetic standards. It is not to be gauged
by notoriety, as many seem to think: and there is always danger that, led on by
desire to succeed at all costs, we sacrifice true success to win a fickle publicity.
We are a clever people. hut mere cleverness will not serve in place of true
art feeling; and as a people our art feeling and culture are quite elementary and
crude as yet : although with possibilities of greater promise than those of the
more maturecl European nations. Our day in the fine arts is yet to come, and
this century will see a wonderful development here. Perhaps photography is to
open the way for the general movement. This is dangerous ground, and as we
can not beat it over at present, we must hurry by. Tt is simply a question of
whether or not we can believe in the newly-preached democratization of art. If
we can. we must believe that the photographer will produce something of real
worth to show in the future, although we may not dare claim for photography a
position among the fine arts, and may even be reluctant to recognize it as more
than applied art.
Clever as we are, disaster awaits many who mistake adaptability for talent,
.md sensibility for taste. A bright young American was hesitating in his choice
of professions between the law and medicine. "The question is." he explained,
"in which I should find the more pleasure in after life-for I can make a suc-
cess of either." One can imagine him considering art, if he had taken the no-
tion. with just as much confidence in his abilities and fitness.
 WH/THERf

This desire to succeed, to be notable, is hurting the pictorial movement. A

veritable craze to be exhibited is upon us, and all agonize to win notice. This is
true of no one cult, but of all. Many sacrifice themselves and, as painters of
dever claptrap plan show pieces to catch the eye at exhibitions, so photogra-
phers strive, and dislocate their little talents in trying to compass big things.
Hence the ''American School"' has made itself talked of as sensational. Eccen-
tricity and pretentiousness have been much in evidence in the ideas; just as in
rendition minor tones and mercuric tints have become a fad. Photographers of
some originality have been too reminiscent of well-known painters' styles and
allowed \\!histler and the now-past Preraphaelite ideas to influence them too
continuously; while smaller photographers often have not gone even to the
eriginals, but been content to echo and play variations on the variations
of their stronger brethren. Those who prate of naturalism may not seem
as often imitative or insincere-that is, as untrue to self-as some of the picto-
rial workers. but that is merely because their work usually is not significant
enough to enable us to tell whether they have any sincerity or self, for they show
110 O!"iginality or personality.
Imitative work is natural at first, in the student stage. when one has not yet
l'ome to his own personal note. Some disciples of a big man can develop out of
their study a style more or less their own : others are hopeless imitators always.
).lore favor is accorded those personalities formed by the influences of a foreign
or classic art ( 1 use classic here in a very wide sense), from which they have
modified certain formulre or caught a certain spirit. But even in such cases
critical taste is rightly exacting. and would pronounce, for instance, that the
Japanese influence is not an aid or merit in our art until it is thoroughly merged
and all but untraceable. The ingenuous imitator who becomes merely the in-
genious imitator, in seeking to rival those who have succeeded, will end by
copying their mannerisms as essentials. He decides that this trick or that trait
was of especial assistance, and borrows it. He makes a blunder that is more ex-
cusable in Kipling's '"His Majesty the King," when the neglected Toby
explains to Patsie's mother: "I only fought vat you-you petted Patsie 'cause
she had ve blue wibbon. and-and if I had ve blue wibbon too. m-my papa
w-would pet me." But Toby realized his error before he tried the effect of the
ornament as a winner of favor: the artistic Tobies never realize their mistakes.
As Edward Armitage. in his lectures to the students of the Royal Academy,
said: ''Nothing can be more fatal to the career of an artist than the infellfional
imitation of another man's work."
In literature we have several designations for the sensational and preten-
tious. The "forcible-feeble" style is one in which a would-be strong writer
defeats his aim by overweighting his ideas with too many and too big words.
Some of our photographers indulge in a style similar to this. which Ayres char-
acterizes as "novicy, high-flown and weak." Other pictorialists become rhetori-
cal and even graphically bombastic. In graphic art, as in literature, small ideas
pretentiously expressed are stupid and tiresome, though if they had been de-
picted unassumingly and simply, as was fitting, they would at least have gained
respectful consideration. Says Elia: "Herein the great and little wits are dif-
ferenced : that if the latter wander ever so little from nature or actual exist-
 CAMERA NOTES.

ence, they lose themselves, and their readers. Their phantoms are lawless;
their visions nightmares. They do not create, which implies shaping and
consistency."
True, novelty is ever welcome, but work cast in ephemeral forms for the
sake of this will not hold favor. Fads are thus used to win notice, but the
charm of novelty puts artists under the influence of fashion, and as Schlegel
has said of dramatic literature, exposes them to the danger of passing rapidly
from a grand and simple style to dazzling and superficial mannerism. Even
worse-if worse can be-are the extravagances and affectations indulged in for
the sake of oddity-to have what may be recognized as an individual style. The
tattooed man has distinction of that sort. Genius is unique; but when ordinary
mortals strive to be unique, they become simply uniques. Armitage said:
"Mannerism is perhaps the rock on which most rising reputations are ship-
wrecked. A clever young artist paints a really fine picture, full of
feeling, originality, and poetry, but rather low in tone. He has an immense suc-
cess; a success which he too often ascribes to a wrong cause. The consequence
is that his next picture will probably he less poetical, but still darker in color.
His friends and admirers, instead of pulling him up sharp, are more prodigal
than ever in their praise. It is, therefore, not surprising that our
promising artist paints lower and lower in color every year. until at last he he-
comes a confirmed mannerist."
Are not American photographers attitudinizing, posing-faults not pecu-
liarly photographic? We experiment, even dabble, in the pictorial. We go at
picture-making hit cr miss fashion, without being able clearly to define a dif-
ference between the pictorial anrl the merely picturesque; and our best results,
as well as our worst. surprise us. Having made a picture. we then concoct its
motive ; we make a darker print and call it something else.
It is to be hoped that we will not seriously harm the movement in which we
are interested, at its very beginning; nor hinder our progress by persistence in
our divagations. excesses and stupidities. \Ve must not mistake sensationalism
for strength, mannerism for individuality, nor fashion for art. It will not pay
artistically to be merely showy, startling. frivolous, nor yet again, imitative-
longer than we can help it. \Ve need that artistic repose which is really the
steadfast poise of purpose, but it comes not to the posturer on stilts. \\' e must
come down from our borrowed heights and plant our short legs on firm ground.
before we can have any right to make answer similar to Drowning's to the
objection: "llut nobody writes like that.'' "Yes. I. Hobert Browning. write
Eke that!"
\Ve need the discipline of mind and heart that gives culture. This will
enable us to recognize the difference between sound and unsound workmanship.
to do our work not only simply. but in the most fit manner, and to he sincere and
natural. Then we shall not he mislecl when some hail the sensational as strong
work, any more than when other extremists call commonplace work nature and
art combined. The true artist does not strive for such undiscriminating ap-
plause. \Ve must not expect everyone to understand and value good work. any
more than we expect everyone to be able to appreciate the carefully prepared
articles of CAllfERA NoTES. If you offer sound and honest work. you may rest
244
 CAMERA A'OTES.

ing his brief career that he devoted to literature, he achieved some immortal
work, despite the snares and pitfalls of fashion and the affectations of the time.
\Vith his name begins the glorious roll that is the pride of modern English liter-
ature, for Sidney antedates Edmund Spenser in production. He succeeded
where others failed, because he was sensible and sincere as well as gifted. He
says he puzzled his wits to invent fine things, as all the rest did ; and so he
studied the work of others. But he resolved to let others ape and imitate, to
leave to them affected styles and the elaboration of old ideas with new-found
tropes and strange similes. He declares he is ''no pickpurse of another's wit ...
and the first of the Astrophel and Stella sonnets ends with the fine line:
"Fool, said my Muse to me, look in thy heart, and write ...
A recent one-man exhibition at the Camera Club won much favor. Per-
haps the fact that it consisted mainly of pleasing landscapes and foreground
bits had something to do with the welcome received, for this sort of work is
comparatively rare here. owing to the fact that most of our best workers art>
husy city-dwellers. But probably this exhibition pleased all mainly because it
showed not only much love of nature and regard for the canons of art, so far as
the photographer knew them; but also because the work was so unostentatious
and ''natural." \\-e all know that pictures are not to be judged. but merely to
be understood, by their truth to nature ; that proposition is the pictorial pons
a.finorum. The quality that charmed all was the consistent sincerity.
To be entirely sincere is to be one's self. It is requiring a good deal (and
very little, often, as a result) of most persons, really to be one's self, especially
in art. Such a requirement may at first seem almost to presuppose the early
accomplishment of the Socratic end and aim of all rational life. But that is not
necessary, for "know thyself" and "be thyself" may go hand in hand upon a
way of self-discovery and self-development, the one aiding and making sweeter
the other. That is the only way to fall into step with the age and to keep march-
ing in the army of progress, as we leave youth behind and realize our truly hum-
ble positions in the ranks. As William Chandler Bagley. in the Smart Set.
sings:
"It is good to hear a myriad voices swell
All your mighty, all your vailant deeds to tell-
But you've gained the subtlest art
When, with cheerful, willing heart,
You can play a minor part-and do it well."
DALLE'M' FUGUET.
 CAMERA NOTES.

tions of all this in the great realm of art-in painting, music, sculpture and in
literature. Here do we run riot to our hearts' content. Men, aye and women,
too-for the eternal feminine can out-herod Herod for many shameful minutes
-honest, as the world goes, useful, loving and steadfast, deem it no blot upon
their 'scutcheon to confess ignorance of medicine, mechanics, chemistry or other
science, but the meanest of them all stands ever ready to pass a hasty and a final
judgment upon aught in literature or in art. Here is the happy hunting-ground
of cant. Here catchwords reign supreme.
"I have always suspected public taste," says our beloved Stevenson again,
"to be a mongrel product, out of affectation by dogmatism; and felt sure, if
you could only find an honest man of no special literary bent, he would tell you
he thought much of Shakespeare bombastic and most absurd, and all of him
written in very obscure English and wearisome to read." But to find that hon-
est man! He, the great exception, lives but hides himself from view; for
society, as it is constituted to-day, does not relish outspoken convictions which
are opposed to established canons. It is the dread of our neighbor's scorn
which makes cowards of us all, and therefore do we assume a virtue though we
have it not.
In every department of human endeavor there arise men who seem en-
dowed by nature with an intuitive comprehension of their specialty, or who have
acquired by tedious, diligent study a thorough proficiency therewith. Such men
we recognize as authorities by virtue of their talents or their labors, and by them
are set the standards of excellence in their respective fields of activity. Man-
kind accepts their dicta because it recognizes that their genius and labor fit
them for the task of judging between good and bad. It may be a very fallible
authority, but it is the best we are capable of producing.
Some of us are born with a musical temperament ; some by study acquire
musical knowledge; most of us know no more than that certain melodies please
and that others do not. But because musicians have declared Wagner a great
composer--even here all are not agreed-and Seidl his greatest interpreter,
straightway do the vulgar, easily acquiring the proper catchwords, prate sol-
emnly of toccata, fugue, symphony and opera, of colorature. phrasing, motif and
interpretation. Handel, Liszt, Mozart, Beethoven and other great composers
become our familiars in conversation, though in our hearts we know rag-time
to be the measure of our understanding. It is an easy role to learn, in which a
few catchwords are made to do service in place of knowledge.
So in literature it is our part always to laud Chaucer, Spenser, Shakes-
peare and the other classics, and glibly to discourse of style, of meter, of source
and of poesy; though were we but honest, many would confess Ouida or Corelli
to be more to their taste.
And in Art it is the same wearisome cry : Catchwords and Cant ! Cant and
Catchwords! Vve have not studied Art. What need of that to criticise? We
do not know its history. What need of that to fool neighbors as ignorant as
we? We go to a picture gallery; we hear of Michaelangelo Buonarotti and
Leonardo da Vinci, or Andrea del Sarto and Botticelli, of Rembrandt and Van
Dyke, of Corot and Claude Monet, and at once we are equipped with all that
constitutes a critic and a connoisseur.
~- ------ ~--- ------- ------------ ~-------
 IMPRESSIONISM IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

Lately photography has become in the hands of a few a vehicle for the ex-
pression of artistic feeling and poetic thoughts. Artists have come to recognize,
grudgingly at first, but more liberally later, that, as used by some, photography
has become an Art. Great was the jubilation among the button-shovers. All
determined to become artists at once. Work, hard work, and study were not to
their taste. They had discovered, they fancied ,a royal road to fame. The catch-
words and cant of Art were impressed into new service, and to-day no photog-
rapher is equipped without a supply of these ready to hand. What matters it if
we are devoid of feeling or of taste! Can we not bandy adjectives with th~
best? Feeling, depth, line, masses, composition, light and shade, tonality, and a
host of other words are in our armory, and are we not then ready for any fray?
Were it not better to go about all this less blatantly? Were it not better
first to learn what art is, 3lld how it has grown and developed? Is it not more
becoming to try to learn the aims of art and artists, than to speak flippantly
without knowledge? How many of us have studied nature in her varying
moods? How many? And yet we deem ourselves competent to judge. Let
us rather, beginning at the beginning, seek out those pictures which the world
deems great and by study seek to learn what makes them great. Let us train
our eye and our understanding by association with the beautiful, and there will
come to us in time a reverence and an abiding knowledge that will scorn the
hypocrisy of cant and the subterfuge of catchword.
Then shall we sympathize with Laurence Sterne in saying, "Of all the cants
which are canted in this canting world-though the cant of hypocrites may be
the worst-the cant of criticism is the most tormenting!''
JnHx FR \XCIS ST:! \ ·.·.;s .

... ...
Impressionism in Photography.
At the outset let me state that I am a beginner. My first camera was pur·
chased in February, I8g.), and my first exposures were made during the great
blizzard of that month, a courage born of ignorance. During the last two years
I have followed the current literature of photography quite closely, and am
familiar with the sometimes earnest and sometimes acrimonious discussions of
"What Is Legitimate Photography"; "The New School of Pictorial Photog·
raphy"; "Impressionism versus Realism," etc., etc.
I think it fair to assert that the disputants have scarcely expected to con-
vert their adversaries, but rather that they have hoped to impress, each his own
views, upon the newcomers, and by so doing to stamp with his influence the
future trend of the art. Consequently, as a newcomer, it seems to me that my
views might interest some at least of the controversialists, as affording in some
slight measure an index to the results of their efforts to teach the young idea
how to shoot.
I think I have read twenty pages against the new school to one in favor of
it, yet I must confess that the minority has won me. It has seemed to me that
the disciples of the new movement have felt so strong in their position that they
251
 CAMERA NOTES.

coulc.J allorc.J to ll·t the scoffers have their c.Jay, and trust in the ever increasing
interest in art in this country, for the results of to-morrow.
To my mind, those who have opposed impressionism in photography have
weakened their cause hy the use of such words as "wuzzy,·· "fuzzy," etc .. for
these are adjectives which are never applicable to a truly impressionist picture,
but only to the very had work of persons with little or no artistic instincts of
their own; such as, having seen a vague picture and having heard that it is
"impressionist," come to think that anything vague woulcl represent the im-
pressionist school, and would be hailed as an artistic product.
As I understand it the two great schools of art are the realistic and the
impressionist. The realist depicts things as he knows them to be, while the im-
pressionist endeavors to express things as they seem to he. Pictures by both
methods are meritorious and artistic, and when they tell the truth, the two
schools will he found not far apart. It is the self styled realist. drawing the
eagles on the brass buttons of his soldiers in his hackground, who gets into the
most heated argument with the impressionist ( ?) who shows a few high lights
'midst a sea of blackness and calls his picture "The Portrait of a Lady.''
To better illustrate what I mean by saying that the two schools, when tell-
ing the truth, are not far apart, let us suppose a realist set to paint the view
from our Battery Park during a dense fog: is it conceivable that he would in-
clude the names of the passing steamboats because he happened to know them.
Then put the impressionist in the same spot on a hrilliantly sunny clay: is it
supposable that his canvas would he full of gray mists?
I fancy that the highest attainment of true art. whether in painting or in
photography, is to tell the truth : hut the truth is not discernible to all men. and
thus the best that any man may hope for is to truly depict the scene before him
a& he sees it, as it seems to him, as it impresses him. If he succeed, he is an im-
pressionist. Of course some men have astigmatic eyes, and such men, working
without proper spectacles for correcting their sight, may produce pictures which
al·curately record their impressions, but which do not appeal to persons blessed
with normal vision. These pictures, perhaps, might be called ''wuzzy." But
should a truism in art be condemned because a few workers are astigmatic?
Restricting the discussion now to photography. it seems to me that there
can be no school of pictorial photography except the impressionist. All else is
mere mechanism. One man takes his camera and sallies forth : in the presence
of a scene that strikes his fancy he sets up his sticks and goes to work: with him
it is all a mere matter of sharp focus, small diaphragm and full exposure. fol-
lowed by full development and a negative which prints a hundred pictures
exactly alike. This is your photographic realist.
Just as soon as we reach the man who is dissatisfied with his negative and
the resulting positive, so that he begins to "doctor" his negatives in order to
change his results, we come across the embryo impressionist. There is some-
thing about his print which to his eye differs from his recollection of the scene
as it appeared to him in nature, and he is endeavoring to make his recorded
picture conform to his mental image. When we find the man who accurately
stores within his brain a picture of a given scene, with all its multiplicity of
light and shade. with all its detail and all its atmosphere. and who. making his
252
 IMPRESSIONISM IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

camera, lens, developers, restrainers, printing processes and tricks of the trade
subservient to his end, produces a picture which accurately portrays the impres-
sion within his mind, -the true impressionist is before us, and, I fancy, this gen-
tleman will win the photographic laurels during the new century.
I believe it to be rare indeed that a landscape is truly portrayed, except
where the worker has conception and produces his result by interfering at some
point with the straight course of technical photography. The artist with his
brush looks at his scene with two eyes, and at his canvas with the same two
eyes. The photographer selects his view with two eyes, and records it with
one, which has in a sense microscopic power. Between the record on the plate
and the print he must interfere to reach the truth. Again the camera artist is
confronted with the unequal manner in which the different parts of his scenes
will affect his sensitive plate, and because of this it is only the true impressionist
who may hope to reach the goal; he who carries in his mind a mental picture
with which to compare his photographic result.
I venture here to introduce three pictures, all of which have been made
from the same negative. The scene is in the Adirondacks, where I spent my
last vacation. A day or two after my arrival I walked around a point of beach
and came upon the view suddenly. The first impression made upon me was that
there was not only a pretty scene, but one in which the foreground was most
attractive. The middle distance was rather commonplace, though interesting.
while the clouds when I first saw the place were too scattered, there being too
much blue sky. I studied this view from day to day in all kinds of weather and
became quite familiar with it. I made test exposures, developing plates with
poor facilities with no intention of preserving them, but merely to determine up-
on the best exposure. I wished to treat the subject broadly, and was using a lens
working at 6.3. I first tried a fast plate, with a Bausch & Lomb ray filter (the
solution diluted to one-quarter its usual strength, making a very light color
screen), the exposure being one-twenty-fifth of a second. The plate was badly
over-exposed. I then used a medium plate in same way, which proved also to
be over-exposed. This ended the tests, and when the atmospheric conditions
and clouds next suited me I exposed for my picture, using a slow plate, isochro-
matic. This experience is recorded not as having relation to the subject of im-
pressionism, but as a suggestion to those who photograph over sunlit water. I
think better results may be obtained with slow isochromatic plates. than by fast
plates and small diaphragms.
The negative of course proved to he under-exposed throughout the middle
distance. Nevertheless development was not carried very far, but just to a
point where sufficient detail showed in the blacks for printing purposes. A
dilute developer was used, and no tricks resorted to for hindering the develop-
ment of the clouds.
The first proof made from the negative was positively hideous, no part of
the scene, sky. land or water, being truthfully shown. Then began a series of
('Xperimental printings to discover the relative density of the three parts of the
plate, foreground. middle distance and background, and the time required to
print each, so as to produce a picture which would accord with my "impression"
of the scene.
253
 CAMERA NOTES.

you begin to understand why the constructive element played such an important
part in the creations of the old masters.
It will only be necessary to mention some really genuine work of art, like
Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Supper," Raphael's "Sistine Madonna" or Titian's
'·Entombment of Christ," to prove how sound principles <;>f composition trans-
fused and enabled all their mode of expression. The whole success or failure
ot their work, the sentiment, the character, the triumph of the soul over matter,
hinged on composition in those times.
How marvelously do all the lines in da Vinci's picture converge to the
central figure of Christ-he made the laws of perspective the laws of his com-
position. Raphael composed in an entirely different manner-he applied the
typical geometrical forms of nature with preference, the triangle, the circle, and
the elllpse, giving them full sway, to reign in supreme beauty and significance
over the creations of his brain. Titian proved that an accurate juxtaposition of
colors and the relations of their tones can be just as valuable for the making
of a perfect picture as perspective and geometry. Michael Angelo regarded
architecture and the plastic element of sculpture as the foundations of great
paintings, and Rembrandt believed that the massing of light and shade was
&uffident to produce a masterpiece.
Each of these men excelled in his style of composition, which had become
a part of their individuality: and one was as good as the other.
The situation has somewhat changed in modern times. Composition is no
longer considf'red absolutely essential. It is even disregarded by the realists
and impressionists. or at least subordinated to other qualities. They want to
represent life as it is, and claim that nature cannot be improved upon. A faith-
ful reproduction of what they see hefore them is all they desire. They claim
they work on broader principles than hitherto, principles derived from the
habits of the eye to note transient effect-largely produced by instantaneous
photography of movement. and to compare the values of color-patches with
each other and to arrange them to an harmonious ensemble. They even assert
that composition is no necessity; that there are no iron cast laws to go by, and
that the true artist works out his salvation unconsciously.
I beg to differ on that point.
True enough, composition cannot be narrowed down to a few laws, which
assure success to everyone who slavishly follows them. There are no definite
laws for the composition of a portrait, a landscape or an historical picture.
But it has taken men like Chavannes and \Vhistler to prove that the decorative
treatment of comparative values, or a solemn, low-toned key of color are as
effective as the elaborate technical resources of the old masters. These men
are geniuses who have beaten their own track through the labyrinthine thickets
of modern art. Yet I doubt very much if they are not just as dependent on
certain principles of composition as their predecessors, the only difference
being that they proceed in a less sdentific manner, and work more uncon-
sciously-not because they know less, but, on the contrary. more They have
seen everything that art has ever produced, and their knowledge of composition
really embraces the entire history of art. ancient, medireval and modern: Oriental
as well as Occidental.

~- ---- ---------------
 ON COMPOSITION.

Every great artist makes his own laws of composition by studying the
methods of his predecessors, and by giving infinite time and trouble to the
elaboration of their ideas on the subjects. The mastery of composition is the
final result of patient study of everything that is available in life and art.
And who can deny that the elements of Japanese art, the parallelism, the
continual repetition, with slight variation, the wayward caprice of losing detail
here and scorning it there, the rhythm of line, and the harmony of space propor-
tion, have influenced modern western art to such an extent that nearly every
artistic production of the last thirty years shows a trace of one or another of
its peculiarities. We believe that by adopting Japanese methods of compo-
sition we have discarded science and become more intuitive. But it is an
illusion. Nobody who has studied the rigid canons of Japanese art will make
such an assertion, for he will have found out that the fundamental process of
so-called space-art and the putting together of lines and masses is as scientific
as the theories of Leonardo da Vinci and the renaissance, and the academic
rules of French artists.
As for the photographer, I do not believe that even the best have ever both·
ered themselves much about composition. Of course, they cannot do without it.
But they have never taken it half seriously enough. They have simply imitated
the painters in a more or less careless fashion.
It will be interesting· to see how far they have succeeded.
There are four styles of composition in vogue at present :
Line composition.
Light and shade composition.
Space composition.
Tone composition.
Eickemeyer is principally a story-teller of the old school. and his compo-
sition is largely a deduction of the methods of genre painters; he is at times
very good in detail, hut lacks fundamental principles. His pictures very seldom
show concentration. Stieglitz excels in space composition ('Viz., "Fifth Ave-
nue," "Scurrying Home," or "A Decorative Study"). Also Day, in his "Miss
Devens," for instance, and Kiisebier, in several of her portraits, show how
cleverly space can be broken up into parts of various shapes. Light and shade
composition (in the sense of Mauve or Corot) is rarely accomplished in pho-
tography. The distinction between light and shade in photography always
lacks vigor and, what is more, proportional value. The first shortcoming is a
mechanical one, the second due to the ignorance of the art. Stieglitz's "Old
Mill" is a fair specimen of light and shadow composition (although from the
point of subject, a sentimental platitude). A better one, because more rhythmic
in its massing, is Kasebier's "Mother and Child." Line composition is still rarer.
The only photograph I know that can claim this quality is Stieglitz's "Decora-
tive Study." White at times makes weak attempts at it. So do others, but in
most cases it is largely due to the model when they succeed in suggesting it, as
in Eugene's "Miss Lillian.'' Keiley is the only exception; he was wise enough
to study A. \V. Dow's book on composition, and whenever he fails he at least
knows why. In tone composition our artistic photographers celebrate their
greatest triumphs. Day, Kasebier, Keiley, and White are all ardent competi-
26I
 CAMERA NOTES.

tors for the harmony of tonal effects. I give the palm to Day and White;
Day's tonal nuances in his portraits of Ethel Reed, and Mrs. Potter and some
of his foreign types are so subtle and fugitive that any painter could be proud
of them. I believe even Whistler would appreciate some of his prints in that
respect. White's tonal schemes are managed with such delicacy of sentiment
that they lend a peculiar poetic charm to all his work.
There is really not much else to say about composition in artistic photog-
raphy-that is, of what is actually done. Volumes could be written about what
should be done, but I doubt if it would do much good. As I have said bdore,
every artist of any independence of thought must make his own laws of compo-
sition. The photographer must go outside his profession and enter the province
of the painter. The wielders of the brush must be his teachers.
The great painters, in the course of their practice, have authorized a sort of
conventional language of composition, which every photographer ought to
know, and apply whenever he possibly can. You are astonished that I, who
otherwise always clamor for individuality, give such advice. You argue that
your originality would be sacrificed by the use of such conventionalism. Pardon
me; do not. Authors of books use combinations of words, which have been in
use for centuries, and yet display their originality, when they have any. Do
they not enhance the beauty of their style by such knowledge?
The same way it is with composition. It has certain qualities which are
understood by all who have studied art. And it is wiser to express one's own
ideas, with such modifications as may he necessary, in this language, than to
make the vain attempt to form a new one, or to talk incoherently.
If you are still young and do not aspire as yet to be ranked among the
artistic photographers, amuse yourself for a while in trying different methods.
Should you ever feel a decided preference for one or the other, have faith in
your preference, for it is suggested by your own mental constitution, and prac-
tice your selected method till you succeed in it.
Les photographistes arri·ves must work out their own salvation, for they
won't listen any more to well-meaning advice: they know it all, or at least the
largest part of it.
SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
 Newark (Ohio) Exhibition of Pictorial Photography.
Newark's Camera Club exhibition has quality-significance. It shows that
a western art movement exists, and that the known eastern workers lend it
kindlv assistance.
Although not noticed to the extent it deserves, its influence is felt within a
radius of many miles. It has affected the quiet people who in the breathing
spaces of commercial life turn to the true and the beautiful for relaxation and
recreation. Formerly they found these in books, later in the illustrated maga-
zines, now it is being sought in the fine arts as represented by artistic photog-
raphy.
Artistic photography is becoming the "art of the people." Professional
photographers are beginning to see that the people feel the new pulse. The
only safeguard for those in the profession is art itself. But art thus far is a
vague, indefinable thing to all concerned, yet it is felt, and the feelings it has in-
spired will not abate. They will grow, and the conception of "What is Art?"
will become verified ; its study will be brought into system and its possibilities
will open to everyone. The old starved condition of photography will disap-
pear, because it lacks vitality, and is without every element that touches the
emotional side in art.
The hindrance to progress along old lines is the devotion to formulae, to
recipes, both in tools and methods. This robs the photograph of the perso11al
quality that the artist must always give to his work. The conception of "What
is Art?" and "What is Nature?" have not established distinctions. The cry is,
"We must have nature,'" and the definition given is that nature is the thing
upon which the lens is focused. This is the fundamental mistake.
Art is above all things an interpreter of the artist's character, his emotion,
his intellectual powers, and it is his nature tltat the finished photograph must
reveal! It is his "grasp" of the subject-whatever the subject may be-that
makes art.
Art is treatment; it is ne~·er subject, and art has its peculiar language, the
laws and principles of which should be considered.
Men of strong talent and experimental disposition often do very artistic
work through half awakened perceptions of pictorial truths. They reach this
stage through the channel of feeling. and gradually become conscious of the
structure of their own creations. Without exception the good works in this ex-
hibition have grown out of such conditions.
To make of this body of art-aspiring workers artists whose productions
shall endure will require earnest art study. To elucidate, we will ask the ques-
tion: How many photographers have the slightest perception of what influence
the four lines bounding the frame have upon the lines delineating the forms of
the picture-motive? Though this exhibition is full of photographs in which we
read beautiful thought and feeling, almost all of them show a lack of picture-
balance, due to the absence of such knowledge.
Further, if we were to ask, "Do you know the characteristics of lines and
what feelings they produce when they are brought into relation with one an-
263
 CAMERA NOTES.

other?'' \Ve may safely say that the answer in most cases would be, "\Vt! do
not understand that there is a known relation."
If Burne-Jones and other masters of line of our day had worked only from
a vagueness of feeling their pictures would not be incontestably "right,'' or go
down to history as a phase of the high art of our time. If the realistic tenden-
cies in art from ::\lichael Angelo's day to our own had not blurred the signifi-
cance that line-knowledge and line-treatment should have, we would not now,
as a people, be so entirely without guidance in our valuation of art, and so
utterly without aids in acquiring a knowledge of how to practice it. Fortu-
nately for us Japanese and Chinese influence has come to reawaken our appre-
ciation of the meaning of lines, suggesting to us their unlimited scope for ex-
pression, disclosing their beauty as abstract forms. The Japanese and the
decorative Velasquez have formed many a great modern master. Even in black
and white art, to which photography belongs, their influence has been felt.
'Why are Whistler's etchings so charming? Because the etcher loves his
paper; he knows how much is said with its white surface, he realizes that saying
much depends upon doing little upon this surface. Why does a Japanese print
so charm modern artists and art lovers? Because the paper upon which the
image is printed is tenderly considered when lines-felt with the intensity and
rendered with the skill of the violinist's art-are traced upon it.
Refinements like these are echoed in the pictures shown in this exhibition,
and are especially characteristic of the work of Clarence H. White, of Newark,
who is a power in the new photographic movement, not only in our country, but
abroad as well. Although l\Ir. \Vhite has not the inspiring surroundings of the
Louvre or the thrill of Wagner's music to stimulate him, he has a nearer con-
ception of what is the true sphere of photographic art than any other worker.
Nature to him is less reality than it is vision. Tangible and intangible objects
become in his art abstract forms or spaces, to be treated in such a manner as to
awaken feelings of pleasure. He reaches this enviable conception of picture-
truth through his right instinct, and he holds to it against criticism, because his
moral courage as an artist is as great as his gift.
Mr. White has never produced a picture that either he or anyone else will
declare to be a great masterpiece: he is simply searching in the high art evolu-
tion for self development. He feels that the qualities that appeal to him are
salient in art. For this reason his work leads all other. It is healthy, although
subtle. It is "right" in its intention, and beautiful as a photograph for that
reason. The conditions under which he works do not endanger his mission.
He has been severely criticised : at times he has been ignored. One glance at
his pictures convinces us that his detractors have in their natures those unde-
sirable qualities that he omits in his work.
Mr. White has followers. Those at a distance do not deserve our notice,
but those that are under his personal influence are possessed of the vigor that
comes from his personality.
He has recently gone further than even his admirers deemed it possible for
him to carry photography. Probably the reason for this lies in the circumstance
that his picture subjects have not greatly varied, but he has constantly gone
toward a deeperexploitation of these subjects. In this he escapes the weaken-
 NEWARK (OHIO) EXHIBITION OF PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

ing process of many modern photo-art aspirants, who hope by their wealth of a
studio lumber room, or by varied scenery sought in unexpected places, to pro-
duce the new. Mr. White shows that art is more a matter of going deeply into
the artist's own nature than an imitation of the unusual and unfamiliar forms
that surprise one in travel. Whether he is treating the old factory-lined canal,
or the hillside with a figure, his motive is always truly artistic, growing out of
the desire to express feeling through the arrangemeut of the features offered by
his subject. And it is this arrangement, this capacity to treat the subject, that
gives to the one who views his work such pleasure as is derived from all true
works of art. We do not now feel impelled to praise so much what he has
accomplished, as the sincere intuition and keen insight into the true and the
beautiful that his work aspires to. The enjoyment of his work lies in its re-
sourcefulness and its promise. His mastery over arrangement enables him to
go further than to awaken only the sense of beauty in the abstract. He can
even tell a story without destroying his art; in fact, in "The Spider," he shows
himself to be possessed of the ability to use the familiar forms occurring in the
fields, to symbolize traits of human character, and temperaments. He walks
this dangerous ground with safety.
If the young aspiring artists throughout the land could only be taught by
his example what is more truly the nature of art, and how story-telling of any
kind is but an auxiliary-that the narrati-z1e feature of any picture is the strain
upon its intrinsic art quality-we should have a less crude state of affairs.
Some school for imparting the principles that underlie art in photography
must arise and must be fostered and recognized by educational authorities.
Our country will find it one of the greatest influences toward intellectual and
artistic advancement that could be found. Art can be brought into photogra-
phy and it can be taught! In photography the camera imitates drawing and the
light and shade, but it does not compose.
Composition is a mental exercise, subject to system, capable of growth, and
prod!lcti'Z•e of fi11e form, logic, good taste, and its most effective fruit is inven-
tion.
Lack of composition means confusion in the right conception of what con-
stitutes the properti~s and elements to be dealt with in the art, resulting in a
sort of floundering. Progress is dependent upon the general acquisition of
composition.
Possibly the greatest danger to the progress of modern artistic photogra-
phy is the fact that he who possesses a fine tone snrse, and renders his theme in
the melting quality of color, too easily becomes unmindful of the vital forces
that exist in line structure. Ignoring this, he is apt to produce a one-sided
technical development, always carrying with it a flavor of the unsatisfactory, as
in modern painting the half-study, half-picture tendency fails, because of its
incompleteness of purpose.
We recognize that the greatest thing an artist possesses is feeling, and we
know that he should almost blindly follow his impulses at times, but there are
hours of mental training that if well used will make a more intelligent rendering
of feeling possible.
Mr. Eugene, in his example of a girl playing the violin, fairly fills the
265
 CA.\IERA NOTES.

picture with "feeling." His technique is so rich and subtle that it forms a beau-
tiful medium for the expression of such feeling, and the result is a high art-
endeavor. \Vhether it suffers by comparison with Mr. \Vhite's pictures of
music is a matter of personal judgment. In my own opinion, the mental quali-
ties of the two artists are greatly different; so is their method of rendering their
ftelings. 1\lr. Eugene has delved in oil colors, he is so used to rendering the
model before him that he does not sufficiently detach himself from the human to
fully render the music that-judging from the figure's action-he intended to
express. !\lr. White renders his perceptions with perfect self-control, and they
have a refinement and intelligibility appealing to those in normal health.
There are other pictures in this room attempting to express music--one
especially noticeable in which the misuse of over-abundant material so affects
the action of the violinist that we have not music, but rather a man sawing. To
put a person out into the fields at dusk, posed in the act of playing, is not art un-
leoss the parts of the pictures are so managed that sou11d will be made felt.
This aspirant belongs to that large body of photographers who have in all
the past believed that "fact-telling" is the only means of satisfying mankind in
relation to pictures. This conception fixes upon the theory that a beautiful type
alone will make a beautiful picture. If this were true, why do people passing
through greenhouses filled with choice flowers yawn within five minutes? It is
because the sight of e111W1erated facts, even though they are beautiful-is a
strain on the mind. In art a beautiful type is often a hinderance; it is some-
times an evidence of weakness where the persmwl quality so outweighs the
meaning of the picture's technique as to arain it of its vitality.
If art consisted in fact-telling, its length of life would be the time required
to comprehend a fact. Art is something more, something deeper.
I would rather surround myself with the work of William B. Dyer, of Chi-
cago, though the pictures he shows are too subtle to be weighed with a title,
than with the fact-relldering of the usual subjects of the spinning-wheel, the
river bank, etc. Mr. Dyer believes with Emerson that it is not the fact that is
of interest, but the impressio11 of that fact; hence we do not feel fatigue before
the numerous examples of his work in this exhibition. but our interest is held.
Mr. Dyer is "feeling his way." His tendency will perhaps appeal more to the
people whose intellectual life is fanned by the reading of Maeterlinek and
Nietsche than to the inhabitants of this little town, where healthful living does
not encourage mystic dreaming.
Among the western workers. Mrs. Mary R. Stanbery shows a picture pos-
sessing qualities of a high order. It is catalogued "Posing the Model," and
holds against any photograph on the walls of the exhibition.
Mr. Edmiston has a charming picture of girls on a hillside. He belongs
emphatically to the school of "White."
One of Mr. White's followers who shows a decided individuality is Miss
Ema Spencer. In two pictures there is a sense of flowing color, a sustained
breadth, that is new and an evidence of vigor. It will be interesting to see this
tendency developed.
Mr. H. W. Minns and Mrs. Eva G. Walborn, both of Akron, 0., have sent
portraits of considerable merit. The fact that these pictures do not differ from
266
 PICTORIALISTIC.

those given to their patrons is encouraging evidence of the growth of art in-
stiuct on the part of the people.
\Vork such as is shown in this exhibition proves to all who view it, that art
is not a mechanical process. Photographers are moving away from that idea
that has held them so firmly in the past.
Mr. A. Stieglitz, R. Demachy, Mrs. Kasebier, Miss Rose Clark, F. H. Day,
and J. F. Keiley are represented. Their work, however, has been so well re-
viewed in the Philadelphia Salon reports that it would be futile to speak of them
individually here; their presence conveys an idea of the scope to which art in
photography has attained, while their eastern and foreign flavor are instrumen-
tal in accenting the local color of the western pictures.
E. 0. BECK .
... ...
Pictorialistic.
No!. .. Yes!. .. It really must be I,
I recognize the coat and tie!
This is my portrait, is it, Slopper?
Somehow I seem to look improper.
I warned you, midnight beer and rabbit
\Vere not improving as a habit.
I wish I hadn't sat just then,
I'll never feel quite strong again.
The weather's been so bad, I need
Some tonics, I can see ; I'll feed
On them a month, each hour I'm waking;
Then have a tintype, "after taking."
But hold ! 'twill nearer cure this thing
For you to take the physicking.
Your hair, your clothes, your "little way"
Are all so neatly negligee,
I'd like to take your majesty
At your own valuation-high.
You feed your muse on anti-fat
And liver pills, we all see that ;
Such work must be sincere, I own;
You spPak and think in monotone.
No art has given us, since the flood.
A world so thoroughly "a Ia mud."
I'm glad I'm not your oculist;
His mind must be so much oppressed!
But some would ask you, do you pose
Yourself, or him who to you goes?
Don't think I mean to make a fuss,
My dear Pictorialisticus!
I'm only half in earnest, man-
I know you do the best you can. DALLETT FuGUET.
 Naturalistic.
Your Studio is an awesome place;
Your velveteen coat fits your face.
I daren't bring a gun with me-
It's not a shooting Gallery.
Last week you operated ; since
I hope you've finished up my prints.
Urn ... well! ... Eight dollars by the dozen?
I owe one to my fourteenth cousin,
And many more a fellow gives
To hush his clamoring relatives.
Each decade I go through this thing:
It keeps me humble; here death's sting
Is well foreshadowed-close that eye
And thus I'd look if I should die.
Before fair nature you are meek;
You are so careful, Mr. Sleek!
You've analyzed me beautifully;
You've laid me out, by all that's holy!-
Composed me well, by rite and rule-
And don't I look a pretty fool.
I've iron rods to hold my head ;
I'm stuffed with sawdust; ages dead.
You ought to put me in your case,
A specimen with hairy face.
* * * * * *
To aid art's cause were you designed-
Philistine, slaughter all your kind !
DALLETT FucuET.

+ + +
"Often ornateness
Goes with greatness ;
Oftener felicity
Comes of simplicity."
-FROM WM. WATSOK'S "ART MAXIMS."

"Talent that's cheapest

Affects singularity.
Thoughts that dive deepest
Rise radiant in clarity."
-Fao11 W11. \VATSON's "ART MAXIML"
 The American Pictorial Photographs for the Interna-
tional Art Exhibition at Glasgow.
The Collection of the seventy pictures that are to represent this country in
the important International Art Exhibition about to be opened in Glasgow, in
which for the first time in the history of such exhibitions, pictorial photography
is to have its proper recognition and representation, is completed, and on its way
across the water.
Mr. Annan, to whom the photographic world is indebted for having con-
vinced the management of the exhibition of the desirability of including a cer-
tain phase of photography in its art section, was busy during the summer in
travelling over the Continent, making arrangements to have every country inter-
ested in pictorial photography fully represented. Not having been able himself
to undertake the trip across the ocean for a similar purpose in this country, the
writer was duly appointed to select the American pictures which are to represent
the United States. Limited to seventy frames, the selection was a most difficult
task. Now that the same has been completed, we have full reason to believe that
American photographers will have no valid excuses to offer if their section is
not one of the most attractive in the exhibition. The greatest care has been
exercised in collecting thoroughly representative pictures of the various phases
of what we dub the American School.* Examples have been chosen covering a
period of some seventeen years, that is, from 1883 to 1900 inclusive, thus show-
ing that the collection is also retrospective. The collection contains nothing but
picked prints, by which we mean the best prints extant of the pictures chosen.
In order to enable us to accomplish that, many collectors were called upon for
the loan of frames from their private collections, and one and all gladly
responded. As for the invited, all but three contributed the selected pictures as
requested.
The following is a complete list of the selections made :
("The Manger."
I "Blessed Art Thou Among Women.'"
GERTRUDE KASEBIER, New York ..... ~ "Decorative Panel."
l "Fruits of the Earth."
"A Portrait."
r "Ring Toss."
I "Portrait of Mrs. H."
CLARENCE H. WHITE, Newark, Ohio.~ "Telegraph Poles."
I "Spring."
l "Lretitia Felix."
r "Adam and Eve.''
"La Cigale."
FRANK EuGENE, New York ........ ·1"Portrait of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz."
"Dogwood."
"Man in Armor."
* It is popularly supposed in certain quarters that the American School is composed
solely of what are termed impressionistic pictures. Such is not the case. and never
has been, as this collection, which is typically representative of the American School.
containing, as it does. examples of every phase of pictorial photographic work, will
more than demonstrate.
273
 CAMERA NOTES.

r"The
·1
Rising Moon."
1"The Erlking."
JosEPH T. KElLEY, Brooklyn ....... "A Study in Flesh Tones."
"Garden of Dreams."
"Zitkala-Sa."
"The Net Mender."
{ "Winter-Fifth Avenue."
ALFRED STIEGLITZ, New York....... "Scurrying Home."
"Watching for the Return."

.. i
"A Decorative Panel."
("Self-Portrait."
"'Landscape-Evening."
EDUARJ? J. STETCHE!'l, _Milwaukee, "Landscape-Winter."
W1s. (at present, Pans). "Landscape-Interior of \Voods."
. "The Lamp."

J "Vesper Bells."
"The Dance."
RuD. EICKEMEYER, JR., Yonkers. N.Y. "The Sheep Path Through the Pas·
1 ture."
l "The Dying Day."
"A Nocturne."
WM. B. DYER, Chicago, Ill. . . . . . . . . . { "Landscape."
"Clytie."
J "Odor of Pomegranates.''
ZAIDA BEN YusuF, New York ....... I "Portrait of Mrs. C.]."
"Portrait of Sculptor French."
RosE CLARK and ELIZABETH FLINT { "Doris ~nd Her Mother."
"AnnetJe"
WADE, Buffalo, N. Y. . . . . . . . . . . "O f ·h p ,
ut o t e ast.
yARN ALL ABBOTT, Philadelphia, Pa.. . j "Beyond the Day."
I "The Dying Fire."
EvA L. WATSON, Philadelphia, Pa .... S"Head of a Young Girl."
t "The Rush of the Flags."
W B p F b l\ S "Lovewell's Pond."
· · OST, rye urg, 1:e. · · · · · · · · · I ''Intervale in \Vinter."
j "The Bath."
CHAS. I. BERG, New York .......... I "Decorative Study."
FRANCES B. JoHNSTON, Washington, j "A Roycrofter."
D. C ......................... I "In the Picture Gallery."
"The Village Choir."
J OHN E . D UMONT, R ochester, N: Y. . { "H
a1")"mg tl1e F erry. "
EMILIE V. CLARKSON, Potsdam, N.Y ......................... "Say Yes."
PRESCOTT ADAMSON, Philadelphia, Pa ............ " 'Mid Smoke and Steam."
JoHN G. BuLLOCK, Philadelphia, Pa .................... "The Coke Burner."
EDMUND STIRLING, Philadelphia, Pa ......................... "Bad News.''
T. M. EDMISTON, Newark, 0 ........................... "On the Hillside.''
MARY R. STANBERY, Zanesville, 0 ....................... "The Bar-Maid."
H. TROTH, Philadelphia, Pa ................................ "In the Fold."
E. LEE FERGUSON, Washington, D. C ..... , .................... "A Study.''
274
 EXIIIHITION OF PRINTS BY !. RIDGWAY JIOORE.

MATHILDE WElL, Philadelphia, Pa ................... "Return of the Fleet."

R. S. REDFIELD, Philadelphia, Pa ................. "New England Hillside."
ToM HARRIS; deceased ............... "Portrait of l\Ir. Sadakichi Hartmann."
Miss Mary Devens and Mr. F. H. Day, of Boston, but at present abroad,
have been requested to make their own selections, and send the prints thus
chosen directly to Glasgow.
Unfortunately no arrangements were made in season to exhibit this com-
prehensive collection to the New York public before its departure for Europe.
This does not preclude its probable presentation to the public upon its return.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ .

... ... ...

Exhibition of Prints by J. Ridgway Moore.
(October 27-Novem&er S2, J900.)
The announcement that J. Ridgway ~loore was to be one of this season's exhibitors
was the cause of considerable surprise and speculation, as Mr. ~loore was not only a com-
paratively new member of the Camera Club, but had scarcely been longer at photography
than he had been in the club. Therefore when l\Ir. l\loore's prints appeared in due time
upon the walls, they were examined with earful scrutiny-by all those familiar with the
circumstances. The general verdict was that this exhibition more than held its place among
the exhibitions of the season, and was infinitely superior to the majority of them in char-
acter, technique and artistic appreciation. The exhibition consisted of landscapes, figure
studies, types, etc. Though but recently enlisted in the ranks of photography, Mr. Moore's
exhibition clearly shows that he comes not as a raw recruit, but as one possessed of
something more than a superficial knowledge of the broad principles of pictorial art, both
oriental and occidental. His temperament and training as an army man, sportsman, and
extensive traveler has brought him much among the stronger types of men and events the
world over, and developed in him a strong love and admiration for what is vigorous and
powerful. The effect of this upon his pictorial work is very marked, his best work show-
ing a striving after the verve and vigor of the picturesque and ap intolerance, almost,
of the merely refined or delicate which he himself is wont to term, and not without some
justice-simply "inoffensively inocuous." Nor does he hesitate so to characterize certain
of his own productions that seem to fall within that class. The prints of this exhibition
were in the main vigorous. They all showed a careful regard for the artist's rule of three
(the three tones held to be the essential requirements of every correct picture), and a
knowledge of composition that was nicest in its dispositions of masses, which may be
due to Mr. Moore's intimate familiarity with the art of Japan, to which he has devoted
considerable study, as a certain semi-Japanese critic once found to his discomfiture when
holding forth in the vaguely learned manner of an absolute authority on Japanese art.
A few well-timed questions from Mr. Moore very quickly proved that the critic's knowl-
edge of the subject rested mainly on his objective imagination, and he very promptly
shifted the conversation to other topic;. The pictures were harmoniously framed, and
hung with much taste, and the whole exhibition possessed an air of refinement. Never-
theless I felt after a careful study of the prints that they were far from expressing the
best of which Mr. l\Ioore is capable. Good as some of his studio work is, and pleasing as
many of his landscapes and marines are, the studio seems as circumscribed, stuffy, costumy
and anti-climatical as the green-room, and the idyllic charm of the warm seacoast and the
languid south country appear hardly big enough to supp1y Mr. 1\loore with the material
most congenial to his taste. or enough to make him forget camera inspiring technique, the
2i5
 CAMERA NOTES.

dogmatism of the art schools, and everything else in the bigness of the theme presented.
It is with the wilder and grander things of the world-with the savage dignity of Indi-an
life or the rugged magnificence of some of our glorious mountain ranges that one expects;
nay, really hopes to find him concerning himself. The present exhibition, with all its
merits, does not represent the man as I know him. It seems scarcely more than a
feeling-out to make sure of the ground. When he comes to deal with the bigger themes,
as he surely will, I am confident to find him more at home and creating really splendid
work. Jos. T. KElLEY .
... ...
Exhibition of Prints by Virginia M. Prall.
(November t4-26, t900.)
Surely, one expects too much of a photographic critic nowadays. His fate is tragic.
He is invited to an exhibition of faded prints, where he is received by the editor of a green
periodical, and politely asked to absorb within half an hour or less the entire show, to
express his opinion about some work which represents, if not the practical labor of a life-
time, at least the efforts of several years. Now, is that possible? The fact is that it is
impossible. The critic can only surmise the character of the work and give his haphazard
impression about it, and as productions of real interest are rather scarce in photography, it
is generally not the adventures of a soul among masterpieces, but the excursion of a tired
and annoyed intellect among commonplaces
Alack, if there could be in every photographic exhibition such an outburst of individu-
ality as in the case of :\1iss Kasebier! Then criticism would be indeed an easy task
But what in Daguerre's and Niepce's names can be said about the work of Miss
Virginia M. Prall? Hopelessly I wandered up and down along the wall, hung with dozens
of handsome frames, that were picturesquely arranged on the yellowish grayish green
background of the Camera Club's reception room, without finding a trace of individu-
ality, on which I might '"harp," like the melancholy prince of Denmark on the charms of
Ophelia.
Already willing to give up the task, as my eyes were getting sore in the vain endeavor
to discover something worth nuting, I espied the back view of a nude against a vine-clad
trellis. My first impression was rather of a jocular mood: I did not know that Philadelphia
back yards cot•ld also be found in W2shington, but .soon afterward the nude itself began to
attract me, not because it was particularl:v arti~tic or well done, but simply because there
was something delicately suggestive, something intime about it. This nude was not
taken from an ordinary model. Years ago I once wrote an essay on "Ideal and Profane
Models," designating the professional ones as profane, and as ideal ones those heroic
members of the gentler sex who revere art sufficiently to overcome conventional scruples,
and to pose occasionally for an artist of their acquaintance. There is something so chaste
and refined about this nude, as well as the other semi-nudes, including the one which at-
tempts to depict bachanalian joy by a handful of grapes, rather transparent drapery and
limbs all out of proportion, which could only be obtained by the use of an "ideal"' model.
If photographers would only banish profane models altogether from their studios. the nude
would become somewhat tolerable in "'pure" photography.
About the whole Prall exhibition there is something intime. It looks like a gallery
of family pictures, and impresses one like domestic reminiscences, parlor experiences and
diary disclosures. :\!iss Prall's work also contains a sort of half religious, half esoteric
flavor, which struggles for expre~sion, but only in rare instances really asserts itself. Her
madonnas, affected and commonplace as they are from a strictly artistic viewpoint, have
some charm about them, in particular that one with a child nestling to her bosom. The
mother's face is full of character and sentiment; the child, however, looks as if it were
conscious of posing before a camera. Some of the child pictures are in parts well posed,
and I suppose true to the character of the little sitters. Fairly pleasant to look at are also
 EXHIBITION OF PRINTS BY WM. B. POST.

a madonna wrapt in a veil, the ghost-like apparition of an old man resembling Richard
Wagner, the picture of a choir boy which almost looks like a :\Iurphy, a sort of Rabel
with a fierce Angelus sunset behind her coiffure, and a young woman resting her head
in Titianese fashion on a pillow.
The most satisfactory of all her pictures is a woman in an embroidered kimono, re-
clining on a couch and occupied with sipping a cup of something, with screen and flower
vase as background. The cup, face and hand seem, at the first glance, as deliciously
handled as certam passages in Mellen's etchings. At closer scrutiny, however, the charm
evaporates. At any rate Miss Prall tries hard for composition, her art is still undeveloped,
but she has decided talent. SADAKICHI HARTMANN .
... ... ...
Exhibition of Prints by Wm. B. Post.
(December t-tO, t900.)
When I entered Mr. W. B. Post's exhibition, I was most agreeably surprised by its
general effect. At the first glance I recognized that I had to reckon here with an individ-
uality, not a very powerful one, perhaps, but nevertheless a full fledged personality. The
framing of his light gray prints in gray and silver frames is superb. What a stunning
background this symphony in gray would make to a full length portrait by the brush of
Alexander or Aman-Jean! The American photographers really deserve the international
fame they have acquired for their exquisite taste in framing; they are past masters in that
art. The keynote of Mr. Post's individuality is a certain elegance and grace. Mr. Post's
elegance is elegance, pure and simple, the elegance of the salon of well-bred people. At
least, it is such in his best work, in his most recent efforts, which during the exhibition
hung near the window. The other half, representing his earlier work, some of them in
darker frames, proved rather uninteresting to me. I undertook only one stroll in that
direction, and returned bored, after discovering a portrait of the drawing master of the
league, a rather spotty pumpkin field, and a herd of cows coming towards one on a dusty
road. Neither do I care very much for his studies of apple trees in blossom, particularly
when they represent nothing else but a confused massing of flower laden branches. One
branch is sufficient to a Japanese artist to give us the impression of spring. Mr. Post's
attempts are, at the very best [I refer to one solitary bush standing in a meadow (No. I)
and an oblong panel, quite suggestive and cleverly spaced (No. 13)]. only simply con-
ceived bits of nature, finely selected and delicately arranged. Also in his harvest field at
twilight (No. IS) and various landscapes, in which he has introduced figures, he does not
strike out a line for himself. One does not know what Mr. Post is capable of before one
studies his snow landscapes and water lily ponds. They alone reveal him; although neither
faultless nor complete in every detail, they at all events show him as artist to the core.
There we have a boundless wealth of loveliness before us. Do not think for a moment
that my enthusiasm runs away with my judgment on this occasion. I am weighing my
words most carefully. I said "loveliness," and mean by it nothing but a certain charm of
manner. I know of nothing more exquisite in recent landscape photography than that
picture (~o. 43), where a straight line at the horizon separates the stretch of snow from
the depleted vegetation in the distance and the sky. Its simplicity is astonishing. It
almost seems like an insult to Dame Nature that she can be expressed in terms of such
simplicity, but it should be accounted rather as a virtue than a shortcoming that the
artist can see nature so simply and in such a sound attitude of mind. Our American
TryoJl likes to paint nature in such frugal moods, but Mr. Post's treatment is entirely
his own. His picture reveals the pearly atmosphere of a winter day and its infinite grada-
tions of aerial colors, as far as a photographic print can do it. Nearly all his winter
landscapes (in particular No. 48) denote a poetic temperament and an eye but poorly
satisfied with the result of commonplace selection. The traces of snow shoes in the snow
in two of his pictures are, however, out of place; they jar, but are, after all, a trivial
matter, when we consider the other sterling qualities of his work.
277
 CAMERA NOTES.

Delightful also are his studies of water lilies. Here again we meet that pearly atmos-
pheric quality which is so rare in photography. He strives to express the exquisite delicacy
of still water, the shapely growths of reeds in the distance and the shimmering surface of
large leaved water plants. These pictures show an effective combination of the elements
of natural poetry with decorative treatment. In addition to ordinary truth of local color,
of detailed shape, of comparative value~, one notes in two of these studies (I refer to those
with the picturesque bank line, No. 2, 3 and 10,) a cheerful high toned key of grays. He
is an interpreter of nature in her simplest aspects. He seems incapable of magnificent
tone contrasts, of rich harmonies of values, of unusual effects and frank and bold fore-
grounds. His impressions are not broad, and his poetic conception lacks force, but in his
best work he never fails to recall nature. His love for simplicity. however, becomes very
dangerous to him at times. A long row of parallel evening shadows is in no sense ryth-
mical, but commonplace, and some of his caprices in gray impress me as hopelessly empty,
and are, even to his broadest appreciators, absolutely meaningless. And Mr. Post lacks
the ability to represent nothing in a picturesque manner. He should leave that to 1\fr.
Keiley.
Remarkable is a little marine (No. 51), very small in size, taken from the Battery.
It is merely a fragment, an expanse of water, a cluster of posts, and a steamer in the far
distance, but it is the one picture which is sure to be pleasurably remembered by artists.
Summing up Mr. Post's faculties as an artistic photographer, I might term him the
poet of snow and water lilies, but I hope he won't restrict his good work to these two
subjects entirely. He has a wider field of action before him. His talent lends itself
curiously well to the realization of open air effects. He understands the delicacy and
luminosity of daylight. and the gentle gradations of color that result from the aerial
varieties of our climate. He is the one photographer of whom I would say, what a pity
that he is no painter, what a pity that he cannot turn to an art which would widen his
scope and add opportunities of moment. In photography one is debarred from so many
effects that are extremely worthy of pictorial record, and even the most charming trans-
lations of landscapes in monotone become hackneyed after a while.
But it remains a question whether he would be equally successful in giving form to
his imaginings by the aid of another technical process, taking for granted that he would
readily adapt himself to the handling of the brush. :l\1 r. Post seems to he specially fitted
for the vocation of a photographic landscapist in all its phases. He is a thoughtful worker,
who applies principles in a manner best calculated to lead him in the direction he desires;
he is capable of taking full advantage of his medium, and makes his choice with rare discre-
tion.
... ... ... SADAKICHI HARTMANN .

Exhibition of Printa &y Members of the Boston Camera Ou&.

(December 12, 1900-January 4. 1901.)
The exhibition of prints by members of the Boston Camera Club consisted of seventy
photographs, representing the following photographers: Edward R. Andrews. Percy Em-
erson Brown, Owen A. Eames, Dehon Blake, Miss Sarah ]. Eddy, Miss Emma J. Fitz,
Albert E. Fowler, ,_Irs. Rowland B. French, Harold Hutchinson, Samuel Johnson, 2d,
Joseph Prince Loud, Frank F. l\IcLeod, Charles Hall Perry, William P. Robinson, Mrs.
Sarah C. Sears, William J. Smith, Walter B. Swift, l\lrs. Susan S. Wainwright, David W.
Weaver.
... ... ...
Exhibition of Printa &y Members of the Califomia Camera Cu&.
(]aouary JS-29. JCJ01.)
In the exhibition of prints by the California Camera Club, the following members
of that organization were represented: Messrs. W. ]. Street, H. D' Arcy Power, A. Nelson
Crowell, Oscar Maurer, W. ]. Platt, A. L. Coombs, T. H. d'Estrella, George C. Meeker,
L. E. Rea, John A. Langstroth, Arnold Genthe, W. E. Dassonville.
 Proceedings.
The regular monthly meeting of the Oub, using the club property, and never used
which was held on December II, was well anything but the metric system.
attended. Mr. Murphy was in the chair. Dr. Stevens having withdrawn his origi-
The minutes of the preceding meeting were nal motion with unanimous consent, the
read and approved. The treasurer's state- Stieglitz-Waterman resolution was carried.
ment showed a balance on hand of $3.599·99· The meeting then adjourned.
Mr. Murphy reported for the trustees.
He announced that the latter had thor- The regular meeting was held January 8,
oughly gone into the matter of the scur- 1901, forty-five members being present.
rilous and vulgar doggerel which had been Both Messrs. Murphy and Berg being ab-
referred to that body by the Oub at the pre- sent, Mr. R. A. B. Dayton was elected
vious meeting. The author of the document chairman.
had facilitated matters for the Board by a The minutes of the previous meeting were
further offence, for which charges were pre- read and approved. The treasurer reported
ferred to the trustees by a certain member, a balance on hand of $3,38o.gr. The House
who was in no way associated with the Pub- Committee made a verbal report, and dwelt
lication Committee. This offence being ad- upon the need of additional club lenses. Mr.
mitted, and no defence of any kind offered Berg having arrived, Mr. Dayton gracefully
when the gentleman was called before the vacated the chair in his favor. The chair
Board for that purpose, the Board found announced the death of a fellow-member,
no other course open but the unpleasant one John V. Van Woert, who had died on Jan-
of expelling the member in question. uary 6. The following resolution was drawn
Dr. Stevens proposed the following: and passed: Resolved, That in the death
Resolved, That all graduates, scales, and of Mr. John V. Van Woert the club has
measures marked according to the Ameri- lost an old and honored member, whose
c:~n or English system, be removed from personality had charmed all who had been
the working rooms of the dub, and that acquainted with him, and whose place it
there be substituted in their place proper will be hard to fill.
measuring apparatus marked in accordance Mr. Reid arraigned the Committee on
with the metric system. Meetings, of which he himself is chairman,
The motion was seconded by Mr. Beach. for the lack of lectures. demonstrations.
A lively discussion ensued, Messrs. Wil- etc.. etc. He spoke of the importance of
merding, Fraser, Chas. Simpson and others making the committee a live one. and beg-
~peaking against any such change. Dr. ged the Oub to help him.
Devlin, Messrs. Waterman and Bracklow Dr. Stevens, Messrs. Hoge, Abel, and
spoke against the radical change. Schoen spoke in favor of more active work.
Mr. Stieglitz spoke in favor of the Oub the latter moving: "That it is the sense
adoping the metric system officially, al- of the meeting that scientific and practical
though he did not see how the members lectures and debates on photographic sub-
could be forred to use it for their own jects are favored by the members."
work, if they did not appreciate the decided Mr. Stieglitz spoke in favor of the mo-
advantages of the system. Mr. Waterman tion, and at some length gave the meeting
a~rain spoke against the change as pro- an outline of how and what ought to be
posed. Messrs. Stieglitz and Waterman done. He pointed out that just be-
then drafted the following: Resolved, That fore his resignation as vice-president,
the Club officially adopt the metric system he had succeeded in inducing the trustees
in its publication of formulre and papers to appropriate the sum of $2oo for
read before the club. That it also provides lectures, which sum had never been touched.
weights and measures in both systems for He emphasized the fact that this policy of
the facilitv of the members. Mr. Dayton false economy was ruinous to the welfare
spoke against the practicability of a double and prosperity of the club, especially as he
system, when Mr. Stieglitz called his atten- considered that good entertainments and
tion to the fact that it had already existed lectures would become an ultimate source
for years in the club, as he himself had been of revenue to the treasury. He claimed
283
 CAMERA NOTES.

that only in this way the Club could ensure Furthermore, and perhaps most important,
the procuring of persons competent to lec- payment for the lectures would be an evi-
ture upon subjects both valuable and inter- dence of the seriousness of purpose of the
esting to the members at large and to the Club, and paid lecturers would be careful
general public. He also pointed out that to prepare matter which would, unlike most
college professors and specialists on scien- popular lectures, contain sound, valuable
tific subJects were, as a rule, not in a posi- material, and would not consist of mere
tion to deliv-er lectures gratuitously, espe- verbiage.
cially as the demand upon them for such Mr. Schoen's motion was duly seconded
lectures was practically overwhelming. and carried. The meeting then adjourned.
... ...
Club Paragraphs.
Mr. ]. Wells Champney continues giving his "five-minute talks" on Wednesday even-
ings, to the great edification of most of the Club members, who are wont to assemble at the
rooms on that night. Mr. Champney is so happy in his manner, and so lucid in his remarks
and observations, that, in the near future, we hope to give our readers a synopsis of these
valuable "talks." They are of educational value to all photographers.
Miss Frances B. Johnson was awarded two gold medals at the recent Paris Exposition
for her photographic exhibits.
Mr. John Beeby has recently been very successful in winning honors abroad with his
slides. At the Cripplegate Institute he won two medals, a gold and a gold center, while at
Blairgowrie the judges awarded him a bronze medal and a diploma.
Our honorary member, Mr. Dwight Lathrop Elmendorf. under the management of our
Chairman of the Lantern Slide Committee, Mr. Alfred Simpson, during February gave
a delightful series of lectures at the Waldorf-Astoria. The subjects were: "Paris and the
Exposition;" "London, tire Metropolis of the World, and "Old Mexico and the Bull
Fight." It is needless to say that the slides were the main features of these lectures, both
Messrs. Elmendorf and Simpson having more than a local reputation as slide-makers of the
first rank.
On January 3rd Mr. Gilbert Ray Hawes delivered a talk on "Up the Thames to Oxford
and the Shakespeare Country,'' illustrated by lantern slides, at the Club rooms.
The following new members have been elected. Active: Dr. H. Close, 347 West One
Hundred and Twenty-third street, City; Mr. ]. W. Rumsey, 31 West Twenty-sixth street,
City; Mr. Chester A. Darling, 174 East Seventy-second street, City; Mr. Chas. De Roy,
Birmingham, Ala.; Mr. Ezra H. Fitch, 2 West Eighty-sixth street, City. Non-Resident:
Mr. Wm. ]. Mullins, Franklin, Pa.; Mr. Cecil B. De Mille, Pompton, N. ]. ; Miss Lily E.
White, Portland, Oregon; Miss Sarah H. Ladd, Portland. Oregon .
... ... ...
Attendance of the Trustees at Board Meetings.
(February, J900-January, J90J, Inclusive).
Meetings. Names. Attendance.
I7 ............... . Wm. D. Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS
4 .............. .. Alfred Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
I7 ............... . H. B. Reid ........................... I7
I7 ....... • ....... . W. E. Wilmerding ..................... 17
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . \V. P. Agnew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I
I7 John Beeby . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I3
I7 Chas. I. Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 5
I7 \V. J. Cassard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
I7 John Aspinwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
I7 L. B. Schram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5 J. Edgar Bull.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 H. l\1an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
284
 The Annual Dinner.
The Fourth Annual Dinner of the Camera Club was served on the evening
of February 2. On this occasion the Club abandoned the Bohemian atmosphere
of Muschenheim's Arena, where preceding annual dinners were eaten, for more
dignified environments at the New York Athletic Club. In general interest, in
point of numbers, and in gastronomic details, the dinner was not only a success,
but it clearly surpassed in these particulars its successful predecessors. As
usual, there were souvenir menus decorated with prints contributed from the
portfolios of the Club's best workers, and a half dozen framed prints were dis-
tributed, as the President, with his eye on the Lottery Law, felicitously put it,
"by the incorruptible arbitrament of chance." After these trifles (including the
dinner) had been disposed of, the speech-making business of the evening began.
It was opened by a toast to the memory of Victoria, drank standing and in
silence, and the expression on the part of the president of the Club's regret that
its festivities should have fallen on the day of her funeral. Speeches followed
by the president, Mr. Murphy, by Mr. Van Wormer, President of the New York
Athletic Club; by Mr. Redfield, President of the Photographic Society of Phila-
delphia; by Mr. Plumb, President of the Orange Camera Club; by Mr. Stirling,
Secretary of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia ; by Mr. Arthur Hewitt,
of the Orange Camera Club, and by Messrs Champney, Johnson, Man, Aspin-
wall and Bull, of the Camera Club.
After the speeches, the work of the Committee in charge of the dinner was
accorded graceful recognition and the members and their guests dispersed.
]. EDGAR BULL.
NOTE BY EDITOR.-The dinner was in charge of a committee consisting of: Wm. ].
Cassard, Chairman; ]. Edgar Bull, and A .W. Craigie.
... ... ...
The Standard Club Developer.
In accordance with the Club resolution adopting the metric system of
weights and measures as the official standard of the Club, we publish herewith,
translated into metric form, the formula of The Camera Oub Standard Pyro
Solution:
I.-Sulphite of Soda ( cryst.) ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 gm.
Citric Acid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 gm.
Ammon. Bromide............................................ 5 gm.
Dissolve in about Boo cc. of distilled water and add Pyro
(Schering) ................................................ 100 gm.
Add water to make up to ..................................... 1000 cc.
H.-Sulphite of Soda (cryst.) ..................................... 200 gm.
Potass. Carbonate ............................................ JOO gm.
Water to make ............................................... 1000 cc.
For use takes c. c. each of I. and II. and add 7S to ISO c. c. of water.
This translation has been prepared by Dr. Robert J. Devlin, who remarks
that "the above is almost an exact reproduction-the only changes being, first,
increasing the citric acid from I3 gm. to IS gm., and second, reducing the
Ammon. Bromide from 6.s gm. to s gm., both of which seem unimportant modi-
fications, but quite in the line of simplicity."
28s
 American Pictorial Photography, Series II.
After innumerable and unavoidable delays the new portfolio, America"
Pictorial Photography, Series II., was duly published. It is needless to dwell
upon its cordial reception, for the production as it stands is a decided step in
advance of Series I. The selection of plates covers every style of pictorial pho-
tography, disproving the oft quoted statement that CAMERA NoTES is synony-
mous with freak photography, and one-sided. The reproductions, if carefully
studied, will be an object lesson to all interested in that special phase of photog-
raphy, the pictorial. They will show that it has been our endeavor to carry out
our original policy when founding CAMERA NoTES, to give our readers the
opportunity of seeing what the best workers of the world are producing, irre-
. spective of schools, or our own personal likes or dislikes.
The portfolio in question contains: The Manger, and Blessed Art Thou
Among Women, by Gertrude Kasebier; La Cigale, The Lady of Charlotte, Por-
trait of Miss lot~es, and Po1·trait of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, by Frank Eugene;
Shylock, a Sttldy, by Jos. T. Keiley; Hailing the Ferry, by John E. Dumont;
Spinning, by Emilie V. Clarkson; Clytie, by Wm. B. Dyer; Edge of the Woods
-Evening, by Clarence H. White; The Dance, and The RanchmaJ&, by Rud.
Eickemeyer, Jr.; LaJ&dscape, by Ed. J. Steichen; Portrait of Miss M., of Wash-
ington, by Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade; Coquette, by Chas. I. Berg;
A Study, by J. Wells Champney; Head of a Girl, by Eva L. Watson.
A few portfolios, the edition of which is limited to 150 numbered copies, are
still for sale; apply to CAMERA NoTES for particulars. A. S.
+ + +
Another American Link.
A seventh American has been honored with an election fo the " Linked
Ring," Mr. Frank Eugene, the well known painter and photographer, who i&
now travelling in Europe, having had that honor conferred upon him. That
Mr. Eugene well deserved the distinction, our readers, who have had the ad-
vantage of studying his work, will readily admit. In our last issue, in announ-
cing Mrs. Kasebier's election to the "Ring," we referred to her as the only
woman" Link." We have been informed that simultaneously with her election,
Mrs. Carine Cadby, of England, was similarly honored, the two countries, Amer-
ica and England, each being represented by one woman in the famous body of
pictorial photographers.
+++
Notes.
The n. A. Seed Dry Plate Compaay this country for plates of this description
prepares a powdered form of chemically is on the increase. We have always been
pure Sulphite of Soda-also Carbonate of surprised that backed plates are not more
Soda, which we recommend to our readers. generally used by photographers. Possibly
This form has decided advantage over the this may be due to the tardiness of many of
crystals usually used by photographers. our plate manufacturers.
The progressive photographer is always
The Lovell Dry Plate Manufacturing on the alert for new papers. Special at-
Compaay sends us several boxes of their tention is called to the "Sliver of Phos-
dry plates, backed andisochromatic. The phate Paper"; Rotograph Bromide; and the
tests made with both these brands have new Camera Chemical CompatJy's (Denver,
proven highly satisfactory. The demand in Col.) platinum papers.
THE l
\1\llift\ift{l\1\1\
3 9015 02533 8982
THE l
\1\llii\\\~\1\l\1\
3 9015 02533 8982
CAMERA NOTES
AND! PROCEEDINGS
OF

THE CAMERA CLUB

OF NEW YORK

AN ILLUSTRATED PHOTOGRAPHIC QUARTERLY

MANAGED AND EDIT ED BY

ALFRED STIEGLITZ

VOLUME V

1901-1902

P U BLI S HED BY THE CAMERA CLUB , NEW YORK

3 \VEsT 29TH STREET, NEw Y o aK
 INDEX.
Articles.
PAGE. PAGE.
A Elementary Talk on Photographic
A Con\"enient Way of Keeping Hypo., Lenses, 'by Charles E. :\lanierre ...... 46
by Charles E. Manierre. . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 Exhibition of Prints by Members of
A Landscape, by Dallett Fuguet. . . . . . 258 the Philadt:lph1a Photographic So-
A Library llt Last-Mr. Aspinwall's ciety. by Jmeph T. Keiley........... 62
Gift to the Camera Club, N. Y. . . . . . 57 Exhibitions ....................... 78, 312
A New Powe; of Artistic Expression, f
by F. Colbum Clarke............... 19
Foreign Honors Won by Americans... 64
A Photographic Enquete, by Sadakichi
From a Subscriber Upon Renewal of
Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Subscription, by George H. Seymour. 58
A Test of Chromatic Aberration. by
From Abroad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Charles E. Manierre ................ 262
A Use for Spoiled Platinum Paper, by
Alfred Stieglitz.................... 191 Influences, by A. Horsley Hinton..... 84
Aftermath, by John Francis Strauss. . . 163 In Memoriam, by ]'>seph T. Keiley .... 221
An American's Impression of the Lon- Interesting Statistics of the Philadel-
don Exhibitions, by C. Yarnall Ab- phia Salon, by Alfred Stieglitz ...... 216
bott ............................... 205 Irreconcilable Positions-A Letter and a
American Pictorial Photography at Reply, by Arthur Hewitt and Alfred
Glasgow, by Allan C. MacKenzie .... 1g6 Stieglitz ........................... 217
American Pictorial Photography at the J
National Arts Club, N. Y .......... 274
An Artist's S.>ng, by Dallett Fuguet. . . JO Joint Meetinits ....................... JII
Apropos of Mr. Edmund Stirling's K
Resignation, by Alfred Stieglitz ..... 124 Keeping Hypo, by Charles E. Manierre 262
Art Education of the Photographer, by
I.
0. W. Beck ........................ 82
As Some Others See Us .............. 219 Landscape, by J. Wells Champney .... 170
Lectures .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 158, 311
B
M
Books Receivecl ....................... 222
Maxims for Artistic Beginners, by Dal-
c lett Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Camera Notes at a Premium.......... 65 Metol and Quinol Developer, by Chas.
Catalogue of the Members' Exhibition, E. Manierre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Camera Club, N.Y ................. 139 More Aftt'rmath and the End, by John
Cave ! by Robert Demachy. . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Francis Str..1uss ..................... 231
Chicago Salon. .. . .. . .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . 122 Mr. Chas. H. Caftin in The Artist ...... 122
Cloud Compositions, by R. Ottolengui. 188
Club Auction......................... 77 N
New American Links ................. 199
Club Items. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Notes ............................ 159, 220
Concerning Plate Marking, by L. M.
Notes on the Use of Magnesium Tape,
McCormick ....................... 271
by Charles E. Manierre ............. 259
Current Notes .................... 51, 104
Notes for Progressive Photographers.. 65
E Numbering Frames at Exhibitions, by
Eduard J. Steichen's Success in Paris.. 57 Alfred Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
(J} ,L

0 PAGE. PAGE.
Odds and Ends Clipped from Some Art The Annual Dinner .................. 312
Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 The Annual Exhibition of Prints by
On Figure Photography, by F. l\1. Sut- .\lembers of the Camera Club ...... ISS
cliffe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 The Art Edu.:ation of the Photograph-
On Exhibitions, by Sadakichi Hart- er, by 0. W. Beck.................. 3
mann IOS The Art in Photography, by W. I. Lin-
p coln Adams ........................ 247
Parallel Lines to the Pictorial Para- The Club Library ................... 157
dise, by F. Dundas Todd ............ 263
The Decline and Fa:! of the Philadel-
Portraiture in Art, by Dallet Fuguet. . 79
phia Salon, hy Joseph T. Keiley ..... 279
Print and Slide Auction .............. 15b
The Element of Chance, by Joseph T.
Proceedings and Oub Notes ......... .
Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
67, 151, 223, 309
The Figure Subject in Pictorial Pho-
Philadelphia and Facts, by Edmund
tography, by Charles H. Caffin...... 93
Stirling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
The History of Philadelphia. . . . . . . . . . 278
R The Issue, by Osbcrne I. Yell ott. . . . . . 272
Robert S. Redfield and the Photo- The Linked Ring, by Joseph T. Keiley. III
graphic Society of Philadelphia, by The London Salon ................. 64, I2I
Jos. T. Keiley...................... 59 The London Salon, 1901. . . . . . . . . . . . . . I99
s The Nucleus of a Club Museum ...... 228
Sloppiness in the Platinum Process and The Past, Present and Future of Pho-
Its Effects, by Alfred Stieglitz ...... 192 tography, bt John Nicol.... . . . . . . . . 5
Snap-Shot Fables for Developing Pho- The Philadelphia Photographic Salon,
tographers, II., by Dallett Fuguet. . . 45 by Charles H. Caffin ................ 207
Some First Principles, by ]. Wells The Philadelphia Salon, by Alfred
Champney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9I Stieglitz ........................ 64, I2I
Some Fragmentary Notes on the Chi- The Salon Committee of I900 Makes a
cago Salon, by Eva Watson-Schiitze. 200 Statement, by Robert S. Redfield,
Subject and Treatment, by Sadakichi John G. Bullock and Edmund Stirling 300
Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I77 Tones and Values, by Joseph T. Keiley IOI
Symbolism, by John Francis Strauss.. 27 Too Easily Satisfied, by A. Horsley
T Hinton ............................ 165
Testing Lense.;, by Charles E. Manierre I25 Trustees' Meetings ..... 76, 77, 153, 226, 3IO
The American School of Photography Turin I~ternational Fine Arts Exhibi-
in Paris, by Robert Demachy. . . . . . . 33 tion ............................... 277

Authors.
Abbott, C. Yarnall .................... 205 Manierre, Charles E ................. .
Adams, W. I. Lincoln ................ 247 46, 49, 125, 259. 262, 262
Beck, 0. W .......................... 3, 82 McCormick, L. M.................... 27I
Bullock, John G ...................... 300 Nicol, John........................... 5
Caffin, Charles H ......... 93, 122, 207, 307 Ottolengui, R ......................... I88
Champney, ]. Wells ............... 9I, 170 Potts, Olive M ...................... 305
Clarke, F. Colburn.................... I9 Redfield, Robert S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Demachy. Robert. .................. 33, 243 Schiitze, Eva Watson ................. 200
Fuguet, Dallett ......... 30, 45, 79, I87, 258 Seymour, George H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Hartmann, Sadakichi ......... IOS, I77, 233 Stevens, Charles W ................ 5I, 104
Hewitt, Arthur ....................... 217 Stieglitz, Alf:t:d ..................... .
Hinton, A. Horsley ................. &$. 165 I2I, 1:?4, 124. I91, 192, 216, 2I7. 222
Keiley, Joseph T .................... . Stirling, Edmund .................. 300, J02
5;). 62, 63, IOI, 1 II, Ig8, 22I,279 Strauss, John Francis .......... 27, I63, 231
MacKenzie, Allan C .................. I9(i Sutcliffe, Frank M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Man, Henry H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Todd, F. Dundas ..................... 263
Yell ott, Osborne I. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
 Dlustrators.
PAGE PAGE
Abbott, C. Yarnall. ................... 171 Kiihn, Heinrich ..................... ..
Adamson, Prescott. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 203, 244. 245. 249. 251, 253. 255
Annan, J. Craig ...................... 213 Ladd, Sarah L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I43
Breese, James L. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Latimer, H. A ........................ 140
Bullock, John (~ ...................... 275 Loeber, Charl~s H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I47
Cadby, W. A ......................... 193 ~icCormick, L. M .................... I49
Clarke, F. Colburn .. 19, 20, 24. 24. 25, 26, 26 Misonne, Leonard.................... 53
Darling, Chester A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • 147 Moore, J. Ridgway. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I45
Davison, George ...................... 285 Mullins, William J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I47
Detlefsen, F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Ottolengui, R ......................... I90
Dimock, Julia.l A .................... 145 Pt>st, William B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 I
Dyer, William A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Redfield, Rob•!rl S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Eugene, Frank ........................ 139 Renwick, William W. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 97
Ferguson, E. Lee ..................... 144 Scott, Alfred W ...................... 148
Gould, A. C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I48 Sharp, Benjamin...................... 87
Harris, W. C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Steichen, Eduard J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I27
Henneberg, Hugo ............. .2_32, 239, 24I Stevens, Charles W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I.¢
Hill, D. 0 ............................ 6, 8 Stieglitz, Alfrt·d ...... 107. 137, 162, I82, I83
Hoge, F. H. and Hadaway, Tom ...... 144 Stirling, Edmund ..................... 229
Kii.sebier, Gertrude. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 77 Stoiber, A. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I48
Keiley, Joseph T ............. 21, .11. 43, I4I Sutcliffe, Frauk M ........ IJ, I4, 15, 16, I7
White, Clarence H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Inserts.
'Midst Steam and Smoke, by Prescott Adamson ................. . 1-2
Intervale-Winter, by William B. Post. ....................... . 11-12
A Bit of Paris, by Joseph T. Keilcy ........................... . 21-22
Zitkala-Sa, by Joseph T. Keiley .............................. . 31-32
Clytie, by William B. Dyer ................................... . 37-38
Shylock, a Study, by Joseph T. Keiley ......................... . 43-44
Evening, by Leonard .Misonne ............................... . 53-54
Fruits of the Earth, by Gertrude Kiisehier ..................... . 77-78
Citadel-Wiirzburg, by Benjamin Sharp ....................... . 87--88
Nude, by William W. Renwick ............................... . 97---98
An Icy Night, by Alfred Stieglitz ............................. . 107-108
A Decorative Panel, by Clarence H. White ..................... . 117-II8
The Judgment of Paris-A Landscape Arrangement, by Eduard ].
Steichen .............................................. . 127-128
September, by Alfred Stieglitz ............................... . 137-138
Spring, by Alfred Stieglitz .................................. . 161-162
Decorative Landscape, by C. Yarnall Abbott. .................. . 171-172
Spring Showers-The Coach, by Alfred Stieglitz ................ . 181-182
Spring Showers-The Sweeper, by Alfred Stieglitz ............. . 183-184
Path Up the Hillside, by W. A. Cadby ......................... . 193-194
Before the Storm, by Heinrich Kiihn .......................... . 203-204
Return from the Pasture, by J. Craig Annan .................... . 213-214
Bad News, by Edmund Stirling .............................. . 22~230
Ploughing, by Hugo Henneberg .............................. . 23~240
Landscape, by Hugo Henneberg .............................. . 241-242
Italian Landscape, by Heinrich Kiihn .......................... . 251-252
Sunset, by Heinrich Kiihn ................................... . 253-254
Sirocco, bv Heinrich Kiihn ................................... . 255-256
New Engiand Landscape, by RobertS. Redfield ................. . 265-266
The White Wall, by John G. Bullock .......................... . 275-276
The Part of Day, by George Davison .......................... . 285-286

---
VOL. V. No.1
Volume V, No. I
MIDST STEAM AND SMOKE
By Prescott Adamson
(Philadelphia)
 0Al\IERA
VOLUME V .TULY, 1.001. NUMBER 1.

EDIT!D AND MANAOED BY ALI'RI!D STII!OLITZ. EDITORIAL ASSOCIATI!S: JOSEPH T. KElLEY,

DALLI!TT FUOUI!T, jOHN FRANCIS STRAUSS, CHARLI!S W. STI!VI!NS, AND WM. F. HAPOOOD.
lssui!D QuARTERLY AT THE CAMERA CLuB, No. 3 Wr.sT Twi!NTY-NINTH STREET, NEw YoRK

The Art Education of the Photographer.

T HEof question as to whether photography belongs to the fine arts is a topic
most serious discussion in all the photographic magazmes, in our
leading journals, and' in art institutions. While it is vehemently denied by a
majority that photography is or ever can be art, there is a constantly increasing
number who are convinced that photography has already demonstrated itself to
be capable of very artistic expression, but that like everything else, it needs
development, and will in course" of time become a remarkable tool for ex-
pressing thought and feeling of a purely artistic kind.
The practical photographer is the one most affected by this state of things,
an9 he finds himself in a peculiar situation. His photography he sees in a
transition period. Whether it is art-limited or of wide scope, or whether it
is pure science is not the paramount question in his mind. He wishes to know
first of all where he stands and how his business will be affected by these
changes going on in the profession.
Where is he to turn to fit himself for conditions that are coming?
It is plain that the changes are rapid. 'What these changes are is not
easily comprehended and therefore action is not readily decided upon. Is he
to be conservative? A certain class of people still prefer to buy likenesses
such as the photographer has taught them to want, but for this product they
no longer show enthusiasm. Therefore in order to be on the safe side he must
also endeavor to meet that forming public taste, for the growth of which pro-
gressive photography is mainly responsible.
There are many phases even in this progressive movement, and he finds
that while he can understand and even endorse certain of these phases, others
are beyond his comprehension, and therefore his patience.
These latter being beyond his tastes, knowledge, or experience, he finds
that it would be impossible for him to embody them in his work if his patrons
were to demand them. It is indisputable that photography in all of its present
phases is the result of a public demand. Even that which usually is called
extreme and considered unhealthy and not enduring by the profession is
exciting a great interest in certain classes of society. Certain photographers on
Fifth avenue, New York, and in other places. are noted for the exceedingly
artistic qualities of their work, are drawing large patronage, and are meeting
the tastes of those sensitive to subtleties and to work possessing both imagina-
tion and the evidences of strength in invention.
These latter qualities belong to the structure of art. They are the strength
 CAMERA NOTES.

of any art. Would it not seem that if the people are fast becoming enamored
with such work, they are also distinguishing between photographers who have
and who have not these qualities? Would it not follow that the people are,
simply by their demand for such work, insisting upon a decided art in pho-
tography? Will the conservative not ask of himself the question: Is it not
probable that this progressive photography, having qualities common to all
good art, will increasingly claim the public interest?
There lies the danger for him.
It will profit no one to try to argue away such possibilities. If they exist
at all the chances are that they will increase. If they do and the conservative
has not prepared himself to keep up with the new standards, his business
interests must suffer.
However great the opposition toward art, or however firm or prevalent the
assertion that photography is not art, it still remains true that underneath all
this talk is a question-"show us what art is ! how can we learn to understand
and to practise it?" The cry is heard from every quarter of the globe. Art in
photography is developing in about the same ratio the world over. It is
gaining a strength that finally will triumph over every obstade. The visible
phases of its development excite general discussion and tempt him who has
never before thought of practising any art to make experiments that in turn
fascinate and hold him because of their possibilities. And so art-effort grows
with rapidity outside of the ranks of the profession and affects him whose pro-
fession it is, and gradually forms higher standards.
Art has not yet been "taught" in photography. To teach it requires a
conformity to conditions peculiar to photography. It has been commonly
understood that such training as is given to students of painting is the one
best suited to him who uses the camera. That plainly is a circuitous route to
follow.
To learn enough about painting to practise it intelligently requires some-
thing akin to ten years of earnest effort. The art schools as they are now
formed are not prepared to teach art for photography. In an institution in
which photography is to find art-development both the teachers and the school
must grow out of photography itself. Photography will develop an expression
and a beauty evolved out of its technique, and it will not be like painting or
any other branch of art. It is not necessary to learn painting first and then
photography. In other words, its characteristics must differ from those of
other arts, just as pastel painting of a high order is different from oil technique.
It will be different I It will never free itself from laws of art, because all art
has fundamental principles. It will absorb these basic laws, and its technique
will be colored by them.
In fact, photography is a black and white art having an unprecedented
delicacy of technique, and art laws applied to it will have to attune themselves
to this condition of increased subtleties. What is needed is a code of laws that
underlie such a black and white art. These laws-pliable, adjusted to every
personality, to every temperament, alike affecting man whatever his race-are
absolutely needed for the sake of establishing a common basis of photographic
thinking, out of which will rome a photographic standard.
4
 THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.

And this latter will gather together the disunited movements and make an
intelligent and intelligible common art-photographic language. It will give
photography a world-home, one from which healthy excursions can be made
into any ism, be it realism, impressionism or any other phase that may arise
in art.
This standard must be something that will so conform to photography,
and so explain its art-nature and art-possibilities that a child can understand
it. And then it will educate all. It will prepare the photographer to do the
highest of which his nature is capable, and it will educate the people to under-
stand the photographic portrait or picture. 0. W. BEcK.

+ + +
The Past, the Present and the Future.
W HERE are we? would perhaps better convey the ideas I have in my mind
in accepting an invitation to occupy a page or two of CAMERA NoTES,
but a true appreciation of the present can come only through a knowledge of
what has led to it, just as it can only be correctly estimated by a consideration
of that to which it may be supposed to lead.
Photographs on paper, and not very suitable paper at that, and photo-
graphs on an exquisitely polished silver surface, the Talbotype and the Da-
guerreotype, arrested public attention practically at the same time, but they did
not by any means arouse an equal amount of interest. The fact that nature, so
to speak, could be made to reproduce itself was so absorbing that only the per-
fection of that reproduction was considered, and with all but the very few the
minute detail of the Daguerreotype was preferred to the breadth and artistic
beauty of the Talbotype. Microscopical rather than pictorial beauty elicited
admiration, and even amongst the educated and cultured the highest praise that
could be given to a portrait was that "you could count the eyelashes."
But there have always been a faithful few who believed that photography
had a pictorial future and did their best, and some of them with a considerable
degree of success, to bring it about. The first was D. 0. Hill, then a well-known
Scottish artist, who, in conjunction with Dr. Adamson, within four years of its
advent, produced in Edinburgh Calotype or Talbotype portraits that have, ac-
cording to some of the well recognized authorities of the present day, never been
surpassed and rarely equalled. The negatives of "~ewhaven Fishwives" and
"'Portrait of Dr. Gardner.'' reproduced here. have been in my possession for over
forty years, and although they are far from equal to the best of Hi!l's work done
at that time, they are sufficient to show that the pictorial possibilities of photog-
raphy were thus early recognized.
Hill was followed at greater or less distance, both as regards length of time
and quality of work. hy Rejlander, Mrs. Cameron, and a few, very few, others,
barely enough to keep the leaven alive while the rest of the photographic world
was content to go on with the "rccorcl of fact." or as it has more recently been
styled, ''the usual thing,'' and thus it continued for. without heing very exact, its
first half century.
5
 CUIP.RA 1\'0TJ.l.S.

And, for the pho-

tography of to-day, it
is better that it was
so. With technique
rather than pictorial
effect as the aim , each
did his best ami all
joined together in so
improvin g the meth-
ods, material and ap-
paratus, as to lead to
a degree of perfection.
not for one only, but
fe r all the various
phases of photog--
raphy beyond which it
is hardly possible, or
indeed ha rdly desir-
able to go. In this
improvement th e ear-
lier exhibitions had a
considerable s h arc.
The judges at first,
and wisely so, were
photographers, be -
cause th ey best knew
"DR. GARON ER.'' By D. 0. Hill, 1844· th e limits of photog-
raph y. and photog-
raphy pure and simple was a sine qua non; nothing beyond the simple outcome
of the lens and the printing frame being admissible. :\or to such judging of the
awards that followed could ;any obj ecti on be made. T rue, there were kickers
then as now, but with much less cause, as it was as easy to decide where nothing
beyond the purely technical was concerned as to judge between two samples of
calico or any other household article.
But the "little leaven" already alluded to, was quietly at work. F irst, I
believe, although I should not care to maintain, wafted as a gentle breeze from
Germany to England and into the Royal Photographic Society. This, the ven-
erable and now very active parent of all the others, was hardly prepared for
the onslaug ht, but the little oppos ition, as usual, only served to fan the flame , and
a few of the more energetic of its members organizing the now famous "Linked
Ring," the gentle breeze became a hurricane.
The " new photography" was laughed at by those who did not under-
stand it, and th e little of it that deserved to be so trea ted soon disappeared from
the walls, although not before it had served a good purpose. Bad as some of it
was , it served to attract public attention in a way that even good work could
not have done; and heing neally a protest against restrictions that had made
pictorial photography impossible, it helped materially to sweep them away.
6
 THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.

Then, and here again I state what I believe although I should not be sur-
prised to see it questioned, the influence of the British Salon was wafted across
the Atlantic and inspired or laid the foundation of what is now so widely known
as "The American School of Photography," which brings us to
The Prescot.
Before the Salon influence reached our shores there had been pictorial
photographs in America, but they were few and far between. The amateurs,
with few exceptions, were of the button-pressing variety, while the profes-
sional was given over almost entirely to "chemical effect," theatrical posing, and
using the sitter as a lay figure for the display of drapery, often in the most
grotesque positions. Taking into account the energy with which the American
sets about anything that he undertakes, it is not surprising that in his protest
against this state of matters he went considerably over the score, as, with every
allowance for the necessity and for his idiosyncrasy, it must be admitted he did.
A few, and they included b9th amateur and professional, possessed of what
has become the much-talked-of "artistic temperament," produced work that
while staggering to the uninitiated, had merit enough, in spite of some hardly
pardonable eccentricities, to appeal to the kindred spirit and prove to those
who had hitherto doubted, that photography had a claim to be considered a
means of artistic expression. Others, less favored by nature, followed, but
only as imitators, and, unable to appreciate the spirit, copied only the eccen-
tricities, and even exaggerated them.
Such a departure from tradition and pract:ice could not remain unnoticed.
The wise admired what was good and waited, knowing that the objectionable
would cure itself; but those that were not so filled many pages of our journals,
ancl would have filled more if they had been allowed, with vituperative abuse;
not always confined to the work, but sometimes touching the worker.
Nothing daunted by this, and having confidence in themselves and their
work, the founders of the American School sought the verdict of their Euro-
pean brethren, with a result that must have been highly gratifying. True,
there were cavillers there as here, hut their relative proportions were re-
versed, the admirers were many and the faultfinders few. The "new" work, and
it was new in several respects, attracted attention both in the Royal Exhibition
and the Salon, and better still, had for a time the exhibition room of the Royal
Photographic Society all to itself, with this result, that with few exceptions the
leading writers on photographic matters in England have not hesitated to de-
clare that the American School will have an immediate and pennanent influence
on pictorial photography throughout the world.
But it is easier to ascertain our present position and form an idea of what
has led to it than to forecast its influence on
The Fututt.
One thing is certain, we cannot remain as we are, to stand still is to go
back ; but in what direction are we to look for the necessary progress? One
great desideratum is the art education of the general public up to a point at
which it can appreciate true pictorial work : and here it is easier to say what
7
 CAMERA N OTES.

will hinder than what will help. To the former category surely belong many
of the competitions organized by photographic journals and most of those got
up by newspapers and other !business interests, purely for advertising purposes.
Rarely if ever do true picture makers enter such competitions, but awards are
made and the prize-awarded prints are reproduced and sent broadcast over the
land, with the result that the prize-taker, for the best of a poor lot, having
reached the goal of his ambition. rests on hi s oars ever after. The less thought-
ful , which is a great majority of the general public, accept the "prize pictures"
as the best that can be done by photography, and the better informed talk regret-
fully of "photographic perspective" and false values, not knowing that they
arise from the use of a lense of too short focus and under exposure.
Hardly less objectionable are the competition-including exhibitions of a
higher class. Ruskin 's dictum as applied to painting is equally applicable to
photography. He says, " He who has learned what is commonl y considered the
whole art of painting, that is, the art of representing any natural obj ect , faith-
fully, has only learned the language by which his thoughts are to be expressed."
Of the " language"-the photographic technique-it is easy to judge, but by
what standard are the ''thoughts" to be judged? Horsley Hinton, well known
in this country through hi s work. and one of the most frequently employed
j u d g e s of photog-
raphy in B e r 1 i n.
speaking of a picture
in the late exhibition
o f t h e Edinburgh
Photographic Society .
said: " It is a broad
massing of light and
shade with an absence
of half-tone, which. if
accidental. is bad pho-
tograph y. but if in-
tentional is good both
decoratively and pic-
torially," and he adds.
"There is evidence
that the competitive
element in exhibitions
is nearly played out..,
The sooner the better .
"Thoughts," as rep-
resented by photog-
raphy, are matters of
temperament, entour-
age, and sympath y;
and are as va ried in
the judges as in th e
10
NEWifAVEN FI SH WIV ES." By D. 0. Hill, 1844. authors of the work to
8
 THE PAST, THE PRESENT AND THE FUTURE.

be judged, to such an extent, indeed, that it is no unusual thing for a picture,

rejected at one exhibition as unworthy of a place on the walls, to be at another
awarded a prize.
But the outlook is brightening, and one of the indicating straws is to be
found in the late action of the executive committee of our national convention.
At this annual gathering that should have been representative of all that is
good in photography, and which I am optimistic enough to believe will in the
near future be so, something like a thousand dollars were annually spent in
medals and other awards, every one of which did much harm and little gooci.
They confirmed some in their mistaken ways and disappointed others who
thought, and very often justly, that their better work had been turned down, so
that for a number of years many of the truly artistic amongst the fraternity had
ceased to either attend the convention or send their work for exhibition. Nor
were the injurious effects of such award giving confined to the members of the
convention and the craft. The prize pictures were reproduced in such maga-
zines as were more immediately connected with the trade, and by those who
did not know better, and they were the many rather than the few, were con-
sidered worthy of admiration and working up to. All this will, for this year
at least, be changed ; and I hope the result will be such as to lead to a contin-
uance of the change. There will be no awards at the Detroit convention and
the cash and care hitherto devoted to them will be given to making it, in the
words of the executive, "The Educational Convention."
Taking it for granted thar the teaching of Art in the truest sense of the
word will be included in the educational equipment, and that, the most difficult
thing of all, a suitable teacher will be found; we shall soon hear less about the
"Chemical effect and fine finish," asserted by one of its late presidents and be-
lieved by many of his followers to be of far more importance than all the art of
the old or modern masters ; and if our editors will follow suit and reproduce
only that which is truly pictorial, the general public will soon learn to appreciate
the difference between a photograph that is merely pretty or nice, and one that
is also a picture.
It is perhaps a moot question whether the "new photography" created the
Salon, or the Salon evolved the new photography; but of the influence of the
former over the latter there can be no doubt. Nor has that influence been alto-
gether for good. While the new photography was yet young the men possible
for a selecting committee were few and the nature of the work of each was well
known, and it was only natural that those desiring to be admitted to a place on
the walls, should be more or less influenced by that knowledge. Those possessed
of the artistic temperament and able to strike out a line for themselves, uncon-
!>ciously perhaps, gave to their work what they felt to be the desirable trend,
while those not so favored were content to imitate or copy and met with the
imitator's fate. Unable to appreciate what was good in the more eccentric they
copied only the eccentricities, with the result that, with a few e:ll;ceptions, there
is in the new school generally a very decided family likeness, while some of it
fully deserves all that has been said against it.
But notwithstanding those drawbacks the Salon is doing good work and
will do still better as the men from which judges or committees of selection are
9
 CAMERA NOTES.

drawn increase in number. Some of the most widely known Salonists have
already shown that pictorial photography need not be confiner! to low toned
marshes and the shady side of nature; and while nature is not art nor art nature,
good art will ket•p clear of hoth the grott'liljtte and the eccentric. The work of
the artist and the novelist is sometimes said to be somewhat akin. The latter
takes the possible sayings and doings of men and things and arr~nges them in
ways in which they probably never were arranged, but they give pleasure tu
the readers. When, however, like Boucicault the Irish dramatist, who to work
out his plot made a camera that had been standing in a room, uncapped of
course, reveal a murder that had been committed there during the night by the
appearance of the murderer and his victim on the plate, they introduce the
impossible, the story loses much of its value. So it is with art. :'\ature need
not, indeed should not be closely followed, but neither may it be openly and
pronouncedly violated.
There have been many definitions of pictorial photography all more or less
satisfactory, but probably the latest, given by Horsley Hinton, will be as help-
ful as any. He says ''Twenty men may be set to paint the same scene from the
same point of view and under the same conditions, and as many different ren-
derings will result. To one the mountain, to another the clouds, to a third the
foreground, or the foliage, or the group of cattle chiefly appeals, and this
particular feature is emphasized and all else subordinated thereto." And thus
he would have it with photography so far as the limits thereof will allow ; and
he adds, "The theme or sentiment which he makes the subject of his work is
conveyed by emphasizing objects whie:h are his chosen vehicles of ideas. Thus
is the imagination of the spectator appealed to. This emphasis is the melody
which pervades the whole complex composition; the emphasis is like the reitera-
tion of an air or of certain notes ; and in emphasizing certain features in the
picture the artist at once departs from the actual physical conditions. Emphasis,
then, is exaggeration of a justifiable kind, justifiable if its degree does not out-
rage our sense of fitness, and justifiable because committed for a deliberate and
well-considered purpose." DR. JoHN NicoL.

JO
INTERVALE WINTER
By Wm. B. Post
(Maine)
 By F. )f. Sutcliff~.

On Figure Photography.
(IVi'th Illustrations by tlzc Author.)

HE term Figure Photography is generally applied to making photograph~

T in which the fig·ure occupies the greater part, or provides the excm;e fc. :
making the photograph at all.
It is not to be wondered at that this most fascinating branch of photography
should be so extensively practiced, for in the first place it is much easier to get
more variety of subject than with landscape; and figure studies are more easily
understood by those who profess to take an interest in photography than many
other kinds of photography, which appeal only to certain classes, such as archi-
tectural, or astronomical, or meteorological subjects.
Then figure work does not require any special kind of apparatus, the owner
of a little kodak can do as good work as the owner of a 15 x 12 camera. Neither
has there to be behind the kodak or camera any special kind of photographer;
anyone who can work quickly and precisely and quietly can do good work of
this kind. If any special qualification is required it is the power of seein.g evcry-
thi1lg at once, not snch a difficult thing for those of average eyesight as it may
appear; though difficult, if not impossible, to those who are shortsighted or
those who have to wear spectacles.
As human beings are not lay figures, but have feelings like other animals,
it is necessary to be quick when taking figme subjects, otherwise the models
TJ
 CAMERA NOTHS.

soon lose all animation and feel and look tired. This is perhaps why we see
so many such subjects lahell<ed "Weary," "\Vorn Out," and the like.
The great aim of the figure photographer should be to conceal his camera.
I do not mean under his coat, but from those looking at the finished print. To
succeed in this, there must be a good excuse for the figures doing whatever
they may be represented as doing; and further , they must be going about it nat-
urally, as if it was part of their daily life. Also, the models must he dressed
in harmony with their surroundings.
The choice of subject will depend on the opportunities and taste of the pho-
tographer. The photographer in Italy and Spain and Northern Africa has the
choice of perfect models. while the dweller in , say, English manufacturing towns
must have the greatest difficulty in finding picturesque models except among the
best dressed and wealthy classes. This makes the town dweller's work harder,
for though a peasant man or woman will be glad to ''sit" for a few small coins,
the townsman or \voman cannot be approached so easily; in fact it is only
among the photographer's limited circle of intimate friends that models can be
found by the town photographer.
In America, judging from many works seen at exhibitions and in the jour-
nals, there is even greater diffiC'ulty in finding pictorial figures than in Britain.
An English photographer would have to be very hard up for something to
photograph before he would take a negro dressed up in European costume.
Though the black man has
been in America some time.
he always appears in a pho-
tograph as if he was
dressed up for the occasion,
a most fatal error. It is
generally better to make use
of the clothes our models
wear every day than to ar-
ray them in strange gar-
ments. vVherever there are
to be found those who work
at any handicraft, among
them may be obtained by
patient seeking typical, pic-
turesque models. Even
among dock laborers and
porters this is so, while
among washer-women and
water carriers most delight-
ful types may often he
found. Hard work under
healthy conditions makes
that kind of man and
woman which pleases the
fly F. M. Sutcliffe. eye of the photographer.
14
 ON FiGURE PHOTOGRAPHY.

Here on the Yorkshire

coast has been for
many years a fine type
of man, but the fisher-
man is now degener-
ating, owing to the in-
troduction of s t e a m
trawling, which is de-
stroying both the man
himself and the fish he
depends on for a liveli-
hood. His womankind ,
when far enough re-
moved from the evil in-
fluences of town life,
are also fine animals. By F . M . Sutcliffe.
s t r a i g h t, tall, and
strong. Both man and woman are long in limb, a point of great importance to
the searcher after beautiful models, for no one unless he wished to make a gro-
tesque or comical picture would choose short-legged models.
Let us consider now the subject of what the figure or figures are to be doing.
anything or nothing. People who have much work to do, work slowly and
quietly. V iolent exercise cannot be carried on long. We should consider this
when settling the question of finding · an occ upation for our fig ures. The more
violent the action we wish o ur figures to assume. the more chance there is of
failure. Supposing we take a fisherman and his wife. Kow, if we try to rep-
resent the woman thrashing the man for not coming straight home from his
boat, we IIIIlS! ha ve a genllline fracas or two most accompli shed actors ; let
either of them remember that they are only acting, or let them assume one
false position, then the whole thing appears absurd. O f course when we are
young we all try to photograph thi s sort of thing. but we learn better as we
grow older. The little print of the girl pretendin g to stick up for her vanquished
brother is an example twenty years old. The print of the fi sherman going
quietly home with hi s wife has been done si nce. This latter was not a set scene;
planned before hand , I may therefore perhaps be exc used if I explain what ma-
terials were at hand and how and why they were used . Coming along with my
camera und er my arm one day. the tripod legs sticking out behind, I noticed
this big fish erman , considerably over six feet tall, crossing th e road. In five
seconds he would have been lost to sight. I ran up to him and asked to be al-
lowed to make a picture of him. " How long would J be, as he was very tired?
He wanted to get to bed." "Not two minutes," was my answer. To take him
standing there in the middle of the road would never do, for in the first place he
would not stand th ere, were no camera near, unl ess speaking to some one; and
in the next the background was not good. "v\'ould he go back to the rail and
stand there beside his wife," who had been there all the while. That was better,
but with one figure on one side and one on the oth er it looked as if they had
been put there for the benefit of the camera. Then came a hasty look round
IS
 CAJIETV1 NO TES.

among the small crowd that had gathered; a girl, not too hig or too well dressed
to look out of place, was jpttlled out from among it, and placed behind the
woman, leaning toward her, and told to look anywhere hut in the direction
of the camera. The man was asked to look towards the woman . After a
hasty look on the ground glass (no stop being used made this all the easier), and
a smothered curse given to the camera maker who had made no provision for
lowering the camera front (the print wants another half-inch of road badly, as
the reader will see), the shutter was touched. Then a handful of coppers wa s
poured into the hands of the woman and girl, the man thanked heartily for
staying there, and up went !the camera, and the photographer back to his day's
work, trying to amuse restless babies, and copying jaded daguerreotypes.
When working at close quarters so as to make the figures fill up much of the
plate, it is advisable to give ample exposure, otherwise the picture will be hard.
If the shutters of kodaks and similar cameras could be slowed down to one-
fifth of a second , it would be an advantage for this class of work, when work-
ing out of doors, and the sun is not shining, though the length of exposure de-
pends of course on the surroundings and background of the model or models.
Sometimes the photographer in the course of his travels comes across a back-
ground which suggests a picture, it may be an ohl marble seat in some neg-
lected Italian garden overlooking the sea; it may be only a flight of steps
leading through an archway. The photographer sees in his mind's eye a figure
suitable for each setting. In the latter case, say, a bare-footed , merry-looking
girl with two water cans of quaint shape hung from the yoke on her shoulders,
descending the steps. In the former, a woman garbed in a long fl owing dress.
in one corner of the seat, the skirts of her dress on the ground; and lying on
the seat beside her a greyhound, with the woman's arm round the dog's neck,
which, with its head , is laid on her lap. Even the title is plainly written be-
low, "Love Me, Love My Dog." Then the photographer wakes from his dream
and "needles and pins, when a man hunts for models his trouble begins." He
will never find the woman he saw on the seat; he will never even see one
dressed as he saw her.
H e may find the clog,
but unless he has suf-
ficient means to hire a
professional model and
design a costume near-
ly like the one he
dreamed of, never will
his picture please him.
Then if he has spent.
say. £so, over model ,
dress, dog, and travel-
ling expenses. some
Christmas card maker
will come and offer to
give him ten shillings
Ry F. ~I. S utcliffe. and sixpence for the
16
 By F. M. Sutcliff~.

copyright. Such is photography. For the Christmas card maker, knowing

nothing of the trouble he ha.s been to and the time he has spent and the long
journey he has made, concludes, as the picture was made out of doors, it was a
lucky snap-shot. But why go all the way to Italy? says one. Why not rig up a
pasteboard marble seat and have a painted sea and trees, and take the model in a
studio? Why? Because this would be a falsehood, a sham, and because it would
not be possible to get with such artificial surroundings, that one thing worth get-
ting at all-the poetry of the scene. I know there are photographers who dress
up people and have backgrounds painted to suit the subject, but the greater the
attempt at reaching the sublime the more ridiculous are such got-up pieces
likely to appear when finished .
There is in every part of the world plenty of work among the people as
they are to-day for the photographer in this branch of his art, without dressing
models up to illustrate the works of Shakespeare or the Wars of the Roses. Even
for those who have not made picture-making the work of their lives, there is
a large field. Here in Yorkshire, for instance, many old trades and crafts are
dying out, and the quaint dresses and faces and figures of the people who work
at them are dying out quickly. Simple portraits of these old people will in a
few years be as interesting as photographs of old monuments and buildings, for
they will have gone never to return. What is everyone's business is no one's
business, but were I the Mayor of any town I would see that the public library
was filled with photographs of everything in the neighborhood which was in-
teresting, whether it was stone, or cotton, or flesh and blood. There would not
perhaps be so much money to spend at the free library on trashy novels for the
people to waste their time in reading, "but that would not matter."
At times the photographer comes across figures so well arranged that he
17
 CA.l!ERA NOTES.

unconsciously feels for his camera. Of course it is not there, but the photog-
rapher need not lose his picture for that reason. He must make a mental note
of the group which pleased him, and take it perhaps years after, miles away
from the place where he first saw it, and with the aid of other models. Here
are two cases in point. One evening at sunset I saw some girls sewing or knit-
ting to amuse themselves after their day's work was over. It was too late to
go for my camera, which was a mile's walk away. So I took a boat and climbed
up to where the girls were at the end of the pier. The girls promised to come
to the same plac·e the next evening. It was not a difficult matter to get them
interested in their work, neither was it a difficult matter to get them onto the
plate.
The photograph of the boys on the bow of the boat had its origin in a sim-
ilar way. Some boys were playing about a boat in the harbor in the mud.
Their dress exceeded by something the ideal garments these boys wear so
gracefully. That something was not much, but it was quite enough to spoil
the picture, and the background was a long straight mass of masonry hung with
weed as far as high-water mark. For some time from the opposite pier I
watched these boys playing about the boat. until one of them climbed up on the
!>ide of the bo~t and sat there. I shut my eyes to impress his position on my mind,
then I walked off. Some time after it was my good fortune to find a boat with a
suitable background, and by the generosity of an amateur friend, who bribed
three boys to wear Adam's clothes, I was able to repeat the performance which
I had seen played before.
One advantage of a stand camera over a hand camera is that the models do
not feel as if they were being made fools of by being snap-shotted unawares.
The upright print of these two men was taken some fifteen years ago. when
plates were much slower than they are now. Had it heen attempted with a hand
camera the chanc-es are that one of the men would have kept his eye on the
camera all the while, whereas when he saw a large camera rigged for his
special benefit he felt equal to the dignity of the occasion and stood like a
centurion. Not long after this was taken I chanced to see an artist with a
paint-box in one hand, an umbrella in the other, and a large canvas some five
feet high strapped to his back, face outwards. It was this photograph repro-
duced exactly in colors. Had I been an American I could not have resisted the
temptation to put half a dozen bullets through it. Being only an uncivilized Eng-
lishman I had no revolver, and simply stood aghast at the man's audacity in
carrying his stolen goods so operily through the streets.
Figure photography need not be all out-door work. Generally speaking
ordinary rooms are much better for indoor figure studies than photographic
studios. Owing to the baldness of these latter places, which have seldom any
architectural features or decoration of their own, all figure work taken in them
smells of the studio. The profits to be made out of photography do not enable
its professors to build beautiful, well lit rooms, such as successful painters live
in, therefore the photographer will do well to make his figure pictures in ordi-
nary rooms. Now that electric light is coming into use, the position of the win-
dows for the admission of daylight does not matter much.
Whether the model is taken indoors or out of doors, the photographer
should never lose sight of the fact that no photograph of this kind is satisfac-
tory if the figures or their clothes or their surroundings suggest the presence
of the camera. FRANK M. SuTCLIFFE.
18
 A New Power of Artistic Expression.
(With Illustrations by the Author.)

T HERE has lately come into the photographiC" world a valuable addition to
our power of artistic expression, which should not lightly be passed by as
an undeveloped experiment, for it has passed that stage and in the hands of one
who appreciates its capabilities and limitations its future is full of promise.
There has always existed in the minds of painters and those who style
themselves "artists in the highest sense of the word" an under-current of dis-
trust and prejudice directed against photography, as being a purely mechan-
ical method of expressing those beauties of nature by which we are surrounded
and one which is lowering and degrading to the principles of art.
What then will be the sensations and what the criticism which these
censors will pronounce upon the
prints now laid before them, which
combine the fidelity of the photo-
graph with the delicate beauty and
freedom of a painting in mono-
chrome? How will they receive
these interpretations of nature
which combine in themselves the
brush-marks they adore, the lighting
they commend and the emphasis and
suppression of detail which they
have hitherto fancied it was the sole
prerogative of painters to foster and
to enjoy?
Lately there have appeared in
photographic exhibitions. both here
and abroad, some pictures which
have thrown the critics into a fer-
ment of discussion as to the legit-
imacy of employing such means to
express the ideas of the man ipulator.
The dictum has been advanced that
it is illegitimate to tamp•er with
negative or with paper to produce By F . C. Clarke.
the finished result, and that any de-
parture from direct methods shall be sufficient to condemn the product as void
of artistic merit, as well as o[ honesty of purpose. Uut why should this he so?
Do we not usually judge all thing-s hy the result rather than hy the processes
that lead up to it? The beautiful gems vvhiC"h are so highly prized are of little
value until cut and polished . ·what literary production is placed before the
world that has not been changed and criticized and rearranged to meet the taste
of its author? The individuality of each will find a medium of expression which
inevitably will show plainly and characteristically the sentiments which dominate
his soul, for from his hand alone can come pictures which shall prove his touC'h.
19
 CrlMEI?A .VOTES.

By the glycerine process we are as-

sured that the photographs for which
we pay are the production of him
whom we pay for them, and are not
the product of paid, inartistic assist-
ants. Then, too, what a convenience
it is to a portrait photographer. How
well can he suppress the details of his
background or can change it to suit
his fancy. Take note of the picture of
''l\Iiss M-." It was taken in an
ordinary room with two windows.
and the negative has not been tam-
pered with in any way. Yet the
background consisted of a curtain, a
small book-case and numerous ar-
ticles of virtu. What is there in the
print shown here to suggest that it
was not taken in a modern studio
with all the paraphernalia of shades
and screens. considered essential to
any well appointed establishment of
to-day? Consider next ''The Sailor-
Boy. " The original negative was the
result of a snap-shot taken on board
a man-o'-war during the Dewey pa-
rade. The background was a white
gun-turret, across which fell shad-
ows of the rigging, while near the
head appeared an open porthole . This
picture, as yon see it here, is the re-
sult of a little brush development on By F . c. Clarke.
a bit of platinum paper. The nega-
tive itself is still in the same condition as when it left the developing tray; the
paper has not been touched-up in any way. Can you be positive whether the
result before you comes from the hands of a photographer or those of an artist?
It has been suc-cessfully demonstrated that by the addition in certain pro-
portions of bichloride of mercury to oxalate of potash the most beautiful flesh
tints can be produced on platinum paper, and these in many instances can he
applied most appropriately and happily by brush development, though in the
majority of cases such tints would prove inharmonious and incongruous
because of the absence of other colors.
\Vhen platinum paper first appeared its inventors little realized what an
acquisition it was to the art-laving public nor what a power it \V(lltld prtlYt' in
the hand s of those whose artistic training equalled their chemical know ledge :
for there are many most excellent photographers , lacking in even rudimentary
knowledge of drawing, who, nevertheless, by the saving grace of their taste
20
SHYLOCK-A STUDY
From a Glycerine Print

By Joseph T. Keiley
(Brooklyn)
 Snap-abot Fables for DevelopJng Photographers.
n.
HOW TO WRITE A "eN" ARTICLE.

We all know what the symbol CN stands for. I believe it is not really an
acid, but it will swiftly end an attack of Chlorosis (sometimes known as the
Green Sickness), probably on the homreopathic principle of similars. In order
to satisfy urgent inquirers, the Fabulist will indulge in an autobiograph of how
to write a CN Article. As to whether it is really a fable or not, our readers
must judge for themselves:
Take council with your Green teapot. Surfeit it with undeodorized Croton,
and let it get hot over some fresh Coals of Fire. Look on the Verdant little
Thing as it bubbles and steams, splutters and hisses ; skim off the Green scum
several times and put it in your Ink-bottle. Try the foaming teapot at the
mouth with a barometer, of course, and when you have found the storm-center
throw into it thirteen grammes of Very Green tea, and stew it thirteen hours
and thirteen minutes. Drink while scalding.
Think of all the noble Doses other members of the Green Guild have
brewed in their teapots, and quote from the musical bardlet of Erin that wrote
of the Loves of the Angels, as an invocation, some such line as: "My Gentle
Harp ! once more I waken" * * * or else hum a Strauss waltz. If with
your Green brew you can serve up. a Lobster, grilled over ·a slow fire, your
Article will be a Hair-curler, and your wife or cook may find it useful as well
as Artistic.
Bind your head tightly, so the ideas and gray matter Can't shoot out the
top of your cranium-brains in an Article are bad enough ; on the rugs they are
simply messy.
Then write. I generally use a pen, an ordinary goose-quill is about simple
enough for me, dipped into the afore-mentioned Ink-bottle. But some prefer
a glycerine swab on spoilt paper, and others use music-sheet with notation in
a scale of D minor-the latter, of course, makes music when read Green.
The prophetic scale is the best in which to pitch your remarks overboard-
in the M ene, M ene, Tekel, etc., writing-on-the-wall style, if you can; but ene,
mene, mine, mo may come more natural. As for catching a Son of Ham by
the toe, there are always plenty of them in the fence and you can generally find
a whole leg to pull, if you want to take the trouble.
Indulge occasionally in enlivening humor, for humor is the smile that
lights the deep eyes of wisdom. Always pretend you are writing for persons
who can classify a classical quotation or a Babylonian jeu-d' esprit, and who
can also tell when you are serious. This is a hard test, done for the sake of
our Artistic art-or Whateveryoucallit. But it keeps the fools at a safe distance.
Point your summary if you can, as: the Moral of this Autofable is, that
the taking Art of Photography is Hopeless for those who cannot see a Joke.
Then sign yourself
D. F.
45
 Elementary Talk on Photographic Lenses.
Mr. Charles E. Manierre delivered a lecture upon the above subject at the
Camera Club on February 12th. We herewith give a synopsis of the same:
FIGURE 1. To begin at the beginning and to show the principle upon which the use
of lenses is founded, the sections of prisms are shown through which rays of light pass and
in passing are diverted from their original course, the optical term for such diversion being
Refraction. Not only is the light refracted but it is also broken up, the red rays being less
refracted than the violet end of the spectrum. This unequal refraction is known as Disper-
sion. The germs of the double convex and double concave lenses are shown by the two
prisms shown back to back and edge to edge, in one of which the parallel rays of light are
refracted apart and in the other refracted so as to approach each other.
FIGURE 2. In this figure two parallel rays of light are shown striking a double con-
vex lens and refracted so that the red rays meet at a point further from the lens than the
violet and other intermediate rays between these two limits, and thus produce what is
known as Chromatic Aberration. The correction of this aberration is shown in the same
diagram by the fitting together of a convex lens of crown glass, which is hard and light
and less refractive and dispersive, to a concave flint glass, which differs from the crown
glass in being softer and denser and more highly refractive and still more highly dis-
persive. The combination of these two glasses produces a lens of longer focus than the
original convex lens, but brings together the rays at the different ends of the spectrum to
the same focus. A lens so corrected is called achromatic, but the correction is not perfect
for intermediate rays, and a third glass is required if the lens is to bring approximately
all the rays of different colors to one focus.
FIGURE J. This figure illustrates the inability of a double convex lens to bring to the
same focus the parallel rays of light which strike near its center and others which strike its
edge, those striking nearest to the edge coming to a focus nearer to the lens. This is known
as Spherical Aberration and is entirely distinct from chromatic aberration above mentioned.
FIGURE 4. Spherical aberration may be of two opposite kinds, the one which is char-
acteristic, for example, of a Plano-convex or double convex lens being known as positive,
and in which case the ray is more refracted the further it is from the center of the lens, and
the other being known as negative, in which the nearer to the center a ray is the more it is
refracted. This latter condition may be produced by combining two lenses.
FIGURE s. This figure shows a concave lens added to a double convex, by which
means the focus is much lengthened, the chromatic aberration corrected and at the same
time the spherical aberration corrected. It may be noted that the tendency is to over correct
the spherical aberration in correcting for chromatic aberration. Such a lens as is shown in
Figure s is known as an Achromatic lens, as before stated, and is the kind of lens to be
found on all, even the cheapest, of cameras.
FIGURE 6. For reasons that cannot now be described, it is necessary with a single
lens, whether made up of one or more glasses, to use a diaphragm. This may be close in
front of the lens or behind it, or at some little distance in front or behind it. While the use
of this diaphragm is necessary it nevertheless produces distortion of the image. If the
right angled diagram shown in this figure were photographed with such a lens its image
would be distorted into the barrel shape if the diaphragm is in front of the lens, or into the
hour-glass shape if the diaphragm is behind the lens. It will be noticed that in the barrel
distortion it is the cramping of the spaces that lie away from the center which produces the
distortion, and in the hour-glass distortion it is the enlarging of the spaces as they recede
from the center which produces the distortion. The remedy for this defect is in using two
lenses, one in front and the other behind the diaphragm. This arrangement produces the
so-called Rectilinear lens.
FIGURE 7· It is supposed in this figure that a diagram is being photographed, made
of concentric rings at equal distances from the center with radii from the center. The
 ELEMENTARY TALK ON PHOTOGRAPHIC LENSES.

lower part of the figure shows the effet:t of distortion due to the qiap!vagm. In one case
the lines being crowded in toward the center and in the other being drivetl out from the
center. The upper part of the figure shows the effect of astigmatism. This may be defined
to be the inability of a lens to bring together at a sharp focus lines radiating from the cen-
ter and other lines at right angles to them. An astigmatic lens has this defect towards the
margin of the plate, and the effect of racking the lens in or out is to obscure first one set
and then the other set of lines.
FIGURE 8. Single lenses have been known as landscape lenses for the reason that
the distortion which is inseparable from them is not so material and the resulting image is
very brilliant. The comparative lack of brilliancy in the rectilinear lenses is due to reflec-
tion and refraction going on between the several surfaces of the lens. Even with a single
landscape lens there is a reflection from the inside of the lens to the front surface and back
again through the lens to the plate, but the quantity of light so reflected is comparatively
small, and a part of it passes out in front of the lens. The dotted line in the diagram shows
two rays of light focusing upon the plate, while the zig zag line shows the course of a small
part of the ray so reflected. Even in this simple case the full facts are not shown, for there
are other reflections inside of the glass, constantly diminishing in quantity of light. It
sometimes happens that in a rectilinear lens the lenses are so separated with respect to each
other and the intermediate diaphragm that a ghost or ftare spot, consisting of an image of
the diaphragm is thrown upon the plate, produced by these reflections. These can fre-
quently be removed by a slight change in the distance between the lenses.
FIGURE 9· The rectangle in this figure is intended to represent a photographic plate
of the size intended to be used with the lens in question. The smaller circle upon the plate
shows how small a part of the plate receives the full illumination from the full opening of a
rectilinear lens. Beyond this small space the light begins to be eclipsed by the mounting of
the lens and the separation of the front and back elements, as can be readily seen by looking
into the back of the camera. By reducing the size of the stop the area of the circle of full
illumination is increased until we get to such a circle as is shown in the figure just enclosing
the plate. This of course differs with different lenses and might be expected to be produced
by some stop in the neighborhood of f/2]. The outside circle is intended to show the outer
limit, beyond which no light could fall upon a plate from any part of the lens.
FIGURE 10. This figure is intended to show a section through a rectilinear lens with
two rays of light passing through, and proceeding on their way, having suffered no final
deviation from their course. The thickness of the lens or the separation of its elements
displaces such rays slightly but does not change their direction. All such rays pass through
the optical center of the lens and it is worth noting that the optical center is not constant
but varies with the distance of the objects focused upon.
Two other important points are known as the nodal points. They lie on the principal
axis of the lens, as does also the optical center, and rays which are in fact to pass through
the optical center appear before refraction to be about to pass through the Nodal point of
Incidence, and rays that have passed through the optical center and have left the lens have
such a direction as to seem to have come from the Nodal point of Emergence. Properly
speaking, the focal length of a lens should be measured not from the optical center but from
the nodal point of emergence. These two points become interchangeable on reversing the
lens.
In addition to the corrections necessary to make a good lens which have been hinted at
above, there is to be considered the flatness of field, inasmuch as the sensitive plates are fiat
and do not present a surface like a section of a hollow globe. It is the tendency to round-
ness of field which is the cause of the advice to focus at a point midway between the center
and the margin of the plate.
With a landscape lens, the distortion diminishes as the stop approaches the lens, but in
proportion as the stop approaches the lens it must be made smaller. The farther from the
lens the stop is, within certain limits, the wider the opening may be, and consequently the
more rapid the lens. With rectilinear lenses the closer the lenses are brought together the
more even is the illumination of the plate and the less is the tendency to ftare spot and astig-
47
 I. .:t.

3.

CorTeetcd. Sj4tric•l
... ~ e~a,.,..• ,..·c Ql.rr•llu

7. 8.

/0.
 METOL AND QUINOL (M. & Q.) DEVELOPER.

matism, but on the other hand the field becomes rounder. The farther they are separated
the flatter the field becomes and the more pronounced is the astigmatism. With the aid of
the comparatively new Jena glass, the makers have been able to bring the lenses very close
together and at the same time to produce lenses which are free to a very great degree from
astigmatism, flare spot and round field, and which work with very full opening.
In regard to diaphragm openings, the rapidity of the lens increases in proportion to the
square of the diameter of the opening, and the custom is to mark the openings so that each
larger opening shall require half of the time of exposure that the next smaller required.
The depth of focus diminishes with increasing rapidity as the diaphragm is enlarged and
also as the distance focused upon is diminished. In this discussion is involved conjugate
foci, but these matters cannot now be taken up. There remains still to be considered the
color of the glass and imperfections of various sorts in the surfaces and interior of the lens
itself. These things belong more to the realm of the testing of lenses, which may form the
subject of another talk.

+ +
Metol and Quinol (.M. & Q.) Developer.
The inconvenience of having several different kinds of developer on
hand, each suited only to its special work, caused me some three years ago
to spend some time in experiment to see whether it would not be possible to
find one formula which would answer equally well for Bromide paper, Velox,
lantern slides, etc.
The formulre given below are results of suggestions from other members
of the Camera Club modified by experiment. They will be found to answer
for all the purposes for which developer is needed, and they seem to keep
indefinitely.
The only objection which can be raised to them is that the Metol in the
solution is poisonous to the fingers of some persons, producing a tingling sensa-
tion which is a warning which must not be disregarded. If the fingers are rinsed
immediately after being in the developer and not often wet with it, and espe-
cially if the developer is used at half strength, very little trouble can come from
this source.
Those who have used Metol and Hydroquinone developers separately know
that they differ very greatly in their modes of action. They are both quick
acting in the sense that development is complete in from three to five minutes,
but with metol the development of a plate which has been given a fair exposure
begins to show in about five seconds and is complete in about three minutes, the
picture being somewhat thin and gathering density only at the end of the
period. With hydroquinone, for the first minute there is no sign of the devel-
opment, then the denser part of the negative comes out and the detail is only
apparent about the close of the development, at the end of about three minutes.
The objection to using metol alone is its poisonous character and its tendency
to thinness. The objection to hydroquinone is its tendency to extreme density
and the fact that the first warning that a plate has been over exposed comes too
late at the end of a minute development with a sudden rush of fog. By using
two parts hydroquinone to one of metol we get an earlier warning of over
exposure which enables one to add the necessary Bromide of Potassium to
49
 CAMERA NOTES.

control it, before any harm is done. The highlights and shadows come up in
good proportion, and sufficient density is given to make a well balanced negative.
The large proportion of hydroquinone approximates the developer to the
Paget slow lantern slide formula for giviJlg brown, purple brown, and purple
tones.
Sulphite of Soda is in theory a neutral substance, but the commercial
sulphite of soda contains a very considerable percentage of alkali. In mixing
the developer in quantity it is well to begin by dissolving the sulphite in very
warm water. The dry granular sulphite in dissolving chills the water very per-
ceptibly. Next, testing with red litmus paper, drop into the solution small pieces
of Citric Acid crystals until the solution appears to be only slightly alkaline. It
is better not to exceed the proportion of Citric Acid mentioned in the formula.
For further information let me refer the club members to an excellent article by
Dr. Andresen on p. 113 of the Photo-Times Almanac of 1895, under the heading
"On the Composition of Commercial Sodium Sulphite." The metol dis-
solves very readily in the warm water and the hydroquinone also after a little
shaking. I do not know that hot water would injure either of these, but the
sulphite will be found to have reduced the heat to a moderate temperature. I
have found a small percentage of bromide satisfactory, although it may not be
necessary. The water used might be boiled to drive off the oxygen in it, but I
have never taken that trouble. I have kept the developer in two ounce bottles
for a year or more at a time without its deteriorating, and it discolors very
slowly, even with several weeks' keeping, when the bottles are half empty.
Even after it has been combined with the alkaline solution and used upon plates
it will keep several days without much discoloring.
For alkaline solution I have used substantially the Camera Club formula,
making it up at half the Camera Club formula strength, dissolving the Potas-
sium Carbonate in half of the water, cold, and the Granular Sulphite in the
other half of the water, hot, and then mixing the two.
The above developer responds very slowly to the use of Bromide of Potas-
sium as a restrainer. For a pronounced over exposure as much as 50 cern. of a
25 per cent. solution of Bromide Potassium may be used to roo cern. of developer.
The forrnulre are as follows :
SoLUTION No 1.-Metol, 2 grammes; Hydroquinone, 4 grammes; Granular
Sulphite of Soda, 12 grammes; Citric Acid, say, 0.50 grammes; Bro-
mide of Potassium, 1 gramme, or 30 drops of a 25 per cent. solution ;
\Vater to make 500 cern. The above contains 2.6 grammes of M. and Q. to the
100 cern. of developer and may be deemed to be double strength.
SoLUTION No. 2.-Potassium Carbonate, 75 grammes; Granular Sulphite
of Soda, 50 grammes; Water to make 500 cern. Of this add 12.5 cern. to each
100 cern. of normal strength developer. That is, of the No. 1 solution with an
equal amount of water previously added, making 1.3 grammes of M. and Q to
each 100 cern.
If only a small quantity of the solution is wanted from the dry chemicals,
take Water, 250 cern., Metol, 0.5 gramme or one mustardspoonful: Hydro-
quinone, 1 gramme, or 2 mustardspoonfuls; Sulphite of Soda, 6 grammes, or
6 mustardspoonfuls; Potassium Carbonate, 5 grammes. or o mustardspoonfuls.
and a trace of Bromide of Potassium.
 CURRENT NOTES.

For Bromide papers I use the normal developer diluted to half strength.
For Velox paper at normal strength.
For regular development I seldom use it at double strength. I have found
no advantage in using it stronger than 1.3 grammes of M. and Q. to each 100
cern., and for delicate negatives only 1.3 grammes to each 200 cern. ; that is at
half strength.
For tints upon lantern slide plates I use the developer at half strength,
that is 1.3 grammes of M. and Q. to each 200 cern., giving the proportionately
longer exposure required by the Paget formula, with 12.5 cern. of a 25 per cent.
solution to each 100 cern. of weak ~eveloper for brown tints, 25 cern. to each
100 cern., for purple, brown, 30 to 35 cern. to each 100 cern, for purple and
red tints.
I have not experimented with the newer developers, being so entirely
satisfied with the results obtained from this combination.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE•
.........
Current Notes.
Print nountlnc.-It has recently become quite popular to mount prints on
cover paper, or some other thin paper, with a small border about the print of a
thin paper of another tint. Frequently there is difficulty in cutting this border
of the same width on every side of the print.
The following device may be of service in such cases:
Two pieces of ordinary card mount are cut, for convenience we will say,
one 10 em. square and the other a rectangle with base 10 em. and altitude
9.50 em. These two cards are now applied to each other so that they exactly
correspond on three edges and there is a difference in the altitude of 0.50 em.
above. They are then attached at the bottom either with some adhesive, or
more conveniently with lantern slide binder in small strips. The print should
be mounted on the paper for the margin, which should be larger than that re-
quired for the final margin. Each border of this is now slipped into the card
form with the longest card on the print side and in contact with the edge of the
print. When placed on the cutter the lower card will come in contact with the
blade of the cutter, and when the adjustment is complete the print is held firmly
in place, the card form removed and the border cut. In this way each border
will be cut of exactly the same width. Of course cards may be cut of any
desired size, and the difference between the two varied to suit any width of
margin. C. W. S.
Detection of Hyposulphite of Soda In Water.-At a recent meeting
of the Ghent section of the Belgian Photographic Association, M. Morel de
Boucle spoke of the various methods of finding traces of hyposulphite of soda in
water. After speaking of various methods. he clescrihed in detail the most sen-
sitive ones.
A 5 per cent. solution of nitrate of silver will reveal the presence of hypo-
sulphite in dilution of I/10,000 or more. A few drops of this reagent are added
51
 CAMERA NOTES.

to the water, and if there be lime in the water a white veil will appear, but if
hyposulphite is present a brown precipitate forms, which gradually becomes
deeper in color.
Iodide of Amidon is also an active reagent, as it will detect 1I 150,000 part
of hyposulphite. This solution is prepared by boiling a fragment of amidon in
10 c. c. of distilled water then adding 1 grm. of commercial tincture of iodine.
A liquid of intense blue color results, which loses its color in the presence of
hyposulphite.
Permanganate of potassium is one of the most sensitive reagents, showing
the presence of hyposulphite in solution of 1j16o,ooo. The formula recom-
mended is as follows :
Distilled water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 ,ooo c. c.
Pennanganate of potassium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 gm.
Carbonate of potassium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 gm.
This solution, which has a beautiful violet tint, becomes brown or green in
the presence of hyposulphite.
Dry Process for Fabrlcs.-A new dye process is the result of the labors
of a German experimenter, F. Dommer. He applies a 3 per cent. solution of
sodium nitro prusside to silk or other fabric, and dries the material rapidly in a
current of hot air. After exposure under the negative in sunlight for a quarter
oi an hour or so, a greenish blur image is perceptible, which is "developed" by
immersing the fabric, after a brief washing, in one or other of the alazarin dyes.
such as "Alazarin S X," anthracene brown, or Gambine. A very weak solution
(1/10 per cent.), of the dye, made slightly acid with acetic acid, forms the "de-
veloper," and is followed, of course, by a hot soap bath and thorough washing in
water .-Amateur Photographer.
Copying by Phoapborucenc:e.-The application of phosphorescence to
photography is not new, and yet the following process may appeal to some as
novel and important. Mr. F. Jervis Smith writes in Nature as follows:
"In certain libraries there exists a fixed rule that no books may be removed.
This being so, all extracts and copies of plates and engravings have to be made
in the libraries. Reproduction by the methods of ordinary photography is most
inconvenient, since the employment of artificial light is strictly prohibited; also
the introduction of a camera and its manipulation in a library are surrounded by
many difficulties. These circumstances led me to devise the following method
for obtaining copies of plates. engravings, printing and writing. A piece of
cardboard is coated with a phosphorescent substance, and. after sufficient ex-
posure to the light of the sun or of an arc lamp. it is placed at the hack of the
engraving or writing to be copied. On the face of the engraving or writing a
dry photographic plate is placed and then the book is closed for a certain time.
depending on the nature and thickness of the paper used in the book. I find
that the period of time lies hetween eighteen and sixty minutes. The plate is
then withdrawn and stored in a dark hox for development. The dry plate is
easily manipulated under a cloth which shuts off all light and covers the hook
during the operation. The results are sufficiently good for most purposes-in
the case of some papers the fibrous structure is shown: this very slightly de-
 EVENING
By Leonard Missone
(Belgium)
 CURRENT NOTES.

tracts from the clearness of the copies made by this process. Neither the lumi-
nous substance nor the dry plate injure the book in any way, so that the method
may be employed in the case of valuable prints and engravings. If films be used
instead of plates, a number of copies of different engravings in the same book
may be made at the same time."
Brush Dtvelopment for Velox.-In a recent number of ?holography is
found a recommendation for brush development of velox paper. Instead of
glycerine, which "browns" the print, a strong sugar syrup, made by boiling
sugar in water, is used. In another note in the same magazine sugar is given
the preference over bromide of potassium as a retarder of development for such
paper, as it has no effect on the color of the prints if it be not to make the blacks
richer. In this instance a small quantity of sugar is dissolved in the developer
(about 3 grammes to each Ioo c. c.).
New Chromium Prlntlac Proc:ess.-Dr. Anderson has added one more to
the many printing processes with the salts of chromium.
Photographic paper is immersed for a minute in a solution containing six
parts of soft gelatine and from sixteen to twenty parts of ammonium bichromate
to one hundred parts of water. It is dried in the dark, and, when dry, exposed
under a negative about half the time necessary in the gum process. The un-
altered chromate is rapidly removed by washing the print in abundance of water
and the last wash water should contain a trace of sulphuric acid (I part in
I ,000). The washed print is then developed in a solution made by dis-
solving one part of paraphenylene diamine and one to two parts of sodium
bisulphate in six hundred parts of water. A dark brown image is obtained.
Instead of paraphenylene diamine other substances may be used, such as amidol,
pyrogallol, paramidophenol, aniline, dimethylaniline, dimethylparaphenylene,
diamine, methyl paramidophenol, triamidophenol, etc., each of them giving a
different shade of color.
Oum Ozotype.-Mr. Robert Manly has succeeded in applying the ozotype
principle, discovered by his brother, to the gum process. He found that some
agent capable of rendering the gum less soluble was necessary, as it does not
offer sufficient resistance to the action of water in the process of development.
This agent is chrome alum.
Paper is coated with the regular ozotype solution, printed and developed in
the regular way and then coated with the pigmenting solution.
For pigmenting make stock solutions.
A. Water ...................................... 100 c. c.
Sulphate of copper (pure)............. . . . . . . . 20 grammes.
B. Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 c. c.
Chrome alum , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 grammes.
These solutions, if well corked, will keep indefinitely.
GUM SOLUnON.
C. Water ....................................... 100 c. c.
Gum arabic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 grammes.
To this solution add 12.5 c. c. of A, 2 to 10 c. c. of B, according to the
degree of insolubility required, and sufficient pigment to suit the operator. If
ss
 CAMERA NOTES.

this solution is considered too thick, cold water may be added to produce the
desired consistency.
ACETIC SOLUTION.
D. Water ...................................... 100c. c.
Acetic acid (glacial) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 c. c.
Hydroquinone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 grammes.
Ferrous sulphate (granular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 gramme.

This solution will not keep more than a few days.

To each 100 c. c. of C add 10 c. c. of D and mix well with a brush. Smear
the ozotype print and soften with a badger hair brush as in the gum bichromate
process and then hang up to dry. When dry the print is developed as an ordi-
nary gum print, with hot or cold water, according to the degree of insolubility of
the gum.
Home Made Platinum Paper.-Mr. Klary has recently published a for-
mula for this purpose, in which the platinum, instead of being in the sensitized
paper, is in the developer. The paper to be sensitized should be free from animal
sizing and should receive a preliminary preparation of a thin solution of arrow
root applied with a brush. The sensitizing solution consists of ferric oxalate,
6o gm. ; oxalic acid, 6 gm., and lead oxalate, 3 gm., dissolved in water to make
400 c. c., to which is added mercuric chloride, o.6o gm., dissolved in water 12.5
c. c. This is applied to the paper with a brush having no metal mounting, and
the coating should be very uniform. This solution may be diluted with water if
necessary. Drying should take place without artificial heat. Print in diffused
light, so that the picture is more visible than in ordinary platinum printing. The
-developing solution consists of potassium oxalate, 100 gm.; potassium phos-
phate, so gm., and water, soo c. c., to which is added potassium chloro-plati-
nite, I gm., dissolved in water, 12.5 c. c. After development the print is fixed in
the ordinary muriatic acid bath and washed.
Tinted Mount&-Instead of using various colored papers for margins in
mounting prints, mounts themselves may be tinted by a very simple process, by
which any desired tint can be obtained. A mat is cut from any thin paper the
size of the desired margin and placed in position on the mount. A solution of
water color of the tint required is prepared and this is applied to the mount along
the edge of the mat by means of a small pad of cotton. This pad should, how-
ever, be simply moist and not wet with the water color. It is very rapidly and
gently patted along the edge, and by going over the edge about three times the
color will be found to be very evenly laid on. Of course it is only necessary to
tint along the edge, as the rest will be covered by the print.
CHAS. w. STEVENS.

s6
 A Library at Last.-Mr. Aspinwall's Gift to the
Camera Oub, N. Y.
THE Canfield Library, probably the most complete and well appointed photo-
graphic library in the country, upon which many photographic enthusiasts
have cast longing eyes, and which has been in the market for upwards of two
years, has at last found its only logical home, through the public spirited action
of Mr. John Aspinwall. The latter for years has been actively engaged in
advancing the best interests of photography, and by this act shows timely appre-
ciation of a comprehensive and splendid library by finding it a fitting and perma-
nent home, The Camera Club, New York.
The library contains about one thousand volumes and includes an almost
complete collection of all the photographic works published in the English lan-
guage, many of which are exceedingly rare and consequently invaluable. This
library, together with the books already accumulated by the Camera Club during
the past five years, comprises a collection of upwards of sixteen hundred vol-
umes, which, we are informed, will be duly and carefully catalogued by Mr. Juan
C. Abel, and, thus placed within general and immediate reach of students and
readers, must of necessity become the most valuable photographic working
library in the country.
Mr. John Aspinwall, it might he added, was recently elected President of
The Camera Cluh.
+ + +
Eduard J Steichen's Success in Paris.
M R.graphic
EDUARD J. STEICHEN, the young Milwaukeean, whose photo-
work has aroused so much comment, favorable and otherwise,
both here and abroad, and who, for the past year, has been pursuing his art
studies in Paris, is amongst those unfortunates who have had a painting exhib-
ited at the Salon of the Champs de Mars, the more progressive of the two
famous Salons annually held in Paris. Considering that this was Mr. Steichen's
first attempt in sending to the Salon, as he received immediate recognition, his
talent must be out of the ordinary.
Possibly some of our photographic contemporaries, both here and abroad,
who have taken such pleasure in ridiculing his photographic work, will allow
that Mr. Steichen is at least a "real artist" now that he has been publicly ac-
claimed as such by a jury of his own confreres.
To his photographic friends his success comes as no surprise, for his talent
was recognized by them before he had achieved the above-mentioned distinction.
Xevertheless, all join in congratulating him, for his success in painting means
much for pictorial photography.
Mr. Steichen, although a painter by profession, is also a firm believer in
the use of the camera as a means of artistic expression, a means quite as dis-
tinctive as the pen and ink, pastel, stylus, water-color, etc. This at all events
was the opinion he expressed to us prior to his departure for Paris twelve
months ago.
57
 From a Subscriber Upon Renewal of Subscription.
"THY face is turned to this our war,
Its cry and counter cry."
Your subscription has expired,
To renew, put up the dough-
Thus the legend's writ.
Shall I the pleasures of this war forego?
I write it largely-nit.
In retrospect-I've learned a jolly lot
Of the legitimate artistic, the truth in art-
Been gently led to rarefied heights of rot,
And dropt in the hollows of B. P.'s heart.
Impressionism-what it is and isn't, few
From photo-prints could teii-
I've caught a plate impression from the "Notes" that's ne11t,
A negative of "\Var is hell.''
Kindly renew the good thing with but one blemish--the highly calendered paper. •
Faithfully yours,
GEo. H. SEYMOUR.
Bloomfield, N. ]., April 4, 1901.
... ... ...
From Abroad.
The final number of the fourth volume of Camera Notes (New York),
dated April, I9QI, is to hand. It is a most interesting and altogether beautiful
number, and contains several remarkable illustrations from that brilliant and
versatile artist, Mr. H. Clarence White, who bids fair to eclipse all his American
contemporaries. We do not usually or readily accord the term artist to a pho-
tographer, but if Clarence White is not an artist in everything he does, then we
know of no other term to apply to him. Couple this with the fact (as we are
informed) that at the outset of his photographic career his opportunities were of
the most meagre kind and it is hard not to then recognize in him the genius
which nothing could hold in leash. And here let it be remarked that especial
advantages, with ample leisure and excellence or abundance of work, appear
more often than not to exist in inverse ratio, and small compassion need be felt
for the man that complains he has no time for it. It is precisely those who have
no time who have become, more often than not, our best and most successful
photographers. We are all apt to think what fine things we would do if only we
had such an one's leisure or opportunities, but it is more than probable that we
shouldn't do anything of the kind. The very fact of having to overcome difficul-
ties stimulates endeavour, makes us more proud of success, and justly so, and
thus creates higher aspiration; whilst if we have in us the stuff from which big
things are made, be sure it will find a way out, which is but another way of
expressing "Where there's a will there's a way." (Amateur Photographer,
March 29, 1901, London.)
• Mr. Seymour voices our own sentiments in condemning calendered paper. Still, half·
tone illustrations in the text compel the use of it. Vntil we are in a position to replace
these by photogravures, the calendered paper will be indispensable.-EDITOR.
ss
 Robert S. Redfield and the Photographic Society of
Philadelphia.
piCTORIAL photography owes a large debt to Robert S. Redfield. His
refusal to be again a candidate for the presidency of the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia and his consequent retirement from that office at the end
of his official term, in April, last, brought to a close one of the most fruitful,
progressive and dignified administrations recorded in the annals of that society,
which is the oldest separate photographic organization in the country.
Mr. Redfield is now in his fifty-second year, having been born in New York
City in 1849. When twelve years of age his family removed to Philadelphia,
which they made their home, and there the subject of this sketch completed his
education, especially distinguishing himself at the Philadelphia Central High
School in physics and chemistry, thus reviving the mental characteristics of his
family, which for several generations had shown a love for and had won honor-
able distinction in the world of science. In 1866, when seventeen years of age,
he first became interested in photography-then in its early youth, when the
operator had to prepare his own plates and use instruments of the crudest and
clumsiest character. In his early photographic studies he received some help and
coaching from Mr. Collman Sellers and Mr. Hemphill, a professional photogra-
pher. Compelled to neglect for a while his photographic studies, he returned to
them with increased ardor in 188o, just about the time when the first gelatine dry
plates were being manufactured for general use, and was among the first in the
country regularly to resort to them.
Having joined the Photographic Society of Philadelphia in 1881 he at once
became one of its most active members,* and in 1883 was elected secretary of the
society, which position he continued to fill with exceptional ability for the period
of eleven years-finding time to attend not only to the ever increasing and very
exacting duties of this office, but also to render active service on several of the
society's most important committees and to help establish and perpetuate the
Journal of the P. S. of P., first published in January, 1893-on which he has
served as an editor for eight years. Finding that his personal affairs would not
permit of his continuing to devote such time to his secretarial duties as in his
opinion they required, he retired from that office in 1894, declining to permit
himself to be named for re-election to the place, to the great regret of the society,
whose appreciation of his splendid services is attested in the pages of the Journal
of the society for April, 1894.
He was thereupon elected one of the vice-presidents of the society, which
office he held for four years, when he became president of the organization in
1898, which position he continued to hold till April, 1901, when he retired from
office, after having declined the renomination tendered him by the society.
Independently of its scientific interests photography had one special attrac-
tion for Mr. Redfield because of its pictorial possibilities. There was a fine col-

• In speaking of Mr. Redfield's active connection with the P. S. of P. and what he has
accomplished for it, it is interesting to note that the founder of the and first president of the
society was Constant Guellon, Mr. Redfield's uncle.
S9
 CAMERA NOTES.

lection of patntings in the possession of his family, and from the beginning he
had a strong love for pictorial work. His taste in such matters, so far as his own
work is concerned, runs mainly to the landscape, and he has won for himself
an enviable place in the foremost ranks of American landscape photographers,
and been awarded many mentions and honors for the pictorial merit of his
work.*
From the time he became connected with the management of the first public
exhibition of the P. S. of P., held in 1886, in the galleries of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts, Mr. Redfield has been intimately associated with the
exhibition movement in this country, playing a leading part in the organization
and management of the old joint exhibitions and finally in the establishment and
ultimate success of the annual Salon at Philadelphia, which, thanks to the
straightforward and wise policy pursued by himself and his associates, came in
three years to be looked on as one of the most important pictorial photographic
exhibitions in the whole photographic world. Had Mr. Redfield been less firm
in the conduct of the direct and uncompromising policy followed by the commit-
tee; had he not been absolutely honest and sincere and exceptionally unselfish,

*In appending this list of Mr. Redfield's various honors and awards it should be said
that he has never been a medal-hunter in any sense of the word. On the contrary, he has
made it a principle to show only in exhibitions designed purely for the advancement of pic-
torial photographic interests.
Awards.
1885-Boston Society of Amateur Photography-First Prize for Landscapes.
1886-Photo. Society of Philadelphia-Diploma for Landscapes.
1887-Joint Exhibition-New York-Diplomas for Prints and Lantern Slides.
188g-Joint Exhibition-Philadelphia-Diploma.
x88g-Cardiff (Wales), Am. Photo. Society-Silver M~dal-First Prize for Figure Pic-
tures.
r88g-Photographic Society of India-Silver Medal-Figure Compositions.
188g-Photographic Society of Philadelphia-Members' Exhibition rst and 3d "Honor
Pictures."
r8go-Worcestershire (England), Camera Club-Silver Medal-First Prize, Genre Pictures.
Bronze Medal-Second Prize, Instantaneous Pictures.
r8go-Newcastle on Tyne, etc., Photo Ass'n-Extra Silver Medal-Genre Pictures. Sil-
ver Medal-First Prize, Lantern Slides.
r8go-Photo. Society of Philadelphia--Members' Exhibition-2d Honor Picture.
18g1-Stockton (England), Photo. Society-Bronze Medal (only "open" award offered).
x8g1-Liverpool Amateur Photo. Ass"n-Silver Medal.
18gr-Joint Exhibition-New York-Silver Medal.
1892-Photo. Society of Philadelphia-Members' Exhibition-2d Honor Picture.
1893-Joint Exhibition-Philadelphia-Silver Medal.
1893-Photo. Society of Philadelphia-Bronze Medal-2d Honor Picture.
1894-Paris-"Commemorative Plaque."
1894-Japan-Photographic Society of-Diploma (awarded by Japanese Artists).
r8g8-Brussels-Salon of Belgian Ass'n of Photography-"Commemorative Plaque."
r8g8-Paris-Photographic Salon-Commemorative Plaque.
r8g8-Philadelphia Photographic Salon-3 pictures accepted.
r899--Philadelphia Photographic Salon-2 pictures accepted.
xgoo-Chicago Photographic Salon-1 picture accepted.
1900-London Photographic Salon-1 picture accepted.
!goo-Philadelphia Photographic Salon-2 pictures accepted.
6o
 ROBERT S. REDFIELD AND THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.

and had he not withal been the thorough gentleman that he is-knowing how to
meet and turn aside the gross attacks that were made upon him personally, the
Philadelphia Society would not to-day stand in the enviable position that it does
among the representative photographic organizations of the world, especially
honored for having helped very materially to make the world at l.arge look with
some degree of respect upon the claims of photography as a legitimate medium
of artistic expression. Many of his friends and associates were incensed because
their work had been turned down at these salons-he himself had had more than
one favorite print rejected-an experience that is never particularly soothing to
one's feelings, and there were the floods of unbridled public abuse, the vindictive
private personal attacks-and all this could have been changed, friends and
acquaintances pacified, his own work all accepted and hung without question,
and the flood-gates of abuse closed by making the compromise of appointing a
complaisant jury-but holding the convictions that he does that would have been
dishonest-and the possibility of that is not in him. The photographic world,
and especially that portion of it particularly interested in artistic pictorial pho-
tography, owe him their unstinted thanks for what he has done for the cause in
which they are interested and for the lesson he has taught them ; and it is sin-
cerely to be hoped that all those having anything whatever to do with the inter-
ests and progress of pictorial photographic exhibitions, and especially those to
whom the future management of the Salon has fallen, will profit by that lesson
--i)therwise they will bring shame and contempt upon themselves and their
society and pillory themselves at home and abroad as the sacrificers and wreckers
of a splendid and well established undertaking and the betrayers of an important
trust, which having been established by unselfish labor for the reputation of the
society, should be preserved and advanced for the sake of honor and proper
organization pride. It is far from an easy task to have to follow a man of Mr.
Redfield's character, ability and record in any office, especially in one so con-
stantly exposed to public scrutiny as that of President of the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia, which, through Mr. Redfield's efforts, has become a
position of national importance in photographic matters. Contrasts are drawn
and comparisons made, and every action is viewed with minute scrutiny, and if
unfortunately any of the prestige already won be sacrificed, the person or persons
responsible are certain to gain the ill will of all directly and indirectly concerned
and to establish an unenviable record that it will be very hard to expunge, but
fortunately where a path has been so well blazed it is not easy to go astray while
awake.
It is a keen pleasure to bear testimony to the sterling worth of a man like
Robert S. Redfield, even though at the risk of offending his well-known modesty
concerning himself and all that he has done and und~rtaken, and it is sincerely
to be hoped that the Philadelphia Society will always be fortunate enough to
have so worthy, upright, and representative a gentleman to represent her offici-
ally as the one who has just retired from office.
JosEPH T. KEILEY.

61
 Exhibition of Prints bv Members of the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia.
(Ezhihitcd at the Camera Club, N. Y., April so-May 6, S90S.)
This exhibition was the last of a series designed to show the character of the pictorial
work done by certain of the leading photographic clubs of the country. It made an in-
teresting composite picture of just what the club stands for as a body in the pictorial line,
for it is fair to assume the work was selected so as to present the club at its best and to be
thoroughly representative. The collection is made up of the work of thirty-eight mem-
bers of the Philadelphia society, twenty-five of whom have exhib1ted in one of the three
Philadelphia Salons and some in all, and covers a broad range of subjects.
With some few exceptions the individual work is above the average, and in certain in-
stances of an exceptionally high order, while the general averalle is very much in advance
of any of the other exhibitions of the series. The beneficial influence of the Philadelphia
Salons upon the individual workers of the society is shown in almost every instance; and
to those who have been for any time familiar with their work its efrect is very ma-rked.
Their natural ability has been benefited and invigorated by intimate assoCiation with and
study of the carefully selected pictures of the Salons, and a serious and direct purpose
given to their own efforts. This is particularly noticeable in the work of those who ex-
hibited in more than one of the three Salons. A more intimate acquaintance with the
laws of composition and tonality is shown and a more direct and intelligent pictorial purpose
apparent. The hap-hazard, done-by-chance work that is so largely in evidence in the ma-
jority of club exhibitions and which is discoverable at a glance even to those who are but
indifferently familiar with the principles of art, and which at once betrays the tasteless
ignorance of the makers of the prints, is almost entirely absent from this collection.
There are, of course, exceptions to this rule, the most marked of which, probably because
the ambitious character of the attempt has rendered it especially conspicuous, is a set of
five prints by S. H. Chapman designed to illustrate the parable of the sower. There is
nothing hap-hazard about this picture, however, except the model, costume, landscape
and tonality. Everything is prearranged and deliberate even to the scattering of the seed
among the thorns and by the wayside, which, according to the parable, was the result of
chance and accident rather than of purpose and intent. In several of the prints the hand
of the sower looks like the deformed and handless stump of an arm, owing to its movement
during the operation of exposing the plate, while in .one of the prints the face, on ac-
count of movement, had to be retouched, and this has been done in so singular a manner as
,to turn our thought upon other scriptural characters-those unfortunates who had to give
warning of their approach by crying out "Unclean!" "Unclean!" The impression left by
this and the hand-stumps is almost revolting. What the Edinburg Review many years
ago said of a certain American writer might be said of the maker of this series: "His ob-
servation is clinical rather than pictorial, and his figures, though life-like, scarcely seem
to be alive." While it may be said that the application of the parable is universal and
that it is permissible to use to illustrate it a western landscape and a model dressed some-
what like an American tramp, such a conception of the subject though daring, is not in
character with the times and circumstances of the theme, and certainly not artistic. The
attempt is assuredly an ambitions one and challenges our admiration as it deserved a better
result; but as one looks at this really fine collection and notes how this series of prints
force themselves into conspicuous prominence-the thought that in this connection is up-
permost is of the tares that were sowed among the wheat. The really poor or mediocre
prints in the collection were few in number and very unobtrusive and inconspicuous. Espe-
cially remarkable for their strength were C. Yarnall Abbott's study for "Nepenthe," Pres-
cott Adamson's "Midst Steam and Smoke," reproduced elsewhere in this number of CAM-
ERA Nons, and Dr. Sharp's "Citadel at Wiirzburg." While Mr. Abbott's picture is not
entirely satisfying and perhaps just a trifle theatrical, it is splendid effort, forceful and
impressive. Mr. Abbott is clearly not standing still. He has gone about his photographic
62
 THE ELEMENT OF CHANCE.

work in the way nearly all of our best workers have already resorted to, and that it would
be well' for others who wish to do good work to follow. He has set about seriously study-
ing the practical side of art work-drawing, etc.-and has already taken a prize at the
sketch class for a drawing of distinct merit. Mr. Abbott could demonstrate in no more
forceful way the seriousness of his purpose and if he continues in this course he is almost
certain to win splendid success. Among the landscapes shown that of Robert S. Redfield
and John G. Bullock showed the finest feeling, while especially noticeable for its fine
tonality and quiet refinement was the work of Eva L. Watson, Mathilde Wei!, Edmund
Stirling, Olive M. Potts, George D. Firmin, ]. M. Elliott, Virginia G. Sharpe, Mary M.
Vaux and indeed nearly all of the others. As a study of types S. H. Chapman's "Old
Cronies, Capri,'' possessed some rather fine points though false in tonality and poor in com-
position. Technically there was no better work shown than that of George and William
S. Vaux, Jr., while the most finished picture of the collection, all things considered, is
Henry Troth's "In the Fold," one of the best things and biggest that Mr. Troth has
ever done in the pictorial line.
It rarely happens that so much really satisfying work is to be found in any such col-
lection, and the Philadelphia soc1ety has every reason to be proud of its success. The fol-
lowing is a list of those exhibiting prints: C. Yarnall Abbott; Prescott Adamson; Henry
P. Baily; John G. Bullock; Essie Collins; S. Hudson Chapman; George Donchower; J. M.
Elliott; George D. Firmin; Charles E. Frick; F. Wm. Geisse; L. H. Gilbert; Conrad
Frederic Haeseler; W. H. Ingram; Wm. N. Jennings; J. Whitau Nicholson; George W.
Norris, M. D.; Herbert A. North; Ryland W. Phillips; Olive M. Potts; Robert S. Red-
field; H. Parker Rolfe; Mary T. S. Shaffer; Benjamin Sharp, M. D.; Virginia G. Sharp;
Wm. G. S. Kress; Edmund Stirling; J. Stogdell Stokes; Walter P. Stokes; F. P. Streeper;
Henry Troth; George and Wm. S. Vaux, Jr.; Mary M. Vaux; Frederick J. Von Rapp;
Eva Lawrence Watson; Mathilde Weil; C. T. Wernwag.

... ... ... JosEPH T. KErLEY.

The Element of Chance.

MUCH that is absurd has been written of the "chance" picture, its value and
possibilities. Properly so called there is no such thing. A picture never
comes into being by mere chance, but is the result of one or all of three causes-
conscious or unconscious inspiration, taste and ability to shape it into being. A
finished work of art is the result of all three-a finished picture of the latter two,
while a mere pictorial composition may spring from the last alone.
Inspiration cannot be acquired, but taste and facility can, and without them
inspiration is of little use, as only crude expression can be given to it. This is a
lesson that all photographers who aspire to do pictorial work must learn. The
Philadelphia Society seems to have grasped its significance and to be profiting by
the lesson. Let other societies follow in its footsteps; and while the loquacious
talk superficially of art and liberality and broadness in art, let the earnest bend
their efforts towards properly fitting themselves by necessary study for the task
they undertake. Do not forget, in the confusion of idle debate about the narrow-
JJess of a "cult" or the broadness of those who do not belong to it, that the road
to any success is always narrow and that there is no royal road to art any more
than to learning.
Inspiration may be boundless, but technique has its rules and its limitations,
and until technical ability is correctly acquired the expression of an inspiration,
however great, must of necessity be crude.
JosEPH T. KEILEY.
 Exhibition Notes.

The London Salon.

THE exhibition season, although some time off, is fast approaching, and many photog-
raphers are preparing pictures for it. We have received entry blanks and particulars for
the London Salon, which exhibition must still be regarded as the leading international
photographic display of the world.
Now that American is recognized the world over as a decided factor in pictorial pho-
tography, it behooves every worker interested in its progress to support, both by work as
well as by words, an exhibition like the London Salon.
The following American members of the Linked Ring will furnish intending exhibitors
full particulars and entry blanks on application.* To facilitate the shipment of these pic-
tures in proper time and in order to prevent possible loss or miscarriage of small pack-
ages, it is proposed to send American work in one large case. Those desiring to take ad-
vantage of this arrangement will please have their frames delivered (express prepaid to
New York) to Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, care of CAMERA NoTES, 3 West Twenty-ninth street,
New York city, not later than July 27th, 1901.
The expense of shipping to London and return will be divided pro rata among those
thus sending their frames. These will be duly informed as to the amount of their indebt-
edness by the forwarding agent, George F. Of, 4 Clinton Place, New York.

Philadelphia Salon.
IN consideration of the fact that nothing official has reached us concerning the Phila-
delphia, it is impossible to reply to the many inquiries addressed us as to the time and con-
ditions of this exhibition. It is to be presumed, however, that if an exhibition has been
determined upon for this year, due and timely notice will be given as has heretofore been
the custom.
It is impossible for us, at this time, to predict whether the high standard progressively
established by the three previous Salons will be maintained. In view of the great and
unselfish labor that has been expended, and the splendid fruits which have already been
borne, we earnestly hope that the ground already gained will not be sacrificed through any
misguided consideration for those who are not sincerely interested in pictorial photography.

Foreirn Honors Won by Americans.

AT the International Photographic Exhibition held at Calcutta during the month of
January, the Americans who exhibited were successful in carrying off some of the highest
honors. Mr. Dudley Hoyt, of Rochester, received a gold medal for the same print which
secured him the "Royal" several years ago in London. Mr. Eickemeyer's "Vesper Bell,"
well known to our readers, was also honored with a gold medal in a different class. Mr.
:\!fred Stieglitz received two silver medals, one as a second prize in the "Portrait Class."
and the other as first pri7.e for lantern slides. Honorable mentions were given to John E.
Dumont, Henry Troth, R. Eickcmeyer, and Alfred Stieglitz for various pictures.

* Oarence H. White, Newark, Ohio; Joseph T. Keiley, care of The Camera Club, J
West Twenty-ninth street, New York City; and Alfred Stieglitz, care of Camera Notes,
3 West Twenty-ninth street, New York City.
 41 Camera Notes " at a Premium.
AT arealized
recent auction, several sets of were sold. The prices
CAMERA NoTES
proved that the value of the copies is not depreciating. Volume
I., originally costing one dollar only four years ago, brought twelve dollars. Sin-
gle numbers brought as high as three and one-half dollars. Several sets have
recently been sold privately for upwards of forty dollars, a set consisting of the
four volumes complete in immaculate condition, which originally cost eight dol-
lars and fifty cents.
The two portfolios "American Pictorial Photography," Series I. and Series
II., are also commanding premiums, readily selling for upwards of ten dollars
each. The pictures in one sold singly at auction for seventeen dollars.

+ + +
Notes for Progressive Photographers.
Nicholson's Adjustable Lens Shade is a Commt>rcial Gum-bichromate paper in
small pocket attachment to shade the lens four colors has been manufactured for some
from the sun and direct rays of reflected time by Messrs Hoechheimer, in Munich,
light. It is an invaluable and inexpensive Germany, and according to reports from re-
little instrument, handy and practicable, and liable sources has met with considerable fa-
no photographer can afford to be without vor on the other side. The paper is sold in
one or more of these shades. The price is sheets or cut, similar to carbon tissue, and
reasonable, the smallest size for hand cam- sensitized at will. It will keep indefinitely
era lenses costing only so cents-and the in the unsensitized condition, if stored in a
larger sizes proportionately higher. This dry place.
instrument is manufactured by the Jackson The sensitizing solution consists of the
Lens Shade Co., Jackson, Mich. usual five per cent. bichromate of potassium
solution to which one per cent. of pure
Osy-Vellum is the name of a new paper glycerine is added. The other operations
recently put on tht'! market. It is a beau- are similar to those used for the home-
tiful product, easily manipulated, the man- manufactured "gum" paper-all of which
ipulations being similar to those of the are extremely simple.
platinotype process. This product, although Messrs. Gennert, 24 East Thirteenth
more expensive than any other paper on the !'treet, of New York City, have recently
market, ought to have a ready sale amongst taken the sole agency in the United States
those photographers who are striving for for this paper, and the demand for the same
beauty in the finished print, regardlf'ss of ought to be immediate, as the gum-bichro-
cost. The experiments made by us with the mate process is beyond doubt the most fas-
paper have been more than satisfactory, and cinating of all the printing processes within
have proven to us that with it the pictorial the reach of the pictorial photographer. We
worker has one more process at his com- are at present experimenting with the paper
mand of more than ordinary merit. The ourselves, and the few results obtained
support of the image is a substance similar therewith are more than encouraging. For
to parchment or vellum. E. & H. T. An- further particulars either address us or
thony are the sole agents for the paper. write to the Messrs. Gennert.

6s
OFFIGERS, TRC"STEES A~JJ Gol\I~IITTEES

01' THE

N.Y.

1901-1902.

President jOHN AsPINWALL.

Vice-President j. EDGAR BuLL.
Sec rotary DANII!L j. DoWDNI!Y.
Treasurer WILLIAM E. WILMI!RDING.

'l'R US'l' 1<~1<:8.

(AL~O INCLlTDBS ABOVE OFFICHKS.)

LoUIS B. ScHRAM, HARRY B. RI!ID,

jOHN BI!I!BY, HI!NRY H. MAN,
ROBI!RT j. DI!VLIN, RoBI!RT L. BRACKLow.

C'OMMIT'TF.R'..S.
HOUSI£. Mlli:ETINOS.

H. B. Rl!lo, Chairman. ALPRI!D STII!OLITZ, Chairman.

D. j. DOWDNI!Y. j. c. ABI!L,
F. M. HALl!,
c. A. DARLING.

PRINTS. LANTII:RN SLIDES.

jos. T. KI!ILI!Y, Chairman. A. L. SIMPSON, Chairman.

E. LEI! FERGUSON, C. A. DARLING,
j. RIDGWAY MOOR!!. C. D. RoY,
j. j. O'DoNOHUI!.

CLUB PUBLICATION. SCIII:NTIFIC RESI!ARCH.

H. H. MAN, Chairman. R. J. DI!VLIN, Chairman.

j. E. BULL, c E. MANII!RRI!.
L. B. ScHRAM.

AUDITING. ADMISSIONS.

L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman. FRANCIS C. ELGAR, Chairman.

C. C. RouMAGI!, F. N. WATERMAN,
H. H. MAN. MARTIN DI!GI!NHARDT.

Librarian, J. C. ABEL.
 THE CAMERA CLUB DEPARTMENT
EDITED BY H!NRY H. MAN, J. EOOAR BULL, AND LOUIS B. ScHRAM, COMMITTI!I! RI!PRI!SI!NTINO
THI! BoARD OP' TRUSTI!I!S

Proceedings and Club Notes.

Meeting of February J2th, l90J. abrogation of the somewhat indefinite ar-
rangement previously existing for the pub-
The regular monthly meeting of the Cam- lication of the club organ. and the substi-
era Oub was held on February 12, 1901. tution of a definite contract running for at
Forty-three members attended. least one year from April 1, 1901, and to
After discussion as to the method of se- continue in force from year to year there-
lection of a Nominating Committee, it was after, unless abrogated by notice of one
decided to select such committee in the party to the other.
same method that had been pursued in pre- Mr. Stieglitz takes the title of Editor
vious years, viz., the Chair appointed a re- and Manager instead of that of Chairman
tiring committee of three members consist- of the Publication Committee. The position
ing of Messrs.]. C. Vail, Edward Heim and carries no compensation or profit, Mr.
R. T. H. Halsey, who presented the names Stieglitz serving gratuitously.
of fifteen members, from whom the follow- The only change provided for in the
ing committee of five selected by lot acted policy of the magazine is that hereafter
as the Nominating Committee for this year, there will be separate departments for the
viz., Alfred P. Schoen, Joseph ]. O'Dono- matter for which the Editor and his staff
hue, F. Lewis Graefe, A. Walpole Craigie take the responsibility (which will include
and Harry Coutant. all general discussion of photographic and
After the close of business Mr.j Charles artistic topics) and for matter more partic-
E. Manierre, a member of the Committee ularly relating to the affairs of the Camera
on Scientific Research, read a paper on the Oub, including reports of meetings and
subject of "Photographic Lenses," which criticisms, if any, of exhibitions of prints
will be found elsewhere in this number. upon the Club room walls, whether lent by
members or others. The exhibitions will
Muting of March J2th, J90J. not be criticised in the general department
of the magazine, unless upon request of the
At the regular monthly meeting of the Board of Trustees.
Camera Club, held at the Club rooms on The financial plan includes the rendition
March 12, 1901, the President, Mr. W. D. of pe-riodical reports to the Board of
Murphy in the chair, about fifty members Trustees and payment by the Club at a
attended. stipulated rate for copies of the publication
The only business other than routine distributed to the members.
matters was the consideration of the report After the reading from the minutes, Mr.
of the Board of Trustees. Dayton moved that a printed copy be mailed
The Board reported in substance that they to each member, with notice of a special
had accepted a proposition made by Mr. meeting to consider the subject. The mo-
Alfred Stieglitz to continue the publication tion was tabled.
of CAMERA NOTES as Editor and Manager, The lecturer for the evening not having
with the aid of such members of the Oub arrived. the President suggested that. while
as he might select, upon terms satisfactory the Club were waiting for him the time
to the Board. might be occupied in such manner as the
A member asked whether the terms were meeting desired. A further discussion fol-
to be communicated to the Club, disclaim- lowed upon the general topic of the policy
ing, however, any intention to call for said of the Club with reference to its organ, but,
terms. as no motion was entertained by the chair,
In response the President directed the no action was taken.
proposition of Mr. Stieglitz and the action Mr. Arthur Hewitt, of the Orange Cam-
of the Board thereupon to be read from the era Club, the lecturer for the evening, hav-
minutes of the Board meeting. This meet- ing arrived during the discussion. proceeded
ing was held on the evening of February upon its close to deliver his address upon
25, I9QI. and the officers and trustees pres- the topic of "Pictorial Photography and
ent were: Mr. Schram, in the chair: Messrs. Matters Coincident." If there is any topic
Reid. Wilmerding, Aspinwall, Bull and coincident with Pictorial Photography wh1ch
Man. was not touched and adorned by the elo-
The proposition involved, among other quent gentleman, it has escaped the atten-
things which are not of general interest, the tion of the writer.
 CAMERA NOTES.

The speaker began with a plea for liberty When Mr. Hewitt's remarks had been
of speech and an intimation, which was completed, Mr. Keil~y moved a vote of
afterward fully justified by his remarks, thanks and the motion was unanimously
that he would express his views with can- carried.
dor and without reservation. He proceeded The President, in conveying to the orator
to a discussion of the general principles of an official intimation that the vote had been
artistic photography and a reprobation of passed, made a brief comparison between
such imitative, faked, or otherwise abortive the orator and a celebrated ex-Governor of
and debauched productions as constituted, in South Carolma, highly favorable to Mr.
the orator's happy phrase, "the debortion of Hewitt's superior merit.
art." Mr. Hewitt thereupon expressed his
Passing from general principles, he turned pleasure in acceotin11: so flattering a testi-
to their particular application and did not monial, and stated in substance that he was
hesitate to make frank comment upon the at peace with all photographers and photo-
failings and merits of his friends and his graphic critics except Mr. Keiley, toward
worst enemy. There would have been some whom his sentiments appeared to be tinc-
economy of time had he abstained from tured with disapprobation, caused, it is be-
calling upon Mr. Stieglitz to explain and lieved, by the erroneous supposition that
justify the latter's course in declining to Mr. Keiley had been a member of a certain
accept certain prints for exhibition at Glas- jury to select prints for exhibition.
gow.
... ...
Annual Meeting April 9th, 1901.
The Annual !\·Ieeting of the Camera Club for the election of officers and the
transactions of other business was held at the club rooms on the gth day of April.
tgor, Mr. W. D. Murphy, the president, in the chair. Sixty-nine members at-
tended.
The chair appointed Messrs. Heim and· Scott, tellers, and the election pro-
ceeded by ballot without interrupting the transaction of other business.
The President presented his report as follows :
Report of the Prcaidcnt.
At the close of another tranquil year, tranquil, but not enough so to produce an im-
pression of absolute monotony, the Camera Club convenes in annual meeting assembled
to receive the report of its stewards and to confide its future to a new administration.
For the first time in four years we have to chronicle a retrograde movement, both in
membership and in funds; the report of the Secretary showing a net loss of eleven mem-
bers in the total footing of the roll, while the 'treasurer reports a slight decrease in the
cash surplus with which we began the fiscal year. This, however, does not indicate any
falling off in revenue of the club, as it appears that the total cash receipts of this year are
$xo8.68 in excess of those of the preceding year, the cut in the surplus reserve being due
to the liberal policy adopted by the Trustees in authorizing the expenditure of $96.75 more
than our actual income. The unusually large expense account is chiefly occasioned by two
items, the one chargeable to the costly experiment of the curatorship and the other to
the refitting of rooms and apparatus.
Perhaps the most convincing way to demonstrate the prosperity of the club will be
to draw a brief comparison between the present conditions and those existing in April.
1897, when the present incumbent of the presidency had the honor of being called to the
chair.
Then the club was located in the old rooms in Thirty-eighth street, where the limited
accommodations seemed a serious bar to material advancement.
Then the total membership was 254; now it numbers 333.
Then the cash in the treasury amounted to $230.90; now it is $2,410.74, with no out-
standing claims against the club.
It is also pleasant to note that our working committees are now in a high state of
efficiency, although during the year an epidemic of resignations from various quarters
68
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA CLUB.

suddenly developed, but the Trustees were fortunate in finding the right men to fill the
gaps and the club has obviously suffered no detriment.
The excellent work done by the several committees is deserving of more specific com-
mendation than is possible in this limited summary of the events of the year, but even
here especial mention must be made of the thanks extended by the Board to our genial
and cultured critic of lantern slides, Mr. ]. Wells Champney, whose graceful eloquence
has been the feature of our weekly "Test Nights."
The annual events of the club, including the members' exhibition of prints, the smoker,
the auction of photographic apparatus and the fourth dinner were each and all successfully
accomplished in due season, under the auspices of the appropriate committees, and ar-
rangements have been perfected for the second annual exhibition of fake pictures and
auction of prints to be held during the ensuing month.
The report of the Trustees in regard to CAMERA NoTEs, presented at the last club meet-
ing, is too recent to require repetition at this time, but it may not be out of place to say that
an arrangement has been made for the continued publication of the club organ upon a basis
satisfactory to the quorum of the Board present at the meeting held on the 25th of
February. This agreement provides for the dissolution of the Publication Committee and
for the appointment of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz as editor, with full power to manage the art
department of the magazine and to control its finances, subject to quarterly reports to the
Trustees; and it further provides for the establishment of a club department under the
direct supervision of the Board of Trustees.
Since our last annual meeting we have been called upon to sadly record the death of
four of our members-Prof. W. K. Burton, Mr. Arthur Scott, Mr. John V. Van Woert
and Mr. Qinton Ogilvie. To-night it is appropriate that we should reverently recall to
memory the traits of character that made these departed ones dear to their many friends.
In conclusion, permit your president to assume a benign and fatherly attitude, in order
to more effectively say that if during the year some pyrotechnical differences of opinion
have occurred within our family circle, the friction of the factions may well be ignored to-
night when we meet to celebrate the birthday of our club, and to profit by the lessons of
the past
May we each and all take heed of the apt suggestion that flows so convincingly from
the pen of Emerson :
"Life is too short to waste
In critic peep or cynic bark,
Quarrel or reprimand :
'Twill soon be dark ;
Up! mind thine own aim, and
God speed the mark!"
The Secretary presented a report as follows:
Secretary'• Report.
MEMBERSHIP.

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Active membel"!l ......• 215 22 7 I 3 10 5 27 214 I '
Non-resident members. Q2 17 2 10 5 IS 83 9
Life members ......... 20 20
Honorary members.•.. 17 6
Total members ...... 344 39 Q 4 IO 10 5 5 42 333 II

Net loss, ............ ... II

Total membership. March 31st. I90I, three hundred and tbirty·three.

There were held ten regular and eight special meetings of the Board of Trustees, one
special and ten regular Club meeting~~. HARRY B. Rxro, Secretary.
April r, rr;or.
 Treasurer's Report for the Year Ending March 3J, J90J.

RECEIPTS. 1900-IIJOI I 899-1 CJOO DISBURSEMENTS I CJO<>•II)O I JSqq-1900

Balance April rst............................ $2,507.49 S1,335·o6l Camera Notes............................. $]00.00 $300.00

Members' Dues.............................. 4,9C)0.04 4.819.84 Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o8.oo 477.co
Locker Rents................................ r,o-'9·95 q7q:o5 Rent and Chute, 8th Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,026.00 3,or7.oo
Entrance Fees............................... 375.00 765.00 Stationery and Printing... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.70 338.~2
Stoudio.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266.oo 335.00• Studio..................................... 150.00 154·75
Library... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.00 ........... . Library.................................... 192.57 158.22
Telephone................................... 6o.15 5<1·75 Telephone................................. 110.70 rcs.62
Annual Dinner.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.25 231.05 1 Annual Dinner........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301.39 231.05
Smoker ................ ·· .. ··················
Annual Auction .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . .
109· 00
8o.8r
······ ···
.• , ....... ..
:I Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Auction............................
193.05 ........... .
6.57 ........... .
Incidentals.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.25 ro.oo Incidentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290.98 1q2.83
L S. Interchange. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61 . . . . . • . · · · 11 L. S. lnterchanq;e.......................... 19.21 11.72
Print Auction................................ 117.81
F1tting up Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
............ 1
so oo
Print Auction..............................
Postage....................................
26.20
120.48
5.00
n8.8o
~

~
---- Light and Current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370.14 386.94
Print Committee........................... 46.sc 51.21
Furniture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99· 86 114.79
~ Fitting up Rooms.......................... 282.96 ........... .
Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ice and Laundry...........................
8o.o8
6r.u
93.32
28. sr ~
Insurance..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.45 21.35 ~
Clearing Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.00 121.50 !'l
Elevator.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8o.oo 8o.oo
Curator-Salary ........................... ·I 666.66 .......... ..
Fitting up Studio .......................... j.... t;.~~~~~ l6.~:::
Balance in Bank of New Amsterdam........ 410.74 1,502.49
Balance in Union Trust Co................ 2,000.00 r,ooo.oo
t9,86s.36 ss,5a4. 75 1 $1),865.36 ss,s84.75

AjJjJro?,ed:
L. B. SCHRAM, Clrairman.
C. C. ROUMAGE.
HENRY H. MAN.
A udiling Commillee. WM. E. WILMERDING, Treasurer.
March 31, 1901.
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA CLUB.

The Print Committee presented its report, which as it will be seen is partly
prophetic, as it includes the arrangements made by the committee for two exhi-
bitions of prints, to be held later than the date of the meeting.

Report of the Print Committee.

April 9th, 1901.
The Print Committee respectfully reports that since the last Annual Meet-
ing the following exhibitions have been hung on the walls of the club :
I goo.

From April 4th to May 8th-Miss Eva Watson.

May, June, July, and August-Members' Spring and Midsummer Exhibition.
October 10th to October 24th-Miss Rose Clark, Mrs. Elizabeth Flint Wade, of Buf-
falo, N.Y.
November 1st to November Ioth-Mr. J. Ridgway Moore of the Camera Club of New
York.
November 14th to November 26th-Miss Virginia M. Prall, Washington.
November 29th to December 6th-Mr. W. B. Post, of the Camera Club of New York.
December 12th to January 4th, 1901-Members of the Boston Camera Oub.
1901.
January gth to January JISt-Members of the California Camera Club.
February 13th to March 2d-Mr. Wm. W. Renwick, ofthe Camera Club of New York.
March 13th to April 1St-Members of the Orange Camera Oub.
April 1oth to May 6th-Photographic Society of Philadelphia.
In regard to the exhibitions it will be noted that the committee this year tried the
innovation of having special club exhibits, and it is somewhat doubtful if the results have
been wholly satisfactory, as the committee feels that they were not fully up to the best
standard of the respective clubs. It does feel, however, that these exhibits were in-
structive from the point of giving a general. idea as to the lines the clubs were working on.
The committee had in mind the getting together of special exhibits by the best Euro-
pean workers, but were handicapped· from the outset by the great expense and trouble
which would have been incurred through the custom house.
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) CHARLES I. BERG, Chairman.
A. WALPOLE CRAIGIE.

The Committee on Meetings presented a report which included ar-

rangements for two exhibitions of slides, and two demonstrations assigned to
dates later than the meeting. It is as follows:
Report of the Committee on Mcetini'S.
The following lectures, illustrated by lantern slides, were given during the year:
May 10th, Igoo--"The Camera in the Hands of an Artist," by Mr. George B. Wood.
May 17th, 1900-"Snap-Shots Taken on a Cycling Tour Abroad," by Mr. Gilbert
Ray Hawes.
November 16th, Igoo--"Selected lantern slides by members of the club" were shown and
commented on, by Mr. J. Wells Champney.
January 3rd, 1901-"Up the Thames to Oxford and the Shakespearean Country," by
Mr. Gilbert Ray Hawes.
February 1st, 1901-"London, the Metropolis of the World," by Prof. Dwight La-
throp Elmendorf.
April 11th, 1901-"Paris-The Banks of the Seine," by Prof. Albert S. Bickmore.
And the following are to take place :
April 16th, 1901-"A Trip Through the Dolomites," by Mr. Frank Scott Gerrish.
71
 CAMERA NOTES.

April 18th, 1901-"0ur Natural and Cultivated Trees with the Details of Their Flow-
ers and Fruit," by Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt.
At the regular monthly meetings the following were given :
May 8th, 1goo-Mr. Charles F. Becker gave a short talk on "Aristo Photographic
Paper."
June 12th, 1goo-Prof. Newton Harrison exhibited his patent portable photographic
dark room.
February 12th, 1901-Mr. Charles E. Manierre gave a talk on "Photographic Lenses."
March 12th, 1901-Mr. Arthur Hewitt gave a talk on "Pictorial Photography and Mat-
ters Coincident."
The three following demonstrations are to be given on Wednesday evenings:
April 17th, 1901-A demonstration of "The Phosphate of Silver Paper," by Dr. J.
Meyer.
April 24th, 1901-A demonstration of "Rotograph Paper," by Mr. William J. Miller.
May ut, 1901-A demonstration of John Carbutt's Vinco Platino-Bromide Paper, by
Mr. Juan C. Abel.
(Signed) H. B. REID, Chairman.

The House Committee presented a report as follows :

House Committee Report.
The present House Committee was appointed by the Board of Trustees on October
29th, 1900, and on the Jist held its first meeting for the transaction of business. At said
meeting it was "agreed that when three. members of the committee are together at any
time they shall constitute a quorum to transact business."
Six formal and innumerable informal meetings were held under this arrange-
ment, to transact business and consider complaints and suggestions from members; all
such complaints and suggestions were carefully considered and acted upon as deemed best.
A number of improvements have been effected in the work rooms, condition of ap-
paratus bettered, and the conditions and care of the rooms materially improved ; all of
which has been appreciated and acknowledged by the members.
One important item your committee has as yet been unable to effect, viz., the im-
provement of the bromide room. This is due partly to a lack of expert knowledge; the ex-
act requirements have been promised by a member of the club and an expert on this
subject, and when the information is furnished your committee recommend that the im-
provements be made at once. The studio has been the bane of your committee, and has
caused more trouble and annoyance than all other matters pertaining to the care of the
rooms; the apparatus, furniture and hangings are constantly broken and torn and the
studio misused generally.
As the term of office of this committee expires with to-night's election, and as they had
in mind a number of improvements, we hope that our successors will carry these out, and
improve upon the work performed by this committee.
H. B. REID, Chairman.

The Librarian presented the following report :

Ubtary Report.
During the past year about 100 volumes have been added to the library, including the
latest editions of Eder's & Vogel's works, Hiibl on Platinotype, and Helmholtz's Optics.
Now there is a matter which I consider it my duty to bring before this meeting and
speak of very forcibly, and that is I very much regret to say that we have readers here, I
hardly like to say that they arc members, who seem to have no feeling of shame or sense
of the rights of others in the club, who, in handling the books and magazines in the
library, have deliberately stolen them from the racks; others have had pictures torn out
and articles cut out. • • • I hardly believe this is the work of a member, but it
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA CLUB.

can only be condemned in the strongest terms. I appeal to the members to prevent this
despoiling of the books and magazines. It has become so flagrant of late that some action
ought to be taken.
Respectfully submitted,
April gth, 1901. }OHN BEEBY, Librarian.

The President called the attention of the members to the fact that the great
labor performed by the officers and committees of the club did not appear by
their reports, and in the name of the club thanked them.
The Publication Committee, through Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, chairman, pre-
sented the following report :
Camera Notes Report.
The Publication Committee begs to report that CAMERA NOTES has during the past
year remained true to the principles originally outlined by its founder, and accepted un-
conditionally by the Board of Trustees at that time and thenceforward. The magazine has
grown out of nothing, no capital ever having been invested, to a property of no mean value.
The financial report for Volume IV., including the new portfolio, reads as follows:
RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES.
Subscriptions, advertisements, Printing, paper, composition ...... $1,582.79
premiums ..................... $2,516.35 Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,227.00
Portfolio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.00 Duty and expressage on imported
Camera Club appropriation for photogravures ................ . 73-SS
about 350 subscriptions......... JOO.OO Literary matter .................. . 427-10
Outstanding bills collectible (for Postage stamps and postal cards .. . 219.18
advertising and portfolios) ..... . 392-50 Envelopes and stationary ........ . ;rS.go
Binding ........................ . s6.so Binding complete volumes ....... . s6.so
Incidentals ..................... . 12.00 Old numbers bought back ........ . 41.00
Balance (earned by committee) .. . 827.o6 Incidentals ..................... . 32-46
Commissions ................... . 41.75
Carfares, messengers ............ . 22.40
Typewriting machine ........... . 35.00
Privilege of reproduction ........ . 6.00
Exchange on out of town checks .. 9-70
Insurance ...................... . 7-92
Portfolio ....................... . 391.55

Balance

Original capital invested. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ o.oo

Furniture, books, typewriter, etc., paid for out of profits earned by committee,
Estimated value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6o.oo
Good-will and name ................................................. Sentimental Value
Half-tone blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
Back numbers of magazine and about 90 portfolios, conservative value .......... . 6oo.oo
Balance (estimated) ......................................................... . 247-61

Total .. . .. . .. .. . .. . .. .. . .. . . . . .. . .. .. .. . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . $907.61
Liabilities....................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $o.oo
These accounts have not been audited by the Auditing Committee, but the books are
open to their inspection at any time they may wish to inspect them.
In order to give the members of the club an idea of the increase of business con-
nected with the management of CAMERA NOTES, the following figures will be of more than
passing interest:
73
 CAMERA NOTES.

RECEIPTS. EXPENDITURES.
VoL. I.
Club appropriation for about 250 Expenses ........................ $1,155.37
subscriptions .................. $ 250.00 Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.67
All other sources ................. 1,258.04
$r,5o8.04

VoL. II.
Oub appropriation for about 28o Expenses ....................... $1,889.43
subscriptions .................. $ 200.00 Balance Vols. I. and II........... 518.71
All other sources ................ 1,855.47
$2,055-47
Balance carried forward, from
Vol. 1................. . 352.67
$2,4o8.14 $2,4o8.14

VoL. III.
Oub appropnat10n for about 350 Expenses ........................ $.1.446.85
subscriptions .................. $ 300.00
Portfolio income ................ . 471.34
All other sources ................ . 2,983.86 Balance, Vols. 1., II. and III....... 827.o6
$3.755-20
Balance c:trried forward from Vols.
I. and II.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518.71
$4.273-91 $4.273-91

Beginning with Volume V, the magazine will be continued under the original man-
agement, but upon a somewhat different basis than heretofore, a new arrangement having
been drawn up by Mr: Stieglitz and the trustees, the conditions of which were presented to
the club at the meeting of March 12th.
As manager and editor of CAMERA NOTES I beg to officially thank my fellows on the-
committee for their generous and self-sacrificing aid in enabling me to produce the maga-
zine with its unflinching standard. It is tp these gentlemen that CAMERA NoTES is eve~­
lastingly indebted. In the name of the committee I also beg to thank all those in the club
and outside of it who have lent us a helping hand either in the shape of direct or indirett
support.
(Signed) ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Chairman.
April gth, 1901.

At the end of Mr. Stieglitz's report the President called attention to the fact
that the great and meritorious labor performed by Mr. Stieglitz and his associ-
ates on the committee could not be appreciated from the mere reading of the
report.
At this point in the proceedings Mr. J. Wells Champney addressed the
President as follows :
"It is my pleasant charge to represent your many friends in our club which you have
been so instrumental in bringing to its present enviable position, and to testify thus publicly
the high esteem in which you are held. I am gratified at having been chosen as the mouth-
piece of so many whose gratitude to you for your energetic and persistent efforts towards
the building up of this organization is sincere and heartfelt. It is my privilege to stand
in your presence and theirs and tell you what they feel though they may never have ex-
pressed in person their sense of obligation. It is a matter of sincere regret to many of us
74
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA CLUB.

that you have felt that the place you have so honorably filled for four years would better be
offered another. You lay a burden upon the new incumbent which is not light to bear.
"Your constant striving for harmony in the days gone by, when the two struggling
clubs wue hnited, have not been forgotten, and the old members recall your untiring efforts.
So, too, the faith in the growth of the new club which has been so well borne out by its
development under your administration. You can look back with well-earned pride upon
the story of these years, but we wish you to realize that we, too, take pride in the re-
trospect, and desire you to know it. In stepping down from the office you have so efficiently
administered and joining us in the ranks, I know that you will lose none of your en-
thusiasm for the welfare of the Camera Club, but recognizing how good a thing it is, will,
as the slang phrase has it, 'push it along'-where you have been at the head pulling it.
With the true democratic principle at heart I welcome you to the ranks with joy-sure that
the added leisure will enable you to devote more time to active photographic work in
which we know you excel.
"May I close by quoting from Thomas Hood the hope that in our club there shall be-
'One heart, one hope, one wish, one mind,
One voice, one choice, all of a kind,
And can there be a greater bliss
A little heaven on earth-than this?'
"And now, as a slight testimonial of our love and a reminder of our esteem, allow me
to present you this-"
At this point three members of the club entered bearing a magnificent c.ut-
glass punch bowl with glasses and a ladle, which were thereupon presented to
the President, who responded as follows :
"In response to this entirely unexpected presentation, I hardly know how to express
even a fractional part of the emotions awakened by the kindness of my friends, for as a
mere parliamentarian I know of no order of procedure intended to cover the confusion
of the chair under such flattering conditions.
"If what I have endeavored to accomplish in the upbuilding of this club is regarded
as worthy of one-tenth of the kind things that have been said to-night by your eloquent
spokesman, then I can truly say that the necessary expenditure of time and energy that I
have been called upon to make for this organization has been a safe investment placed at
an exceedingly satisfactory rate of interest.
"In truth I am too deeply moved to say what I feel, and can only assure you of the
deep feeling of gratitude awakened by this elegant testimonial and the graceful manner in
which it is tendered.
"Gentlemen, from my heart I thank you !"
At the end of Mr. Murphy's words of thanks the members rose and joined
in singing "For he's a jolly good fellow!"
The tellers presented their report, showing that the following members had
been elected to the offices to be filled at this meeting:
President-John Aspinwall.
Vice-President-]. Edgar Bull.
Secretary-Daniel J. Dowdney.
Treasurer-WiJliam E. Wilmerding.
Trustees (for three years)-Henry H. Man, Harry B. Reid.
Trustee (for two years)-Dr. Robert J. Devlin.
Trustee (for one year)-Robert L. Bracklow.
Committee on Admission-Francis C. Elgar, F. N. Waterman, Dr. Martin
Degenhardt.
At the end of the report of the tellers, the retiring President appointed
Messrs. Montant and Vail to conduct the newly elected President to the chair.
This ceremony having been performed. :Mr. :Murphy addressed him as follows:
75
 CAMERA NOTES.

"When the pilot comes up over the side of the incoming ship he is hailed with
acclamation and straightway becomes the recipient of the 'glad hand' from passengers,
crew and captain, all of whom may have been incommoded by the motion of the ship while
passing over those lumpy places in the ocean where conflicting tides and currents meet.
The mere presence of the pilot upon the deck indicates that the voyage is nearly over, with
a safe haven close at hand.
"So we welcome you, trusting that your course will be over placid waters and 'neath
skies unvexed by blizzard or typhoon, and I turn over the command to you, feeling that
it could not be in safer hands.
"Now the moment has arrived for the surrender of the symbol of authority. but I
cannot part with this gavel, the ornamental piece of side arms worn in many a dress pa-
rade, and doubly endeared to me by the source from which it came and by the clustering
tendrils of a hundred friendships; but, sir, a working gavel has been provided that will
prove equal to any parliamentary strain you can put upon it, a gavel emblematic of the
massive character of the man who is to wield it."
(Here the speaker handed the newly elected President a joiner's mallet, iron bound and
decorated with the dub colors.)
"So, sir, I welcome you to an office more replete with glory and more free from care
than a Moslem's dream of paradise!"
Mr. Aspinwall in a short speech expressed his hopes for the prosperity of
the club, his diffidence in accepting office in succession to one who had filled it so
well as Mr. Murphy had, and his intention to devote himself heart and soul to
promoting the interests of the club.
The newly elected Secretary having taken the chair so long and ably filled
by Mr. Reid, responded to a request for a speech, saying in substance that he
hoped to be judged by the result of his efforts rather than by any promises which
he might make in advance.
The meeting then adjourned.
+ + +
Special Mcetinr of the Trustca, April t5th, t90t.
A special meeting of the Board of Trustees of the Camera Club was held on the
evening of April 15th, 1901. The President, Mr. Aspinwall, in the chair. Present: :Messrs.
Wilmerding, Dowdney, Schram, Reid, Man, Bracklow and Dr. Devlin.
The resignations of the following members were accepted with regret: A. E. Schaaf.
A. R. Charlton, E. Tannenbaum, Miss Florence K. Upton, Mrs. Florence W. Flash, and
Mrs. Mary H. Mullen.
The following appointments of standing committees were made:
House. Meelit~gs.
H. B. Reid, Alfred Stieglitz,
E. Hcim. Juan C. Abel,
D. J. Dowdney. Frank M. Hale,
Prit~ls. Chester A. Darling.
Charles I. Berg, Lat~let'fl Slides.
Joseph T. Keiley, Alfred L. Simpson,
E. Lee Ferguson. Chester A. Darling,
Club Publicatiotl. Charles D. Roy.
Henry H. Man, Auditit~g.
J. Edgar Bull, Louis B. Schram,
Louis B. Schram. Camille C. Roumage.
Sciet~tific Research. Henry H. Man.
Robert J. Devlin, Librariat1.
Charles E. Manierre. John Beeby.
The Committee in charge of the annual dinner presented its report.
The House Committee recommended the abolition of the free days for usc of the
studio, and the Board thereupon abolished them.
 PROCEEDINGS OF TI-l~ CAMERA CLUB.

R.qular Mcctinr of the Trustees, April 29, t90t.

Mr. Aspinwall, the President, occupied the chair. All the trustees were present except
Mr. Bull.
Mr.]. Ridgway Moore was appointed to fill tht! vacancy on the Print Committee caused
by Mr. Berg's dec1ination. Mr. Keiley becomes chairman of this committee.
Mr. Juan C. Abel was appointed librarian, changes in Mr. Beeby's business engage-
ments have rendered it impossible for him to give the necessary time to the work which
he has so efficiently carried on for two years.
Mr. Beeby submitted a report signed by Mr. Abel and himself highly commending the
plan of acquiring the photographic library of Mr. Charles W. Canfield. He stated verbally
in supplement to his report that the President had already given the library to the Club and
that a subscription had been headed by Mr. Murphy, with a gift of $25, towards the purchase
of cases. Mr. Schram promptly duplicated Mr. Murphy's subscription and Messrs. Wil-
merding and Dowdney also subscribed.
A motion for a vote of thanks to Mr. Aspinwall was unanimously carried.
All that can be said at present about the library is that it will be almost invaluable to
the Club, as it includes many rare works and periodicals, of great value to any student of
photography and of the history of photographic processes and discoveries. We postpone
the description in detail to the next number of CAMERA NOTES.
It is proposed to place the library (and also the bound volumes in the present library of
the Club) in the main meeting room in cases so arranged that sufficient space for the exhi-
bition of prints will remain above them. This will leave the present library room, already
showing signs of congestion1 to be used for current periodicals and as a reading room.
Mr. T. Marshall was elected to non-resident membership and the resignations of
Messrs. Geo. W. Harris and Henry King Bull were accepted.

+ + +
Club Auction.
On the evenings of Friday, February 15th, and Saturday, February 16th, under the
direction of a committee, of which Mr. Bracklow was chairman, and Messrs. Abel, Montant,
Heim, Brownell and Hoge were members, various articles catalogued under 326 separate
numbers were disposed of at auction, Mr. W. E. Johnson acting as auctioneer.
The Club Auction has become an annual feature, the members having learned by ex-
perience how convenient a method it presents of disposing of photographic apparatus and
material no longer needed by the owner, which may be exactly what some other member of
the club desires. In the present auction sale was included property of a large number of
members as well as property of the club itself, and the results of the auction can be well
summarized by the figures contained in the report of the Auction Committee presented to
the Trustees at the regular meeting on April :agth.
By this report it appears that purchases were made by members and others amount-
ing to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $787.07
And the club purchased articles at the price of.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59.8o
Making gross bids of ...................................................... $846.87
Deducting for goods not called for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Leaves total bids .......................................................... $846.72
On which the club charges a ten per cent. commission of. ................. 84.67
Add price of articles sold by the club................................... 95.10
Deducting commission of ten per cent. on club sales .................... . $9.51
Deducting purchases for club ......................................... . sg.Bo
Deducting allowance for breakage ...................•..........•....... 1.85
Deducting expenses for printing, stationery, etc ........................ . 27.8o
$g8.g6
Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8o.8J
for which the committee have turned over a check to the Treasurer.
77
 Cub Items.
Demoastrations.
On Wednesday, April 17th, there was a demonstration of Silver Phosphate paper. This
paper, which has recently been patented in this country and abroad by its inventor, Dr. J.
Meyer, differs from other silver papers in several respects. The emulsion is placed upon
the paper without any preliminary coating of barytes. After the image has been printed
out, it may if desired be fixed without further manipulation, yielding sepia tones. If pre-
ferred, it may be toned either with gold or platinum, yielding a full range of tones. The
paper can be produced more cheaply than bromide papers.
The sensitiveness of silver phosphate to light has long been known, but until recently
no process has been known of making an emulsion of this salt. It is this difficulty which
has now been overcome by a process, protected by patents.

On Wednesday, April 24th, Mr. J. C. Abel, of the Camera Oub, assisted by Mr. Rus-
segger, gave a demonstration of Rotograph Paper. Among the audience were Mr. C. P.
G<lerz, of Berlin, accompanied by Mrs. Goerz, and by Mr. Schwartz, President of the Rota-
graph Company, also of Berlin.
The demonstration included a display of prints furnished by the manufacturer, the
making of contact prints and enlargements and a comparison of the Rotograph Paper with
other bromide papers on the American market.
After this demonstration a few of Mr. Stieglitz's slides were shown and these were
followed by an exhibition of an archaic collection of slides gathered by one of our members
in 18g2 and sent abroad for exhibition. After many vicissitudes, including the temporary
loss of the collection somewhere in Japan, the collection has now been returned. It contains
slides by many makers scattered froin New York to San Francisco.
The contrast between these slides and such as would now be selected was instructive.

... ... ...

Exhibitions.
Exhibition of Prints by Mr. Renwick.
Beginning on February 13th and continuing until March 2nd, 1901, an interesting col-
lection of prints, the work of Mr. William W. Renwick, of the Camera Club, was shown. It
included forty or fifty prints, exhibiting considerable technical skill and great industry and
care in choice of subject and in posing.

Exhibition of Prints by the Oranre Camera Club

From March 13th to April 1st, 1901, inclusive, there were on exhibition 52 prints, the
work of the members of the Orange Camera Club. Many of these prints were interesting
and all showed care and technical skill. In variety it is doubtful whether the prints ade-
quately represented the capacity of the members of the club, which it is well known is not
to be despised, as a rival, by any organization of photographers in the United States.

Exhibition of Prints &y the Photographic Society of Philadelphia.

From April Joth to May 6th, 1901, there were on exhibition about 70 prints kindly lent
by the Philadelphia Society. At the request of the Board of Trustees of the Camera Club.
made in conformity with the desire of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia. this exhibit
is reviewed in the General Department of CAMERA NoTES, for which reason we omit com-
ment upon it here.
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TELEPHONE, 4704 CORTLANDT.

THE OBRIG CAMERA Co -' 'I

165 Broadway, N.Y.,
(Near Cortlandt St.)

uFor happy and welcome indeed is the sign COLOR DIFFER-

When the strong and the tender united combine. ''
LOVELL
Sc-llill~r.

ENTIATING PLATES
Standard of the World Positively the best orthochromatic plate
in the market. A tr1al will convince. Mav
JENA-ZEISS ANASTIGMAT be used for the majority of subjects without
a color screen .
Lenses and Their use offers the followfnr ad-
vantage.:
Eastman Natural Portraits wltbont ~etouc:bln~.
l(odaks. l..andiCIIpe wltb Cloud•.
Correc:t Color 5en.sltlvea-,
givilllt a true rendering of the tone
In stock No.3 Fold- values in the aubject.
ing Pocket Kodak, Full E~ure on Qulc:lcnt E:o:JM*Ires
N<>s.3,4 and5Cart- Brilliant Neptlve.
rldge Kodak fiHed Senaltlve to the Satire .Spec:trum
with these lnc:om- and the Only Plate which will eln the redo
parable Iensea. TWO
SPEED.S
c •
D• "FAST"
" MEDIUM "
Descriptive price iist upon reque ~ t .
Obtainable from dealers or direct from
E. B. M EYROwn·z, factory . Send for price-list and special
circular.
Direct Importer and Sole Agent for the U.S.
104 Eut 23d Street, }
US West 4ld Street, NEW YO~K
Lovell Dry Plate Mfg. Co.,
650 .M.dl110n Avenue,
NEW ROCHEitltE, N. Y.
MINNEAPOUS, ~ Nk:ollel An••e.
ST. PAUL, ~ Sl. Pew Street. Wntera o.,.t: 64 WU..ll An., Clllcap.
PAJtiS, ' be Scrl...
Dnnr: IIART BROS. a WELLS.
 AND IRON PERfECTER Platinum,
I ARTISTI Platinum. • • •

Manufactured under climatic

condltfoas, and Improved
methods, that produce the
THe &A..OAO COR..N AND Wt-H~AT
moat perfect platinum Fapen
,.. le.L..OJ AND TH~IVINO CITU~· ..S 0,..
pouible, .JA .JA .Jio .JA .JA
KAN....SA..5.
THe- P"'tR.TtL.e A..IVI!:.R. VAL.L.e.V~1., R.AOe.
"The proof of the puddlni Ia
CltNTeR..S AND llt.OL..LINO PR.AIR.Ie...J 0 ...
In the atmr." Try them • .JA
NeBRASKA.
TtteORAHO, PICTVR.e-.SQUC. /IJJ'40 el'o!CI1~T IHO
JCII!:Io&e.R.V. NC> T't1e r"':!t.MOU.S MININO Ot.:JT'RJCTJOf"'

COLORADO.
Tt'1C: AOA..ICUL.TURAL, r"R.UIT , MINe:lllt.AL.. AND
TIM&eR. LANO..S,ANO !-~U..J HOT ..SP'RINQ.J Of"' Manufactured nnly by
ARKAN.5AS.
THe:. .3 UOAFl-
I"""M!'!N..J'e

LOUI..SIANA.
PL..ANTATIONJ
R.ICI!I ,..IC:L0-7 0,.
AND
,
"
"

na CamBra cnuiDioal Go.,

DENVER, COLO., U. S. A.
" "
HI..STOR..ICAl-
" , "
AND
"'
._,Ce:. NIC
" ,
1

THE SCOVILL & ADAMS CO.

....,..0
OIJ ~NeW Mf.XKO.
,..0~ WITH ITJ CONHI!:.CTIONJ EASTERN TRADE AGENTS ,
Tt'le POPULAR. WINTe-R. Q.OUT' e.: TO

CALIFORNJ!A. NEW YORK CITY.

=DD~:J:~c~c:,~~7"~~~'-;l"'cl.·
H.C.TOWN.5E.NO....... ..,..,.._,., . JT.

bas a perfectly flat field, and gives

The Cooke Lens exquisite definition at full aperture.
Write for price list. . . . . . . . .

LEVY,
12/S ~ace Street, ~ Philadelphia, Pa.

Bookbinding of Every Orade.

Fine Binding a Specialty.
Pbotocrapba .Mou1ated; Portfolios for Pbotocrapb.s, Etc: , Etc.

0TT0 KNOLL,
236 East 77th Street, NEW YORK CITY.
FOR RE:FBRBNCBS APPLY TO CAMI!RA NOTES.
J. Hauff's Famous 'til 'til 'til 'til
'til 'til Devel4opers l&l Preparations

' oz. M lb. ~lb. I lb.

METOL ... . . so.75 $2.75 $10.00 METOL CARTRIDGES, box of 6 glass tubes, $0.95
$5.25
ORTOL . . ... .75 2.75 5.25 10.00 ORTOL TUBES, set for 2 solutions .... ...... .35
GLYCIN .... .75 2.75 5.25 JO.OO HYDROKINONE, box of 10 glaas tubes . . . .. .90
ADUROL ... .60 2.30 4.50 8.50 GLYCIN TUBES, box of 10 . .. .......... .. 1.50
PYROL ... . . .30 1.10 2.00 4.00 ADUROL TUBES, box of 10 . ... . . . .. . 1.00
HYDRO )
QUINONR J .25 .80 1.50 3.00 TONING AND FIXING, box of 10 . . . 1.25

ON MODERN
HANDBOOfl I
DEVELOPMENT FREE!

Detached and folded, 10 Inches lon(!:.

~*
~L
~y -. •
)
SIMPLEX FINDER DURANOID FIXING BOX
4 X 5. $2.00 For244x5 or 125x7
CLEAN , CoM PACT, E coNO MICAL

$1.50

H. l&l C.
.Attached to Camera .
MELLEN'S TRIPOD STAY
PRICE $0.75
Gum Bichromate
PAPER.
For Truly Artistic and Absolutely Permanent ~esults.

ENGRAVING BLACK, Per Roll .. ...... ..... ....... ... .......... .. $3.25 Rolls
WARM BLACK, " " . . . . .... . . .. . .. ... . ... . . . .. -. . ... .. . . . 3.25 contain
PORTRAIT RED, " ............ ..... ......... .... .. ..... .. 3.50 5 feet
SEPIA " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50 31 inches
COLOR SELECTION PACKAGES, containing 9 sheets, lOx 12 ... . . .... . 3.00 wide.

25 EAST 13th ST.

G. GEN1~ERT, 'tfl NEW YORK
 COLLINEAR LENSE5- - Ko DAKS FOR HAND CAM-
ERAS, MONTAVKS . P REMOS, AND OTHERS.
Soriu II . f . 5 6 S.riu Ill. f. 7 7.
4 x 5. with No . 3. $55.00 No. 3. $50.00
5 x 7. Ir is. No . 4. 70.00 No. 3a . 60.00
6 !1, x8Yz, S hut ter , No.5 , 85.00 ~l o . 5. 80.00

~~~~~i~~~~~i!!!!!ii!!i!l 8
No 6. 107.50
x 10,No.
For No2. 6, 112.50
and No . 3 Fold P. K. with aut om atic
~~-....,U"f1illll.ii ... ~!..!._ Collinear Ill. No.2. $38.00.

ROSS - GOERZ DOUBLE ANASTIGMATS- F oR H AND CA MER"s

4 x 5, No. I. with Tripier Shutter . $55.00
5 x 7, No . 2 . with Tripier Shutter. 62.50
6 ~ X ay. No . 4, with lr i~ Shu t ter. 86.00
8 x 10, No. 5, with Ir is Shutter·. 102.50

COMPACT DOUBLE EXTENSI ON MONTAUK

Wi th double rack a nd pin ion. reversib le back . double
swi ngs . lon g bellows, telephoto le ns, Unico rn sh utter,
case a nd ho lder on cycl e patte rn.
4 X 5, $3(}.00 5 X 7. $40.00 6 ,V. X BY. . $50.00

LONG FOCUS REVERSIBLE BACK

MONTAUK
Front and back bed. double springs,
reversible back. double bellows, ri.sing.
front, side shift. rack and pinion .
4 X 5, $40.00 5 X 7. $!50.00
6Yz X 8)~, 60.00 8 X 10. 70.00

T HE ETON CAMERA
A handsomely polished a nd fi nished tripod
c amera, most compact and having all
ad jus tments.
5 X 7, $28.00 8 X 10. $38.{)0
6Yz X BY.. 33.00 JJ X 14 . 50.00

25 EAST 13th ST.

G. GENNERT, 'Ill NEW YORK.
 Admiration and Prizes
.... un usily be won by usin~ ....

VOIGTlANDER. & SON'S

--FAMOUS= = -

Portrait Eurysco~e lenses

(Suiu II., Ill., and IV.)

which an positively un~ualcd for artistic

portraiture.
Send for price-lists and other information
to the sole American ag~nts,

Coaly, Bocton, Mua.

BENJ. FRENCH & CO.,
(WW Armmonc, Operator.)
BOSTON, MASS.

Walpole Granular
Walpole Pea Crystal
ORIGINAL

WALPOLE
HYPO
RELIABLE

Walpole Chemical Co.

W.IILPOLE
M .liS S.
 Frederic Colburn Clarke,
Meml:er of the Camera Cub, N . Y.

PHOTOGRAPHER.

The A CUSTOMER in a well -known

studio th e other day refu sed to
believe that tw o mounted prints were
Lady's from the same negative. One she
thought "was twice as good a s the
other."
The ·'good one" was mounted on
Choice our Rembrandt card, the other on a
small er, smoo th card made by an-
other manufacturer. Otherw ise th ey
were exactly alike.
This lady would doubtless hav e
prefe rred the well-mounted picture at
A.M. a much higher price-and that is j ust
the poi nt of thi s advertisement.
COLLINS The public taste is right-it is the
mount that makes the picture-and
MFG. CO. the pict ure makes the photographer's
income.
COLLINS ::\10UNTS make th e
finest pictures in the world.
52 7 Arch Street I s your income large enough ?
PHILADELPHIA.
 Photogravures, Halftones
in Monochrome and Color;
High-grade Printing;
Catalogues, etc., etc.

Photochrome
Engraving Co.~
For s&mples see tfu~
162-166 Leonarcl Street,
lUustraHons of
"Ca.mera 8(otes.' '' ..••. NEW YORK CITY.

W,lng ap 1546-18/h. I t:tt!;.~~

Don't Have Orden will be cfdivered within

v •• fogged Plates an hour at the CAMHRA CLUB.

CHAS. H. LOEBER,
J2 East J7th St., New York.
•
Platinotype Paper, Plata of aU Grada.
Everything for Prorreuive Worken.
Everything F reah 1 Lowest Prkea 1
•
Uptown Afency for Folmer & Schwfnr.

Nicholson's AdJuJtabt~ COLO~ PHOTOG~JIPHY.

Lens Shade REFLEX CAMERAS..•..

Can be attached to any Camera or Kodak. Shades
the lens from the rays of the sun a nd other s trong or do not take pictures in natural colors,
reflected li'ht. Made on scicntilfic principles, pre- but they are the only cameras which
vents halauon a nd fog; can be attached or removed show the true picture-right size and ri~ht
in an instant.
side up-and enable you to focus to the
N..-. t. O.C..Or, 1....... ud J' ....IIJIII Wri. moment of eJtposut'fl.
Sold bl all photo material dealen, or mailed on
receipt o price, SOc:.
Reflex Focal Plane Shutter supplied-
fastest in the world.
Our book is of unusual interest.
THE JACKSON LENS SHADE CO. Sent Free.
Station H. JACI<SON, MICH.
REFLEX CJIMERJI COMPANY,
OTHI!R SIZI!S MAO!! TO ORDER, Yonlrers, N. Y.
Bullard Cameras
35 Different Styles 'tl'
From $10 to $60 each .

Including the:::: ::
•••
LONO FOCUS BULLARD
FOLDINO BULLARD
CYCLE FOLDINO BULLARD
SEPARABLE CYCLE MAOAZINE BULLARD
FOLDINO CYCLE MAOAZINE BULLARD
FIXED FOCUS OROUND OLASS MAOAZINE BULLARD
LONO FOCUS SEPARABLE CYCLE MAOAZINE BULLARD
The BULLARD CAMERAS arc fitted with Symmetrical,
Achromatic and Special Symmetrical Lenses, Double V alvc Shutters,
Rising, Falling and Sliding Fronts, Single and Double Swing Backs,
Rack and Pinions, Brilliant Finders, Plate Holder Adapters, Automatic
Swinging Ground Glass and Fold-Ground Glass, Special Plate Holders
and Leather Carrying Cases.
The MAGAZINE BULLARDS arc light, compact, and accommo-
date t2 to t8 Plates without the usc of extra plate holders. Just the
camera for short or extended tours•

•••
Trade Agents

E. & H. T. Anthony & Co.

122 & 124 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.
 THESE!!
NON-HALATION PLATES, Douhle Coated.
CJRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE
- .... a....,.o PLATES, Blaclr. Tones.
CJRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE PLATES, G. B. P.R.,
1
• Protfadng GRBEN, CJJROWN, PURPLE anti RED %nes.
PYROX, Th.e New 'De<oeloper. Pacftages, 10 cents, 20 cents
ant! 75 cents.
SULPHITE SODA,. Pure. CARBONATE SODA, Pure.

Senti for cop:y of SEED "lMe4NUAL" anti Price List.

-----:til. cA. Seed Dr::; Plate Compan::;.

Eastn1an's Bromide
Lantern Slide Plates
Give the brilliant high-lights, delicately
graded half tones and transparent
shadows 'Which are so highly valued by
the best lantern slide workers.
They allow of great latitude in exposure
and can be developed with any good
developer except Pyro.

L:::::::::~:=M~~
 Ma11u/aclur~r oj .
CEO. F OF,
-------Fine Frames.
Works of Art Framed with Artistic Judgment.
4 Clinton Place (Eighth Street) Near Broadway.

~\\\ fl p\o.~e. ~b. ~u.s~ on.. O.ot\t Ot\ 0\.1.1' l\t\u\~~~ ve lu·.
lob" ~y\&4-,5o I l'o.\~~~QI\,1tJ,

''AJNGELO ''
PLATll"JUM PAPER.
Is Sold on its Merits.
Compare them with any others 010 the market. and convince yoursrlf by the results that "A:\" ·
GELO" has quali t ies far superior to any other paper of its kin d.
Ou r NOBRAC is the latest and tlhe BEST OF ALL, s peciall y m a nufactured for ARTISTI C
AND HIGH·GRADE WORK.
\Ve sell direct whore Trust dea l•ers d o n ot carry o ur goods in stock, and pay postage or ex -
pressage on all o rde rs fo r this paper from consumers.
JPR.ICE LIST OF
••ANGELCt•• PLATINUM PAPER..
"ANGE LO." "ANGELO."
R o ugh a n d Smooth. "~HlBRA C." SIZE. R o ugheradnodzSenm.ooth . "NOBRAC."
STZE . Per dozen. Per dozen. P Per Dozen.
J 0 X 3 0 .. . . ....... . $O.JO $0.35 6 X 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.25 I. SO
3 J4 X 4 J4 . ..... . ... ·. .JO ·35 6 0 X 8 0 · · · · ·. · · · · · . 1.25 1. 7 5
4 X 5 ············ .50 ·55 7 X 9 1. 50 2 . 00
J >i x 5 0 (Cabi net ) .. ·55 .60 8 x 10 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.85 2 . 50
3 l4 x 6)4.... .. .... .. ·5 5 .6o 10 x 1 2 • • . • .. • . . • . • 2.8o 3-so
4 l4 x s 0 ........ ... . .6o .6s " x 14 ...•...•. . 3-75 4-50
4 J4 X 6 V, ......... . .. .70 ·75 14 X 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.00 7-00
4 X 70..... . ...... -75 .So 16 X 20 . . • • .. • . . . • . 7.00 B. so
5 x 7 . . . . .. . . . . . . .so .Ss 20 x 26 .. . . .. . . .. . . 1o.oo J I. SO
5 x 8 ............ ·95 1.00 Per s heet. Per s he<!.
s0 x 714 (Pa ri s Panel) 1. 25 1.3 5 zo x 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . .Ss r. oo
Fu ll size Roll, zo in s. wide by 26 ft. lo ng, eq u al to o ne d o zen .zo x .z6 ~ h ee t s . .... . . $ro.o o
"Angelo," Sepia S o luti o n (6 oz. bott le) . .. . ........ ... . ....... . ... ... . ... .. ... . . .. . ... . r.oo
"Angelo" Developer ( 1 lb . package) ...... .. ......... ... . . . . . .............. .. .. .. . . . . . ·45
"Angelo " Developer ( 1/, It). packag")...... . ...... . . ... . . . . .. . .. . ... . . .!5
.! 5 per cent. Di scount from th is l ist .
122-124 Fifth Avenue,
E. ®. H. T. AN1rHONY ®. CO., NEW YORK ,
Solie Trade Agents.
 Rotograph Made in Five

IILoaav.
Grades .
..,
MATT.

Paper....... . a. Thin.
b. Thick.
c. Thin, Smooth.
d. Thick, Smooth.
e. Thin, ~ough.

"Rotograph" Paper
is a regular Bromide of Silver Paper, exposed usually by
artificial light and developed in the dark room, the same as
a dry plate or film.

"Rotograph" fluality.
It is quality that counts and Rotograph quality is the
•• Standard of Excellence. "

"Rotograph" Economy.
Compare these prices :
Other Rotograph " Rotocraph"
Size. Bromides. All Grades. Saving,
----
4 X5 o. 25 o. 20 25%
Cab. 0.25 0.20 25%
5 X7 o.J5 O.JO 17%
8 X 10 o.8o 0,70 H%
II X 14 1.6o 1.40 14%
20 X 14 4.8o 4.20 t4'7o

"Rotograph" Samples.
In 4 x 5 size, including all our grades of paper, as well as
sample prints on glossy and smooth surface, will be for-
warded to any address on receipt of xo cents.

Do not be led utray by your dealer H he recommencla a substitute. He

would handle Rotograpb if he da.,ed. H be baa not got it, aend your
order dmct and we Will delfvu free of ~ charge. if corred amount.
aa per reviled price u.t of January 8, Ia forwardecl with the order. z::::::

''Roto~ufi'"ph,''
0' U B. ~USSEGGER,
Selling .llgent,

101 Fifth Avenue, New York.

 Actien-Gesellschaft jfur Anilin-Fabrikation, Berlin, S. 0.
Phc,tographlo Department.
Maoufacturcra of

AMIDOL, Patent
Developer.
AMIDOL is supplied i111 the form of fine sparkling httle crystals.
AMIDOL is a quick and powerful developer bringing out all details
and giving 1~ood density. The chief characteristic of this
devE'lopeo: is its power in conjunction with Sodium Sulphite
without th1' addition of other alkalies.
The bad ejlfects of a strong alkali such as Potassium Carbon-
ate or Caustic Potash, whether it be on the operators' bands
or on the delicate sensitive material, is therefore avoided.
AMIDOL ranks in a premier position for developing Bromide paper
gidng excelllent gradations and the deep blue black deposit
1"1
_..
so much sout~ht after. without stain.
1 oz. 4 oz. 8oz. 16 oz •
-,.::
$ 0.75 2.75 5.25 10.00 0
<C
z AMID(]~L, ready for use, 02
c C)
In Cartridges or Glass Tubes. 1"1
0
a: Per box of ten, giving each ::aoo ccm. solution, $1.50. 2
To Tourlst!1 and others these cartridges form a simple and
reliable method of making up a developer ready for imm"diate
use, each simply requiring dissolution in seven ounces of water.
Note the quantllt y of solution made when comparing prices.

Pamphlet on Developers ,2d edition 1900)

containing In 20 page:s detailed dac:rlptlon and inatructloca for uae
FREE: OK A.PPLICA.TJON
through all dealus or through the followlnr Importers:
E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO.,
122and 124 Fifth Avenue, 17th and 18th Streets, New York
MALLlNCKRODT CHEMICAL WORKS,
St. Louis, Mo., and CJO William Street, New York.
THE SCOVILL & ADAI\IIS CO., OF NEW YORK,
3 and 5 West 19th Street, New York.
UNITED STATES PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLY CO.,
57 East 9th Street, New York.

l;DlO BY Rll DE8lEBS.

 SPECIAL
OFFER ... A ~A~E
OPPO~TUNITY
..au.

FOR S./ILE-0~ Booklover'a "India Copy" (Edition limited to ten) of

" Camera Nota," Volume IV., bound In half leather, leava
uncut and untrimmed • • • • Price, $25.00

Addrcu Twelve copla of Volume IV., aa publbbed, uncut and untrimmed,

Mana,gu •• Editor J:ound In cloth and stamped In rold with the Camera Club
£a•tra seal • • • • • Price per volume, each $JO.OO
Dotts •••
3 WEST 29th ST. A few copln of Volumta I., II. and m., bound, may alao be
NEW YORK had • • • • • • Price upon application

American Pictorial Photography.

•••• SERIES U ••••

I Portfolio ~~!~tniJ!tEigbteen Photogravures

EDITION UMITED to J50 COPIES

MAY BE HAD BY SENDING .11 .11 .11 .11 .11 .11 .11

CJ"EN DOLLARS
\ To "Camera Notes," 3 West Twenty-ninth Street, N. Y. City.
I
I • •

1 A (& copies of the porlfolio, ••AMERICAN PICTORIAL

1
PHOTOGRAPHY, Series I," still to be haci.-CJ"en Dollars each.
l
THE FIRST ADEQUATE BOOK ON THE NEW PHOTOGRAPHY.

B:Y
PHOTOtJR.IJPHY Charles H .
.IJS .IJ FlrNE .IJI{T Caftin.

With about 100 illustrations from the best work of

Alfred Stieglitz. Gertrude Kasebier. Frank Eugene.
Joseph T. Keiley, Rudolf Eickemeyer. Jr .. Clarence
White. and other famous photographers.
Size, 1 }l x10 ;1 . Pages about 250. Blndlng cloth.. Price, $3.00 net.
l1rCut this out and mall to us with $3.00.

DOUBLEDAY . .,AGE & CO. , 34 UNION SQuARE, NEW YoRK.

Please find enclosed thl'ee dollars ($3.00) , for which send me postp:lid one copy
Gaffin's "PHOTOGRAPHY AS A FINE ART."
Name _____________________________
________________ !WI Address _____________________
CAMERA NOTES, OCTOBER.

ILL US TIU\ TED HINTS

FOR

HEALTH AND

STRENGTH
FOR BUSY PEOPLE
BY
ADRIAN PETER SCHMIDT
Publlabed by tile Autbor
167 WEST 57th STREET
Oppoalte Cam~e Hall

HE above book contains v alu·

T able suggestions as to Physical
Culture f ur busy people. embody-
ing as it does an intelligible and
concise prtosentation of excellent
methods of rational physical cul-
ture taught by the author in bi!l
instttute, and by which all who
havt: studied undtr him have pro-
fited.
Handsomely Bound, 8vo,
COPYRIGHTED I QOI, BY A. P. SCH MI DT
PRICE $1.50
VOL.V. No.2
I
- ----

Volume V, No. 2
FRUITS OF THE EARTH
By Gertrude Kasebier
(New York)

Reproduced with the kind permission

of Doubleday, Page & Co.
Copyrighted 1 900
 CAMERA NOTES
VOLUME V OCTOBER, 1901 NUMBER 2

EDJTUI AND MANAOKD BY AL..IU!D STU!OLITZ. EDITORIAL ASSOCIATl!S : JOSI!PH T. KI!ILI!Y,

DALLarr Fuoui!T, JoHN FRANCIS STRAuss, CHARLI!S W. STI!YKNS, AND Wu. F. HAPGOOD.
Issuw Qu.Aim!RLY AT THI! CAIU!RA CLUB, No. 3 Wr:sr Twi!NTY-NINTH STRI!I!T, NEW YoRJt

Portraiture as Art.
"Why can't a painter lift each foot in turn,
Left foot and right foot. go a double step,
Make his flesh liker and his soul more like,
Both in their order? Take 'the prettiest face,
The Prior's niece . . . patron saint-is it so pretty
You can't discover if it means hope. fear,
Sorrow or joy? won't beauty go with these?
Suppose I've made her eyes all right and blue,
Can't I take breath and try to add life's flash,
And then add soul and heighten them threefold?
Or say there's beauty with no soul at all-
( I never saw it-put the case the same-)
If you get simple beauty and naught else,
You get about the best thing God invents:
That's somewhat: and you'll find the soul you have missed,
Within yourself. when you return him thanks."
-Robert Brouo11ing.

T HE resthetic truth, and therefore the strength of a good portrait, lies in the
fact that it is an illuminative statement of a human entity-some would
think they meant more if they called it an illuminated human document. Reynolds
and Lessing classed portraiture rather low amongst the forms of pictorial art; just
as pure landscape, unadulterated by ge11re, has been looked down on. Such has
usually been the tendency. If you would create high art, say the academicians.
follow the ideals of the old masters ; practise the classical and historical for the
grand style. Nevertheless, Sir Joshua and many other gifted artists made their
fame by portrait-painting. This may have been due in part to the need of gain-
ing a livelihood, for many men of wealth have been patrons of the portrait-
painters, who would not have given commissions for allegorical or historical
works. So that as a profession portrait-painting has been by far the most remu-
nerative form of art. But to judge from the historical works left us by various
notable portrait-painters, it is doubtful if the world in many instances lost much
because they devoted themselves mostly to portraiture. I mean that there is no
greater genius, and no great heightening of style, perceptible in those de-
partures from their customary form of art, which they purposed to be their great
works.
Can it be that painters of not very long ago, in the history of art, could not
realize how thoroughly a 'portrait can express the genius of its maker? But
there are other causes for the higher esteem, as art, in which portraiture is now
held by many. It is but lately that man has taken so great an interest in man; so
that now any powerful expression of the purely human note in art receives an
entirely new attention. And this is whol~y apart from any interest in the nota-
bility of the sitter; a portrait of an unknown by Frans Hats may be more interest-
 CAMERA NOTES.

ing to some than a monarch by Vandyke. Herein, as in many other ways, has
the new science influenced and broadened the scope of art. For this we are
mainly indebted to Darwin, and the anthropologists and sociologists who have
labored under the impetus he gave to thought. But it is not yet true that all hold
portraiture in as high esteem as other forms of art. Such a consummation is
hindered mainly by a certain set of portrait-painters themselves-by those who
are merely the makers of likenesses. These painters are mostly foreigners, who
bring over to dazzle us the latest tricks of the present highly-developed tech-
nique. They come to supply the demand of persons who labor under the delu-
sion that these foreigners are far superior to our own painters, and who desire
portraits, but cannot tell the vital difference between a true portrait and a painted
simulacrum.
There are some who question whether it is possible to make of the ordinary
person a portrait that is both a truthful likeness and is also interesting as a work
of art; but the humanitarian movement has aided in this. Moreover, who is to
be judge of the likeness; the unobserving and untrained relative or friend, or the
delineator who has made this his occupation because he has special aptitude for
it? Suppose that he does see more than the ordinary observer, who usually
thinks little and knows less of the true individuality of those he associates with
most closely, is that any reason why all that the artist sees is not really there and
that it is not to be put in a true portrait? How absurd are many of the usual
objections and criticisms of those who are untrained, as to likeness, color and
line. Instead of setting themselves up to judge, they should sit humbly at the
feet of the painter, for something can usually be learned from his work, in por-
traiture as well as in landscape. He is a specialist ; the rest of us are not. He
has probably taken into consideration much that
the world's coarse thumb
And finger failed to plumb,
So passed in making up the main account :
All instincts immature,
All purposes unsure,
That weighed not as his work, yet swelled the man's amount:"
\Vhat a person is, and even what he could never be, is seen by the great artist,
who makes "each face obedient to its passion's law," for the artist as well as the
poet is a seer; although he is more restricted by his material form of expression.
There are many artists even who would call such doctrine as rank transcenden-
talism as Browning's. But the artist has a logical basis for his interpretations of
character, as physical attributes and mental traits are intricately interrelated and
to a great extent condition each other. A physician of long experience assured
me that he could judge a person's disposition and much of his or her mental and
moral nature from the physique.
To stop here and consider photographic portraiture is not necessary. The
analogies are easily followed out; the conclusions as to the general condition of
things are not very inspiriting. There is unlimited room for improvement. I
prefer to let my readers develop their own notions on the subject: the more espe-
cially as I can bring together here all the ideas I have gradually collected, while
8o
 PORTRAITURE AS ART.

sticking to the pleasanter subject of paintin~ The applications and implications

are clear enough, so there is no need to follow them out in print. CAMERA
NoTEs' articles are not meant to be cryptic; but the desire is to suggest thought,
and not to teach by demonstration.
I read somewhere last winter a note of criticism on a portrait-painter's exhi-
bition. The critic partly followed out a distinction well recognized in literary
criticism, when he said that there were three kinds of artists who painted por-
traits. As I recall them, his three divisions were about as follows. First there
are rare men of genius who grasp the inner likeness of the sitter and who paint
not only the externals but interpret also that which makes a true portrait. They
put in, by those indefinable touches that show the great artist, a synthesis of the
sitter's traits; they make his person express his personality. Second come those
artists not equal fully to accomplishing the highest form of portrait work, but
who make a conscientious attempt, and often partially succeed. Finally come
those who see and aim. to render only externals-line, color and chiaroscuro; and
to whom flesh is but flesh, a texture, just as cloth is but cloth.
Of three works of fine art, an historical composition, a landscape, and a por-
trait, why should the last-named be considered the lowest form? That we re-
gard the human being as the highest form of life, and therefore the most inter-
esting, proves nothing here. In all cases in high art we have the expression of
humanity. A hundred years ago, before science had begun so exhaustively and
inspiringly to study man and nature, historical painting was, rightly or wrongly,
considered to give by far the greatest scope for the imagination. That sort of
painting may well be called semi-objective-the painter gives us his idea of what
the scene, characters or action may have been. In the high forms of landscape,
such as were attained, for instance, by the Barbizon-Fontainebleau school, and
lately have been approached by our American landscape school, the painter uses
nature to express himself-his own sensations and feelings entirely. But in the
portrait he endeavors to express another individuality--or at least, his idea of it.
In other words, good landscape is subjective painting, and good portraiture is
objective. In literature all three forms of art-expression are easily recognized,
as the epical, the lyrical and the dramatic. All are highly esteemed, but as the
purely objective form in perfection is the rarest of all gifts, it is most highly
valued. \Vhen we question why the best subjective and the best objective
makers in graphic art do not stand in the same relative rank in estimation-as
for instance, the lyrical and epical Spenser does to the dramatic Shakespeare-
we are forced to conclude that it must be because the objective painter has a
limited subject, while the dramatic literary worker is bound only by the inner
truth of things.
Such a conclusion brings us to the point formerly discussed by another
writer in CAMERA KoTES: that a man cannot be both a great artist and a portrait
painter, because as the average sitter is not strikingly interesting, an artist will
sacrifice likeness to artistic originality. \Vithout going into a discussion of the
matter. I think that this objection is counterbalanced by the fact that genius can
see and show to us as by a flash of inspiration, what an ordinary mortal but half
comprehends and cannot convey to us by the most laborious efforts.
8!
 CAMERA NOTES.

Perhaps portrait art fails of the highest standard because it is so very diffi-
cult to do the best work, while it is only too easy to do poorly. Few artists can
be entirely objective in their creations. Few can so read another's character,
and so throw themselves into another's personality, as to interpret them well:
while it is infinitely less difficult to treat the sitter as one would an inanimate
object and so depict merely externals. That is why and where portrait-painting
fails and finally falls to a very low phase ; even until it is undertaken and carried
on by those not only without real objective gifts, but even without· subjective
abilities, as a trade always in demand. Then we have thrust upon us pretty
work; smooth, careful or peachy work. Or else we have painting often of great
knowledge and skill, so that it is called "valuable for a superlative technique" by
those who would say something kind, or who do not know that the product of the
greatest skill in the world is not really superlative technique unless it is used to
convey a noble emotion; just as the greatest rhetoric is only sounding words, and
not oratory, unless it expresses a good idea. DALLETT Fl'GVET.
+ + +
Art Education of the Photographer.
IN a preceding paper attention was drawn to the situation of the professional
photographer who finds old ideals vanishing, and the public demanding
newness, freshness, individuality in photographic portraiture.
We may frankly go one step further and say that photography is passing
through a crisis. Is it to be hampered by a conservatism that ignores the situ-
ation and fails to respond to the higher demand? What is at stake is public
opm1on. If photography remains the child of recipe and the victim of pure
commercialism, this restricted scope and ambition will be accepted by the pub-
lic as the affirmed limitation. If photography takes unto itself the higher qual-
ities of expression, and makes its own an art foundation, its future will he
serious, and its effect upon the public will be impressive.
Whether photography is or is not capable of art must not remain a ques-
tion. The public must be made to feel the profession's capacity for and em-
bodiment of art, and all doubt as to these must he dispelled. The confidence
and respect of the people is to be established.
Under present circumstances such a needed condition of affairs is impr>s-
sible. To-day all is confusion. We read our periodicals on photography and
are amazed at the perversion of art terms, qualities, truths and historical ref-
erences. For instance. the term Rembrandtesque is used to describe a photo-
likeness having a rather light back-ground, supporting a face and hust kept
dark with a high light profile. To this absurdity is appended a treatise on
lighting. defending the treatment. In these same periodicals, when art is ad-
mitted as a convenience or urged as a necessity it is never considered or treated
as a cohesive whole, but it is presented in fragments as topics for the month.
The mind addressed is confused. And for the reason that unsatisfactory frag-
ments are not conducive to real comprehension the reader is irritated. and after
years of this kind of experience art to him becomes a total mystery. He would
rid itself of it if human instinct permitted its elimination.
82
 ART EDUCATION OF THE PHOTOGRAPHER.

It follows that world-wide as this deficient manner of art-dissemination at

present is, there has resulted a confusion of ideas and aims among the rank and
file. No common ground exists upon which all can meet, and there is an inability
to grow together, to write the triumphs of the individual's efforts for the com-
mon good. The public is proportionately slow to give its confidence to the pro-
fession.
Art to-day is cosmopolitan ; photography is no less so. In art every country
contributes to and gives color to each year's birth of new ideas. Modern facili-
ties for transportation bring the products of the world's art to our doors. Our
minds, in common with those of people the world over, feed upon the same
material. Oriental art is affected by our realism ; Occidental art has gained new
life by absorbing the principles that are embodied in the traditions of the
East. Out of this fusion our taste is formed, and is advanced by our power to
penetrate deeper. Present-day art, therefore, has not the limited nature peculiar
to art in the beginning of the past century. Its principles to-day grow out of its
expanded, worl9-wide material.
And yet those who attempt to instruct in photography go back chiefly to the
English school of the beginning of the nineteenth century. Burnet's Essays are
quoted promiscuously, although these essays were the outcome of the study of a
limited field of the Dutch genre and portrait art, at that time in strongest public
favor. Art since that day has seen innumerable changes and new influences. Its
whole mode of reasoning has undergone change. Our photographs must feed
the modern mind ; how can they do it on past-century methods?
Hardly more helpful are the lectures by the great academicians of England,
for reasons similar to those just cited. Besides, art cannot be taught by mere
discourses. Pictures grow out of pictures that are painted, drawn or photo-
graphed, but not out of word pictures. \Vords are only a help when the picture
is before us. Not every artist can teach, and therefore schools are established so
that the young may have the advantage of the instruction from those especially
fitted for it.
The true instructor sees the whole fabric of all the arts. He deduces prin-
ciples fundamental to them, and so presents them to his followers that they in
turn may hold the key to unlock the treasures of nature, and may practice with
success.
The large truths and their evolution come first into consideration. The
relation of the arts to each other and their use to man follow. Finally comes the
consideration of the developments possible to the technique peculiar to a special-
ized branch.
Photography should grow out of the latter, evolving a system that would
give hackbone to the profession. Thus far it has been treated as if it should
finally develop into oil-painting. How inconsistent! Photography frankly is a
new tool and we must see how much can be done with it. Oil-technique is centu-
ries old. and is not yet exhausted. Photography promises a similar long-lived-
ness. Its life is but begun. It needs the school in which to learn and a temple of
ideals at which to worship. True inwardness, soul, art. will result, and the
people's heart will be touched. OTTo WALTER BEcK.
83
 Influences.
T HERE are two sides to every question, and to some problems there are
many apparent solutions. The proneness of photographers to imitate, or
their susceptibility to new influences, may be as much a testimony to the vitality
which photography as a whole possesses, as it may also be regarded as an in-
dication of a want of strong and definite purpose on the part of those prac-
tising it.
Photography altogether, and especially that phase of it in which the motive
is resthetic and the aim the making of a picture, is perhaps too young to have
developed any very broad principles for its own guidance, and hence it borrows
from the older arts. It takes painting or etching as its standard of excellence
and schools its votaries in the doings and thoughts of artists. Having little
foundation of its own, it is readily led by each passing attraction, and looking
no deeper than the surface, thinks to find in each beckoning influence true guid-
aflce to better things.
There is ever present an endeavor to find a royal road to success, a never-
failing prescription whereby we may make our photography an artistic expres-
sion of our own ideas; which is precisely the thing no rule or prescription can
ever give us. A new method or material is used by someone with success, and
however characteristically independent we may be, or however resolved not to
be led by fashion or craze, rarely indeed does it happen that within a few weeks
we are not all trying the same method-only striving for conscience sake to use
it in a slightly different way.
If by deliberate intent we invent a convenient device, or chance upon some
means or method, we easily fall into the way of advising others to follow our
lead, in much the same spirit as though we said "Try my patent panacea."
True, our art critics tell us to try all means, experiment with all processes,
so that we may find what will most readily yield that which we require. Such
advice is good if followed with discretion. But whilst we are hesitating upon
which road to take, trying a few steps first on one and then on another, might
we not push ahead by sticking to the path we are already in, for after all do the
ends attained by gum, glycerine, stale platinotype, ozotype, and the rest differ
in essentials? Fogged or spoilt platinotype paper may yield the low-tinted. mel-
low appearance that some prefer, yet is it not a merit in itself but only as it
helps an individual to realize his ideas, whereas it would be useless to another,
except in so far as he intended to imitate the appearance of some of Mr. Holland
Day's prints.
The obliteration of parts of the image and the differentiation of colours
obtained so charmingly by glycerine development is but a manner of breaking
down the over-completeness and monotony of the photographic print. It adds
little to the individual's power of expressing an ideal. A gum print will not
be mistaken for a platinotype, nor will a pencil drawing be taken for one with
pen and ink, yet the one is not so immeasurably superior, in its power of ex-
pression, to the other. Even the most advanced and enlightened of photog-
raphers using the camera for artistic ends still allows method and process to
occupy too important a place in his thoughts.
8.4
 INFLUENCES.

The processes which will most attract the pictorial worker are those which
seem to offer the greatest power of elimination or suppression, and of emphasis.
Without the latter there can be no true art. Yet a process judged by and
adopted on account of another man's successful practice is as dangerous as fire
in a child's hands. Using more or less for the same purpose a means chosen
by another, and that other being, as all photographers are, not sufficiently free
from the interest he feels in his process, and therefore to some extent obedient to
it, there will inevitably be something more than a mere taint of imitation in
the result.
This is what has always happened, and still occurs in photographic work.
It is either rough paper, or printing through silk, substituting a pinhole for a
lens, printing in pigmented gum partly insoluble, hence easily removed in
places, working on the back of the negative, print development by a brush, and
all the host of recommendations that have come since men began to see that
the almost automatic image made by the photographic process left something
to be wished for. All these things are in a way but extensions of the mechanical
process, and are not only utterly vain, unless employed with a full knowledge
of what in each case they are required to do, but may be destructive of indi-
viduality.
We indulgently speak of the influence of the American school, the influence
of Robinson"s, Annan's, or Demachy's works. But it is to be doubted whether
the evidence of influence is not in reality an unconscious imitation, the result of
employing a process in too passive obedience to the course that process most
easily takes.
Having referred to the influence of the American photographs, may I en-
large on this for a moment. Since the London Exhibitions of last Autumn there
is evident everywhere the result of their example, but it is chiefly in the direction
of imitating the style of mounting and in a more fearless disregard for some of
the time-honored traditions as to pose, lighting, and so on. I doubt very much
if-except, perhaps, in some very rare instances-the lesson which they might
have taught has been grasped. I am not yet quite certain whether it is in the
power of those prints to convey to photographers in a different country and
with an entirely different environment what the makers themselves felt.
To begin with, is it not a fact that in the photographs which take our
fancy and really please us there is a very great deal due to "style," manner,
even to mounting and framing-all of which things can be imitated. \Vere we
to take a Rembrandt and set it in a whimsical Japanese frame it would not be
mistaken for a Whistler; but an average photograph set up in the manner
which we have come to associate with the newer pictorial workers in America,
would evoke the remark, "Here's one of those American prints."
Not only the fashion of the mount, but the choice of the model, the scheme
of lighting, the composition, and especially perhaps the texture, surface and
color, are all matters which one may easily copy from another. Having done
so, too often it must be admitted that there is little choice between the original
and the imitation ; and if the really fine work can be so nearly equalled by imi-
tating it or acting under its influence, does it not go to show that even in the
ss
 CAMERA NOTES.

photography of our leading men too much is derived from mere execution, and
the trickery of nice manners?
And so to-day one sees everywhere photographs of a pictorial merit which
one would have felt inclined to regard as masterpieces a few years ago. It is
not easy to describe them, but the chief characteristics are a general suppres-
sion of sharpness and an absence of unnaturally white high lights scattered
hither and thither, a general softness and harmony, and for color a pleasant
brown or warm black. It is as though the photographers of ten _years ago had
been to a training college in some great city and learned to speak softly and
demean themselves with graceful deportment and good manners. \Ve shall
find that they have learned this polished behavior by watching, imitating, and
being influenced by certain masters as models.
It falls to my lot during each month to handle hundreds of photographs
made by what I may call the average amateur, and whereas a few years ago
prints of the kind I have described were rare, now they are present in each
parcel and competition by scores and fifties. They are due to the influence
of a few leaders, and are unconscious imitations of those good manners and
cultured exteriors which depend mainly on mere method and material.
Little wonder then that these imitations lack the power to give full and
deep satisfaction, but are shallow, and of only ephemeral interest.
I shall be content if this article does no more than suggest to a few of its
readers that it is not sufficient for the attainment of artistic merit that our
photographs possess an astonishing resemblance to drawings or etchings. Neither
ill the pictorial side advanced by the fact that in our photography we have
learned so far to gain mastery over the mechanical, that the mechanic, if with-
out taste, judgment, or feeling, could not do the like. More than this is re-
quired for art-though truly even these things are pleasant, and are welcome
for that reason alone.
It might be an instructive exercise if on being confronted with a really
pleasing pictorial photograph we were first to try and trace the derivation or
influence to which its various characteristics are due; to say the color and sur-
face texture are due to so and so, the character of the subject after Mr. X., the
diffusion and softness reminds one of Mr. Z., and is probably due to his ex-
ample, whilst the composition is quite a Ia P. or Q. And then what is there
left? Stripped of its civilized clothes, shorn of its polish and fashionable man-
ners, what of heart or soul or great intention has it?
Does it help us to see beauty in some phase of nature where we had not be-
fore thought to find it; does it start the imagination on a new quest, or give us
even a passing enjoyment when otherwise the world would have been to us
void and insipid? "Picture-making" is a clumsy expression, and perhaps is all
too typical of the class-namely, photographers-by whom it seems to have
been invented. It betrays the fact that with most the making of the picture is
of more importance than its conceptio11; and that the photograph itself, and not
the ideas which it may create, are the object of the producer's efforts.
With so facile a means as photography almost any one can make a picture,
especially if he has in some one else's work a pattern and guide. But how few
86
CIT ADEL-WURZBURG
From a "Gum" Print

By Benjamin Sharp
(Philaddphia)
 INFLUENCES.

intelligibly express a fine impression or tell by graphic means how nature moved
him to beautiful imaginings.
I doubt not that to some who may read this such admonitions are unneces-
sary. All that I can say on such a theme they know full well already. Patiently
and with conscientious endeavor they have been using their photography in
obedience to their own craving for resthetic pleasure, and with a hope of appeal-
ing to the feeling of others by subtle suggestion rather than direct portrayal.
Often shadowy and vague to those to whom photography is interesting as a
process but distasteful as a means of expression, such attempts to appeal to the
imagination and emotions fail to have any effect at all, and seem therefore wholly
superfluous. With by far the majority the satisfaction of animal sensations-
seeing, tasting, hearing, etc., is constitutionally a first impulse. With them any-
thing that is intended to reach the mind, the soul, the heart, through the eyes,
must pay extortionate toll at the gate. The mere pleasure of seeing for the
sake of seeing, which is an insatiable desire, must be appeased.
Somewhat of a voluptuary is the lover of realism, and in principles no less a
sensualist than he whose indulgence debases his finer reason. The ordinary pow-
ers of vision are no longer sufficient to satisfy his lust of seeing and the mag-
nification of the invisibly small and of the invisibly distant is called on to min-
ister to his craving. Nature around him, as usually seen, is no longer enough;
his appetite demands that it shall be seasoned with the spice of stereoscopic relief,
wide-angle comprehensiveness, and exaggerated precision and detail.
"The gates of the soul," some one has called the eyes; but there is then such
a crush at the gate that nothing ever enters, and that ''soul" perishes anon, for
want of nonrishment !
Such, if I have not mistaken him, is the man who wants everything clear,
distinct, and well defined. To him a photograph or anything of a similar nature
is something to be looked at, or it may be it is something to be understood. an-
alysed and dissected. But if he is intolerant of our claims to make the picture
something more, is it quite certain that the earnest pictorial worker is not also
sometimes as impatient with that neighbor whose less active imagination needs
a more direct and palpable appeal?
Does not the enthusiastic pictorial aspirant stand in danger of believing his
own work to possess qualities and power or suggestion which really exist only
in his own mind ? We all regard our own offspring with indulgence, even to
fancying already accomplished our best hopes for the child's future. If '':-.Jone
are so blind as those that will not see,'' be true, it compels the contrariant, that it
is the easier to see that which we wish to be visible. Carried away by the desire
to express something by means of our picture, may it not be that when it is done
we deceive ourselves into the belief that it really does contain the suggestion
we desired; whereas another looking at our work and not having the clue to
its intention, which its creator necessarily possesses, fails to grasp a meaning
which if indicated at all is hinted at in so slight a manner as to escape recogni-
tion.
I recollect not long ago looking at an American exhibition print by a pho-
tographer for many of whose productions I have the highest regard and admira-
 CAMERA J•'/"OTES.

tion, but this one was to me incomprehensible and awakened no response in my

perfectly willing mind. Whilst wondering over it and doubting myself, there
came one to explain. "Isn't that beautiful?:' said he. I hesitated and then con-
fessed my difficulty.
A wan, white face of a woman, the drawn and haggard expression of which
seemed to denote terrible suffering.or reckless dissipation, a slightly indicated
background against which the shoulder and part of the arm were obscurely
shown, and the rest of the figure utter blackness, merging into an equal obscurity
in the surroundings.
Such the picture was to me, and my friend said, "Oh, but can you not feel
instinctively the fullness and roundness of the living form under the simple black
gown; does not the figure seem to palpitate with life?"
Now, when I see a picture which I know to be held of much account by
some, but which does not appeal to me, the attitude I have felt it safer to adopt
is to say to myself: "This may be very fine but I do not understand it. therefore
I am not qualified to condemn it." But here was a picture with an interpreter, and
it set me thinking whether enthusiasm for the work of another, but more espe-
cially absorption in our own, may not really often lead us to see in it qualities
and characters which it does not possess. One may sit in the gloaming and
watch the glowing embers until through our imagination faces, forms and
figures seem to be undeniably there; yet another entering the room sees nothing
but burnt coal. May it not be the same in our higher flights of pictorial pho-
tography? I am suggesting this not by way of reproach, but rather as each
among a company of fellow workers may take counsel of the other.
Say some beautiful scene or subject attracts us, and as we gaze we are
filled with deep feeling, a thrill of pleasure or a sense of wondering admiration.
We proceed to photograph the subject and first see that it is on the plate and in
focus to the degree we think best But how much of the emotion which the
original caused is locked up in the latent image of the plate, to be regenerated
upon its development? To what degree can we expect the reduced black and
white image of the photograph to awaken the same feeling that the original called
up? But, full of the memory of the original, we endeavor to produce a picture
which will express the original impression, until it may well be that the finished
print does seem to be successful and we are conscious once more of the mys-
tery, the repose, or whatever sentiment the scene at first gave us. But in how
many cases is the print not really responsible for this quickening of the feel-
ings? It is really the recollection of the original scene in which we are living
and which, because we are saturated with it, seems now to our too willing
minds to be due to the power of the little picture we have made. To another
who is a stranger to the source of our inspiration the print will be incom-
prehensible. Then we perhaps complain that he has no imagination and wants
everything conventionally plain and simple.
Some such feelings as these have actuated me in my own photographic
work and have perhaps driven me to the opposite extreme. Often when I have
obtained some effect that pleases me and seems to suggest just what I wanted,
I pause and say to myself, "That is all very well for me because I kt!O~i.' l>cfore-
90
 SOME FIRST PRINCIPLES.

hand what I am trying to get; but will it tell the same tale to a stranger-will
it be intelligible to the man who although mainly sympathetic, knows nothing
of the personal motive and to whom, if it is to fulfil its intention, it must there-
fore strike no uncertain note, nor leave him wondering what it is all about?"
By this I don't mean that I require a picture to tell a story or to have a
literary character ; far from it. But if it aim at giving mere ;esthetic pleasure it
must possess just so much obvious meaning that the enquiry as to what it is
and what it is not, should never arise to disturb the enjoyment. On the other
hand, if the intention of the picture is to appeal to the emotions and move them
through beautiful or harmonious forms and tones, then we must be quite sure
that the picture really does possess this power and that our ardent wish is not
crediting it with the powers we hope for.
Is it not a fact that, influenced by the work of someone else which we have
admired, we ourselves produce something without perhaps any very distinct
purpose ; and after it is done we are very pleased with ourselves, because it so
well suggests the grey light of dawn or the soft haze of evening? Or if it be a
human figure, we point with pride to the fine suggestion of lithe and graceful
youth or the fuller curves and richer elegance of maturity. vVe do not admit
even to ourselves that these suggestions are here chiefly by chance and were not
deliberately and persistently sought and intended. Such qualities redound no
more to our credit and are no more truly artistic than is the accidental excellence
of a haphazard snap-shot; and because these qualities are accidental and their
manifestation not the crowning development of sustained effort, it is more than
likely that they do not really exist to the degree that we think they do. The ideas
are in us, some recollection which the print before us happens to awaken ; but if
I understand the matter aright, art should actually create new emotions and not
serve as a short-hand note to remind us of some past incidents without which
the present picture has no direct relationship.
Influence which results in the imitation of a style or manner is a thing to
be dreaded, because its results often appear so nearly like the original that the
spurious safely masquerades in the garb of the genuine; and in photography at
least the bolder and less conventional a departure, the more easy is it passingly
well to imitate it. So by way of a word of warning to my fellow traveller in the
way, I would say: think twice and three times before you forsake the particular
path you are treading, the method you are employing, or the effects or aims you
are seeking. However good or attractive some new school seems, be quite sure
that you have exhausted the possibilities of your own way before allowing the
newer example to influence you. A. HoRsr.Ev HINTON.

Some First Principles.

BEFORE any production can justly lay claim to be seriously considered a
work of art, it must conform to certain fundamental conditions. It is
a prerequisite that it must appeal to and satisfy the eye, the mind ( i. e., the rea-
son), and the sentiment (i.e., the heart). No absolute rules for fulfilling these
requirements can ever be formulated, though the critical examination of works
of art throughout many centuries has resulted in the recognition of certain
broad, general principles whose usefulness all artists concede. These principles,
general as they are, are by no means absolute, nor are they to be slavishly
adhered to, but it is the part of wisdom to become thoroughly familiar with them
9l
 'CAMERA NOTES.

in order that we may, at times, intelligently violate them. At the outset it is

highly important that we should be able clearly to distinguish this great differ-
ence between ignorantly failing to follow an established rule and an intentional
violation of an accepted law. In the one case we offend through want of knowl-
edge, in the other our offence is off-set by the measure of the originality which
we display. In fact, to be truly original demands great familiarity with the work
of all who have preceded us, for otherwise we shall not be able to profit by their
experience. The greatest value of these formulated rules for our guidance will
be as factors in the education of eyes and mind, but they will aid us less in the
work of sentiment, for in the expression of sentiment the personal element is
most apparent.
Now photography, being a graphic art, speaks to us through the medium of
our eyes. In it we are dependent for our effect upon an optical illusion ; for upon
a flat surface we are to picture depths and reliefs, the diminution of forms, the
values of color and the play of light and shade, and in order to create this optical
fiction we must depend upon our apparatus and our knowledge of chemistry and
of optics. So much for the first sub-division of our trio, sight.
Now for our second element, the mind or reason. Here we are less ham-
pered because our means are less mechanical. First let us try to seek out what
will satisfy our minds, and in our search we shall find that our first great prin-
ciple is conformity to the universal law o; Harmolt}', the law of all intellectual
creation. No other law equals it in power. Where it exists the mind is
charmed: in its absence all other beauty fades. But in its operation this law of
harmony is not confined to any one feature or phase of art. It is applicable to
and may be found in lines, in forms, in the arrangement of composition, as well
as in the distribution of light and shade and in the values. To guide and aid us
in satisfying this, our second factor, we shall find most helpful the principles of
resthetics.
To our third division-the satisfaction of our hearts, the sentiment our
work is to awaken, the ideas to which it shall give birth and the impression it will
produce-much study must be devoted. All work worthy of being considered
art must satisfy this factor, for as one old writer has said, "Art is nature passed
through the alembic of man." If art, as another writer puts it, is "'the state of the
soul of the artist," our first consideration before treating a motive must be to
determine if any thought or sentiment can be found in it or conveyed by a·fitting
representation of it, and then how most feelingly and eloquently to convey it to
the beholder. The purchase of a camera and outfit and familiarity with rules for
the development of a plate will not necessarily enable us to produce a series of
artistic pictures. A photograph is not, then, of itself a work of art; but may it
not be made such? Unquestionably; but nature must first have endowed one
with certain necessary qualities capable of cultivation. Just as in music training
alone cannot produce a singer or a musician unless nature has first gifted us with
quality of voice or sensitiveness of ear which cultivation will develop. so in order
to produce artistic work in photography one must first have been endowed with
some measure of artistic temperament or instinct. Dependent upon the measure
of that endowment and its cultivation will be the greatness of that which we
produce. We are not all equally gifted; there are times when nature is in a more
poetic and liberal mood than at others, and at such times an occasional genius is
born. But the photographer who aims at excellence in his art must assiduously
cultivate a keen appreciation of color, even though his work goes forth to the
world in black and white; he must have an instinctive feeling for the beautiful;
and above all must he be self-critical. for on this hinges his entire success.
J. WELLS CHAMPNEY.
92
 The Figure-Subject in Pictorial Photography.
I N an article on "Figure Photography" in the latest issue of CAMERA NoTES
occurs the following passage: "Neither has there to be behind the kodak
or camera any special kind of photographer; anyone who can work quickly and
precisely and quietly can do good work of this kind." Surely this is a surprising
statement in view of the difficulties of figure picture-making generally, and of
some special ones which confront the photographer particularly. Indeed, it can
only be explained by assuming that the writer is not referring to picture-making
at all, but only to the record of figures by means of photography, as a pleasant
pastime for the peripatetic snap-shotter. This conclusion seems warranted by the
sentence which follows: "If any special qualification is required, it is the power
of seei11g e--verythiug at once, not such a difficult thing for those of average eye-
sight as it may appear; though difficult, if not impossible, to those who are short-
sighted or those who have to wear spectacles."
The statement will give great encouragement and satisfaction to hundreds
of photographers who are executing just the kind of work that might be ex-
pected to result from such limited qualifications, and who will have found con-
firmation of what no doubt they already feel, that their work is all which can be
desired. A similar narrowness of aim distinguishes a great many painters' treat-
ment of the figure, and this blindness to the higher possibilities of the figure
subject is very generally shared by the public. It may not be amiss to try and
enter into the purpose which actuates artists, whether painters or photographers,
in approaching this most fascinating branch of art. And first let me attempt a
general consideration of the matter; venturing afterwards to try and discover
its special application to photography.
It was a pretty saying of Pope's that "the noblest study of mankind is man."
The dictum is, perhaps, a little too pat to be precise, yet on the whole has been
justified by centuries of artistic tradition which puts the study of the human
figure in the front rank of pictorial motive; and there is little doubt that to the
public at large the figure subject has more attractions than any other. Let us
note from what very different points of view the public and the best artists have
reached this agreement.
To the former the prime charm of a figure picture consists in its "human in-
terest" ; to the artist in the possibilities of beauty inherent in the human figure.
The two ideas may be summarised as, respectively, the illustrati'Ve and the dec-
orative; and both may be represented in the same picture, but never, if it is the
work of a great artist, will the latter be missing. Stated otherwise, the difference
is that between the mere record of facts and the way in which they are recorded.
The average puhlic looks only for the portrayal of some incident or story;
eagerly inquires the title of the picture and "what it is all about"; searches the
picture in order to satisfy itself that the facts have been literally rendered : de-
mands a pictorial inventory of the circumstances and criticises them as to their
accuracy and completeness. It looks for a detailed statement rendered after the
manner of the literary man; ignoring the separate, individual qualities and pos-
sibilities of a picture and considering it merely as an appendage to the pen : an
illustration. in fact, in the boldest acceptation of the term.
This view of the figure picture is no new one: being prevalent enough in the
clays of the Italian Renaissance, during the earlier half of the fifteenth century,
when the artist was engaged by priestly and lay patrons to paint religious sub-
jects. How well Browning has summarised the motive and the effect when he
makes Fra Lippo Lippi say:
93
 CAMERA NOTES.

"I painted a Saint Laurence six months since

At Prato, splashed the fresco in fine style:
'How looks my painting, now the scaffold's down?'
I ask a brother: 'Hugely,' he returns-
' Already not one phiz of your three slaves
'Who turn the Deacon off his toasted side
'But's scratched and prodded to our heart's content,
'The pious peopte have so eased their own
'With coming to say prayers there in a rage,
'We get on fast to see the bricks beneath.
'Expect another job this time next year,
'For pity and religion grow i' the crowd-
'Your painting serves its purpose!' Hang the fools r·
And "Hang the fools!" is still re-echoed by the exasperated artist of to-day
when he finds his point of view so entirely misunderstood or ignored by the pub-
lic; the latter confining their attention to what he says in neglect of his way of
saying it. They miss the point that if picture-making is a method of expression
independent of the literary method, it should be judged by those qualities which
are peculiar to itself. For judged by the literary standard, the painter or pho-
tographer is at a disadvantage with the writer, since he cannot include in his
picture the sequence of circumstances and of emotions leading up to the cul-
minating point. But, on the other hand, in the terseness of his presentment and
the vividness with which he can flash his meaning instantaneously upon our con-
sciousness, the advantage is all with him ; and the extent to which he relies upon
these qualities, both in the choice of subject and in manner of rendering it, will
be his measure of success.
For not every subject will serve his turn. There is a class of subject readily
adapted to the leisurely, methpdic, analytic:1l proce~s of the writer; and quite
another kind appropriate to pictorial presentment which must be synthetic, no
matter how analytical may have been the study which preceded it. And the sub-
ject as he presents it must be self-sufficient, needing no other justification for ex-
istence than its own beauty, force or character; and, if it involves a story. self-
explanatory, not dependent upon quotations of prose or verse to make the simple
meaning of its title intelligible.
As regards the conception of the subject, we may gather from a study of
great works that the main points are that the subject has been thoroughly com-
prehended. sincerely felt and pictured fully in the brain before its representation
is commenced. This antecedent realization may be the result either of profound
study and experiment or of a momentary suggestion vividly seized. The model,
for example, may be resting. The limbs, free from restraint, loosen into lines
of unconscious abandon; at the same moment, perhaps, the sunlight falls upon
the polished bosses of the shoulder and hreast, while shadow wraps the remain-
der in a curtain of mystery. The artist sees at once the pictorial possibilities,
he is filled with enthusiasm, seizes the charcoal or adjusts the camera and records
his impressions red-hot. Later he may develop his. study into a picture, trying
to bring out those qualities which had impressed him so vividly, and last of all
may put a name to the picture. But the title was not the genesis of the picture,
which had its inspiration in the chance presentment of a subject of abstract
beauty; ami we shall not reach an appreciation of his work by poring over
the title and endeavoring to square the representation with it. Least of all shall
we ever put ourselves in sYmpathv with the artist if we suppose that great work
necessarily involves a great and elevated subject. The artists of the Venetian
School were great men, who lived in big and stirring times, intimate with women
of noble build and with men distinguished by enterprise. ambition and intense
pride of country, yet these artists often seem to have been striving most con-
94
 THE FIGURE SUBJECT IN PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

sciously to represent the gorgeous color and texture of rich fabrics and the fas-
cination of light upon ripely rounded limbs. That we find such pictures great is
due to the large manner in which motives, comparatively trivial, have been ex-
pressed. And it not this a common experience of ourselves? When we were
young, we had such big thoughts, as far beyond our capacity of expression as
of our comprehension ; as we mature, our horizon narrows, but the sense of
vision grows ; we reach out and gra!.'p, alas ! very much smaller things, but with
a livelier comprehension and an increase of ownership that compensate for their
limitations.
The conception of the subject, however, may be the product of long and
careful study. Such is Millet's "Sower." His sympathies were with the la-
borer; he knew him intimately in the going in and out of daily life; the solitary
figure, passing rapidly down the furrow, scattering grain that in the fulness of
the season was to mean life to himself and others, had been noted time and again
with penetrating comprehensiveness, not only in its individual characteristics,
but in its relation to the big scheme of life. So that when at length the artist
realised the fruits of study, he portrayed not a sower, but "THE SowER"; a typal
embodiment which by force of the knowledge and sincerity involved must re-
main a classic.
On the other hand, there were recently exhibited some photographs of a
Sicilian sower in various phases of his occupation. Why did they fail, as I
think they did, of satisfactory rendering? Because they were simply illustrations
of arrested movement, revealing no study of the salient characteristics of the
subject or any attempt to unite them in one epitome. In this way the motive had
not been sincere. The photographer may have had Millet's picture in his mind
and, certainly, had been attracted by the peasant's costume and how it would
lend itself to a picture out of the ordinary. He came and saw and snapped his
camera, but did not conquer the intimate, inner qualities of the subject. His
prints were merely snap-shots, and, if he had taken a number of different atti-
tudes and then combined them in one of those rotary contrivances that mingle
the separate units into an organic movement, the latter might have come some-
where near to being an equivalent of Millet's picture. But, as it was, these
prints were a fair example of what must have been in the mind of the writer in
CAMERA NoTES, quoted above: "Anyone who can work quickly and precisely
and quietly, can do good work of this kind"; merely interesting records of a
tour in search of the picturesque.
Oh ! that same word "picturesque"-what a fogginess of misconception it
involves ! Pictorial is intelligible ; it is the picture equivalent for actual facts, but
the suffix "esque" puts the idea into the category of "kind o' "; not pictorial, but
"kind o' so." It represents that quality of mind which cannot find pictorial mo-
tive in a building unless decay has settled down upon it, in a human being un-
less clothed in some unfamiliar costume. There are painters as well as pho-
tographers who compass lands and seas to find lawn caps, stiff bodices and
cheap jewelry, because, as they say, such lend themselves to picturesqueness, as
if the country life at home were barren of pictorial suggestion. Surely, the bar-
renness is in their own imaginations. It is a notable fact that when Israels and
Blommers or other Dutch painters portray a peasant of Holland you are llard1y
reminded of the costume, whereas when the American or Englishman essays the
same theme, you are conscious of little else. The former are not attracted
primarily by the l'tttle local accidents, but by the large universal truths of human
nature, which are equally to be found at home by him who has sympathetic dis-
cernment and a true eye for seeing. Indeed, among painters and photographers
alike there seem to be two orders of mind or habits of seeing; one continually
searching for the picturesque, the other seeing everything pictorially. The
former are by comparison journeymen hunting for soft jobs. the others artists.
95
 CAMERA NOTES.

with the constructive, creative gift, who can take a fact, however old or hack-
neyed, and reshape it into something vitally fresh, because they infuse into it
something of their own personality.
While the picture-maker proves himself to be an artist by the selection of
a subject particularly adapted to pictorial representation, by the thoroughness
with which he grasps it.s salient characteristics, and by the vividness of his ante-
cedent conception, he does so also by the reliance which he places on the methods
of expression peculiar to his art. How few people realise that these are abstract
and make their primary•appeal to the eye! Later, in the case of certain subjects,
they may reach the intellect, but even then through the passage way of the senses.
In literature, on the contrary, the words travel direct to the intellect and may
later arouse a brain impression as of a picture seen. But in the actual picture of
painting or photography, it is the things seen which affect us, and the artist's
skill is shown in what he offers to our sight and ours in the receptivity of our vis-
ion. He offers us certainly a concrete fact-some figure or incident ; he cannot
help himself, and this is his limitation, as compared with the musician who trans-
ports us at once into the abstract. His feet are necessarily of clay. and for the
most part the public never look above his knees, and so fail to discover that in the
development of the concrete he has reached up into the abstract. The lines of his
picture, the shape of the forms and their union into one composition are designed
to yield pleasure to our eyes; so also the colors, individually and in their harmony
of relation, will play upon the eye, as music on the ear, arousing actual emotions
of depth or delicacy, as the case may he, which the distribution of light and
dark· throughout the picture will increase, while the representation of texture
on the surfaces of the different objects, tickling by suggestion the sense of touch.
will add a further source of pleasure. The picture that does not represent the
subject with some, at least, of these qualities is as barren of enjoyment to a cul-
tivated taste as the property pie which does service for real pie in a stage play;
and the person who cannot realise enjoyment from these qualities is like a man
eating strawberries after he has lost his senses of taste and smell.
In confirmation of this point, that the essential beauty of a picture consists
in these abstract qualities, let us recall a few that are accepted masterpieces ; for
example (I select at random), Titian's Assumption, Rubens's Desce11t from the
Cross, Raphael's Madonnas, and, to come nearer home, John La Farge's Ascen-
sion in the Church of the Ascension, New York. Is it the subject in each case
that is responsible for the impressiveness? Scarcely, for we have seen represen-
tations of the same subjects that have left us cold. Rather, it is an eloquence
resulting from the pictorial qualities: in the Assumptio11, a superb massing of
stately form and glorious color and the suggestion of uplifting movement; in
the Descent from the Cross, the impressive contrast of light and dark, the white.
drooping foim of the Saviour so pathetically relieved against the solemn gravity
of the dark figures massed around it. Raphael sheds over his :Madonnas a
golden haze of tenderness that translates a simple peasant girl into a typal
expression of maternal and divine love; and John La Farge, partly by the noble
adjustment of the figures to the spaces and partly by the ringing dignity of the
color scheme, draws our imagination upward with the ascending figure. These
are not exhaustive statements of the sources of gratification in these pictures or
of the means employed to bring the story or meaning home to us. but enough.
perhaps. to suggest that the latter are purely abstract, and that through re-
liance upon these abstract qualities the sublimity. pathos or tenderness nf the
subject has been developed. In all these pictures the illustrative and the dec-
orative motives, to which allusion was made above, are combined; and. if the
abstract qualities are so important in their case, it will be admitted that they
must be more so when the motive is singly decorative. Indeed. a complete re-
liance upon them can be the only justification for adopting it.
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 THE FIGURE SUBJECT IN PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY.

So far we have been discussing the general principles involved in the mak-
ing of figure-pictures, and may now apply them more particularly to photog-
raphy. Surely they demand, except in the case of purely illustrative prints, such
as are used in the daily and weekly papers, qualifications which by no means
every one possesses; calling, in fact, for qualities of a very high artistic urder.
It cannot be too often insisted that the mere snap-shotting of figures or the
mere posing of them in some agreeable position is as far removed from the ar-
tistic possibilities of picture photography as night from day. The ultimate pos-
sibilities of the art are only matter of conjecture, but already results are ob-
tained which would have been deemed impossible a short time ago, and their
beauty proceeds from .reliance upon the artistic qualities common to paintmg,
with the sole exception of many colors. The photograph is still a monochrome ;
yet in the opportunities it gives of rich and delicate tones, the limitation is less
of a hindrance than some would suppose. The real limitation, the one
most difficult to circumvent, comes from the physical and mental imperfec-
tions of the model. In studies from the nude this fact is often painfully ap-
parent. Even when the form is comparatively free from faults, a conscious-
ness or even an excess of unconsciousness, amounting to blank indifference, or
!;Orne simpering expression of sentiment will mar the picture. And yet we have
seen how successfully this difficulty has been surmounted by Frank Eugene and
F. Holland Day. The latter has done some very beautiful work from the nude
model, particularly with a Nubian, and again with children. His motive in these,
I should imagine, has been purely decorative ; and it is the entire absence of any
sentiment that is an element in his success, since it leaves one to uninterrupted
eJ:tjoyment of the beauties of form, color and texture. Mr. Eugene, also, in his
Adam and Eve has obliterated the faces by scoring the surface of the plate with
lines. The reason is obvious, and again we find ourselves concentrated upon the
abstract beauties of the picture. These and other examples, in fact, suggest a
conclusion that the best way of securing an acceptable picture in the nude is by
adopting some expedient to cancel the personality of the model, either by hiding
the face, or by keeping the figure far back in the picture whence the features
do not count or else by so accentuating the other elements of the picture that the
attention is diverted from the face.
In the genre picture also this problem has to be met in a mitigated form, for
the least self-consciousness stiffens; and under- or over-realisation of the part
that is being played may jar upon the general feeling of the subject. But in
ge11re the accessories may be made to play, and ought to play so important a
part that the figure becomes merged in them, if properly treated. Indeed. one
may almost divide the examples of this class of picture into two kinds: those in
which there is a mise-en-sce11e including figures and those in which there are
figures with some sort of setting added, and it is the former which, in photog-
raphy at least, appear to be the more satisfactory, and such complete identity of
figure and environment demands the most synthetic arrangement. If a profu-
sion of detail is allowed, the figure will necessarily obtrude itself. without,
however. necessarily gaining separate importance, for the general confusion dis-
tracts. While, therefore, there should be some central motive to which every-
thing is subordinated, the same should not be the figures, but some abstract qual-
ity, especially that of the lighting of the picture. Let this clearly express the
sentiment of the picture, as it may very readily be made to do, and everything
will fall into due relation to it, the accessories as well as the figure: and the latter,
relieved from the chief burden of expressing the meaning of the picture, will
contribute its share with all the greater spontaneity.
On the other hand, the artist may wish to solve the problem by confront-
ing it instead of getting around it. and may determine to make the expression of
the face the prime factor in the picture. Then he must either find a model that
99
 CAMERA NOTES.

already corresponds to his conception, that may, indeed, have inspired it, or ht>
will diligently coach his model, or, as a final resort, act as model himself. Here,
again, I am reminded of Mr. Day, who, in several cases, notably in a series of
heads, portraying the "Seven Last Words" of the Savior, posed for himself.
Silly objections have been raised to this on the score of propriety, as if all the
religious pictures had not been painted from models. A more tenable criticism
would be that the theme is too tremendous to be treated with main reliance on
the expression of the faces as in this case, and that the result attained, though
very impressive, is rather histrionic than religious.
This allusion to religious subjects reminds one of many prints depicting
some tragic emotion, none of which seemed satisfactory. I recall, especially.
some examples by Mr. Clarence H. White, cleverly posed and very beautiful in
their rich quality of color. Their failure to convey the impression intended may
possibly be due to the fact that Mr. White's temperament does not so strongly
incline towards such subjects as to others of tenderer sentiment. At least such
might be inferred from a study of a large number of his prints. Mr. Joseph T.
Keiley has also essayed this kind of picture, as in the case of a Shylock, using an
actor for a model and relying very much upon the latter's contributiin to tht>
result. But an actor's power to create an impression is in a general way a rela-
tive one; dependent to a great extent upon the readiness of his audience to accept
the illusion. Between the two there is a constant reciprocity of feeling and the
connecting link is the sequence of the words. In a picture the artist has to estab-
lish the connection in order to help out the efforts of his model, and it is just
because Mr. Keiley has depended too exclusively on the cleverness of the model.
that he seems to me to have failed. And this brings one back to the point, which
the more one thinks of it seems of greater importance, that to succeed in genn·
the artist must make some abstract quality the prime feature of his picture.
So far I have been considering the deliberate posing of the model ; but there
is a class of pictures in which the figure is introduced without its knowledge or.
at any rate, without knowledge of the actual moment at which the exposure is
made. Mr. Alfred Stieglitz has done some notable work in this direction, partic-
ularly in the series of pictures, made at Katwyk, and they bear out what I have
said about the wisdom of subordinating the figure to some abstract motive. In
"The Gossips," for example, and "Scurrying Home," he has treated the figures
as part of the scene, related to it and deriving from it their own significance. And
the pictures were not made, I understand, until the essential features of the sub-
ject had been thoroughly digested and the relation of the figures to the scene and
the exact part they should play in it as to position and relative importance from a
pictorial standpoint, had been well considered. This brings one back to the com-
parison of Millet's Sower with the photographs of a Sicilian sower. Can the
photographer emulate the methods of the painter, even if he fail to reach his
results? I am unable to see why not. Millet must have made an exhaustive
anaylsis of the man at work until he had mastered the salient features of the
operation ; then, many studies were probably executed before he reached the
final formula of expression. The anaylsis is certainly within the possibilities of
the photographer; and repeated snap-shots might take the place of sketches.
until, at last, the desired result has been attained. But this involves the sincerity.
patience and self-criticism that mark the procedur.e of the artist, very far re-
moved from the easy conscience and ready self-satisfaction of a mere toucher of
the button. It distinguishes the artist of the camera from him who is only play-
ing with it, and justifies the statement that really good figure-photography, so
far from being a thing in which any one can succeed, is indeed the highest test
of the photographer's ability.
This problem of expressing movement seems full of difficulty. Some years
ago a number of photographs were publicly exhibited, representing the position
100
 TONES AND VALUES.

of horses at different instants of their gait, and it was clear, at once, that such
positions were entirely different from those depicted by painters and accepted by
the public as true to life. Immediately it was assumed that, as the painter was
manifestly untrue to life, he must be wrong; the point being missed, that accord-
ing to our sense of what we see, the photographs themselves were entirely false.
The picture-maker does not attempt to depict the actual thing, but the impres-
sion which it makes upon him, and, in the matter of a horse's gallop, sums up
the different phases of the gait into one synthetic formula; which may be arbi-
trary, but justified, if it succeeds in conveying the impression to ourselves. There-
fore, the snap-shot, while no doubt recording accurately some instant of the
action, may be very far from expressing the composite result, conveying instead
a suggestion of suspended movement. For one photograph of a man walking
a hundred can be seen in which he appears to be standing on one leg with the
other held up in the air as if it had been hurt.
But the difficulties which photography presents are the measure of its possi-
bilities. If any one could succeed there would be no chance for the artist. It is
in a realization of the difficulties and in the persistent endeavor to surmount them
that picture photography is being gradually brought to the level of an art.
CHARLES H. CAFFIN.

Tones and V alucs.

EVERY profession, calling and even frivolous amusement has a particular
terminology, which all interested in the pursuit thereof must master before
they can communicate with other$ on the subject or clearly understand the litera-
ture thereof or the discourses thereupon.
Such terminology is the outgrowth of the necessity for and desire to com-
municate ideas, impart information and perpetuate useful or entertaining knowl-
edge. Certain words are directly coined or borrowed from the vocabulary of
other arts or sciences for the expression of certain ideas, and such words in
time, through long and special usage, grow to have a more or less definite mean·
ing and significance.
The pictorial photographer has found himself year by year under the ever
increasing necessity of learning the language of art and of mastering certain of
its terms in order to be able properly to express himself. As yet, however, this
has not been done systematically and there are still many who, though liberally
educated. find themselves from time to time in some doubt as to the precise
meaning, in so far as preciseness is possible, of certain of the terms which more
and more frequently they meet with in the course of their photographic reading.
Attempt will be made, therefore. from time to time, to explain certain of the
most frequently used of these terms. With the meaning of perspective every
photographer is familiar-but the terms tones and wlues are not always quite
so entirely understood.
I.
··Tone." says Van Dyke. in that excellent little volume, "How to Judge of a
Picture." "is a word often used out of place as synonymous with harmony. hut
IOI
 CAMERA NOTES.

you will not so confuse the terms, for they are quite distinct in meaning. Har-
mony is the relation of color-qualities; tone the relation of color quantities. To
be sure, they have much to do with one another, and it is very doubtful if tone
may be produced without harmony, or harmony without tone. The distinction
between them may be made plainer, perhaps, by saying that harmony has more
particularly to do with the problem of whether one color is congenial or well
suited to another, while tone 'involves the grades of different colors used and
their proportionate relationships to one another.'"
George Moore, in "Modern Painting," defines tone thus: "A tone is a com-
bination of colors. In nature colors are separate ; they act and react one on the
other and so create in the eye the illusion of a mixture of various colors-in
other words, of a tone.''
"In trying to judge of tone and gradation in a picture, then," to return to
Van Dyke, "you would better look, first, for the vantage point of light or the
~int where the light is the brightest. This should be near the centre, and the
bdght color should usually be the key note of the picture. Try this note upon
your eye, very much as you do a note of music upon your ear. Get the pitch or
tone in that way, and then try the other notes to see if they are in proper keeping
with it in a descending scale. * * * * In landscapes where there is much
perspective and atmospheric effect a lack of positive gradation would be bad ;
even in figure-pieces, still-life, or genre paintings it is necessary, and any picture
in which the brightness or light placed at the sides or corners equals or excels
the color or light of the centre, may, as a general rule, be set down as poor
work."
A tone then is the peculiar shade or color property of an object or space in a
picture when considered as a flat reflecting mass that intercepts the light and
is acted upon thereby in a separate and distinct manner.

II.

Values. "This word in modern art education is restricted to that property

of painted objects whereby they take their places one beyond another in the
picture. * * * * But the word "values" in its broadest and truest sense
refers to beauty only; the value of a tone is its lightness or darkness by which it
affects the tone next to it." *
And George 1\Ioore writes: "By values is meant the amount of light and
shadowt contained in a tone. The relation of a half-tint to the highest light,
which is represented by the white paper, the relation of a shadow to the deepest
black, which is represented by the chalk pencil, is easy enough to perceive in a
drawing; but when the work is in color the values although not less real are
more difficult to estimate. For a color can be considered from two points of
view : either as $0 much coloring matter or as so much light and shade.t
Violet, for instance, contains not only red and blue in proportions which
may be indefinitely varied, but also contains proportions of light and shade; the
former tending towards the highest light, represented on the palette by flake
white; the latter tending towards the deepest dark, represented on the palette by
ivory black. Similar to a note in music, no color can be said to be in itself either

*Dow.
tShade rather? "Light and Shadow" refers to a phenomenon connected with sun-
shine while "Light and Shade" is a term referring mainly to the modelling of things, or
the manner of depicting a body of their dimensions on a flat surface.
tit is from this point of view and the i•~terpretlltion of color into light and shade of
correct relative values with which the photographic worker has constantly to concern
himself, and it was this that lead to thP- m:~nufacturing of orthochromatic plates, etc.
102
 TONES AND VALUES.

false or true, ugly or beautiful. A note and a color acquire beauty and ugliness
according to their associations ; therefore to color well depends, in the first in-
stance, on the painter's knowledge and intimate sense of the laws of contrast and
similitude. But there is still another factor in the art of coloring well; for just
as the musiCian obtains richness and novelty of expression by means of a distri-
bution of sound through the instruments of the orchestra, so does the painter
obtain depth and richness through a judicious distribution of values. If we were
to disturb the distribution of values in the pictures of Titian, Rubens, Veronese,
their colors would at once seem '"crude, superficial, without cohesion or rarity.
But some will aver that if the color is right the values must be right too.
However plausible this theory may seem, the practice of those who hold it amply
demonstrates its untruth. It is interesting and instructive to notice how those
who seek the color without regard for values inherent in coloring matter never
succeed in producing more than a certain shallow, superficial brilliancy; the
color of such painters is never rich or profound, and although it may be beautiful
it is always wanting in the element of romantic charm and mystery.
The color is melody, the values are the orchestration of the melody; and as
the orchestration serves to enrich the melody, so do the values enrich the color.
And as melody may-nay, must exist, if the orchestration be really beautiful, so
color must inhere wherever the values have been fully observed."*
And again, "Rembrandt and Corot excelled in their mode of pictorial ex-
pression known as values, or shall I say chiaroscuro, for in truth he who has said
values has hinted chiaroscuro."
Some readers may question the utility of quoting so much that has to do
mainly with color when pictorial photography has to do mainly with black
and white. While this is true it is also true that the photographer is almost
always concerned with the correct interpretations of color values into their
equivalent light and shade values, and for this reason he should, to do good
work, be intimately familiar with color not only on the surface, but to its core,
and be thoroughly conversant with the character and rapidity of its varying
vibrations.
Concerning the interpretation of color combinations and effects into their
black and white equivalents it should be understood that "dark or shadow masses
in black and white have a value as they recede from the light; colors. have a value
as they approach the light." t
"Just precisely how you may decide if the values of a picture be good or bad,
weak or strong, I can but imperfectly tell you," continues Van Dyke. "I have
tried to point out to you what they are, and for the rest you must look at pictures
and study Nature. Possibly you think you know Nature, but you will never
know how deep as a well and wide as a bam door is your ignorance of her until
you study art. Generally speaking, false values in a picture may be noted not
only by the lack of a difference in the pitch of similar colors, but by the absence
of proper gradation and atmospheric effect, and by the unreal appearance of the
whole piece. Trees at various distances will appear of the same value; people in
a throng on the street will all be of equal prominence ; the flesh-color on the
throat will be as high-keyed as that on the chin, etc. * * * Everything will
be fiat, the planes of the picture will be lost, the color gradations destroyed."
Values then are the equivalent worths of the various parts of a pictorial
composition upon whose comparative correctness and delicacy the harmony of a
picture depends.
]. T. K.
*Thus in black and white interpretation from nature where the values have been
finely observed there is a subtle suggestion of the real colors of the theme treated.-K.
tVan Dyke.
IOJ
 Current Notes.
T ransferrinr Photorraphs Into Line Drawinp.-Of the numerous
methods described for obtaining this transformation that published by Hi.ibl is
one of the most satisfactory.
Paper of suitable quality is brushed with a half per cent. solution of common
salt and when dry is sensitized by brushing with the following solution :
\Vater ................................... 100 grammes
. 't rae...........................
A !g~n t 1c.m t 1 "
C1tnc ac1d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 "
\Vhen dry it is exposed under a negative, fixed in hypo and dried. No ton-
ing is necessary.
The drawing is then made over the photograph with ink composed of India
ink in a half per cent. solution of bichromate of potassium. The latter i~ used
instead of water in order to make the lines insoluble".
:\ weak solution of cyanide of potassium is then used to bleach and dissolve
the photographic impression and the line drawing, which remains intact, can then
he used for reproduction by the ordinary methods.
Timing Shutters.-The following interesting method is described by J. H.
P. in Photography:
"Fasten a silvered bead on a violin string and tune the string to a note giving
a known number of vibrations, say 400 hundred per second. Focus the lens on
the bead in full sunlight. Draw the bow across the string and while it is vibrat-
ing take a snap-shot, at the same time moving the violin slightly in the direction
of its length. The image of the bead will appear in a wavy line, the number of
waves showing the number oi vibrations made by the string during the exposure.
Suppose it registers 20, the speed of the shutter will be 20-400 or 1-20 of a
second."
New Printing Proc:ess.-Herr E. Weingartner, in the Pl&otographischr
Centra/blatt, describes a new printing process which embodies the features of
both the ozotype process and the old Willis Aniline process. A solution of
sodium bichromate, 20 grammes; manganese sulphate, 20 grammes; and water,
100 grammes, is prepare_d. For use equal portions of this and a 40 per cent. gum
arabic solution are taken and suitable paper coated by brushing. The paper is
dried in the dark, printed as in the ozotype process and developed in cold or tepid
water. After the print is dry it is pinned to a board and brushed with a slightly
acidified solution of aniline hydrochlorate thickened with gum. The Amateur
Photographer suggests the following formula: Crystals of aniline hydrochlorate,
10 grammes; gum arabic, 100 grammes; strong hydrochloric acid, 0.2 to 1
gramme. The image soon becomes greenish and finally deep green, but after
the print has been washed and dried is blue black or violet black, somewhat
resembling a platinotype.
The compiler of '"Current Notes" is desirous of including in this department as many
notes of working interest to photographers as possible. He will be pleased to receive from
CAMERA NOTEs readers communications in reference to new processes, notes on photo-
graphic chemistry or optics, or any practical points. Such communications should be
addressed to Dr. Charles W. Stevens at The Camera Club, and if published due credit will
be gi\"en to the contributor.
104
 On Exhibitions.
IN these days of theorizing on the usefulness of a National Salon for Painters,
it may be profitable to investigate how far exhibitions in general help to
educate the public, further the interests of the artists and give an impetus to art
itself. The public of course want exhibitions. It is the easiest way to get
acquainted with an artist's work. To the majority the study of art is merely a
pastime, a relaxation; it has to reach their consciousness easily, like music, which
for that reason solely is the most popular of arts to-day.
Except through illustrated criticisms, an exhibition is the only means by
which the public and the artists come in contact with each other. It has become
to the modern artist the legitimate way of showing his work and offering it for
sale, and it would be difficult to find another method in which this could be
accomplished in the same satisfactory manner. Studio exhibitions have often
been recommended and are practiced by artists who are prominently connected ;
they are, however, too much like social functions to be considered very seriously.
The art critic is n"t admitted-a favor only conferred on the society reporter-
and the public at large knows nothing of the event. The artist invites merely his
friends and acquaintances, in particular those whom he considers "possible
buyers," and is obliged to praise his own wares, which to a sensitive man and a
true artist should prove rather humiliating. In a studio exhibition the artist has
to rely entirely upon patronage among his acquaintances, while in a public exhi-
bition he appeals to the public at large and is absolutely independent.
This is true only of the painter. In the case of the photographer it is some-
what different. The average work of the artistic photographer does not seem to
me quite important enough to be shown in public exhibitions. The photogra-
pher, who merely produces artistic prints for the love of it, and who is indifferent
to their market value in any possible sale, might show his work privately in a
studio to much better advantage. It appears more modest than a public exhibi-
tion, and seems more appropriate for the humble and still disputed position
which artistic photography occupies among the graphic arts. Day's studio
exhibitions in Boston were always highly interesting. The artistic photographer,
on the other hand, who would like to secure orders for portraiture by means of
an exhibition, need feel no embarrassment in arranging a studio exhibition. He
puts himself on a level with the professional, and practices merely a more elegant
method of advertising and showing his work than that of the ordinary photo-
graphic gallery, with its showcases and waiting room exhibits.
The artistic photographers, as a rule, however, prefer public exhibitions.
They imitate the painters not only in composition and other technical expressions,
but also in their methods of attracting the attention of the public. By this they
manage to give to their work a certain importance, which it could obtain in no
other way, but at the same time they try to compete in interest with the real art
exhibitions. This is dangerous. Even an exhibition of paintings, like the ordi-
nary Academy exhibition, is at times tiresome, being generally nothing but a
repetition of the one preceding it. One would miss very little by not attending.
Only every five or ten years it would become a necessity, as then a decided
105
 CAMERA NOTES.

change in art ideas and methods of expression might be perceptible. And surely
nobody will claim that an annual display of monochromes, no matter whether
etchings, lithographs, or artistic photographs, can be half as interesting to
habitual visitors of art exhibitions as a collection of paintings. How seldom are
exhibitions of lithographs and etchings arranged. The wielders of the needle
and the crayon know too well that they appeal only to a very small part of the
art loving public, and that they would gain but little by a more frequent display
of their talents.
The artistic photographers, however, do not consider themselves sufficient]~
known as yet, and assist themselves more frequently in this way than do the fol-
lowers of any other black and white art. The Salons, and the various club exhi-
bitions and one-man shows, have exploited the new school of artistic photogra-
phy efficiently in every possible direction.
The first Philadelphia Salon was an innovation. It made known to us a
phase of art with which we had been little acquainted, and proved that higher
and more artistic results could be obtained, by a process which the layman had
considered purely mechanical. It brought out \Vhite. Kasehier and Day, whose
work had been but little known comparatively to the photographic world. The
second Salon was more complete than the first, offering the student an oppor-
tunity to become more intimately acquainted with the aims and ideas of arhstic
photography, not only of America, but of England, France and Germany as well.
In the third Salon the policy was somewhat changed, the foreigners were rather
scantily represented, and the standard of the American work by far superior to
that of the preceding exhibitions. \Vhat the fourth will bring we can not pre-
dict, as decided changes are promised ; we must wait and see.
It needs, however, no gift of prophecy to foresee that in time the annual
Philadelphia Salons will become a bore. As long as they will bring out a new
man every year, like Steichen in the second and Eugene in the third, they will
not lack interest; but there are too few men who have really anything individual
to say. and exhibitions of mediocre prints are surely not the proper way to ad-
vance the interests of artistic photography.
But the critic may easily be too severe in this case. He should not forget
that the principal aim of these Salons is still the old fight for recognition; and
their promoters argue that even if the exhibitions would be of no more interest
to the connoisseur-as repetitions in time are unavoidable-they would still be of
educational value. Each year some new part of the public would become
acquainted with the movement, and learn to appreciate prints whose production
has been guided only by the sense of the beautiful. They would furthermore
bring out gradually all the talents that may be hidden here and there among the
large host of amateur photographers.
For that purpose a photographic Salon will be always advisable, but it seems
to me hardly necessary to hold one every year. A Salon at the interval of two or
three vears should answer all demands.
To the man of decided individuality-like White for instance-these
crowded exhibitions do but little justice. Even the best work is drowned in a
sea of mediocrity. The art critic and connoisseur may take the trouble to sift the
106
AN ICY NIGHT
By Alfred Stieglitz
(New York)
 ON EXHIBITIONS.

wheat from the chaff, the layman has neither the ability nor the inclination to do
so. And an exhibition of photographic prints is, at its very best, rather monoto-
nous and lacks absolutely the ability of holding the public for any length of time.
They simply wander aimlessly through the exhibition, and pause, here and there,
for a moment before a print which strikes their particular fancy, and which, in
nine out of ten cases, is sure to be some inferior work. Art appreciation in pho-
tography is particularly scarce, as the commercial productions of the professional
photographers have absolutely spoiled the taste for any more subtle qualities than
a flattering likeness.
Another shortcoming of the big exhibitions is the jury. They of course
spare the public the sight of many absolutely valueless prints. But juries are
scarcely ever impartial. If in a jury of five, three men favor the impressionistic
style, those would-be exhibitors who still work on the older lines, without having
resource to gum and glycerine, have but little chance to have their work accepted.
Group exhibitions, in which every man would arrange his own exhibit, as in the
Art and Craft Society, in Boston, and to which only men of some standing in the
profession would be admitted, would be more profitable. They would do away
with mediocrity and also to a large extent with partiality, as on each occasion
new workers of talent might be invited to share the honors of those who had
already distinguished themselves. Of course, also for this a jury would be
necessary. But it would be easier to decide on an artist's standing in his profes-
sion than on the merit of his separate works. Nobody could object to admitting.
for instance, Stirling, Post, Miss Devens or Miss Weil to an Invitation Salon.
If anybody for personal reasons would vote against one or the other, he surely
would be overruled by the rest. \Vith lesser talent, whose work cannot yet
boast of a distinctive quality, it would depend entirely upon the opinion of the
jurors. They will be prejudiced, but they would be honest, as it is only a privi-
lege of strong individualities to arouse enmity.
Another peculiarity of photographic exhibitions is the lack of uniformity in
the framing. In exhibitions of paintings certain rules are generally laid down
which can not be overstepped. But as a collection of prints would simply become
intolerable if all were restricted to a certain pattern, everybody is allowed to
mount and frame his work to suit his own fancy. This naturally results in draw-
ing undue attention at times to inferior work, as a print on a red mount or in an
odd or elaborate frame is more conspicuous than those which are framed in a
more subdued fashion.
"One-man shows." such as the Camera Club in New York has arranged
during the last few years, have undoubtedly done most towards giving us a true
idea of the possibilities of the camera as a medium of artistic expression. We
could at once grasp each exhibitor's individuality, his special aims and technical
characteristics, and study the graded development of his art from his earlier to
his most recent works. And as every artistic photographer of note was included
in these exhibits they give us a comprehensive insight into the present state of
development of American artistic photography. Their only drawback was the
scant attendance that they enjoyed. Club exhibitions never attract the real public
hut only the members of the clubs and their friends.
109
 C.·lJfERA NOTES.

One-man shows, however, cannot be arranged for any length of time.

Those whose work really warrants such a displa~: are n·ry scarce, and their
number seems to be exhausted, and representative shows of the kind can hardly
be repeated before the lapse of several years. Equally unprofitable would it be to
give undue prominence to lesser talents, as has been the case several times during
the last year.
All that remains to be done at present seems to be the occasional arrange-
ment of an exhibition in some prominent club, which could give to everybody.
good and bad alike, an opportunity to show their latest work. An open door
policy will surely produce the best results in the end. It would give the younger.
immature talents an opportunity to assert themselves. They could make their
d,;buts there, and show the prog·ress of their work from year to year. It would
be their battleground where they could struggle and rise from mere beginners to
full-fledged personalities. The public won't take notice of them, but the profes-
sion will profit by it. The Salon exhibitions will probably continue, but they will
do little good if managed in the same manner as hitherto. They ha,·e only a
little educational value.
In order to interest the public and really to advance the interests of artistic
photography, it will be necessary to make far more ambitious efforts.
A representative collection of the very best work which America's artistic
photographers have produced-not such a one as l\Ir. Day exhibited in England,
but one which would be strictly limited to masterpieces, such as Gertrude Kiise-
bier's "The Manger," \Vhite's "Spring,'' Eugene's "Eve," Eickemeycr's "\Vhen
Daylight Dies," and so on-would open the eyes of the public to the importance
of this most recent addition to the graphic arts. It should be shown, not in pho-
tographic clubs, but in the leading art-galleries and institutions ; and finally be
presented to some art-gallery, like the Corcoran or Metropolitan, on the condition
that it would be permanently on exhibition. This, in my opinion, could be easily
enough arranged, as every artist would be glad to furnish the prints gratuitously.
Appropriate places of exhibition could also be easily secured. The only serious
difficulty would ensue in the selection of exhibits. Who is to decide whether this
or that print is really a masterpiece or not? A jury, consisting of artists, art
critics, and the leading representatives of artistic photography, should be easily
able to decide by vote ; all that would be demanded of them would be to forget
for one short day their little vanities, their partiality and personal feuds. And
should it really be impossible to find an impersonal jury, from which all egotism
is vigorously banished, the artists themselves should be the judges. I have always
held that a man truly honest with himself knows very well when he was at his
best. And I believe that the majority of our artistic photographers concerned in
such an enterprise would possess sufficient self-criticism to render it successful.
SADAKJCHI HART:\1.\XX.

IIO
 The Linked Ring.
Its Position and Origin, and What it Stands for in the Photorraphic: World.
I.
The Linked Ring of London is recognized universally to-day as more inti-
mately and actively identified with the development and advancement of the
cause of pictorial photographic art than any other organization or body in the
entire photographic world.
Through the medium of annual Salons,* whose uncompromising standards
supported by many convincing examples of individualistic artistic work and the
entire absence of any enervating tendency or desire "to broaden the scope" t of
the exhibitions by any concessions to the "technicians" whose doctrines, however
sincere are unreasonable and destructive, it has left no reason for questioning
either the sincerity of its purpose or the convincing character of the results ;
thereby establishing beyond dispute the possibilities of the camera as a means of
individual artistic expression and winning from the enlightened public final
serious recognition and acceptance of pictorial photography as a legitimate
branch of Art. To have had a print exhibited in one of its Salons is, in the pic-
torial photographic world, a distinction equivalent to that conferred upon the
painter who has had a canvas hung at the Paris Salon; while to be elected a
member of the Ring itself is to be made the associate of the most distinguished
pictorial photographic workers in the world and is the most coveted honor to
which the pictorial worker can aspire. The organization now numbers sixty-
five members t belonging to many different countries, all active workers and
pledged to the cause of pictorial photography.
*This name was of course suggested through its application by the French to certain
fine-art exhibitions of a distinctive and high class character. To prevent any confusion
it shauld have been explained that wherever used in this article without any accompanying
distinguishing word it refers to the photograhic exhibitions so designated.
tTo broaden the scope or liberalize an exhibition means literally, as these terms are
now used, to let down the bars and admit every sort of print in order that all may be satis-
fied, the exhibition crowded, the door-receipts multiplied and the undertaking a financial
and popular success. Such a course, while it may tickle the multitude, is not conducive to
progress or improvement or to the education of the public, and it is mainly for the latter
purposes that such exhibitions are held ; and not as coster-shows, vanity-fairs or slot
machines for the inoculation of art-baccilus into the system of all who enter prints.
:t:The following is a list of the members with the name of city to which each belongs
and date of election to Ring:
LINKS RESIDING IN ENGLAND, IRELAND AND !\Irs. Carine Cadby, Kent, 1900
SCOTLAND. Eustace Calland, London, 1892
Bernard Alfieri, London, 1892 H. H. Cameron, London, 1892
]. Craig Annan, Glasgow, 1894 Lyonel Clark, London, 1892
E. R. Ashton, Kent, 1895 Lewis Cohen, London, 1894
W. Smedley Aston, Birmingham, 1899 Walter L. Coils, London, 1892
Harold Baker, London, 1898 Reginald Craigie, London, 1896
F. A. Bolton, North Staffordshire, 1900 Wm. Crooke, Edinburgh. 1892
Tom Bright, London, 1892 George Davison, London, 18g2
T. M. Brownrigg, Surrey, 1892 Charles Emanuel, London, 1895
Arthur Burchett, London. 1892 F. H. Evans, London, 1900
W. A. Cadby. Kent. 1~4 Colonel J. Gale, London. 1892
Ill
 CAMERA NOTES.

II.
An inevitable consequence of the discovery of photography was its eventual
application to the production of original pictorial compositions (pictures prop-
erly so called) : that such application should lead to and be accompanied by
bitter contentions concerning the precise nature of the results and as to whether
such results ever could be considered works of art as contra-distinguished from
purely mechanical productions was but in the natural order of events: that such
contentions should serve to strengthen the position and crystalize the ideas of
those who held that it properly could be utilized as a legitimate medium of indi-
vidual artistic expression was a foregone conclusion: that the general correct-
ness of their position finally should be admitted was a sequential certainty: that
such admission should give rise to acrimonious debate as to the nature of the
standards to be applied in determining the artistic merits of a photograph was
not only natural but certain : and that all this should eventually result in the
establishment of some one organization for the particular care and advancement
of pictorial photographic work and the recognition of some one exhibition as the
exhibition par excellence of the year was the only logical result of all the fore-
going and existing conditions.
The earliest meeting of the Society took place on May 9th, 1892, at the
Restaurant d' I talie, Old Compton street, Soho, when five gentlemen, all actively
interested in photography, especially this phase of it, met for the purpose of
]. P. Gibson, Newcastle, 1892 Maurice Bucquet, Paris, 1897
Karl Greger, London, 1892 A. Buschbek, Vienna, 1893
]. M. C. Grove, Letter Kenny, Ireland, 1895 Hector Colard, Brussels, 18\)2
A. Horsley Hinton, London, 1892 L. David, Vienna, 1895
Frederick Hollyer, London, 1892 F. Holland Day, Boston, 1895
Charles Job, Sussex, 1900 Robert Demachy, Paris. 1895
Alexander Keighley. Keighley, 1900 R. Eickemeyer, Yonkers, U. S. A., 1894
Viscount Maitland, London, 1899 Frank Eugene, New York, 1900
Thos. Manly, London, 1895 George Grimprel, Paris, 1900
Alfred Maskell, Hauts, 18\)2 Hugo Henneberg, Vienna, 1894
Baron A. von Meyer, London, 1897 A. Hildesheimer, Vienna, 1894
Charles Moss, Croydon, 1897 Mrs. Gertrude Kiisebier, New York, 1900
R. W. Robinson, Surrey. 1892 Jos. T. Keiley, New York. 1899
Lyddell Sawyer, London, 1892 Heinrich Kiihn, The Tyrol. Austria. 1895
F. M. Sutcliffe, Yorks. 1892 Rouille Ladeveze. Tours, France, 1894
]. B. B. Wellington, Herts, 1892 C. Puyo, Paris, 1895
H. Van der Weyde, London, 189.zOtto Scharf, Crefeld, Germany. 1895
W. Willis, Kent, 1892 Alfred Stieglitz. New York. 1894
LINKS RESIDING ELSEWHERE. }. Strakosch, Austria. 1893
A. Alexandre, Brussels, 1893 Carl Ulrich. Vienna, 1893
Shapoor N. Bhedwar. Bombay, 1892 Hans Watzek, Vienna. 1893
:\1aurice Bremard, Paris. 1897 Clarence White. Ohio. U. S. A.. 1900
That the record of those who have been at one time or another affiliated with the
Linked Ring may be complete, the names of those who have been lost to it during the period
of ten years through withdrawal or death is_ here appended: . .
Burton Baker, L. Bennett, Rowland Bnant, ]. S. Berghe1m. Valentme Blanchard. Cem-
hrano Frances Cobb, H. E. Davis, Greene, G. H. James, Richard Keene, Rev. F. C.
Lamb~rt, Baron Alfred Liebig, H. P. Robinson. Baron ~- rle Rothschilrl. Ste\'en-;, L. Scott.
H. Tolley. W. ]. \Varren. B. Gay Wilkinson.
112
 THE LINKED RING.

organizing a society whose express object would be the complete emancipation

of pictorial photography, properly so called, from the retarding and nanizing
bondage of that which was purely scientific or technical, with which its identity
had been confused too long; its development as an independent art ; and its
advancement along such lines as to them seemed the proper tracks of progress
into what, as the perspective of logical possibilities opened itself to their mental
visions ,appeared to be its promised land.
Already there had been much discussion upon the subject and every effort
had been made to induce some of the more influential organizations to go to the
logical length of the position (whose correctness they more than half admitted
by holding pictorial exhibitions and offering medals for genre studies, etc.) ;
by abolishing such petty baubles as medals, plaques and be-ribboned diplomas ;
and by holding out as the highest incentive the possibility of producing
pictures in the artistic and not the chemical sense of the word and the satisfac-
tior. to be derived from the dignity, beauty and artistic worth of the results to
compel a serious consideration of the subject, thereby inducing all who sincerely
believed in photography as a means of artistic expression to put forth with the
certainty of a fair trial their most ambitious attempts, that it might be decided
once for all if there was anything in the position of the advanced workers and
whether pictorial photography was entitled to an independent existence.
These efforts were without success. The Royal Photographic Society, that
venerable veteran among photographic societies and the most powerful, which
should have led the way in this as it had done in so many other things, con-
tinued, despite all protests, to hang together promiscuously work of a scientific
and technical character with that which was purely pictorial; and to persist in
other customs that in the judgment of the recognized leading pictorial workers
were inimical to the progress of pictorial photography. This led to a secession
from its ranks, by way of protest, of the pictorial element headed by H. P. Rob-
inson: and the meeting of May gth at the Restaurant d'ltalie: and the establish-
ment of the Linked Ring was the final culmination of this protest.
The five gentlemen who attended this meeting were Messrs. H. P. Robin-
son, Lionel Clark, George Davison, H. Hay Cameron and Alfred Maskell. l\Ir.
A. Horsley Hinton, who was also in sympathy with the views and purposes of
these gentlemen, was likewise to have been of the party. but was absent through
having mistaken the place of rende~ous.
At this meeting was laid the foundation of an association having for its
object the establishment of a distinct pictorial movement through the severance
of this application of photography from the purely scientific and technical ; and
through the medium of independent exhibitions its final universal recognition.
Realizing that only through concerted,consistent and continued effort could any-
thing be accomplished, it was hoped through such an organization to bring
together those "interested in the development of the highest form of art of which
photography is capable," those only being eligible "who admit the artistic capa-
bilities of photography and who are prepared to act with a spirit of loyalty, both
as regards the furthering of the objects of the Linked Ring and towards their
fellow members if admitted."
113
 CAJIERA ,\iOTES.

The next meeting of the new Society occurred on May 27th, 1892, when the
present name was adopted, that of Gimmal-Ring and Parabola having been con-
sidered previo.usly; and the organization was finally completed.
There were present at this meeting Alfred Maskell, George"Davison, H. P.
Robinson, Ralph Robinson, Lyonel Clark, H. Hay Cameron, H. E. Davies, F.
Seyton Scott, Arthur Burchett, H. van der W eyde, Bernard Alfieri and A.
Horsley Hinton: and these gentlemen, together with Francis Cobb, Tom Bright
and W. Willis, who were included as if present, were constituted the founders of
the organization.
Almost without exception the photographic press of England attacked the
new organization, sneered at its "pretensions"' and ridiculed the idea of the
pictorial photographic workers being strong enough to hold an exhibition of
their own: and these attacks became more persistent and virulent with the hold-
ing of the first Salon.
"There were not wanting * * * in those days," wrote one of the
founders some six years afterwards, "prophets of evil who did all in their power
to hinder our work, and to misrepresent our intentions. \Ve were told by a por-
tion of the photographic press that to add another to the plethoric number of
photographic exhibitions was to invite and deserve failure; that our efforts at
reform in photographic art was merely a deliberate and carefully planned attack
on the Photographic Society: that we were a small, insignificant body of mal-
contents distinguished only by audacity. \Ve were called a group of three emu-
lating the methods of Tooley street,* and even after our first successful shows
it was asserted that the raison d'etre rested on the most slender support, and that
the continuance of a second exhibition either in a rival or supplementary capacity
was out of the question." In the autumn of 1892 an exhibition of pictorial work,
under the auspices of Geo~ge Davison, H. P. Robinson, and a few others, was
shown at the Camera Club, it having courteously permitted the use of its walls
for the purpose; and the entire success of this display seemed more than to
justify the undertaking of a public exhibition.
On the 28th of March, 1893, therefor, the Ring resolved that steps should
be taken towards holding a salon of pictorial photographs, to which should be
admitted such pictures only as had passed the most rigorous scrutiny as to their
artistic pictorial worth. It was further determined that this exhibition should be
in charge of a general committee of the Links of the Linked Ring and that their
names should be published as such a committee at the head of the prospectus-
those present at the beginning of the judging of the submitted prints to consti-
tute the jury of selection. The Dudley gallery was then engaged for a period of
six weeks from October rsth, ISJOO.
Despite all adverse prophecies this exhibition was a pronounced success,
both artistically and from a financial point of view. Two hundred and ninety-
three prints, the work of one hundred and six exhibitors, were shown in this
exhibition, and of these prints seventy-six were sold, or over one-quarter of the
entire collection.
*Refers to the famous petition to parliament of "the three tailors of Tooley street,"
beginning "We, the people of England."
114
 THE LINKED RING.

''The Salon Men, the schismatics of last year, claim to be artists first, pho-
tographers afterwards. And it is only justice to say that their present very
beautiful exhibition goes far to justify them," comments the Land and Water
on this exhibition, while the Studio, a representative art publication, printed the
following: "The exhibition just closed has done more almost than any previous
one to prove that photography allows the artist free play for his own individu-
ality. The photograph of to-'day is something more than a mechanical produc-
tion. The individuality of the photographer is being expressed in his work
almost as much as that of the painter; and while critics are discussing if there
be Art in photography, photographers are settling the question by themselves."
The unmistakable success of this· first exhibition determined the members
of the Ri11g to carry out the original idea of holding an exhibition annually and
endeavoring to make it thoroughly representative of th-e pictorial photographic
progress not only of the English workers but of those of the entire photographic
world. Despite the fierceness and number of the attacks made upon it by the
photographic press it held unflinchingly to its original principles in announcing
the second salon, thereby winning the confidence of all the serious workers at
home and abroad, who gave it their hearty support, with the result that the
second salon was an even greater success than the first.
Concerning the second Salon the Times (London) published the following
notice:
"The Salon seems to have jumped at once into public favour, and to have
become a settled annual institution. At this t:xnibition a photograph is treated
in a completely different fashion from that with which the term is usually asso-
ciated. Xearly every picture seems to have some point of novelty or interest
to justify its acceptance. Photographic exhibitions have rarely this merit.
~othing as a rule could be more commonplace and wearisome than a large col-
lection of photographs which are nothing more than photographs. In short it is
a very interesting exhibition, which will repay a visit and deserves encourage-
ment.
It will be seen from all this that the Linked Ring was the necessary out-
growth of preceding circumstances and existing conditions and that it was the
creation of men who understood the demands of the present and were far seeing
enough to anticipate to some extent the great possibilities of the future ; and who
were wise enough to form an organization which, while uncompromising in its
principles, was free from any needless or irritating rules, vain or trifling
formalities and any unnecessary obligations ; an organization thoroughly demo-
cratic and cosmopolitan in its nature that was sufficiently adaptable and expan-
!'h·e to meet all new conditions which were bound to come with advancing years
ancl to utilize them for the advancement of the cause for which it stood.
III.
The Li11kcd Ring, now in the tenth year of its existence, is about to hold its
ninth annual Salon.
Since it pioneered the Salon movement and held its first salon, actually the
tirJt salon ever held, many photographic exhibitions bearing the title of Sal011

115
 CAMERA NOTES.

have taken place throughout the entire civilized world. The great majority of
these, while using the name through a spirit of ambitious vanity, were salons
neither in purpose nor character and have unquestionably in many places
brought the name into considerable disrepute and called down upon it from that
enlightened portion of the public who understood the true significance of the
term, but who had never seen a Photographic Salon, properly so called, well
merited ridicule and contempt for the vulgar and unwarranted pretentiousness.
These shows very materially injured the cause of pictorial photographic art
wherever their influence extended.
There were some few, however, which were modeled on the lines of the
Linked Ring Salon and in their time accomplished splendid results in spite of
the bitter opposition and abuse of the philistine element among the photogra-
phers which has never hesitated to villify, misrepresent and snarl at those who
were seriously interested in what has been termed the new photography. Of
these latter exhibitions, unfortunately few were strong enough to resist the pres-
sure brought to bear to "broaden their scope."
Under the management of Societies whose governing boards change almost
annually through the election of new officers, whose ideas and policies, if not
diametrically opposed to, are not entirely in sympathy or touch with, those of
the previous administrations, the conduct of such exhibitions has from time to
time passed into new and inexperienced hands, sometimes, even, of such as are
inimical to the most essential principles of the modern pictorial photographic
movement. This, sooner or later,' has inevitably resulted in the abandonment of
the rigid standard previously maintained and the making of compromises fatal
to the principles that have made the salon possible and that must be lived up to
to insure its future recognition and support. Sometimes, also, these exhibitions
have come to grief because they involve considerable expense and are not self-
supporting from a financial standpoint.
The Linked Ring Salon, however, has held unflinchingly to its first princi-
ple and has maintained its position as the premier pictorial exhibition in the pho-
tographic world. It is so organized as to make a change of policy almost im-
possible, for it is pledged to a well defined principle and knows no annual shift-
ing of administration ; while excellent business management has made the
Salon self-supporting from the start.
Praise like abuse was equally futile when used to win any swerving from
the original standards set for themselves by the members of the Linked Ring.
Its members were ever alert to guard against any falling off and when the salon
of 1899 seemed too well received in certain quarters one of the founders and
most distinguished and active of the Links addressed the following words to
members of the organization through the medium of the annual publication of
the Lillked Ring:
"Last year, splendid as was our Salon, it was perhaps of all the exhibitions
we have held the most like a concession to the philistine taste-our visitors said
it was 'less extreme,' the 'technical expert' in print gave praise. these things were
the surest sign that we were nearly slipping from our ground.
"It was remarked that the newspapers, which had hitherto reviled. last year
II6
A DECORATIVE PANEL
From a "Gum" Print

By Clarence H. White
(Newark, Ohio)
 THE LINKED RING.

praised-who had changed, they or we? Were they converted, or had we

unconsciously conceded? Certainly not the former !
"Praise in the public press, honeyed words and flattery from those who erst-
while gibed do us no good, it is mere eau de sucre, neither stimulating nor
refreshing. Daring originality even to the verge of the whimsical and eccentric,
is better than smug Commonplace and decent Mediocrity. Eccentric for eccen-
tricity's sake is not to be recommended, but that the path takes us furthest from.
the dangerous Brink of the Slough of Conventionality."
Year by year it has grown in value, importance and influence till it has
become a well established international institution, where annually can be seen
the best and most advanced pictorial photographic work of the day. This ninth
Salon, like the original one, aims "to exhibit only that class of work in Pictorial
Photography in which there is distinct evidence of personal artistic feeling and
execution." No awards are offered, the highest honor to be hoped for being the
admission of one~s pictures into the exhibition; and, as in the case of the first
exhibition the Salon is under the management of a General Committee* com-
posed of the entire Linked Ring, those present at the first day of the selection
being constituted the judges of what shall be hung from among the prints sub-
mitted.
Through the Salon the Linked Ring has clearly demonstrated that pictorial
photography is able to stand alone and that it has a future entirely apart from
that which is purely mechanical, and is destined to play an important role in the
great world of art. It has taught as an axiomatic truth that an original pictorial
photograph must be judged by the same laws as any other original production in
monochrome, and that photography is not entitled to have art laws especially
created for its special use so far as its pictorial side is concerned ; and it has
maintained that in order to be entitled to be exhibited as a picture a photograph
must show distinct evidence of "personal artistic feeling and execution." Instead
of the practice which formerly universally prevailed of admitting indiscrimi-
nately to an exhibition anything which might be sent, it has introduced that of
selection and invitation.
It has dealt a crushing blow to the gift-enterprise medal system and turned
into ridicule the older method of appointing judges and their manner of
making awards. It was the first to print the prices of pictures in its catalogues,
and by doing away with distinctions has effectually disposed of the "amateur
*General Committee of the Photographic Salon for 1901 : A. Alexandre, Bernard Alfieri,
]. Craig Annan, Ernest R. Ashton, W. Smedley Aston, Harold Baker, Shapoor N. Bhedwar,
F. A. Bolton, Maurice Bremard, Tom Bright, T. M. Brownrigg. Maurice Bucquet, Arthur
Burchett, A. Buschbek, W. A. Cadby, Mrs. Carine Cadby, Eustace Calland, H. Hay Cam-
eron, Lyonel Clark, Lewis Cohen, Hector Colard, Walter L. Colis. Reginald Craigie,
William Crooke, L. David, George Davison, F. Holland Day, Robert Demachy, R. Eicke-
meyer. Charles Emanuel. Frank Eugene, F. H. Evans, Col. J. Gale, John Pattison Gibson,
Karl Greger, George Grimprel, J. M. C. Grove, Hugo Henneberg, A. Hildesheimer, A.
Horsley Hinton, Frederick Hollyer, Charles Job, Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier, Alexander
Keighley, Joseph T. Keiley, Heinrich Kiihn, Rouille Ladeveze, Viscount Maitland. Thomas
Manly, Alfred Maskell. Baron A. von Meyer, Charles Moss. C. Puyo, Ralph W. Robinson,
Lyddell Sawyer, Otto Scharf. Alfred Stieglitz, J, Strakosch, Frank M. Sutcliffe. Carl
Ulrich, Hans Watzek.]. B. B. Wellington, H. Van der Wyde, Oarence White, W. Willis.
119
 CAMER.-1. XOTES.

question.''* It has turned attention to the wisdom of devoting as much taste as

possible to the preparation of catalogues, tickets, posters, etc., advancing a taste
for the beautiful wherever possible. It has done much to turn the attention of
exhibitors to the question of the proper and tasteful framing of pictures and the
influence of frames and mounts on the general character of a picture. It has
educated the English photographer by bringing into England the most repre-
sentative work of foreign countries, and it has been of incalculable value to
pictorial photographic workers the world over by stimulating them to greater
effort by proper and dignified recognition of their work individually and of
pictorial photography as a branch of art, and by encouraging them to follow its
example and organize local exhibitions on the same lines. And it has taught that
all schools of art deserve recognition and that except as to the matter of the cor-
rectness of composition, harmony and truth of values and the like. no jury is
competent to pronounce finally upon pictures as to their comparative merit and
worth-believing that to be a matter of which the maker of the picture. the pub-
lic and time are the sole judges; holding with .Millais that : "There is no com-
parison in Art. You cannot compare works of art any more than you can
compare flowers. You may prefer a rose to a lily. but you don't say one is better
than another."
Beginning in 1892 with the fifteen founders already named, the records
show that the entire membership of the Ring since its inception. taking into
account those who have died and the five who voluntarily amoved themselves,
comprises eighty-five Links.
The Roll of the Linked Ring in January, I9QI, showed that at the beginning
of the present year there were sixty-five active members enrolled in the organiza-
tion, forty of whom are English and twenty-five foreign members, of which
latter seven are American.
As one vote is sufficient to exclude from membership and as only those are
eligible who admit the artistic capabilities in photography and who are prepared
to act with a spirit of loyalty both as regards the furthering of the objects of the
Linked Ring and towards their fellow members if admitted, it will readily be
appreciated that it is far from an easy task to gain admission to this body and
that the body itself is one of the most harmonious, homogeneous and uniform in
its purpose of any existing organization, and it will be begun to be understood
whv it has been so successful from the start.
· And having considered all this, the reader will begin to understand the sym-
polic significance of the organization's name: the Gimmal. or linked-ring. is
symbolical of the closest and most sympathetic union of aims and interest: of
bonds that are inseverable; interests that cannot be divorced; of ties that are
equally binding on all and all the more so because voluntarily assumed : and then
it will be entirely appreciated what the organization stands for in the photo-
graphic world and why it was called the LINKED RING.
JosEPH T. KElLEY.
*It was formerly, and in certain places still is, th~ custom to distinguish between ama-
teur and professional work and to bar the latter out of certain competitive exhibitions. In
the matter of the pictorial value of a picture no such distinction can be recognized, the
artistic merits or shortcomi~gs of a photograph alone being the points on which its artistic
worth is to he judged. This distinction is now an antiquated one, and in all progressive
institutions is no longer recognized, and most camera clubs are to-day as open to the pro-
fessional as to the amateur.
120
 Exhibition Notes.

The Losadoo Salon.•

The London Salon promises to be of greater interest to the American
pictorial photographer than heretofore, for some thirty to fqrty expectant
exhibitors, from all parts of the United States, have recently shipped several
hundred frames, which will duly go before the Jury of Selection. We hope that
America will come out of this most severe ordeal with flying colors.
As the space is limited and the number of frames submitted unusually
numerous, the percentage of rejections will probably be large,. The acceptance
of a picture will therefore be of more than average value to the maker thereof.

The Philadelphia Salon.

The Fourth Annual Salon of Philadelphia has been duly announced. It is
proposed to hold it a few weeks later than has been customary.
The prospectus is more or less like that of prior years. Where changes have
been made, we are sorry to note that they are certainly not for the better. The
clause referring to foreign pictures conclusively proves that those in charge of
this year·s Salon fail to appreciate the fact that the up-to-date and serious pic-
torial photographer, to whom this exhibition is supposed to cater, rather prefers
not to exhibit his work than leave the mounting and framing to unknown quan-
tities, or in fact, to anybody but himself. This condition is a move backwards
and reminds us of Joint Exhibition days. 'Whatever motive may have induced
the management to take this step, it is certainly unworthy of an exhibition sup-
posed to be the representative American pictorial photographic one of the year.
The Jury of Selection named is: Mr. Charles I. Berg, of New York; Miss
Frances B. Johnston, of Washington; Mr. Alan D. Cook, of Philadelphia; Mr.
Geo. W. Hewitt, of Philadelphia, and Dr. Herbert M. Howe, of Philadelphia.
The two latter gentlemen, the one an architect and the other an art patron, repre-
sent the Academy of Fine Arts; the three others represent the Photographic
Society.
The gentlemen representing the Academy are both amateur photographers
and old members of the Photographic Society. They are reported to stand for
the "old school." Two of the representatives of the Society need no introduc-
tion, while Mr. Cook is an able and progressive professional photographer.
With respect to the Jury appointed we find a decided retrogression in the
policy followed, for heretofore the Jury has been more or less National, the
West, East, and New York having each a representative, Philadelphia thus
always having been satisfied with a minority. This year Philadelphia is to have
a majority, and the East and West are unrepresented.
\Ye also note with regret that the "New School," which has done so much
in giving America, and above all the Philadelphia Salon its enviable posi-
tion in the photographic world, has been entirely ignored by the powers that be.
*For the aims and purposes of the London Salon see p. II I.

121
 CAMERA NOTES.

We fear that the "broade,ing of the scope of tilL' Salo11" which our contem-
poraries and the average photographer have been crying fer, and which cry has
been effective enough to have a decided influence with this year's management,
is equivalent to retrogression of the worst kind.
We hope that the result will prove that our fears have been exaggerated,
and that the Exhibition will prove that the standards established have been
strictly adhered to, and the prestige of the Philadelphia Salon maintained.
The Management rests with :\lessrs. Edw. H. Coates and Harrison S.
Morris, of the Fine Arts Academy; and :Messrs. S. Hudson Chapman, Benj.
Sharp and Jos. H. Burroughs, of the Photographic Society.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

Clicago Salon.
The Art Institute of Chicago announces that under joint management
with the Chicago Society of Amateur Photographers a Salon will be held in the
galleries of the Art Institute from October 1 to October 22. The purpose of this
Salon, as set forth in the official prospectus, "is to bring together the best exam-
ples of the photographic work of the year, rigidly to be selected by a competent
jury." The latter will consist of Messrs. W. B. Dyer, J. H. Vanderpoel, Charles
Francis Browne, \i\Tm. Schmedgen, all of Chicago, and Henry Troth, of Phila-
delphia.
We notice that the term "pictorial" has been omitted entirely from the pros-
pectus, which, in view of circumstances, may be intentional or accidental. All
photographic work, according to the wording of the prospectus, is eligible; but
we take it from the character of the Jury named that the exhibition is in the
interests of high class pictorial work solely.

+ + +
Mr. Chas. H. Caffin in 4 'The Artist."
!For the benefit of our readers, many of whom are not fortunate enough to regularly
see The Artist, one of our leading art magazines, we reprint in full an editorial which ap-
peared in its July pages. It has already created much interest among those interested
in American pictorial photography.]
Keen students of contemporary art have for some time been noting the
modern developments in artistic photography. To them it is a disappointment
that the authorities of the Pan-American Exposition have entirely ignored this
branch of art. Photography will be represented, but only in connection with the
exhibits of photographic materials; the work of those who are lifting this
medium of expression onto a plane of real artistic achievement being entirely
unrepr6!sented. Meanwhile, at the Glasgow Exhibition, which is being held con-
currently on the other side of the Atlantic, a separate department is devoted to
this subject and a special commissioner was sent over here some time ago to
secure an adequate representation of the best American work. Those who follow
the matter know that the latter compares most favorably with the examples of
the most distinguished European photographers and will learn with no surprise.
122
 MR. CHAS. H. CAFFIN IN "THE ARTIST."

but with much satisfaction, that the American exhibits have attracted cordial
recognition. If there is one thing that condones the indifference shown at Buf-
falo it is the fact that American photographers are themselves halting in their
recognition of the possibilities of their art. Three very successful Photographic
Salons have been held at Philadelphia, marked by a high standard of accomplish-
ment and purpose. ~ecessarily this excluded a great quantity of work submit-
ted, and mediocrity has not only raised its protest but obtained a majority vote
regarding the character of the next exhibition. The cuckoo cry has been "popu-
larity"; the exhibition must be popularized and made to include a much larger
representation of what is being done throughout the country. There is a certain
plausibility in the argument until it is recalled that there are hundreds of club
exhibitions constantly being held, which afford ample opportunity for the exploi-
tation of the average print. These have their value in the stimulus which they
give to individual effort and in the chance allowed of comparison and mutual
encouragement. Meanwhile they do not offer anything in the nature of an
authoritative criterion as to the ends to be striven for or as to the results reached.
This the Philadelphia Salon attempted to do. It was in many respects a counter-
part of the now famous "Linked Ring" of England, which was established not
only as a protest against the lax methods of the old "Royal" Society that had
gradually popularized its exhibitions until they no longer represented the art at
its best, but also as an earnest effort on the part of artistic photographers to push
further and further the possibilities of their art. The simple test of admission to
its exhibitions was that the print should have merit as judged by the standards
applied to a picture in any other medium, and that it must give evidence of indi-
vidual expression. It was a contention, in other words, that photography is not
merely a pastime, but capable of ranking as one of the Fine Arts. The member-
ship of the "Ring" was necessarily limited at first, and so, also, was the control-
ling influence in the Philadelphia Salon; but the former has since more than
doubled its membership and any candid observer of the situation over here
knows that the men and women who stand at the head of the American move-
ment are eager to recognize new talent. The opposite. we know, has been al-
leged: for, unfortunately. jealousies will obtrude themselves, but a very close
and disinterested study convinces us that the suspicion is groundless. It has,
however, prevailed, and the result is that the Salon is to be "popularized."
Those who have taken upon themselves the task of undoing what has been
done in the direction of the highest standard should be left to "stew in their own
juice." The photographers whose work has been endorsed by being ad'mitted to
the previous exhibitions of the Salon wilt best study their own dignity and the
interests of the art for which they stand by holding themselves aloof from the
forthcoming display, and by uniting to establish another annual exhibition which
shall more effectually represent the ideals they are aiming to reach. It is a little
disheartening to have to tread over again the path of progress, but such labor is
preferable to acquiescence in retrogression.

123
 Numbcrfnc Frames at Exhibitions.
The modern pictorial photographer is a man of detail as far as the presenta-
tion of his work lfOes. After his print is finished, he studies his mounting and
framing with a care which quite equals that put into the picture itself, for he
realizes the important inrluence of these factors on the tone and color-scheme of
the picture itself.
It is for this reason mainly that the hanging of photographic prints has
assumed greater importance than heretofore and that such a seemingly small
matter as the numbering of framed or unframed pictures with catalogue num-
bers ought to receive more attention than has heretofore been the case. The
white and black spots pasted indiscriminately on the picture, or mount, or frame,
as a rule throws the tone-values and color-scheme of the picture out of key,
thereby causing a most irritating effect upon the observer.
At the recent Members' Exhibition of the Camera Club, N. Y., the com-
mittee in charge seems to have realized the importance of this matter, for we
noticed the care which had been bestowed in this particular, the numbers having
been placed in most cas'es as inconspicuously as possible upon the wall itself
instead of on the pictures. The result was a decided success. In this instance, a
consideration was shown the exhibitor which is unusually rare, and we consider
it worthy of more than passing note. A. S.

.. .. .
Apropos of Mr. Edmund Stirling's Resignation.
Owing to a complete breakdown physically, caused by overwork, Mr.
Edmund Stirling, for some seven years the Secretary of the Philadelphia Photo-
graphic Society, was recently-compelled to resign his office.
The loss to the Society is irreparable, for Mr. Stirling was one of those rare
few who put life and soul into any office, honorary or otherwise. Outside of his
duties as Secretary, Mr. Stirling was one of the editors of the Society's Journal.
and took an active interest in everything pertaining to the advancement of pic-
torial and scientific photography. His efforts in connection with the recent
Salons are too well known to need comment at this moment. Mr. Stirling's
profession itself taxes the most herculean, and it is therefore not surprising that
the many additional duties assumed by him in the interests of photography gen-
erally should have resulted in a complete physical collapse.
The photographers of this country, as well as the Society, can ill afford to
lose the active and unselfish co-operation of a man of Mr. Stirling's stamp. :\lay
his recovery be a speedy one, for that will be a voucher for his return to active
service.
A. S.

124
 Testing Lenses.
T HE following is an abstract of a lecture delivered at The Camera Club,
New York, on May 14th, by Mr. Charles Manierre:
The tests which I intend to speak of are some of them exact and sam~ of
them crude, and perhaps not all of them convenient of application by an amateur,
but they are all of them tests that should be interesting to anyone who cares fully
to understand the instrument he is using.
In examining a lens the tests to _ sc.J.c
find its focal length come first for ':
consideration. If it is a compounrl:
lens it is the equivalent focus which
must be sought for and the subject is
complicated by the fact that this is
F.·,.
not a constant but varies with the distance of the object and also with the sepa-
ration of the two combinations of the lens. The closer the combinations are
together the less variation there is in the focal length. The focal length is
greater for distant objects than for those near at hand.
TEST I.-Focus an object full size on ground glass, then measure the dis-
tance from the ground glass to the object and divide the distance by four. The
result will be the focal length. •
A convenient object is a piece of white paper, say two inches long and half
an inch wide, divided into two quarter inch strips, one of these to be pinned
against the wall and the other used against the image on the ground glass as a
measure.
TEST II.-If the camera will not admit of being drawn out to double the
focal length, 'the lens may be removed and set up with a scale on each side of it.
With the aid of a magnifying glass the image of the distant scale may be sought
close to the nearby scale, and the lens and the
nearby scale moved back and forth until a point
is found where the image of the distant scale is
the same size as that of the nearby scale. Fig-
ure I suggests the arrangement. The distance
L-..:1....---~~:......&..-"--~ is measured and calculation made as in the first
test.
TEST IlL-Focus a nearby object full
size on ground glass and mark the position of
lens on the bed of the camera. Then focus a distant object, making a second
mark (see Figure 2). The distance between the two marks is the focal length of
the lens, unless it be a compound lens. In that case it is only approximately so,
being slightly shorter than the equivalent focus for even those objects which are
near at hand. The reason for this is that there has been subtracted from two
*NOTE. In all the tests for local length the lens should be used with the largest dia-
phragm, and. if this is not relati\'ely large, rack the lens in and out. fixing the two limits
of tolerable focus and choose a point midway between these two.
125
 CAMERA NOTES.

shorter focal lengths due to focus on a nearby object a focal length slightly
longer due to focus on distant object.
TEST IV.-This test is known as "Grubb's Method." It may seem com-
plicated to describe, but in fact it. is very easy to c:xecute. A sheet of paper is
spread upon a table near a window, as shown in Figure 3· The camera is placed
upon the paper and two distant objects which are at the extreme opposite sides
of the ground glass
are noted and fo-
cused. A vertical
line should be drawn
in the middle of the
ground glass or a
piece of paper tem-
porarily fastened so
as to indicate the
middle line of the
plate. Each of the
Fi~. 3 objects noted at the
sides of the ground
' - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - g l a s s should then be
successively brought upon the center line by moving the camera. and after each
object has been so brought upon the center line a pencil line should be drawn on
the paper along the left hand stde of the camera. The camera is then removed
and these two lines are extended so as to meet and form an angle upon the paper.
The angle should then be bisected and a line equal in length to the base of the
plate should be drawn at right angles to the bisecting line and so that it will
touch both sides of the original angle. This last line cuts the bisecting line so
that from the apex of the angle to the last mentioned line is the equivale.nt focus
of the lens, as shown in tht: Figure. The two X's are the objects successively
focused upon and the dotted lines show the first position of the camera. In addi-
tion to giving the focal length, this test gives the View Angle of the lens, which,
is the' angle "B. A. C. "
TEST V.-This test is a variation of the preceding and consists in drawing
first upon the paper an angle of 28 degrees 4 minutes. This may conveniently be
done without a protractor by first laying out a
base line, B-C, as shown on Figure 4. and
erect from its middle point a perpendicular of A
twice its length, A-D, and .drawing the lines ""E::-------r-.----1
A-B and A-C, the angle B-A-C will then be :
one of 28 degrees 4 minutes. The left hand a,1t of .:/.8'•. ,
side of the camera is made to coincide with the f'tq. 'f ~ C'
line A and B, and the position on grounci g-lass J
of an object on tlie right hand side of the glass is noted and marked. then the left
hand side of the camera is made to coincifle with the line .\-C and position of the
same object, now on the left hand side of the g-round gla~s. is noterl amlmarkecl
and the distance between the two measured. Thi-s distance is equal to half of the
rz6
THE JUDGMENT OF PARIS-A LANDSCAPE ARRANGEMENT
From a Platinotype

By Edward J. Steichen
(Milwaukee)
 TESTING LENSES.

focal length. It will be found on experiment that no matter how ~refully the
foregoing tests are made that there will be more or less variation in the result
even when the same test is repeated. The following test is probably the most
exact as well as the most difficult to carry out :
TEST VI.-Focus upon a distant object presenting a side at right angles to
the camera and measUJ:e carefully the distance from the camera to the object;
the side of the object; and the corresponding length of the image. The length
of the object is then to the length of the image as the distance of the object is to
the focal length, giving us a proportion in which the chance of error is very
slight.
After having tested the lens with its largest diaphragm it will be well to
make some repetition of the tests with small diaphragms, as some lenses are so
constructed that diminishing the size of the diaphragm changes the focal length
appreciably.
The View A.nrlc as found in Test 4 should be measured and noted. Up to
35° it may be deemed a narro·w angle; up to 55° a medium angle; up to 75° a
wide angle, and over that an extra ·wide angle.
The Rapidity of the Lens depends upon the diameter of the diaphragm
opening with which it can be used, as compared with the focal length. The ratio
being described as F-1 1, F-16, etc., and the lens may be described as slow where
the largest opening does not exceed F- 16: rapid where it does not exceed F -8,
and extra rapid when its opening is greater than F-8.
The Cone of Full Dluminatioo.-What is sought by this test is a circle
upon the sensitive plate within which no part of the lens is eclipsed by the lens
mount. To find it a piece of plain glass is substituted for the ground glass while
the limit's of the circle are noted and measured by the eye.
Definition.-The definition in the center of the plate is to be noted and
also the general definition over the surface. In focusing for the general defini-
tion the eye should be directed at a point two-thirds of the way toward the edge
of the plate frQm the center and the object focused upon should be inclined at
such an angle as to minimize errors due to anastigmatism.
TEST I.-Using a thin steel band I/10 of an inch wide by one inch long,
so piaced as to show its long thin edge to the camera and capable of being
rotated so that its width may show as the rotation proceeds against a background
of luminous surface. Its thin edge will be found to be invisible, but as it is
turned it acquires an appearance of thickness. It should be at some distance
from the lens and its angular width as viewed through the lens is calculated at
the point where it just becomes visible. The test is made at the center of the
ground glass and in the extreme corners. If it should be found necessary
smaller stops may be substituted until the line becomes defined. For delicate
tests such as this the surface of the ground glass should be very fine, preferably
produced by acid.
TEST H.-Focus the camera on distant objects, as for example the bricks
of a wall at such a distance that the distance between the lines of masonry be-
twrrn the bricks shall subtend an angle of one minute of an arc and focus with
the aid of a three or four inch eye piece, or take a photograph and examine the
129
 CAMERA NOTES.

negative with the eye piece. Lines which on the negative are separatd by 1/250
of an inch should be capable of being distinguished as separate lines. Theoreti-
cally there is no limit to the power which a lens might have of definition, but
practically the grain of the sensitive plate will not permit of more than a certain
degree of definition. Emulsions differ in this respect, the grain of rapid plates
being less fine than that of slow plates.

TEST I.-Focus upon a straight edge having behind it a luminous back-

ground, and bringing the image close along the sides and top and bottom of the
ground glass note the deviation of the image from the straight line.
TEST H.-Take a photograph of a screen made up of threads or wires
forming squares and note the deviation along the edges of the negative.
TEST !11.-Draw a straight line on the ground glass parallel to and near
the bottom thereof. Stretch a horizontal wire in a window and focus on the wire
so that it shall be close to the line.
TEST IV.-Set the camera on a table and focus on a distant point near the
middle lower edge of the ground glass. Then revolve the camera to each side
and note the distance of the point from the bottom of the ground glasss as com-
pared with its distance at the middle.

Astirmatiam.

TEST I.-Reflect light from a thermometer bulb to get a fine point of

light and bring its image on the ground glass at the extreme corners and see if it
becomes first a line radiating from the center and then a line at right angles to
the first.
TEST H.-Focus a wire or thread netting in front of a luminous globe and
see whether the lines running in both directions can be brought to a focus at
the same time. The thread net can be spread between two panes of clear glass.
Note that if the lens is a single landscape lens moving the stop further away
from the lens will diminish astigmatism, and that with a small stop or small
area of plate the stop may be permitted nearer to the lens, so reducing distortion.

T ransparen'y of the Lens.

TEST I.-Having at hand a lens of satisfactory brilliancy, with a small dia-
phragm give a moderate exposure upon a white wall, uncovering only one-thirds
of the plate. Then reverse the plate in the holder and with an equivalent dia-
phragm give three exposures; one over the two-thirds of the plate not before
exposed of an equal time as before; then covering each time more of the plate
pennit added time of exposure. Develop the plate and compare the results for
density. This is on the theory that the new lens is less transparent than the one
by which it is tested.
TEST H.-Place the lens upon white paper and looking at the paper
130
 TESTING LENSES.

through the lens note any tint of color, remembering that a slight yellowish or
greenish tinge is very material. Very strong light has
~ C,.a.\.d t,Co.Tc:l
_::_.:.;:=::---::---=-:;::~-=---
a yellowing effect, particularly on dense glass, and espe-
cially upon extra dense Jena glass.

-~rn~~--==~
-- Cbtomatic Ahcrratioa.

-·-
--·~
-~ 'V
--
--- TEST I.-At about ten feet from the camera place
tMUtd in a window a cardboard having an opening as shown
~t't•cls in Figure 5, Yz inch wide by 2 inches long. with cross
-----
- --
----=--=---====- threads as shown. Focus upon the threads with the
----·----
--------- aid of a three or four inch eye piece. Then using a
-=------- direct spectroscope see if the edges of the opening are
----
----
sharp for all colors.
TEST H.-Provide cards with printing on them,
numbered from one to seven, and set up in front of
the camera one upon another so that a portion of each shall be visible,
including its number, 34 inch apart and about two feet from the camera
(see Figure 6). A small 1 • , • ' " c. 7

::;:, ;;~m.I.'::w:;~~: Io=----_-_-;..-

purpose. Focus on the
0=::-_::cp------~~---~
-
middle card, No. 4, and -- -- Jfr""' ~
make a negative. Note ~ '1-t.,.
from the negative which
one of the cards is most distinct, and then make the calculation provided for in
the following equation: A = ~.X, in which A = the difference in inches be-
tween the visible focus and the chemical focus ; F = the focal length of the
visible focus in inches; U =
the distance of the object (say 24 inches) ; X the =
distance between the card which is sharpest in the negative and card No. 4 in
inches. Take for example a six inch lens, the negative from which shows Ko. 2
as the sharpest card. We have then by substituting in the formula A =
6x6 I I .
- - - x-- = -tnch.
24 X 24 2 32
Xote that for ground glass about I/30 of the focal length is the full chro-
matic aberration.
TEST IlL--Focus in the center of the plate upon a distant object.
Then refocus with the aid of a blue screen (wave length 4420) and note
the movement necessary in the ground glass. Refocus a second time, taking
light through a red screen, 6250, and note again the movement necessary in the
ground glass. The center and nodal points of the lens vary in position slightly
by the changing color of the light.
TEST IV.-Through the lens throw the image of a gas jet upon a sheet of
white paper. Then move the lens slightly toward the paper and from the paper,
putting the image out of focus. Its borders should then, if the lens is properly
achromatic, become successively claret and green instead of blue and red. This
is due to the mingling of the different colors of the spectrum.
131
 CAMERA NOTES.

The Angle of Field.--The field of a lens is the largest circle of sharp defi-
nition, or in other words, the base on the ground glass of a cone measured from
the nodal point of emergence. The angle of field is the
bounding lines of a plane through such a cone, the base of
which is equal to the diagonal of the plate for which examina-
tion is made, as shown in Figure 7·
The Largest Normal Diaphrarm is the largest which
will give definition of the required standard over the full
plate for which the lens is intended. ,
The Diaphrarm Giving Full lllumination.-Remove the '· · · .. _
ground glass and sighting through the extreme corners of ft.,. 1
the opening so made, insert successively smaller diaphragms
until one is found small enough to show full and round and not eclipsed in any
portion by the lens mount.
Real Value of Diapbrarms.-Focus the lens upon a distant object. Then
remove the ground glass and substitute for it a card with a small hole in its cen-
ter. Close to this hole place a candle, as shown in Figure 8, and close in front of
the lens a white paper screen with a scale
marked upon it. The rays from the can-
dle passing through this hole and through
.0., the lens and the diaphragm will form
~ upon the white paper screen a circle some-
' what larger than the actual diaphragm.
the rays emerging from the lens in paral-
lel lines so that the distance of the screen
is not material. The front lens condenses
a somewhat larger bundle of rays as they pass through it so that they are able to
come through the somewhat smaller opening of the diaphragm.
There are some half dozen systems, more or less. in use respecting the num-
bering of the stops. There is to my mind no system which approaches in general
convenience that which makes the number the expression of the ratio of the
diameter of the stop to the focal length. It requires no calculation to speak of
and soon acquires a distinct and well known value to any one who uses a camera,
so that F. 16, F. 1 I, and F.45, etc., have each a distinct character to the mind.
The U. S. system probably approaches most nearly to it in convenience, but it
requires more calculation and has an arbitrary foundation to rest upon.
The Optical <Antu and Nodal Points of Incidence and Emergence.-
Rays of light which pass through the opti- .._
cal center suffer no final deviation, and
leave the lens slightly displaced laterally.
hut parallel to their first direction. These
rays before entering the lens converge
toward the nodal point of incidence and
after leaving the lens diverge so that they
seem to have come from the nodal point of
emergence, as shown in Figure 9· Revers-
 TESTING LENSES.

ing the lens does not change the position of the image, for the reason that the
nodal points are interchangeable.
To find the nodal point: take the lens from the camera and place it upon the
edge of a wedge by one finger (see
Figure 10). Revolve it sidewise
through a small angle, having in
0_
front of it a candle, and behind it a
screen so placed as to give a sharp
image of the candle. If whep the -- --
lens is revolving the image is not...::-;;;-"-"---=.:.;;:_--~;..;;:.~---..;;;:"--
displaced, the nodal point of ~ ·
emergence lies directly under the 't!J-10
f7
finger and should be on the axis of
the lens if the lens is symmetrical. This may be tested by rolling the lens side-
wise and repeating the experiment. To find the other nodal point, reverse the
lens and repeat the experiment. The candle should be as far distant as may be
convenient. If the lens and the image move in the same direction the nodal point
lies further back and vice versa.
Illumination.-To compare the illumination of different parts of the
plate with any given diaphragm, proceed as shown in Figure 11. A is a mov-

n
-~«
(,,",t-
-:r,,. II

able light. B is a fixed opaque object, intended to cast a shadow on C. C is a

card board screen with a hole in the middle covered with thin paper. The lens
is placed at a distance from the hole equal to its equivalent focus. Behind the
lens and in the camera box is placed a thin screen to equalize the light from F,
which remains stationary. The light A is moved away from and towards B until
the light in the hole in C as shaded by B equals the light coming from F. Then
the lens is rotated to an angle as great as that required to cover the several differ-
ent parts of the plate and A is moved about until the same result is reached.
Taking the first distance of A from C as the unit, then the inverse ratio of the
two distances gives the ratio of illumination between the two points A and B
at equal distance from the lens, but as the plate is not so placed, but is at right
angles to the axis of the lens, a correction for C (as in second figure), which is
133
 CAMERA NOTES.

more distant and also oblique to the light, requires the use of the equation :
Illumination at C : I. at A : : I. at B X cos1 tp : I. at A cos• tp
Symmetry.- Twist the lens about its axis to any required angle and see
if the same values are obtained when repeating the tests for nodal points, depth
of focus, astigmatism, maximum flat field, etc.
Note. To compare the position of the plate in the ~ < ,
plate holder with that of the ground glass in its frame, U l ;s>; II
cut out a thin wedge of card board and lay a straight ~,· . 1~
edge across the plate holder and then across the ground 'J
glass and note how far the wedge can be thrust under each. (See Figure 12.)
Curvature of Field and Focal Volumc.-When the lens is used with
a small diaphragm it will be apparent that there will be a considerable space
within which the ground glass may be moved backward and forward without
diminishing the sharpness of the image. By focusing with an eye piece upon
some distant object and noting the limits toward and away from the lens within
which the focus is sufficiently sharp for the center of the ground glass and then
for successive distances from the center, and recording the movement of the lens
in each case upon a diagram, as shown in Figure 13, we obtain a section show-
ing the focal volume for the diaphragm used. As the diaphragm is enlarged the
focal volume diminishes and we are able in a similar way to place upon the
lloic..
diagram a curve of sharp
focus which denotes the
curvature of the field, and
to select a position for the
plate which shall bring to a
tolerably sharp focus the
largest surface of ground
glass. For a rough judg-
ment of the curvature of
the field it is sufficient with
a wide opening to focus
sharply upon the center of
the plate and then by rack-
ing the lens to note the
diminution of sharp focus
in the center and the in-
creasing sharpness toward
the margins of the plate as
the process proceeds, giving to the mind a rough idea of the curvature exist~ng.
Note that in the case of compound lenses the nearer the front and rear combma-
tions are brought together the more rounded is the field, but with less astigma-
tism, while the farther they are separated the flatter will be the field, and the
greater the astigmatism.
Surface Finish and Purity of Glass.-Hold the lem: so that the surface
to be examined reflects light to the eye not too strClng. and examine the surface
with an eye piece, then hold the lem; between the eye and a gas jet which is
134
 TESTING LE.VSE.S.

turned low. at such a distance that it shall appear full of light. Any strire or
other inequalities of the glass will at once become apparent.
The Number of Surfaccs.-A re'ldy way to test the number of unce-
mented surfaces of a lens is to hold it so that the image of a gas jet is reflected
to the eye. Each surface will show its own image, and if the lens can be so
twisted that all of these images shall be in a straight line the lens may be deemed
to have been properly centered in its mount.
Plarc Spot or Ghost.-Focus upon a gas jet and move the camera so that
the image shall be on one side of the plate, then look for an erect image more
or less sharp of the flame upon the opposite side of the plate. A slight sep-
aration of the combinations of a compound lens will sometimes diminish this
trouble, or if it is a single landscape lens a slight alteration of the position of
the diaphragm may cure the difficulty. Compound lenses may have several
flare spots, some of them distinctly the image of the diaphragm and others the
image of the object.
Pocusinr Sc:ale.-While the focusing scale is not strictly speaking a
part of lens testing, it is still so intimately related as to be properly included in
the subject. and for practical purposes an examination of the lens should m-
clude a test of the accuracy of the scale with which it is to be used.
For this purpose focus upon a distant object and note whether the in-
dicator is opposite the general focus mark on the scale. If not, the scale will
have to be moved to bring this mark into line. Then focus upon an object the
distance of which from the lens is equal to the smallest distance marked upon
the scale, and also upon an object one focal length farther from the lens. Dis-
tances should be measured from a point one focal length in front of the lens, but
probably most scales include the focal length in the indicated distance. The test
will show in which way the scale is constructed, and the fact must be kept in
mind in using the scale. The intermediate marks, if distances are measured
from one focal length in front of the lens, are distant from the general focus in
proportion to the reciprocals of the distances. That is to say, an object of full
size is one focal length in front of the point while the ground glass is drawn
out to a point one focal length behind the general focus. For an object two focal
lengths in front of the point the image is found at one-half of the focal length
behind the general focus. For an object four focal lengths in front the image is
found at one-fourth of the focal length behind the general focus, and so on.
If the scale is marked for distances measured from the lens the measurement
of the scale is also from the lens and proceeds as follows: An object full size is
two focal lengths in front, the image two focal lengths behind the lens. For
an object three focal lengths in front of the lens the image lies three halves oi
the focal length behind the lens. For an object four focal lengths in front of
the lens the image lies four-thirds of a focal length behind the lens. For an
object five focal lengths in front of the lens, the
image is five-fourths of a focal length behind the ~...~_.,',......."--......a.,____;f~.u-J._ _
lens. The successive ratios will be apparent. ~ 'i ~ { ~J.,
Figure 14 shows a scale with distances and pro- ~C:q.l¥-
portional parts of scale. If the distances are cJ

135
 CAMERA .VOTES.

measured from the lens one focal length will have to be deducted from each
and the corresponding fractions will he less simple. Theoretically it would
be possible to graduate the scale from a short section of it, but practically, as the
equivalent focus is not a constant, errors would creep in which are practically
obliterated by fixing the two test points at the extreme ends of the scale. The
effect of the varying focal l(~ngths of the lens is to compress the scale so that
if constructed from the general focus by means of a short section it would be
longer than it should be.
Many of the foregoing tests will be found more fully set forth in "A
Treatise on Photographic Optics," by R. S. Cole, 1899, to which book I am
also indebted for several of the diagrams used. Another book in the Club
Library which I would recommend is the "Optics of Photography.'' by]. Traill
Taylor, 1898. In the first of these books will be found a quick photographic test
by means of a screen made up of small squares with the center as shown in Fig-
ure 15, which is set up perpendicular before the camera and its surface inclined at
an angle of 45 o. The photograph is taken, focusing upon the vertical center
/ line. The achromatism will be noted by the line in the
negative which shows sharpest whether .-\. B. or C or

cards for achromatism. Curvature of field by noting

where the sharpest part of the diagram is as in Figure
1 5· The curve shown in the figure may be considered as
a section bf the principal focal surface of a plane inclined
at 45 o to the axis of the lens and passing through the
vertex of the surface. The depth of focus can be judged
c 6 by taking photographs of the screen while the lens is
racked in or out slightly and the screen kept stationary.
Distortion and astigmatism will be shown by taking a
photograph squarely in front of the lens. In the book by Cole above mentioned,
at page 225 will be found a form of certificate of examination of a photographic
lens as used by the Kew Observatory. It is safe to say that anyone who will take
the trouble to make such an examination of his lens as to be able to fill out the
seventeen points of the certificate will be sufficiently well acquainted with his
lens, even if as to some points his examination is necessarily crude.
 SEPTEMBER
From a "Gum" Print

By Alfred Stieglitz
(New York)
 C/\T/\LOGUe or TNe

M~I'\BeRs· EXNIBITION

No. 6z. By Frank Eugene. TNe C/\1'\r!R/\ CLUB,

New YoRK:.

M/\Y-dUN~. 1901.
 :\ o. 11 6. lly H . A. Latime r.

*Catalogue.

Abel, Juan C. 7· Marhlelwad , Mass.

1. Low Tide : Anchored. 8. Statue of Col. \Vm. Prescott on
2. The Pond: A St udy in Gum. Dunker Hill, Charlestow n.
Agnew, Wm. P. 9· Old Stone H ouse, New Ro-
chelle.
3· Portra it.
BKesc, Jas. L
Aspinwall, John IO. Portrait.
4· S unshine and Shado w. I I. Portrait.
Bradclow. Robert L. Brownell, L. W.
5· Bowne H ouse; F lushing, L. I. 12 . ~est and Eggs of Bank Swal-
Built 166 1. low.
6. Castle Rock ; l\-farblehead 1 3· ~est and Eggs of Ameri can
Neck. Robin .
*Th e illustratio ns herew ith were ch osen by the Edit o r o f CAMERA l\ oTES with a vi ew
o f po rtrayi ng the scope o f th e exhibition.
140
 CATALOGU E OF MEMBERS' EXHIBITION.

14. Flower Study: Broad-leaved Cassard, Wm. ].

Arrow-Head. 24. Grapes.
15. Flower Studv: Common This- 25. Fruit.
tle. - 26. Lilacs.
16. Flower Study: Hedge Bind- 27. In }{ush Day.
weed. 2R Ducks.
Burke, John P. Oarke, Frederic Colburn
17. Lovers' Lane. 29. Maude Adams in L'Aiglon.
18. Quiet Pool. 30. Gen. Nelson A. Miles, U.S. A.
19. The Brook. 3 I. Edwin Arden: Portrait.
Buxton, Dr. B. H. 32. Etude du N u.
Photomicrographs : 33· William Lewers in L' Aiglon.
20. - Uropygeal gland of a Coutant, Harry
chichn. 34· Portrait.
2 r. -Anthrax Klatsch prepara- Cook, M.rs. Grace
tion.
22. -Dacteria.
35· Betty.
30. The Grandmother.
Carlin, Wm. B. 37· Dorothy.
23. Grackle. 38. Portrait of a Child.

:\ o. 10 1.

lly J oseph T . Keiley.

141
 ?\o. 11.

Hy J a mes L . Breese

Crosby, C. H. 51. "Girl and Guitar ."

39· The Road to Chicago. 52. '' Mother and Child."
Darling', C. A. Eickcmcvcr, Rudolph, Jr.
40. Sheep by Roadside. 53 · Spring .
41. Midst Daisies and Buttercups. 54· S umm er.
42. Dorothea. 55· A utumn .
56. Winter.
43· Landscape.
57· Late A fternoon 111 Winter.
44· Saide.
Eurcnc Frank
Dowdney, Daniel J. 58. R efl ecti ons.
45· Lilly P ond. 59· P ortrait.
46. Rustic Bridge. no. Portrait.
47· In the Marshes. 6 1. P ortra it Study.
Dimock, Julian A. 62. M usic.
48. "0 . R. " FcrR'uson, E. Lee
49· "H. A." 03. Portrait.
so. " Miss A ." 64. P ortrait.
142
~I). I J 1. lly Sarah L. Ladd.
 Hcim, Ed.
R2. A Dweller of t11 e Ghetto.
8.~· Among the Dunes.
84. The Edge of ~ ew York.
85. Moonlig ht.
Heim, Emil
&l. T oilers.
Hcim, Emil and Ed.
87. The Tiger.
88. Sil ver IJi rches.
Hoi'C & Hadaw<~.y.
89. Group from a Play.
90. P ortrait of l\1iss C.
9 1. Portrait of Master H.
92. Mr. Chri stie in Barbara Freit-
chie.
93· Portrait of Cyril Scott.
Holzman, Samuel S.
94· Portrait of Mr. Alexander B.
Johnston, Miss Frances B.
;>;o. 66 By E. Lee Ferguson. 95 · The Ca rpenter.
96. P rofil e Contre Jour.
65. Portrait. 97· Study of School Children.
66. Portrait. 98. Study of School Children.
6GA. Portrait. 99· Study of School Children.
Fui'ud, Dallctt
67. Early Spring Woods at Dusk.
68. The Path.
69. Moonlit Waters.
Gould, A. C.
70. On the Skirmish Line.
Galoupcau, Hy.
71. Noonday Rest.
72. Breakers.
73· Young Fisht>rman.
74· Tree Study.
iS · Evening.
Goodwillic, M.D., D. H.
70. Bulls and Bears of Wall Street.
(Copy.)
77· Wm. !-1. Baird: Animal Paint-
er.
7/A . Three Stages of Life.
Harris, W. C.
78. Among the Berk shire H ill s.
Copies of Paintings.
79· " Whistler." By Baldini.
So. "Siegfried ." By Chartran.
81. " Bernhardt." By de Ia Gan-
dara. llr F . H . Hop;e and Tom Hadaway.

144
 No. '35 ·

Dy J. Ridgway Moore.

Keiley, Joseph T. 106. Silhouette Portrait of Tom

TOO. \' in e Crow ned; A S ummer Mason.
Idyl. w7. Silhouette Portrait bf :\ifrs. H.
101. Cornfi eld Vista in A fterg low of Kernochan, Marshall R.
A utumnal S un set.
102. In W hite Marsh Vallev. ro8. Landscape.
103. The Lake. ' IOC).Landscape.
10-l. Mme. " Rose.'' 1 10.Landscape.

Kerfoot, J. B. Lacfd, Mrs. Sarah H.

TOS. The Coast Guard. I r I. Youth and 0 1<1 Age.
11 2. Messengers of Spring.
113. A Fantasy.
Latimer, H. A.
TT4. The O uter Yla rk. (Yacht
"Emerald .")
I IS· At Anch o r-~fa rbl ehead.
I ro.
Testing F mit.
1 17. A Fish Story.
I 18. O ld \V ell-Ylatanzas, Cuba.

Lawrence, Chester Abbott

I TC). Portrait of M i ~s n.
120. P ortra it of Yl iss C.
121. Portrait of M r. C.
Loeber, Cbas. H.
122. A V\Tinter's Day on East River.
Lounsbcry, Mrs. R. P.
r 23. Portrait of Mrs. Haggin.
124 . P ortrait of Mi ss Anni e Ru ssell.
125. P crtrait of ~1 i ss Mary Man-
nering.
I 26. P ortrait of Mrs. Atherton.
127. P ortrait of Richard Le Ga~ ­
No. sr. Ily Julian A . Dimock. •enne.
145
 CAMERA NOTES.

McCormick, L M. Ottolcnruf, R.
I 28. The Yampa. 143· Beautiful Snow.
129. The Bather. 144. Snowstorm on Madison Av&-
130. Drifting. nue.
131. Sunset on !\'orth River. 145. A Fine Fish Day.
I 32. Battlefield of Collooc:an. 146. Early Apples.
Moore, J. Ridpay I47· Jack of All Trades.
133· Head: Gum Print. O'Donohu~, Joseph J.
I 34· Bull Pond : Florida. 148. 6o Foot Racing Yacht "Isolde.''
I 35. Lake Iamonia. I49· Steam Yacht "Colonia."
I 36. A Winter Fog: Tallahassee.
Post, Wm. B.
I 37· Landscape.
150. A Winter Landscape.
Mullins, W. J. Renwick, W. W.
138. "Nightfall." Charlotte Amelia.
139. Decorative Landscape. 151. The Dance.
qo. Winter Landscape. Reynolds, S. K.
I 41. Resting Ploughman. I52. Mrs. G.
I42. The Pine Tree Road . 1 53· A Fair Barbarian .

:\o. 166.

Dy Chas. W . Stevens.
l!io. 139 . By Wm . J. Mullins.

;o.;o. 120.

By Chas. H. ~bcr.

1:\o. 40. By Chas. 'A . Darling.

147
 r6<). Katwyk Beach.
170. ~1other and Child, 1.
I7I. Mother and Child, II.
Strauss, J. Francis
I 72. Montauk Cliffs.
173. Beach, Montauk.
Stoiber, A. H.
174. Off the Beach at Cannco:; .
liS· Sunset on the Lagoon. (Ven-
ice.)
I76. Trappist Monk at the Monas-
tery. (Algiers.)
No. 175 . Bl' A. H . Stoib~r.

I 54· Interested.
ISS· The Spirit of Easter.
I s6. A Portrait.
Schram, Louis B.
I 57· Landscape.
Scott, A. Wcntworth
I s8. Tree and Road.
I 59· Father Time.
160. Portrait of an Old Man.
161. A Summer Landscape.
162. By the Brook.
Sloane, Jr., T . O'Conor
163. Salt Ylarsh in Winter.
164. Genevieve.
165. A Portrait.
Stevens, Dr. Chas. W.
106. Mme. Duse.
Stieg-litz, Allred
167. Experiment 111 Oxalat and
~1ercury.
168. A Page from "The Photo-
graphic Journal of a Baby.'' No.
7
o By A. C. Gou ld.

177. Winter Pasture, South of

F rance.
178. Grazing, South of France.
Stuart, Malcolm
I79· Easter Lily.
18o. Moon light on the Hudson.
181. Rollo.
182. Portrait of ~r. A.
Tompkins, Dr. B. V.
183. The Two Friend.>.
W arcl, Miss EUcn R.
184. Where the Vesper-Sparrow
:-:o. r6t. By A. w. Scott. Sings.
148
 CATALOG UE OF MEMBERS' EXHIBITION.

Wardwell, I. Franklin
185. Twins at 83. Now 85.
186. Old Street in Stamoflrd, Conn.
186. Old Street in Stamford, Conn.
Conn. Built over 6o years
ago.
Webber, S. S.
r88. Foreground Study.
189. The Woodside Brook.
Whiton, L. C.
190. Portrait.
191. Portrait.
Wiggins, .Mvra Albert
192. The Brook.
193. Scheveningen Beach, Holland.
Wilmerding, Wm. E.
194. Portrait.
I95· Portrait.
Waterman, Jr., G. 0.
196. Child Study.
197. Eatontown Millponcl.
198. In Brandywine Park, Wil-
mington , Del.

~o. 1 2 8 . By L. 111. McCormick.

149
0F.E'IGI!~RS, TRUSTEES ANJJ COMMITTEES

OF THE

CAMERA CI~un,
N.Y.

1001-1902.

President jOHN ASPINWALL.

Vice-President j. EDGAR BULL.
Secretary DANII!L j. DowoNI!Y.
Treasurer WILLIAM E. WILMERDING.

TRU"S'I'F.I<~.

(AL«;O INCLUDilS AROVIl OFFICERS.)

Lours B. ScHRAM, HARRY B. RI!ID,

jOHN BI!I!BY, HI!NRY H. MAN,
ROBI!RT J. DI!VLIN, ROBI!RT L. BRACKLOW.

COMMIT'I' JCF.S.
HOUSII:. M liliTI NGS.

H. B. Rl!tD, Chairman. ALfRED STII!GLITZ, Chairman.

D. j. DowDN!Y. J. c. ABI!L,
F. M. HALl!,
c. A. DARLING.

PRINTS. LANTERN SLIDES.

jos. T. KI!ILI!Y, Chairman. A. L. SIMPSON, Chairman.

E. LEI! FI!RGUSON, c. A. DARLING,
J. RIDGWAY MooRI!. C. D. Rov,
J. j. O'DoNOHUI!.

CLUB PUBLICATION. SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.

H. H. MAN, Chairman. R. J. DEVLIN, Chairman.

J. E. BULL, C. E. MANIERRI!.
L. B. SCHRAM.

AUDITING. ADMISSIONS.

L. B. ScHRAM, Chairman. FR.,Ncrs C. ELGAR, Chairman.

C. C. RouMAGI!, F. N. WATI!RMAN,
H. H. MAN. MARTIN DEGENHARDT.

Librarian, J. C. ABEL.
 THE CAMERA CLUB DEPARTMENT
HENRY H. MAN, J. EDGAR BuLL, AND Lou1s B. ScHRAM, PuBLICATION CoMMITTI!I! RI!PRI!SI!NTING
THI! BoARD OP TRUSTI!I!S

Proceedings and Club Notes.

Muting of May Uth, J90J. members as to the pattern of cases to be
adopted, and also intimated a hope that the
A regular meeting of the Camera Club
amount still needed would be promptly
was held on the evening of May 14th; the
subscribed.
president, Mr Aspinwall, in the chair;
The plan suggested for arrangement of
about fifty members attended.
the cases is briefly as follows: It is pro-
The Committee appointed at the last
posed to purchase cases which can readily
meeting pre~ented the following resolution,
be moved from place to place and to set
and upon motion it was unanimously
them in line against the western wall of the
adopted:
main meeting room, arranging them so
Realizing that in the death of Mr. H. P. that sufficient space will remain above the
Rob:nson the photographic fraternity has cases for the exhibition of prints. The
lost a leader in thought work; one who
from the early days of the art-science has Canfield Library, and the greater part, if not
been identified with many features tending all, of the bound books in the old library,
to its upbuilding; one whose voice and pen will be transferred to these cases, leaving
were· ever used to direct the beginner and the present library room to be used for
urge the successful to greater efforts; one
whose power and personality extended be- periodicals and as a reading room. It has
yond the limits of the Royal Photographic been suggested, and the plan will probably
Society of Great Britain and the Linked be adopted, that the cases in the main room
Ring, and made him a fellow with the shall be kept locked, the key to be obtained
earnest workers on both sides of the At-
lantic; be it from one of the officers or from the cus-
Resolved, That the the Camera Club of todian by any member who desires to use
New York hereby expresses its profound books. Probably all these arrangements
regret and sorrow in this loss to the pho- will be complete before the issue of this
tographic world, and its appreciation of
the benefit to American photographers af- number of CAMERA NaTES.
forded by his writings and the stimulus of The following amendment to the by-laws,
his published and exhibited pictures. of which notice had been duly given at the
E. LEE FERGUSON, previous meeting, was offered and its adop-
WM. D. :\1uRPHY, tion moved and seconded.
]. WELLS CHAMPNEY,
Committee. Amendment to Article 9, Sections 1 and
2 of the By-Laws.
The Librarian reported to the Club that
the President. Mr. Aspinwall, had pur- At the monthly meeting in February in
chased from ~Ir. Charles W. Canfield his each year a Committee of Five shall be
chosen by the Club at large, who shall select
entire photographic library, and presented and post in a conspicuous place in the Club
it to the club. On motion, duly seconded, rooms at least two weeks before the annual
the hearty thanks of the Club were unani- meeting, the name of a candidate for each
mously tendered to i\fr. Aspinwall for his office to be filled at the ensuing election.
Any twenty members of the Club may pro-
generous gift. The Librarian further re- pose five names for the Nominating Com-
ported that it would be necessary to supply mittee. Each proposal shall be in writing,
book-cases for this library, and stated that delivered to the Secretary and posted at
a substantial amount had already been sub- least twenty days before the February
meeting. No member shall unite in a pro-
scribed towards the expense. He exhibited posal of more than five names for such
samples of cases and invited suggestions by Committee. At least ten days before the
 CAJ!ERA .\'OTES.

February meeting the Secretary shall mail an interesting and instructive discourse on
to each member of the Club a printed list "Simple Practical Tests of Lenses.''
of all the names so proposed. At the Feb-
ruary meeting the Club shall elect such
Committee by ballot. Each member present Mutinr of June Uth.
may vote by ballot for such Committee ~y A regular meeting of the Camera Club
marking five of the names upon such hst
with ink or pencil and depositing the list was held on the evening of June 1 Ith; Mr.
so marked, as a ballot for the names so Aspinwall in the chair; about thirty mem-
marked. bers attended.
The five members upon such list receiv- The Librarian reported progress.
ing the highest number of votes shall be
the Nominating Committee. Mr. Keiley, for the Print Committee, re-
ported upon the ~lemhers' Exhibition. He
The adoption of the amendment was stated that under considerable difficulties an
urged upon the ground that the method effort had been made by the Committee to
heretofore in vogue for selecting a Nom- place upon the walls as representative an
inating Committee involves so much of exhibition as possible of the members' work.
chance that there is danger each year that He called attention to the fact that the date
the ticket nominated may not he of a rep- adopted for this exhibition came so shortly
resentative character. The principal oppo- after the annual election that a very short
sition to the amendment was made by ~fr. time was left to the newly appointed Print
Murphy, who strongly condemned the Committee in which to perform their ardu-
proposed amendment as not only crude and ous duties. and recommended that hereafter
cumbrous, but as introducing a new danger, a date be adopted for the exhibition shortly
viz., that by withholding nominations for a preceding the end of the Committee's term
Nominating Committee until the last day, a of office, a suggestion which met with evi-
sufficient number of members combining to- dent favor.
gether might force upon the Club the selec- The report (omitting only certain of the
tion of a Nominating Committee of a highly printed matter incorporated into it) will be
partisan character, there being no method in found elsewhere in this department.)
which, after the end of the time for posting Mr. Stieglitz, as editor and manager of
nominations, the members of the Club CAMERA NoTES, reported that No. 1 of
could defeat any of the nominees if only one Volume 5 had been published and sent to
ticket were posted in due time. Other mem- members.
bers who spoke appeared to concur in this ~!r. Abel called the attention of the Club
view, while others dissented therefrom, ap- to the desirability of preserving photog-
parently rather because they supposed that raphic records of the changing appearance
the danger of such collusion among twenty of the city. He alluded to the work in this
members was not very great than because direction now in progress in various places
they. cared particularly about the adoption in Europe and dwelt briefly on the facilities
of the amendment itself. Upon the amend- which this club possesses for perpetuating
ment being put to vote it was lost. the phases through which the city passes.
The Club then proceeded to the election He moved and Dr. Stevens seconded the
by ballot of three Judges of Prints and three appointment of a committee and the motion
Critics of Lantern Slides. Only a few of was carried.
the gentlemen nominated for these offices After the transaction of some routine
business Dr. Charles W. Stevens lectured
were present, which rendered it imprac- on "~lechanical Adjustments for Enlarging
ticable to learn whether some of the candi- and Reducing," illustrating his lecture by
dates having the strongest support would free hand drawings upon the blackboard.
accept the position if elected. All those who accompanied by algebraic formul~. which
were closely followed by as many members
were elected subsequently declined the as understood them.*
honor by letters to the Board of Trustees.
• This lecture will be reported in the next issue.
After the meeting Mr. Manierre delivered ~EDITOR.
 T rustccs' Meetings.
At the regular meeting of the trustees held on May 27th, 1901, all the trustees attended
except Mr. Bull and Mr. Schram.
The treasurer reported a balance in hand of $3,741.01.
Dr. Devlin, from the Committee on Scientific Research, reported that no apparent in-
terest existed in the proposed book of Club formula: and asked that the committee be
discharged from further consideration of the topic, and thereupon the committee was
discharged accordingly.
Mr. Reid, chairman of the House Committee, reported progress in the selection of a
lens for the bromide room and asked for an appropriation of $so for the purchase of a
lens, which was granted.
The trustees elected to active membership Mr. Frank W. Trowbridge, Miss M.
Katherine Lines, Mr. Douglas G. Barrett and Mr. S. G. Dixon, and to non-resident mem-
bership Mr. Frank Eugene.
The trustee were notified of the death of Mr. John Jewell Smith on May 6th, 1901.

At the regular meeting of the trustees on June 24th, all the trustees were present except
Mr. Bull, Mr. Beeby and Mr. Schram.
The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $3,637.39.
The Secretary reported that but one set of slides had been sent in for the lantern slide
competition, whereupon the trustees decided to declare the competition off.
Mr. Reid, from the House Committee, reported that a new lens had been purchased
for the bromide room and installed. A letter was received from Mr. Arthur Hewitt re-
questing the sanction of the trustees to his writing a review of the Members' Exhibition for
publication in CAMERA NOTES. The Secretary was directed to notify Mr. Hewitt to forward
any manuscript he desired to publish to the Chairman of the Publication Committee of the
Club. (Mr. Hewitt has not forwarded any such manuscript, nor has he communicated
with the Chairman.)
The action upon this request will serve as a precedent for contributors, if
any precedent is needed. It is the policy of CAMERA NoTES to invite discussion
of topics within its range of subjects and to welcome the expression of diverse
views. Articles or communications of real interest will be published, whether the
writers agree with the views of the editor and his staff or differ with ~hem. But
no magazine has unlimited space, nor can any editor promise to publish articles
not yet written. Mr. Hewitt doubtless offered in good faith to write according
to his best ability, but it is obvious that permission to print in anything but the
Congressional Record cannot be extended until the manuscript is passed upon by
some editor or committee.
Had Mr. Hewitt proposed to write upon any subject of ge11eral photographic
interest he would have been referred to the Editor of CAMERA NoTES, because
his article, if accepted, would have appeared in its appropriate place. The
agreement as to the publication of CAMERA NoTES contemplates that criticisms
of Camera Club exhibitions shall appear only in the Club Department, unless the
Board of Trustees should request the publication elsewhere. For this reason
Mr. Hewitt was asked to forward his manuscript to the Chairman of the proper
committee.
This need not embarrass other contributors. Articles may be sent either to
the Editor or to the Chairman of the Committee on Cluh Pnblications. Either of
these gentlemen receiving an article which comes under the others jurisdiction
will pass it over.
153
 CAMERA NOTES.

It has seemed worth while to make, just this once, a somewhat detailed
explanation, so that hereafter members and others wishing to write for CAMERA
NOTES may know what course to take .

. . .
First Report of Print Committee for J90J-J902.
MR. CHAIRMAN, GENTLEMEN : Your Committee respectfully reports that:
Upon entering upon its duties on or about April 20th it immediately considered the
advisability of preparing for the holding of the Annual Exhibition of Prints by members
of the Camera Oub. Heretofore it has been customary to issue the notice of the intent to
hold this show in February, in order to allow members ample time for preparation. This
year this was not done and your Committee found that it had less than a month at its
disposal in which to make all the necessary preparations. Deeming it inexpedient to permit
so important a feature of the Oub's yearly programme to lapse, the following circular
notice of and regulations for the proposed exhibition was addressed to the members of the
Camera Oub accompanied by an entry-form for the titles of the prints entered by each
exhibitor. Each.member was given to understand that this was to be a club exhibition
and that it was his right to show prints therein and hi5 duty to the club to do so; the obli-
gation to frame prints was abolished, it being deemed an unnecessary ta.x on many of the
members, and every class of pictorial work whether scientific or artistic was sought.
(Here follows a copy of the circular issued late in April 1901, and sent to all members.)
The splendid manner in which the members responded to this call--those living as far
away as Oregon as well as those nearer at hand-despite the shortness of the time allowed
them is in evidence upon our walls. It more than justified the confidence of your Commit-
tee not only as to high standard of the work now being done by the club members, but
also as to their warm interest in the Club's welfare, which had but to be properly appealed
to to awaken hearty and immediate response.
The character of the show was so exceptionally high and the exhibition so broad in its
scope that your committee took the liberty of initiating it with a formal opening for the
benefit of the members and their friends-special cards of invitation were issued and a
reception committee of the following members was appointed by the President to do the
honors of the evening.
Reception Committee: 1\lr. John Aspinwall, Mr. Chas. I. Berg, Mr. Jas. L. Breese, Mr.
\Vm. ]. Cassard, Mr. Daniel J. Dowdney, Mr. Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., Mrs. Richard P.
Lounsbery, Mr. John H. Man, Mr. H. B. Reid, Mr. T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr., Mr. Alfred
Stieglitz, Mr. John Francis Strauss, Mr.]. Dunbar Wright, Mr. William D. Murphy, Mr.
William P. Agnew.
It was also deemed advisable by your Committee to take advantage of the opportunity
offered of recruiting to the Oub new and desirable members by bringing to the notice of
the public the many advantages offered by the Club to its members and to that end it pub-
lished in the last pages of the catalogue a brief note concerning the club and its facilities.
Nearly all of the old members entered prints in this exhibition, as also did many mem-
bers who had ne\'er before exhibited in the Annual Members' shows-there being in all 64
exhibitors.
The Exhibition contains 202 prints-is vl!ry broad in range and of an exceptionally high
average.
In point of the number of members exhibiting, the number of prmts exhibited, the
range of subjects covered and the average excellence of the work, this year's Members' show
is the most satisfactory that has yet been placed upon the club walls.
In 1898, 151 prints, the work of 38 members, were hung; in 1899, 16g prints, the work of
58 members, were hung; in IC)OO, 134 prints, the work of 47 members, were hung; in 1901,
202 prints, the work of 64 members, were hung.

154
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA CLUB.

The above figures show that this year's exhibition is more thoroughly representative
of the club than any of the previous ones.
The formal opening was very well attended; quite a large number of persons have
visited the Oub rooms since the exhibition was placed upon the walls; and the newspapers
have given it special space-the New York Herald of Sunday, May 26th, devoting half a
page to the reproduction of pictures selected by its representative from the exhibition; the
New York Sun, May 23d, giving its entire art column to a review of the show; and the
Commercial Advertiser and several other papers noticing it more or less extensively.
In conclusion your Committee desires to extend its special thanks to Mr. Robert
Bracklow, without whose very material assistance it would have been impossible to have
gotten out the catalogue in time. Mr. Bracklow gave to this matter his close personal at-
tention, to the neglect of other business. The Committee desires the Oub to join it in
thanking him for his very valuable assistance. It also desires to thank the various members
of the Oub who from time to time helped it in its labors and all of the exhibitors who
responded so splendidly, and in quite a number of cases to their very considerable incon-
\"enience, to its call for a representative exhibition.
JosEPH T. KElLEY,
E. LEE FERGUSON,
J.RIDGWAY MooRE,
Committee.
... ...
The Annual Exhibition of Prints by .Members of the
Camera Club.
The publication of the report of the Print Committee, including the com-
ments made by its Chairman upon the quality of the prints exhibited, leaves
comparatively little to be added on the topic. One thing, however, ought not to
be omitted from any notice of this year's show, namely, that in spite of unusual
difficulties the present Print Committee have covered themselves with glory by
getting together and hanging an exceptionally good and representative collection
of the members' work. It is true that unless good work were done no committee
however diligent could make the show a success, so that praise belongs to the
members contributing as well as to the committee. But it ought not to be for-
gotten that a great deal of energy, hard work, tact and discrimination are neces-
sary factors in the achievement of a result so honorable to the club and so
instructive to its members and guests.
It is not meant that all the work shown is of equal excellence nor even that
the exhibition would not have been better from an artistic point of view had the
committee been at liberty to make a selection of the best prints and reject all
others. The conditions under which members were invited to contribute were,
wisely we think, framed upon the plan of encouraging every member to exhibit
something.
This is alluded to, in the very excellent and discriminating review published
in the New York Sttn of May 23d, as follows:
"Every member being entitled to exhibit flve prints the display is a very
varied one, full of interest to those who are watching the progress of the art;
although on the other hand it necessarily lacks the tone of prevailing distinction,
which accompanies an insistence upon the highest standards. It is not such an
ISS
 CAMERA NOTES.

exhibition, for example, as the three which have been held in recent years by the
Philadelphia Photographic Salon. As this, however, is only :r club exhibition,
it may seem unnecessary as well as unfair to institute the comparison; and one
only does so because there seems to be a tendency on the part of the Salon to
recede from the high ground it has taken hitherto and to whittle down its stand-
ard to comprise a larger number of exhibitors."
After nearly a column of criticism of particular pictures the writer in the
Sun concludes his article thus:
"The exhibition is full of interest as showing the diverse directions in which
the art is moving and the constantly increasing attention paid to those elements
which make for a good picture in photography as well as in painting."
It should be added that the writer condemns certain work as frankly as he
praises other. It would doubtless be instructive to reproduce the entire article
and so give adt.!itional publicity to the discriminating criticism of an impartial
judge, not a member of the Camera Club, upon the work of its individual mem-
bers. But under the conditions of the show this would be somewhat invidious, if
not unfair to such members as in the short time during which the exhibition was
collected contributed prints at the request of the committee without thereby
intending to subject their work to comparison with the best work done by others
and exhibited elsewhere. In fact in some instances contributions were made by
members who for lack of time and opportunity were unable to do themselves
justice.
In another part of the Magazine will be found the catalogue of the
Exhibition, with illustrations selected with a view to showing the range and
variety of photographic work done in the Club, and particularly by members who
have rarely or never exhibited prints before.
+ + +
Print and Slide Auction.
On the evening of May I I the annual auction of prints and slides took place,
Mr. W. D. Murphy acting as auctioneer. The Committee in charge were: F. M.
Hale, Chairman; W. P. Agnew, E. Lee Ferguson, J. C. Abel, L. W. Brownell,
Alphonse Montant.
Nearly 150 prints and over twenty slides were disposed of, besides about a
dozen fake prints.
The evening was rainy and the attendance in consequence rather smaller
than had been expected. About twenty members sent prints for sale, many of
which were disposed of entirely for the benefit of the Club, while upon the others
the Club reaped the benefit of a substantial commission.
In the Fake Competition, Mr. W. C. Harris was unanimously awarded the
prize offered, for his clever "They'll Soon Be Home, by Steelets,'' which is else-
where reproduced. The prize, offered by an anonymous member, consisted of a
five dollar gold piece mounted on superimposed colored paper a Ia newest style.
The star price of the evening was paid by Mr. John A. Tennant, the genial
Editor of the "Photo-Miniature," for a print of "Scurrying Home," by Alfred
Stieglitz. The price was $27.00. .
The top price for a slide was three dollars, Mr. Schwartz, of the Rota-
graph Co., Berlin, Germany, being the purchaser.
The gross proceeds of the sale amounted to about $202.91.
I 56
 The Cub Library.
The Camera Club has sometimes been reproached for the inadequacy of its
library, and with justice, for the Club needed a much better and more complete
library than it has ever heretofore possessed. All ground for this reproach is
now removed.
For more than twenty years Mr. Charles W. Canfield, a valued member of
the Camera Club, has been collecting with the enthusiasm of an expert, such pub-
lications, whether periodical or otherwise, as deserve preservation on account of
their technical excellence or the light they throw upon the history of the science
of photography and the art of making pictures by photographic means. His
effort has been to make as complete and well rounded a collection of books upon
photography and kindred subjects as was possible, and his skill in photographic
work has rendered him an exceptionally fit person for the task.
The Camera Club has now acquired his entire library without reservation or
exception. It includes complete sets of the "British Journal of Photography,"
"The Amateur Photographer," "Photography," the "Transactions of the Pho-
tographic Society of London," "Wilson's Magazine," through all its .various
changes, besides other publications, many of which are out of print. It includes
also all the books published in this country on the subject of photography down
to a very recent period. There is also a set of books published in this country
and abroad relating to the daguerreotype.
In connection with the library, Mr. Canfield collected what is probably the
only set extant of Daguerreiana, including all known portraits and derivatives
therefrom, accompanied by an original autograph letter of Daguerre himself.
Besides these books and photographs the library includes all the well known
hand books and text books, whether technical or artistic, necessary to the practice
of photography, whether from a scientific or artistic standpoint.
The method of arrangement of the library adopted by Mr. Canfield was
chronological, and he prepared a catalogue containing the titles of all works in
his library. It has been deemed best by the Librarian of the Camera Club to pre-
pare a new catalogue upon the card system. There will be two sets of cards, one
set indexed under the titles of books, and the other under the names of the
authors, to be accompanied with notes as to editions and other matter necessary
to make the catalogue a complete working index, not only to the Canfield library,
but to the books already belonging to the Camera Club. It is expected that the
catalogue will be completed before the end of the summer, though it need hardly
be said that the labor of preparing it is no light task.
The Canfield Library was the gift of Mr. Aspinwall, the President of the
Club. The members have contributed over $250 for the purchase of book cases
and for incidental expenses.
Before this number of CAMERA NoTES appears the library will in all proba-
bility be completely arranged and catalogued and all expenses will have been met
by subscription, the amount already subscribed being very nearly adequate to the
Librarian's estimate of the expense. It ought to be stated in addition that no por-
tion of the money subscribed will be used in payment for the work of arranging
IS?
 CAMERA NOTES.

or cataloguing the library, but that the Club will owe to its Librarian, Mr. Juan
C. Abel, who has undertaken this work, an important debt of gratitude for his
devotion to the Club's interests.
The contributors to the fund for expenses are Messrs. Schram, W. E. Wil-
merding, Dowdney, Stevens, Abel, Stieglitz, W. D. Murphy, E. L. Ferguson,
Strauss, Vredenburgh, O'Donohue, Ed. Heim, Emil Heim, Hoge, Roy, A. L.
Simpson, Galoupeau. Goodwillie, Montant, Pease, Agnew, Holzman, Vail, Ger-
rish, Berg, Crosby, Cassard, Russak, Sloane, Benrimo, W. C. Harris, Tompkins,
Burke, Bracklow, Joy, Graefe, l\loore, Hart, J. E. Bull, Mack, M. H. Sanford,
Morschauser, Reid, Frisbie, G. 0. Waterman, Hopkins, Darling, Tiemann, and
C. Simpson. Others have expressed their intentions of contributing, so that the
above list will be considerably enlarged .

... ...
Lectures.
On the evening of April II, 1901, Professor Albert Bickmore delivered a lecture, illus-
trated by lantern slides and entitled "Paris, the Banks of the Seine."
On the evening <>f April 18th, Mr. Cornelius Van Brunt, an honorary member of the
Camera Club, delivered a lecture illustrated by color slides and entitled "Our Natural and
Cultivated Trees, with the Details of Their Flowers and Fruit."
We regret that it is not practicable to give extended description of these entertain-
ments. Any brief notice is necessarily inadequate.

"A Trip Through the Dolomites."-This was the title of a talk, illustrated by slides,
given by Mr. Frank Scott Gerrish on the evening of April 16th.
A large number of guests invited by Mr. Gerrish for the occasion were charmingly
entertained for the evening by a graphic description of his trip through a portion of the
Austrian Tyrol, during which he had under considerable difficulties taken a large number
of views. Mr. Gerrish explained that the necessity of using films only (and those some-
times of imperfect quality) had prevented his making slides of as good technical quality
as he would have wished. While it was true that some of the slides showed that the orig-
inal negatives had been made upon defective films, the interest of the subjects fully justified
Mr. Gerrish in retaining them in the series. The great majority of the slides needed no
apology.
The members of the Club were included in the invitation to attend this entertainment,
which it is to be hoped may be a precedent for others.
All the slides exhibited (and, we understand. others taken upon the same trip but
omitted from the series as finally made up) had been shown at the Wednesday evening
test, but not in sequence and without Mr. Gerri~h's interesting explanations and comments.

158
 " THEY' LL SOON BE HOME.
By STEELETS."

BY W. C. HARRIS.

[\Vinning Print in the recent

" Fake Competition," held at The
Camera Club, New York.]

Notes.
The Plaatlgmat.-It is with pleasure that tions of a second. It is needless to add
we record the introduction of a high-class that as far as the fini sh and general work-
photographic lens of 'p urely American ori- manship of the lens go, the B. & L. Com-
gin, for the Plastigmat, manufactured by pany have every reason to feel proud.
the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co., Rochester,
may certainly be classed as such. The results lately obtained by us with the
The lens sent us for trial was duly tested, samples of "Angelo" Platinum Paper,
both from a theoretical and practical point submitted for test were sati sfactory. It is
of view. It did all, if not more, than its worthy of a trial, for in our opinion it is
manufacturers claimed for it:, comparing in much superior to most of the platinum
all respects very favorably with the accepted papers now in the market. The paper is
German standard lenses. manufactured by ]. D. Nunzio & Co., Bos-
It is chiefly as an all-around instrument
ton.
that it may be recommende,d, for it com-
bines those factors and qualities which are It took many years for the photographer
most desirable in such lenses. As a doublet to make up his mind that orthochromatic
it works at F 6.8, giving all the speed neces- plates have certain undeniable advantages.
sary for most shutter-work, while the rear It took him quite as long to realize that
combination may be used as a single lens of the backing in the use of a non-halation
about double the focal length of the doublet, plate also has its advantages. The use of
and works at F 13.5, wh ich is fa st enough a lens shade is of more than imaginary im-
for all ordinary purposes. The results ob- portance. The photographer once accus-
tained with the latter when used for por- tomed to it, it will be difficult for him to
trait purposes were more than surprising, realize that he could have ever gotten along
and in fairly good diffu sed liight the time of without the same. It is for this reasor that
exposure did not amount to more than frac- we heartily endorse and recommend the

159
 CA.JIERA NOTES.

Jackson Lens Shade. It is a useful little paratively few makes. Many of the Bul•
instrument, handy, and costs practically lard Cameras have certain distinctive
nothing. features which necessarily entitle them to
the serious consideration of all photograph-
A Universal Steel Tripod, combining ers. E. & H. F. Anthony have the trade
strength, rigidity. light weight and com- agency for them.
pactness, has recently been introduced into
the market by E. & H. T. Anthony & Co., "Rotograph," 101 Fifth Avenue, New
New York. Amongst the many points to York. announces a special competition open
commend it, not the least important is the to all users of Rotograph Bromide Paper.
patent adjustable head by which the cam- The prizes offered amount to $610, $500
era may instantly be changed in any re- in cash and $110 in paper. The Grand Prize
quired position without moving the tripod will consist of $zoo in cash for any kind of
legs. Its entire weight is JZ ounces. print on ··Rotograph." The Judges an-
nounced arc :\lcssrs. Alfred Stieglitz. B. ].
The market is flooded with cameras of Falk. E. B. Core, John A. Tennant and
all styles. grades and makes. For the seri- F. Dundas Todd, names which need no
ous worker, that is one who sees more in comment. Competition closes November 15.
photography than a momentary hobby and For further particulars address the com-
pastime. the choice dwindles down to com- pany.

The following instructions will be of value to those using the imported bichromate
paper of Gennert :
"'Bichromatize the paper fur a longer period than usual. This will make it more
sensitive to light and cause it to work softer. Give a shorter time of exposure and
employ after having washed and expo,ed sheet in cold water and a bath of lukewarm
water for five minutes prior to developing the print. The object is to soften the coating
before dewloping. Then develop at a lower temperature than given in prc1·ious in-
structions. Beautiful detail and softness is thus obtaim·d. and even small work is
satisfactorily turned out in this manner.
The following is an example:
250 parb of hichromatc of potash.
s.ooo parts of water.
6o to 8o drops of ammonia .. ()()1 specific gravity. For instance. to hasten the drying. 250
parts of 907< alcohol may he used. Pass the paper through the solution ahout thirty
times. Expose a little le<s than usual. \Vash out the chromium for ten minutes in
several changes nf cool water. Place the print fnr five minutt·s in lukewarm. 20 degrees
R. Then deH•lop at a temperature of 25 to JO degrees R .. hut use little sawdust.
In case of o1·cr exposure return the print to lukewarm water for fil"e or ten minutes.
then continue to develop it at J.5 degrees R., with a littk mnre sawdust than previously used.
\Vhen taken from the chromium bath. the paper sl10uld dry from three to four hours."

In the purchase of photographic materials, the best is the cheapest at any price. The
practice of photography is difficult enough without handicap of the worries resulting from
the use of poor materials. The market is unfortunately inundated with much of the latter
at present. We endeavor to keep our advertising pages free from that which baa not been
thoroughly tested as reliable. If in any instance, goods advertised by us are found to be other
than what is claimed for them, we will be grateful to those calling our attention to the fact.

160
 - - ,
1['he Latest E:xasnple of

SOLOGRAPH PERFECTION

The Long Focus .Solograph.

lNFOilMAl'ION FROM DEALERS, OR FROM

THE SCOVILL &, ADAMS COMPANY OF NEW YORK,

3 and $ 'West Nineteenth .St •• NeW' York.
Cable Bldr., Chk:aa'o. Hoffnu!li's Chambers, Pitt St., Sydaey, Australia.

u + u e u e tt + u + u e n • u • u e u e u e ii + II + II + II • H• u • u + u + u + u +ue ll + l + ll e lt • •• + n + H+ II + tt + tt • u • u • •• + ll + ll + tt + ll + ll + ll + t• e H+ u + u + u • •:

!
•
FRESH PHOTO
SUPPLIES

..
W. & C. PLATINUM PAPER
(Cat to aay alze ordered.)

H. N. T EMANN,
1"1 West 42~ St. DBVBIOplqg 8Qd PdQtiQg.
... t-hw v'oi\K CITY .. .
;
H. N. TIEMANN. ~
Teiepb.oDe 169tJ-jf8tb. St. 17 West 42d Street. ~
••
+ u • u e u e u • u + ti + I I + II + H + II + II + II ~I u + ti + H + II + II + • • • u + u + u + ll + ll + ll + ll + ll + ll + tt + n e u + u + u + u + t• + u + u + ll +ll+ ll + ll + ll + ll + n + u + u + tt ef
 wE beg to announce that
ow ing to increased
business, and in order to be
more central!~ located, for t he
convenience of our customers,
we have removed to tT)Ore
spacious quarters at

137 West 23d Street,

A few doors from
Sixth Avenue.

F 9 The Uaual R. R. Lena

F 7. 7 The Usual Anutlgmat
F 6.8 The Improved Anastigmat

Collin~ear F 6.3 The Speedy Anastigmat

F 5.6 Collinear II.
Lens
!'his is the secr,.t o' many remarkable
photographs. They were "made with the
Collinear Lens." A lens you can always
rely upon to do the most difficult work
under the most trying conditions.
Marvelous in their Speed.
Remarkable for their De:pth of Focus.
Unequaled for Definiti<l•n, Covering
Power an3 Anastigmate Properties.
The Voigtlaender
They represent the truest type of a uni-
rersallens, suitable for every photographic
~equirement. Collinear LeJ[ISes are made
in all sizes and can be adapted to any
& Son
camera from the smallest size for the
pocket to the largest instnament for the
studio or field. Hundreds a1re being fitted
Optical Co.,
to Kodaks--Wenos--Premos
If you would. know mo~ about the pictures
that ha ve been and can be me.de with a Colli·
near Lens send for the free booklet "Picturet
137 West 23d Street,
tb ut win Prizes."
' VOIGTLAENDER & SON OPTICAL CO.,
137 W. 23d Sl., New York City. NEW YORK CITY.
When purchaaing a developer
please be p:rticular to ~pecify
SCHER 1NG'S the oldest and moMt
favorably known brand

Put up witb label1s and seals as per fac·similes bere given•

. - - - - - - 0 N E: 0 UNC E - - - - - - - ,

f~~9e~~~E~ ACID
f!2~ E. SCHER lNG,=:
MANUFACTURING CHEMIST, BEnLIN.GERMANY.

THE S1rANDARD
OF THE

THIRD-LAST-EDITION
OF THE

GERMAN PHARMACOPCEIA.
ILEGISTERBO.

See that JOn get the genuine "SCHERIKG'S," excelled by none.

FOR SALE
 '''
Berlin l
Photographic ~
Company
•••• FlaB Srt 1PUblisners
BERUN .:· LONDON .:· PARIS

J4 Eut 23d St., NE~V YORK.

(Madl.x. Square, Sou~b.)
...
STANDARD reproductions of
modern and andent art.
Artistic framing at moderate because It Is expansible and contractible.
cost a specialty. Just published: Flexible and stltf covers and leaves.
The Masterpieces of Grosvenor All sizes, styles and prices.
Cataloltlle and Photographic Guide free.
House. Prospectus mailed upon The Carter's Ink Co., Boston.
application.

New Buckeye Calfleras

ARE LOADED IN DAYLIGHT WITH CARTRIDGE FILM
~o. 1 Buckeye, 3 Y, x 3Y,; 6 Exposure Film .. .. $s.oo
No. 2 Buckeye, 4 x 5; 6 or 12 Exposure Film . . 8.oo
1'\o. 3 Folding Buckeye, 3~ x 4~; 6 or 12 Ex·
posure Film . ...... .. ...... .. .......... . I s.oo
~0. f.}~:'l~i~·g· .~~~~~:~·..4. " .s. ;_ ~- ~~ . ~ ~ -~~~~~~~~ 20 .00
Stereoscopic Folding Buckeye, 3~ x 4~ ...... . 25.00
We -•eed NEW AMERICAN FILM lor kaad camera work
CAM ERAS 0 .. ALL KINOS AND A OOM .. LBTB LINB 0 ..
PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLIES. Catalogue Free.
E. & H. T. ANTHONY & CO.
 ------~-- - -,

Award (' d First Pri z e, S 10o.oo. in Pl asti 1zm:u C' o n tf'~~ot

'The MOTHER

pta stigma t f- 6. 8 is a symmetrical, anastigmatic,

photographic objecti ve, composed of two systems
of four lenses each. Its speed is f-6.8. ample for the
fastest shutters. Its focus is considerably longer than that
of anastigmats heretofore in use, giving better pictorial
results. Either the front or the back system may be used
separately for portraiture or long distance photography.
Any shutter may be fitted between the systems. It is of
absolutely unchangeable Jena Glass. It is th e invention of
the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
 .
Aw:udt·d St·cu nd Pri.u, .f.~o . oo , in l' la') li Knta t Cu ntc 5t

'The BATHERS

0 the man who believes as some do, conscientiously,

that tlhe goodness or badness of a photograph
depends upon the skill of the photographer, with
little regard to the quality of the lens with which
it is made, the following is submitted :
In all work where detail is to be faithfully
reproduced, a perfect lens is an absolute necessity. No amount
of skill can give a perfect reproduction with an imperfect lens.
Where artistic effect is sought, the lighting, composition and
general outline must be accurately reproduced. The artist must
be able to "put the focus where it will do the most good." This
cannot be accomplished unless the lens image is free from
distortion, (astigmatism, spherical aberation, etc.,) defects which
exist in all, even the best, rectilinear and in many so-called
"anastigmat" lenses.
We have just closed a contest in which a prize was offered
for the best and second best pictures made with Plastigmat f-6.8.
The contestants were professional photographers of long experi-
ence and amateurs of little, from every part of the United States,
Canada and Mexico, yet there was not a print or a negative
submitted but does credit to its maker. This is not chance. It
means that the general average of results is in direct proportion to
the excellence of the lens. The better the lens the better the
results and the fewer the failures.
PI astigmat f-6. 8 stands in a class by itself. It is a new
creation.
B a u s c h & L o m b 0 p t i c a 1 Co . ,
New York Roch es t e r, N . Y. Chi ca![ o
 - - - -----~- -

Graphic Cameras•••
Reversible Back Cycle <in,blc,
Male Ia All Slzea Fn1m
J }{ x 41( to h 11.

<ir111hlc Maculae Plate Holder.

12 Plat eo.:-.
'l~ x 4~~ , • $ro.oo
<4 X 5, • . . • , • . • I O 00 Foldinl( Pocket Graphic,
5 X 7t , • • • • • , • 12.00
3X x4 l(, ••• • . •• • • ..• . $30 oo

We Make 2 5 Styles o.f Graphic Cameras. Sene! for Catalogue.

GRAPHIC AGENTS.
A J. LLOYD & CO. 321·325 Wn•hm g ton Street. ALMER COE, 74 State Street, Chiea1o, 111.
Boston, M.s•. H. A. HYATT, 410· 12 N. Broadway. St. Louia, Mo.
WILLIAMS, BROWN 8: EARLE, 918 Cheatnut DA:'\! ELS & HSH E R. Denver, Col.
St. Philadelphia, PL KIRK , GEARY & CO., Sacramento and San F ran·
SHEKTZ & BISHOP, 614 I>th St. ,. N. W. Waah't'n , d«O, C:ll.
TH~· ~ALZL-CUMMINS CO., 20 Weat Lcxin1·
OBRIG CAMERA CO., 165 Broadway, New York.
F. G. SCHMIDT, 11 Eaat 42d St., New York.
ton St., Baltimore, Md.
THE WM . E. STIEKEN CO., S44 Smithfield St. , E. B. MEYROWITZ { 104 E. 23d Street, New York.
Pittabur"h· Pa 125 W. 42d Street, New York.
OSKAMP, !'lOI..TING & CO, S. W . cor. Fifth and S. B. KRAUS, 657 Br<>adway, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Vine Sta. , Cm c ~nnati. 0 . C. H. LOEBER, 12 Eaat 17th St., New York City.
THE BURROWS BROS. CO., 1313 Euclid Avenue, CHARLES KUHN, 366 Fulton St., BrookiJft, N.Y.
Cleveland, Ohio. W. C. CULLEN, 61 William Street, New York.

CJ'he Folmet• & Schwing 8ifg. Co.,

No. 404 ~ROADWAY, NEW YORK.
TELEPHONE, No. 2711 FJU.lNKLIN.
 BAUSCH & LOMB

HA~~D CAMERA
TELEPHOTO
In this lens we have for the first time
in the history of lens making produced a
compact Telephoto attachment which can be

USED ON ANY CAMERA

with the lenses regularly supplied with
hand cameras and giving a number of
magnifications with

NO EXTRA 8 ELLOWS LENGTH.

A PRACTICAL LENS FOR EVERYBODY.
Send for Booklet.

BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL CO.,

Rochester, N. Y.
 At Hon"le,
by the light of an ordinary lamp, by
gaslight, or by daylight, print-making
.
1s easy

With VELOX
paper. Requires no dark room
and renders exquisitely soft, platinum-
like effects.
NE.PE:RA CHEMICAL CO.
Division of the General Aristo Co.

For sale by Park,

all dealers. N.Y.
CARBUT'l''S~
DRY PLATES
1
CELLULOID FILMSand
: SPECIALTIES
-Renowned for

,I Uniformity and Reliability

..... PLATINO-B~OMIDE \ Lantern Plates
NOT IN THE coMBINE The Standard in America.
A New
Professional
and Amateur
!
Developing Paper

CARBON MATT
GLOSSY
for -t
METOL-HYDI{O POWDER
A UNIVERSAL DEVELOPE~{.
Photographers I{OUGH MATT Especially intended for Snap-Shot Exposures .
Made Ia abovc1r1U1es: SPECIAL RAPiiD for PORTRAITS, Equally good for Time Rxpoaures on Plates or
CONTRASTV NEGATIVES AND ENLAROINO. Films, Transparencies and our Vi nco Platino-
Bromide Paper. Put up in two sizes-small
CuM ••alpalated Ia uy oniiii&TJ r - by OASLIOHT. size,·~ cents, enough to develop 4 to 6 dozen
Sample dozen 4xs,o~ Cabinet size, with a Vinco 4x5 plates; lar~re size. containinsr double quan·
Print and sample of our Metol··H\"drc Powder, tity, in sealed glass tubes, so cents
mailed to any address on receipt of •s CENTS . 1 Price Llats aM lleKrlpllvc Clrcalan ••lied oa ~aeat.

JOHN CAI{BUTT (K:~:Pllin~!~1·) Wayne Junction, Philadelphia, Pa.

The Uni,rersal Steel Tripod.

Combine s ext reme strength and r igid -
ity with li g ht weight, bea uty and co m-
pactness. Thi s tripod is made o f tem -
pered ~ heet steel. in three tele scope sec-
ti ons. and a ll hinged j o ints are riveted.
It ha s no parts to warp and no wood
sc rew s to become loose ned. It is pro-
Yided with a patent adjustable head by
which th e camera may in stantly be
clamped in any required posit ion with out
mo ,·in g th e t r ipod leg s. Thi s device is
especially valuable wh en working on un -
eyen ground o r when pointing the in-
strument upward o r d ownward for pho-
tographing high buildin g s o r from great
ele,·ati on s. It is suitable fo r all hand-
folding or regular Yi ew came ras. Its weight is onl y 32
ounces. it s length fold ed only 20 )/, in che s and he ight wh en
open 55 0 inches. Each section may be sec urely clamped
at any height with perfect ease and with out danger o f the
sect ion s slipping under the weight o f a heavy camera .
PRICE, $3.00
Cami•1C11e,
addltloul, 75 ceata.
Prepaid to any part of the United States on receipt of a hove prfcP.

E.& H. T. Anthony & Co., Sole Agents, 122·124 Fifth Ave., New York.
CEO. F OF,
-------Fine Frames.
Works ·of Art Framed with Artistic Judgment.
4 Clinton Place (Ei~'hth Street) Near Broadway.

\\\\ ~ p\o.te. sh w~ wo r l'.. ~ ne. on ov.t \.:,1\, n ~~~ ~e le r.

iioh" ~'1\e.4- ~o~, l'o.\~r.SQI\.1t. J.

''. ANGELO''
PLATINUM PAPER.
I• Sold on it• Merit•.
Compare them with any others on the market, and convince !ourself by the results that "AN·
GELO" bas q_ualities far superior to an_}' other J>aper of its kin .
Our NOBRAC is the late!it and the BEST OF ALL, specially manufactured for ARTISTIC
AND HIGH-GRADE WORK.
We sell direct where Trutst dealers do not carry our goods in stock, and pay postage or ex-
pressage on all orders for tbi!l paper from consumers.
PIUCJt LloST or
••.ANG-ELO•• PLATINUM P.APitR..
"ANGELO." "ANGELO."
Rough and Smooth. " NOBRAC." Ro h a d S 00 th "NOBRAC. "
SIZE. Per dozen. Per dozen. SIZE. u~er doze:. ' Per Dozen.
30 X 30 • .. • • • • • . . . . $0.30 $0.35 6 X S • • • · · • • • • • • • 1.25 1.50
3!4 X 4!4 .. .. .. .... .. -30 ·35 60 X S0 .. • ........ • 1.25 1.75
4 5 ............
X .50 ·55 7 X 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.50 2.00
31i x sY. (Cabinet) .. .ss .6o s x 10 . .. .. .. .. .. . t.Ss 2.50
3 1-'i X
6)4 ........ .... -55 .60 10 X 12 .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.So 3·50
4~ X 50.. .......... .60 .65 II X 14 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3-75 4-50
4!4 x 60............ .70 -75 14 x 17 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6.oo 7.oo
4 x 70 .. .... .. .. .. -75 .So t6 x 20 .. .. .. .. .. .. 7.oo S.so
s x 7 .. .. .. .. .. .. .So .Ss 20 x 26 .. .. .. .. .. .. ro.oo 11.50
5 x S ............ ·95 1.00 Per sheet. Per sheet.
50 x 7~ (Paris Panel) 1.25 '-35 zo x 26 . . . . . . . . . . . . .S5 1.oo
Full srze Roll, 20 ins. wide by 26 ft. long, equal to one dozen 20 x 26 sheets .. . . . .. .. .. ... . . $ro.oo
"Angelo," Sepia Solution (6 <>z. bottle). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . r.oo
" Angelo" Developer ( r lb . package) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -45
"Angelo" Developer (0 lb. package) ...... .... .. .... ...... .. .... .... .. .. ........ .... . .25
25 per cent. Discount from this list.

E. en H. T. Jl~ NTHONY "6Ao

.,.,. CO . , 122·124 Fifth Avenue.
NEw voRK,
.Sole Trade .Agent•.
 THESE! I
NON-HALATION PLATES, Doable Coated.
CJRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE
-.ow •....,.o PLATES, Blaclt. Tones.
1 CJRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE PLATES, G. B. P. R.,
Producing GREEN, CJJROWN, PURPLE ana RED Cfones.
PYROX, Tfte Ne<w ~De<oeloper. Pa.clt.a.ges, 10 cents, 20 cents
ana 75 cents.
SULPHITE SODA, Pure. CARBONATE SODA, Pure.

Send for copy of SEED "Or!dlNUAL" ana Price List•

.-.._ _§YL cA. Seed Dry Plate Company.

Eastman's Bromide
Lantern Slide Plates
Give the brilliant high-lights, delicately
graded half tones and trans parent
shadows which are so highly valued by
the best lantern slide workers.
They allow of great latitude in exposure
and can be developed with any good
I
developer except Pyro. ;,.
EASTMAN KODAK CO.,
For sale by all dealers. Rochester, N. Y.
 SEND FOR OUR NEW BOOKLET
FOR 1900-JUST ISSUED•

Headquarters for .....•••

THE <H?,dlPHIC CAMJE?.AS,
KODdlKS, PREMOS,
POCOS anti F/LlMS.
W. & C.PLATINOTYPE PAPERS. OUTFITS
FOR THE "GLYCERINE PROCESS " (Brush
Development). See page 221, Vol. Ill.,
. • ~ No.4, and send for Circular.

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING QUICKLY DONE.

OUR SPECIAL BLUE PRINT PAPER is now put up in seated tins. us bril-
liancy and keeping qualities are unsurpa~sed. Per 2 doz, 3~ x3 ~, t2c. ; 4x5, t6c.;
5x7, 28c. ; 5x8, 32c.; 6~ x8 ~, 45c.; 8xt0, 55c.
CLARO DEVELOPER, unsurpassed for Plates, Films, Velox and Bromide.
A COMPLETE LINE OF FRESH PHOTOGHA.PHIC SUPPLIES

TELEPHONE, 47"4 CORTLANDT.

THE OBRI(Jt CA1(JI"ERA

.ll'.l.
CO •J
t 65 Broadway, N. Y.,
(Near Cortlandt St.)

u For happy and welcome indeed is the sign

When the strong a nd the tender united comb ine.• ,
Schilln-. LOVELL COLOR DIFFER-

PLATES
ENTIATING
Standard of the World Positively the best orthochromatic plate

JENI-ZEISS INAS~ TIGMlT

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Len~ses and Their uae ofien the foUowlnf ad-
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Eastman Natural Porlralu wltboat Retoucblnc,
l(odaks. LandKape wltb Clouds,
Correct Color Sen.sltlvea-,
giving a true rendering of the tone
In stock No.3 Fold- values in the subject.
Ing P oc:ket Kodak, Full EJqJOHre oa Qulcke.t Ex.,..-uru
N06.3,4aod5Cart- Brilliant Neptlvee
ridge Kodak fitted Sensitive to the Entire ,Spedrum
with these lncom- and the Only Pl&tc which wW clvc tho redo
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Descripti ve price list upon request.
TWO
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c •
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104 Eut 234 Street, }
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650 M.dl10n Avenue,
NHW ROCBHLLH, N. Y.
MINNEAPOLIS, 614 Nlcellct An-.
ST. PAUL, ,.._ St. Peter Slnet. Wnten llefe(: 64 WU..~ Ave., CIIJQp.
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 PERFECTER Platinum,
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~
Manufactured uncfet climatic
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THia e,A..O ... D COA..N .... NO WMI!!:AT
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COLOR.ADC>.
Manufactu red on l y by

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~ ~ #~ ~,~~

HI.:STOR.. ICAL. AND ..SC~NIC ~

THE SCOVIll & ADAMS CO.
OLD~Nf.W MfXICO. EASTERN TRADE AGENTS,
AND ,..OJIIt..MJ WITH IT.) CONHf!.C"riON.:J
THI!: POPULAR.. WINTeR.. 'l.OVTI!: TO

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~o0 ~~:J~~c~.~~~~T'~~:"~~~O:,·
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C00 k e L ens
bas a perfectly flat field, and gives
The exq_u isite de~niti?n at full aperture.
Wnte for prtce hsto • 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 •

~lAX LEVY.
1213 Race Street, ~ Philadelphia, Pa.

Bookbinding of Every Orade.

Fine Binding a Specialty.
Pbotocrapba Mou•ted; Portlolloa for PbotoJrl'llph.s, Etc:., Etc:.

KN0LL,
236 East 77th Street, NEW YORK CITY.
FOR REPBREN<::BS APPLY TO CAnBitA NOTEa.
J. Hauff's Famous \lf \lf \lf \lf
\lf \lf Deve~Iopers ®. Preparations
I oz. l' lb. I' lb. 1 11-.
METOL . .... $0.75 $2.75 $5..25 $JO.OO METOL CARTRIDGES, box of 6 glua tubes, $0.95
ORTOL .. ... .75 2.75 5.25 10.00 ORTOL TUBES, set for 2 10lutiona . .. .. . ... .35
GLYCIN .... .75 2.75 525 JO.OO HYDROKINONE, box of JO glua tuba ...... .90
ADUROL ... •60 2.30 4..50 8.50 GLYCIN TUBES, box of JO ............... J.50
PYROL .... . .30 J.JO 2..00 4.00 ADUROL TUBES, box of JO .. . .. . . . . J.OO
HYDRO } .25 .80 J.50 3.00
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ON MODERN 1
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Detached and folclecl, 10 Inches lona.

SIMPLEX FINDER DURANOID FIXING BOX

For 24 4 x 5 or 12 5 x 7
4 X 5, $2.00
Ct.I!AN , CoMPACT, EcoNOMICAL
$J.50

H. ®. C.
.Attached to Camera.
MELLEN 'S TRIPOD STAY
PRICE $0.75
Gum Bichromate
PAPER.
For Truly .llrti~~tic and Absolutely Permanent ~esults.

ENGRAVING BLACK, Per Rc:,u ... ... .. .. ... .......... .. .......... ... $3.25 Roll•
WARM BLACK, .. u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . 3.25 contain
PORTRAIT RED, " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50 $ feet
SEPIA " " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.50 31 inc he•
COLOR SELECTION PACKAGES, containing 9 aheeta, JOx J2 .. .... ... . 3.00 ~ide.

G GE -..:lNERT
• ~~ t
25 EAST 13th ST.
~ NEW YORK
 COLLINEAR LENSES- K ODAKS FOR HAND CAM-
ER AS, MONTAUKS, f RE MOS, AND OTHERS.
Srrica 11. f. 5 6 Srrica Ill. f. 7 7.
4 x 5. with No. 3, $55.00 No. 3, $50.00
5 x 7, Iris, No. 4, 70.00 No . 3a, 60.00

~
~~~i~~~!;b,..,,. 86~x x8~ . Shutter,
No . 5, 80.00
10, No . 6, No.5, I 85.00
12.50 No 6, 107.50
For No.2 and No . 3 Fold P. K. wit h automatic
Collinear Ill. No . 2. $38.00.
~~-...i....:..!..

ROSS- GOERZ DOUBLE ANASTI~MATS-F oR HAND CAM ERAS

4 x 5, No. I, with Tripier Shutter. $55.00
5 x 7, No. 2, with Tripier Shutter, 62.50
6~ x 8~ No.4, with Iris Shutter. 86.00
8 x 10, No. 5, with Iris Shutter, 102.50

C0:-.1PACT DOUBLE EXTENSION MONTAUK

With double rack and pi nion, reversible back, double
swin gs , long b:llows, t: lepho to lens, Unicorn shu tter,
case and holder on cycle pattern.
4 X 5, $30.00 5 X 7, $40.00 6Yz X 8~ , $50.00

LONG FOCUS REVERSIBLE BACK

MONTAU K
Front and back bed, double springs.
reversible back, double bellows, rising,
front, sid: s hift, rack and pinion .
4 X 5, $40.00 5 X 7, $50.00
6~ X 8~, 60.00 8 X 10, 70.00

THE ETON CAMERA

A handsomely polished and finished tripod
camera, most compact and having all
adjustments.
5 X 7, $28.00 8 X 10, $38.00
6~ X 8}), 33.00 II x 14, 50.00

25 EAST 13th ST.

G. GENNrERT, 'tfl NEW YORK.
 THE PLA TINOTYPB
Here is another interesting letter, also unsolicited:
' ' Your paper is the cheapest I have ever
used. I would have it at double the price. "

And an old customer in New York says:

'' The paper is superb."

Send for pamphlet to

WILLI~~ & CLEMENTS,

1624 Chestnut Street,
PHILADELPHIA.

The Wanlica
SeH-Adjustable
Plate Holder
-=:J FITS ALL CAl~
Holda full-tfze plata an.cl amalJer alua
without tha Ule of kit frames, thua
enabllnf ooe to procl1~ the mOlt
artlatk Cffecta wtthout ;any extra CO&t
or bother.
AtlMI!RA IS IN(;()MPLETI! wn•OUT OUIIIOLDI!I
For sale by all d•ealers
Illustrated catalOI{ue on application

The Warnilca Co.

Cox BulJdior ROCHESTER, N.Y. Pat. Jan. 15, 19111.
&ULLA~D CAME~A5
'''''''STYLES ,_
35 DIPFERENT
FROM $10 TO $60 EACH.
INCLUDING THl! I
LONG FOCUS BULLARD
FOLDING BULLARD
I I I I I
'''''''
CYCLE FOLDING BULLARD
SEPARABLE CYCLE MAGAZINE BULLARD
FOLDING CYCLE MAGAZINE BULLARD
FIXED FOCUS GROUND GLASS MAGAZINE BULLARD
LONG FOCUS SEPARABLE CYCYLE MAGAZINE BULLARD
The BULLARD CAMERAS are fitted with Symmetrical, Achromatic
and Special Symmetrical Lenses. Double Valve Shutters, Rising. Falling and Slid-
ing Fronts, Smgle and Double Swing Backs. Rack and Pinions. Brilliant Finders,
Plate Holder Adapters, Automatic Swingin~J Ground Glass and Fold-Ground Glass.
Special Plate Holders and Leather Carrymg Cases.
The MAGAZINE BULLARDS are light, compact, and accommodate 12 to
18 Plates without the use of extra plate holders. Just the camera for short or
extended tours, and never fails to work.
TRADE AGENTS

E. & H. T. ANTHONY & co.,

122 & 124 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK CITY.

Cramer's Isochromatic Plates

ARE THE MOST PERFECT COLOR SENSITIVE
PLATBS IN THE MARKET. MADE IN THREE
GRADES OF SPEED, .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .-

SLOW, MEDIUM and INSTANTANEOUS.

FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC
SUPPLIES•
• • • • Manufactured by ••••

G. CRAMER DRY PLATE CO.,

ST. LOUIS, MO•
••
Oll'll'lCBe IN

NEVI YORK. CHICAGO, SAN FRANCSCO,

No. 32 But JOth Sind. Room 105 Cable BuiJcUDr. Room 38, No. 'J9 Marat St.
USB nAWNCKRODT'I .50DIUM SULPHITB, ANHYDROUS.
AUOUTI'ELY PURB POR PHOTOORAPHIC PURPOJBI.
 - 1

-----·------~-----~

LEAD/JJrG AMA'TEURS
~~:;s or T.l!E CAMERA CLUB
ARE USING EXCLUSIVELY FOR THE

HIGHESCF ARTISTIC PORTRAEl URE

Euryscope Lenses
WHICH ARE SUPPLIED ONLY BY US.

Send for price-lists and other Information to the

SOL.J! AMERICAN AGENTS : : : : : : : : :

BENJ. FRENCH ~ CO.,

BOSTON, M.IISS.

WallJole Granular
Wafp,ole Pea Crystal
ORIGINAL

WALPOLE
HYPO
RELIABLE

Walpole Chemical Co.

WALPOLE,
MASS.
 Frederic Colburn Clarke
Member of the Camera Cub. N.Y.

PHOTOGRAPHER.

Copyrighted, 1901, by F . C. Clarke

REAL ARTIST in photo-

Pride A graphy is sometimes deaf
to arguments aimed at

or his pocket-book. He works more

for pride than for profit.
Very well- to such photog-
Profit raphers the artistic beauty of
COLLINS MOUNTS is simply
irresi~tible. If you work for pro-
fit, COLLINS MOUNTS will give
your work the distinction that
.II. M. wins trade; but if you work chief-
ly for art's sake, then you simply
Collins can't be happy till you get them.
Mfg. Co. Ask your dealer to show you samples of our
new " ROSTAND" mounts, In the popular
~27 Jlrch Street
sage color, and the "KOLCO," with an effec-
Philadelphia tive border In ash gray.
 Photogravures, Halftones
in Monochrome and Color;
High-grade Printing;
Catalogues, etc., etc.

Photochrome
Engraving Co.,
Fo,. samples see the 162-166 Leonard Street,
illumAfions of
"C~.tnet'& l/l(ptes.'' ..... NEW YORK CITY.

Send for New

CJ?.ing ap 1546-18th. Catalogue •••

Don't Have Orden will be cfdivered within

aa bout at the CAMI!RA CLUB.
u •• fogged Plates
CHAS. H. LOEBER,
J2 East J7th St., New York.
,
Platlnotype Paper, Plates of all Gt&da.
l!verythinr for Prorreuivc Workcra.
,
l!vcrythlnf Fresh I Lowell Prfcal

Uptown A(cncy for folmcr & Schwinr.

Nicholson's AdjUJuble RIGHT SIDE UP.

Lens Sl'lade REFLEX CAMERAS.....
Is endorsed by leading Photographers
and Photo :Magazines. Its value in show the picture right size, right
Flashlight, Marine, and all outdoor side up, and enable you to focus
work is unlimited. to the moment of exposure.
Sold by all photo material dealers, or Reflex Focal Plane Shutter sup-
mailed on receipt of price, soc.
plied-fastest In the world. Our
book Is of real interest. Sent free.
THE JACKSON LENS SHADE CO.
Station H . JACKSON, MICH. REFLEX CJIMER./1 COMPANY,
OTHI!R SIZI!S MAD!! TO ORDI!R, Yonkers, N. Y.
The only co:m pletely corrected Ana-
stigmats are the

- GOERZ-
oouoLE
~NASTIGMATS,
as they cover AT FULL OPENINO SHARPLY UP TO
THE CIRCLE OF LIOHT, as no
other lens does.
They e:xcel all other makes in

SPEED, DEFINITION, EVEN ILLUMINATION

AND DEPTH OF FOCUS,
and are there·fore the best landscape, portrait
and wide angle lenses.
liT 8871Jarsof infsrior makes 111hich are sold undtr the name of Double Anastigmats.
Ask for catalogue and test chart from your dealer, or from the manufacturer,

C. P. COERZ,
52 E. Union l~quare, NEW YORK.
Works;: BERLIN, CERMANY.
 Made ln. Five

Rotograph aLoaaY.
Grades.
'(I

MATT,

j(>a~~r....... .
L Thin. c. Thin, Smooth.
b. Thick. d. Thick, Smooth.
e. Thin, ~oush.

"Rotograph" Paper
is a regular Bromide of Silver Paper, exposed usually by
artificial light and developed in the dark room, tbe same as
a dry plate or film.

"Rotograph" Quality.
It is quality that counts and Rotograpb quality is tbe
•' Standard of Excellence."

"Rotograph" Economy.
Compare these prices :
Other Rotograph " Rotorraph "
Size. Bromides. All Grades. Saving,

4X5 0,25 0.20 25%

Cab. 0,25 0.20 25'fo
5 X 7 0 ·35 0.30 l7'fo
8 X 10 o.8o 0.70 t4%
II X 14 1.60 1.40 t4%
20 X 24 4.8o 4.20 l4%

"Rotograph" Samples.
In 4 x 5 size, including all our grades of paper, as well as
sample prints on glossy and smooth surface, will be for-
warded to any address on receipt of xo cents.

Do not be led astray by your deafer If he recommends a substitute. He

would handle Rotograph if he da.red. If he has not got it, send your
order dirtct and we will deUver free of expl'tll charge, if correct amount,
as per revised price !Jst of January 8, is forwarded with the order. m:m

''Roto~ali·"ph,''
0 u. I
B. R.,USSEGGER.
S•llln.g .llgfln.t,

101 Fifth Avenue, New YorK.

Volume V, No. ~
 SPRING
By Alfred Stieglitz
 CAMERA NOTES
VOLUME V JANUARY, 1902 NUMBER 3

EDITED AND MANAGED BY ALPUD STIEGLITZ. EDITOitJAL AaaociATIS: JOSEPH T. KBILIY,

DALLI!1T FuouBT, joHN FRANCIS STRAuss, CHARLIS W. STI!VBNS, AND Wu.. F. HAPGOOD.
IssuED QuARTI!RLY AT THE CAMEJtA CLua, No. 3 WIST Twi!NTY-NINTH STRI!I!T, NI!W You

Aftermath.
T HEofFourth Philadelphia Photographic Salon, held under the joint auspices
The Philadelphia Photographic Society and The Pennsylvania Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, the one-time recognized leading American pictorial exhibition
of the year, is now fait accompli and a matter of history. With its close CAMERA
NoTES finds itself in a position to speak freely, as nothing that can now be said
can militate against the success of the Salon. While it was yet in a formative
state we feared that a too frank expression of our views, which we felt assured
were shared by many prominent pictorial workers, might be misunderstood by
those most interested in the popular success of the undertaking, and though we
knew that our silence would be ascribed to false motives we deemed it proper to
refrain from criticism until after the opening of the exhibition. At this time,
however, it seems appropriate to publish a statement of the causes that impelled
so many well-known pictorialists of this country, as well as of the Linked Ring,
to hold aloof and to decline to contribute or aid Philadelphia in any way.
When the movement to justify Pictorial Photography's title to be considered
a fine art was first initiated, the small group of enthusiasts, drawn together by
this common purpose, found both photographers and artists united in a resist-
ance to what was dubbed so ridiculous a claim. Undaunted by bitter opposition
and ridicule, this little band, keeping clearly in sight the star of their hopes,
struggled unceasingly to prove their cherished art entitled to a juster recogni-
tion. The views of the photographic world weighed but lightly with them, for
they foresaw that it was the art-loving and understanding public which was to
be the final judge of their claims. The approval of recognized connoisseurs and
of competent critics being once secured, it followed as the night the day that
commonplace photographers, both professional and amateur, would be but too
eager to help swell the chorus. So with singleness of purpose and determined
and obstinate enthusiasm they followed the path they had blazed for themselves
through the wilderness. Personal vanity, the greed for individual honor and
glory were all subordinated to the welfare of the cause, and regardless of criti-
cism and frequent personal abuse they struggled toward the goal they had set.
It was early recognized that, in order to enlist the sympathies of the earnest
workers of the world, the highest standards had to be maintained and that to
carry conviction all criticisms and judgments must emanate. only from those
whom the world recognized as qualified to return a fair verdict. Each individual
felt that the praise of the injudicious and unknowing was a greater evil than the
censure of the competent, and that to submit his efforts to the judgment of any
 CAMERA NOTES.

but the most honest and qualified judges was stultifying and hurtful to the com-
mon cause. "High Standards and Fearless Rejection'' was the battle-cry, let
whoever might fall in the slaughter.
The first Philadelphia Salon proved so successful, from the serious pictorial
point of view, that the second year's jury, fully in sympathy with the standards
and aims which had dominatc!d their predecessors, planted its banner still higher
upon the steep slopes which lead to Art. And once again was the advance
justified by the result. American pictorial photography rose above the pro-
vincial and secured a world-wide recognition. The complete success of the
second Salon made the holding Qf a third a foregone conclusion, and yet again
did the advance guard of the movement-as embodied in the jury-unfurl their
standard still further up the heights. All this despite the bigoted opposition of
many and the treacherous friendship of some who should have been most proud
and eager to further such a cause.
Then came the revolt, led on by some of those made envious that the glory
of such successful achievements had not been theirs. So high had been the
standards that the many found themselves utterly unable to comprehend the
ideals which were being striven for and honestly doubted the sincerity of the old
leaders. With the success of the revolt came a new management and the wor-
ship of the new gods began. Was it then to be wondered at that the faithful
were dismayed? The temple they had so laboriously striven to rear was aban-
doned ere it had risen far above the foundations and the complete effacement of
the results of their efforts seemed imminent. But loyal still to their principles
the minority stood prepared to follow the new prophets so long as these gave
evidence of their purpose to attempt to deliver photography from the bondage
which had been its portion since the days of Daguerre. "Eagerly they wished
the morrow"-the morrow of the appointment of the new jury. It came and
with it consternation. "And what a falling off was there." Instead of names
that carried instant conviction, they found that the majority of the judges were
not only not in s.ympathy with that phase of photography which had ensured the
past successes, but were the avowed partisans of the so-called "popularization of
the standards." Here was a dilemma indeed. Could the faithful remain true to
their earnest convictions and at the same time submit their efforts to the judg-
ment of a jury in whose qualifications they had no faith and by whose verdict
they were unwilling to abide? The perplexity in which they had been thrown
was soon resolved. Events proved that the jury was not to be the sole judge.
Fearing that the dissatisfaction, provoked among pictorialists by the radical
change in the management of the Philadelphia Society, would result in a refusal
to exhibit at the coming Salon by many of the advanced workers who had aided
so materially in giving previous Salons their high character, The Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts invited "a strictly limited number of the leading artists
in photography" to contribute without passing before the jury. ·we know that
this invitation was extended to at least four of the five previous year's jurors
whose severity in judging had been held responsible for the revolt in the ranks
of the Philadelphia Society. This broadening of the bounds was next followed
by a further surrender of the power and independence of the jury. American
164

..,
 ,
TOO EASILY SATISFIED.

work, having most unexpectedly played so important a role in this year's Lon-
don Salon, the Academy then invited most of those American workers whose
pictures had been hung in the Dudley Galleries to allow such pictures to be
exhibited in Philadelphia; "the admission to the London exhibit being deemed
equivalent to acceptance by our (their) jury," in the estimation of the Academy.
Taken alone this was an entirely legitimate means to secure a desired end; but
taken in conjunction with the heated "talk for and against the coming Salon"
as being vehemently carried on in photographic societies and the press, it seemed
to many that to contribute was equivalent to an abandonment of those principles
which had been held so dear and which had been directly instrumental in pro-
curing for American work that pre-eminence and prestige which it had attained
in the world. Under these circumstances was it possible for the minority to
contribute to the Philadelphia Salon without sacrificing self-respect? In their
judgment the two were incompatible. Had this little group been actuated by
the sordid motives of pique and vanity so generally ascribed to them, would they,
under these conditions, have declined this invitation of The Academy of Fine
Arts and refrained from sending pictures which were to have been accepted
without the judges' inspection?
But he that as it may. \Vhat shall be the conclusion of this play at cross-
purposes,-this Comedy of Errors? To us there appears but one solution of
this tangle and that is entirely in the hands of the Academy. Having thus taken
the initiative in exercising its discretion as to the condition of acceptance of
work, the Academy must hereafter conduct single-handed the management of
future photographic salons, if the best interests of "photography in its highest
reaches as a fine art" are to be subserved. Henceforward no other considera-
tions should be taken into account than those which the Academy finds applica-
ble to the conduct of its exhibitions of painting or other fine art. Thus, and thus
only, can future salons be made conducive to the welfare of photography as an
art.
JoHN FRANCIS STRAuss.
+ + +
Too Easily Satisfied.
r is close upon half a century since Rejlander, one of the first who strove to
use photography for the pictorial realization of ideas, meeting with scant
sympathy from artists and finding his ingenious achievements treated with con-
tempt as "mere photographs," expressed the hope that some day photographs
might be judged for what they are, instead of condemned on account of the
means employed for their production. Even now the willingness to consider
the merits of a photograph apart from the means of its production is none too
common.
Some painters and art critics there may be who are sufficiently open-minded
to approach without prejudice such photographs as aim at being the expression
of personal feelings, and their judgment in such cases is more often than not
favorable to the photographer's artistic aspirations. But for every such un-
biased critic, whose position in the world of art makes his verdict powerful for
165
 CAMERA NOTES.

good or evil, how very many there are who, knowing beforehand that the work
is of photographic origin, instinctively close their minds and deny their senses
to any effect which the actual character of the print might produce. Illogically
and with prejudice of the worst kind they say, "Of course it cannot be really ar-
tistic, because it is a photograph made by mechanical means"; even though they
have no knowledge of photography or the degree to whichtheprocessineach par-
ticular work has been controlled or allowed automatic action. Even though are-
luctant admission be drawn from them that the work is pleasing, and is even
decorative or pictorial, more often than not there is present a belief that what-
ever good qualities there may be are but the result of chance. The personal con-
tribution of the photographer is not suspected; even the possibility of the photog-
rapher being able to exert an influence over the ultimate result is not appreciated.
It may be that the condition of affairs I refer to exists to a greater extent in
Great Britain than in America or in France. Conservatism and a reluctance to
embrace new ideas in the place of respectable tradition being a conspicuous trait
in our naturally stolid national character.
But, whilst in America we have instances of painters practicing photogra-
phy, nor fearing to admit it, it was not always so, and the majority of painters
still remain unconvinccd. And so they constitute involuntary allies to those
photographers who ridicule the efforts of contemporaries in their own ranks,
who are striving, even though sometimes in a crude and clumsy manner, to
achieve something artistically better than the machine made records or exem-
plifications of chemical process, in the multiplication of which many seem to find
chief delight.
It were, perhaps, safe to say that had photographers, striving for artistic re-
sults, from the first adopted new terms to describe their works, instead of pre-
fixing "artistic" or "pictorial" to the damning word "photography," they would
have met with a kindlier reception at the hands of those whose good opinion
would have been of the most usefully encouraging kind. But it is too late now to
do this; yet it must be admitted that the kind of photography which we call pic-
torial or artistic is so far different from photography as commonly practised by
the man who delights in its chemical and optical aspects that, apart from the
art aspirants' desire for differentiation, the two ought hardly to be included
under the same generic term.
Long argument and wordy discussion, verbal or literary, are of little avail
in persuading the prejudiced that photography may be a means of artistic ex-
pression. Such dissertations may strengthen the convictions of the "almost per-
suaded;" they may even prepare the way in the minds of the skeptical so that
some future influence or incident will more easily have its effect; yet, if I have
rightly described the attitude of many painter-artists to\vards photography,
then even accomplished work of a high artistic character will only amuse them,
or cause surprise that the accidental co-oper:J,tion of certain physical powers
and mechanical contrivances should so nearly simulate the personal design and
creation of the artist.
Perhaps the most important and the most difficult thing is to make the critic
understand that the making of a photograph is not necessarily a mechanical op-
I66
 TOO EASILY SATISFIED.

eration, and, having successfully impressed this idea, we may proceed to ask
him for his criticism on results. The proposition may amount to this ; here 1s il
work, the purpose of which is to produce a picture. If this had been produced
solely by brush or pencil what would be its claim to acceptance? Probably the
reply would be, "It is very good, but not being the direct work of a man's hand
and brain it cannot so be judged." But you will say, "It is the work of a man's
brain and hand, the tools employed being only a little different from the brush,
pencil, pigment, etc., which another might use."
Now comes the question which, it seems to me, the really earnest photog-
rapher needs more often to put to himself in the presence of his own work, and
it is this: "Had I the power, had I the skill to paint or draw, should I have done
this or that picture differently?" Or, taking any particular work to task, let
him ask and conscientiously reply to the question, "Would a painter have done
it differently?"
Frankly, how many photographs would stand such a test? Is it not a fact
that the photographer is too easily contented with a certain measure of success,
and shuts his eyes and refuses to recognize some imperfections, or if his con-
science would urge him to condemn or strive to alter what he has done, he
stifles its qualms by professing to believe that the errors are due to the limita-
tions of the process employed. So long as he does so he tacitly admits the
sovereignty of the process and his own defeat before its mechanical forces. The
painter can work upon, alter and improve, the imperfect work. The photogra-
pher must go back and begin 01.'er again, avoiding the mistakes previously com-
mitted. His course is more irksome, demanding perhaps more pati~nce and self-
restraint, but this is no excuse for accepting anything inferior. If a certain
labour has to be performed, hand work or machinery may be employed and the
machine may run by steam or electricity; but in each case the prescribed work
has to be accomplished and approximately the same standard of excellence
reached. There will be a difference in the time occupied, the cost, perhaps the
"finish," but means must be adopted that will carry the labour through to com-
pletion. It is no satisfaction to the person awaiting the doing of the work to
have it ·sent in unfinished, with an explanation that such and such methods em-
ployed prevented its being completed. If you elect or are compelled by necessity
to cook your dinner by means of an oil stove, you will not be content with your
meat half raw because you hadn't a gas fire; and so if one elect to employ
photography for producing an artistic picture or if he be compelled to use it,
not having the skill to work with other instruments, the result must be above re-
proach, ere it is sent forth as a finished work. It must not be published with a
plea for mercy on account of extenuating circumstances. Do we not more or
less gloss over the faults in our pictures and magnify the avoidance of glaring
error into the attainment of great merit, and too readily meet adverse criticism
with an apology on account of the process?
"Very good, considering the means whereby it is prod11ced," perhaps is the
worst condemnation possible, for art should never betray the means by which
its ends are achieved, and the imperfections which remind us of the method and
lead to qualified approval, thereby become witnesses of ineffectual artistry.
r67
 CAMERA NOTES.

But not to weary my reader with over-long admonitions, the moral of all
this is greater patience and greater pains and less easy satisfaction with tolerably
good results The very nature of photography and the ways in which it is usually
practiced make it difficult for the impatient camera man to confine himself
to a few good pictures, instead of making a large collection of photographic
prints during a season or during a year. The artist labours long with a single
picture, even though it be a small one, wrestling often with his medium, which
in its obstinate refusal at first to produce the desired effect, seems almost to
possess the narrow limitations which are commonly attributed to photography.
How much time, thought, and earnest labour does even the most intelligent
and most advanced art photographer ever expend on a single work? How
much, or rather how very little, the ordinary photographic worker devotes is
too painfully evident. We hear the pictorial enthusiast vehemently repudiating
the notion of photography being merely mechanical, yet in his very practice of
it he, too, often belies his own statement by relying almost entirely on the ma-
chine-like facility with which prints may be produced. And the man who is
willing to be persuaded says, "Well, after all, what can the best-intentioned really
do to control the photograph and render it plastic to his will and expressive of
his ideas?" A fair answer seems to me to be another interrogative, namely,
"\Vhat have you tried to do; how far have you endeavored to subjugate the
mechanical and make the production a personal creation?"
Of this or that course of procedure, calculated to lead to better results, one
hears even the earnest worker say, "I have no doubt it is very good, but it in-
volves too much trouble and effort." Or amongst photographers one may hear a
discussion as to whether the personal control over the final result is best in-
troduced in the production of the print, or whether the negative should be made
to contain all the desired modifications, so that the printing of the positive pic-
ture is almost mechanical; and the latter course is advocated quite seriously be-
cause a number of identical copies can then be produced, with tolerable certain-
ty and at a probable saving in the waste of material. What has the ability to
duplicate the approved picture or the question of economy to do with the artistic
aspect, which, if it be the purpose of our picture making, should not only be
paramount, but should not be affected by any other consideration.
Loth, indeed, is the photographer to sacrifice that over-rated characteristic
of photography, namely the power to produce a number of copies. He loves to
keep his negative and would shun any printing method which involved the
destruction of the plate after the first satisfactory print had been made from it,
even though such a printing process, did it exist, ensured a better result.
If a printing method of ever so little artistic inferiority be selected on ac-
count of the opportunity it leaves for uniform reproduction, then every reproduc-
tion would mean the repetition of that inferiority.
To return to what has already been said, the photographer's claim to artistic
recognition too often exists only in his arguments which, though plausible and
perfectly sincere, are not supported by his own actual work. We are not suffi-
ciently thorough; we are too easily pleased by moderate success; success which
diminishes and assumes its true proportion, as compared with what might and
168

-
 TOO EASILY SATISFIED.

should have been, so soon as its pleasurable surprise ceases to dazzle us;
just as the youth first earning a bare competence fancies the prize of this world's
wealth already within his reach, but realizes, ere long, how inadequate his means
are to meet his requirements. So, when some print comes near to what we
dreamed it should, we view it with the indulgence with which a parent judges
his offspring, and in our delight at the measure of success attained, we are un-
conscious of the defects until the new-found feeling of triumph moderates. And
even then perhaps we mete out undue toleration, because we feel that we could
do it again and surmount the cause of defect-but too often we go no further,
and with confidence born of a wilful blindness to the great faults of our work, we
hope others will see only its virtues. Our real success and our claim to recog-
nition must be measured by what we have accomplished, and not by what we feel
capable of doing. To know what is good and to cease trying after it ere the
highest is attained, is worse than to fall short of it from not perceiving what
is wrong.
Truth to tell, photography, with most who practice it intelligently, is not
the chief purpose of their life, and whether they fail or succeed is not of vital
importance. Hence there is a disposition to make the most of one's own partial
successes and rest content with mediocrity. Even the most advanced and ac-
complished, should he chance to read this chapter, may find, if he be conscien-
tious and self-searching, that it touches him just a little; and if so, I, too, can
sympathize. He and I are but fellow travelers in the night, and a warning word
from one to another may be the means of more careful walking; whilst to others
less advanced on the road I say, "Shake hands, friend, I don't suppose I shall
convince you all at once that you lack thoroughness, but if you progress you
will realize it later."
Reams have been written and as much has been said a good deal in the same
strain as the foregoing, yet am I sending this across the Atlantic to possible
readers in America.
How many blows of the hammer does it take to drive a nail home?
The photographer generally falls short of absolute self-devotion. Rarely
does he go far enough, but founds his faith in photography's art claims on what
he knows it is capable of doing, rather than on what it has done. Yet is he,
though without just cause, surprised that painters and critics, judging only by
the fait accompli, remain for the most part unconvinced.
I side not with our enemies, but hope that in showing their justification I
may also show the way to deprive them of theil' arguments.
A. HoRSLEY HINTON.
 Landscape.
[Mr. J. Wells Champney delivered a series of "talks" to the members of the Camera
Club, New York, during the past season. The following is a synopsis of one of the must
important of these.-Ed.]

I N ceived
the paper already read to you various elements of picture-making have re-
our consideration. We have noted the value of linear, aerial and color
perspective; we have paid some attention to the elements of composition in
forms and lines; and we have seen the importance of considering well the light-
ing of our subject and the need of suitable skies. All of these elements form a
starting-point from which to advance into deeper and more intricate problems.
First, let us determine what properly may be considered landscape. Out of
doors all nature lies before us, varying in beauty and interest ; and there are
many, who in the walks abroad, see only trees, rivers, clouds, each as an element
by itself but totally unrelated. A beautiful foreground delights them, but the
synthetic combination of these elements into what we call a landscape is beyond
their power.
Now, a landscape, properly speaking, is an extent of land seen at one view
and necessarily that view includes a great deal, for without moving the head, but
merely shifting the direction of the eye, we can cover an arc of 18o degrees.
Even with the eye in repose we can fairly well cover 90 degrees, yet both artists
and photographers limit themselves to an area of 6o degrees at most. Cnder all
conditions the photographic plate records less than is included in the circular
natural picture. Out of the extensive natural view there frequently may be
found a combination of elements,-tree forms, land, rocks, skies-forming an
harmonious whole, an agreeable ensemble which we call landscape; and this
landscape may or may not offer such harmonious groupings or contrasts inter-
esting enough to constitute a picture.
At times the landscape may be of rare beauty because of color charms
which do not admit of translation into gradations of black and white, so that
where the painter or poet finds inspiration the photographer must remain inac-
tive. The motive of the landscape, the moving power of the view, must be one
suited to the medium through which we purpose to interpret it. Whatever
resources the future may offer in popularizing color-photography, at present we
are limited to and must content ourselves with relying upon interpretations in
gradations of black and white.
Go with your camera to a sculptor's studio, where from a fine nude figure
he is modeling a masterpiece of plastic art. The sculptor is working for lines,
movement, forms, and yet if you point your camera at the model, that well-
formed creature, it may be that upon your ground-glass you will find none of
the charms which stimulate the sculptor to model his gem. No; because the
light falls badly, hiding some beauties, distorting others, and failing entirely to
give you the sense of relief needed to suggest upon a flat surface the rounded
modeling of the figure. Here then is a strong instance impressing itself upon
the mind of the different points of view. What aids the sculptor may be ruinous
to the photographer.
DECORATIVE LANDSCAPE
By C. Yarnal Abbott
(Philadelphia)
 LANDSCAPE.

But to return to landscape! We must note the composition or arrangement

of its lines and their direction, the relation of its masses, its highest light, its
deepest shade, how the tones between these extremes are distributed, how they
are relieved one from another. All this the painter does, but the photographer
must go further. He needs besides to consider the actinic quality of his light
and the local color of the objects before him. Above all, combining all is the
consideration whether the portion of the view he has chosen will make a picturt:,
with all parts so combined as to make a unit, the most desirable of qualities in
pictorial photography.
It requires time to become accustomed to judging all these various elements.
The photographer rids himself of all annoying surroundings by throwing his
hood over the camera and himself and considering the image upon the ground
glass and finds there a winning beauty which his records fail often to convey.
Here again is need for a word of warning; do not too hastily make your expos-
ure because the beauty of the image upon ground-glass allures you. The use of
a tinted ground-glass, maroon or blue, has been suggested, and a bit of red
glass over the little finder may aid in solving the puzzle of color translation.
With the subject decided upon, shall you go right to work? On the con-
trary; having found what you think worth while to do, having narrowed your
field, now try by advancing, retreating, tramping to right and left, to weigh all
the advantages of this or that position, to select the best of all points of view and
to judge with care the height of your lens above the ground, as well as all the
other points you have settled. Too little attention is paid to our tripod and the
part it may be made to play in perfecting our work.
It may be that at first you will easily satisfy yourself, but as you advance in
your practice and perfect yourself in your achievements you will grow very self-
critical-and possibly more charitable to others.
Landscape as we speak of it includes out-of-door nature. In itself it is
easily subdivided, offering problems that can be classified, as we consider moun-
tain and shore, hill and plain, waterways of all sorts, vegetation in infinite va-
riety, and separately we have to consider marine. First, let us divide landscape
into simple, composite and animated.
The simple landscape, composed of trees, water, houses, etc., involves us
in the consideration we have already referred to. And, by the way, though every
landscape should have a sky, yet, if in order to obtain certain desirable qualities
in the land, our negative becomes so dense in the sky that in the print it remains
perfectly white, do not hold that part of the print in the sun; but rather print in
from some negative on which you have a properly graded sky. Sky first, earth
next.
In dealing with a simple landscape we have principally to consider foliage,
varying in character and in photographic value by reason both of local colors and
of temperature. There is a great difference between the wet and the dry leaves
in their manner of reflecting light and the consequent effect upon our plates.
Then, too, we must not fail to take into account the seasons of the year and pho-
tographic principles of procedure for one season must yield to those pertinent
at another time. The changes of Autumn make possible pictorial effects that
173
 CAMERA NOTES.

could never be obtained earlier in the year. The ground itself varies both in tex-
ture and in color and one must concern one's self with its variety of shades; the
reds and greys of sand offering difficulties not to be overlooked ; paths and road-
ways, the latter cut up by ruts, the shadow of which must not be allowed to be
too pronounced ; all these and others we must take into careful account. Then,
too, we must be on guard lest the pools of water, which after a shower form
in ruts and hollows and mirror the sky, make white holes in our picture which
may be fatal to the breadth we desire and the effect we are striving to produce.
If buildings come into our chosen picture we must be very careful to see that
they are fitting, that they are in character with the landscape in which they are
set. Make sure that they are but a note in the concert and that not a false one.
Now consider how you can simplify your picture. Study the masses; group
your trees if you can. Have a great care how you employ too small a diaphragm,
lest you lose in atmospheric effect what you gain in distinctness. Study the
silhouette of your trees against the sky or distant hills or mountains. Question
yourself whether your subject is interesting because of a special charm, some
particular characteristic, and if it is, then work to enhance that special intrinsic
beauty. In all this there can be formulated no absolute rules of invariable ser-
vice, but if you will carry to nature a mind full of interrogation marks, if I may
be permitted the figure, you will be more likely to bring away the record of a
definite impression than if you trust to a happy-go-lucky snap judgment. Bal-
ance your composition, which is for you your selection, study on the ground
glass or the finder the areas of light, of half-tone and of shadow. It is worth
the trouble, and the delight in the final success will repay you for it.
Personally I am of the opinion that we would get better photographic pic-
tures from nature were we to work earlier or later in the day than we are in the
habit of doing. Much of the work we go out to do we seek far from our homes;
we take the train or we drive away for miles to the spot we have chosen and our
work is done during the bright hours of the days when shadows are short and
lights are harsh. The study of art teaches us to find beauty under many condi-
tions under which it is hidden to the untrained eye, and I should esteem it my
greatest recompense for preparing this set of papers if, through them, the
charms of very familiar scenes were to be made apparent to you. I well remem-
ber while making a sketch in a farmer's yard, where color and form appealed
to me as offering an attractive subject for study, the remark of the owner of the
property who looked over my shoulder when the painting was somewhat ad-
vanced: "Waal, that is pooty, and to think that I've seen it year in and year out
and never noticed it."
In simple landscape where trees form the principal subject of the picture
see that there is enough ground for them to grow from and enough sky to allow
light and atmosphere. Beware of odd and exceptional shapes, as well as of
opacity and solidity. A solid mass in nature becomes still heavier and more
opaque in our translation of it, as the green of the leaf is much slower in making
an impression on our plate than are the blues and violets of sky, water and
distant hills. Here, however, we have a new difficulty to overcome, for if we use
the color screen and thus retard the yellow rays, as green is a composite of blue
174
 LANDSCAPE.

and yellow, we fail to convey accurately the impression we receive. Hence

springs the prejudice that exists against the color screen, but here, as under
other conditions, we must regard the depth of color of our screen and wisely
choose according to season, local color and brilliancy of illumination of the fol-
iage.
If the trees stanrl on the edge of a quiet pond or lake or silent flowing river
we have the brilliancy of the water to contrast and to render still darker the
color of the foliage. Under these conditions we find reflection which may be
used for an artistic purpose or we may, before making the exposure, throw peb-
bles into the pool and disturb its surface. These reflections we referred to in a
previous paper as being darker than the objects reflected. Here again the em-
ployment of the color screen on an isochromatic plate reduces the power of
the blue and violet rays and thus diminishes contrasts.
If there is a blue distance in the subject we are photographing we need to
consider how we can convey the feeling of space and must beware of defining
it too distinctly, since its real fascination lies in the softness of its lines, the del-
icacy of its forms, the fading away of its tones; and this fading away must be
kept in its proper relation of lightness.
To further aid us in making a picture we have the resource on certain days
of the ever-changing cloud shadows and attention to them may make possible
the photographic reproduction of subjects which would, without the veil of
shadow, be too crude. This is notably the case when there is an expanse of water
reaching up and filling the nearest portions of the composition. It is of ines-
timable value in giving perspective value to the pool, pond or lake. It must also
be borne in mind that subjects which are uninteresting when the water is calm,
so that it translates itself in our prints by but slightly graded white paper, be-
come beautiful on windy days when tiny waves roughen the surface.
Some general counsel can be given for all pictorial landscape photography.
Use isochromatic plates. Employ color screens intelligently. Over-expose
slightly. Develop slowly and very carefully.
The incontestable value of an animated being, man or other animal, in a
landscape is frequently very apparent. The importance of a figure to accent
the effect, give scale to rock or tree, strengthen the aerial and linear perspective
and in many other ways give interest to a landscape, makes the study of the
appropriate use of this resource for enlivening our picture one of supreme mo-
ment. Anything which wisely used can help so much, can be equally harmful
when misused. But who can formulate absolute rules as to when the man with
the white shirt and the lady with the bright red dress shall be asked to pose for
us? If the scene demands the one it is unlikely to need the other. Here the ele-
ment of choice is so entirely ours that th<: responsibility is onerous. All will.
however, agree that when action, note of proper intensity, size, distinctness or
vagueness, suitability have been judged aright the picture gains by being ani-
mated. Beware, however, of giving undue importance to the figure if your aim
is landscape photography. Whatever you may add must become an integral part
of your picture and be harmoniously related to all the rest.
Where shall the figure or figures be placed? No arbitrary rule can be laid
175
 CAMERA NOTES.

down, only a warning that they must complement, not dominate, the rest. They
must always be in harmony with the motive of your picture. It is safe to say
that the figure must always be doing something, even if only purposely doing
nothing. I mean, for instance, that the calm of your landscape, might gain by a
reclining figure resting in the shadow of a tree, or the composition might gain by
several figures tramping or riding away from you down an uninteresting high-
way. A man shuffling along through the dust may kick up enough of it to hidt'
something you wish concealed beyond him. There are thousands of ways of
using figures well and ill. But beware of posing figures stiffly staring at the
camera, open-mouthed imbeciles desirous of getting their portraits. You proba-
bly all have seen the bridal couples at Niagara, with that noble fall dwarfed into
insignificance behind them. Harmony and unity must be the ever remembered
watchword of all artists.
To those who are told to press the button and the rest will be done for them,
how incomprehensible must be the trouble some photographers take, not only in
the exposure of the plate, but also in the development upon which so much de-
pends. These faithful workers are they who take models out to nature and
satchels full of various colored clothing as well, and bide their time. Why the
clothing? Because of the need for proper tonality of the dress, to harmonize
or to contrast with the chosen environment ; to make the right spot in the picture,
a spot which shall be as important to the balance as the light and shade are.
The quick plates and rapid moving shutters make possible marvels of inter-
est rather more scientific than artistic. The eye will not see many movements
that the camera will record, and however entertaining the knowledge gained
may be, it must be discreetly employed in pictorial photography. Eccentricity
of pose is but too frequent, and documentary statements of truths are often far
from beautiful. One need give but this word of warning. Photograph a tempest
with an outfit which permits great precision in your record and compare the
sharp, rigid statement with the impression the storm produced upon your eyes,
apart from any mental effect it may have had. When that wind blew the stout
trunks resisted, the limbs swayed and the tiny branches were a blur, and it is this
very blur which speaks of the storm. Therefore, the speed of your shutter must
be controlled to tell the truth you desire to show.
The simpler the landscape the greater the need to animate it, unless the im-
pression of utter solitude is to be conveyed, but always keep your figure in place;
otherwise you will not make a landscape but a genre picture.
And as a last word of warning use your figures of human beings or animals
typically and picturesquely.

J76
 ,

Subject and Treatment.

44WHEN can the work of a photographer be called artistic?"
This pointed question was brought up suddenly in the midst of a
somewhat heated discourse on the attitude of artists and the public toward
photography.
"I suppose," continued the querist, answering himself, "it is, after all, when
he treats a poetic subject sympathetically."
"Yes," I rejoined, "that seems to be the average opinion, and, after all, the
right one. But when is it ever carried out? For instance, there," turning my
eyes to a little scribble in glycerine, "is an attempt at the poetic, but it has no
subject.. And, on the other hand, here," taking up a nude by a well-known
photographer, "is a subject, but not a trace of poetry." Thereupon we decided
that the matter required further consideration.
It seems obvious enough that if every photographer who deals with a so-
called poetic subject-such as a young lady holding a flower or an open book in
her hand, or robed in Oriental drapery or quaint c:ostume, and who has suf-
ficient liking and skill for his task-is to be ranked among artists, then there are
indeed piping times of plenty.
And as many men and most women have an alarmingly real affection for
things that are pretty in a trivial sense, but have no claim at all to be considered
beautiful, and as everybody who can achieve such a standard of prettiness, and
can content himself with it, is sure to reap a golden harvest (as do all those who
supply a demand), they are rampant everywhere and proudly strut about as
"artists" and "artistic photographers." And we tolerate them because modern
taste holds that a good etching, or a tasteful lithograph, or even a Kasebier
print, is to be preferred to the ordinary "Society" water-color, or the average
"Academy" oil.
And thus the artistic photographers continue to depict in grey-in-grey
monotonies their pretty models under top light, or, if they aspire to a keener
grade of intelligence, with all the trickeries of shaded side light, and they dress
up their sitters in old-fashioned clothes that hide their entire figures, or sur-
round them with old suits of meaningless decorative accessories, just as if the
elevated, the music halls, impressionism, and the whole commercial system of
modern times had never been.
Of course, this is all wrong. The everlasting sisters, mothers and children,
and languid damozels, with sad, weary eyes, vegetating in a lurid, unhealthy at-
mosphere, are not art. They may possibly represent mental indigestion, or
more probably merely a trifle of good taste plus a quantity of self-conceit. The
artist, whether on paper, on the piano, in literature, or in photographic prints,
has never been so common a subject on any shore, and is never likely to become
so.
Where are the prints which surprise by the subtle aptness and delicacy of
expression, and, allowing that we discover such at rare instances, where are
those that suggest something or appeal seriously to the emotion and imagina-
tion of the public? Our photographers are struggling day by day to reach a
177
 CAMERA NOTES.

higher key of e..:centricity-to outvie each other in precious oddities. Whatever

of originality a photographer here and there may possess is overlaid and
smothered under pressure of this call upon his powers.
Looking at any rate at the mediocre products of the average exhibitions,
which, with their sloppy forms and feeble realizations, are almost matched by
the fecund productions of the advertiser, it thins out the ranks of those who
might claim to be artists in truly terrible fashion. We may count them (taking
in Europe) on the fingers-! had almost said of one hand.
This is, in my opinion, largely due to the inadequate choice of subjects.
The tendency of the "photographer" at present is largely to imitate pictorial
effects, and to rival the painter as far as a white and black process permits in
individuality of touch, light and shade distribution, line and space composition
and even texture. But they forget that the work of a painter becomes interest-
ing to us by the very manner in which he handles his brushes, slaps on his colors,
constructs his lines, and develops his forms. Any or all of the painter's instru-
ments become electric with his individuality, and momentary inspiration, affect-
ing us more or less powerfully by themselves. A single figure-study by Aman-
Jean or Carriere may be highly interesting merely 011 account of its brush work,
but the same subject treated by photography would lack all interest.
Try to imitate a Whistler! You will soon see that it is impossible, for if
you are wise, you will discover that Whistler's charm is contained in the sym-
pathy between the play of his mystic touch that defies analysis, and the lines of
his composition.
Moreover, paint does not merely reflect light, but emits and vibrates with it
in a manner quite apart from and beyond its ordinary capacities. On entering
a room where a good Corot hangs, we do not first look at the window to test
the state of the light, etc., for the picture seems independent of such conditions,
and glows upon the wall with an inner lamplight quality of its own.
The charm of technical virtuosity is impossible in photography. There is
no scope for the elusive play of fancy in the developing of a negative, in "dodg-
ing" or making prints (of course, there is the "gum" process, but I do not see any
use for it unless its manipulators could first undergo a four years' course of
drawing at some academy), and its technical characteristics cannot even com-
pete with those of etching or lithography in regard to freedom, strength and
personal expression. A lover of etching finds in the contemplation of a single
strong, well-written line as much resthctic pleasure as in the well-laid brush
stroke of a painter. The tone quality of a print is the one claim photography
has to individuality of technique.
It is astonishing that the craftsmen of the camera have not discovered this
long ago, freed themselves from the faddism of "pictorial resemblance," and
ventured out on a wide range of subjects, which alone can give their work
interest and a lasting value. All the subjects to which spontaneity of ex-
pression would do fullest justice-like the ceaseless, ever-shifting stream of
humanity in the shopping districts, the Saturday afternoon parade on Broad-
way after the matinees are over, the bustle on the piers at the arrival or de-
parture of an ocean steamer-are as if created for the camera. There the work
 "SPRING SHOWERS."
(FROM "PICTURESQlJE BITS OF NEW YORK.'') BY
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

A. "THE COACH."
B. "THE SWEEPER."
 --- -- ~ -

SPRING SHOWERS, THE COACH

By Alfred Stieglitz
SPRING SHOWERS, THE SWEEPER
By Alfred Stieglitz
 ,
SUBJECT AND TREATMENT.

of the lens would stand unrivalled if its manipulators could forget all about
laws of composition and merely try for the vastness and vitality of the scene.
The subjects about a metropolis are so manifold that only sheer igno-
rance, lack of enthusiasm and interest in modern life, or indolence pure and
simple, can blind our eyes to them. The ambulance and the fire engine have
not yet been subdued by the camera. The street laborers at luncheon, and
picnic parties, a fete champetre, composed a Ia Lancret or Vvatteau with the
most modern material; the overcrowded fire-escape and the sad catastrophe
of a dispossess on a rainy day; sick-room, funeral and pawnshop scenes, labor
meetings and club life, beggars, rag-pickers, and tramps, even chess and card
players, still wait for their photographic Dickens. Surely I am the last to advo-
cate story-telling, but that such subjects can be treated artistically the modern
school of painters has sufficiently proven.
What artist has ever visited one of our racetracks and not been impressed
by the activity in the paddocks, the .stable boys busy with rubbing and
sponging the horses, or leading them around in a circle; the jockeys, with their
gayly colored blouses fluttering in the wind, receiving instructions from the
owner, and sportsmen standing about considering the chances of their next bet;
scenes that afford a splendid opportunity for grouping, and have inspired Degas
with some of his most virile pictures.
All the various sports, like tennis, croquet, golf, polo, football, contain ma-
terial for good pictures, not so much the performance of the games themselves
as characteristic incidents connected with them. Fernande Khnopff made one of
his most beautiful pictures of several tennis players leaving their playground
at twilight, calling the picture "When the Game Is Over," giving it a vague
suggestiveness of the fleetingness and end of all earthly pleasures. But I ex-
pect too much of photographers. They do not take their photography as
seriously as that. One might suppose, however, that they could render simpler
subjects, for instance, skating scenes, which midwinter furnishes on the many
waterways of the Central Park and the Bronx districts, with some effectiveness.
But no, they avoid even such simple repasts. It is probably too cold a job for
them. Another grateful field for the artistic photographer would be those parts
of the city which at present are explored by the official camera of the Tenement
House Commission. What vistas into back alleys and dingy courtyards could
be opened up, what study of clothes-lines and silhouettes of walls and roofs
could be gathered I Have you ever seen an old rear-tenement in Roosevelt
street? It is one of the most picturesque sights the city affords. The frugal and
home-like atmosphere of old Chelsea and Greenwich, with its quaint iron newels,
colonial doorways, side gates, and wistaria walks, is in need of a portrayer.
Journeys of exploration could be extended into all the different foreign
colonies of our metropolis, the Roumanian colony around Eldridge and Forsyth
streets ; the Armenian colony at South Washington street, where one can meet
women with striped tcher-tchaks under their eyes, and white veils around their
heads ; and picturesque types of men in fez and baggy trousers that remind
one of Ali Baba and his robbers; the Italian quarter, with its trattorias, rag-
picker shops, and their swarthy inhabitants that live almost their entire life on
J85
 CA.~ER.4. NOTES.

the streets ; Chinatown, with its lanterns and restaurants, temples on the top
floor, and grocery stores filled with quaint vegetables, and the small Indian
settlement at West Broadway, where one can get Sioux and Iroquois chief-
tains in war dress, and their bead-embroidering squaws, at studio prices for
fifty cents per hour. And above all else Jewtown, with its overcrowded side-
walks, peddlers and perambulating stores and cellar shops. The Jewish holi-
days alone would furnish a most fascinating series of studies. For instance,
walking through the crowded streets of Little Russia, at the end of October, one
is struck by the number of evergreen branches and trees placed everywhere for
sale, which are used to roof and decorate the booths which are erected in the
rear of the houses for th.e Tabernacle feast. What wonderful types can be
found among the schatchen, the candle woman, the Thora teacher, the Yiddish
interpreter and the instalment-plan peddler I But for such explorations one
has to get fairly intimate with the subject one deals with, and few will have
the inclination and time at disposal for such studies. Moreover, they are in
most instances subjects for snap-shots, and the majority of artistic photog-
raphers are still addicted to studio photography and long exposures.
What are they to represent? The solution is a very simple one. If they
do not possess enough originality to make a way of their own, let them study
the works of the most modern portraitists, like Sargt>nt, Alexandre, Carriere,
Blanche, etc. Copyism is bad to be sure, but ignorance is worse than copyism.
Besides, study of their methods of composition does not need to deteriorate into
imitation or plagiarism. Nothing is more harmful to an ambitious photogra-
pht>r than to sit like the faithful' Buddhist, wrapped in solitary contemplation
of his umbilical center, insensible to outer influence, and brain-numbed
introspection.
But to these, who believe that photography can tell certain things better
than any other medium of expression, I would advise to be as realistic as pos-
sible, and to strive for character rather than paint-like accomplishments.
I remember a portrait by Stott, an English painter, entitled "My Father
and Mother by the Fireside," in which he gives us the old gentleman in his
black clothes and the conventional old lady in cap and shawl with a rigid pre-
ci~cness that is admirable for its look of intimate truth, which, however, could
just as well be mastered by the photographic process as by paint. Ko attempt
was made to use the summary majesty and decorative flourish of certain great
but inimitable masters so as to avoid any detail which the effect and the way of
looking at the scene would cause to be evident. In the picture accessories such
as chairs, coal scuttle, fire-place, were quietly kept in their due importance and
true definition without any cheap exaggeration of mystery or indefiniteness,
which in most cases is merely a lack of composition.
Miss Mathilde \Veil of Philadelphia undoubtedly has chosen the right path
when she decided to visit the homes of the persons she has to portray, and to
take them in the environment in which they are used to move, without making
them feel awkward by a special pose.
This, of course, could be carried out further, ad infinitum.
The subjects are everywhere. \Ve only need to keep our eyes open. And
186
 MAXIMS FOR ARTISTIC BEGINNERS.

not before artistic photography has asserted itself in some of the directions
indicated in this article can it be regarded very seriously.
The sooner photographers make the new departure the better, and the more
realistic their efforts the more hopeful the movement will be, for it is not dulness
in nature, but an intense tediousness in the seer, that gives rise to the phrase,
"commonplace realism" and urges them to fly to their lurid, stifling studio
atmosphere. SADAKICHI HARTMANN.

... ... ...

Maxims for Artistic Beginners.
TO practice pictorial photography you must practice it.
Language has shades of meaning not to be found in dictionaries ;
art likewise has fringes of suggestion not to be lt:arned from rules.
Pose is not personality; tone is not the message, but only the pitch of the
voice ; and do not halloo while you are in the underbrush.
In humor and wit, in fiction, in the drama, in poetry and in painting, the
true artist presupposes in those to whom he would appeal, intelligent minds, able
to reason and sensitive to suggestions: he aims to give them essentials, stripped
of the extrinsic mass of trivial details loved by the vulgar. In every mode of art
comunication, the artist aims to touch the heart and mind with a wand of light,
where the bungler strives to hit with a club.
Art has no hall-marks, and much base metal passes for good. The stamp of
a Salon is no guarantee : first photography has its Salon ; then the Salon has
photography.
If you would find truth, you must not rely on outside phenomena, but must
go down into the primal rock of nature within yourself for the clue. It is like
boring for oil, and often we have to dig deep for the illuminative and lubricative
essence. Truth is not always as inflammable as benzine, but it is sometimes
explosive, and not so good for making one a fried egg as a fuel of art treatises
would prove to be. Dry wells, guileless of truth, are notable only for being
bores, yet don't become a gusher, nor attempt to deliver the oil crude to your
unfortunate friends.
Horace has led us to suppose that he brooded over each of his works for a
year before letting it escape. This old artist with the large file made another
observation which it may be an even wiser plan to take to heart-i. e., that the
best art is to conceal your art--or words to that effect.
Being given away by one's artistic offspring ought to make one feel pretty
cheap.
It seems sometimes as if nothing could stand between us and fame. Insert
but the nought. and :Mrs. Nation might smash our Salon pictures and make us
truly notable.
 CAMERA NOTES.

To be recondite or subtle in art, is to require a peculiarly select public. You

must yourself decide whether it pays in sense,-it does not in dollars.
Over-vain photographers sometimes wonder why their friends bother them
for prints, which these friends thereupon throw into a drawer or leave exposed
for the enjoyment mainly of the sprightly house-fly. One who is blest with such
friends-and who is not ?-should feel that they are trying to nerve him on to
greater efforts. The true artist is never satisfied. Neither, apparently, are his
friends.
Be considerate of almost all kinds of painters, as you may at any moment
want your darkroom ceiling frescoed or your barn or mother-in-law painted. The
exceptions are of those painters who spread abroad, in large type on Nature,
advice as to the purchase of pills and underwear, and also of those who flame red
reminders of our future life upon prominent parts of the good Dame's anatomy.
Such artists should be snap-shot, or rocked to everlasting sleep with large rocks.
Most painters who are trying to roost on the greased perch of Art are well-
intentioned enough, although it does ruffie their feathers to have the photogra-
pher fly up and say: ":Make room for me, please!"
To know how to bring out your negative is science : to know how to bring
out your Self is Art.
An artistic photographer must always treat an artistic painter with respect,
for the latter can move rocks out of a foreground without dynamite.
Each sex has its artistic weak spot. If you are a woman, beware of babies;
if a man, flee the posed young lady. The one is just too cunningly sweet; the
other too cunningly fascinating.
Don't be a solemn fool.
A safe photographic motto is: keep it dark.
Another is: develop, and develep, and develop-yourself.
DALLETT Ft:GUET.

Cloud Compositions.
C OMPOSITIO~. requisite as it is in landscape work, is limited in photog-
raphy as it is not in any other of the graphic arts. True the photographer
may choose the time of day, the point of view, the atmosphere, and in other ways
control his result, but in the end his camera can only depict for him the scene as
it exists at the moment of making the exposure. Of course I am alluding now
to the simple negative, without regard to subsequent methods of manipulation
by which the original may be modified.
In the use of clouds, however, the photographer may find the widest scope
for his ideas in composition. The sky, while usually secondary in relative value
to the main point of interest in a picture, is nevertheless an essential of tremen-
dous importance, and it is just here that failure most often occurs, if one may
J88
 ,
CLOUD COMPOSITIONS.

form an opinion from the illustrations in photographic journals. Blue sky, so

attractive in nature is perhaps never adequately rendered ; though with a little
skill a tone may be utilized which would be far more acceptable than the white
paper so commonly observable. This brings me to the statement of a fact
worthy of consideration by any to whom it may not have heretofore occurred.
The paper which we utilize in our work is commonly white; the pictures
which we produce result from the various tones of black (or other color) im-
pressed upon the paper. Therefore, just in proportion to the surface of pure
white paper which we find in our finished picture, have we failed. To express
this idea in another form I may ask, what would be thought of a painting were
the artist to leave parts of his canvas uncovered by pigment? I think the rule
just as good for the photographer. Instances must be rare where any demand
for high light would require parts of the negative to be so dense as to prohibit
the action of light upon the sensitized surface. For example, the very best, most
artistic photographs of snow scenes will leave the unprinted edges of the paper
whiter than any point within the limits of the picture itself.
All this to point the argument that landscapes showing white paper for sky
are incomplete as pictures, the unprinted paper being meaningless. I may be
asked whether the photographer shall limit his work to cloudy days. Perhaps
not entirely, though I can not imagine a much worse day for artistic work than
one absolutely free from cloud or haze, though in such brilliant light many good
pictures may be obtained in shaded places, where the sky may be eliminated.
But, if one studies the truth and has a good eye, he will soon discover that abso-
lutely "blue" days are extremely rare. Many days when no clouds with definite
outline exist, may be really more hazy, more full of artistic atmosphere, than
some others when the clouds seem most attractive.
It is for such days, when the operator may be at some spot distant from his
home, and in the presence of scenes which, with the exception of the sky may
seem worthy of picturing, that the process which I am about to describe is
peculiarly applicable. The idea that clouds may be printed in from a second
negative is of course not at all new. But I have nowhere seen recommended
exactly the course which I have successfully followed. (Perhaps because I have
not read enough.) The chief advantage of the process is the almost limitless
scope for composition which it affords. I may best explain by means of the
accompanying illustrations.
One day in May, when the fruit trees were all in bloom, I found myself in
the Delaware Valley a few miles this side of The Gap. With a party of friends
we had climbed a hill and were looking down towards and across the river. I
liked the bird's-eye view, except for the fact that there were no clouds. Never-
theless it was by no means a brilliant day, a haziness in the air lending a Claude
Lorraine atmosphere to the view. I made a negative, and the print is seen in the
first illustration. I carefully noted the point of the compass towards which the
camera was turned when making the exposure.
Fortunately, on the following Sunday in New York the clouds were very
attractive. I use the word fortunately, because I was thus enabled to select my
clouds not only from the same point of the compass but practically at the same
189
ILLUSTR/\TIONS TO
"CLOUD COI'\POSITIONS." BY
RODRIGUES OTTOLE NGU I.
190
 A USE FOR SPOILED PLATINUM PAPER.

season, and without entering into a learned discussion of the subject I make the
broad claim that each season has douds peculiarly its own, while the lighting of
clouds likewise differs with the point of the compass and the time of day.
With a copy of the print shown in the first illustration I went up on the roof
of my home and selected the clouds for my picture. I may say composed my
clouds, for with the print before me I was able to so arrange the clouds upon
my ground glass that ·vhen printed in, they would fall just where desired. Thus,
the long cloud lying over the hill was chosen and placed as seemed best to me,
and in this sense the second illustration becomes a cloud composition.
RoDRIGUEs 0TTOLENGur.

... ... ...

A Use for Spoiled Platinum Paper.
EVERY photographer who uses quantities of platinum paper will in the
course of time be confronted with the problem what to do with paper
which has for some reason or another spoiled on his hands.
What is spoiled platinum paper? Authorities seem to differ on this ques-
tion. What one may call spoiled and useless, another calls "soulful" and "just
the thing." There is no doubt that slightly disintegrated paper has its value.
especially for the modern pictorial photographer. In using the term "spoiled"
we do not refer to paper of this character, but to such as is hopelessly "soulless,"
and is seemingly of no use for photographic purposes whatever. Such paper is
usually relegated to the ash-barrel, or by the more economical it is sold to the
refiner, and in this manner a few dollars or cents saved from an otherwise total
loss. The average photographer, usually both gregarious and wasteful, follows
the first course.
It was the writer's sad experience not so long ago to have a very large batch
of paper go back on him, due to his own carelessness in storing it. In trying to
make use of the same, it was found to be in a hopeless condition. Possibly the
hundred and one published suggestions of how to regenerate spoiled platinum
paper might have been followed up, but time and lack of belief in the successful
outcome of the experiments did not permit of this procedure.
\Vhat was to he done with these hundred sheets of 8 x 10 platinum paper?
To throw such a large quantity of seemingly immaculate paper away offended
his photographic instincts, besides meaning a financial loss, and to sell it to a
refiner was equally distasteful to these instincts. Having mounted a batch of
prints the day before, and having found mueh trouble in getting the exact
shades of color to harmonize with the delicate tone of certain prints. the iclea
struck him of using this spoiled paper for mounting purposes. The experiment
was immediately carried out, a batch of paper exposed to light, and developed in
various ways with glycerine and brush ("Rembrandt" and other similar effects
being thus obtainable), straight oxalate, mercury, etc., etc., with most satisfac-
tory results. Here was a method of not only using "spoiled platinum paper" to
advantage, but it opened up new mounting possibilities: tones and colors could
191
 CAMERA NOTES.

be matched to a nicety, and what had seemed an impossibility the day before in
trying to mount a certain print satisfactorily on the tinted papers procurable
commercially had now become a simple matter.
It is needless to go into details about the great possibilities of this method
for mounting purposes. True, these mounts may be considered rather expen-
sive, but for those endeavoring to do a thing correctly an extra expense of a few
cents per mount will not deter them from using a method with so great a latitude
as that above described. It is also needless to add that fresh paper will serve just
as well as spoiled for the purpose. The mounts referred to in this article are
mainly what may properly be called the inter-mount, which are interposed
between the print and the mount proper to preserve the values of the print and
blend it harmoniously with the mount proper.-ALFRF.D STIEGLITZ, in Anthon:/s
lntenzational Anmtal, 1902.

Sloppiness in the Platinum Process and Its Effect.

S HOL"LD a vote be taken to-day amongst the photographers of the world to
decide which photographic printing process is the most popular, in the
writer's opinion the platinotype would easily gain the day, receiving a very
decided plurality.
And this in view of the fact of the difficulties experienced but a decade ago,
when we were one of those attempting to induce our photographic friends to
give up that abomination, the glazed aristotype, for the refined platinotype,
which not only had the advantages of refinement, beauty and permanency, but
was also the result of an exceedingly simple and quick method of printing.
The difficulties at that time generally ascribed to the process were exagger-
ated and imaginary, and consequently it was amusing to watch the converts, as
the simplicity and ease of manipulation dawned upon them after ·having given
the paper a tentative trial.
It might be said that at the time the hot-bath papers were in vogue, the cold
not having as yet been introduced, the former papers were rather more sensitive
than the latter introduced later on, and the photographers using them fully
appreciated that in order to obtain the very best results the paper must be
handled with great care and discretion. \Vith the advent of the cold-bath paper,
and the gradual change of formula in order to produce a more contrasting and
brilliant print from a thin negative, so as to meet the ever-increasing competition
of the many slow bromide papers introduced for this same purpose and which
endeavored to imitate "platinum c;:ffects," the rank and file of photographers took
up the platinotype process with a vengeance. And with what result?
It is our honest belief that the ease of manipulation of the modern platinum
paper is partially responsible for the sloppiness of the modern photographer.
The average platinotype of to-day, in purity of tone and scale of gradation, is in
no way comparable to that produced some ten years ago. It might be well to
state that the writer alludes to the average print, but not necessarily to the one in
which the pictorial photographer is aiming at some special and definite effect.
192
PATH UP THE HILL SIDE
By W. A. Cadby
(England)
 SLOPPINESS IN THE PLATINUM PROCESS AND ITS EFFECT.

Intimacy with the process has produced a certain contempt for the precau-
tions and care absolutely essential to obtain the best results. This carelessness is
carried to such an extent that we see the paper, which is more sensitive to light
than any printing-out paper, handled and developed in the brightest of diffused
light ; that even the dealer cuts it to the desired size for his customer in a light
which is bound to affect its purity.
This change from greatest care to extremest sloppiness has been gradual,
the writer having watched the evolution with keen interest, until to-day it has
reached its maximum. and this growing carelessness has infected the photogra-
pher throughout his other photographic manipulations. He has in turn infected
the dealer and the manufacturer, and deterioration along many lines is noticeable
by those familiar with the progress and history of photography during the past
twenty years.
The great care of former years in storing the paper and keeping it free from
moisture has given place to an indifference that manifests itself in many ways.
We find the pictorial photographer using in his glycerine development sup-
posedly chemically pure glycerine, which has, in fact absorbed large quantities
of water. Is is to be wondered at that his resulting prints show an unexpected
and, to him unexplainable grain, and possibly defects which make the print
entirely useless? True that the grain thus gained may be an effect that he
desires, but does he know then how to procure it with certainty?
Is not the whole matter with him, as a rule, a result of chance, and is there
possibly some truth in the belief that, by reason of uncertainty of effect, pho-
tography has not achieved a status of an art?
We hear much of the permanency of the platinum print, and while it is
undoubtedly true that a careful and conscientious technical handling of the
process will insure a print practically as permanent as its paper support, yet with
modern sloppiness this is no longer true. It has been shown by Dr. Jacoby, of
Berlin, in a paper published in Eder's "Jahrbuch der Photographie, Ig<>I," that
the usual process of clearing is not sufficient, and his suggestions will be of value
to all platinum workers. He shows how important proper clearing of the platin-
otype is, and yet how carelessly and sloppily is this part of the process attended
by the average worker-yes, even by the best?
Let us call a halt to our slipshop and sloppy technical manipulations and
methods and revert to some measure of the old-time care and thoroughness. By
this we do not mean pedantic and slavish adherence to rules and formulre, for
finnickiness does not imply thoroughness; and good work can never be pro-
duced without some liberty and scope of action, nor without the liberal mixture
of brains with our chemicals.-ALFRED STIEGLITZ, in the Photographic Times
Ammal, 1902.

195
 American Pictorial Photography at Glasgow.
T HE exhibition of pictorial photography is one of the most interesting fea-
turt~s of the Glasgow Exposition, and the American display, inconspicu-
ous as it is in point of numbers, probably ranks higher than that of any other
nation. Pictorial photography. the use of the camera for the production of
photographs with a distinct picture value, is a comparatively young art, and the
seventy odd prints shown at the exposition are sufficient witness that Americans
have made wonderful progress in transforming the formal and crude prints of a
few years ago into pictures that merit the name of art works.
This is not spoken in depreciation of the work of English and Continental
photographers. It is but a word of appreciation and praise where appreciation
and praise are due. .Keatly and appropriately framed, and hung with a fair
regard for the requirements of display. the American pictures command atten-
tion alike by the \vide range of subjects treated and by the delicate and finished
character of the work.
They are for the most part pictures that gi,·e evidence of maturity of
thought and definiteness of purpose. It has been the fashion with artists in all
lines of work to name their nondescript productions, for lack of a better word,
"studies,'' and among the American prints at Glasgow these so-called studies
are conspicuous by their absence. Indeed, it should be said in justice that the
exhibition of prints in its entirety betrays the artist rather than the amateur.
This exhibition at Glasgow is significant. It is the first time in the history
of great expositions that pictorial photography has received anything like the
recognition it merited or has even been accorded scant representation. In all
the well-known national and international exhibitions, painting, sculpture, etch-
ing, engraving, designing for all sorts of textiles and fabrics, in fact, almost every
form of art imaginable has heen giwn a place of honor, while photography,
which has almost limitless possibilities as a producer of artistic results, has either
been overlooked or barred. The recognition gin?n to pictorial photography at
Glasgow is due primarily to the wise judgment and enthusiastic enterprise of
J. Craig Annan.
).lr. Annan pointed out to the promoters of the exposition that pictorial
photography had been heretofore injudiciously slighted. He advocated the
desirability of making a place in the art section for a display of that class of
photographic work which, by virtue of its pictorial qualities and its nicety of
finish, could legitimately be placed in the category of art productions. He even
volunteered to secure contributions, and in a sense engineer the exhibition, and
his sound argument and his generous tender of assistance resulted in nothing
less than in giving photography a new status. He himself traveled all over
Europe and elicited the interest of every nation that had essayed to make pho-
tography the handmaid of genuine art, and he experienced little trouble in secur-
ing worthy contributions from European studios.
The work of securing adequate representation from America had to be dele-
gated to a trusted assistant, and was put in the hands of Alfred Stieglitz. The
task of suitaHy representing the lTnited States at the exposition was not an easy
196
 AMERICAN PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AT GLASGOW.

one. The number of frames allotted to America was, approximately, seventy-

five. It was further desired to make the collection as representative as possible
of the American school in every phase of pictorial photographic work, and to
exclude no artist whose submitted prints met the requirements of the competi-
tion. Mr. Stieglitz's position, therefore, was one of no little delicacy, since his
judgment might lay him open to the charge of discrimination. Whether he has
incurred such charges is not here to the purpose. Suffice it to say, that he
selected and sent to the exposition the requisite number of prints, all of admir-
able quality and representative of the work of thirty American photographers
who have acquired for themselves an enviable reputation.
Six artists are represented by five prints each, the other sending from one to
four. Many of the pictures now on exhibition at Glasgow are familiar to the
American public interested in this class of work, since the prints were selected
so as to cover the seventeen years, 1883 to 1900 inclusive, during which period
pictorial photography has risen to its present state. The American exhibit,
therefore, is rather retrospective than new, many of the pictures having already
been displayed in American salons. Nothing but picked prints were accepted,
and con5equently it would be difficult to find a collection of seventy odd photo-
graphs more perfect in every respect than the ones sent to Glasgow ..
Mrs. Gertrude Kiisebier, of New York, sends her charming prints, "The
Manger" and "Blessed Art Thou Among Women," together with "A Decorative
Panel," "Fruits of the Earth," and "A Portrait." Those familiar with Mrs.
Kasebier's work will easily recognize these as among her finest productions.
Among the pictures sent by Frank Eugene, of New York, are his remarkable
portrait of Mr. Stieglitz, his "Adam and Eve," and his striking "La Cigale,"
which is one of the most admired prints in the collection. Clarence H. White,
of Newark, Ohio, contributes among others "Telegraph Poles," in which the
camera has invested an exceedingly tame and prosaic scene with a decided poetic
charm. His "Spring" and "Laetitia Felix" are equally interesting in point both
of subject and execution.
Mr. Stieglitz himself has no need to apologize for sending five of his own
prints, since "The Net Mender," "Winter-Fifth Avenue," "Scurrying Home,"
"Watching for the Return," and "A Decorative Panel'' are all photographs of a
fine degree of excellence. Readers of Brush and Pe11cil have already had a fine
reproduction of "Scurrying Home'' presented to them. They will also remem-
ber "Bad News" by Edmund Stirling, of Philadelphia, in which the sorrowful
motive of the picture is admirably worked out.
Of Joseph Keiley's prints, "Zitkala-Sa" is here regarded as one of the most
interesting, it being a portrait of what to the English public is a unique type.
"The Erlking," "The Rising Moon," and "A Study in Flesh Tones'' are, how-
ever, all equally good in pictorial excellence. The same may be said of Eduard
J. Steichen's three landscapes, and his admirable portrait of himself is a fine
illustration of well-executed photographic work. So are "Vesper Bells" and
"The Dying Day," by Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., of Yonkers, New York.
Among the daintiest and most finely suggestive of the prints exhibited are
"Clytie," "A Nocturne," and "Landscape," by William B. Dyer, of Chicago.
197
 CAMERA NOTES.

These are all new prints, and are among the best that Mr. Dyer has pro-
duced. Zaida Ben-Y usuf, of N' ew York, sends a couple of excellent portraits
and "Odor of Pomegranates," and Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade, of
Buffalo, New York, contribute three prints, two of which I have seen repro-
duced in the pages of Brush and Pencil.
Among the other exhibitors-to give a detailed list of titles of prints would
scarcely be of interest to the reader-are Eva L. \Vatson, Philadelphia; Charles
I. Berg, New York; W. B. Post, Fryeburg, Maine; Frances B. Johnston, Wash-
ington; John E. Dumont, Rochester, New York: Mathilde \Veil. Philadelphia;
R. S. Redfield, Philadelphia; Emilie Clarkson, Potsdam, ~ew York; Prescott
Adamson, Philadelphia: C. Yarnall Abbott, Philadelphia; E. Lee Ferguson,
Washington; H. Troth, Philadelphia; Mary R. Stanbery, Zanesville, Ohio; John
G. Bullock, Philadelphia; T. M. Edmiston, Newark, Ohio; and ~lary Devens
and F. H. Day, of Boston. These will all be recognized as the names of artists
prominent in the coterie that have done so much in America to develop pictorial
photography, and when it is taken into consideration that only picked prints of
the best productions of these workers have been sent to Glasgow, the reader will
have a fair idea of the high degree of excellence that obtains in the exhibition.
The pictorial photographers of America have little need of fulsome praise.
They certainly hold their own in this initial exposition display. and the general
verdict here is, that the Old World photographers, who have devoted their atten-
tion to the lifting up of photography from a more or less barren mechanical
process to one of the accepted media of artistic expression, have need to look
with jealous eye on the work of their transatlantic confreres.
More important, however, than any consideration of relative merit is the
fact that here in Glasgow pictorial photography for the first time takes rank with
the allied arts, and one may confidently expect that hereafter the great exposi-
tions of the world will be deemed incomplete without suitable exhibits of the
higher types of photographic work.
Glasgow, Scotland. ALLAN C. MAcKENZIE,
(Bmsh and Pencil.)

... ... ...

The Exception to the Rule.
DURING a public address delivered not long ago, the excited lecturer after
having spoken warmly in favor of free speech, read a selection from a
writer with whose views he did not agree, and after denouncing vigorously the
views therein expressed, declared that the editor in whose publication they
appeared should have blue-penciled them.
Of course the other man is always wrong and insincere, so that in his case
the law of free speech should not apply. This is the only exception that should
be made to this excellent rule.
This illustrates rather well the popular idea of freedom of speech.
J. T. K.
198
 The London Salon, 1901.
T HE Ninth Annual Photographic Salon, held in London from September
twentieth till November second, will long be remembered for its high
average of excellence, for its international character, and for the important role
American pictures played in the exhibition.
Fourteen hundred frames were submitted to the Committee of Selection,
two hundred and eighty-four of which were accepted. Out of this number,
England was represented by sixty-four exhibitors with one hundred and thirty-
nine frames; America, by thirty-six exhibitors with one hundred and three
frames; France, by nine exhibitors with thirty-four frames ( Demachy and
Puyo contributing nineteen of these) ; Austria, by three exhibitors with eight
frames; India, by one exhibitor with one frame.
This country was represented by : Clarence H. White, Newark, Ohio,
eleven frames; Eduard J. Steichen, Milwaukee, Wis. (temporarily in Paris),
eight frames; Gertrude Kasebier, New York, seven frames; Eva L. Watson,
Philadelphia, six frames; Mathilde Weil, Philadelphia, six frames; Alfred
Stieglitz, five frames; C. Yarnall Abbott, Philadelphia, five frames; W. B. Dyer,
Chicago, five frames; Edmund Stirling, Philadelphia, four frames; Isabel C.
Taylor, four frames; Arnold B. Genthe, San Francisco, four frames; F. H. Day,
Boston, four frames; Anne E. Pillsbury, Boston, three frames; Thos. M. Edmis-
ton, Newark, Ohio, three frames; R. Eickemeyer, Jr., New York, three frames.
The following had two accepted: J. Ridgway Moore, New York; Frank
Eugene, New York; Jos. T. Keiley, New York; Ema Spencer, Newark, Ohio;
Katherine Stanbery, Zanesville, Ohio. Those who had but one frame accepted
were: Prescott Adamson, Philadelphia; Arthur E. Becher, Milwaukee; John
G. Bullock, Philadelphia; Samuel H. Chapman, Philadelphia; F. K. Lawrence,
Chicago; Olive M. Potts, Philadelphia; Robert S. Redfield, Philadelphia; A. H.
Stoiber, temporarily Paris: Geo. B. Firmin, Philadelphia; Charles E. Frick,
Philadelphia; May Morgan Keipp, Selma, Ala.; T. O'Conor Sloane, New York;
Mrs. Geo. Stanbery, Zanesville, Ohio; J. C. Strauss, St. Louis, and S. L. Wil-
lard, Chicago.

... ... ...

New American Links.
W ORD comes fro~ London th~t Mrs. Eva Watson-Schiitze, of Philad~lphia,
Edward J. Stetchen, of Mtlwaukee, and C. Yarnall Abbott, of Phtladel-
phia, were recently elected members of the "Linked Ring." ·with these three
new additions, this country is now rcpr~sented by ten photographers in this
famous organization. American pictorial photography of the newer school is
after all finding proper appreciation in the more progressive circles of British
photographic workers.

199
 Some Fragmentary Notes on the Chicago Salon.
T HE second Chicago Photographic Salon, under the joint management of
the Art Institute and the Chicago Society of Amateur Photographers, has
met with more general approval than the first, h~ld a year and a half ago, in the
same exhibition rooms of the Institute. Either the public had recovered from
the shock of the first exhibition in an enlightened spirit. or the photographers
themselves had profited by its influence, or possibly the pictures accepted in the
present exhibition were so various as to please different tastes. The second case
stands besides the fact that Chicago is much better represented than before,
claiming nineteen out of the ninety exhibitors. It is certain that no lowering of
standard was contemplated by the exhibition committee: the judging was equal
in care and conscientiousness to that of a year ago. The judges were, Wm. B.
Dyer, of Chicago, and Henry Troth, of Philadelphia, two photographers of note,
one in portraiture, the other in landscape; S. H. Vanderpoel and Chas. F.
Bourne, instructors in painting, one of figure and one of landscape, in the Art
Institute; and \Vm. Smedtgen, illustrator for the Chicago Record-Herald.
From the standpoint that every picture admitted was made with deliberate
pictorial motive, the Salon was a success. The effect of the whole exhibit was
pleasing, almost every print being to some degree interesting. Even those who
had nothing original to say, having had their sense of tone refined and developed
were thus able to express themselves without glaring crudity. It seems that in
photography this is a first symptom of development, although as a matter of fact
it should be the last. The relation of lines, the relative weights of masses of
light, commonly called composition, and their power to express have as yet not
dawned on the imagination. The average of the exhibition was lowered by the
absence of many exhibitors whose work would have added weight; as it was.
the weak seemed strong.
Among the prints of special interest, it is a pleasure to recall "The Student."
by F. Holland Day, one of the most charming and finished platinums that I have
seen. "Ill Will," by l\Ir. Dyer, an intensely dramatic creation-most character-
istic of the subtlety of the artist's imagination-is without doubt the most im-
portant picture in the exhibition. "Peace 011 Earth," by Laura Adams, is some·
thing new in expression. Her spacing of the picture in a long narrow panel
is so satisfactory that one regrets the fault in the placing of the woman's hand
so conspicuously that it is hard to lose sight of it. The sympathy, yet difference
of mood, between the child's expectant face, and the quiet look in that of the
woman who is herself a rare type is enhanced by the composition and gives real
pleasure. Mr. Becher, of Milwaukee, a new-comer, has several prints, the most
~a tis factory of which is called "When the Summer Fields Are M ow11." The
titles of his pictures seem unessential, because they are interesting on account of
their spacing and lighting, the lines expressing certain moods to which the names
accord. Mr. Day's "Portrait in O:;otype" is well chosen to show the possibili-
ties of that medium in obtaining richness and interesting texture and is also of
interest in its composition. ''Study ( H cad and Hand)." by Arnold Gent he, of
San Francisco, is refreshing because of its simple treatment, bold lines and the
200
 SOME FRAGMENTARY NOTES ON THE CHICAGO SALON.

size which allows one to relax and look at it from a distance. Mr. Day's "Truth
Is Beauty," "Steam and Smoke," by Prescott Adamson, and "The Sheepfold,"
by Mr. Troth, are too well known to require further comment. Mr. Abbott's
"La Tendresse" shows a strength and subtleness which gain upon closer ac-
quaintance. The charm of "Beyond the Day" lies in its beautiful sky-line. "The
Pattern," by Edmund Stirling, is original in theme and interesting in treatment.
"Daniel a1td Jamie," a portrait of a boy with dog, is specially vigorous in its color
qualities. Francis Watts Lee's "Portrait of Miss H.," a charming and delicate
study of a head in profile, was also shown in Philadelphia in the Salon of '99.
Mr. Troth's "Japanese Effect" is one of the evidences that the Japanese do not
pervert nature by giving their drawing that character which is a national stamp.
It is the old story of choice. Someone once said to Mr. Whistler, "Is there any
reason why I should not paint Nature as I see her?" To which came the char-
acteristic reply, "None at all, prm.'ided you see her as she ought to be painted."
Mrs. Sears' "Portrait of Mrs. H.," full of charm and dignity, belongs to the
comparatively small section of the exhibition devoted to portraiture, to which
also belongs Mr. Lee's "Portrait of Fr. Huntington"; a small but simple and
satisfactory "Head of a Girl," by Frederic J. van Rapp; "A Portrait of Mr.
Ralph Clarkson," blocked in boldly in red "gum" by Mr. Dyer; and also by the
same artist a remarkably fine "gum" called "Head Study." All Mr. Dyer's
prints, with one exception, are in "gum," of which he is a master.
In the section given over to landscape is an interesting green "gum" by
Mrs. Russell. "Tuesday," by Wm. F. James, is an agreeable treatment of a
week-day subject, true and rich in color quality. A tremendously fine theme has
been seized but not quite mastered by W. J. Street; the form of a stream of
black smoke from a boat repeated in the shining edges of a heavy mass of clouds
and called "The Passing of the Storm," is badly marred by a crude signature in
a conspicuous place. "Au American Lad" and "The Sledge," two prints by Mr.
Dyer, are forcible personifications of labor and healthy expressions of this popu-
lar topic of the times. "Theodora" is also a dramatic study of much force.
In the eight prints by Miss ?rail, the one that comes nearest being a "Salon
picture" is "La RC't•euse," a "gum" of some boldness and interesting in fancy.
The picture called "Consolatio11" is most painful in conception and is so badly
composed that it persists in the mind in a way that faulty things are not apt to
do. In this regard I feel compelled to refer to it as of marked distinction in the
Salon. It is popularly admired, possibly for the luminous effect of the gauzy
drapery on the standing figure. lVIr. Beasley shows an enlargement of the quiet
little marine, "Peace," hung in Philadelphia in '1)8. Other prints, showing taste
and skill, I omit to mention, as they added nothing to the character of the
exhibition.
The key-note of the Salon is one of middle tone ; a few screaming crudities
raise the pitch intensely, but again the low notes, gently but persistently repeated,
remain dominant.
On the evening of the private view, while standing about and chatting with
other visitors and catching momentary glimpses of the walls, a print caught my
eye and held it; it was the last named in the catalogue, "The Thistle," a platinum
201
 CAMERA NOTES.

by J. B. Yarwell. The pleasure of finding a new name on a print of special

beauty was so exhilarating that it was almost a disappointment to discover that
it was not from a new source. As a bit of humor the picture had come in under
cover the name of ]. B. Yardwell, the nom-de-camera of Mr. Dyer. Here
again was that same note holding its own. In spite of Mr. Dyer's generous
appreciation of other's work which leads him often to underestimatP his own,
and in spite of his efforts to keep himself in the background in connection with
the exhibition, his personality is so completely expressed in his work that it
has a character, a style unconsciously acquired, which makes it unmistakably his,
as well as predominant in this collection.
The majority of the judges were not photographers, the exhibition commit-
tee desiring to show an exhibition of photographs which would have the ap-
proval of painters ; and in consequence there appear both the merits and the
faults inherent in such a selection. The work of the two photographers of the
jury was submitted for judgment, their personal influence being minimized even
in that particular.
Many of the prints passed possessed only the merit due to the medium in
which they were rendered. A judge who is not a photographer cannot allow for
this factor, even though he be warned to exclude this element. Here is an effect
that app~als to his taste, a thing which would not at all affect a photographer
whose artistic sense was not cultivated. Such work would be appreciated fully
and be given its fair value by one educated in both directions. An "interesting"
print is not necessarily a Salon print, though it goes without saying that a Salon
print must be of·some interest, must have a quality that can appeal to the respect
of a photographer, as well as satisfy sqme of the demands of Art. The ideal
Salon is one in which paintings are judged by painters; sculpture by sculptors;
photographs by photographers.
In Chicago there has been evinced the most sincere cordiality between the
artists of the brush and pencil, and those of the camera, and this has done much
to hasten the recognition of the claims of Pictorial Photography. Fellowship
we want-need, bttt we must not beg for patronage. Finally let me add one
word appreciative of the position of a judge. If he is honored, it is because he
is supposed to be capable of rendering service as a judge of others, but should he
not primarily be capable of judging his own efforts?
EvA vVATSON-SCHtJTZE.

202
BEFORE THE STORM
From a "Gum" Print

By Heinrich Kuhn
(Ausrria)
 An American's Impression of 1he London Exhibitions.
A NY one who has been following the American photographic exhibitions is
apt to be disappointed by his first glimpse of the London Salon. The
room is small and not particularly attractive and suffers by comparison with the
fine galleries in which photographs are hung in Philadelphia, Chicago, and
Pittsburg. However the light is excellent, and the wall covering, a greenish
burlap, is good. More work has been admitted this year than I believe ever
before, some 284 prints in all, and with a few individual exceptions, they are
very well hung. A rather low eye-line has been chosen and the frames hung
very closely without apparent arrangement, and with no attempt at grouping the
work of each exhibitor. There can be no doubt that this plan makes a more
effective wall, than the grouping system, especially when, as here, the space is
limited ; but it adds greatly to the labor of a critic, who should in fairness con-
sider the showing of each exhibitor as a whole.
I have said that one feels disappointed at the first glimpse of the show, but
I am glad to add that the disappointment vanishes when one begins to consider
the pictures themselves. A more singularly even collection of work I have never
seen in a general exhibition nor one that averaged higher. There is.perhaps no
"great" picture which dominates a wall, though there are two or three which I
shall mention hereafter which come rather dose to doing so, and there are very
few things which I should have been willing to have dispensed with.
The "American Invasion" seems to be accepted as a matter of course this
year. Actually the proportion of American work shown is larger than a year
ago, for out of a total of I I I exhibitors, 36 Americans are represented by IOJ
prints, which is more than one-third of the entire number hung. More than this,
one American, Mr. White, shows the largest single group, I I prints; and an-
other, Mr. Steichen, is represented by what is to my mind the most remarkable
work in the exhibition.
Almost every American of prominence has good work on the walls. and
while much of this is familiar to us, all of it is interesting. A satisfactory fea-
ture also is the number of comparatively new names among the Americans. In
this group a word of especial praise is warranted by Mr. Arthur E. Becher, of
Milwaukee, for his charming little landscape "Moonrise." On the whole, pic-
torial workers on this side of the Atlantic may well feel gratified at their showing.
I am hardly in a position to make a comparison of the English work with
that of former years, but there would seem to be a decrease in the number of
rather ponderous, academic portraits and conventional landscapes and a corre-
sponding increase in good pictorial work. Brilliant work along modern lines is
shown, among the Englishmen, by Messrs. Moss, Keighley, Craigie, Evans,
Hinton, and others. The landscape work of the first named is all low in tone
but very interesting and poetic.
The modem German school is well represented by the work of Mr. H. Hen-
neberg and Dr. F. V. Spitzer. The former shows three big landscapes in "gum"
which have very much to commend them beside their size and carrying power,
205
 CAMERA NOTES.

while Dr. Spitzer's great "Studie im Freien" is certainly the most striking single
print in the exhibition. A mightily muscled nude man carries a great rock on
his shoulder as he climbs a hill, that is all, but in the tremendous energy and
strength of the pose and the big way in which the thing is handled it excels any
photograph I have ever seen.
After such gum-bichromate work as this, the French examples of the use of
the medium, with all their delicacy and grace, seem a little trivial. Even in M.
Demachy's fine group, with the exception of the superb portrait of Holland Day,
one feels the slightly conscious touch of the virtuoso.
The impression that one carries away from a visit to the Salon is certainly
that of a high order of excellence evenly maintained, and this feeling is empha-
sized by the contrast which exists between the Salon and the Royal Photographic
Society's Exhibition. Of course it must be remembered that the scope and object
of the two shows is quite different, but I was not prepared for quite such a meet-
ing of extremes as is in evidence in the Pictorial Section of the latter.
The general arrangement of the new gallery is admirable. Three large
rooms on the ground floor open upon a central court in which are shown cameras
and apparatus. Above this is a gallery containing specimens of scientific pho-
tography and some really remarkable examples of three color printing. Two of
the main rooms are filled with general professional photography-of which the
less said the better-while the third and largest contains the Pictorial Section.
It may be interesting at this time to note that in all my visits to the Exhibition, I
never failed to find three or four times as many visitors in the last mentioned
room as in all the other sections combined.
No one can complain of a lack of catholicity on the part of the judges of the
Pictorial Section. From the enormous number of frames submitted they have
hung 342, which comprise examples of every conceivable school of pictorial
and would-be pictorial photography from the deadly commonplace to the wildest
extremes of the so-called "impressionists." Only 44 American prints are hung,
the work of 15 exhibitors, most of whom are also represented in the Salon.
I can see no reason for the making of invidious comparisons. Both shows
are exceedingly interesting and I consider myself fortunate to have seen both in
so good a year.
c. YARNALL ABBOTT.

206
 The Philadelphia Photographic Salon, l 90 l.
[In view of the acrimonious controversy provoked by the Salon of 1901, we have this
year requested Mr. Chas. H. Caffin, the well-known art cntic of the lnJernational Studio,
The Artist, Harper's WecklJI and New York Sun, to undertake that which has proven in
the past so delicate a mission-the review of the Philadelphia Salon. Mr. Caffin is not
a photographer but a critic thoroughly in sympathy with all Art regardless of the medium
of its expression, and has in the past years reviewed in the columns of the New York
Evening Post, Harper's WecklJI, Criterion and Tile Artist all important art exhibitions,
including the Philadelphia Photographic Salons of 18g8, 1899, 1900. We deem ourselves
exceptionally fortunate in having secured the services of a critic of such wide and
acknowledged experience.-EmroR.]

T HE fourth annual exhibition of the Philadelphia Photographic Salon is

characterized by more variety than heretofore, both in the matter of
exhibitors and of standards. While the number of !Jrints selected (281) shows
an increase over that of last year of about 37 per cent., the number of exhibitors
represents an increase of more than 100 per cent, being 120 as compared with 59
last year. That there should be also an inequality of standard is, therefore.
scarcely to be wondered at. The impression produced upon myself is that the
exhibition contains some prints of excellent quality, a large number that more or
.less approximate to excellence and not a few which are quite ordinary. If it be
true that "variety is charming," then there is much to attract one here, though
whether this is exactly what one looks for in a Salon I will consider presently.
In trying to study the exhibition and to gauge the merits of the individual
prints, I adopt the same point of view and the same test that one would apply to
a picture in any other medium. Before each print one endeavors to put oneself
into a mood of receptivity; at first a passive one, that allows the photographer's
point of view to assert itself, lets his picture tell one what he was trying to do,
and lends itself, as far as possible, to receiving the impression he wished to
convey; then an active one, that searches the picture for its technical qualities of
composition, tone, texture, light and atmosphere. In a word, I have nothing to
do with the practical problems involved in the process of making, but solely with
the pictorial result.
Such kind of analysis becomes both easy and enjoyable in front of the group
of prints by F. Holland Day; for the impression in his own mind has usually
been so vivid that its communication to oneself is instant and clear; and his
artistic resourcefulness is so abundant, his language of expression so terse, pre-
cise and suggestive, that it makes a quick appeal to one's appreciation. In some
of his earlier work I have felt conscious of a strain of what, for lack of a better
word, I must call unwholesomeness. It was due to the only partial assimilation
af two influences. One of these was the influence of Japanese composition,
which in its balance by means of irregular forms and spaces, and in its introduc-
tion of one or more main lines of movement, and of subtle surprises of detail,
with all the possibilities of suggestion rather than of direct statement which the
manner involves, will always fascinate the real artist and seems to be one that
may offer rich sources of inspiration to photographers. But a man cannot attain
to such delicacy and subtlety of motive by merely desiring to do so; he must have
207
 CAMERA NOTES.

these qualities in his own mind and will only reach their natural expression by
degrees. While he is still consciously influenced by the Japanese, a certain
amount of artificiality and freakishness will be evident in his work, and for a
time it was so in the case of Mr. Day. But that time seems to be past; his
effort is now spontaneous and the connection between his thought and expres-
sion has become elastic, easy and convincing. The other influence that seemed
to affect him, was the tendency to eliminate the quality of sex as a contributory
element in the picture. It is a tendency that has appeared and reappeared fre-
quently in Caucasian art and is very conspicuous in that of Japan. But it is so
opposed to our present motive of social relations as well as to our habit in art,
that such indifference to a vital distinction must be introduced into a -picture
with extraordinary discretion if it is not to cause some distaste.
In the prints shown here no such tendency appears. Once more there is
a Nubian study, but only of the head, done for the :esthetic satisfaction of con-
trasting boldly modelled features with smooth folds of drapery and both with
the plunge of darkened atmosphere around them; and of contrasting, also, the
quality and texture of darkness, different in the case of each surface; firm and
shiny on the face, soft on the drapery, with the light lying lazily upon it and
penetrably impenetrable in the background. It is a picture that does not lay
claim to elevation of motive, but within the limits of its technical intentions is
very enjoyable. A deeper purpose shows itself in the "Vita Mystica," a dimly
lighted cell in which a draped figure is kneeling before a shrine, that hangs
scarcely visible on the shadowed wall. The little picture conveys a beautiful
sense of mystery and solemn isolation ; and the mosslike softness of its tones,
in which light and gloom are alike diffused and tenderly accented, is admirably
attuned to the spirit of the subject. In its technical characteristics, as well as in
its sentiment, this picture suggests that Mr. Day, during his recent sojourn
in France, has felt a sympathy with some of the younger painters, such as
Le Sidaner, who, having learned from the Impressionists the quality of
light and vibrating atmosphere, are substituting for their realism a tender ming-
ling of romance and symbolism. There may be some trace of this influence also
in the Portrait of Madame Le B., a print of delicate gray tones, in which the
smiling mouth is the center of an eddy of patterned forms-a composition of
dainty and alluring caprice, which charmingly combines the spirit~telle and viva--
cious. Capriciousness, rather than caprice, however, seems to show itself in
the Portrait of Eduard !. Steichen. I do not know the gentleman, but in this
all but opaque black print, with a faint hint towards the center of the high light
on a chair, and then across the left top corner three spots of hands and face, fol-
lowing a curving direction; the hand which supports the head having more than
a smack of the gesture which appears in Baldini's affected portrait of Whistler,
and the face itself looking up from under the brows with a V shaped, faunlike
smile on its lips. In this I cannot recognize the Steichen of serious landscape,
though it may hint at the author of some of his fantastically artistic studies.
To be blunt, this "portrait" has a certain freakishness and a distortion of clever-
ness that will no doubt entertain you, but of which, I fancy, you would very soon
become extremely tired. For, like many such efforts to give the ne plus ultra
 THE PHILADELPHIA PHUTOGRAPHIC SALON, 1901.

of esprit, it is keyed to snapping point, and has neither ease nor spontaneous-
ness. Yet, even if not quite acceptable, it has very evidently the artistic touch,
and this appears in all Mr. Day's prints. They reveal a sensitiveness and vivid-
ness of motive and a tactfulness and taste in method that stamp them with
style, the ultimate personal finish of the artist. It is a quality not much to the
fore in the present exhibition.
You will feel some trace of it, however, in J. Mitchell Elliott's Pencil
Sketch Portrait-the study of a child's head and hand, two spots of delicate
gray on a ground of faintly suggested white dress and white background, the
technique having much of the piquancy and softness of a silver-point drawing,
though for the purposes of such treatment a rather unsuitable face has been
chosen, this one appearing to be heavy featured and a little stolid in expression.
More satisfactory on the whole is the 0. R,. by Julian A. Dimock; the profile
of a young Quakeress standing, with her hands laid upon the back of the chair.
The expression of the whole picture is one of sweet pensiveness and refinement;
a quiet atmosphere is diffused over the figure, and the shrouded light plays with
a varying tenderness over the different textures of the white cap, soft cashmere
shawl and woodwork. No artfulness has been attempted, but with straight-
forward sincerity the photographer has made the folds of the drapery, the pose
and gesture and color and lighting contribute very truthfully to the gracious
conception he had in mind. Another agreeable use of light tones is seen in
Francis Watts Lee's Billy, the portrait of a little boy in a white suit, the com-
parative stiffness of which contrasts very pleasingly with the smooth brown face
and colors. It is a sunny picture, abounding in freshness; though the artistic
scheme has no particular significance in relation to the boy, unless it be to the
sweet, fresh simplicity of his honest little face. Mr. Lee has also made some
interesting studies of light in the colonnade of the inner court of the Boston
Public Librat:y, the one called The Low Lying Sun of October being particu-
larly good. Two in which a figure is added, so as to make a subject, strike
me as less satisfactory, for the little injection of human subject is not enough
to interest one in itself, and has caused him to place less reliance upon the
beauty of the lighted and shadowed architecture.
Two draped heads in narrow, upright panels, by Herbert G. French, inter-
ested me very much. One is called Chastened, the other simply Study of a
Girl's Head; but in both there is a treatment of the light, quite poetical in feel-
ing, and in the former case, carried to a point of solemn suggestiveness that
fully justifies the title of the picture. Then, again, with no poetic intention,
but with a very artistic one, there is a clear effect of dimly lighted atmosphere
in C. Yarnall Abbott's CoryphCe. In the black silhouette of her shock of hair
against the wall by which she stands, in the slight lean forward of the bust and
the tiptilting of the short skirt behind as she holds it in her hand, there is a nice
sprightliness of meaning which has been so happily controlled. Both in the
lighting and the gesture there is that refreshing evidence of artistic reserve
which knows instinctively just how much to express, and how much to leave
to the imagination. Another print that one remembers as among the best is
Allen Drew Cook's By the U7 i11dow; a mother and child looking over a picture-
 CAMERA NOTES.

book. The gesture and modelling of the former's arm is not very agreeable,
but the general composition is good, the tone rich and harmonious and there
is charming mellowness of feeling. A Spri11g Song, too, by S. L. Willard, is
a good example of a nice conception happily worked out. A girl is sitting
in a meadow with a heap of leaves and flowers beside her, while another
farther back is standing up and picking a sprig from a bough above her head,
the scene being bounded by a hedge of foliage. The figures are naturally and
gracefully placed, the leaves and grass are animated with light and the twinkle
of movement and there is a suggestion in the picture as of sprightly, quiet song-
fulness. I enjoyed, also, the feeling of romance with which Frank Green
had invested the shipping and docks on the river, and the sky scrapers towering
against the evening sky, in his From the Bridge of Rush; a print with much
force of color and mystery of light, smoke and atmosphere. In \V. B. Colson's
The Last Row, the horse that draws the plough being farther back in the picture
than the man is too small in scale; but in another print, Plowing, the two fig-
ures are nearer in their respective places, and I should judge were both viewed
at a greater distance from the camera. At any rate, the action of the move-
ment in man and beast has been most happily secured ; there is no suggestion
whatever of merely suspended movement ; they are plodding on with a continu-
ing patience, the sturdy significance of which is supplemented by the sobriety
of tone. Among the American landscapes, the two which commanded most
attention for quality of color, management of forms and values, and for
their indication of a true feeling for nature, were Oscar Maurer's A Foggy Day,
and Thomas A. Morgan's The Breaki11g of the Storm.
But, perhaps, on the whole, the best landscapes were shown by the English-
men, David Blount and Charles F. Grindrod. The latter, in the Woodcutters,
gives a remarkably vigorous rendering of the smoke and glare of a fire in the
forest, around which are the dark figures of men-a picture that is not so much
a nature study as a fine exposition of weird lights and shadows, massed in a
strikingly handsome pattern. l\Ir. Blount's group of six pictures sermed to
me to represent the most distinguished contribution to the exhibition. outside
of Mr. Day's, with which it does not need to be compared. since the point of
view of the two artists is radically different; :\Jr. Day's inspiration coming
from within, Mr. Blount's from without; at least, in his landscapes. which rep-
resent his best work. Here he is frankly a nature student, though his own
temperament colors the interpretation. Thus, in an upright panel of birch trees
and sky, called rather sentimentally The Last Pale Glimpse of Glimmering
Light, the beauty of tree form and the grandeur of twilight sky have primarily
attracted him, and he has made them yield a handsome decorative composition
of form and color, and expressed also what he felt of the large solemnity of
the hour and scene. Again, in a view of Durham, an expanse of irregular
roofs, terminating in the Cathedral tower. he has, with quite unusual skill,
synthetised the mass of detail, not so as to create a general blurr, but retaining
so much distinctness that you could almost count the roofs and yet making
them stand for a single mass of confusion, gradually merging into quiet as
it reaches the impressive repose of the Cathedral. In Slccpi11g Grief he has
210
 THE PHILADELPHIA PHOTOGRAPHIC SALON, 1901.

represented with much simple sincerity a woman's head bowed over a table on
which her arms are stretched out. It is very free from any suggestion of the
model and tells its story fairly well, though it has not the riper artistic quality
of the lanscapes, or their full resonance of tone. In the strong feeling of all
his pictures there is almost a naivete of impression, which it is interesting to
compare with the more conscious artifice and slighter motive of the prints
by Pierre Dubreuil. He shows a Fantasy, in which a girl with long black hair
and a black dress decorated with a bold latticework of thick braid, leans over
a table, inserting a glass rod into a gold-fish bowl, while a shaded lamp stands
on a stool beside it. It is an entirely meaningless idea, a mere scaffolding for
decorative composition and beauty of light and tone ; and these qualities it does
not possess. It is one of those tiresome efforts to go for to be artistic, when
there is no really artistic purpose to propel. Again, in The Soap Bt4bbles, the
composition forms an agreeable spotting, but the print has no carrying weight.
Yet he can attain to some dignity of line, as in Lady With a Fan, a standing
figure leaning down beside a mantelpiece, and some feeling for sentiment and
for the relative values of long sweeping folds of drapery, as in Delicieux
Abandon. But I think many will agree that he appears to best advantage in
The Skittles, a spirited bit of genre, flooded with light, and representing
the gestures of the three children who are playing the game with char.ming
actuality and spontaneousness. In the simple vivaciousness of this picture there
is more real artistic inspiration than in the formally mannered subjects, which
in a varying degree seem to represent the attitude of mind which is trying to
invent artistic devices, instead of feeling things artistically and then expressing
sincerely what it feels.
Can this be the case with Baron W. Von Gloeden's pictures, made in the
clear atmosphere and beautiful surroundings of Taormina, Sicily, and with
the help of boy models, almost ideally perfect? Or, is it his ignorance of
composition and of other pictorial resources that renders his prints, notwith-
standing the beauty of their ingredients, so banal in results. As it is, they
occupy much space on the wall and will undoubtedly attract a good deal of
admiration from the popular standpoint of prettiness, tending to put further
back the hands of the clock which are struggling to progress towards a truer
appreciation of what constitutes beauty in a pictorial photograph. Nor are
they alone in lowering the standard. There are five studies of the nude by
Rene le Begue which seem to be shallow appeals to popularity. having little
romance for form or worthy realization of its pictorial possibilities. One of
these shows a woman kneeling before a fireplace with her hands extended
before her, the figure being a contrast of glaring white and inky shadows. It
lacks all the ardor and mystery of fire-light and even the piquancy that a good
artist could make of such a study in ink; for if he adopted this peremptory
method of depicting the shadows he would be equally arbitrary in his treat-
ment of the whole figure, making it sketchily suggestive, a mere indication
of the form, whereas, here, mixed with the unnaturalness of the shadows, is a
rigid naturalness of contour. It is a phase of photography that needs keeping
in the background-this trying to be clever on a slender margin of cleverness.
And, coming nearer home, one finds little to commend in the numerically im-
portant group by Zaida Ben Yusuf. It contains a portrait of Daniel C. French,
the sculptor. a speaking likeness, but of little pictorial value. A lady In the
Studio looking over a portfolio of prints, and Bobs, a lady leaning over a
dog in a waste paper basket, pertain to be pictures, but likewise have no real
pictorial quality and represent the sort of stuff that numbers of intelligent
amateurs can readily produce. In one picture, however, Une Femme Moderne,
a lady in white, sitting on a white sofa, her face in profile against a cloud of
211
 CAMERA NOTES.

shadow on the white wall, the attempt to produce by tone and suggestive omis-
sion of detail some correspondence to the sensitive vivacity of the modern female
temperament has been fairly successful. Otherwise, these examples are either
ordinary or indicative of a desire to prove original by mere unusualness of
arrangement. I hope that I am not unjust when I say that the net impression of
these ten prints is that they represent very little real artistic feeling and are
sadly out of place on the walls of a salon.
There is another class of prints much more difficult to estimate, because
they do show signs of artistic feeling, sometimes very pronounced, and yet
fall short of being first class, often in a way that it is hard to put into words,
though the impression to one's self, at least, is unmistakable. There is The
Carpmter_, for instance, by Frances B. Johnston, a sturdy man with apron and
turned up sleeves working on the edge of a round table that is set up on end. I
saw it some little time ago in one of the recurring exhibitions at the Camera
Club, and was attracted by its force and sincerity. Yet the composition lacks
the real force of well-studied concentration. Head, arms and apron almost
equally claim attention; there is no focussing of the lines or of the light, and
the flat shadow of the table and background represent large spaces insuffi-
ciently interesting. It is not as if this picture were devised on Japanese lines,
where a distribution of effects impartially would be intelligible; but the large
mass of shadow sets it rather in the category of a Dutch interior picture, and
so one finds the need of more transparency in the shadows, of more nuance in
the lighting and a more recognizable unity in the composition generally. It
is a picture full of good points, yet failing of the best. And so is a picture of
S. Hudson Chapman, In the Refectory, where a number of Capuchin friars are
sitting at heavy tables around three sides of a vaulted room, with deep pene-
trations where the windows are, through one of which the light is streaming.
There is considerable character in the disposition of the figures and the general
significance of the scene has been fairly rendered, but there is little atmosphere
in the picture and little delicacy of difference in the way the different members
of the architecture reflect the light. It is a rather bold and precise statement
of interesting facts, without the breadth and subtlety of treatment, that might
have transformed it into a thoroughly suggestive picture. Again, /11 a Siesta,
Mr. Chapman has given quite a vivid rendering of a familiar scene in a Sicilian
town, with figures and donkeys resting by a fountain, and there is much sugges-
tion of the lazy ardor of the sunshine, and yet it is rather a traveller's record
than an artist's, the scene being viewed in a most objective way with no partic-
ular evidence of personal artistic intuition.
But it is a thankless task, pegging holes in work that has been earnestly
intended and that reaches no mean measure of commendability; and I must
be pardoned for not going conscientiously through the long list of such prints
exhibited on this occasion. The more so as I have set myself to a general review
of the character of the exhibition rather than to a detailed criticism, except
in those instances which seem particularly good ; and in these even, while I have
mentioned all the workers who seem to be included in the first-class, I have
omitted many of their examples.
So, let me attempt a summary of my impressions. I was told at Phila-
delphia that the exhibition was of higher standard than in previous years and
listened in silence when the estimate of one photographer was quoted as placing
it 50 per cent. above the quality of last year. Unless the wish were father to
the thought, I did not see how this could he the case, when there was quite an
infusion of commonplace material and some dozen of photographers whose
work had worthily graced the walls on previous occasions were unrepresented
on this. One thing that pleased me very much was the evidence of a much more
widely diffused amount of really artistic purpose than I had had an oppor-
212
RETURN FROM THE PASTURE
By J. Craig Annan
(Glasgow)
 THE PHILADELPHIA PHOTOGRAPHIC SALON, rr;or.

tunity before of recognizing. Prints from most far separated parts of the
Union showed that pictorial photography has an increasing number of sincere
and enthusiastic students. Yet a large proportion of these prints were, after
all, but student work, fuller of promise than of accomplishment. So I find
myself formulating this question : Should the Salon be a nursing school for
budding talent or an assemblage of the very best work that has been accom-
plished? Or, to put it differently, Shall the Salon seek to encourage by admis-
sion of the less good or to stimulate to higher effort by the inclusion only of
the best? The questions will be answered differently by different persons, all
of whom it is but good policy to assume are actuated only by what they c-onceive
to be for the best interests of the art. For myself, I cast the vote for exclusion
of the approximately good and inclusion only of the best.
The chief reason for this vote is that we are all of us very apt to be satis-
fied with ourselves, and very apt to take encouragement for a full endorsement,
and proficiency in art as in any other department of life is a quality more
effectually to be attained by the raising than by the lowering of standards, for
the very rigidity of the former process sifts the chaff from the wheat, and
brings out the grit in the individual. Moreover, plenty of encouragement is
afforded by the continual succession of exhibitions of local photographic so-
cities; and what seems much more needful in an annual exhibition that pro-
fesses to summarize the results of the year is that it should establish and main-
tain a standard which may, as far as possible, represent the best so far attained.
I do not ignore the danger of all such salons to become crystalized in their
preferences; and, therefore, an occasional interruption of the continuity of its
ideals can do no permanent hann. And it is a circumstance of this sort with
which we are confronted on the present occasion.
The Photographic Society, of Philadelphia, dissatisfied with the policy of
the previous committee, has elected another one. The blow struck at the pre-
vious committee has rebounded on to those men and women photographers who
represent what that committee considered some of the best artists, and with
whom it was working in cordial co-operation. I am assured upon authority that
no affront was intended to these photographers, but, as I remarked to my in-
formant, you have practically turned them down, and between that and an
affront what is the appreciable difference?
It is all very well to dissemble your love,
But why did you kick me downstairs?
And if people are affronted, it is quite natural that they should have a dis-
inclination to endorse it by showing themselves or their goods in the company
of their affronters. So we reach that most exasperating of all excuses: "I did
not mean it." The Photographic Society of Philadelphia, it seems to me, has
blundered, for it has made it impossible for many of our best photographic
artists to exhibit without loss of self-respect, and nobody but those who are
interested in the distortion of facts or whose critical judgment is easily satisfied,
will agree that it can do without them. I am quite aware that the exhibition
may prove more popular, because it has more variety, more snap. perhaps, than
previous ones, and is more on a level with average appreciation ; but I must
add, in fairness, that I am assured there was no intention on the part of the
committee to popularize the exhibition in the usual sense of the term. It is
very difficult, however, to reach the true inwardness of the committee's purpose,
since it blows hot and cold with the same mouth ; it turns people down and does
not wish to alienate their friendship, and fills the places of the best exhibitors
with work less good and with some quite poor, while assuring us that they are
raising the standard.
But I find myself declining into personalities in a discussion that had
much better be kept on the level of principles. On these we ought all to be
215
 CAMERA NOTES.

able to discover some common ground, since the progress of pictorial photog-
raphy is after all what we really have at heart. And it comes home to me that,
while due acknowledgment must be made both to the Pennsylvania Academy
and to the Photographic Society of Philadelphia for the part they have played
in organizing the Salon, the latter, if it is to fill the role that i,s filled by the
Linked Ring in England, should be independent of both. The Academy is the
scene of large exhibitions and, for the present at least, the Photographic Salon
would do better to preserve a certain choiceness and to limit itself to a smaller
gallery. On the other hand, it should not be under the control of any one
photographic society, but should be managed by a committee, either repre-
senting a considerable number of such societies or independent of all. It was
remarked to me, during my visit to the exhibition, that "after all, the Philadel-
phia Society had to consider its own interest in the matter ;" and here the con-
versation ended, for I was more intent upon the exhibits than upon argumenta-
tion. But did not the remark reveal a weak spot in the present management of
the Salon? Surely its policy should not be influenced by the interests real or
supposed, of any individual society.
My own opinion is that affairs have reached a pass which makes the
continuance of the Salon on its present basis extremely problematical. I would,
therefore, urge the burying of the hatchet, and the immediate looking forward
to a policy of reconstruction. And, perhaps, it would be better that it should
take the form, not of an exhibition associated with any particular locality, but,
as in the case o~ the Society of Western Artists in oil paintings, of an exhibition
which makes its circuit through a series of cities. CHARLES H. CAFFIN.
... ... ...
Interesting Statistics of the Philadelphia Salon.
The statistics of this year's exhibition are of unusual interest. In all 281
frames were hung, representing the work of 120 photographers. Two hundred
and five frames passed the Jury, while the balance represented the work of the
seventeen who had accepted the invitation promiscuously sent out by the
Academy and which is alluded to elsewhere. In all some fifty photographers
had received this distinguishing honor to send their work "to be hung without
going before the Jury." Zaida Ben-Yusuf, New York; Henri Breux, Paris;
Francis Watts Lee, Boston; Wm. H. Stewart, Paris; and Baron von Gloeden,
Sicily, wrere the honored ones to take advantag(' of this invitation and contrib-
uted ten pictures each, the limit allowed. Of the 103 contributing the pictures
which passed the Jury, only thirty-three had exhibited before at any of the
Philadelphia Salons.
Amongst those who did not support the exhibition, although nearly all were
especially invited, were Gertrude Kasebier, Clarence H. White, Eduard J.
Steichen, Frank Eugene, Joseph T. Keiley, Alfred Stieglitz, Eva Lawrence
Watson Schiitze, Wm. B. Dyer, Mathilde Weil, Edmund Stirling, Robert S.
Redfield, Henry Troth, John G. Bullock, Arthur E. Becher, J. Ridgway Moore,
Prescott Adamson, of the prominent Americans ; Robert Demachy and Capt.
Puyo, of France; and the whole British contingent of the Linked Ring.
The management of the Salon was in the hands of the Pennsylvania Acad-
emy of Fine Arts, as represented by Edward H. Coates, President, and Harrison
S. Morris, Secretary, and the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, as repre-
sented by S. Hudson Chapman, Benj. Sharp, and Joseph H .Burroughs, Com-
mittee. The Jury of Selection consisted of Charles I. Berg, New York, Frances
B. Johnston, Washington, Allen Drew Cook, Philadelphia, representing the
Society, and George W. Hewitt, and, H. M. Howe, both of Philadelphia, repre-
senting the Academy. A. S.
216
 Irreconcilable Positions.-A Letter and the Reply.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ, Esg., Editor CAMERA NOTES:
My Dear Sir:-Because I feel quite sure that you would not have reprinted in you1
last splendid issue of CAMERA Nons Mr. Chas. H. Caffin's remarks on photographic mal·
ters from The Artist unless you considered them authoritative, I desire to say that wher
Mr. Caffin, in speaking of artistic photography, and the Pan-American, affirms that "the-
authorities at Buffalo entirely ignored this branch of the art, . . . the work of those
who are lifting this medium of expression onto a plane of artistic achievement bein~
entirely unrepresented," he is mistaken and in error. For I see through the press tha1
gold medals were awarded to Rose Clark and Elizabeth Flint Wade of Buffalo, and Var
Norman of Springfield, Mass., and the old timers with their portentous carbons, an<·
expensive frames, their loud signs announcing a perfect mint of previous achievements
were pushed aside and had to bear the commonplacedness of honorable mentions. (It seem!
everybody gets something at expositions.)
While there were wretchedly few photographs exhibited, all badly hung, and I cannot
think of a severe enough adjective for the light, a note of credit is at least due to thE
jurors (of whom Prof. T. A. Smilie of Washington was one) because they judged of our
ideals and standards.
Few will remember the Pan-American by the pictorial photographs! But does not
the real fault lay with the photographers, who either lacked the enthusiasm to exhibit or
were afraid of the too commercial atmosphere of the Liberal Arts Building? If this latter
was the case, let me add this suggestion, and I add it, sir, knowing that you probably will
not coincide: Given, we want only to exhibit in a "painty" atmosphere, I do too; shall we,
if we cannot preach in the cathedral always neglect the highways and hedges? I trow not;
we may be great; we are great, but, sir, the day is coming, and I see Bernard Shaw heralds
it, when an even greater greatness will of very necessity invite us into the abode of the
fine arts.
In the meantime why not let us proselytize and educate? The obnoxious traffic of the
"photo-artist" is still almost unbearable and very prolific; universal dignity and distinction·
to the camera are yet to come.
Most truly yours, ARTHUR HEWITT.
East Orange, N. ]., October Jist, 1901.

The above letter is published as characteristic of the times. Mr. Hewitt is

but one of many holding a similar view. These many absolutely fail to grasp the
aims of CAMERA NoTES and of a certain class of workers who have long since
served their apprenticeship in "preaching in the highways and hedges," and
who, as Mr. Hewitt is himself only too well aware, were and always are ready
freely to aid in deed and word the individual photographer as well as the inter-
ested layman; but who absolutely refuse to support exhibitions not in sincere
sympathy with the higher ideals of pictorial photography, as understood by
them. Mr. Hewitt and his associates, including certain of the American photo-
graphic press, fail to remember that the Salon of to-day, nay, that the photo-
graph of to-day of which they are justly proud, is the outcome of a similar fight
for bett"rment waged in dnys gone by, resulting in similar antagonism, misun-
derstanding, and misinterpretation by those who to-day unwittingly accept as
the "correct thing" what they had formerly decried and belittled. That is human
nature. The Pan-American authorities had the same opportunities as those in
217
 CAMERA NOTES.

charge of the Glasgow Exhibition, both being of equal importance and similar
in character. As far as pictorial photographers are concerned, Glasgow proved
itself the more progressive and up-to-date, and as this city is also one of the
most productive and appreciative art-centres of the world, the exhibition found
enthusiastic support from those photographers whose work has given pictorial
photography its present standing in more cultured circles.
The Pan-American authorities, however, gave but little or no thought to
pictorial photographers, their action in this regard being in marked contrast to
the enlightened activity displayed by the Glasgow Fine Arts Committee from the
moment of the conception of that exhibition several years ago. In not sup-
porting the home exhibition, the American photographer has shown that self-
respect is possibly his greatest virtue. The bait of medals galore could not
tempt him. Glasgow offered no prizes of any kind ; the invitation to exhibit on
equal footing with painters, sculptors, architects, etc.-the whole Fine Arts
Exhibition consisting of only invited work-was the sole honor sought by those
loving their art. It was the first time in the history of Pictorial Photography
that it found itself welcomed and officially recognized in the ''Cathedral" of
Fine Arts simultaneously with its older sisters.
For over forty years this long-sought-for recognition was striven for ere it
was accorded. True that in the past exhibition authorities from time to time,
impelled by instincts of charity, threw occasional crumbs to these so-called
beggars for artistic recognition; but the refusal to accept as charity from the
hands of the ignorant and biased, that which faith in their art made them deem
a just due, led to a refusal to receive such alms, the acceptance of
which would have been construed as a tacit abandonment of all those just claims
for which they had striven.
Though for years the quantity of really first-class work produced did not
warrant the recognition of these demands yet with years it increased, and the
vitality and beauty of the pictorial photograph has so steadily improved, in direct
ratio to the increase in quantity, that it was in time acknowledged that photog-
raphy in certain phases ranked as a fine art. This was the cause that made
necessary the firm stand taken by earnest workers of to-day in all matters
relating to exhibitions of their work. Such seemingly immodest persistency
has at last made its impression, for without this insistence upon the considera-
tions due to photography the Glasgow authorities would never have offered the
pulpit of their "Temple" of Art to the whilom preachers of the "highways and
hedges."
We might add that Mr. Hewitt informs us that he was the happy recipient
of a silver medal at the Pan-American Exhibition. vVe extend to him our
congratulations.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
NEw YoRK, Nov. 11, 1901.

218
 As Some Others See Us.
T HE two great photographic exhibitions, now open, contain much of interest
and many notable features. The Royal Photographic Society's exhibition
is generally admitted to be a decided advance upon former years. Indeed, this
was naturatlv to be expected, and, while from a cursory examination there does
not appear to be anything of a particularly striking character, a closer inspec-
tion reveals a distinctly advantageous growth and expansion of artistic ideas.
We fear, however, that the really advanced school of pictorial photography is
not adequately represented. There seems to be a feeling among the more
advanced workers in that plastic medium, bichromated gum and pigment, and
its later development ozotype gum and pigment, that the R. P. S. Exhibition
is not the home for such work, and that it will not meet with suitable recogni-
tion by the majority of the Hanging Committee and Judges. It is hoped that
another year may prove this feeling to be erroneous. The Society should, if
representative at all, be thoroughly so, and not bound by limitations of personal
feeling or bias. We feel that although many gum-bichromate pictures are
shown, they are only included as a concession to the growing popularity of this
process, and not because they are representative. Some of the gum-bichromate
pictures would not, we think, have been included in the exhibition of the
Photographic Salon.
There is much to be learned, nevertheless, from this collection of pictures,
and we strongly advise all who can make it convenient to visit the New Gallery
during the exhibition.
The Ninth Exhibition of the Photographic Salon at the Dudley Gallery
convinces one of the truth of the adage, "De gustibus non est disputandum"-
"There is no disputing about tastes." At this exhibition we find a most
remarkable and interesting collection of pictorial photographs. There can be
no doubt that the Salon has cultivated and impressed us with the importance
of the physical equation of the photographic artist. One finds a personality in
almost all the pictures. Indeed the history of the Salon leads us to expect this.
The Salon is history repeating itself. The origin of these coteries, which
m all ages have been powerful factors in directing the fashion of taste, is
interesting. A coterie generally appears during the abdication by the general
public of its right of judgment in matters concerning art and taste. Some-
tim~:s, however, the standard of taste is determined by a few who are felt to
represent the sense of the community. When, however, this universal sense
of law in matters of art and taste decays, the average man begins to doubt
the truth of his own perceptions, and some strong-willed artists appear, who
introduce such novelties as they may choose or think correct. These strong-
willed artists become despotic, and, like despots, they instinctively surround
themselves with a bodyguard of admirers. Modern soCiety then finds itself face
to face with this phenomenon, that the present creative tendency in all forms
of art is opposed to tradition.
The ideas involved in these movements give rise to interesting disputes be-
tween the representatives of science and the followers, or votaries, of art. On
219
 CAMERA NOTES.

the one side the artists say to society :-Art alon~mystical, symbolic, spiritual-
istic art---can supply the void in the human imagination. On the other side are
ranged the men of science, who say :-Do not trust these artists, they are
charlatans, who, so far from being Apostles and Prophets, are varieties of
hysterical patients.
Meanwhile, we who live in the present time, are bound to regard the artist,
the individual who receives, and very probably gives pleasure by his art, and
all judges of art, as responsible beings who have the same natural capacity for
perception of right and wrong as ourselves, and thus, when these moderns say
they alone can supply us with new sources of imaginative pleasure, it is not
sufficient to dismiss them as victims of a neurotic or hysterical disease. but
rather to say we cannot accept their own estimate of themselves without
examination.
Public opinion is defective because it has no recognized standard of judg-
ment, and also because its judgments are often too rough and ready to be appli-
cable to the higher creations, or realms, of art. On the other hand, the coterie
is defective in some measure, because it is not representative.
The Salon does not admit of further criticism on our part, but it is a very
sincere and interesting exhibition of the tendency of modern photographic art.-
_Photographic Art Journal, London, October, 1901.

... ...
Notes.
The well-known firm of "Rotograph" ties of a Hypo for use in photography, this
have placed on the market their Negative award speaks for itself.
Paper, as a substitute for dry plates and It
celluloid films. This "Negative paper" Dr. Jacoby's Sepia Platinum Paper,
shows almost no fibre structure, and is so with cold development, manufactured in
thin, yet so tough withal, that prints can Berlin, Germany, and which is extensively
be made from it without any waxing or used by the best Continental photogra-
oiling of the paper. In speed it equals a phers, may now be had in New York from
good dry plate, and has the further ad- W. Heuermann, 97 Cedar Street. The
vantage of lightness, cheapness, (less than paper gives rich sepia tones without the
half the price of plate), and perfect non- addition of mercury or sepia solution to
halation qualities Rotograph Negative the developer. It is supplied in several
Paper can be obtained in the usual plate grades, the extra rough Whatman lending
sizes or by the yard. For enlarged nega- itself splendidly to broad work of all sizes.
tives from which to make carbons or rough We might add that Mr. Heuermann will
platinums it is unsurpassed. have any paper sent to him coated to order.
Rotograph also announces a new brand It is needless to say that black platinum
of paper-the "Imperial Rotograph"-a may be had as well as the sepia.
heavy cream-tinted paper, yieldin~ rich and It
broad effects. Also their Iron Citrate De- Agfa-Reducer is highly recommended
veloper, as used exclusively by them, is by all those who have given it a trial. It is
now ready for the market. certainly the handiest and most generally
It effective reducer for practical purposes we
Walpole Hypo, of the Walpole Chemi- have had the opportunity to use.
cal Company, was awarded the first prize It is invaluable for the amateur, and in
at the Pan-American Exhibition for pur- time will become quite as indispensable as
ity, uniformity and general excellence. As the Agfa-Intensifier, now so universally in
purity and uniformity are the first necessi- use.
220
 In Memoriam.
Among the American names that appear in the catalogue of the London
Photographic Salon this year is that qf J. Ridgway Moore. Only on the 2oth
of October did I learn that Mr. Moore's prints had been accepted, and the
knowledge gave me the keenest of pleasure for two reasons ;-first, because
none de~erved serious recognition of this work more than Mr. Moore-and
again for the reason that being aware that Mr. Moore, like most of the serious
pictorial workers of the photographic world, recognised the London Salon as
the foremost pictorial exhibition, I knew that the acceptance of his pictures by
it would be to him a source of great satisfaction and encouragement. But just
returned that day from Cuba, where I had been for many weeks in a distant part
of the island remote from all news, I was late in learning the happenings of the
photographic world; and was mo~t impatient for the moment when I could con-
gratulate Mr. Moore, whom I had not seen since the beginning of July. An
hour later, in response to a telephone inquiry, I was inexpressibly shocked to
learn that J. Ridgway Moore was dead. He never knew of his pictures having
been admitted to the Salon, for death had come to him suddenly over a month
before. Through his death the pictorial cause has lost one of its staunchest and
most vigorous and fearless supporters. Only within the last few years had he
taken up photography, after study and observation had convinced him of its
possibilities as a means of artistic expression. He brought to his work a thor-
oughly refined taste, an exact knowledge of the principles of art and years of
experience and training, and his progress was rapid and marked. All those
interested in the pictorial cause have strong reason to regret the loss of this
fellow worker, whose pictures were of pronounced merit and gave such fine
promise of still greater progress. And those of us whose privilege it was to
know him personally mourn him for many other reasons as well, for he was
ever thoughtful and considerate of his associates, always obliging ;-a vigorous
specimen of mannood who hated all insincerity and shallow pretentiousness-a
man among men. As I write these lines his figure looms up before me out of the
past just as I saw him last, well groomed and vigorous, on the steps of the train
that carried him away-forever. \Ve had spent the evening together talking
over his proposed hunting trip and planning out new work for the winter; and
I had gone with him to the depot to help him with his traps and wish him bon
vo}•age and a timely return.
Little thought I then, as I felt his hearty parting grip, that he was setting
out on a journey over a line whose tracks run but one way "Beyon'." Goodbye,
again-old fellow, for all of us, bon voyage! and Godspeed. You've left a big
gap in some of our lives; and when in future we gather-those who knew you
best-we '11 not "turn down an empty glass" where you made One, but we'll fill it
as a libation to your memory and silently drink to him who has gone "Beyon'."
JosEPH T. KEILEY.

221
 Books Received.
"Photography u a Fine Art," by photography cannot afford to have this book
Charles H. Caffin. Illustrated. Published missing from their shelves.
by Doubleday, Page & Co., 34 Union It
Square, New Vork. Price, $J.OO net.
We have had the privilege of looking over "Woodland and Meadow," by W. I.
the advance sheets of Mr. Caffin'snew book, Lincoln Adams. Illustrated. Published by
"Photography as a Fine Art," the ma- The Baker & Taylor Company, New York.
jority of the chapters of which have already An excellent piece of book-making.
appeared in serial form in an American It
monthly magazine. "On the Farm," by Rudolph Eickemeyer,
This is the first book of its kind dealing Jr. Published by R. H. Russell. New York.
seriously from a recognized art critic's Mr. Eickemeyer's books have proven to
standpoint of pictorial photography. While be as popular as his photographs. This vol-
the book will prove of great value in regard ume will prove no exception.
to both illustrations and text to all inter-
It
ested, yet the reproductions in half-tone do
not and cannot do justice to many of the "The International Annual, 1902." Ed-
originals with which we are well acquaint- ited by W. I. Scandlin. Published by E. &
ed. Mr. Catlin's criticisms were naturally H. T. Anthony, New York.
founded upon the study of the originals. The new volume differs in no respect
The typography and general make-up of from its predecessors. It is clean in appear-
the book is in good taste. Here and there ance and many of the articles are of more
we find evidences of hasty proof-reading than average interest. The illustrations
which is to be regretted. It goes without represent the conservative phase of pho-
saying that all those interested in American tography.

"Photograms of the Year, 1901." Published by Dawbarn & Ward, Ltd., London.
"Photo grams of the Year" is a book always looked forward to annually with much
expectation and pleasure. The volume for 1901 has come to hand so late, having been
pu!Jlisht:d some weeks later than heretofore, that it is impossible for us to give it a detailed
review. We take pleasure in stating that taken as a whole it is fully up to its predesessors,
which is praise indeed.
It is unfortunate nevertheless that in a volume which is supposed to be authoritative,
that we read for instance in connection with the Glasgow Exhibition: "Less even than the
French school is the American school representative. We do indeed find 1\liss Clarkson's
"Say Yes," a relic of the days when modern American amateur photography had its first
beginnings, and when, as now, women were doing more than a fair proportion of the best
work. But it is a solitary example, a fish out of water, among the 84 American prints.
For the rest, uoitll but few exceptions, it is practically a selection from last year's Phila-
delphia Salon-the cream of it transplanted bodily across the Atlantic. (The italics are
ous). This statement is remarkable for its inaccuracy and the false impression it con-
veys of the collection as a whole. As a matter of fact, at least ten of the prints represent
older work than Miss Clarkson's; and as for the statement that the cream of last year's
Philadelphia Salon made up the body of the collection, it might be stated that exactly
sn•et&teell of the 84 pictures had adorned the walls of the exhibition. In short·, the
whole paragraph is misleading, to put it mildly.
The article on American photography which for the first time in many years bears no
si1mature, abounds in similar inaccurate statements, so as to make its value dubious, if
not absolutely worthless.
We feel it our duty to call attention to these discrepancies in the book. for it would
be di honest to American photographers as well as to the publishers of the hook to let
them pass unnoticed. ALFKED STIEGLITZ.
222
 THE CAMERA CLUB DEPARTMENT
HI!NRY H. MAN, J. EDGAR BULL, AND LOUIS B. SCHRAM, PUBLICATION COMMITTEE REPRESENTING
THE BoARD 01' TRUSTEES

Proceedings and Club Notes.

Meeting- of September lOth, J90J. paring the catalogue and thanked Dr. Stev-
ens for valuable aid rendered by him.
The regular monthly meeting of the Cam- Mr. Ferguson, tor the print committee,
era Club was held on September 10th, 1901, reported that the prints now upon the wall
the President, Mr. Aspinwall, in the chair, constitute the collection of Mr. Abel, lent
After the reading of the minutes the by him for exhibitiOn.
president reported that he had appointed Mr. Dowdney, for the house committee,
Dr. Charles W. Stevens and Mr. ]. C. Abel, reported that new sinks had been placed m
the librarian, an informal committee to the dark room and that some new lockers
study the subject of providing a book plate had been built.
for the Canfield library, and to report to the Mr. Dowdney, for ~he house committee
club with suggestions. on book-plates, alluded to by the president,
The treasurer reported : reported progress and stated that the pro-
Balance in bank June 1, 1901. ... $1,834 46 ject of inviting a submission of photo-
Receipts, including donations ..... 1,071 71 graphic designs for a book plate was under
consideration. He thought that if a satis-
$2,go6 17 factory book plate could be produced by
Disbursements, including payments photography, a new field of photographic
chargea~le to donations ........ 1,909 31
work would be opened. and suggested that
competition be invited by photographers
Balance in bank. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $996 86 throughout the world.
Mr. Beeby inquired what fault could be
Besides $2,000 on deposit in the Union Trust found with the present bcok-plate. Dr.
Company. Stevens re5ponded that it was not a pho-
The librarian reported in substance that tographic product, and besides it was
the bookcases are in place and filled with thought best to have a distinction made be-
books, that certain unbound books yet re- tween the Canfield library and the other
main unplaced. but it is expected to make books belonging to the club. :.1 r. Beeby
room for them in the cases by sorting out responded that the present book-plate cer-
duplicate volumes. That in a short time. tainly was a photographic product, having
however, more cases will be needed, as the been copied from the original design by a
club will doubtless increase the library from photographic proce5s, and added in sub-
time to time. That certain books in the >tance that the design of the present book
library could not, in his opinion, be replaced plate was all that it should be. and that a
if lost, for which reason these books will be distinction could be made as to the Canfield
gathered in one of the cases having a sepa- library by printing at the top or bottom
rate key and restrictions will be placed upon of the present book-plate the words "Can-
their use. As to the rest 01 the library he field Library." He desired it to be under-
suggested that, if approved by the club, stood that he did not rest his approval of
members may be permitted to take books the present hook-plate upon the fact that the
from the club rooms upon giving proper design was his work.
receipts and under such restrict;ons as the Mr. C. D. Roy, for the lantern slide
club or the trustees may formulate. committee, reported that tests would be re-
He reported progress in the work of pre- sumed on Wednesday, September 1Ith.

223
 CAMERA NOTES.

Meetinr of October 8th. He pointed out that applicants for mem-

At the regular meeting of the Camera bership who might be entirely worthy of
Club held on October 8th, 1901, Mr. As- that honor might by the mere infrequency
pinwall presided. of trustees' meetings be subjected to sub·
The treasurer reported a balance on hand stantial inconvenience at the very time of
of $2,561. The librarian reported prog- year when the use of the club rooms would
ress and stated that Messrs. Ferguson, be most to their advantage, and that mean-
Bassett and Beeby had been appointed a while the club lost the benefit of their dues.
committee to aid him in work upon the A motion was made and seconded,
library. authorizing the trustees in their discretion
The president announced with regret the to extend the privileges of the use of the
death of Messrs. ]. Ridgway Moore and H. rooms to applicants for membership, after
F. Storm. favorable action by the Membership Com-
The trustees having directed that Mr. mittee, in consideration of payment of dues
Abel's communication as to delays in elect- from the time when use of the rooms com-
ing members during the summer months menced instead of from election.
be brot•ght before the meeting, Mr. Abel Mr. Murphy in one of his happily phrased
rose and explained that during the summer, speeches questioned the propriety of the
when for about three months no meetings passage of such a resolution without amend-
of the trustees took place, considerable em- ment of the by-laws, and moved to strike
barrassment existed in consequence of the from the resolution as proposed all refer-
unwillingne~s of applicants for membership ence to the matter of compensation for the
to wait for the next meeting of the board u~e of the rooms. After some further dis-
before enjoying the privileges of the cluh. cussion the subject was tabled.

On the completion of the business of the evening, Mr. Arthur Hewitt

addressed the Club on the topic of "Advanced Photography,-Mat~ifestation
of the Spirit in Art,-A Plea and an Explanativt~."
The speaker told how, during the summer, he had left business behind
(while involved in which he said he had been "circumlocuted with sor-
did details"), and visited the coast of 1-laine, where, sailing away from
the mainland, he found himself environed by the beauty of outside nature,
the influence of harmonies of color and grandeur of lines, vast horizom.,
splendid skies and edges of a fairy sea. Inspired by this environment, he came
to the conclusion that "a picture might be painted, a statue might be carved, a
photograph might be made, and all of the three might be patiently faithful to
nature and yet destitute of the qualities of art and wholly unworthy to occupy
a place in any well-chosen collection."
He undertook to show "how the spirit must be the key-note, the ruling
factor of art, especially in photographic art." Quoting from Ruskin's "Crown
of Wild Olives," the speaker stated that "All that art that is right desires to
do, it does, and all that it does, does well. You will find after you advance in
the knowledge of art that its laws of restraint are very marvellous, that its peace
of heart and ~ontentment in doing a simple thing, with only one or two qualities,
restrictedly desired and sufficiently attained, are a most wholesome element of
education for you, as opposed to the wild writhing and wrestling and longing
for the moon and tilting at windmills and agony of eyes and torturing of
fingers, and general spinning out of one's soul into fiddle strings which con-
stitute the ideal type of the modern artist."
224
 PROCEEDINGS AND CLUB NOTES.

We shall not attempt to follow the speaker's explanations and illustrations,

which must have been heard to be appreciated. He alluded with deprecation
to certain efforts of Mr. Day, of Mrs. Kasebier and of Mr. Keiley, but intimated
that he ranked 1\fr. Stieglitz in a class by himself as an artistic photographer.
Passing from his contemporaries to himself, and apologizing for an appear-
ance of lack of modesty on the ground of the importance of the topic, he said :
"I now propose to ask you as to the way in which things which interest us
through the sight are seen. The ordinary observer, in looking at a common
New York City street scene, sees perhaps the most striking object passing, a
gaudily gowned woman, a steaming automobile. I see something else. I see
life, I see movement, I see the intenseness of the vivid activity, the spirit of
tremendous commerce. If I can portray these I shall do well, and remember,
and remember again, that chemicals and plate and paper are not life and
color, nor light, nor shadow, nor distance, nor atmosphere. The most imagina-
tive men are the most thirsty for new knowledge. Fancy plays like a sunbeam
in the celestial presence, but imagination is a pilgrim on the earth and her home
is in Heaven. Shut her from the fields of the celestial mountains, bar her breath-
ing their lofty sun-warmed air, and we may as well turn upon her the last bolt
of the tower of famine and throw the keys into the depths of hell. Have you
ever seen, for instance, the imprisonment of sunlight in lurid rainy atmos-
phere, perfectly or faithfully rendered, and the various portions of reflected
and scattered light set forth with equal truth and feeling?"
In closing he expressed the hope that he had set before his hearers one
idea, which he himself had kept fully in view in all that he had said: that art
is not a thing having a separate existence, it is not merely a costly exotic
cultivated by the wealthy few and intended to please a narrow circle of highly
refined people; not this, but a blossoming of the higher nature of man, a natural
outcome of every age, every stage of civilization, every condition in life.
At the conclusion of Mr. Hewitt's address the thanks of the Club were
extended to him.

225
 Trustees' Meetings.
A regular meeting of the Board of Trustees was held on September 30th, 1901.
Present: Messrs. Wilmerding, Dowdney, Beeby, Man, Bracklow, Reid and Dr. Devlin.
In the absence of the President, Mr. Man was called to the chair.
The Treasurer reported a balance on hand of $2,550-71.
Messrs. Edgar ]. Mapes, G. H. Fromann, John H. Booth and C. 0. Lovell were
elected to active membership and Mr. Edward W. Keck to non-resident membership.
The Secretary was directed to enter on the minutes an entry expressing the regret of
the Board upon the death of so useful a member as Mr. ]. Ridgway Moore.
A letter was received from Prof. Laudy, of Columbia University, offering to the Club
a collection of daguerreotype apparatus. Messrs. Murphy and Reid were appointed a
committee to examine the collection and report whether in their opinion the Club should
accept it.
The Librarian reported progress and requested that Messrs. Ferguson and Ba~sett
be appointed a committee to assist him, and that he be accorded the privilege of naming
one other member of the Club as a member of such committee. The request was granted.
A communication was received from Mr. Abel upon the topic of the inconvenient
delay in the election of the proposed members during the summer season, when meeting~
of the Trustees were infrequent, which communication was referred to the Club for action.
The resignations of Messrs. Ralph S. Townsend, Seth Cook Comstock, Henry C.
Carter and Frank S. Ray from active membership, ·and of Mrs. ]. Thorne from non-
resident membership, were accepted with regret.

A regular meeting of the Trustees of the Camera Club was held on the evening of
October 28th, 1901.
Present: Mr. Aspinwall in the chair, Messrs. Bull, Dowdney, Wilmerding, Reid, Man
and Dr. Devlin.
The Treasurer reported a balance in hand of $3.643-43·
The Board authorized the Home Committee to put in twelve new lockers.
Mr. Stieglitz, Editor and Manager of CAMERA NoTES, submitted a full financial report,
which was received and ordered on file.
Mr. Reid, for the committee appointed at the last meeting of the Trustees, reported
that the collection of daguerreotype apparatus and daguerreotypes offered by Prof.
Laudy to the Club, had been examined by the committee and found to be valuable and
interesting; that, subject to the approval of the Board, the committee hart accepted the gift,
and that it was already in the rooms of the Club, and while not yet finally arranged for
exhibition could readily be inspected. The Trustees voted unanimously to accept the
collection, and the Secretary was directed to communicate the thanks of the Trustees
and of the Club to Prof. Laudy.
Mr. Reid, for the House Committee, reported that in view of the importance of deter·
mining the value of the Club property on hand for purposes of insurance and other p·ur-
poses, he had been at work upon an inventory of the Club property, and that, excluding
the library and some other valuable property not yet listed or appraised, his list had
reached a total of $5,7¢.20. He further reported the donation to the Club by Mr. F. R.
Hitchcock of trays and other photographic material, and the Secretary was instructed
thereupon by the Trustees to communicate the thanks of the Club to Mr. Hitchcock.
The resignation of Messrs. A. C. Gould, H. R. Howser and ]. M. Emery, from active
membership were accepted with regret.
A communication from Gen. L. P. di Cesnola, President of the Commission for the
United States of th~ Tntt'rnational Exposition of Modern Decorative Art, to be held in
Turin in 1902, addressed to the President of the Club, was then read. It stated that the

•
 PROCEEDINGS OF CLUB NOTES.

Commission had been advised through the President of its Committee on Artistic Pho-
tography that it is proposed to hold an exhibition of artistic photographs simultaneously
with the Decorative Art Exhibition. It extended an invitation to the officers and members
of the Camera Club to contribute, with the hope that a committee might be formed to
gather such photographs as might be deemed representative of the art. It expressed the
hope that this invitation, emanating from the Committee at Turin, would receive favorable
consideration, and that a committee might be appointed at an early day. Thereupon, the
Trustees appointed Messrs. Stieglitz, Keiley and Berg to act as such committee.
Messrs. H. H. Kingston, Jr., George Lorillard Ronalds, Auguste Pottier, Walter H.
Close and Dr. Ferdinand G. Kneer were elected to membership.
The topic of the annual dinner coming up for consideration, Messrs. Cassard, Bull
and Schram were appointed a committee.

... ...
An Explanation.
In an article in the September number of CAMERA NoTES special attention was paid to
the completeness of the library since the addition of the collection of Mr. Canfield, and
allusion was made to the fact that before such addition the Club had not possessed a
library worthy of its standing and aims. It was not supposed by the writer of that article
that any reader of CAMERA NoTES would so far mistake his purpose as to think that he
was reflecting upon any officer of the Club for not providing an adequate library. Articles
in the Club Department are written especially for members, and the writer thought that
no member was ignorant of the self-sacrificing and intelligent efforts of the librarian who
relinquished office this year and who would gladly have continued in office, and added
still more to the burden of obligation under which he had already placed the Club, but for
circumstances which against his will rendered it impossible for him to give the time and
attention which the proper performance of the duties of librarian required.
The debt of the Club to him was not less because he had never had at his disposal
sufficient funds to enable him to make the library complete. What funds were appro-
priated for his use were economically and judiciously expended. His time and best skill
were devoted to the interests of the Club, and he certainly had a right to feel an honest
pride in the result of his efforts.
Since that number of CAMERA NoTES appeared the writer has learned with surprise
that it stoemed to c.ne member of the Club that the article had done Mr. Beeby injustice,
and he now wisht"s to disclaim any such intention. HENRY H. MAN .

... ... ...

The Bullock, Redfield and Stirling Prints.
For about a month. beginning October 8th, 1901, there has been on exhibition on
the walls of the Club an exhibition of prints by Messrs. John T. Bullock, Robert S.
Redfield and Edmund Stirling, all of Philadelphia, which, apart from the interest of the
subjects dealt with, is peculiarly interesting as showing the individuality of three different
workers in photographic art. Were any demonstration needed that it is possible for a
photographer to impress upon his work the stamp of his own temperament it would be
furnished by a comparison of these prints.

227
 The Nucleus of a Club Museum.
In the record of the meetings of the trustees will be found brief reference
to the recent gift of Prof. Laudy, of Columbia University, to the Camera Club
of a collection of daguerreotype apparatus and daguerreotypes. Thi~ :ollection
has been placed temporarily in one of the book cases belonging to the library
It deserves a more prominent position and it is to be hoped that the club will
supply a proper case so arranged that the apparatus may readily be examined
from all sides without removal. The similar collection at Columbia University
is in a case glazed on all sides and standing so far from the wall that it may be
seen from all directions.
If the Camera Club is to occupy the position which it should as the leading
photographic club in the largest city in the Vnited States, it seems almost
obligatory upon it to preserve records of the history of photography and of
photographic processes, and, while it is perhaps too much to hope for the present
that the club will be able to collect any complete exhibit constituting a museum,
the desirability of making such a collection cannot, we think, be questioned.
The daguerreotype was the first practically successful method of photog-
raphy, and, though the process itself is now obsolete, no one familiar with the
history of photography can forget the important fielrl which for a long
time it occupied almost without a rival, the value of the records which it has
preserved of our fathers in their habit as they lived, and the importance of the
process itself as the first demonstration of the possibility of making practical use
of the then newly discovered actinic properties of light.
In the "Stones of Venice'' will be found a reference to the fact that certain
of the illustrations of the work were reproduced (by hand, of course), from
daguerreotypes. vVhen we consider the patience, labor and expense which it
must have cost Prof. Ruskin to obtain by the daguerreotype process a record
which could only be reproduced by being redrawn upon the wood, and com-
pare this with the facility of reproduction by present processes of the actual
appearance of monuments of ancient and mediaeval art such as he chose for
graphic perpetuation before they should be destroyed by the vandal or
the restorer, we get fresh light not only upon the enormous progress made
in photographic processes during recent times, but upon the value of the
daguerreotype as the invention which constituted the first step towards so
important a result.
Viewed in this light, a well-selected_ collection of apparatus for making
daguerreotypes can never lose its interest.
Other processes of photography also have become obsolete. Apparatus
and processes once regarded as substantially perfect have been discarded from
time to time in favor of others better contrived and more convenient, and, com-
paratively young as the art of photography is, a substantial opportunity exists
for the collection of articles and data historically interesting and instructive.
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14 East 23d St., NEW YORK.
(Madioon Square, South)

+
Cameras
S TANDARD reproductions of
modern and ancient art.
They show the picture right size-right
side up-and focus to the moment of
exposure. Reflex Focal Plane Shutter
supplied-- fastest in the world.
Artistic framing at moderate
Our book is of real interest. Sent
cost a specialty. Just published: free.
The Masterpieces of Grosvenor
House. Prospectus mailed upon Reflex Camera Company
application. YONKE~S. N. Y.

Photogravures, Halftones
in Monochrome and Color;
High-grade Printing;
Catalogues, etc., etc.

Photochrome
Engraving Co.,
For samples see the 162-166 Leonarcl Street,
illustrations of
"Camera lfl(otes." ..••. NEW YORK ClCJ'Y.
t,;stab li s hed 187 J. T e lepho n e . 'oo ~ S prin g.

CEO. F ()F,
.Jfanuf a clurer of .

-------Fine Frames.
0rigir. a l Works of A rt a nd Re p,nduction s F r~m ed with Art ist ic Jud(Ollcnt.
66 Ea!';t; Eighth Street, <• Cli nt on I' lace, near Broad wa y ) New york

-~'.\\ s f> 6 ~e & ~..s.$ W'Oi"tl. ~Ol\t. o" o~t \.\t\u\O(~evele.r ..

lObf\ "LY\& $on$, "'f'"'\&~ ~o~~.."'K. J.

To LIBR.IlRI.IlNS of Photographic Clubs,

Collectors of t3ooks and others:
. The Cam er a Club, :'\ ew Yo rk . Li br ary ha s th e foll o wi n g an d ot her hoo ks fo r sa le :
J ou m al of tl•e Cam era C/u /J, Lo n d o n. \ 'ols. 1 a n d ' - ( 86·88) . Boun d ha lf mo rocco.
T he P li oto~t: ra ph i c N~ ·ws . Lo nd on . \ 'o ls. 1 , 2 , 3, 4, s, 6, 7, 8, 9, 1 o, 11 , 1 z, 28, 29, J O , J I , 32.
B o un d clo th a nd ha lf-leat he r.
1-'lw tograph v A 11 111t al. 'f ears ' 91, '9 2. '9 3, '94 .
Ant hon y's lt~ t c r ua t io nol A nu ua/. T en yea rs. ho u nd.
f'h otogra/' h ic F imes. \ ' ariou s vo lumes. bo un d a.nd u n bo un d .
A uthou y s Bulletin . Vario us vo lu mes, bo un d and un bo un d.
JJrit is h l ou r ual of Ph otograph }'. \ 'a ri o us vol umes. bo u n d a nd un bo un d .
Pll i/adelpt. ia l ' ll otograp ll c r. \ ari o us vo lu mes. bo un d a nd unbo u nd . Bo un d half-lea the r.
Jttl ifso n 's J/ osai cs. V a r ious vo lu m es. bo und a nd un bo un d . Bo un d ha Jf. Jeat he r.
Wals o ta's Q uarter Ce nt ury of Ph otography. :X e w, bo und .
W ilso n 's Cyclo paedic P lw t ogra{> lly . :'\ e w. bo und,
A ,u·rico u J ourn al o f Plr o t o gr-t~ p h y. V a r io us vol um es. u n to u n d.
Amate ur PJa o t ug roph e ,., Lo nd o n. Va ri o u s volumes, bo u nd and unbo un d.
\ ' a ri o us ot he r maga zine s and wo r ks o n p ho tography, a ll in good condi tion. :\l enti o n wants
a n d w r ite for pa rti cu lars, address ing th e LIBRARIAN, Camera Club, 3 W. 29th St., New York.

Dl(. JACOBY'S
8ERL I N 1 GERMANY ,
SEP•IA PLATINUM PAPER, Cold Bath,
Developed without the addition of Mercury, gives beautiful , rich sepia tones.
In smooth, medium rough and heavy Whatman , extra rough
The same grades of paper may be had in BLACK PLA TINU~.
We make a specialty of having any grade W. HEUERMANN,
of Paper, including Japan, coated to order. 97 CEDAR STREET, NEW YORK .
 Graphic Cameras•••
Reversible Back Cycle Graphic,
Made II All Sites From
3!-{ xH( to h 10.

Graphic Magulne Plate Holder.

12 Plales .
l~ X 4 ~·, . $tc.oo
.1 0 00
4 X 5· • 0 •
F o lding P ocket Graphic,
• • • 1 2 . 00
5 X 7• ::\X X 4~t, •• . . • ,, •• ,. , $3000

We Make 25 Styles of Graphic Cameras. Send for Catalogue.

GRAPHIC AGENTS.
A . ]. LLOYD & CO, J2J"325 Waohln g t o•n S lreet. ALMER COE, 74 State Street, Chical{O, Ill.
Bost o n, MAss. H. A. HYA'rf, 41 0- 12 N Broadway. :St. Louis, Mo.
WILLIAMS, BROWN & EARLE, 918 Chestnut DA:'\ I E LS & F ISHE R. Denver, Col.
St., Philadelphia, Pa. KI RK, GEAR Y & CO., Sac ramento and San Fran-
SHE&TZ & I:!I~HOP, 6 14 nth St. , N. W. Wash ' t'n, cisco, Cal.
D . C. OBRIG CAMERA CO., 165 Broadway, !\'ow York.
THE WALZL-CUMMINS CO., 20 Wes·t Lexing· F . G. SCHMIDT, 11 East 42d St ., New Yo rk.
ton St., Baltimore, Md.
TH& Wl\1 . E. STIEREN CO ., 544 Smithfield St. , E. B. MEYROWITZ J 104 E. 23d Str<et, New York.
Pittsburg h, Pa . Ius W. 42d Street, New York.
OSKAMP, NO LTIN G & CO , S. W. cor. :Fifth and S. B. KRAUS, 657 Broadway, Brooklyn , N . Y .
Vme Sts. , Cinc innati 0. C. H . LOEBER, 12 East 17th St., New York City.
THE BURROWS BROS. CO., 133 Euclid Avenue, CHARLES KUH N , 366 Fulton St., Brooklyn, N. Y.
Cleveland, Ohio. W. C. CULLEN , 6t William Street, l\'ew York.

CJ'he Folmer c~ Schwing Slfg. Co., 1

No. 404 ~ROADWAY, NEW YORK.

TELEPHONE, No. 2711 FRANKLIN.
 BAUSCH & LOMB

HAND CAMERA
TELEPHOTO
In this lens we have for the first time
in the history of lens making produced a
compact Telephoto attachment which can be

I USED ON ANY CAMERA I

with the lenses regularly supplied with
hand cameras and giving a number of
magnifications with

NO EXTRA BELLOWS LENGTH.

A PRACTI CAL LENS FO R EVERYBOD Y.
Send for Booklet .

BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL CO.,

R.ochester, N. Y.
 At Home,
by the light of an ordinary lamp, by
g aslight, or by daylight, print-making
.
ts easy

With VELOX
paper. R equires no dark. room
and renders exq ui sitely soft, platinum-
like effects.

NE.PERA CHEMICAL CO.

Division of the General Aristo Co.

F or sale by Park,
all dealers. N.Y.
 THESE!!
NON-HALATION PLATES, Double Coated.
CJRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE
-owa"""o PLATES, B/ac!t Tones.
CfRANSPARENCY .AlND LANTERN SLIDE PLATES, G. B. P.R.,
Producing GREEN, CJJROWN, PURPLE ana RED Cfones.
PYROX, The Ne<W CJ>e.veloper. Paclt.ages, 10 cents, 20 cents
ana 75 cents.
SULPHITE SODA, Pure. CARBONATE SODA, Pure.

Send for copy of SEED "lM~NUAL" ana Price List.

___8V/. cA. Seed Dry Plate Company.

~~~~~~~~~,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Eastman's Bromide i
s Lante1rn Slide Plates i
~ $
#

Give the brilliant high-lights, delicately

graded half tones and transparent
shadows which are so highly valued by
the best Ian tern slide workers.
They allo,;v of great latitude in exposure
" and can be developed with any good
~
$
developer except Pyro.
$ EAST.MAN KODAK CO.,
l F or sale by all d~alers. Rochester, N. Y.
"
:-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~"~~·~~~~~""""~
 CJ?.ing up 1546 -18th. I ~:~!;.~'.":
Orden will be delivered within
an hour at the CAMERA CLUB.

CHAS. H. LOEBER,
..
J2 East J7th St., New York.
Platinotype Paper, Plates of all Grades.
CONNeCTINO
C:eNTeR...:t

THe.
~leLOJ
ANO
TMI! COMMela.CIAl-
R.ICM

.MISS OUR..I.
&ROAD
AND

KAN...5A.5.
,.A~M..S

COR..N
THR..IVINO
0,..

AND Wf>11e.A "r

CtTie..J OJ-.
..
l!:verythiD&' for PI'Ofl'euive Workers.
l!:verytblnr Fresh I Lowest Prlca I

Uptown A,ency for Folmer & Sehwtnr.

Tt1e ,..~~TILe ,._IV~R. VAu....eV.,. 1 RA.Oe.
CB:NTeR...J: ANO A.OU...INO PA.AIQ.t~ 0,..

NI:BR.ASKA.

Tl'1e AOR.ICULTUR.AL , I"'R.VIT . MINeR.AL A"'O

T1M!!'le.A. LAI'ID.J,ANO ,.AMOV..l HOT .$PQ.INQ..J' l)f"

ARKAN.5AS.
.!I UOAA.. PL..A.NTATION..J
Tl'11!!. AND ~
IMMeNJII:: R..IC:& ,...teL.OJ 0,.. ; ~

LOUI~IANA .

• • ' • # ~ ,; ,;

HIJTOR.. IC A.L AND ..5CeNIC •

OLD ~ NI:W MEXICO.

...,..0 ,..OR..MJ WITH IT.Jo CONNI!!.CTION.,)
THe POPULAR.. WINTeR. ROUTe TO

CALIFORNIA.
~o~:.I·~,~~~~~T~':a~~~cit·
H.C.TOWN5END,..,.,...,... ,.,..... JT.

has a per fectly flat fie ld, and gives

The Cooke Lens exq uisite definition at full apertu r e.
W rite for price list . .. . . . . . . .

MAX LEVY,
1213 Race Street, -l' Philadelphia, Pa.

Bookbinding of Every Grade.

Fine Binding a Specialty.
Photographs Mounted; Portfollo!l for Photographs , Etc , Etc.

0TT0 KNOLL.
7·U Lexington Avenue,, NEW YORK CITY.
FOR REPERENCBS APPLY TO CAnERA NOTES.
 ....................................

....
SEND FOR OUR NEW BoOKLET
FOR 1902-JUST ISSUED •

Headquarters for •••••

THE CR?,cAPHIC CAMEW,AS,
KODdlKS, PREMOS,
POCOS ana FILEMS.
W. & C. PLATINOTYPE PAPERS. OUTFITS
FOR THE " GLYCERINE PROCESS " {Brush
Development).

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING QUICKLY DONE.

Cameras fitted with Zeiss, Goerz, Collinear and Plastigmat lenses and tested with same .
New l(odak de Luxe--No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak with Plastigmat lens and B. & L.
Shutter. Price, $75 ..00. Very handsomely gotten up.
Silkdown Printing Clc)th- 50c. per packet (several colors) . Bromide enlargements.
CLARO DEVELOPEH, unsurpassed for Plates, Films, Velox and Bromide.
A COMPLETE LlNIE OF" FRESH PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLIES
TELEPHONE, •704 CORTLANDT.

THE OBRI{:,,., CAl(JI'ERA CQ 165 Broadway, N. Y.,

, ................ .. ............................ .. .. ..
..l..l'.L 'I (Near Cortlandt St.)

u For h a ppy a nd welcome indeed is the sign

\'-'' hen the strong and the tender united co mbi ne-.' '
Sclu'tl.-r. LOVELL COLOR DIFFER-

PLATES
ENTIATING
Standard of thE~ World Positi vely the best orthochromatic plat e

ANA~ITIGMAT
in the market. A tr1al will con v mce. Mav
J£NA-ZEISS be u sed for the majority of subjects without
a color screen.
Le11rses and Their uae offers the followlug ad-
vantages:
Eastman Natural Portralta without Retoucblnc,
l(ociaks. LandKape with Clouda,
Correct Color 5ensltlveaea,
jlivln~~:a true rendering of the ton e
In stoc:k No.3 Fold- values in the subject.
ing P ocket Kodak, Full Exposure oa Qulc:ke.t ExpMurea
Nos.3·, 4 and 5 Cart- Brilliant Neptlve.
ridge Ko:fak fitted Sensitive to the Batlre .Spectrum
w ith !these lncom- and the Only PlAte which will give the reds
parabl!e lensea.
Descriptive pri ce iist upo n request.
TWO
SPEED.!
c • D • "FAST"
" MEDIUM "
Obtainable fro m de~lers or d irect from
E. B. M EYRO'W ITZ, factory . Send for prlce·ll•t and special
ci rcular.
Direct Import er a nd So le Agent for the U.S.
to•But lJd Street, }
US West .. ld Street, r~EW VO!l:K Lovell Dry Plate Mfg. Co.,
650 Mlldlson Avenue,
NEW ROCHEL~E, N.Y.
MINNEAPOLIS, ~ Nicollet Avea•e,.
ST. PAUL, 3~ St. Peter Street Westen Depot: 64 Wallu• Ave., C•kare.
PARJ ;, 3 Jlae Scribe. Dener: HAitT BROS • .t WELLS.
IThe .. Business End."' I
"WHY do so few photographers make money?" is a burning question
in the trade.
The answer is easy,-Because so many neglect the "business
end,"-the points about photographs that make them sell, and sell for good
prices.
Fine photographs on common mounts mean failure. On COJ.LINS
MouNTS, even ordinary photographs will sell readily at a good profit; and
fine photographs, with the exquisite finish and artistic setting of CoLLINS
MouNTS added, are almost certain to win both fame and fortune.
The mount is the "business end."
COLLIXS TRADE NEWS tells about the latest mounts. new ideas. imprints. etc.
It is sent free to professional photographers. Do you get it? If not, write us.

A.M. COLLINS MANUFACTURING CO •

.,17 ARCII STRitltT, PHILADitLPHIA.

Cramer's Isochromatic Plates

ARE THB MOST PJ!RFJ!CT COLOR SENSITIVE
PLATES IN THE MARKET. MADE IN TH.REB
GRADES OF SPEED, .- .- .- .- .- .- .- .-

SLOW, MEDIUM and INSTANTANEOUS.

FOR SALE BY ALL DEALERS IN PHOTOGRAPHIC
SUPPLJES•
• • • • Manufactured by ••••

G. CRAMER DRY PLATE CO.,

ST. LOUIS, MO.

**
OP'EI'ICES IN
NEW YORK. CHICAGO, SAN FRANCISCO,
No. 32 East JOth Street. Room 705 Cable BuiUior. Room 38, No. 6J9 Market St.
USB nALUNCKilODT'S SODIUM SULPHITe, ANHVDROU.5.
ABSOLUTeLY PURB FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES.
 T 1~- PLATINOTYPE
Is our latest rough surface paper. in black and
sepia. It is delightful to work. and the surface is
of that quality which preserves the finest detaiJs ;
prints quickly with a clear image and develops a
picture of great brilliance and beauty.

Sampjre TT black (by mail) 25c.

" TT sepia ( " " ) 35c.

Our other papers, AA. BB and CC. continue to

be indispensabl e to those artistic workers w ho
must have the be!st. Send for pamphlet.

WILLIS & CLEMENTS,

•••••• PHILADELPHIA.

--- - - -- -- -- --

The Wamica
Sell-Adjustable
Plate Holder
FITS ALL CAMERAS
l__ _ j
Holda full-slu plates and smaller al.us
I without the use of kit fr·amea, thua
i enabling one to produce: the moat
j artistic effects without OlD}' extra coa.t
! or bother.
AG~MERA IS JNGO.'lPLtTE WITIJOIJT OUIIJOLDER I
For sale by a ll deakn
Illustnted catalogue e n ap•plicat ion

1 The Warnica Co. 1

I Cox Building
I
ROCHESTER, N.Y. 1
P • t. Jan. 15, 1901.
L----- - - - - · - - · - ----' .___ _ _ __ ___ __ __ ___;
Carbon Printing for Amateurs
We have in•talled a Carbon Printing Plant, in charge of a most expert carbon printer, and we
are now prepared to make the beautiful Carbon Prints from your own negatives at the following
prict:s:
PRICE-LIST.
--------------.----------------------.---------,-~~--------
SIZE OF PRINT SINGLI! PRINT 3 PRINTS PROM " Doz. PRINTS I Doz. PRINTS
FROM FROM
ON CELLULOID. EAcH. I N I!GAnVI!:.
I NI!OATIVI!. I NI!GATIVI!.
SJNGLI!
TRANS.
IDOUBLI!
TRANS.
SINGLI!
TRANS.
DOUBLI!
TRANS.
SINGLI! DOUBLI!
TRANS. TRANS.
SINGLI! DOUBLI!
TRANS. TRANS,
Cabinets or Smaller
6" X 8~
$0 50
75
I $1 00
I 50
$1 ~
200
$2 70
3(;/J
$250
3 75
$400
600
$400
600
$600
9 co
8 X 10 I 00 I 75 2 75 450 500 800 800 12 00
One or More.
FACH.
II x 14 200 300
14 X 17 300 450
16 X 20 400 600
18 X 22 500 750
20 X 24 f-00 900

SIZE OF PRINT ~ Doz. PRINTS I Doz. PRINTS

ON PAPER.
SJNGLI! PI' IN;
EACH.
13 IPRINTS PROM
NEGATIVE
PROM PROM
I NEGATIVE- I NEGATIVE.
SING ~ , DOUBLE SINGLE DOUBLE SINGLE I DOUBLE SINGLE DOUBLE
T~AN3. TRANS. TRANS. TRANS. TI'ANS. TRANS.
TRANS-I TRANS.
Cabinets or Smaller .:-o 40 $0 75 $1 10 $2 oo $200 $3~ $350 $5 50
6~ X 8" 00 120' 100 300 3 co 5 25 4 80 8 25
8 X 10 80 I ~0 2 15 4 CO 400 700 600 II 00
01:e or Mo:e
II X 14 I 75
£ACII.
2 60 I
14 X 17 250 3 75 I
16 X 20 i 320 4 80 I '
I
18 X 22 £ 00 600 I
20 X 24 I 4 80 7 20 I
--~ -----·---------
SIZE UF
ON PORCELI-.IN.
PRINT
I ONE OR
MORE.
EACU.
Prints made hetween the~e given sizes are char~"-'tl

- at the rate of the ne'Ct lar~cr size.

SINGLE DOUBLE
TRANS. TRANS. C.\RROX I'RI :\"TS O:"J 1\"0R\'.
l>ouhle transfL·r nnly
Cabinets or Smaller $1 CO $1 50 1 x 1 ~~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . each Sr. so
6}2 x 8~ I 50 2 25 2 x 2 !·l ....•.....................• each 2.J5
8 X 10 2 00 2 75 >H x J'..S ....• , ..................... each J.OO
II X 14 4 00 6 CO J x J-~1 ........................... each 4-00
14 X 17 6 00 9 00 .......................... each 6.oo
4 X 5
16 X 20 8 00 12 00
- - - ~--- - - - - --'-'-=---'--''-'-
For vignetting ~arhnn ))Tints add one-third to :1bo\'e corrE-sponding prtce.
For mounting prints on mounts supplied by the customer $1.00 per dozen.
Carbon Prints on Ivory are espec1ally suited for finishing in oil or water culor Ly miniature
painters.
Carbon Prints on Watch Dials or \\'atch Cases from negath·es supplied by customers at $1.50
each.
These prints arc permanent a11d will not fade or discolor.
They are printed from n<galives >upplied by the custon:.1 and when marie by the single transfer
are reversed.
All prints (except on h•ory) are made by single transfer unless spt:cially ordered to be mad"
by the double.
Fourtt:en tones are made as follow.:
Xo. Colors. Xo. Colors. Xo. Colors.
93 Terra Cotta. 105 Sepia. 152 Dark lllue.
~~~ ~~=~'d'ar~·~~~wn. :~~ ~~~~.~~·~~own.
160 Platinum Rlack.
162 nrown lllack.
103 Warm Black. 115 Lan1bertype Purple. 163 Blue Dlack.
104 Engraving Black. 151 Sea Green.
Xo special quality of ne'falive is required; the kind known a• clear gla•s with not too much con-
trast are the best. Foggy, flat or hard negatives should nol he •~peeled to yield good carhons.
Ab-.>ut ten days are rt"CJUired to complt:tc un ordt"r of one dozen from each ne~tative. rlcpt>nding
much upon the negative and the wenther. From every negative yPu will get the hest Carhon Print
that it will yield. Having made all arrangements to fill orders promptly, we solicit a share of your
pl.tronage.
TER~IS STRICTLY C.\SII \\'ITH ORDER.

E. til. H. T. ANTHONY til. COMPANY

122-124 Fifth Avenue. 17th and 18th Street•. Ne.- York

--
 Rtady for £brlstmas ABOUT PRINT TRIMMING
One of the important
poiMs about trimming
prints is to g et the per-
pendic ular lines of the
picture para llel to the
S".he 41st Edition ed~~:es
All trimmers so far
of the co nstru c ted )eave it t o
the eye to judge this
British paralfelism, and that is
by no means an easy
Journal task . The trimmer here
illustrated has a lra.aa•
panat ruled &ulde abect
Abnanac with par llel lines half
an inch a part, fur 4uick
and correct adjustment
A F•ll lte•fcw of tile O..elo,...l ell
Pllete&rlplly ••rl•& tile put yeu,
pll1er wflll ••-raa ••l..lllc r-•latt
t•·
and rrimming.
A swing knife make
c lose .;onta c t with th e
... totes. board and insure!~~ a clean
1600 Palt•• Price 60c. cut . This is the
POSTAilE 11 CENTS STEVENS TRI ,I\MER
For Prims up r ':l 00
to 6~ x 8jo<z - - ·

J. HAUFF'S FAMOUS DEVELOPER.S AND PR.EPAR.ATIONS

ORTOL TUBES PYROL TUBES
E ve r yo n e k n ow s O rt o l. it s excel·
le nce bot h for p late s a n d pa pe r s . the A fir s t cl a~ s tw o solutio n d e vt-l o pcr
clea n co ntrast y n ega ti ves whi c h it fo r pl a tes. co nt aining th t: o ld fa vo r -
y ie ld s.
O rtol tu bes pro Ju ce a two solut iu n it e , P y r ogall ic acid in it s n t: w an cl
d eveloper th a t can be va ri ed a t wi l:
t o su it co n d it io n s and pla tes. Th ey improved crysta lli zed C. P. form,
sa ve th e tro ub le o f mi xin g a nd .. l'y ro l" to ge th e r with C. P . soda s ,
weig hing. co ntain o nl y C. P. soda~
and are c h ea pe r th a n if yo u made ca r efull y weigh ed. Tr y th e m . Pe r
th e m yo urself. Pe r st' t, 40 o z. o t
rl ev t:'l o pe r , JSC. ~t·t. on o z. u f d r vc~o 1 >e: r , z sc.

A LIST OF HAUFFS• PRODUCTS

J oz . ){ lb. ~lb. I lb. METOL CARTRIDGES, box of 6 glau tubes, $0.95
METOL .... .$0.75 $2.75 $5.25 SJO.OO ORTOL TUBES, set for 2 solutlona .. . .. ... .. .35
ORTOL . . .. . .75 2.75 5.25 10.00
GLYCIN .... .75 2.75 HYDROKINONE, box of JO glua tubea ..... •90
5.25 JO.OO
ADUROL . . . .60 2.30 4.50 8.50 GL YCIN TUBES, box of JO . . .. . . ... . . .... J.50
PYROL .. . . . •30 J.JO 2.001 4.00 ADUROL TUBES, box of JO ... ... ...... J.OO
HYDRO )
•80 TONING AND FIXING, box of JO . . . J.25
QUINONE I .25 J.50 3.00
HANO B'JI' K O N MODERN DEVELOPMENT , FREE

THE ETON CAMERA

A handsomely polished and finished tripod
camera, most compact and having all
adjustments.

5 X 7, $28.00 8 X 10, $38.00

6~ X BH . 33.00 II x 14. 50.00

25 EAST 13th ST.

G.GENNERT, ~ NEW YORK.
 JUST OUT

A Plate Attachment
FOR No. 3 t=OLDING POCKET KODAK
Have One
Fitted to Yours

E n ables you to
Focus the Picture
on the Ground
Glass and to use
both Films ann
Pl ates.

Practical

We Also Fit Our· Doublo: Anasti&mat Lens to this Kodak.

No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak, with Ooerz Lens, T ib Automat ic Shutter a nd
Plate Attachment, with Six Holders, complete, $6:1.80 net cash .
Plate Attachment and Six Holders, $7.65 net.

Writr. for Catalo~ur. and furthu information to your Dealer, or

C. P. GOERZ OPTICAL WOR.KS

52 EAST UNION SQUARE, - - - - - N E W YOI\K
 QUESTIONS ANSWERED.

All questions to be answered should be sent to the Rotograph Editor,

101 Fifth Avenue, New York.

J. T. Me., Tarrytown, N. Y.-"Can you tell me if the Rotograph concern

is making a rough tinted paper?" A.-They have recently put a
new brand of paper on the market called "Imperial Rotograph,"
which has a slightly rough surface, is very heavy and has a rich
mellow cream tone. We believe the price to be the same as the
other grades.

F. N., New Haven, Conn.-Yes, the Rotograph competition closed No-

.. ember I sth. The judges have passed on the pictures sent in and
the results will shortly be made public in "The Bromide Monthly."

T. G., Springfield, Ill.-"Where can I buy Rotograph Bromide? My

dealer can't handle it as he is in the trust." A.-If you cannot get
the paper from your dealer (and we caution you against taking
substitutes), the Rotograph concern will, we belit!ve, send the paper
direct from their office in New York.

E. B. S., Baltimore.-"! have been advised by a friend to try Rotograph

Bromide, as I do not seem to be able to get the result I want on - -
and - - . Can you give me the names of any of the big men in
photography who use and can endorse it?" A.-We do not gener-
ally care to go into personalities, but for once we will make an
exception. Dr. John Bartlett, of the Camera, Phila.; Osborne Yel-
lott, Oscar Maurer, Alfred Stieglitz, and many members of the
Camera Club, N. Y., Brooklyn Academy of Photography, Jersey
City Camera Club, etc., etc., are enthusiastic endorsers of the paper.

E. P. L., Denver.-Yes, you can get particulars, copy of the magazine,

"The Bromide Monthly," etc., together with a sample package of
paper by sending JOe. to Rotograph, 101 Fifth Ave., N.Y.

F. T. 0. B., N. Y.-"What paper is used in the Bromide papers now on

the market ?" A.-The Rotograph emulsion is coated on pure Rives
and Steinbach papers only, which cannot be said of all the other
makes on the market.
 Actien-GeseHschaft fur Anilin-Fabrikation, Berlin, S. 0.
Phootographlc Departm e nt.
Manufacturers of

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IMOGEN is not much aff'ected b:y ordinar:y varia•
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SOLD BY HLL DEJLERS.

VOL.V. No.4
Volume V, No. 4
 BAD NEWS
By Edmund Stirling
(Ph iladelph ia)
 CAMERA NOTES
VOLUME V APRIL. 1902 NUMBER 4

EDITI!D AND MANAOI!D BY ALPRI!D Sni!GLITZ. EDITORIAL ASSOCIATI!S: Josi!PH T. KI!ILEY,

DALLI!TT Fuaui!T, joHN FRANCIS STRAuss, CHARLI!S W. STI!VI!NS, AND juAN C. Aai!L.
lssum QuARTI!RLY AT THI! CAMBRA CLUB, No. 3 Wl!ST Twi!NTY-NINTH STRI!I!T, NI!W YoRK
~===================================================

More Aftermath and the End.

"'The time has come,' the Walrus said, 'to talk of many things.' "-Lewis Ca"oll.

A S we anticipated, this year's Philadelphia Salon has been hailed by the

American photographic press as an immense success and an advance over
its predecessors. Many and various are the reasons ascribed for this
seemingly popular improvement ; "popularization of the standards," "broader
scope," "absence of so-called impressionism," and more important still, "the
self-repression and modesty of the Jury," with their exhibited total of but seven
prints, in such marked contrast to the brazen impudence and flaunting of self as
evidenced by the fifty pictures hung in last year's Salon by the Jury. This last
would, indeed, be a well-merited rebuke were it justified. The time has now
come to publish the pertinent facts relating to this episode and to leave the inter-
ested public to draw its own conclusion therefrom.
In a letter dated December 14th, I9QI, to the Board of Directors of the
Photographic Society of Philadelphia, from a member of last year's Jury,
appears the following bit of previously unpublished history:
"The Salon G'ommittce of that year ( 1900) insisted that all the members
of the Jury be represented upon the walls of the (that) exhibition by a full quota
of ten frames each, upon the ground that the five judges represented five of the
foremost workers of the country, the absence of any representation of whose
work would prove a detriment to the success of the Salon, thus overcoming the
scruples of the Jury as to the good taste of such procedure. After the labor of
the Jury had been completed and it was seen how strict had been its standards.
all of the members (of the Jury) again reverted to their former belief that it
would tend to weaken the judgment of the Jury if fifty pictures, out of a total of
one hundred and sixty, were their own, and therefore it was suggested that, if
possible, these fifty be not included in the Salon proper, but be hung in a separate
corner with appropriate notice in the Catalogue. This was not done, and we
were forced to the belief that your Committee was prompted by some motive of
policy in the stand they took in the matter."
It seems unfortunate that the opponents of the "modern school" should be
s•: eager to seize upon any incident which, at first glance, seems to reflect upon
the sincerity 0f their adversaries and are so anxious to reach their prejudiced
conclusions that they are unwilling first to investigate the truth of either rumors
or appearances. But in truth the fault does not lie with them, for had the Phila-
delphia Photographic Society kept faith with their Jury of 1900 these facts
would have been made public by it at the moment they first excited public con-
 demnation.
The Jury, nat-
urally, felt it-
self, a t the
time, in honor
bound to say
nothing, but
the progress of
events has at
length ab-
solved them
from further
silence. Re-
tractions, aye,
and even apol-
H to go ll en ne ber g. ogies, Seem
now in order. Who will have the good grace to begin ? "To what base
uses may v.·e retum ?" Hand-colored photograph s at a Salon, and about
J. dozen of them at that! That they were not catalogued nor appeared
before the Jury hardly excuses the Pennsylvania Academy of F ine Arts. What
need was there of a Jury if it was to be thus ignored and overridden? This may
be popularization ; but can it advance the interests of pictorial photography?
And the press, too, seems to have felt the heavy hand of the Academy upon it ;
though searching enough in its scrutiny of the action of the Jury of 1900, it
seems to-clay afraid to allude to the appearance of hand-colored photographs
upon the walls of the Salon of rgo r. \ Vhy hide this inn ovation from the public?
It is not a criminal offense. Let us have the whole truth bravely told.
Then, too. we hea r advanced the argument of increased sales, as evidence of
increased appreciation. Twice as many pictures sold this year! But at what
price? Who will inform us? Ind eed, so success ful , so popular, so educational
and so everything else has this Salon proven that we hear from no less an
authority than the Director of the P ennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Mr.
l\lorris, that as far as the Acadamy is concerned another photographic Salon is
doubtful. What conclusions shall we draw? Has thi s year's Salon proven
such a success that another might lead to still further lowering of the standards,
thus endangering the reputation of the Academy as a patron of the good in art?
At least one longed-for result, however, has been achieved. There is now so
little left to quarrel over that the future may witness all partisans gathering
together in the City of Brotherly Love prepared to smoke the pipe of an
enduring peace. God send it may be so.
JoHN FRANCIS STRAuss.

232
 A Photographic Enquete.
[It has always been a popular conception that painters and sculptors, vulgarly grouped
together under the much abused term "artists," were familiar and interested in the ad-
vance of photography. As a matter of fact nothing is further from the truth, as with rare
exceptions their sole knowledge is gleaned from the Avenue show-cases and the scrap-
books of importunate friends. To them, the aims and serious purposes of the modern pho-
tographer are but a sealed book. In spite of their ignorance of the technique and inspira-
tions, which impel the v1fted photographic worker, the "artist" has not hesitated to pass
judgment, favorable upon the slightest provocation, upon the chance photograph which has
been submitted ·to his criticism, invariably basing his judgment neither upon his under-
standing of his own art nor upon a proper appreciation of photography. '1 o this acquiescent
mood. this patting upon. the back is due in a large measure the false basis of appreciation
which has hampered us in the past. The following article is both 1imely and interesting,
and proves that very few of the painters and sculptors are willing to consider photography
as anything more than a craft. These men are acknowledged artists in feeling and execu-
tion, but we feel that it is unfortunate that in most cases their judgment of photography
has been based upon examination of Mr. Hartmann's portfolios, consisting mainly of repro-
ductions and a few originals of perhaps not representative character. Our optimism leads
us still to believe that had Messrs. French, Dewing. Chase, etc., etc., been given the oppor-
tunity to study 1he subject more fully, their verdict might have been more flattering to the
future of photography.-EDITOR.]

EVER since I became interested in artistic photography-which is now more

than six or seven years ago--I have been curious to gather the opinions of
artists on the aims and methods of the new graphic art, and often during studio
visits, broached the subject instead of other current topics.
I found the large majority rather ignorant of the subject, as they are to this
day. They knew very little of what has been accomplished in recent years, and
only in rare- cases knew anything about individual workers, Mrs. Kiisebier, on
account of her showcase on Fifth avenue, being perhaps the best known.
To most of them-the illustrative in particular-it still seems impossible to
disassociate photography from the prevailing ideas, that it can claim nothing-
interesting as it may be from many points of view-but the virtues of a
mechanical industry. They are apt to attribute every artistic eff.ect to the
mechanism of the camera and to accident, and entirely to overlook those points
which in fairness should be allowed to be due to personal influence of the
worker and the direct control of a tool which otherwise would take a different
1iirection. The opinion of such men, indoctrinated with the fixed idea that
nothing higher, nothing better is capable of being done by the photographer, can
be of but little value to the profession, and wiii not be mentioned on this occa-
sion, although I have fought them in many a bitter battle.
The sole object of this photographic cnqurte-as I may call it-is to state
the opinions of such artists as are capable of receiving an innovation without
prejudice, or who at least feel that the recent efforts• of artistic photography
involve a claim which is honestly put forward, and deserve at least an honest and
impartial examination.
The selection was difficult. Artists are, as a rule, not very good talkers.
What can one do for instance with a man who has nothing but ejaculations, like,
"This is a bird," or "That's a peach," for words of approval! And those who
2.13
 CAMERA NOTES.

express their opmtons more fluently are often mediocrities, and therefore
hardly desirable for quotation.
My choice has fallen on those of our leading sculptors and painters
who had something individual to say, even if they treated the subject of
photography with the amused condescension of men whose conception of art
seems outraged by "so much resemblance and yet so great a difference."
I generally jotted down our CQnversations a few hours after they had taken
place, and can therefore in most cases vouch for the correct wording (with the
exception of course of awkward or unquotable mannerisms of speech). I also
must mention that I often found it necessary to show them my portfolio of
prints (containing the work of Ben Yusuf, Kasebier, Stieglitz, Eickemeyer, Day,
White, Eugene, Steichen and others) in order to get them interested and to put
them in the mood to talk on the subject.
Fragments of the various conversations with commentary notes follow at
random:
D. C. French, the sculptor, is one of the few who is in absolute sympathy
with the movement. His appreciation of artistic photography is of long stand-
ing, and he seems to realize the excellence of some of the work accomplished.
Several prints decorate the walls of his studio, and I remember him saying
years ago, when my knowledge was still rather limited, "that photography of this
kind should be cultivated, for it was undoubtedly of great assistance in pro-
moting the study of nature and in fostering a sound artistic taste."
Recently he rather amused me by saying, while turning over the prints of
my portfolio: "No wonder that these men do such good work. I understand
they are nearly all men of leisure, who photograph for a pastime. They have no
cares, and have to make no effort to please. They do not seem to care a rap
for the opinions of the public. That is delightful ! And as for the mechanism
of photography, of which people talk so much, I don't think it can be compared
with that of sculpture. Think of the casting and recasting, the construction of
skeleton forms and of iron pipes, etc., and all the dirt connected with it. There
is mechanism enough for you. The photographers surely get their effects much
more easily."
... ... ...
G. S. Barnard, the talented disciple of Rodin, an idealist of the first water,
who always clamors for high art in his conversations, was rather evasive at the
start in expressing an opinion.
"I have not given more than a passing attention to the graphic arts." But
when I pressed him he ejaculated, with a faint smile on his lips, "What does it
all amount to! It must be awful for you to write about such things. Yes, there
may be certain beauties of tone, now and then a pleasing picture; but what of
that! Cela n'en vaut pas Ia peine. Have they made any pictures of lasting
value? What does not remain in one's memory and insist on being permanent is
not worth remembering. They imitate and do not get beyond the elementary
considerations of type, composition and detail. I really do not see any chance
to do great work in that line. You say they are honest and sincere in their
234
 II
A PHOTOGRAPHIC ENQUETE.

efforts. These are merits that I appreciate. Perhaps a sculptor could after all
learn something from them."
... ... ...
"Yes, to be ~ure, they do clever work," remarked W. M. Chase to me in his
studio at Boussod Valadon, the walls of which are lined with stacks of pictures,
of which comparatively few are his own, and which make it look as if the great
technician was as much an art dealer as a painter. "Look at these photographs
by an amateur, a Miss F--, are they not wonderful? This one looks just like a
Veiasquez. They are full of suggestion."
"But this technique is abominable," I interjected, "the young lady knows
nothing about developing nor printing."
"That may be, but they are artistic nevertheless, and without any pretence
of being called works of art. Photography of that sort is a great help to a
painter. You probably are aware that Lenbach never painted a portrait without
the help of photography."
"But do you not think that a photograph itself can be a work of art?"
"Oh! ·awfully clever work is done, no doubt; but I would make this dis-
crimination ; I would call them artistic and not works of art. And I for my part
prefer unpretentious amateur work. Take for instance the case of the young
lady. She enjoys making her photographs and her family and her friends
enjoy them; it improves the taste all around, and even an artist can look at them
with bt:nefit. Photographers in my opinion should rest content with being
amateurs, and they have a pretty wide field before them without extending the
sphere of their activities."
... ... ...
"I want to have your opinion on artistic photography," I said to F. S.
Church, the painter of the 'Surf Phantom,' the last time I called upon him.
Laughingly he rejoined, "I know nothing of the subject, I know only the more
I study painting the more ignorant I feel. But so much I can say in favor of
photography, that whenever I open a magazine I like those pictures best whkh
are photographs. That is, as long as they reproduce actualities; for instance,
scenes of the Boer war. No illustration can touch them. Every photograph
means something, tells you something, instructs you; the illustrator merely
gives you some imaginative fancy, which in such cases, where you want to know
the truth, is absolutely valueless."
"But that is merely the lowest form of art, similar to reporting. \Vhat do
you think of the chances of the camera for imaginative work?''
"I think the process too mechanical for a successful realization of the
picturesque fancies of an artist. This would take away the power of the artist
to give shape to his own convictions and to present them in persuasive guise, and
would make the efforts of the artist photographer ineffectual. To expose his
imaginings to the uncertainties of a mechanical process would be to destroy their
cre<iibility, to make them affectations."
"You mean you could not photograph a picture like your 'Surf Phantom.'''
"Nor a picture like Ryder's 'Flying Dutchman.' You may depend on that."
235
 CAJfERA NOTES.

"Of course they can only do certain things. But you can't deny that the
works of a White or a Kasebier show a decided imaginative strain?"
"I won't deny that, they have talent. But it also takes talent to be a good
shoemaker-which is perhaps more satisfactory, as he can realize what he wants
to do. The photographer can't, and the more artistic talent he has, the less he
can realize. The subjects which the camera can master are mightily limited,
I fear."

Childe Hassam, the impressionist and street painter par c:rcellence, took
great pleasure "in looking over my collection.
"It is astonishing what they do. But at the same time I can't comprehend
why they strive so much for high finish. Photography surely could produce
impressionistic scenes more easily than they can be rendered in other mediums.
The camera is so inaccurate in its work. Think only of the chances of accidents,
often marvelously artistic. I do not say this because I am an impressionist
myself, but because the camera has the advantage, that its reproduction of
instantaneousness-there is a word like that, isn't there-is mechanical."

George de Forest Brush I met one day when he was just leaving the house
with his two eldest children to take them to the circus.
"What have you there?" he asked, pointing to my portfolio. I handed it
to him, he looked it over hastily on the stoop, then handing it back to me, we
walked down the street together, and he said:
"These are queer times. Perhaps we shall have to accept new ideals of
beauty. Maybe the East River bridges will be resthetically attractive to the
man of the coming generation as the Parthenon appeared all-sufficient to our
forefathers, and that the convention of monochrome will be deemed more
satisfying than painting."
"Yes, it is a risky thing to speculate on a contemporary's chance of future
fame," I remarked.
"To-day is essentially a time when mean things are done so finely that
future ages may refer to it as a period when the minor arts attracted the genius
and energy diverted, by modesty or timidity, from heroic enterprises. So as we
collect Whistler's lithographs, and pay thousands for a piece of porcelain or some
other article, it may be other ages will pass by our pictures and poems with a
smile of contempt, and collect artistic photographs such as these with keen
interest. And nature, who is herself perfect in trifles as in entities, is not wholly
wronged thereby. But there is my car; we will talk another time more about it,
I hope."

·with D. W. Tryon I had several conversations on the subject. These are

some of the things he said :
"Eugene knows how to get color, but he absolutely lacks repose. Some
of hts portraits are more interesting than any I have seen in the recent painters'
exhibitions, but that doesn't say much, as most of these are so ridiculously bad."
Then referring to Day's, White's and Kiisebier's work: "I don't see why
236
 II
A PHOTOGRAPHIC ENQUETE.

they reproduce such unsympathetic types. There is no spirituality and but little
intelligence in the~. It is a real conspiracy of ugliness. I also do not like their
modes of modification. Photography surely aims at something else than
draughtsmanship and all which that word implies. And yet I do not fancy the
crdinary photograph either. Do you remember Leighton's tree studies? In them
no detail was stinted, nothing skimped, from the stem to the uttermost leaf;
every part in succession records equal interest, and yet the whole is not devoid of
a large quality which brings it together in a harmonious whole, so that it is as
much the study of a tree as the study of each separate item composing one.
Photography can't do that.
"Every good artist fully appreciates the value of different mediums. The
photographer has one decided advantage, he gets at the very start so much,
what we artists can only gain by strenuous work. But that is perhaps also his
greatest drawback. HP. can only retouch what he has on hand. He cannot
gradually grow into the subject, and imbue it with a strong personal note. He
has no equivalent for the individual touch of the artist, to make the arm, the
wrist, the finger-tips do what the eyes see and the soul dictates, from minute to
minute, from day to day until the ideal is realized. The artist is, above all else,
very human ; herein lies his great charm. The photographer can never be in
such perfect sympathy with his subject as the artist.
"I always considered it possible that some day the dislike to color may grow
so strong-from a too subtle perception of it-that artists, despairing of ever
putting down the light and vibration of natural color, will prefer to leave it to the
imagination of students of his work. A new graphic art would be necessary for
that, but I do not think that photography could ever take that place. Photo-
graphs seen in masses, even the very Qest, are awfully fatiguing, for they all
lack subtlety, they never vibrate.
+ + +
With Thomas W. Dewing, who as a painter of women has no rival, unless it
be the famous delineator of feminine charms, Alfred Stevens-! had one of the
hottest arguments.
"Do not these points demonstrate that beauty of form, color, design, lind
draughtsmanship, exquisite balance of line arrangement, and consummate skill
of handling, are all possible in a photograph?" I argued, trying to be as enthus-
iastic as possible.
"What you have shown me to-day is more promising than anything I have
seen before. But, hang it, it is the model that does everytnmg in photography.
It is surely clever arrangement; that is all it amounts to. If you have a model
that knows how to move, you can make a good picture-there ~·ou are!"
"But do not you also need a special type of model for your pictures?" I
queried, throwing a side glance at his model, one of those long-necked ethereal
looking girls of thirty, which he never grows tired of painting.
"Naturally, but the photographer cannot get away from his model; he will
always get something which will resemble the model, a banale, inaccurate like-
ness, so to speak, while I merely use one as a suggestion. No, I don't admire
pictures that simply look like something because the photographer happens to
237
 CAMERA NOTES.

know a good looking model. The tnte artist gets his effects he does not know
how."
"But if a man like Whistler would take to photography?" I asked.
"He might do something; but it is absurd. A man like Whistler would
never have the patience to photograph. And if he had bothered with photogra-
phy, when he was a young man, he would never have become a \Vhistler after-
wards. The practice of photography would induce a man to shirk certain
duties, as to make life studies, etc. But a Whistler would have done something
original and not imitated paintings, the old masters. Don't they know better?
It is a dangerous play that has wasted the time of painters for about two
centuries."
"But you like some of these pictures, you said so yourself a few minutes
ago."
· "Yes, they show taste, they are clever,-they are better than the pictures of
many artists-but they are just like reproductions, on the surface, dead!
You know yourself that they do not suggest any emotions or recall any mem-
ories of past experiences, of love, poetic thoughts, etc. They have nothing new
to say, so they look at a landscape or pose a beautiful model and think they
have done something wonderful."
"They at least help to improve public taste," I argued.
'"Nonsense! hang the educational value business altogether," exclaimed
Mr. Dewing, impatiently. "We've heard enough of that kind of rot lately to
last us for the rest of our natural lives. What is the value of art, .anyhow?
Nothing but the pleasure of making it. If it gives them pleasure to make such
stuff, well and good."
"Then what do you think a photographer should photograph?"
"Real life. All that the painter cannot do or only with great difficulty.
Likenesses not only of faces, but of the actual fonns. Movement, character,
energy, all that which the realistic painters depict, subjects which really have no
longer any place in painting. They could render the prosaic phases in a more
artistic manner. The ordinary illustrations raised to a higher standard, that is
what their aim should be, and it is a very high one. They could make it a true
art, which everybody had to admire, and which would in -no way interfere with
imaginative art, which is the domain of poetry and painting."
SADAKICHI HARTMANN.
 PLOUGHING
From a "Gum" Print

By Hugo Henneberg
(Vienna)
 LANDSCAPE
From a "Gum" Print

By Hugo Henneberg
(Vienna)
 Cave!
[The Glasgow International Exhibition of Fine Arts, visited by over fifteen million
persons, was the first opportunity afforded to bring together a collection of pictorial pho-
tographs in which the critic was enabled to see before him the work accomplished in our
art. Each country, Austria excepted, responded to the invitation, with a 1horoughly rep-
resentative and choice collection, and thus the conscientious critic was able to compare, to
weigh, and so form his first really adequate estimate of the modern tendency of photog-
raphy. Naturally England's representation in this show predominated numerically.
Among many reviews, valuable and otherwise, of these exhibitions, one of the most
interesting was that of Herr Ernst Juhl, the President of the Hamburg Photographic
Association (the foremost pictorial organization in Germany), and Editor of the "Photo-
graphische Rundschau," which was published in that paper, and at once translated into
English and reprinted in that ever live London publication, the "Amateur Photographer."
Herr Juhl formulated the opinion that the Glasgow Exhibition proved that England had
not kept pace with the advance in photography, that English work though interesting yet
gave signs of complete stagnation and conventionalism, and that in order to stimulate and
encourage the new workers, it required the introduction of ideas as revolutionary as those
which White and Steichen, in America, Henneberg, Kiihn, and Watzek, in Austria, and
the Hofmeisters, in Germany, have instilled into the work of their fatherlands. These
views were endorsed by many of the English themselves in their photographic press,-but
as it is most natural that doctors should often differ, Mons. Demachy, the recognized
leader of French photography, refused to accept this diagnosis in its entirety. His opinions
led him to write an article for the "Amateur Photographer," Dec. 19, 1901, so sane, so
logical and opportune that we can do no better than to republish it in full with our hearty
agreement in his conclusion.-EDITOR.

I HAVE read Herr Ernst Juhl's article, and the answer$ of Mr. Warburg and
Mr. Sutcliffe. I am not going to discuss one by one the arguments pro
and con used by these well-known champions of a common cause. But I have
been struck by the prevailing tone of the three articles alluded to. It may be
summed up in the following phrases :
"There is in England a complete absence of new blood seeking fresh paths."
"Revolutionaries are wanted who create distinguished things."
"They must break with what has already been accomplished, by taking new
paths."
And this is but an echo of what has been said· elsewhere, in critical articles
and photographic literature of the same order, where new subjects, new depart-
ures, "Ia haute nouveaute," as the Bon Marche has it, is the cry of the day.
Now must we really believe that pictorial photographers, after six or seven
years of intermittent work, have come to the end of their tether, and must find
something new-or die, when painters, who began to paint hundreds of years
before photography was dreamt of, are still holding the public under the fascina-
tion of their work?
New subjects? But there is no such thing as a new. subject, and even if
there was, what has a new subject to do with art. Really, I do believe that we
are still, and shall always remain, photographers-in the worst sense of the
word-hunting madly for the rare and unrecorded scene, proud-not of having
expressed a common thing in a delicate and personal manner-but of having
managed to shove our camera on to some unknown rock, where others have not
climbed yet.
243
 PORTRAIT

OF

HEINRICH KUHN.

BY

THE: ARTIST.

For, undoubtedly, to the mind of mo t photographic writers, progress means

"new subjects." This is very discouraging. We are brought down to the level
of the pantomime clown, who mu st find new jokes and fresh antics every year
to amuse the yawning public. Why, the critic of an annual photographic rev iew
has just gone to the length of complaining that there are too many studies of
heads nowadays; he wants somethin g new-not something better as a study of a
head , mind, but something else-something new!
Nothing can be more anti-artistic, more trivial, and more dan gerous at the
same time, than this craving after new subjects . It is a sure symptom of
impotence, it is the cry of the man who think s himself and his fell ow-workers
incapabl e of attracting attention and praise otherwise than by showing an
unknown trick- unconscious of the fact that once the trick has lost its freshness,
it has lost its interest too. whilst a work of art never ages, because it ha s never
been new. Do you really think that th e fir st man who had th e idea of photo-
graphing th e cloud s over a seascape again't th e lig ht was an arti st because he
was th e first to cl o it ? Is Mr. Puvo an arti st onl v because he was th e first to use
magn esium fl ashlight in conjun~tion with da;li g ht ? H e would be mortally
offended if he was told so. Poor Franz Hals, of course. was no artist at all ,
according to such ideas ; he only painted portrai ts, ju st common people, in their
every-day ga rb ; he repeated himself. over and over again, and never gave his
contemporaries the joy of a " new departure."
F or Heaven 's sake, if we want to become arti sts , let us, though we are
244
 CAVE!

photographers, think and work like artists. It has been said, over and over
again, that a photograph is nothing but a monochrome representation of nature,
and as such, liable to exa1ctly the same rules as any other monochrome art
process, be it a wash drawing, an engraving, or a lithograph; we can invent
absolutely nothing in that direction. Our subjects, our composition, our render-
ing of tone and values must not be different from the true artist's. Progress, for
photographers, does not consist in finding anything new, but in rendering, with
artistic genius, the most ordinary subjects, which is infinitely more difficult.
And yet, during the last month, photographers have been entreated to do
just the opposite thing. They have been told that they are torpid, and sluggish,
and stagnant, because they had shown nothing new to catch the critic's blase
eyes--()nly landscapes, heads, portraits and figures. Honest men are now
racking their brains over some ''new departure" for the next Salon, inskad of
taking up their portraits, tlheir landscapes, and their figures, and asking them-
selves why these things are inferior to exactly similar subjects in black and
white, hung on the walls of galleries and museums, and famous all the world
over.
In fact, we are acting exactly like an amateur violinist who, still unable to
play in time and in tune the simplest of Viotti 's duettos, would listen to a man
urging him to invent some new variation on one string better than Paganini's.
We are over-flattered and over-slated-that is the situation, and we do not realize
the exact value of our actual work. It is full of promise, but decidedly imperfect,
like all productions that have been evolved without sufficient preliminary
training. For our photographic training may be good, because it wants but little

H einrich Kiihn .

245
 CAMERA NOTES.

time and no particular formation of the brain to become an excellent photog-

rapher, but our artistic training is mostly bad, because it wants years to make
a creative artist out of an exceptionally gifted individual. and that no training
however long and patient, will turn a matter-of-fact biped into an artist.
So we ought to be persuaded that pictorial photography has made no
progress, because, at the last Salon or at the Glasgow Exhibition, there has been
no revolution, no breaking away from what has been already accomplished! But
the revolution-M. Juhl seems to ignore it-has taken place a few years ago
amongst a hundred or so of photographers, on the very day that these photog-
raphers felt displeased with their excellent photographic work, and began to
judge it according to the standards of art instead of those of photography.
The next revolution can have but one result-to bring us back to purely technical
and documentary photography. There is no room for a revolution, but there
is a vast deal of room for improvement; not, however, in the direction indicated
by M. Juhl, and-strange to say-by his adversaries also.
It may be quite wrong, but the progress I am striving after is of quite
another order. My aim would be to be able to take any sort of average indi-
vidual, sit him down on a chair, in a natural, every-day sort of light, and take a
photograph of his uninteresting features that would, when printed in a certain
way, give me a sensation akin to the one that a real artist could give me, and has
given me, on paper or canvas, with exactly similar materials. I do not know if I
make my meaning sufficiently clear, but walk along the ::-.Jational Gallery, or the
Louvre, look into the living eyes of the painted faces on the wall, and tell me if
you feel the want of some startling departure after you have lived an hour in
communion with the masters of simplicity and truth.
No, it is not in the lack of composition or of new subjects that is to be found
the actual flaw of pictorial photography ; it is in the ignorance and absence of
interpretation. Every pictorial photographer has a hundred subjects amongst
his negatives that could make striking pictures. if he knew where to strengthen,
subdue, or suppress.
Have you ever seen a very bad pull of a fine engraving? There is no better
example of the tremendous difference made by a fraction of color, more or less.
Art in black and white? \Vhy, outside of composition, which is a natural gift,
relatively easy to develop, it is a question of infinitesimal shades of deposit, of
indefinable quality of grain and oiliness of blacks-of illusion, really, mere
optical illusion, created by the juxtaposition of a light and a dark spot, placed
exactly where their effect is strongest: it is a world of delicate color harmony,
perceptible to a few only. and judged by the million. And where does the sub-
ject come in? I shall not go so far as to say, with one of our greatest impres-
sionistic painters, "Lc motif n' existe pas!" but assurecll y its importance is not
what our photographic critics seem to think.-( R. Demachy in the Amateur
Photographer, London, December 19, I<)OI.
 The Art In Photography.
[It having been the policy of CAMERA NOTES to open its pages to all sides of photo-
graphic questions, regardless of the personal opinions of its editorial staff, we now pub-
lish for the benefit of our readers the foilowing article by W. I. Lincoln Adams, a fonner
editor of the ''Photographic Time)!" and its "Annual," and also the author of the popular
''In Nature's Image," "Sunshine and Shadow," etc., which was sent to us with the request
that it be published as representing "the other side." It is so diametrically opposed to the
views we hold, that without further comment we leave it to our readers to fonn their own
j udgment.-EDITOR.]

A GOOD photograph is more to be desired than an indifferent painting. But

a photograph simply because it resembles, in some respects, certain
paintings, is not for that reason a work of art.
A photograph can reproduce certain objects much more accurately than is
possible for the hand of the artist ; and, save for the color lacking, is a more
faithful copy of the original. This is precisely where the photograph excels the
painting.
\IIJhen well made, the photograph is an almost perfect reproduction of its
kind and stands in a class by itself, unequalled and unapproached by paintings
or drawings, no matter how well they may be executed. Painters understand
this superiority of photographs over their work, and do not attempt to compete
with the camera and lens in their particular field.
Many photographers, however, are apparently not satisfied with what they
can do so much better than the painters can ; but, in an evident desire to be
classed with the artist, attempt to imitate the effects of certain paintings in their
photographs, and in so doing ignore the very points of advantage which they
possess as photographers. They will often take more pains and trouble to cir-
cumvent, as it were. the proper and natural work of the lens and sensitive plate
in this mistaken attempt to imitate the effects of paintings, than it would require
to simply draw or paint the pictures they desire if they had the slightest tech-
nical skill as draftsmen. which they often do have.
Photographers are necessarily limited by the nature of the optical and
chemical processes employed by them, whereas the unfettered hand of man is
almost unlimited in its capacity to express the conception of the artist. To over-
come these natural limitations occasioned by optical and chemical laws, many
photographers expend more time and energy, it would seem, than might be
required to get the necessary training for the hand.
The results of such attempts, moreover, to make the camera do what it
naturally cannot do, are rarely, if ever, entirely satisfactory; whereas, the
practiced hand of the artist can do precisely what the mind directs. It is an
instrument which, with proper training, can faithfully execute the will of the
artist, and put into form the creation of his imagination and the product of his
thought. It is almost unlimited in its possibilities, and in practice is circum-
scribed only by the limitations of the artist's mind and his own previous training.
We all know the limitations of the camera. It is wood and glass. It draws,
unaer the best conditions, very faithfully the objects before it. It can leave out
nothing; it can imagine nothing. The photographer behind it may have
247
 CAJfERA. NOTES.

imagination, but he is powerless to express it with his camera, save to a very

slight degree.
He can select an artistic scene, pose a figure in a picturesque attitude amid
pictorial surroundings, and then by modifying the chemical processes employed
to develop the plate, subordinate one part and emphasize another ; and, later, by
selection of the sensitive printing paper, produce often a very agreeable effect in
different monochromes. His photographs are often pictorial, even artistic, and
so are pleasing to look upon ; but they are not Art, in the true sense of that word.
As the late W. J. Stillman, Painter and Art Critic, clearly expressed it,
"There is no possibility of changing a photographic impression by any thought
or effort of the photographer. We may cut down a tree that stands in the way of
our view, but that is not Art; and we may retouch and work on our negatives,
but that is not Photography; and we may choose our subject well, but that is
neither the one or the other, but good taste."
Paintings, on the other hand, may sometimes be poor things, as we know
many of them are, and not so attractive as some pictorial photographs; but if
they express, even though feebly, the creation of the artist's mind, they are works
of art to just that extent. Poor art, perhaps, they may sometimes be, but still
Art.
Now just what do we mean by Art when used in this connection? The word
has long been accepted, by those who use the English language with authority,
to mean something which embodies the conception of the human mind for tne
vision of other people, and it must involve thought, imagination and creation.
As Mr. Kenyon Cox-who is also a distinguished painter as well as an
authority on art subjects-wrote many years ago in The Natio11, "The art of
painting has two distinct sides ; the purely ideal side-corresponding to music-
and a purely realistic side. A work of absolute idealism would have to be con-
fined to the mere musical arrangt>ment of colors and lines without any resem-
blance to natural objects. Such an arrangement might be very beautiful, as in a
Turkish rug, but surely we would not think it painting. On the contrary, a
work of pure realism would be the literal imitation, as close as possible to
natural objects, without any choice, arrangt>ment or composition. This we
should recogni~e as painting, but could not be called art. The instant the
painter selects forms, balances colors, composes lines, etc., he introduces a larger
or smaller portion of idealism in his work, and becomes in so far an artist."
So we St'C that not even all painters can strictly be classed as artists.
Surely no photographer, as such, can be.
The Pianola, well played, can execute in almost faultless, technical manner,
the most difficult compositions of .:he classic composers, and is capable. too, of
more or less expression under control of the performer. The musical artist
will play the same composition, and make perhaps some slight errors in execu-
tion ; but these very mistakes prove the superiority of his rendering of the piece
over the Pianola. One is rendered by a machine: the other by a man. Ancl just
here the difference between that which is Art and that which may resemble Art.
Now the camera is a machine; the artist a man. A photograph is often
made to resemble a painting. It sometimes looks like art to the uninstructed, as
 THE A RT IN PHOTOGRAPHY.

the Pianola sounds at a distance like a performer playing upon the piano. But
the painting is Art, as the performance of Paderewski is art. The imitation
can never be anything but imitation, and so can never be art in the true sense
of the word.
Some of the leading rt!presentatives of what has been called the "New
School" of photography are men and women of cultivated taste in matters
artistic, who, if they had begun the training of eye and hand at an early enough
stage of their artistic development, would undoubtedly have made places for
themselves as real artists. They are sensitive to the beauty of nature and form,
though more rarely of color, and conscientiously endeavor to produce in their
photographs those subtle effects of atmosphere and mystery of line and form
which stimulates the imagination of the beholder of Nature in certain of her
phases.
Sometimes by accident, often by design, very pleasing effects are obtained
in photographs of this class; but only too frequently the result shows on its face
the attempt. Putting a photograph deliberately out of focus and under-
developing the negative does not make it look like a " Sunrise," a " Sunset," a
"Moonrise" or
"A Misty
Morning." It
usually I o o k s
like what it re-
ally is,-an at-
tempt to be
something
which it is not,
-an affecta-
tion, a feeble
imitation, an
imperfect pho-
tograph.
I am speak-
ing, of course,
of s o-c a II e d
" f r e a k " or
"fuzzy" photo-
graphs, which
unfortunately
too many of
this school pro-
duce, and
which especial-
)y characterize
the work of
th ose beginners
who would fain Heinrich Kuhn.
 CAMERA NOTES.

be considered as belonging to the "New School." There have been, and now are
being made, photographs, by certain cultivated men and women for which there
can be only praise and admiration. They have laid emphasis on the pictorial
possibilities of photography, and by the example of their intelligent work have
rendered a great service to the cause of true photography.
But these men and women understand the proper limitations of their
favorite pursuit ; they do not desire to be classed as artists simply because their
photographs are artistic. They well know that a picture may be artistic without
being an example of true art. They understand that the appreciation of
art, the mental or emotional response to the beautiful in Nature or life, does not
necessarily betoken the artist ; but that it is the creative faculty alone which
characterizes the true Artist, as explained in the extract from Mr. Cox quoted
above. My protest is entered only against the extremists, the ignorant and the
presumptuous.
Another mistake made by most of the "New School" of Photography is to
forget that Nature is not always having a "Sunrise," a "Sunset," "A Moonrise"
or "A Misty Morning." They rarely, if ever, give us the brilliant sunlight effects
of, let us say, a September day in the country; days when objects in the fore-
ground and distance are sharp and clear cut. They seem to forget that such
phases of Nature are as real as the "grey, lowery" days of the senior Inness.
They seem to be likewise ignorant of the fact that many artists of renown have
painted pictures representing scenes on just such days as these.
Now such scenes as the latter the camera can almost faultlessly reproduce.
Why not make them as well, as perfectly as possible, and leave the difficult, if
not the impossible, to those who can adequately represent them with pencil and
brush? "Every man," said William Page, who was a great painter and thinker.
"has some idiosyncrasy, which if developed to the highest degree would make
him one of the greatest men who have lived."
Architecture, interiors, all kinds of copying, scientific work in many
directions, and certain kinds of portraiture-so large and varied a field is open
to the skillful and intelligent photographer, where he can excel the painter in so
many respects, is it not unwise to compete with him where competition is
hopeless? The painter does not so.
And then it should be remembered, as Mr. Cox has pointed out, that not all
art is equally great. The painter of still life, for instance, may be so clever as to
deceive the birds by his painted fruits and flowers in accordance with the time-
honored legend ; and yet his art be a low art. He is a technician merely, very
skillful though he may be; not a great artist.
So too the painter who sets up his easel in the woods and paints everything
he sees before it, just as it appears, is not great as an artist, though he may
acquire wonderful skill in the execution. To quote Stillman again, "The best
artist is not he who imitates Nature most exactly, but, on the contrary, may be
one who is most unlike Nature in certain ways, and amongst artists, even, he
who is most like a photographer in his way of painting, i. e. who paints the most
exact imitation of nature, is not called an artist, but a mere copyist."
It is the imagination, the striving after the ideal in form and color, the touch
250
ITALIAN LANDSCAPE
From a "Gum" Print

By Heinrich Kuhn
(A ustria)
 SIROCCO
From a "Gum" Print

By Heinrich Ki.ihn
(Awtria)
 SUNSET
From a "Gum" Print

By Heinrich Kuhn
(Austria)
 ------ ~

" THE

CHRYSAN-

THEMUM.

BY

F.

DETLEFSEN.

which fires the imagmation of the beholder with the same enthusiasm for the
ideal which inspired the artist, which makes a real artist. Such a one may use
the pencil, the brush, the etcher's tool or the sculptor's clay, whichever gives him
the freest and fullest expression; he will leave untouched that instrument which
limits him at all, and so naturally he instinctively turns away from the camera.
For, after all, photography is a chemical process effected by means of
optical instruments, and in which optics, mechanics c:nd chemistry have indis-
pensable functions, and which may be completely carried out by a man who has
never had an idea of art or design, or any sense of the beautiful; nor is there in
any pure photography any dement of personality or imagination or any dis-
tinguishing quality similar to that which in all branches of fine art gives dis-
tinction to the artist and value to his work; and these are the very elements, as
have already been pointed out, which give their relative value to all works of art.
But the photographer who cannot draw, paint or model has a wonderful
instrument at his disposal in the camera, which can create many beautiful things
beyond the reach of the draftsman , the painter or the sculptor. Let him, there-
257
 CAMERA NOTES.

fore, be content with it in its natural field, and not attempt to do those things
for which it is not adapted, and which place him and it at a decided disadvantage
when compared with the work of real artists.
If the photographer is sure that he possesses the creative faculty let him
then abandon the camera as an instrument for expressing his ideas, and cultivate
his talent for drawing, painting, or modelling, as the case may be; and if he has
not started too late he may acquire the technical facility necessary to express his
ideas in an adequate manner.
But if he finds this is not possible for him to do to a satisfactory degree,
let him, by all means, stick to his camera, and make those pictures with it from
Nature and Life, which he can do so well; for as we began by saying. so must we
repeat in conclusion : a good photographer is much better than a mediocre artist,
and a good photograph is more to be desired than an indifferent painting.
w. I. LINCOLN ADAMS.

... ... ...

A Landscape.
Here is the scl.'ne wherewith I fed my heart
One day in April, after the heavy rains:
From underfoot the red road led straight down
The hill into the trees all wet and bare.
A homestead, quaint and low, with wet, gray roof,
Nestled low down upon a curve of lawn.
An oak still held his last-year leaves-a patch
Of russet set against the grayish mists
That wreathed the woods. Remove beyond remove
The distances grew to a mistier blue
Until the last hill-line blent with the sky.
Midst clouds a rift of orange gleamed; a glow
Ineffable, which crowned the tender scene,
As if a gray-clad girl had turned to smile
Amidst her wind-blown locks of tawny hair.
D.\I.I.ETT FL'GUET.
 Notes on the Use of Magnesium Tape.
M AGNESIUM, as is well known, gives a very brilliant and strongly actinic
light for photographic purposes. For flash light pictures probably the
most satisfactory results are obtained by blowing powdered magnesium through
an alcohol flame. This gives an exposure lasting only a fraction of a second. The
same result can be obtained by burning magnesium tape, but this process is much
slower. The tape, however, ought to become very popular for use with such
papers as Velox and Argo. For evening work with these papers it saves a great
deal of time, and requires very little of the tape. With the regular V elox and a
medium negative, ~ inch of the tape at one foot will give a correct exposure.
With Argo under the same conditions ~ inch of the tape should be used.
The tape comes in one ounce coils at seventy-five cents, and can be had in
most photographic stores. The drug stores keep a small glass alcohol lamp for
fifteen cents which is a very convenient means of igniting the tape. A pair of
pliers will also be needed for holding it. The tape should be cut at a sharp angle
to its length so that the pliers grasp only a small point. Otherwise when using
very little of the tape the heat from the flame runs up into the pliers so rapidly
as to prevent ignition. Cutting the tape at a sharp angle it is possible to use
as little as one-sixteenth of an inch.
Negatives lacking in contrast may be exposed at several feet from the burn-
ing tape to strengthen the prints and those having violent contrasts may be
brought to within a few inches of the tape, to reduce the contrasts. If a note in
pencil on the back of the print is made of the amount of wire used and the dis-
tance, duplicates can always be made with great certainty.
Of the two papers above mentioned, V elox and Argo, which have been used
in this way, both seem equally good. The Argo requires a little more care in the
handling, not only in developing and fixing, but also in the washing. It seems
to have a slightly purplish tinge in the high lights which for some purposes is
more satisfactory than the white of the Velox.
The Magnesium tape contains about three grains of metal to the running
foot, therefore two feet of the tape burned at one time might be used as a substi-
tute for a small flash light powder, with a fast plate and lens opening of F. 8.
For a small object, where the tape is burned within a distance of two feet, two
inches of tape gives a full exposure.
Within several years past, the photographic year books have contained
several articles relative to copying and also to making of lantern slides by
redt;-:tion in the evening at home. Several methods of making the exposures
have ~'een outlined of which the two following are considered the most effectual.
First: For copying prints. The diagram sufficiently shows the arrangement
of the ca'llera, copying board, lights and reflector. The length of the print
which is being copied may be taken as the measure of the necessary distance
between the lamps and also the necessary distance between each lamp and the
print. The closer the light can be burned to the print without making undue
differences of illumination in the different parts of it, the less tape need be
used. With an opening equivalent to F. 16 and a Carbutt B plate, a print upon
259
 CAMERA NOTES.

white paper ought not to require more than from one to two inches of tape
burned at each lamp. If only one lamp is used, it can be burned successively
at each side. It will generally be found more satisfactory to use a faster plate
and a smaller diaphragm, as with F. 16 a very slight error in placing the plate
destroys the definition of the negative. Seed 26 x with F. 45 and the same
amount of tape is recommended. It may also be worth while to have the hoard
supporting the print a dull black and large enough to cover the whole of the
ground glass.
Second. For copying negatives for Lantern Slides, etc. The diagram
shows the arrangement for this work with a single point of light. It also suffici-
ently shows the arrangement of the camera, the upright wooden screen with a
central opening against which the negative is supported. the alcohol lamp and the
white paper reflector which is placed upright and at an angle of about 45° to the
line of the camera and screen. The tin screen should be so placed that no light
can fall upon the surface of the negative direct. The center of the white paper
reflector may be about eight inches behind the negative and the lamp about ten
inches from the reflector. It will be found necessary to have the reflector
much larger than the negative in order to fully illuminate the whole surface of
the ground glass. For a 3.l4X4.l4 negative an 8x10 reflector is not too large.
The arrangement shown in the first diagram can be used for copying negatives
by placing the screen with the negative between the two lamps, and substituting
for the print board the white paper reflector. A cheap pad of writing paper
white and unruled and not glazed makes an excellent reflector.
A candle may be used for illuminating for focusing purposes. For
copying prints it may be placed within two or three inches of the prht and
focusing will prove easy. Where a negative is being used the can~le takes
the place of the lamp for the time being, but the light is not sufficie'1-t for easy
focusing. A piece of bolting cloth or of fine mesh lace between two pieces
of clear glass in the place of the negative can be focused upon with much more
certainty and ease. All of this work requires a long draw to the camera or
the substituting of a short focus lens, and the first consideration should be
whether the camera at hand is capable of such use.
200
 NOTES ON THE USE OF MAGNESIUM TAPE.

There is no attempt in the diagrams to show the actual working arrange-

ment which must differ according to the convenience of the individual. It
will be obvious that the camera and the board carrying the negative or print
should be firmly held in relation to each other. Tin reflectors are not necessary.
Books or boxes will answer to shield the lens and the negative from the
printing light. It will hardly be found convenient to use at one time more than
three or four inches of the tape, and if more is needed it should be by successive
burnings. With fast plates the magnesium should not be allowed to hang
down so that it all flames up at once. The result will be in such case an exposure
of the plate to too intense light which may be recognized in the development
as different from an over-exposure by the fact that the image does not appear
sooner than usual, but that the development is complete in half the usual time.
(At least this is true of the Metol-Hydro- developer). It may be possible to use
fast lantern slide plates with a wide open lens and much tape. One writer
speaks of using the Carbutt lantern slide with F.ll and from six to thirty inches
of tape. Unless the lens is unusually good this would tend to produce slides
lacking in definition, but possihly sufficiently good for many purposes. It is
also possible to make Bromide enlargements by the use of about the same
amount of tape with the same lens opening. The Bromide paper is faster
than the lantern slide emulsion but the extra draw of the camera for enlarging
balances the difference in speed. Kerosene lamps with very long exposure
might be substituted for the magnesium tape, but not more than two or three
exposures could thus be made in one evening.
One or two thicknesses of ruby glass to protect the eyes in burning the
tape is advisable except where pieces of an inch or less are being used, in which
case there is no necessity of watching the light at all. Noting the faint glow
which indicates the beginning of the flame will be sufficient.
CHARI.ES E. MANIERRE.

261
 A Test of Chromatic Aberration.
I T issometimes happens that after the most careful focusing the negative
not sharp, for the reason that the chemical rays and the visual rays
are not focused at. the same point by the lens. At page 131 of the present
volume of CAMEl~.\ ~OTFS four tests for this error are given. There is still
another which is perhaps easier than any of them to apply, if a glass prism is
at hand. The prism may be set on end' on the upper part of the lower sash of
a window in the sunlight. A half tone print may then he fastened so that the
spectrum falls upon it. If the lens is being tested for work close at hand the
camera should be brought to the required distance and the print focused upon
the ground glass with the aid of a microscope, of one inch focus. If the image
is full size, the microscope should reveal clearly the dots and lines of which the
print is composed. If chromatic aberration is present the part upon which the
blue end of the spectrum falls and the part of the print upon which the red
end of the spectrum falls will not be in focus at the same time, and by
racking the lens in and out the distance between the two foci will he discov-
ered. If the lens is for use on more distant objects, the camera should be
placed ten feet or more from the print and the sharpness of outline examined
as before with the magnifier. CHARLES E. MANIERRE.
... ... ...
A Convenient Way of Keeping Hypo.
A CONVENIENT way of keeping and using Hypo is as follows: dissolve in
a preserve jar a pound of the Hypo crystals in hot water to make one
quart. The process of dissolving chills the water and unless hot water is used at
the start the process is much retarded. A little stirring will be necessary at
intervals to completely dissolve the crystals.
Then provide about a yard length of small rubber tubing such as is used
with bulbs on cameras or the next larger size and on one end tie a bunch of ab-
sorbent cotton so as to cover the end and act as a filter. The tube can be kept in
the bottle and the Hypo syphoned out through it by pinching the end to keep it
full of the solution while it is drawn out of the jar. The satisfaction of having a
clear solution will prompt one to syphon it all out into a second jar for keeping,
and it will be found that the small bunch of cotton will answer for an unlimited
amount of Hypo.
For fixing plates add twice as much water to the solution, so making it of
16 2/3 per cent. strength. For fixing papers add four times as much water to
the solution, so making it of 10 per cent strength. The amount drawn from the
jar can be noted by a rough scale gummed to its side and graduated to suit the
jar.
The writer has used the acid fixing baths and has no complaint to make of
them, but they are not suitable for all purposes, and as hypo is cheap it seems
better to have but one solution unless Velox paper is used. In very hot weather
dry hypo crystals should be put into one end of the fixing vessel with the plate
and not stirred but permitted to dissolve slowly. In this way the water will be
found to remain sold until the end of the fixing. C. E. M.
262
 Parallel Paths to the Pictorial Paradise. •
pARALLEL lines according to the definition of the mathematician are such that they
will meet if produced to infinity. That location is a very long way off, or, to use an
old Scotch phrase, "It is situated at the back of beyond." Paradise, as far as I can learn, is
in eternity, also a gigantic distance away. How far, we hav~ not the faintest conception.
Time is a part of eternity and begins according to our ideals with the first flash of light
that reached this earth and will only terminate when this world shall be no more. You at
once can see the relationship between infinity and eternity, and a very little consideration
will find other points in common. We have seen that parallel lines meet at infinity, and
therefore we may presume that there are parallel roads to paradise which is situated in
eternity. We find this to be the case. Religion is the gateway to paradise and we find at
least half a dozen great religions· wi,th possibly a thousand subdivisions, each claiming to
be the path to the great realm of bliss in the far beyond. Since they converge to one point
we can only view them as being parallel roads no matter how divergent they may appear
to our eyes with the limited length of line we are permitted to observe.
Infinity is a very vague term, very indefinite. We have not the slightest conception
of the immense distance it suggests. It may mean a hundred million miles, or may be as
many trillions or a million times that. At any rate, the distance is so appalling that we
cannot possibly realize in the faintest degree the meaning of the term, and so with para-
dise, we all have pictures of it. The Indian deems it a happy hunting ground; the Bud-
dhist, a region of pleasant dreams; the Mohammedan, a place of physical pleasures appre-
ciated by the mental senses; the Christian, a vast city built of precious stones with
streets of pure gold where he will sing the glorious praises of his Creator through all
eternity.
Art has much in common with religion. Like it, it deals with the emotions; it ha~
ideals which are just as varying, as indefinable. To different men it has a different mean-
ing; in different ages it has a different ideal. It is always marching to a supposed end
which we may call its paradise, ~hich is seemingly situated in eternity, as it will never be
attained while time prevails. The religious paradise has never been described in definite
terms on which all human beings are agreed and the same is true of the definition of what
constitutes a picture, which may be considered as the pictorial paradise. Religion is
very largely a series of "don'ts," that is to say, every man's conduct is regulated by "don't
do this" and "don't do that," to which is added a set of beliefs. So in art. It is not so
much what one must do, but it is what one must not do, that constitutes success. Realiz-
ing then the similarity between religion and art, we must naturally expect that if there be
parallel roads in the one there shall be parallel roads in the other.
Where so much is a matter of faith and there is so little that is capable of proof,
there must necessarily be continual differences and disputations. When so little can be
proved there necessarily follows bigotry and intolerance. When. argument fails to con-
vince, there will be persecution and compulsion, and so we find the pages of history stained
with the records of man's inhumanity to his fellow men on account of a difference of
opinion. and defence of the faith upheld as the very grandest ideal that could be set before
the human race. Men fighting, not that they understood, but on the fact that they believed
what was beyond all demonstration and that they compelled others to accept what to
them was incomprehensible, nay, more, that while they were marching along a certain
road to their paradise they interrupted their forward progress to turn aside and endeavor
to annihilate all others who were advancing along another road which led to exactly the
same destination.
I have often .wondered why this should be so, and in my cynical moments I have been
apt to consider that it was the result of deficit. When there is plenty we are all very gen-
erous to each other, but the moment there is deficit we fight for what remains and ruth-
lessly destroy our fellow men. I could give you a thousand startling illustrations of this

*Lecture delivered at the Camera Club, N. Y.. December 6th, 1901.

 CAMERA .VOTF.S.

spmt, but you might say they were characteristic of barbarous times, and l will simply
illustrate my point by an instance that occurs every moment of the day in your. highly civil-
ized city. When street can. are plentiful each individual makes way willingly for his
neighbor. The strong man will stand aside to permit the ladies to first enter the car and
take a seat, but when there is a shortage of cars and a large crowd is gathered at the
street comers, then humanity and consideration for others at once vanish. We all rush
for the step, shove each other aside, ruthlessly dig our elbows into the ribs of our fellow
beings and scramble in as best we may, caring little for the others. Therefore, this strug-
gling, this fighting, this endeavor to annihilate our fellow religionist who travels on a
different road to paradise, must surely indicate that we human beings believe that the
accommodation at the end of the road is very limited and that in order to secure it for
ourselves we must kill off all competitors excepting those whose opinions agree with ours
and whose companionship would be very pleasing because it would be agreeable, that is
to say, they would agree with us, not contradict us.
You will now begin to realize something of the agreement between refigion and art.
The pictorial paradise, if I may dare term it so, is just as indefinable, as is the theological
one, and so the ideal in art is just as indefinable as is the ideal in religion. The result
necessarily is that in art every age bas its own conception of what is meant by the term, and
we are influenced more or less by our times and environments. In any community, at
any time, there is always what I may call a deadness of uniformity. The vast majority
of people are not thinkers, and without question or doubt accept condiotions as they find
them, and at least nine-tenths of them are wonderfully equal in their intellectual abilities,
in their moral conduct, in their pictorial ideals, while a few, a very few are aggressive,
reaching forward to the logical conclusion of the premises presented to them, while an-
other few are laggards in the race. The progress or retrogression depends practically on
whether the aggressors or the laggards possess the most energy. As a whole, the thinking
members of ·lhe community attain the mastery because their ideas gradually permeate
through the bulk of the mass, but it is on record again and again that the inert portion
have dragged down the whole community with them. This has been especially true when
the idealists have based their reasoning upon premises .that were false, when they set up a
conception that was not advantageous to the best interests of the race.
Sooner or later, truth is bound to prevail. The only difficulty is to secure an absolute
definition of what truth is. In past ages truth was deemed to be whatever was believed,
but the scientist now insists ·that truth is whatever has been proved, and this is the touch
stone that ~eparates the gold from the dross. Whenever. therefore, the thinking members
of a community set up before the others an ideal which they claim to be the truth, the
world demands from them proof that their conception of truth is right.
I am a great admirer of the theorist. To him the world is indebted for far more
than ever can be realized. He is the great exponent of doubt; he is the one who questions
the rightness of things as they now are and concentrates our ;;.ttention at least for a time,
upon some phase of human interest and causes us to consider whether or not things are
just as they ought to be for the best interests both of the community and the individual
members thereof. He is the great worker for progress, but, like all other human beings,
he has his limitations. Not infrequently he reasons from false premises, and so his
conclusions are faulty. Sometimes he becomes so absorbed in ·the beauty of a conception
that he considers it as an abstract proposition without realizing that after all he must
base all his thoughts on material prosperity if .they are to be considered by his fellowmen.
We find this especially exemplified in religion and in art Religion viewed frum a
purely materialistic standpoint, that is to say without reference to man's conception of a
future s.tate, viewed thus I say, religion is simply the conservator of such principles and
rules of conduct, as the human race have found by experience to be advantageous to them
both as individuals and as a society. But from the very dawn of history until the present
moment there have been millions who have evolved a conception of religion that was purely
abstract in its nature, and while this may be the very best conception of religion. its
tendency has been to eliminate from tire individual the streng-th of the animal propemities,
to subdue in them to the point of absolute extinction. such <listinctly animal attributes as
264
A NEW ENGLAND LANDSCAPE
From a Platinotype

By RobertS. Redfield
(Philadelphia)
 ---

PARALLEL PATHS TO THE PICTORIAL PARADISE.

combatativeness, rage and the sexual desire ; in a word they have become so refined as to
lose their virility. Imbued with this ideal they have withdrawn themselves from society,
have retreated into caves, monasteries, abbeys and nunneries, and instead of working for
the physical welfare of the human race they have not infrequently tended to materially re-
duce their numbers. The hermit is too often so absorbed in taking care of his spiritual
interests that he utterly neglects his physical welfare, nay, not infrequently deems that his
soul's best interests can be advanced by permitting dirt and vermin to torture his body.
He thus becomes a center for the spread of infectious diseases and a contaminating ex-
ample for the rest of the community. In the civilized world we have got over this ideal of
piety and so the man or woman who, for the benefit of his or her soul, withdraws from
active participation in the affairs of the world no longer retires to a cave on a hill-side
or by the seashore, but instead, they seek the crowded city and devote the best part of
their life in an effort to ameliorate the physical and moral conditions of the more unfor-
tunate members of the race.
On account of the great similarity between art and religion we would also expect to
find this question of the abstract and the concrete here, and this is so. Summed up in a
sentence, the great art fight in the photographic world to-day resolves itself to my mind into
the very simple proposition as to whether or not photographers are to consider the purely
abstract ideals in art or if they are to insist upon 1he application of the principles in the
concrete.
This is no new fight. It is the same war that was waged very hotly not very many
years ago between the impressionists and realists in the painters world and I suspect it was
not unknown in the time of the early Israelites. Just before the decay of every great nation
we find that its art has attained its climax of sensuousnes~. It is simply an effort to
please the human intellect by manipulation of abstract principles without reference to his
ma'terial welfare. I am convinced that even the Semitic races realized the results that
followed from this artistic ideal and tried to avoid its occurrences by absolutely forbidding
by religious ordinance any interest in art among the people. I think this accounts for
the very decisive command given to the children of Israel, "Thou shalt ndt make unto
thee any graven image or any likeness of anything that is in the heavens above, in the
earth beneath or in the waters under the earth." The Jew of to-day does not pre'tend to
adhere to this principle, but the allied races located in the birth-place of his race, follow the
law implicitly, to-day the Mohammedan refuses to exercise his artistic faculty except-
ing in the elementary principles of designing; that is to say, his artistic feelings demand
an outlet and he has actually reached the point his ancestors tried to prevent him alttaining.
To him art is an abstract conception not applied in the concrete as it is among western
nations, hence he is at an absolute standstill.
I have tried to show the materialistic mission of religion. and there naturally follows
the very pertinent question, what is the mission of art. The old conception of it was
that its only purpose was to give pleasure, but this is really no answer at all. It is
simply a method of concealing ignorance in a cloud of words equalled by the theologians'
phrase, "It is God's way of doing things." The mere fact that the primitive savage strove
to portray on a piece of bone the natural objects that surrounded him, and that 'among
every people and in every age man has attempted to express 'the forms of natural objects
around him indicate to me very decidedly that art has a very materiali~tic mission to play
in the present welfare of the human race and to aid in its further physical and mental devel-
opment, and it is incumbent upon us to try if we cannot resolve this proposition into very
definite terms so that we may practice with intelligence what, for many ages, human
beings have done blunderingly. Let us endeavor to brush aside all preconceived ideas about
our mission on this earth. Let us realize that we are a fact in nature and let us suppose
for a moment that we are that and nothing else. It is very difficult for us to form such a
picture of ourselves, but I think it is possible, and if we can conceive ourselves to be
very much of the nature of animals acted upon by certain of nature's facts and laws anti
in our little way reacting upon them, we can then begin to perceive dimly that it is essen-
tial for our material romfort and wellbeing that we understand the power of the great
physical laws to which we are subordinate, that it is the height of folly for us to attempt
 CAMERA NOTES.

to interfere with their working and that it is indeed wisdom to adapt ourselves to them
instead of trying to adapt them to our needs. It is but vaguely dawnmg upon us that
we cannot subdue natural forces but that they will invariably conquer us. Therefore,
the sooner the individual or the race learns to understand the environment the better ofl
will be the individual. Whatever tends to interest us in our surroundings, whatever will
tempt us to become familiar with nature's facts and with the great laws that these facts
manifest, is of undoubted advantage. The essential for us is knowledge, and any faculty
thart will lead us to its acquisition is so much to our advantage and will be developed to
a higher pitch in all coming generations. Knowledge begins in wonder, but whence comes
this? As far as I can judge, it is evolved from the sense of beauty, a quality of our facul-
ties that so far has baffled definition. It is that something in the outward appearance of
things that attracts us to them and is inherent in every individual co a greater or less
degree. Every child exhibits this sense. The moment he is able to notice surrounding
objects he finds many of them attractive. He displays a fondness for ftowers. The
humble daisy, the household pet, the faithful dog, the screaming bluejay are all attractive
to him on account of some outward quality that neither he nor we can explain. In our
children we see portrayed the infancy of the human race, the beginning of mental develop-
ment, and so by evolutionary theory we must believe that at some very remote period
some one of our primitive ancestors found objects so attractive in themselves that he was
led to examine them more do5cly that such inspection led to his noticing certain facts he
could not understand. Wonder succeeded and ultimately developed into knowledge. The
knowledge of the facts enabled him ~o adapt himself to the laws that produced these facts,
and thus he possessed a weapon denied his fellows, found it easier to provide sustenance
for himself and his descendants. They inherited his faculty and in the struggle for existence
had a handicap in their favor which enabled them to survive where others succumbed.
Art ministers to this sense of beauty but is derived from it. We have all noticed how
soon this natural born instinct is lost in the average child. In a few short years he forgets
to adore the ftowers, to love the animals, to chase the birds, nay, he evolves an intense
passion for destruction which is apt to persist within him to the end of his natural life.
This is also the product of struggle, because in the infancy of the race men had as now
to struggle with other animals, not only for his food supply, but for his very existence.
On every hand he was surrounded by beasts, some of whom were to him harmless. others
destructive. He had to be on the eternal rack watcbing for an enemy. Like David Harum,
he had to "do the other fellow as the other fellow would do him and do it first," so he
was always on the alert, and the instant he saw something move he darted at it to kill it
lest it might be some animal that would kill him. Though we now live in a wilderness
of stone and lime, this tendency to kill anything that moves is still persistent. It is no
longer necessary, but has not yet been eliminated from the race. Part of the work of the
present and of future generations will be to extinguish within the human breast this
natural passion to kill.
But it is still essential for us to understand our environment, nay, as the years roll
on, it becomes more and more incumbent upon us to study the ohjects with which we are
surrounded and the laws that control them. And so there has gradually evolved in the
human mind an intellectual conception of beauty that will attract us to our environment.
This to me is art. It is not simply nature viewed through a temperament as defined by
Zola, but that which induces our temperament to be in unison with nature.
This materialistic conception of art is unfortunately lost sight of by ·too many workers
in the art world. The tendency is to neglect the real in the enthusiasm for the creature of
the imagination, to lose sight of the concrete in aiming for the ab~tract. We take pictl!res
primarily because the subjects are humanly interesting. In a few short years, possibly
months, we became ~atiate.J as we will with everything that pos>esses the feeling of
finality. It is the old story, the pursui-t of an object always affords more pleasure than does
the attainment, and the moment we feel we have attained the limit of the possibilities
our interest begins to wane, thus we learn that human intere<t alone will not make a
picture. A new idea appears upon our horizon. It dawns upon us that the arrangement
of these objects on paper is essential to plea~ing results and thus we arc lead to the study
 --

PARALLEL PATHS TO THE PICTORIAL PARADISE.

of composition. We now enter into the domain of the abstract in art, and, very naturally,
begin to lose interest in the concrete facts that at one time formed the sole attraction, but
composition in its turn loses interest and is soon supplanted by the higher problem of
light and shade. This again gives place to the conception of tone values, every stage
carrying us more and more into the domain of the abstract and further and further from
the material. The highest pinnacle of all is when we attain the dignity of endeavoring to
express a thought.
Photography as a means of picture making is young yet and is therefore liable to
commit many indiscretions. The enthusiasts in this pictorial field are not yet past the
middle age of life when they can look back on the road they have traveled and attain the
proper perspective of the photographic mile stones they have passed on their journey. The
result is that we are all more less one sided. We are possessed by the great idea that
predominates in our latest development and think that is the only point to be considered.
We each have all the enthusiasm of the young novitiate and lack the governing influence
of some old experienced hands, and so it can only be expected that at the present moment
the tendency of the leaders in the photographic art world shall be purely in the direction
of gradation. To them a blank piece of photographic paper is an area of pictorial possi-
bilities and which is to be broken up irrto a number of minor spaces, each of which shall be
pleasing in outline, and all of which shall form a harmonious whole. To this they add the
additional feature of tone values, which consists of a pleasing blending of these masses
into each other by subtle play of light and shade.
We are all largely creatures of our past and every time I am reminded of this concep-
tion of art it carries me back over twenty years to a manse in the borderland of Scotland,
where one beautiful summer's day old David Broomfield, the local auctioneer, was dis·
posing, at public sale, the household goods and chattels of the deceased minister. David
was the fortunate possessor of a great fund of humor, and whenever he conducted a sale
every individual who could spare the time took care to be in attendance. Very naturally, I
formed one of the crowd, and in tha1 picture of long ago there stands out before 1'\e a
scene in a corner of the manse garden where David was endeavoring to dispose of a piece
of rudely sculptured sandstone, on which was carved the figure of some animal unknown
to natural science. I need not enter into the details of David's efforts, how he praised
this as a piece of beautiful statuary, how he skilfully manreuvered his talk until he got
the rival butchers of the town bidding against each other through sheer jealousy, and how
at last it was knocked down to one of them at a ridiculously high price, but I can never
forget ~he beaming look on the old man's face as he flung back his head with a hearty
ha. ha, and then coolly remarked that the man who had bought that might fall down and
worship it without breaking the second commandment for it was like nothing in the
heavens above, in the earth beneath or in the waters under the earth. I am afraid David.
great as was his success as an auctioneer of household furniture. would have made a flat
failure of disposing of the ambitious efforts in many photographic salons, as he simply
would have been unable to restrain his keen sense of the ridiculous and after each sale
would have expressed his opinion very plainly as to the sanity of the purchaser of some
mysterious piece of decoration.
I have frequently thought that much of the acrimony developed between the two
schools of pictorial photography now struggling for supremacy at the present moment
centers very largely around 1he rendition of tone values. The advanced school, as they
dignify themselves. appear to concentrate all their efforts to the rendition of three tones
in their prints. I have tried to analyze the fact and discover, if possible, ~he reason, and
my conclusion has been reached by comparing art with music. The latter, as you know, is
based upon sounds. I do not pretend to be a musician in the slightest degree, but in
pursuing my investigations I have again and again sat myself down to the piano and made
many experiments. So far, I have concluded that one note is a mere sound that suggests
nothing to the mind and calls up no sense of pleasure. Even the addition of another
produces no imprm·ement in suggesting music. but I find that three notes convey a
definite musical idea, the one giving value to the other. You can see the similarity at once.
A piece of paper of one color suggests nothing. For instance, a drawing in white chalk
 CAMERA NOTES.

on pure white paper is valueless, nor is there much advance with, say dark brown on light
brown, but if we can secure three tone values we have pictorial possibilities.
Three tones then are essential to the business of picture making, being the least
possible number, and so the worker who confines himself to that range is open to the
imputation that he has mastered only the most elementary rudiments of his art and limits
himself to this short scale simply because he is unable to manipulate more. He is in
exactly 1he same position as the man who attempts to play a tune on the bugle, which is
an instrument of four notes, and I have never yet known of any one advocate this ordinary
instrument as being the very best for musical performance because of its limitations. In
fact, it is ruled out for that very reason.
It is now possible I think to arrive at a dear definition of the points of difference
between the so-called advance school of photographic pictorial workers and the others.
The former are so thoroughly imbued wi-th the abstract principles of composition, light
and shade, tone values and expression in a picture that they would define a picture as
being the decorative arrangement in a given area of objects whether or not the latter are
attractive in themselves, while the others would agree to the first part of the definition,
but would insiS't that the objects possess such attractiveness that they would arouse the
pictorial interest of even a child in whom is more pronounced this innate sense of beauty
than it is in those older grown.
I hope I have made it dear to every one of you my contention that a picture does not
fulfill its mission unless it suggests to the mind of the observer that nature is very beautiful;
that while its representation is charming, she herself is a thousand times more so; that
the real is infinitely superior to the counterfeit. I have never yet seen a picture that came
within measurable distance of being as interesting as the real thing. Frequently, in
strolling through a gallery of paintings by modern artists, I ask myself how many of the
subjects on the walls would I care to have hanging in front of me where 1 could see them
every day in the year for a part of my life time, and I frankly confess there are very, very
few. I admire in many of them the technical skill, the composition, light and shade,. but
they want the evidence that I would derive. a world of pleasure by getting out where
flowers grow and birds sing and water runs. To me it is unspeakable joy to get to th,e
corner of ·the golfing links where the bobolinks make their home, and to throw down my
clubs and get into a quiet corner and watch the birds at play. Here is a world in itself.
My eye feasts on the beautiful play of color, on the long grass, on the hedge of the marsh,
the dark earth, the silent pool reflecting the clquds above, the vast variety of !lowers,
the quick turn of the dragon fly, the chirrup of the grasshopper, the song of the oriole,
the gaudy dress of the bobolink all make me feel that it's a beautiful world to live in, and
they tempt me to pull the flowers that grow at my feet, get out my pocket-knife and
magnifying lens and examine their structure and try to learn their anatomy and physiology.
I begin to realize that while facts are in themselves exceedingly interesting they are much
less so than the great laws they manifest. A fact is no accident, but is the product of a
hundred laws acting upon a wealth of material for untold ages, and my mind is led to
linger over these laws and try to understand their working and how they can influence me.
I realize their power, the absolute inability on my part to withstand their operations and
that i-t is the greatest wisdom on my part to so comport myself that I will be in harmony
with them. Any representation of nature that will tempt me or any other human being
to become interested in our environment is of manife,:t advantage to humanity. Any one
that fails in this respect is to my mind worthless.
Our opinions are the product of our past. The point of view is determined by the
facts that we have learned and the theories we have inherited or developed. We are all,
more or less, a basket in which is carried the burdens of our ancestors. Although we
know it not, we are in the grip of the dead hand. While arrogating to ourselves the claim
of free will, we are practically the creatures of circumstances.
Our deeds are but the manifestation of what we know; our pictures represent our
intellectual acquirements. The son of toil contending with or accommodating himself to
nature in his struggles to earn his daily bread can be nothing but a realist, for nature's facts
are the web and woof of his very existence. The man of leisure is apt to be out of touch
 ---

P.-IRALLEL PATHS TO THE PICTORIAL PARADISE.

with nature. It is to him but a dream. In place of knowledge he has notions and so his
pictures are nebulre-indefinite things. Ignorant of laws to account for facts, he looks
beyond the material world and develops mysticism. He does not know, so conceals his
ignorance in a cloud of words. He cannot appreciate facts, so he pictures notions. He
knows not the holy joy found in work, which is applied knowledge of nature's laws, so he
lives in dreams and creates a world as vaguely beautiful as that of the opium smoker.
The man of action has one ideal, the dreamer another, each claiming his to be the
right. The one pictures a world as it is, the other as it would have been had he been
.:onsulted at its creation. Both are right and both are wrong, the one cannot afford to be
without the other. It is utterly impossible on paper to render nature exactly as she is, and
so we must compromise. The realist must perforce borrow from the dreamer his decorative
principles. The latter must learn from the former to represent facts with all the charm
of his pictorial powers.
Since art has been the exponent of ourselves the standard must vary with the times.
The ideals of one generation are thrust out and hurled to the ground by the one succeeding.
The highest conceptions of one age are the laughing stock and jest of the next. Realizing
that, it is foolish of us to take ourselves too seriou~ly. Sioce our ideals are bound to meet
a like fate at the hands of our posterity at no very distant day, let us fight over our notions
for the pleasure in the struggle, but whether we win or lose, let us shake hands when the
combat is ended and treat it much as a joke. It is little more than a guessing contest at
best and none of us will ever know on this side of the grave whether we have guessed
correctly or not. The youth can never be within arm's length of a fellow without evincing
a strong desire to seize hold of him and lay him on the ground. He has his greatest joy
in physical struggle. We are beyond this stage. Mere animal exertion does not bring
satisfaction to any one of us, but we still like the game and now fight with our brains. It
is pleasant to contend, it is joy to vanquish, but there is pleasure in defeat. The pleasure
of fighting is the reward of the vanquished, the winner of the prize gets little more and not
infrequently the laurel wreath is awarded according to the judgment of future generations
to one who after all was a laggard in ihe race. F. DuNDAS ToDD.
(Editor Photo-Beacon.)

... ...
Concerning "Plate Marking.''
In making plate marks with cardboard forms, it is difficult to place the
opaque form on the print in just the right position to make an even margin of
"mark," and a separate card form is required for each size of mark.
These troubles can be avoided by using a thin sheet of glass, having two
smooth edges and a good corner, or a sheet of thick transparent celluloid is
hetter still. Place it on the glass of a retouching frame, put the print face down
upon it. Adjust one side and an end (you can see through the print to do this),
so that an even margin is made, and press in the plate mark with any convenient
tool. Now turn the print so that the diagonal corner of the required mark rests
on the same c0rner of the glass, in the required place, and complete the impres-
sion. If the "mark" on examination is not perfect, or if the corners need a little
trimming, it is easy to replace the print and remedy the defect, for you can see
what you are doing. Ovals and circles can be made by cutting out the required
form as for a mat from cardboard. Place the mat on the retouching frame,
adjust the print facr up, and press the required line into the form.
L. M. McCoRMICK.
271
 Mr. Osborne I. Yellott on "The Issue."
[At the invitation of our Editor, who is Chairman of the Committee on Meetings.
Lectures, ect., of the Camera Oub, Mr. Osborne I. Yellott (A. Smiler), the author of
"The Keely Curl', or How It Came to Be Written;" "The Transundentalists; a Comedy;"
and "The Rule or Ruin School of Photography," addressed the club on "The Issue."
Mr. Yellott's frank admission of some mistaken premises u&;on which his argument was
based, naturally invalidates the conclusions he arrived at. We feel convinced that Mr.
Yellott would, upon fuller knowledge of all the facts involved, be in hearty sympathy
with the position taken by the "leaders" of the "New Schooi."-EoiTOR.]

H AVING been informed by the Editor of CAMERA NoTE3 that he was in somewhat of a
quandry as to how to handle my two hours' address delivered at the Camera Club on
January the 28th, it has seemed to me that I might relieve his embarrassment to some extent
by stating in a few hundred words the general character of the same, thus obviatinc any
necessity of quoting segregated portions thereof at length.
Having followed the controversy between the "New School," represented by Mr.
Stieglitz, Mr. Keiley, and others, and their opponents, represented by the Photo Era, the
Photo-American, the Photo-Beacon and others, including myself, it seemed to me that the
controversy had drifted largely into a question of our mothes in beginning or k~ping
it up. Quite a number of writers on the side of the "New School" had charged that we
were opposing that element through motives of selfishness, ill will, spite and vindictiveness.
Knowing that if these were believed to be our motives, nothing that we had said or
might hereafter say would be regarded as worthy of consideration, it seemed to me that
my first duty was to show that these were 110t in fact our motives; but that we had
on the contrary been justified in entering into the controversy and justified in con-
tinuing it.
I therefore proceeded to show that up until December, tl!w, which was after the first
and second Philadelphia Salons, the editors of the magazines mentioned had not opposed the
"New School" in anything regarding the Salon movement. On the contrary, I showed,
they had all published a large number of articles helpful to the common cause of the
advancement of artistic photography.
I then showed that in Photograms of 1899 Mr. Keiley as spokesman of the "New
School," had claimed that CAMERA NOTES and the small band referred to as the "N !W
School," had alone and unaided accomplished the advancf'ment of artistic photography in
America, Mr. Keiley not only ignoring the good work which these editors had at least
been trying to do, but in a sense sneering at those efforts. I ~bowed that this action on the
part of Mr. Keiley was absolutely without provocation and that the editors to whom I
referred promptly resented this, thus opening the controversy.
But even after this, nothing was said about the policy of the members of ~he "New
School" in reference to their conduct of the Salons, and it was not until after the first
Chicago Salon in April, 1900, that objection to this was made. As justification for this
objection I took the three Salons held up to that time, the first Philadelphia Salon in 1898,
the second in 1899 and the First Chicago Salon in IC)OO. anrl Fhowed from the catalogues
that the number of exhibitors whose work had been passed by the judges decreased year
by year from one hundred in the first, to eighty-eight in the second, to forty in the third,
and that the proportion of the work exhibited by the judges increased regularly and
steadily from one-thirteenth of the pictures exhibited in the first. to one-eighth in the
second, to one-fourth in the third. I stated that I had learned since reaching New York
that evening, that the judges had been the victims of circumstances in this gradual increase
in the proportion of their work, and that I had become fully convinced that they were jus-
tified therein under the circumstances as they existed at the time, but that these justifying
facts were not known to us at the time, and on the facts as shown by the catalogues them-
selves, we were justified in raising objection to what we deemed this arbitrary action of the
judlles. As further justification, I quoted from Mr. Hinton, :\lr. Hartmann. Mr. :\loore,
 --

MR. OSBORNE I. YELLOTT ON "THE. ISSUE."

and Mr. Keiley to show that such a policy was conducive to imitation and destructive
of true individuality and originality.
The great point in the controversy having been our objections to the jury system as
exemplified in the later exhibitions, including the third Philadelphia Salon in 1900, when
the jury again exhibited one-fourth of all the pictures hung, I rested with this history of
the facts as shown by the records, to justify our going into the controversy in the first
place, and keeping it up, in the second.
I then took up the charges that our actions had proceeded from envy, spite, etc. In
these matters I was obliged to speak largely for myself, except as I had already spoken for
others.
On the charge of inability to understand the motives and aims of the "New School,"
I endeavored to explain that our effort was the advancement of artistic photography along
all possible lines of improvement instead of a few well defined lines laid out by the "New
School." I attempted to distinguish these aims from the "popularization of the standards"
for which we were charged to stand, and to explain that we felt that artistic photography
was still too much bound down by the fetters and limitations of the science. I stated that
we felt that we could yet break away from some d these fetters and limitations. but
could only do so by encouraging those who were working along independent lines different
from the lines so far followed by the "New School." I urged the latter to come back and
work with us in trying to do this rather than stand off on the ground of their past
achievements.
I stated that the issue as proclaimed by the writers of the "New School" and as shown
by their attitude in reference to the Chicago and Philadelphia Salons, was that they
claimed that they and they alone were entitled to be the judges at photographic exhibitions
in America, and that their work was beyond the judgment of others.
My suggestion of a remedy was, that, photography having come to· be seriously regarded
by painters, and they being capable of judging the merits of a photograph as a work of
art, we unite in obtaining juries of painters at future exhibitions and join in trying to make
such exhibitions a success by submitting our work to the impartial judgment of such
juries of selection, regardless of possible personal disappointments.
Since delivering this address I have been informed of many facts before unknown
to me, the same having been urged as arguments against the statements made by me
as above.
In view of the conclusions which I shall presently reach, I deem it well to state these
briefly.
I am informed that many years prior to the date with which I began my history of the
controversy there had been a formidable and insidious opposition to the "New School" not
represented by the editors of the magazines referred to by me, and not always expressing
itself publicly in print, and that this opposition still continues.
It is moreover charged that while I myself may have been sincere in my own personal
motives in this matter, there were others for whom I attempted to speak who were not.so
sincere, but who in point of fact availed themselves of the conditions as set forth by me
to oppose CAMERA NoTES and the "New School" from unworthy motives.
I am also informed that the circumstances justifying the judges in hanging large num-
bers of their pictures at the several exhibitions referred to were of such a nature as to
preclude their being published either heretofore.
I gather, moreover, that from a complex variety of circumstances which it would be
idle to follow out, the members of the "New School" sincerdy and honestly felt that they
could not support the recent exhibitions at Philadelphia and Chicago, and at the same time
maintain their self-respect.
I am also informed that it would be very difficult to carry out my suggestion of a
jury of painters for the reason that those who are most competent are very loath to serve
in that capacity and it is not likely that they could be induced to do so.
In view of all these circumstances I have concluded that further talk of an immediate
reconciliation between the two contending parties would be futile. I therefore see no use
in continuing to talk along that line.
273
 C.-IJIJ!RA .\"UTES.

Moreover, the present controversy ha\·ing taken the form of a mutual cff<>rt on the
part of each side to convince the other that it is in the wrong, and it being very evident
that neither side can be so convinced, since both are apparently to a certain extent right,
I regard further controversy equally futile.
My own idea in view of this condition of affairs is that we on our side who think we arc
right go ahea-:1 and do what we think is right, and that those of our opponents who think
they are right should go ahead and do what they think 1t right. If we all do what we
honestly think is right and do not stop to talk and argue with each other about what is
right, I -think the hope that we will sometime in the future find ourselves working together
in the cause of artistic photography will ultimately be realized.
For myself I would say that if I ever had any idea that I was designed by nature
to become a missionary, that idea has vanished as a result of my visit to the Camera Club.
On the other hand, feeling as I do that further controversy along these lines is useless, I
shall in the future refrain therefrom. If others who do not feel inclined to follow my
suggestions in other things, will follow them in this, I have little reason to believe that the
controversy will be of much longer duration .

... ...
Notes.
Kodak Progress Competition. The of the camera is operated by a fine rack
Eastman K.Jdak Company never docs and pinion, or worm screw. The entire
things hy ha;vcs. It is now offering the woodwork is ebonized, and all metal parts
sum of $4,000 in prizes for a photographic oxidized. The camera is so arranged that
competition. This contest is to demon- an extra wide angle of 6 in. equivalent focus
strate the progress made in arti,:tic pho- or any lens Ill> to 6o may be used.
tography since their last print competition, It
which created such a furore but a few years A New Photographic Corporation.
ago in Londo·• and New York. Full par- The Anthony-ScO\·ill Company, with a cap-
ticulars may be had from all dealers in ko- ital of $.z.soo.ooo. was incorporated on De-
dak supplies. or from the Eastman Kodak cember 23rd, 1901. It includes the firms
Co. direct. heretofore kno\\n as E. & H. T. Anthony &
Co., the Sco,·ill & Adams Co., and other
smaller ones.
The Folmer 4: Schwing Manufac-
turing Co. have just completed a mammoth
sky-scraper .:amera, taking a plate 24x36, John Carbutt has introduced a new or-
with 6o in. fo<"al capacity, being fitted with thochromatic plate into the market which
light-weight curtain slide holders, double promises great things. It is especially red-
swing, reversible back, rising and falling sensitive. A thorough test of the plate will
front, and back focus. Every adjustment be made by us and reported upon .

... ... ...

A Useful Attachment.
Moses Joy, one of the most ingenious members of the Camera Club, has recently
devised a plate attachment for the folding pocket kodak which fills a long felt want. It
is manufactured by Goerz, and full particulars may be had by addressing that firm.

274
THE WHITE WALL
From a "Glycerine" Print

By John G. Bullock
(Philadelphia)
 An Exhibition at the National Arts Oub, New York.
As we go to press an exhibition of American Pictorial Photography opens
at the National Arts Club, New York. Our editor having been upon various
occasions invited to initiate this recognition by the National Arts Club of picto-
rial photography, has deemed it for the better interests of our art to make this
introduction an occasion for gathering together a choice collection of the best in
American photography, rather than to exhibit only his own work, as he had been
originally requested to do. The National Arts Club having acceded to this
modification of the original programme, gave Mr. Stieglitz full power to follow
his own inclinations. Acting upon this authority he has gathered together a
collection of about one hundred and fifty pictures well representing what he con-
siders the work of some of the best American pictorialists.
The nucleus of this collection was formed from some of the pictures which
had been hung in Glasgow, supplemented by many of the best which had been
accepted in various Salons at home and abroad, together with much new work
never previously exhibited. In the preparation of this exhibit great care has
been exercised to accept only· the best prints extant of the subjects represented,
thus at once doing justice to the photographers as well as to the cause. Those
following are represented by. one or more pictures : Prescott Adamson, C. Yar-
nall Abbott, Charles I. Berg, John G. Bullock, Arthur E. Becher, Alice M.
Boughton, F. Colburn Clarke, Rose Clark, F. Holland Day, Wm. B. Dyer, Mary
M. Devens, Frank Eugene, Thos. M. Edmiston, Dallett Fuguet, Tom Harris,
Gertrude Kasebier, Joseph T. Keiley, Mary M. Keipp, Wm. B. Post, Robert S.
Redfield, W. W. Renwick, Ema Spencer, Eduard J. Steichen, Edmund Stirling,
Alfred Stieglitz, T. O'Conor Sloane, Eva Watson-Schiitze, Henry Troth,
Mathilde Weil, Clarence H. White, Elizabeth Flint Wade, and Oscar Maurer.
In our next issue a more extended notice will be given this event, which is
of an unusual importance to pictorial photography in that the unsolicited request
of the National Arts Club betokens a beginning of that broader recognition for
which CAMERA NoTES has been striving so long.
The exhibition will be opened on March 5th with an informal address to
the members of the National Arts Club by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz upon the subject
of "Pictorial Photography and What It Means."

... ... ...

Turin International Fine Arts Exhibition.
During the past month, our Editor has been busily engaged in preparing for
shipment the American Section (by invitation only) of pictorial photography to
be exhibited at the Turin (Italy) International Exhibition of Decorative and
Fine Art.
This task was undertaken at the solicitation of General di Cesnola, the
director of the !\ ew York Metropolitan Museum of Fine Art, who represents in
this country the management of that exhibition. Lack of time makes in this
number a more detailed account impossible.
 The History of Philadelphia.
•• Truth, cruahed to earth will rise again:
The immortal years of God are hers :
But error, wounded, writhe-s ia paiu
And dies amid her wonhippen."
-WILLIAM C1:ll&S HK\'ANT.

T HE history of the Philadelphia Salon has proven of

such general Interest to the photographic world,
and the discussion anent the last exhibition has
waxed so hot, that CAMERA Nons, which has been so
closely Identified with the modern movement In American
Pictorial Photography, now publishes a full statement of
the facts which have never before been made public.
As much that has been previously written was evi-
dently based upon assumptions diametrically opposed to
facts, we hope that such of our opponents who are desir-
ous of ;,.rriving at valid conclusions rather than prejudiced
inferences, will now revise their premises even though
their former conclusions suffer in the process.
With this number, CAMERA NoTES closes its pages to
this interminable discussion of ancient history, believing
that by no human effort can irreconcilable standpoints be
harmonized.
EDITOR.
 The Decline and Fall of the Philadelphia Salon.
"In life, as we actually experience it, motives slide one into the other; and the most
careful analysis will fail adequately to sift them.
"In history, from the effort to make our conceptions distinct, we pronounce upon these
intricate matters with unhesitating certainty, and we lose sight of truth in the desire to
make it truer than truth itself."-/ames Anthony FrOfldt>.

So much has been said and written of the Philadelphia Salon ; and so large a
proportion of that has had to do with the intricate matter of motives, their dis-
covery and partisan analysis to the disregard of recorded facts, that the plain
truth of the salon situation, the actual principle at issue, seems by many to have
been completely lost sight of in the sophisticating editorial and journalistic dust
of the eccentric tornado that has made pictorial photography as represented by
the salon movement its storm centre.
As Mr. Froude very truly writes, "In life as we actually experience it,
motives slide one into the other ; and in pronouncing upon such intricate matters
with unhesitating certainty we lose sight of truth."
In the ardor of their pursuit of the ignis fatuus of remote, impossible or
unworthy motives that might have influenced those whom they attacked, the
leaders of the anti-salon party have turned their backs upon the light of the real
facts and diverted attention, inadvertently or purposely, from the realms of his-
tory to those of fiction and psychic research. Indeed most of these anti-salonists
have been so busily occupied in protesting their artistic citizenship and swearing
their sincerity and patriotism and in grandiloquently invoking the "Constitu-
tion"-the "Department of State," and the "American people" and the
"federal statutes," that they have had neither time nor desire to examine into the
less important matter of the real facts. And, but for the unintentional mischief
they have innocently made by the prominent part they have played in the down-
fall of the salon, in the course of their efforts to establish a department of photo-
graphic caricaturists, we would have no reason whatever to revert to them nor to
take them seriously; nor to mention them in any way whatever in the pages of
the NoTES, which has to do with the serious and constructive side of photog-
raphy.
In order to arrive at a just and exact appreciation of the present salon situ-
ation in Philadelphia and the attitude of the American pictorial workers towards
the so-called Salon of Ig<>I, it will be essential to secure a clear conception of:
First, the precise aims and purposes of the pictorial movement in
photography.
Second, the relation that the Philadelphia Salon as originally conceived bore
to that movement-i. e., the exact purposes for which that exhibition was
organized ; and
Third, what the Philadelphia Society (under whose management the Salons
of 1898, 189cJ, and 1900) actually stood for in pictorial photographic matters by
the election in 1901 of Dr. Mitchell's candidate, Mr. S. Hudson Chapman, and
the sort of exhibition it was by this official action actually pledged to support,
and wherein that exhibition differed from those previously held.
Once these matters are clearly understood it readily will be seen that none
of those really honestly interested in the welfare of the photographic Salon,
properly so-called, could afford either to support to even to recognise the Phila-
delphia exhibition of 1901-no matter what blandishments were held out to
them. without betraying the cause of the real salon by confusing its aims with
those of the sort of exhibition to which the Photographic Society was then
pledged-calling in question the honesty and sincerity of their own motives and
bring public contempt on the whole pictorial movement.
279
 CAMERA NOTES.

First-as to the aims and purposes of the pictorial mo1.'tmmt.

The pictorial movement concerns itself solely with that branch of photog-
raphy that has to do with the production of such pictorial compositions as may
properly be considered original artistic productions capable of imparting aesthetic
pleasure. It seeks to encourage all phases and styles of photo-pictorial work,
whether realistic or impressionistic, insisting only that all photographs claiming
to be essentially pictorial must be regarded primarily as pictures and not as tech-
nical photographic work, and judged by pictorial laws and standards, and not by
the test of exposure-tables or the possibilities of rival developers.
The struggle for the definite and serious recognition of the purely pictorial
possibilities of photography is nearly as old as photography itself. The first
positive step in the right direction was the holding of the Vienna Salon ( 1891),
but it was not till the formation of the Li11ked Ring that it was crystalized into
a definite movement with well-defined aims and purposes. The Linked Ring
was established expressly and solely for the purpose of fostering and advancing
the interests of pictorial photography and obtaining public recognition of its
artistic claims through an exhibition devoted exclusively to pictorial photo-
graphic productions. After vainly endeavoring to induce the Royal Photo-
graphic Society, the oldest and most influential photographic society, to recog-
nize the claims of pictorial photography by according to it a separate exhibition,
instead of insisting on hanging pictorial photographs promiscuously with all
other sorts of work, the leading pictorialists seceded from the Royal and estab-
lished the Linked Ring.* They held their first salon in 1893 and at once
obtained public recognition and had their claims for pictorial photography very
generally allowed. Annually since then they have held a salon and this salon has
been the model for all similar exhibitions throughout the world.
All who are seriously interested in the welfare of this pictorial movement
in the United States had come to recognize the absolute necessity of establishing
some uniform standard of excellence for the entire country that would be con-
sidered authoritative. This could be brought ahout in one way only, by the
recognition by all serious workers throughout the country, of some one of the
ma':"y exhibitions held annually asthe exhibition of the year, and by gin"ng that
the1r fullest support. t
Nothing could be more fatal to a uniform or intelligent standard of excel-
lence than some dozen of exhibitors all drawing their material from the same
source, and each judging from its own particular standards, pictures rejected
by this one, being accepted by that, and 'l•ice 'l•crsa, for such exhibitions instead
of helping the pictorial movement threw it into confusion and drew upon it the
distrust of all sincere workers and derisive ridicule from all sources. t·
• For fuller ·information on this subject, see article on Linked Ring, CAMERA NOTES,
Vol. 5, No.2, p. III, et seq.
tEntirely acquainted with the progress of the pictorial movement in Europe. in the
shaping of which he himself had borne a part, and with the work already accomplished in
America in which he had been an active participant from the start, and with faith in the
ability of his own countrymen to equal and even surpass the great work already accom-
plished abroad. Alfred Stieglitz wrote in 1894. in the '"Times Annual." 1895.
"We Americans cannot afford to stand still; we have the best of material among us
bidden, in many cases; let us bring it out. Let us make up our minds that we are equal
to the occasion, and prove to the photographic world at large that we are awake and
interested in the progress of picture photography. Abolish these Joint Exhibitions, which
have done their work and served their purpo•e, and .Jet us start afresh with an Annual
Photographic Salon, to be run on the strictest lines."
Quoted CAMERA NoTES, Vol. II., No. 3. p. 117. in article reviewing first Philadelphia
Salon in the course of which the progress of the pictorial movement was carefully reviewed.
-]. T. K.
tSee on this subject CAMERA NoTES. Vol. II., No. 3. article reviewing Philadelohia
Salon of 18g8; CAMERA NoTES. Vol. III., No. 3. article reviewing Salon of 18Q9:
CAMERA NoTES, Vol. IV .. No. 3, article reviewing Salon of 1900: same Vol.. No. 1. '"The.
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

Secouci-The relation that the Philadelphia Salon as origirrally conceived

and aunounced bore to the pictorial movl'ment.
The Philadelphia Salon as originally conceived and announced was an un-
equivocal admission on the part of the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts and
the Photographic Society of Philadelphia of the correctness of the claim of pic-
torial photography, and an avowed attempt to establish in this country an ex-
hibition similar to that conducted by the Linked Ring and known as the Lon-
don Salon.
Let us trace the progress of the evolution.
At the October stated meeting of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia
I8gJ, the Exhibition Committee of that Society in its annual report expressed
itself on the pictorial question in the following language : "There appears to be a
strong feeling among those who have watched the progress of photographic
exhibitions that the main interest centres more and more each year in the artistic
side of photography. This is a gratifying acknowledgement of the claims of
pictorial photograph)• to r011k as an art.
Your committee having this fact in view and also feeling that there is now
no lack of good material for the purpose are disposed to recommend that at
future exhibitions a rigid system of selection be instituted, only pictures of de-
cided artistic merit being admitted and hung. The admission of a picture in
itself would be an honor independent of any further awards it may be expedient
to offer. While an exhibition so conducted would include a much smaller num-
ber of pictures the average quality would be of a higher grade and the interest
and value of the exhibition would be increased accordingly. An exhibition of
this character, the work being selected by a careful and competent jury, would
tend greatly to elevate the standing of art in the community, and would attract
attention as an exhibition of pictttres and not as a show of mere 'photographs.'"
This report was signed by Robert S. Redfield, Edmund Stirling, C. R.
Pancoast, John G. Bullock and Charles L. Mitchell, M. D., and was read as part
of the official report of the Board and so filed.
Quoting the above portion of the report of the Exhibition Committee of
18g3 in its official report, the Salon Committee of 18gB, consisting of George
Vaux, Jr., John G. Bullock and Robert S. Redfield, continued "In Vienna and
Brussels exhibitions on these lines had already been successfully held. Follow-
ing their initiative, the Camera Club of London held an experimental "Invita-
tion Exhibition" of "Photographic Pictures of the Year" in the Autumn of
18g2. Out of this experiment appears to have grown the Annual London
"Photographic Salon," first held in the Autumn of I8gJ.
It will be seen from the foregoing historical facts that the preliminary
movement in this countrv for an exhibition on Salon lines dates back to about
1893 and that this society was prominently connected therewith.
* * * * * * *
The importance of thorough art training was recognized as essential to the
*
highest success. Photographers became art students at the regular art schools,
and art students began to practice photography seriously, and to thoroughly
master its technique as a means of artistic expression.
Articles frequently appeared in the press bewailing the lack of opportunities
for such exhibitions and advocating the establishment of a Salon. A few at-
tempts were made with partial success to establish exhibitions having special
"Salon" sections. The time did not appear to have arrived for full success,
Pictorial Movement in Photography and the Significance of the Modern Photographic
Salon"; Pllotograms, 1899, article on the American School : Photo grams. 1900, article on
the American School: CAMERA NOTES, Vol. V., No. 2, article on Linked Ring; in all of
which the position of the pictorial photographic movement, its aims and purposes are care-
iully recorded.
 CAMERA NOTES.

friends were distinctly unfriendly to the Salon and all those immediately con-
nected with it and the pictorial movement is putting it very mildly.
Since affixing his name to the report of the Exhibition Committee in 18g3,
Dr. Mitchell's views on the Exhibition question had changed very materially,
and as the Dr. has not hesitated to place himself on record it will not be a diffi-
cult task to arrive at an understanding of what this gentleman's position on the
pictorial question was at the time he made Mr. Chapman his candidate for the
presidency of the P. S. of P.
We have already seen from the "Report of the Exhibition Committee
1893"* that the Dr. advocated the "rigid system of selection" for future exhi-
bitions as an exhibition thus conducted "would tend greatly to elevate the stand-
ing of art in the community and would attract attention as an exhibition of
picturl's and not as a show of mere "photographs" (the word pict~tres is italicised
in the original report).
We next hear from Dr. Mitchell on the Salon question in 1899 after the first
Salon had been held at Philadelphia, when at a stated meeting of the Society he
offered the following resolution which I understand was intended as far as possi-
ble to keep mere artists and painters off future juries and which was adopted :
Resoh•ed, That in future public exhibitions of photographs conducted by the
Photographic Society of Philadelphia, or in which it takes a part, it be considered
the sense of the Society that the judges, or members of the jury of selection or
award, or as many of them as possible should be persons skilled in both the art
and technique of photography." t

• See Journal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, October, 1893, p. 43 et seq.

tSee Journal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia. January, 1899, Vol. V .. No.
I. In the light of this resolution, some insight can be gotten into the doctor's ethical
attitude towards the Salon by reviewing the doctor's unqualified condemnation of the Jury
of the 1900 Salon after that jury had rejected many of the pict•tres of the "Rational School.''
Remember that the doctor asserts that the shortcomings and taults of the members of this
jury were known for several years: also bear in mind th3t the names of the jury were
publicly announced in Philadelphia Society months before the Salon, and that the doctor
offered the above resolution. The members of the jury of 1900, if all that Dr. 1\.fitchell
charges were true, were not proper persons to act as jurors under that resolution, and yet
the doctor so loud in his condemnation after the Salon did not feel it his duty
to protest against them before. Certainly it was from no desire to spare their feelings,
for the doctor has always been bravely outspoken as the following will clearly show. In
a review of the Salon published in the American Amateur Photographer December, 1900,
after condemning in singularly unbridled language the pictures by the Jury of Selection,
he writes: "Such is the work of the Jury of Selection, and when one considers it col-
lectively and realizes how utterly inartistic it is, after all, and what l"l•idence of insufficient
photographic knowledge it shows-with perhaps the exception of Mr. Stieglitz-the ques-
tion arises, how can the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, known for the past thirty
years and more as exacting the highest standards of artistic and photographic excellence,
rest content with such insufficient individuals to select its types of true artistic pho-
tography?" While in his article on the 1900 Salon in the Photo-American he informs
us that the jury was composed of "five of the mQst representative cranks and freak
photographers of the United States who for the pas-t few years have deluged the photo-
praphic public with their bad photography, worse art," etc.
If the Dr. knew all this so well why did he not feel called upon to bring it to the notice
of his society when the names of Alfred Stieglitz, Gertrude Kasebier, Garence H. White,
Frank Eugene, and Eva Lawrence Watson were first proposed as jurors? It was his clear
duty as a loyal member of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia. whose time-honored
reputation of thirty years' standing he champions so feelingly in the paragraph quoted from
the American An~<~teur Photographer.
Was it because he knew that when it came to proving these allegations that he could
not substantiate them, as every member of that jury was "skilled in the art and technique of
photography" to a very high degree and that their skill had been recognized by all com-
petent judges throughout the entire photographic world-and that it was because of their
unquestionable standing that they had been thus selected to serve ?-or was it because-but I
have pledged myself not to hunt for motives so I will leave the reader to draw his own
conclusions.
--- ~
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

At the December stated meeting of the P. S. of P. (Dec. 12, 1900) "The

following preamble and resolutions introduced at the November stated meeting
by Charles L. Mitchell, M.D., and made the special order for consideration (at
his request) at this meeting were laid' before the Society."
"Whereas, There exists at the present time much dissatisfaction among
the members of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia on account of the un-
due prominence which has been given by the management to what is termed
the New School of Photography, particularly, as shown in the work exhibited
at the present Salon; therefore be.it resolved-
First. That the Photographic Society of Philadelphia invites its members,
and all others who have had pictures rejected by the Jury of Selection of the
present Salon, to submit !;UCh pictures to the Society for public exhibition, that
this exhibition be publicly announced in the Photographic Journals and else·
where, and that it take place in conjunction with the regular exhibition of the
work of the members usually given in January.
"Second. That the Photographic Society of Philadelphia deems it inexpe-
dient to connect itself further with the management of the Philadelphia Photo-
graphic Salon as at present constituted."
Dr. Mitchell asked permission to withdraw the first resolution, but objection
was made and it was first taken up for action.
Samuel Sartain moved to amend by striking out the words "and all others"
2nd "that this exhibition be publicly announced in the Photo. Journals and else-
where."
Dr. Mitchell accepted the amendment. The question being taken on the first
resolution as amended, it was rejected. The second resolution having been
called up, Dr. Mitchell asked and was given permission to substitute the word
"conducted" for "constituted."
James E. Wilson moved to postpone action on the whole subject for the
present. It was not agreed to.
The question being taken upon the second resolution, it was also rejected.
George Vaux, Jr., (against whom Mr. Chapman ran for the presidency)
said that it was due to the Society that the allegations contained in the preamble
to the resolution should be ventilated.
J. Horace McFarland moved the adoption of a declaration that the pream-
ble in question is not the sense of the Society. It was agreed to." *
It appears from the foregoing that it is the Dr.'s personal opinion that at
the Salon of 1900 undue prominence was given to "what is termed the New
School of Photography" particularly as shown in the work exhibited at the Salon
--and that there existed much dissatisfaction among the members of the Photo-
graphic Society of Philadelphia on that account-and that he wished to impose
this opinion of his on the Society as its official opinion and that the Society not
only refused to adopt his views but officially repudiated them.
It appears further that the Dr. wished the Society to sever its connection
with the Photographic Salon as then constituted or conducted.
The question that here naturally presents itself is-what did this New
School elsewhere referred to by the Dr. as the "Ultra-Salonists" "the mop and
pail brigade," the "Oscar Wilde School of Photography," the "Photographic
Oscar Wildes," the "Disciples of the Oscar Wilde School," the "Fady School,"
the "Stained Glass Attitude School of Photography," the "high-priests of
'Fakes,' affectation, eccentricity and egotism," and the Salon "as at present con-
ducted" stand for and in the way of, that Dr. Mitchell should be moved to

*See Journal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 7, No. 1.

287
 CAJIERA NOTES.

assume such an uncompromising attitude of antagonism and opposition towards

it; and what did the Ur. and h1s followers repres~:nt and want in place of the
Salon "as at present conducted ?"
Let the Dr. answer for himself. Among the various more or less pic-
turesque names used by the Dr. to designate those whom he so bitterly opposed
the only one that conveys any really measurable or definite meaning is that of
Ultra-Salonists, the others being more of the character of nicknames, pet names
and the like. Those to whom the Dr. and his party were opposed were ULTRA-
SALONISTS, that is uncompromising advocates of the most advanced sort of pic-
torial photographic Salon as that tenn is generally understood to-day.
And what was it the Dr. and his "Rational School" of photography repre-
sented in opposition to this and what did they want? Let Dr. Mitchell speak
again. "In concluding this review of the Third Philadelphia Salon," writes
the Dr. in his strenuous article in the Amateur Photographer, Dec., I9QO-One
cannot but feel strongly, in considering the class and number of photographs
exhibited, how narrow and limited is the field here represented. There is no
architecture, but little landscape,* very little gc11re work, no examples of the
progress of photography in scientific application, no illustrative or decorative
schemes, :ind mainly a collection of portrait t studies-most of them bad.
When photography is advancing by leaps and bounds, as it is to-day, when its
application in medicine, in science, in newspaper and periodical illustrations, in
color work, etc., etc., is being daily extended and made more universal, it seems
short-sighted to confine an exhibition of photographs to the products of the dis-
ciples of one narrow, limited, rather egotistical school. A more broad and
catholic view should be taken of the matter. Let our friends of the "stained
glass attitude" school of photography show their efforts if they want to; they
will at least serve to turn a merry jest and lend variety to the exhibition. t But
extend its scope, let all other methods of photographic expression be also given
a showing, and let the walls of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts be lined
with the latest and highest and most interesting developments of photography
in all its phases. It is time there should be more variety in photographic exhi-
bitions, and there is no organization better qualified, on account of its age, its
experience, its conservative character, and its recognized hig-h standard of work,
to inaugurate such a movement, than the Photographic Society of Philadelphia."
There we have it at last. Dr. Mitchell and his "Rational School of Photog-
raphy" stand for an exhibition masquerading under the name of Salon that is in
no sense of the word a Salon as that term is understood in the pictorial world but
a general exhibition on the wall of the Academy of Fine Arts of "the latest, and
most interesting developments of photography in all its phases." This exhibi-
tion is not to be conducted independently of the Salon but the scope of the Salot'
is to be broadened to include it.~

* Out of a total of 204 prints there were over forty land!K:apes properly so called-figure
studies with the landscape used simply as a background and not as part of the picture not
being included. In other words the landscapl's represented over one-sixth of the total num-
ber of pictures shown.
t There were le~s than sixty portrait studies properly so called, representing something
Jess than a fourth of the total number of print~ shown. Landscapes and portraits together
represl"nted less than fifty per cent. of the entire show. What. then. becomes of the state-
ment that the exhibition was mainly a collection of portrait studies?
:!:See Reviews of Third Photographic Salnn. by Chas. L. MitchPII. 'f. D .. Am. Amntl'ur
Photog,.apht'r, Dec., 1900; Photo-American, Dec., 1900; Letter to F. Dundas Todd, Photo
Beacon, May, 1901.
§In reviewing the Salor. of 1900. and before Dr. Mitchell's luminous articles had ap-
peared, I wrote of those who for some whill' had heen snarlin!l at the Salon and its manage-
ment. after having impartially and thorou~rhlv examinec:t their utterances and where they,
in rare instances. gave any. their reasons. "The mistake of the element that now raises the
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PH/LADELP/1/A SALON.

Let us now tum for a moment to Mr. S. Hudson Chapman. At tht- De-
cember meeting, 1900, of the Photographic Society it was announced that the
Allison Cup offered for the best examples of photographic illustrations to a
given theme had been awarded him for a series of photographs illustrating "The
Parable of the Sower." In making the aw_ard the committee expressed their
regret that there-had been no competing pictures, Mr. Chapman's being the only
entry; yet feding that the quality of Mr. Chapman's work deserved recogni-
tion they had made the award. The prints receiving the award had been· re-
jected at the Salon. Considerable stress was laid on this fact by certain mem-
bers of the "Rational School." Whether the circumstances that he had won
the Allison Cup on prints rejected at the Salon had any bearing on his nomin-
ation for the Presidency by the "Rational School" is an open question-but in
due time he became their candidate for that office.
We will now place the names of the candidates for the presidency of the
P. S. of P. in Igc>I, each at the head of a column and beneath the platform that
each represents-so that by paralleling the two we can discover more clearlv in
which respect these platforms differ. ·
Regular Candidates for Contesting Candidate for
President, GEo. VAux, }R. President, S. HuDSON CHAPMAN.
Vice-President, FREDERICK lvEs. Vice-President, SAMUEL SARTAIN.
This ticket was nominated on a These gentlemen were placed in
platform involving all the best inter- nomination bv the "Rational School"
ests of the Society. Neither Mr. Vaux 1
solely on the Salon issue.
nor Mr. Ives were extreme Salonists. I "When photography is advancing
As the report of the Salon Com- I by leaps and bounds, as it is to-day,
mittee had been read and accepted by 1 when its application in medicine, in
the Society and as that Committt"e had science, in newspaper and periodical
been reappointed to carry on the work 1 illustration, in color work, etc., etc., is
of the 1901 Salon, their policy bt"came i being daily extended and made more
part of the Society's official policy and 1 universal, it seems short sighted to
hence part of the regular platform. 1 confine an exhibition of photographs
Therefore by presenting a statement 1
to the products of disciples of one
of the policy of the Salon Committee narrow, limited, rather egotistical
of 1900 as approved by the Society we 1 school. A more broad and catholic
will show the policy of the Society on view should be taken of the matter.
the Salon question. Let our friends of the "Stained Glass
"An exhibition of artistic photo- Attitude" show their efforts if they
graphs." · want to: they will at least serve to turn
Thus was designated the exhibition a merry jest and lend variety to the
first suggested by the Pennsylvania exhibition. But extend its scope, let all
Academy of Fine Arts in 18<)8. other methods of photographic expres-
This suggestion from an institution sion be also given a showing, and let
of such high standing in the art world the walls of the Pennsylvania Acad-
hue and cry against the Salon lies in their total misunderstanding of the Salon's meaning and
purpose. They evidently want an all-round, opl'n-to-all exhibition of photographs, fine u
such, with no regard to the pedantic limitations of art. The Salon was never intended to
be such an exhibition-yet instead of following the example of the photographic pictorial
wing of the body photographic. and getting up the sort of exhibition they desire, they must
needs-without taking the trouble to un<krstand the significance of and purpose of the salon
-enter their photographs in ~uch an exhibition. agreeing to all the prescribed conditions.
and when. as was inevitable. their work is rejected. they rise in their ire. abuse in extremist
terms all those connected with the movement. attribute tC\ them mean or dishonorable mo-
tives, damn all the accepted pictures as vile freaks and monstrosities, and finally try to
crush the Salon itself."
It seems to me that subsequent circumstances have borne me out.
 CAMERA NOTES.

was deemed an important recognition emy of Fine Arts be lined with the lat-
of the artistic possibilities of photog- est and the highest and the most inter-
raphy. It afforded opportunity for esting developments of photography
establishing in America an exhibition in all its phases.
of the highest rank, devoted exclu- It is time that there should be more
sively to the artistic or pictorial side of variety in photographic exhibitions and
photography. It gave the Society an there is no organization better quali-
opportunity to keep abreast of the fied, on account of its age, its experi-
times, by actively encouraging an ap- ence, its conservative character, and its
plication of world-wide and steadily recognized high standard of work, to
increasing interest, to show its liberai inaugurate such .a movement than the
and progressive spirit. Much misap- Photographic Society of Philadelphia.
prehension appears to exist with re- But, at the present time, there is get-
gard to the scope of the Salon. In no ting to be too much "Bunthorne and
sense was it ever either a general or a the Lily" business about photographic
competitive exhibition. The Society is salons.
and always has been entirely free to There is too much sentiment, too
encourage more general application of many "twenty love sick maidens"
photography alon~ any lines it may see hanging on the accents of a few pho-
fit. Your Commtttee have been con- tographic Oscar Wildes and imitating
cerned only with the special duties for their productions. There are too
which they were appointed. many "impressions" and too few clear-
In adopting the name of the "Phila- ly conceived, thoroughly expressed
delphia Photographic Salon," the in- realities ; too few real pictures and too
tention has been to establish an exhibi- muc.-h trash." t
tion following the lines of the origi-
nal "Photographic Salon," organized
by a body of independent pictorial
photographers, some eight years ago
in London. As properly applied in
connection with photography the term
"Salon" thus stands for an exhibition
devoted exclusively to the artistic ap-
plication of photography."*
As Dr. Mitchell stated his view:. un the salon question so frankly and pub-
licly, directly connecting the Photographic Society of Philadelphia with his theo-
ries and calling upon it by name to adopt his policy and to change the charac-
ter of the Salon from a purely pictorial to an exhibition of "the latest and highest
and most interesting developments of photography in all its phases, we are pre-
cluded from believing-either that the Philadelphia Society was not aware of
the significance of its act in electing Mr. Chapman over the regular candidate
or that Mr. Chapman accepted the nomination at the hands of Mr. Mitchell and
his friends as their contesting candidate against the regular candidate of the
Society, without being fully conscious of the nature and objects of the cause he
represented. Mr. Chapman was elected on the 10th of April. On the I Ith, Dr.
Mitchell wrote the following letter to Mr. Todd of the Photo-Beacon:
PHILADELPHIA, PA., APRIL II, I9QI.
Mr. F. Thomas Todd, Editor PnoTo-BEACON, Chicago, Ill.
DEAR SIR-At the annual election of the Photographic Society of Phila-
delphia, held last evening, Mr. George Vaux, the candidate of the Ultra-Salon-
*See Journal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, Vol: 7, No. 2, p 20. Report
of committee representing the Photographic Society of Philadelphia in the management of
the Third Photographic Salon.
tThe Third Philadelphia SaiQn. By Dr. Chas. L. Mitchdl, M. D., American Amateur
Photograf'her, December, 1900; p. 568.
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

ists, was defeated for election by Mr. S. Hudson Chapman, a good representa-
tive photographer of the rational school of photography, was elected president
by a decided majority.*
It is also rumored unofficially that the management of the Academy of Fine
Arts have stated that if another Salon is held there, conducted on the same lines
as the Salon of Igoc>, it will result in closing the doors of the Academy to all
future exhibition. t
*
Thus ends the rule of the "mop and pail'' brigade in the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia, and I confidently look for a new and improved state of
affairs, when good honest photography will come to the front, and a fair and
honest representation will be given to all schools and methods of photographic
expression.
With kind regards, I am very truly yours,
CHARJ.ES M. MITCHELL, M. D. §

By this letter we see that Dr. Mitchell looked upon Mr. Chapman's election
as a victory for his party, and that through him he expected a radical change in
the management of the Salon that would open it to "all schools and methods of
photographic expression."
Let us now again take up Mr. Chapman's observations at the June meeting
of the Philadelphia Society anent the scope of the exhibition.
First, he says:
""The scope of the exhibition at the Academy of Fine Arts is clearly incli-
cated by the auspices under which it is held, that of the Academy of Fine Arts
and the Photographic Society."
I quite agree with him that the scope of the exhibition is indicated by the
auspices under which it is held-and ask if that auspices be inauspicious to the
pictorial cause, what then?
Next, he says :
"This union denotes that it is an exhibition of artistic photographs, of the
the results of photography as a fine art, the making of pictures by photography."
The union denotes nothing of the kind if one of the parties to it is pledged
to make that exhibition an exhibition of the latest and highest and most interest-
ing devt'lopments of photography in all phases.
Next, he says :
"There has been some misapprehension of its (the exhibition's) purpose,
I fear, by a few of our members, and I would direct their attention, as I have
mentioned, to its scope, and that it is not an exhibition of photography in
general."
This statement is very remarkable in any light. If Mr. Chapman uttered
it in all sincerity-and always believed it and yet nevertheless consented to run
against the candidate of the pictorial party as the candidate for the "few of our
members" who were under misapprehension concerning the scope of the exhibi-
tion, it seems to me that he was false to those who nominated him-to the society
and to himself as a man.
While, if on the other hand, this statement was made because he realized
that the task before him was a very d:fficult one and that he had to proceed with
the greatest "diplomacy" and trap the pictorial party into helping him to puli
*Three.
tA bit hard on the 1900 Salon to make it close the doors of all future exhibitions at
the Academy. What would the painters and sculptors say?
:t:We have to thank Mr. Todd. I believe. for having mad~ this valuable addition to the
technical art terms of our pictorial photographic vocabulary.-]. T. K.
~I'IH'fo-Beacoll, 1\fay, 1901; p. 140.

291
 CA.\IERA NOTES.

down their own work of past years--by a few disarming words, such as these,
his estimate of the judgment and perception of those whom he addressed was
unworthy of an ordinary intelligent mind.
But what did he do while thus reassuring the Society?
The Salon Committee of 1900 had been reappointed for the Salon of 1901
at the instance of the Society and had already catered upon its labors and accom-
plished much work. This committee had been in charge of the Salon from the
start and had won the confidence of the pictorial photographic world.
When Mr. Chapman was elected they placed their resignations in his hands.
Did he reappoint them as he practically reappointed all of the old committees?
No, he accepted their resignations, saying that he considered it "bad policy
for a committee to exercise its functions under a president who did not appoint
them" (he could have gotten over that by appointing them himself) "and with
whom they might 1101 be in accord."
:Messrs. Redfield and Stirling were reappointed to the Publication Com-
mittee on which they had previously served and on the committee on Club Print
Exhibitions. They could be in accord with him on these committees but not on
the Salon Committee. Of course not, for he was pledged to the turning of the
Salon into a general photographic exhibition and they to the preservation of the
Salon as a purely pictorial exhibition of the highest order.
By not reappointing this committee Mr. Chapman lost his one claim to the
confidence of the pictorial element in the photographic world, just as by the elec-
tion of Mr. Chapman, the Philadelphia Society lost prestige in pictorial matters
and the Philadelphia Salon fell and ceased to be so far as the P. S. of P. is con-
cerned for good and all.
Taking advantage of the work already done by the committee which he had
retired, ~1r. Chapman and his committee proceeded to prepare for his Salon.
He did not come out boldly and explain the real significance of the declared
purpose to ''broaden the scope'' of the previous Salon. Xeither did he declare
himself as opposed to the platform on which he had been elected and in favor of
that of the gentleman whom he had defeated for the presidency. Instead, after
announcing the acceptance of the resignations of the old committee and the ap-
pointment of the new committee, with himself at its head, he proceeded to ad-
dress the Society on how to make a work of art by means of the Camera, begin-
ning with a direct reference to the Allison Cup, which shortly before had been
awarded him and incidentally using the "whole subtle attribute of charm" of

*Table ·showing committt'es as they were constructed before Mr. Chapman's adminis-
tration ( 1900) and as reconstructed by him on his election ( 1901) :
Com. on Meetings ...... 19QO-Stokes, Jennings. Firmin.
IQOI-Stokes, Adamson. Firmin.
House Committee ...... 19QO-Robt'rts, Bullock, Geisse.
1901-Roberts. Bullock.
Library Committee ..... 19QO-l\filler, Sharp, Troth.
1901-Miller, Abbott. Troth.
Lantern Slide Com ..... I9QO-Rau, Vaux. Adam~on.
1901-Rau. Vaux. Adamson.
Membership Com ...... 1900-Robinson, Troth, Pancoa~t.
1901-Robinson, Troth, Pancoast.
Publication Com ....... 19QO-Stirling, Vaux, Redfield.
1901-Stirling. Sharp. Redfield.
Finance Committee .... 19QO-Vaux, Stokes, Bullock.
1901-Sartain. Stokes. Bnllock.
Print Exhibitiun Com .. IQO<r-Stirling, Adamson. Rei'! field. l\fi~s Watson Mrs. Sharp.
1901-Stirling. Adamson, Redfield, Miss Watson.
Technical Committee ... J9QO-Vaux, Miller, Hem•ley. Firmin. Adam~on, Abbott.
1!)01-Vattx, Miller, Du Bois. Firmin. Adamson. Abbott.
This table is arranged so as to compare names and simply shows when a change
occurred in the composition of a committee who replaced the retiring member.

292
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

"Good Ground" one of the series of prints on which this cup has been awarded
him to illustrate his meaning. . He even expresses his wonder that the Society
should have given over so much time to the study of technical matters and prac-
tically none to "what is vastly more important, the making of the picture."
Speaking for the artist, he tells his hearers that with artists technical matters
''are of the most trivial consideration, and proposes a series of art lectures for
the Society." and then the maker of the "Sower" series to which the Allison
Cup had been awarded assures his hearers that-"The success of the picture
depends on the artistic spirit of the individual artist, who directs the forming
of the picture from its conception to its final rendition." All this is very edifying
and instructive, especially when we consider its source; and peculiarly significant
when we remember that the speaker is the man who ran against Mr. Vaux who
stood for the pictorial Salon and artistic photography-is the man who has just
retired the original Salon committee that had already been appointed to conduct
the Salon of 1901 and had actively entered upon its duties, because "they might
not be in accord" with him-is the man who has carefully avoided honestly de-
claring himself on the Salon subject.
What of his remarks anent the scope of the Salon you may ask? They are
a clear evasion of the issue and amount to nothing more than a statement that
the scope of the exhibitions held under the auspices of the Academy and Society
is not that of an exhibition of photography in general.
Beyond indicating that the scope is clearly indicated by the auspices under
which it is held, he refrains from announcing what that scope will be under his
administration, though it is clearly evident that considerable doubt exists on the
subject, nor does he bind himself in any way to preserve the original purpose of
the Salon-not even when he knows that this very question has divided the
Society into two bitter and hostile camps, and when he recognizes the necessity
and openly admits it by his words, of saying something of a reassuring nature
to those that fear that the scope of the Salon is to be changed and the Salon it-
self turned into a general photographic exhibition, or as Dr. Mitchell more ele-
gantly puts it, an e:~:hibition of "the latest and highest and most interesting de-
velopments of photography in all its phases."
Did Mr. Chapman's "diplomatic reserve" deceive? To some extent it did
-for example, I am confident that there were certain members of the Jury of the
Exhibition held in 1901 at the Academy of Fine Arts who would not have lent
their names to the affair had they been conversant with the circumstances and
who now feel that they "have been placed in a false position"-and there were
to my certain knowledge persons who exhibited at that 1901 exhibition who
would have not participated therein had they then known the facts, who were
deceived in a word by the use of the term Salon, etc., and who took it for
granted that the exhibition was under the same aupices as in the past because
the "management" was so discreetly silent and because the members of the old
Salon Committee felt in honor bound to hold their peace, which they did
scrupulously.
But those who had kept abreast of the times. who have followed Dr. ~!itch­
ell's course and utterances in the newspapers, photographic press and the Journal
of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia-who, in a word, were in touch with
photographic matters and who had the Salon and the pictorial cause seriously
at heart were not deceived. They thoroughly understood the situation-beheld
with astonishment the vacillating and unaccountable conduct of the Philadelphia
Society which first sustained the Salon Committee and the pictorial cause and
immediately afterward elected Mr. Chapman, the candidate of the bitter oppo-
nents of that committee and cause; fully realized that the Philadelphia Society
not only no longer stood for the advanced photographic pictorial Salon, but that
it was actually pledged to "broaden" that Salon into a general exhibition of
293
 C.4.MERA .'\'OTES.

photography in all its phases while still preserving the Salon name and con-
tinuing to hold it in the galleries of the Academy of Fine Arts. They quite un-
derstood that the holding of such an exhibition in the art galleries would undo
what they had labored so hard and earnestly to bring about-the retognition of
the purely artistic side of photography by the Academy of Fine Arts-as tht
holding of a general exhibition of photography in all its phases in the same gal-
leries and under the same auspices and name as the advanced pictorial Salon
would rob all the three previous pictorial exhibitions of their significance and
force in the art world and with the public and put the pictorial cause back to
where it had started and by great effort struggled away from. And knowing
all this they refused to be persuaded or trapped into assisting in the undomg of
their own labors and the sacrificing of their own cause by participating in or
countenancing in any way the so-called Salon of 1901. This is why the Linked
Ring, and all those seriously and honestly interested in the advance and welfare
of artistic pictorial photography, withheld from showing prints at the photo-
graphic exhibition held at the Academy of Fine Arts of Philadelphia last year
and refused to support or countenance it in any way whatever.
Mr. Chapman was hardly in the presidential office before he made a pilgrim-
age to New York to try and get this magazine to pledge him its support. The
editor of the magazine emphatically refused to do so in my hearing, saying that
the magazine was pledged to the best interests of pictorial photography and its
constant advancement and fully ready to support all those who were ablf to
prove that they too were honestly interested in and committed to the pictorial
cause-but till he had proven himself beyond any question of doubt-it would
pledge itself to ~oman-not even Mr. Chapman.*
Those connected with CAMERA NoTEs, like all those actively interested in
pictorial matters, understood only too well, so far as the Philadelphia Society
was concerned and the exhibition to be held under its auspices in the Academy
of Fine Arts in Ig<>I, that the cause of the pictorial Salon had declined and
fallen. And that henceforward, from present appearances, they must look else-
where for a home and sponsor ior the pictorial Photographic Salon. In the
hands of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, and the Academy of Fine
Arts it seemed no longer safe.
Should the Society wish to retrace its steps, it will be an uphill task for it to
regain the confidence of the pictorial photographic world, for what had hap-
pened once, it might reasonably be supposed, at any moment could happen again.
The Photographic Society of Philadelphia had voluntarily taken up and
pledged itself to the advanced pictorial movement as expressed by the advanced
Salon, and for three years it had held to its trust and won the confidence of all
concerned, and then suddenly, without warning, it had gone back on its pledge
and betrayed its trust. That trust must from now on be consigned to other
hands.
When the up-hill labor of filling the walls of the Academy of Fine Arts with
the pictures that went to make up the so-called Salon of 1901 had been com-
pleted, and after that remarkable exhibition t had been opened to the public and
while it was yet upon the Academy walls, the Photographic Society of Philadel-
phia finally, officially and definitely set at rest such doubts as the "diplomatic
reserve" (failing in the notices of the exhibition to state its real purpose) might
have raised in certain minds as to which course it actually espoused in the
pictorial controversy.
*I have since been told that this gentleman went back to Philadelphia and gave it out
that CAMERA NoTES was pledged to his support. In view of the above facts I cannot
believe this possible-but as the impression was conveyed in wme mannPr-perhaps quite
innocently-! think it best to set that misleading impression right---<>nce and for a11-in
justice to Mr. Chapman and to CAMERA NoTES.
t This exhibition contained 295 exhibits, 14 of which were not catalogued; 90 of the
294
 T-HE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

Under date of December 1oth, 19(>1, the following letter was sent to certain
members of the Society; and as it is purely a campaigning document, being a
precise statement of the platform on which its writer stands, and on the merits
.of which he solicits his correspondent's vote, it is entirely proper that it should
be published.
It will serve the double purpose of showing the photographic world the
exact significance of the situation and of affording those members of the Society
who were so inadvertently forgotten when it was being so industriously circu-
lated, to familiarize themselves with the contents of a document with which so
many of their fellow-members were honored.
MR. BLANK-"Dear Sir:-
"At the request of a number of prominent members of the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia, I have consented to the use of my name as a candidate
for a member of the Board of Directors, to fill the vacancy caused by the election
of Mr. Chas. R. Pancoast, as Secretary.
"You are probably aware that for the past two or three years a certain few
members of our Society have constituted themselves a small clique, and have
arrogated to themselves the entire management of the affairs of our Society.
This has caused much dissatisfaction, particularly as regards the method in
which the previous photographic Salons have been conducted. At the last
annual election our members showed their disapprobation of this course by
electing a new president,* who was pledged to carry out a more liberal policy.
"Since this election these gentlemen, instead of acquiescing in the decision
of the majority and cordially joining in whatever measures were proposed for
the advancement of our Society, have pursued a 'dog in the manger' policy, and
as long as they could not 'rule' have tried to 'ruin' by using every effort to
embarrass and annoy the present administration.
"As you probably know, my position in the matter has been pretty well
defined by myself on the floor of the Societv during the last two years. t
I am not committed to any narrow-minded, ultra or partisan course,t but
stand for liberal and proper representation for all the different interests in pho-
entire number appearing not to have come before the jury (invitation prints) as against
86 of the year previous. Of these 90 prints, 7 bore no title and no exhibition name, and
were very conventional hand-colored photographs of Japanese subjects. Even Mr. Yellott,
whom Dr. Mitchell and the photographic press to some extent, indorse, feels called upon
in his article on this year's exhibition to excuse its "concessions." "The ill effects," he
writes, "of this so-called concession-(! am glad to see that he admits that "concession"
is not the correct term)-to popular opinion are occasionally seen in this year's exhibition,
as when we now and then see a picture which we feel to be out of place, and turn to the
catalogue to find that the author (I fancy this is a verbal error and that 1\lr. Yellott means
artist-as "author" in this instance would really refer to himself) "that the author is
represented by but that one. But these are quite rare-so rare, in fact, that only the most
bigoted would fail to find for them a good excuse."
• This statement conveys a misleading impression, of course unintentional on the part
of the writer of the letter, of course inadvertent. It would appear from it that the old
president had run and been defeated. As a matter of fact the retiring president, MT.
Redfield, had refused to permit the use of his name. The nomination committee had after
this nominated Mr. Vaux, by no means an "Ultra Salonist," and it was after this that
Mr. Chapman was induced to represent the "rational school." Therefore in the event of
the election of either-the elected candidate must needs be a "new president."
t What! is it possible then that the writer of this letter when the other side was in
control of things by the will of the majority-for thus onlr could they have been elected-
also-"instead of acquiescing in the decision of the majonty~ordially joined in whatever
measures were proposed have pursued a 'dog in the manger' policy?" Surely never coald
that have been possible. Yet how otherwise are we to take his frank assertion of two
years of open and constant opposition to the will of the majority.
:j: How about the will of the majority and the report of the Exhibition Committee of
1893? See I o•rnal of Photographic Society of Philadelphia, Vol. 1., No. 7, p. 43, et seq.
295
 CAMERA NOTES.

tography, and most especially for 'fair play' and honest, open and above-hoard
dealings. I believe that you are in full sympathy with the present administration
of the Society, and the policy which has been instituted, and I therefore, being in
full accordance with its a1ms and purposes, solicit your support. I trust that you
will favor me by your presence at the meeting of the Society on December the
I Ith, and by casting your vote for me as Director, I am,
"Very truly yours,
"CHARLES L. MITCHELL."

After informing his correspondent that a "certain few members of our

Society have formed a chque" and arrC'gated to themselves the entire manage-
ment of the affairs of our Society, and saying that he stands for "fair play" and
"honest, open and above board dealings," he sends this letter to those whom he
believes are in full sympathy with the "preseut administration of the Society,"
soliciting them to vote for him as director.
Is this a clique or only a combination?
This letter, written on the office letter-head paper of Charles L. :\fitchell,
M. D .. Manufacturing Chemist. etc., and signed Charles L. ~1itchell, is remark-
able for the following reasons:-
It recites first that the writer has been requested by a number of the promi-
nent members of the Society to allow the use of his name as candidate for a
member of the 1:oard of Directors and that he has consented to have it so used.
It alleges that for the past two or three years the affairs of the Society ha1•e
beeu in the ha11ds of a few members who ha<-•e constituted a small cliq11e and
arrogated to themsel·ves entire ma,agemeut.
How was it possible for a small "clique" to run the affairs of the Societ~
for two or three years when its management had caused "much dissatisfaction,"
particularly among the prominent members who requested the writer of this
letter to be their candidate-when those dissatisfied members alwavs had the
constitutional prerogative of contesting the right of the "clique" to manage the
affairs of the Society-by going before the alleged much dissatisfied Society at
the annual elections with a candidate of their own-who, if what is alleged was
true, would certainly have been elected by an overwhelming majority?
The writer further declares that he is neither narrow-minded nor partisan
and that he stands most especially for "fair play" and "honest, open and above-
board dealing." The clear implication of this is that this "clique" was narrow-
minded, partisan and dishonest and unfair and underhanded in its dealings
The unavoidable deduction from this, taken with the declaration that this clique
managed to arrogate to themselves the entire management of the affairs of the
Society is that the said clique kept in office through "dishonest and unfair and
underhand methods.*
• A charge of this character made in the heat of oral debate may be passed over as
the result of hasty impulse-but made in writing after mature deliberation and for the
purpose of affecting the personal standing and honor of the members of an organization
referred to thereby calls for the most careful consideratio'l. If proven, the convicted
persons should be forced to resign from the society-for persons guilty of "dishonest,"
"unfair" and underhand methods are not fit to be members of a reputable organization
ancl the associates of honorable people. If disproven the person or persons making the
charge should be called strictly to account for their degrading allegations and dealt with
accordingly. Such course the Philadelphia Society did not feel called upon to pursue. It
not only let such statements so seriously affecting the character of such old and valued
members as Messrs. Bullock, Redfield, Stirling, Vaux and others go unchallenged-but
by its course gave to the charges the stamp of its approval. The sequel is this, as has
recently come to my knowledge through a statement by the above named gentlemen that
was recently received by this magazine and will be found cl•~where in thi• number. These
gentlemen it appears, finally discovered what had been alleged of them and thereupon
prepared a statement of their position and a refutation of the charges made. This they
endeavored to have brought officially before the society. Th:s they were not permitted to
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

They are further charged with having pursued a dog-in-the-manger policy

towards whatever measures were proposed for the advancement of the Society
and with having tried to "ruin" because they could not rule the Society. It is
alleged that the management of the previous photographic Salons by this
"'clique" has been the particular cause of dissatisfaction and that at the last
annual meeting the members showed their disapprobation by electing a new
president tuho uw pledged to carry out a more liberal policy. The writer of this
letter then declares himself to be in "full accordance" with the "aims and pur-
poses" of this new administration, that his position in the matter has been pretty
well defined during the last two years, that he stands for ""liberal and proper
representation of all the different interests in photography" and most especially
for "fair play" and honest, open and above-board dealings; and on the strength
of all this he solicits the support of his correspondent and asks him to cast his
vote for Charles L. Mitchell as Director.
It seems that despite the "large majority" that elected Mr. Chapman, Dr.
Mitchell, like Mr. Chapman, felt the necessity of resorting to a little election-
eering to ensure his election. It was unkind and indelicate on the part of the
"prominent members who asked him to permit the use of his name as a candidate
for the position of Director'' that they should have left Dr. Mitchell to do his
dwn canvassing, as in a Society that must always reflect on the dignity of the
candidate.
And, indeed, when we recall that Mr. Chas. Mitchell tells us in the above
quoted letter that at the last annual election the members of the Society showed
their disapprobation of this "clique" and its methods by electing a new presi-
dent; and when we remember that on the day after Mr. Chapman's election,
when the Dr.'s mind was quite clear on the subject, he had written to Mr.
Dundas Todd that Mr. Chapman had been elected by a "decided majority": it
would certainly appear, (in view of the circumstance that since the above-men-
tioned annual election the gentlemen who were defeated by the "decided
majority," "instead of acquiescing in the will of the majority and cordially .ioin-
ing in whatever measures were proposed for the advancement of our Society"-
had the temerity to try to "ruin" because they could not "rule" )-that it was
quite unnecessary for the good Dr. to have placed himself in the somewhat
awkward position of seeming to entertain some doubt of the decidedness of the
""tlecided majority"-by considering it necessary to resort to this or any other
method of soliciting votes. But that, after all, is simply a question of judgment
and taste.
As Dr. Mitchell himself has put it, his position has been "pretty well
defined," for the Dr. has had the courage of his convictions and has never hesi-
tated to place himself on record. As far back as 1893, he had the courage to
condemn cenain American-made photographic material, after having previously
written of it in terms of praise and commendation. An(] it does require
courage after having placed oneself on record, to publicly declare oneself to have
heen in the wrong. In 1893 also, he entered into a vigorous discussion con-
cerning Amidol, causing the staid old Photographic Society to pass a resolution
to the effect that "it is the sense of this Board that personal allusions in the
course of scientific communications to the Societv are detrimental to the best
interests, as they tend to divert the attention of the "members from the objects for
which the Society exists." In the same year he signed the Exhibition Committee
report calling for an exhibition in which "only pictures of decided artistic merit"
do-on the ground of "fair play" presumably, and in order to get a hearing they were
compelled to request that their statement be given a plaoe in this magazine. Certain matters
anent the 1901 exhibition that were to have appeared in the lr.st number of the Journal nf
tire Photographic Society. were also suppressed. all of which is an eloouent com·
mentary of the sort of "fair play and honest and open and above-board dealings" advocated
by the present administration of the society.
 CAMERA NOTES.

to be secured by "a rigid system of selection'' and ·stating as a reason that-

''Wbile an exhibition so conducted would include a much smaller number of
pictures the average quality would be of a higher grade and the interest and
value of the exhibition would be increased accordingly."
In Igoc:>, he carried on considerable and vigorous correspondence coocerning
the Salon, was publicly accused of inspiring the newspaper attacks upon it, and
was quoted in one of these attacks extensively and alleged to have said among
other things that "what was wanted was an exhibition that was more liberal in
its scope and showed advances in photography in other directions as well as
pictorial form." *
In that year he introduced a resolution before the Society providing among
other things for its dissociating itself with the Salon as then "constituted" or
"conducted." In the December number of the Photo-American, he published an
attack on the Salon and those connected with it. In the December number of
the American Amateur Photographer, xgoo, he published a longer and more
carefully prepared article which purported to be a review, but which was simply
an attack on the Salon and those connected with it, and a declaration of his own
platform, that the scope of the Salon should be "broadened" into an exhibition
containing "the latest, and highest and most interesting developments of photog-
raphy in all its phases."
In 1901, he ran Mr. S. Hudson Chapman as his candidate or as the candi-
date of his faction, against a platform that provided for the Salon as originally
conceived and carried out and the holding of another and distinct exhibition of
photography in all its phases, if such was the desire of the Society, and defeated
that platform and its candidate by electing Mr. Chapman, thus making it the
official policy of the Society not to hold two exhibitions, one for pictorial pho-
tography and one devoted to photography in all its phases, but to change the
pictorull SaloJJ held in the Acadc111y, i11to au exhibition to be held it~ the same
place and bcari"g the name of SalrJII, b11t dt";.•otcd to photograph)• in all its
phases, and pledging Mr. Chapman to the carrying out of that policy. Imme-
diately after Mr. Chapman's election Dr. Mitchell claimed the honor of victory
for his side, as he was entirely justified in doing, in the pages of the Photo-
Beacon, under date of December 10, I9QI, the letter bearing his name. charging
his fellow members with various shortcomings and soliciting election as Director
of the Society.
Dr. Mitchell's opponent was Edmund Stirling, who stood on the same
platform as that on which Mr. Vaux had stood when defeated by Mr. Chapman.
He had been a member of the Society for many years, and had served it in many
ways and capacities, as Vice-President, as Secretary and on various committees.
He had taken a deep interest in all branches of photography, and had been
a staunch and firm supporter of the Salon movement and the pledges given by
the Photographic Society of Philadelphia to continue that exhibition as a Salon
in the highest and best sense of the word, as that term was understood by the
*The article in which this appeared purported to be an account of the happenings at a
stated meeting of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia. It wa~ thus entitled-

PHOTOGRAPHERS Stirred by
"The--"
BOYCOTT
Expose, are
Planning a
of Future
Exhibitions

Beneath this heading appeared a copy of a resolution antagonistic to the Salon under
the following caption: Dr. Mitchell's Resolution. The "New School of Photography" De-
nounced, etc.
 THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE PHILADELPHIA SALON.

Linked Ring and other leading pictorial organizations abroad. He was also
pledged to support a general exhibition devoted to all phases of photography,
but he was not willing that the pictorial Salon to which the Society was pledged
should be converted into such a general exhibition.
Dr. Mitchell was elected, and by his election the Society put the stamp of its
final approval on the abandonment of its past pledges and the conversion of the
pictorial Salon into an exhibition of photography in all its phases while still
retaining the place of exhibition and the Salon name. Dr. Mitchell has unques-
tionably won his fight and if in so doing he has placed the Philadelphia Society
in an awkward and unenviable position and its honor has been blotted-that is
the society's affair and it seems to have been a willing victim.
He has shown himself as good a fighter as an able politician-using
such means and people as came his way to the best advantage, having regard
rather to the successful character of the results rather than to the delicacy of the
means. Mr. Chapman and even Mr. Sartain have been as but pawns in the
hands of this skilled player. 'Tis a pity that so able a fighter is ranged on the
side of so bad and ephemeral a cause. Pictorial photography while it may have
received a set-back in the Philadelphia Society, has been in no way affected in
principle. We have traced in the past the rise and progress of the Philadelphia
Salon till it ranked with the great pictorial exhibitions of the world-and Ameri-
can photographers were justly proud. We have here traced its decline and fall,
and what does it all sum up t~simply that the Philadelphia Society has delib-
erately thrown away that honor, which will now pass into other hands.
So far as the pictorial movement is concerned it is affected only to the
extent of the loss of the support of the Philadelphia Society which, while valu-
able, was not indispensable.
In CAMERA NoTES, Vol. IV, p. 226, I warned the Philadelphia Society and
the Academy of Fine Arts of what might be expected in following the course
which they eventually did. They have not heeded the warning and in conse-
quence, the Society has lost the confidence of the photographic world and cus-
todianship of the pictorial Salon; and the Academy of Fine Arts has made itself
a laughing-stock and object of ridicule for the entire artistic world.
The pictorial phQtographers of the country will now form their own organ-
ization and hold their exhibitions where the best interests of pictorial photog-
raphy will be more faithfully guarded and consistently served.
JosEPH T. KEILF.V.
 The Salon Committee of 1900 Makes a Statement.
[CAMERA NOTES is glad to be able to present the following from :Messrs. Redfield,
Stirling & Bullock, even though the Philadelphia Society at its meeting of February 12th,
declined them-its two ex-Presidents and ex-Secretary, men to whom the success of the
organization and the fame of the Philadelphia Salon is mainly due,-thc right to make
answer to the misstatements and consequently illogical conclusions to which the photo-
graphic press, as well as the present majority of the Society insist on holding. It strikes
us as unfortunate that these three gentlemen, who have hitherto spoken only through their
deeds, should have been compelled to seek in our columns the justice denied them by the
Society for which they have done so much.-EaJITOR.]
PHILADELPHIA, February 12th, 1902.
To the Members of The Photographic Society of Philadelphia:
In view of the attitude assumed by the Management of the Salon of 1901
toward members of the Society and other photographers who did not see fit to
submit work for exhibition, and in view of the wholly unfounded and misleading
statements which they and others in their interest have made public, the under-
signed, who composed the Committee originally appointed to represent the
Society in the management of the Salon desire to place on record the facts as to
their connection therewith.
It will be remembered that at the stated meeting of the Society on Decem-
ber 12th, xgoo, certain resolutions antagonistic to the management of the Society
and of the Salon, were, after due notice to the members, fully discussed and
finally rejected as ''not the sense of this Society."
About the time of this meeting (December, 1900), a member of this
Society, who has described himself as "the leader of the opposition to the
Salon," published and distributed among the members, certain articles in regard
to the Salon (See Photo American and American Amateur Photographer for
December, 1900), the chief characteristics of which were personal abuse aim eel
at judges, exhibitors and members of the Committee, grossly insulting refer-
ences to models employed by exhibitors; imputations of personal dishonesty on
the part of the management, and a demand for a radical change in the scope of
the exhibition so that it should include scientific, medical, illustrative and other
technical phases of photography.
With respect to these publications the Committee pursued a policy of
silence, believing that the Society at large fully understood the motives for such
attacks and would appraise them at their true value.
Honest criticism had always been welcomed and carefully considered by the
Committee, and changes in details of Salon management were made in 18<}<) and
again in 1900, where experience showed that improvements could be made. It
was felt, however, that necessary changes could be made more safely by those
in sympathy with the Salon movement than by those who were not only unin-
formed as to its purpose, but were its avowed opponents.
Two months later, in February, 1901, the Report of the Salon Committee
for 1900, having been presented, resolutions were passed, with but a single
clissenting vote, authorizing the President "to appoint a Committee with full
power to represent the Society in the management of the Salon of IyGI." In
view of the unequivocal language of that report and the practical unanimity
with which the Salon resolution was passed, the Committee felt that it could
properly expect the general support of those members of the Society who were
interested in the development and progress of pictorial photography.
The same Committee that conducted the 'Salon of 1900 was again appointed
t(l take charge of the Salon of 1901, and it at once placed itself in communica-
tion with the Academy of the Fine Arts. The Managing Director of the Acad-
emy, representing that body, informed the Committee that the Board of Directors
 THE SALON COMMITTEE OF 1900 MAKES A STATEMENT.

of the Academy was willing to join with the Society for a Fourth Photographic
Salon "on the previous terms, provided that the Academy shall have the right
originally accorded it of making two appointments out of five upon the Jury of
Selection." As all of the previous juries had been named in this way or by joint
agreement of the representatives of the two bodies, and as no suggestion of a
desire for any change had been made on behalf of the Society, your Committee
gave cordial assent to the Academy's terms. At a meeting subsequently
appointed, the Committee was asked by the Academy to propose the names of
three persons (with alternates) to represent the Society on the Jury of Selection.
It was expressly stipulated by the Academy that no person should be eligible to
this Jury who had served in any of the previous Salons.
Further the Academy were not to name their representatives until those
suggested on behalf of the Society had been considered by the Directors of the
Academy. Beyond a very vague intimation, your Committee had no knowledge
as to the probable representatives of the Academy. The Committee was in-
formed that after the names it would submit had been considered, the Academy
would then propose two names for the consideration of the Society's Committee,
and that the Joint Committee would then get together and finally decide the
exact composition of the Jury.
In this connection it should be pointed out that the standing and character
of a Salon is fixed, not by the language of announcements or the declarations of
the Management as to the policy to be followed, but mainly by the personnel of
the Jury of Selection. It was the earnest desire of your Committee to meet
every proper criticism of previous Salons and to make the Fourth Salon more
perfectly represent the object for which the exhibition was established. while at
the game time to maintain the high standard which had won for the Philadelphia
Salon in three years the primacy among American Pictorial Photographic Exhi-
bitions. As the Committee was thus called upon to name the majority of the
Jury of Selection, and as it had no definite knowledge of the intention of the
Academy other than assurance given by the Managing Director that it wanted a
"more popular" show, the undersigned with a full sense of their responsibility.
submitted the names of three persons for Jurors, with two as alternatt's, all of
whom they had reason to believe would command the confidence and support of
pictorial photographers. Although these names were submitted prior to a date
especially fixed by the Academy and several weeks prior to the Society's annual
meeting in April, no communication was ever received from the Academy, either
in acknowledgement of the Society's proposal of Jurors, or in reference to their
own selections.
When as the result of the election on April roth, last, a new President came
into office, the credit for whose election was publicly claimed by the party
opposed to the policy of the previous Salon Management (Photo Beacon, May.
I9<>I), the members of the Committee, following the precedent set in 1898 after
a change in the Presidency, and desiring to acquiesce in what now appeared the
wish of the Society, placed their resignations in the hands of the new President,
"in order that he might he perfectly free to act as he saw fit, without embarrass-
ment by acts of the previous administration." The resignations were at once
accepted, a reason given being that "manifestly it would be a bad practice to
have a Committee exercising its functions under a President who did not ap-
point them and with whom they might not be in accord." It may also be men-
tioned that notwithstanding this view of the President, all other Committees of
the Society were reappointed with practically no change, the composition of the
Board being almost the same as before the election.
From a personal standpoint the members of the old Committee did not at
all regret being relieved of a task which each year seemed to grow more ardu-
ous, and which for this year promised to be a disagreeable one as well, owing to
the great diversity of opinion as to matters of policy in both organizations.
JOI
 CAMERA NOTES.

It now only remained for the new administration to give the Society the
sort of an exhibition it desired and for which purpose it was elected. The old
Committee now became, so far as the Salon was concerned, simply ordinary
members of the Society, with the same rights, privileges and duties. It was at
once recognized, however, that the actions of the old Committee members, as
regards the exhibition, would be carefully watched and their course subjected to
criticism.
It was therefore agreed among themselves that they would carefully avoid
any action which would be considered as an attempt to impose their views of
Salon management or to influence in any way the actions of their fellow mem-
bers or photographers at large with respect to participation in the Salon. This
course has been consistently followed since that time and by no act or word of
theirs have they intentionally sought to hamper the Salon management in the
slightest degree.
It is not the intention or desire of the undersigned to criticize the Fourth
Salon in any way. It stands as an accomplished fact and will be regarded dif-
ferently from different points of view. For reasons which seemed perfectly
sufficient to them and entirely within their rights as individual members of the
Society, they did not participate in the Salon. In this respect they stand in
exactly the same attitude as other members of the Society, who did not submit
work to the Juries in 1898, 1899, and Igo<>; yet the old Committee have been
subjected to a series of unwarranted attatks against which they hereby place on
record their emphatic protest. They have been charged in public and in private
with "boycotting" the Salon : placing obstacles in the way of the management by
misrepresenting the character of the exhibition: of maintaining a "rule or ruin"
or "dog in the manger" policy, and of inspiring and industriously circulating
statements urging photographers to refrain from exhibiting. These allegations
are absolutely false. They are so far from the truth that the slightest inquiry,
prompted hy a desire to know the real facts of the case, would have established
their falsity. As no effort has been made to correct these misrepresentations the
undersigned request the Society, as a matter of justice, that this statement be
given the !'ame publicity as may be accorded to the report of the Salon Commit-
tee of H)OT.
Ror:T. S. REDFIE!.D,
}No. G. BuLLOCK,
EnMUND STIRLING.

... ... ...

Philadelphia and Facts.
[The following article, -in which he makes public certain hitherto unpublished history
of last year's salon, is from the pen of Mr. Edmund Stirling, for many years secretary of
the Photographic Society of Philadelphia and member of the Salon Committee 1900.-
EmTOR •.]

I Nrelative
reading the great mass of written comment, controversial and otherwise,
to the Fourth Philadelphia Photographic Salon, 1901, printed
in the photographic journals of the country, one must be struck by two salient
facts:
( 1) The editors ·of most of the magazines devoted to 'photography do not
seem to attach great importance to the special qualifications and fitness of
those who write for them upon the subject of photography as a fine art, it
302
 PHILADELPHIA AND FACTS.

apparently being assumed that a knowledge of technical photographic processes

is all that is needed to equip a person to write with authority on the work of
those who are striving "to employ photography as a means of artistic expres-
sion." It would appear to be about as logical to call upon the same writers
to lay down the law upon the subjects of microscopy, spectrum analysis and
bacteriology, because photography plays a part in the study of those branches
of science. That they are not asked to do so may be accepted as evidence that
the incongruity is recognized, but they do not hesitate to rush in and pass
expert opinions on matters of art, in blissful ignorance of the fact that no one
is deceived but themselves as to their fitness for the task.
"The tale is as old as the Eden Tree-and new as the new-cut tooth-
For each man knows ere his lip-thatch grows he is master of Art and Truth."
The editor, however, knows, or should know, better, and glibness of pen
and confidence in self should not be allowed to pass current as "art criticism."
(2) Much of the printed comment on the Salon is strongly partisan in
character, and being signed by persons having no immediate contact with the
persons and events treated of, bears internal evidence of having been inspired
directly by the management of the Salon. (See Harper's lf'cckly, Dec. 7, 1901,
for evidence of this.) The good taste of this method of influencing the judgment
and opinions of writers whose unbiased and individual view may alone be of
value, is, to say the least, questionable; but when in addition, personal abuse of
fellow photographers (who, acting within their undoubted right, refused to
send work to the Jury) and apparently deliberate misstatements of fact are
introduced, a stronger word of condemnation seems called for. Making every
allowance for contradictions due to different points of view, partisanship and
bitterness have led to misrepresentations and personalities which are indefensi-
ble. Whether these unfortunate variations from the truth originated with the
writers or with the over-zealous sources of inspiration, it is not necessary here
to inquire. They are unfortunate either way, and it must be plain to all will
not contribute either to the advancement of pictorial photography nor to har-
mony and good feeling. No cause, howe\'er good, can justify evil methods:
and the management of the Salon of 1901 will not raise their work in public
estimation by the policy which seems to be outlined in the articles to which
reference has been made.
A few concrete examples will point out the moral, if they do not adorn the
tale. Three of the articles on the Salon, printed by as many monthly photo-
graphic journals, were from the pen of a single writer, George W. Fairman,
of Washington, D. C., whose opinions as to the level of the exhibition as a
whole and the artistic value of individual exhibits are not now the subject of
consideration. Mr. Fairman, however, goes out of his way to make various
statements about the Salon of 1900 and its management, which cannot bear the
most cursory inquiry as to their accuracy, and it is a matter for wonder that
they could have f'scaped the editorial blue-pencil and reached the light of day.
In the Times. for instance, he assails the Jury of 1900 and expressly charges
that they monopolized the catalogue illustrations! A single glance at the cata-
logue would have shown him that not a single one of the illustrations were by
303
 CAMERA NOTES.

members either of the Jury or of the committee of management. In the entire

series of Salon catalogues, in which forty-seven illustrations were used, once
only was a print by a juror reproduced in the catalogue of the Salon at which
he acted, and in the whole number only seven of the illustrations were by
persons who had acted as jurors, either in the past or at subsequent Salons.
Where inaccuracy is shown in so obvious an instance what must other state-
ments of iact from such a source be worth?
This is not all. In The Camera and Dar/~ Roo111 for January, 1902, 1\lr.
Fairman discusses the subject of ''Xew Workers in the 1901 Philadelphia
Salon.'' In his article he goes out of his way to charge that the Salons of 18<)9
and 1900 (in one of which he was himself an exhibitor) were "so strongly
dominatetl by the personality of a few of the nwmhers of a single camera club"
that they were '"made the exhibitions of the work of the Jury of Selection and
a few of their friends." and that the Committee of the Photographic Society of
Philadelphia prostituted the generosity of the Academy of the Fine Arts and
abused the trust committed to it by the Society hy entrusting it to others! In
giving currency over his own signature to charge-. of personal dishonesty
against Alfred Stieglitz, Gertrude Kiisehier, Clarence H. White, Frank Eugene,
Eva ·watson Schiitze, F. Holland Day, Henry Troth and Frances B. Johnston,
who compcsed the Juries of !&.JJ and H)OO, ~Jr. Fairman, of Washin~ton, has
written his own condemnation. To deny his allegations would he to give them
a dignity they do not merit. The only purpose in calling attention to them is
to point out what extremes of partisan misrepresentation have been resorted to in
the present ca~e. The Jurors of I<)OO, who have been especially assailed hy the
element for which Mr. Fairman speaks, need no defence. These men and
women have worked for years to build up and encourage the pictorial move-
ment in photography, and hundreds of their fellow workers can testify to the
unselfish and generous help they have given to those who were striving to
justify the use of photography as a means of artistic expression. That their
high ideals and unswerving loyalty to the cause have horne fruit in America,
the present wide-spread interest in the subject gives ample evidence. \Vhether
their insistence on the highest standards of achievement, or the policy of the
Salon of 1901, shall prove the best calculated to advance the movement and
establish the claim of photography to rank as a fine art, time alone will show.
Offensive partisanship, however, will retard and not advance the cause.
Mr. Fairman's zeal to serve those for whom he speaks leads him into still
another unfortunate position. In Th~ Camera and Dark Room article he
clwells upon the large number of new workers introduced to the public by the
last Salon. The authorities differ as to the effect upon the general standard
of the exhibition of this new work. but l\Ir. Fairman's opi11ions are not now
under review--only his statement of facts. His plea is that this new work was
wrongfully excluded from the previous Salons, and that the great achievement
of the Salon of 1901 was to rescue it from oblivion. He selects for special
mention sixteen exhibitors whose work, he declares, "on his own k11owl~dge,"
was "denied admission" to the Philadelphia Salons prior to 1901. It is most
interesting to note that the records of the Salon show that of the sixteen ex-
hibitors named by Mr. Fairman "o11 his O'WII kuO?t•ledge" as having been denied
304
 ODDS AND ENDS CLIPPED FROM SOME ART MAGAZINES.

admission, nine had never submitted work prior to 1901 and could not, there-
fore, have been denied admission. Moreover, one more of the sixteen named,
was twice an exhibitor at the Salon, but under another name. Of the remaining
six, only ot~e had submitted work more than once, and four had each submitted
one print only. In order to make out his case against the Jurors of 1898, 18gl}
and 1goo, Mr. Fairman could not have chosen more unsuitable examples. In
fact, the complete record would have served him little better, for of the eighty-
seven new workers represented in the 1901 Salon, twenty-four only had tried
before, and nineteen of these once only! The truth of the Fourth Salon was
made up largely of new workers because many of the photographers who had
supported the previous Salons did not send. Of the 120 exhibitors (in the
catalogue), only thirty-three had been represented before, and leu ~f these ex-
hibited by invitation and without submitting their work to the Jury.
These are only a few of the many weak spots in Mr. Fairman·s armor, but
enough has been shown to indicate, as has been said, the extremes to which
partisanship may be carried. Perhaps it is too much to expect the photographic
press in general to command the services of art critics of the experience and
high standing of Mr. Caffin, but there are qualifications which they should
possess which seem sadly lacking in the writings here quoted.
EDllfUNil STJRLINf:.

... ...
Odds and Ends Oipped from Some Art Magazines.
THE fourth Philadelphia Photographic Salon represents a progressive development
in pictorial photography in the United States. While comparisons are odious
it is impossible to consider this exhibition without calling to mind the previous ones.
The Salon, it will be remembered, was organized to represent the best photographic
work of the time, strictly limited to the "pictorial." It was never intended for a nursing-
school for budding talent, but for the purpose of gathering together the work of the
best artists within reach. The multiplication of exhibitions all over the country affords
ample scope for the development of new material, and on the principle that th~: best
will always reach the top, the Philadelphia Salon was originally designed to represent
that, and that only.
It is only fair to say that this is not the view taken by the large majority of the present
day. Had it been so, thi~ fourth Philadelphia Salon would have been something worth
recording, instead of simply representing a reaction from the other view. This, however,
results in a very creditable exhibition, but not a salon. While there was doubtless no
conscious intention of lowering the standard, such a result must appear inevitable when
we consider the circumstances and conditions under which the present exhibition was
developed.
Two facts stand out in marked relief. First. that the majority of the jury did not
represent the pictorial movement, two of the members at least being technical photographers
who have never claimed to be interested in nor to have had practical experience in tht>
making of a picture by photography; secondly, the methods adopted by those who de-
manded a change in salon standards had the unfortunate effect of alienating the sympathy
and support of those American photographers to whose work the development of the
pictorial movement is indebted.
Had the Philadelphia society fully understood the ml.'aning and purpose of a salon.
and if the management had been alert to set in array the efforts of the best artists within

305
 CAMERA NOTES.

reach of its influence, this exhibition might have attained the dignity to which it was
formerly sought to raise it. As it' is. we have before us, with few exceptions, an entirely
creditable showing of photographs; but let me repeat it, we have not a salon. This, the
reader will readily understand, is not a mere distinction without a difference.
In looking over the collection of work at the Academy, one cannot but be impressed
by the variety of standards; one is carried from extreme to extreme with a suddenness
that is startling. At one end of the scale is represented the superb work of F. Holland
Day, while on the other, not to particularize, we have the " deadly common-place." An
American salon cannot be called representative which omits the work of seven out of
the ten American members of the "Linked Ring."
It is only necessary to point out the fact that the present exhibition contains no con-
tributions from flllch true artists as Gertrude Kasebier, Frank Eugene, Eva Lawrence
Schiitze, Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph T. Keiley, Mathilde Wei!, Clarence H. White, Eduard J.
Steichen, Mary Devens, and William B. Dyer. From a purely photographic point
of view, the fourth Philadelphia Salon is a popular success which presents many encourag-
ing features in spirt: of the drawbacks which have been pointed out in this article. If it
do no more than emphasize the necessity of a "policy of reconstruction," much will have
been accomplished.
The present show, while ostensibly dominated by a policy of liberality and breadth,
has really displayed the very narrowness of which the previous management is accused.
Personalities have been allowed to come into the discussion of salon affairs; and reviews
have been written which plainly show a desire to retaliate. This is particularly unfortunate,
and will make the work of restoring harmony very much more difficult. To lose the
help and interest of those who are doing the strongest work in pictorial photography is
bad enough, but to try to kill utterly the salon movement in America is a grave matter
to be responsule for. That the salon movement is in danger few interested in photography
will deny.
Philadelphia has not appreciated her blessings, and has allowed little personal
jealousies to come between her and the furtherance of a movement to have photography
rank with other fine art. She may in consequence be deprived of the pleasure of ever
again entertaining a real photographic salon. Our prestige will be gone. And when it
is too late to repair the error will we be satisfied to console ourselves with th~ reflection
that is was "Better to love amiss. than nothing to have loved?" I sincerely hope that
we will stop and think before it is too late for Philadelphia to win back her laurels, but
I am confident that the movement has too much strength to be adversely influenced by any
extremes of bad temper on either side.
This review has no intention of going into details concerning the individual exhibits.
That has been mo~t carefully done by Mr. Catlin for a photographic journal, and by other
competent critics. But the notice would be incomplete without some cordial commen-
dation of several of the exhibitors.
F. Holland Day, of Boston. has several really beautiful pictures. His portraits of
Eduard J. Steichen and Maurice Maeterlinck are most interesting, especially as they
give you the artist's conception of their .characters, rather than the realities. Maeterlinck,
for instance. is portaryed as an entirely normal-minded man. and if it were not for the
crystal globe in the back-ground there would be nothing to suggest any of the mysticism
by which the public knows him. On the contrary, we see :\1 r. Steichen in an extremely
fantastic mood. The portrait of Madame Le B .. from another point of view·, suggests
everything that we think makes up the character of a French woman: it is dainty, delicate,
and elusive.
Next to Mr. Day's work comes that of Francis Watts L«"e. also of Boston. He has
selected the Public Library for the expression of his artistic feeling, and we find his
arrangement of bright sunlight very delightful, for be has managed to keep the shadows
from being hard, and yet his pictures could not be called flat in the least. His portrait of
"Billy" is a real treat, for it is a straightforward boy without any embellishments except
his boyishness.
 ODDS AND ENDS CLIPPED FROM SO.\IE ART .MAGAZJJVES.

The group adjoining Mr. Lee's seem to be made up of very good records of people
and places abroad, some of which have been enlarged. Mr. Abbott, of Philadelphia, is to be
congratulated upon his exhibit, as is also Mr. Blount, of Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, and
many others. OLIVE .M. PoTTS.
(Brurlr and Pc11dl, January. 1902.)

THE Fourth Annual Exhibition of the Philadelphia Photographic Salon, just concluderl
at Ule Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, has been an occasion of considerable
controversy. Personalities have introduced into the affair, on which no good can now be
done by dwelling. But the principle involved is the main thing, and that is concerned with
maintaining the highest possible standard. Some avow that in this last exhibition the
comm;ttee made a concession to popularity, while this body replies that it had no intention
of doing so, and does not think that there is any falling off this year in the quality of the
exhibits. Nevertheless, the misunderstanding has caused a considerable number of the
most distinguished photographers to hold aloof, and to the extent of their absence, at least,
the recent exhibition was weaker than in previous years.
But it is past, and I prefer to dwell upon the incident rather in its relation to future
exhibitions. What is needed in a salon, it seems to me, is a showing of the very best in
pictorial photography--the best as judged by quite exacting principles of selection. Any-
IJody can make photographs-of some sort or another; the majority of amateurs, and
not a few professionals, have not passed through any studentship in the principles of
picture-making, as painters do; great numbers rely vaguely on taste rather than on
knowledge; and the result is an infinite variety of standards, of which the larger pro-
portion are below what the painter would achieve. Yet it is the aim of photographers to
establish the claim of their craft to be reckoned among the fine arts. They cannot expect
this claim to be admitted unless their pictures show those qualities which are looked for
in the productions of other mediums. It becomes, then, simply a matter of common sense
that in the salon, which is to be the great object lesson of the year as to the standing
of pictorial photography, they should insist upon a standard as high as possible, that the
lesson may be entirely convincing.
In the present state of photography it seems necessary that even a higher standard
should be adopted than a painter's jury would apply to pictures submitted for one of their
exhibitions; because a few different pictures, while they may lessen the quality of an indi-
vidual exhibition, will do no particular harm to the cause of painting, though they will be
stumbling-blocks to the public who are trying to discover what good painting really means.
But even painters, or those who know something about art, have hardly yet begun to realize
that a photograph can have any serious claims to pictorial consideration ; and these are
the people whose imaginations need to be captured first. And by what means?
In talking of the highest standard, one alludes, first of all, to a fine composition, not
necessarily on academic lines, but showing a cultivated intuition for unity and baiance;
good tone; gradations of color instrinsically beautiful and relatively harmonious and
true to nature; character in the choice of subject, individuality and personal feeling in its
treatment, and lastly, as a finishing excellence, if possible, the combination of all those
qualities in so marked a way and with such evidence of a vivid personal conception, in
the development of which at every step the artist has dis<>h.yed his controlling inftuence,
that we may say the picture has style.
Judged along this line of qualities, the only American pictures in the recent exhibition
that singled themselves out as conspicuou~ly good were the examples shown by F. Holland
Day.
If the salon is to be of continued usefulness, some ·means must be found to reconcile
the present conftict of opinions, and the best chance of that lies probably in an entire re-
construction of its machinery.-C. H. Caffin in the /nternatioMl Studio, January, 1902.

.
OFE'lGI!:Hs, 'l'HUSTEES ANn UoMMITTEES

OF THI!:

N.Y.

1 H01-1U02.

President jOHN AsPINWALL.

Vlce-Preslden t j. EooAK But.t..
Secretary DANII!L j. DoWDNI!Y.
Treasurer WILLIAM E. WILMI!KDING.

'.l'R US'.l'EF.R.
(AL!--0 JNCLUDBS ARO\'K OFt"ICKKS.)

LOUIS B. ScHKAM, HAKKY B. RI!ID,

jOHN B~I!Y, HI!NKY H. MAN,
RoBI!RT J. Ol!vLIN, RoBI!KT L. BKACKLOW.

COMMIT.l'F.F..S.
HOUSI£. M ICilTI NOS.

H. B. Rl!lo, Chairman. ALI'KI!D STII!GL!TZ, Chairman.

D. j. DoWDNI!Y. J. c. ABI!L,
F. M. HALl!,
C. A. DAKLING.

PRIN15. LANTilRN SLIDICS.

jos. T. KI!ILI!Y, Chairman. A. L. SIMPSON, Chairman.

E. Ll!l! FI!KGUSON, c. A. DAKLING,
ALI'KI!D STII!GL!TZ. C. D. RoY,
j. j. 0 DoNoHUI!.

CLUB PUBLICATION. SCIIlNTIF"IC RllSEARCH.

H. H. MAN, Chairman. R. J. DI!VLIN, Chairman.

j. E. BULL, c E. MANII!KKI!.
L. B. ScHRAM.

AUDITING. ADMISSIONS.

L. B. ScHKAM, Chairman. FK.,NCIS C. ELGAK, Chairman.

C. C. RouwAol!, F. N. WATI!KMAN,
H. H. MAN. MAKTJN DI!GI!NHAKDT.

Librarian, J. C. ABI!L.
 THE CAMERA CLUB DEPARTMENT
HI!NitY H. MAN, j. EDGAR BuLL, AND Lou1s B. ScHRAM, PuauCATION Couurrrl!l! RBPRI!SI!NTINO
TKI! 8oAJitD OP TRUSTI!I!S

Proceedings and Cub Notes.

Regular meetings were held on November which a numl:er of members participated,
12 and December 10, 1901, and on January other matters were discussed at length in-
14, 1902. A special meeting was held on cluding the importance of the club's adopt-
December 3, 1901, to discuss "measures cal- ing and adhering to a definite aim and a
culated to increase ·the activities of the definite standard whether technical or ar-
club." tistic.
At all the meetings Mr. Aspinwall, the Mr. Abel offered a resolution in three
president, was in the chair. The balances parts, (which was laid on the table for
in the club's treasury were as follows: consideration at the next regular meeting)
On November 12, $3.790.28. as follows:
On December 10, $3,935.69. I. That the secretary be instructed to
On January 14, $3,689.77· prepare a monthly circular, containing full
At the November regular meeting the particulars of the various meetings, subjects
matter of changing the method of selecting for debate, lectures, exhibitions, etc., for
a nominating committee was again broached distribution among the members.
but a motion for the appointment of a II. That the club hold competitions open
special committee to consider the subject to members at stated periods, not less than
and report upon it was lost. four competitions to be held yearly.
A discussion in which several members
III. That the club hold a national salon
participated ended in the adoption of a mo-
yearly, commencing in the year 1902, anrl
tion that the president call a special meet-
that the president be instructed to appoint
ing to discuss methods of increasing the ac-
a committee of three or more members, with
tivities of the club.
power to add to their number, to investigate
The president announced the appointment
the matter and formulate plans for the hold-
of :\r r. Stieglitz to fill the vacancy in the
ing of snch national salon.
Print Committee caused by the death of
:\lr. J. Ridgway Moore. At the regular meeting on December 10,
The special meeting on December 3 was after reports by the treasurer, the Dinner
more largely attended than any of the reg- Committee, the Print Committee, the Li-
ular meetings. The president read letters brary Committee and the Committee on
from several members setting forth varying Meetings, the club proceeded to the dis-
opinions and suggestions. cussion of Mr. Abel's motion, laid over from
Mr. Stark proposed exhibitions of prints the special meeting, taking up each part sep-
by members in competition, the members of arately for discussion and vote. The first
the club to vote as to the merit of the pic- part of the resolution was adopted in the
tures, and the three pictures receiving the following final form :
highest votes to be reproduced in CAMERA "1. That the regular monthly notices be
NoTES. Mr. Stieglitz stated his willingness mailed earlier than has been customary and
to carry out the ~uggestion of publishing that the secretary include in the same such
the prints selected by vote if he might also a list of coming events as he may know of
reproduce in like manner three prints to be so far as practicable."
selected by artists as the best. The second part of the resolution was
After discussion of these suggestions, in adopted in this form :
 CAMERA NOTES.

"II. That two members' exhibitions be It was decided that the conduct and or-
held annually. ganization of these exhibitions be left to
"That the competition be open to all mem- the Board of Trustees.
bers but that no print be admitted if made The third part of the original resolution
from a negative, a print from which has was withdrawn.
won in any previous competitions. On motion of Mr. Ferguson the president
was authorized to appoint a committee of
"That the prints in these competitions
three to institute and conduct monthly ex-
be judged by all members, the three prints
hibitions of lantern slides.
receiving the highest number of votes to be
At the regular meeting of January 14,
published in CAMERA NoTES.
1902, no discussion took place on any sub-
"The same pictures to be judged by three Ject of general interest. The completion
artists or art critics, not members of the of the catalogue was reported by the libra-
Camera Club, the three best prints selected rian ; the Rotograph Company presented
by these artists also to be published in to the club a stand for the exhibition of
CAMERA NOTES. prints, and a letter was read from the Essex
"A medal to be given by the club to ev- Camera Club requesting our members to
ery one whose picture is selected both by ar- participate it, an entertainment on Febru-
tists and members of the club." ary 11.

... ...
Trustees' Meetings.
Regular meetings of the Trustees of the Camera Club were held on November 25 and
December 30, 1901, and on January 27, 1902. A special meeting was held on December
16, 1901, an adjourned meeting on January 13, 1902, and a special mee-ting on February
3. 1902-
The Trustees also met informally at the house of the President on the evening of Janu-
ary 15 for the purpose of conferring with certain members of the club invited by the Pres-
ident to meet them and discuss matters of interest to the club.
At the meeting of November 25 the following persons were elected to active member-
ship: Dr. Frederick A. Lyons, Mr. Herbert Smith, Mr Alexander C. Proudfit, Mr. F. L.
Donahue, and to non-resident membership, Mr. Aime Lachaume, Dr. Peter S. Bruguiere.
At the meeting of December 30 there were elected to active member~hip Mr. R. B.
Minns, :Mr. Rudolph Neidlinger. Mrs. E. W. Caldwell.
At the special meeting of January 13 to active membership: xlr. Paul B. Ha\·iland, and
Dr. Charles H. Peck, and to non-resident membership, :\frs. Kate Rankin.
At the meeting of January 27, to active membership: :\lr. A. Radclyffe Dugmore,
Mr. James G. Menzies, Mr. Horace T. Rowley, Mr. F. E. Baird, Dr. }. Oscoe Chase, and
to non-resident membership, Mr. Henry Hall.
The principal topics of general interest discussed at the meetings or acted upon were
as to the selection of new quarters for the club (the present lease expiring May 1, 1903 and
a renewal being impracticable) ; the appointment of committees to carry out the plan of
members' exhibitions, to arrange for and conduct the Club Smoker and Annual Auction,
to conduct the monthly lantern slide exhibitions; the amendment of the house rules, and
lastly and most important, the making of arrangements by which the chairmen of com-
mittees shall attend certain meetings of the Board.
The last topic will be more fully dealt with elsewhere.

310
 }oint Meetings.
The Board of Trustees of the Camera Qub have recently decided to hold more frequent
meetings, and to make arrangements by which at alternate meetings of the Board the
Chairmen of standing and special committees and the Librarian, if not other members,
shall attend, so that the work of the committees and officers may be discussed, suggestions
be given and received, and the Board may be brought into closer contact \l(ith the actual
working of the club than heretofore.
In former years it was usually practicable to appoint members of the Board as chairmen
of the most important standing committees. The Board being an elected body, and its
members in many instances being very busy meR, it has in recent years ~umed out to be
impracticable to select chairmen who are members. Few members of the Board can give
the necessary time to the performance of the onerous and engrossing duties of certain of
the committees. At present the most important standing committee whose chairman is a
member of the Board is the House Committee. The performance of their duties is ex-
tremely important to the comfort of the members and the succ"ss of the club, but obviously
that committee has less to do with the actual promotion of the objects of the Club than
almost any other of the standing committees.
It is a natural consequence of this situation that the members of the Club active in
photographic, artistic and scientific work, have found themselves hampered by lack of
acquaintance with the views of the trustees. The time allotted to the regular meetings of
the trustees was so fully occupied with the transaction of other pressing business as to leave
little or no time for the discussion of general policy or even the consideration of questions
which might be brought before the Moard by the written reports of committees.
The new plan is to hold a joint meeting of the trustees and of the chairmen of
committees on the first Monday of every month for the presentation of written or verbal
reports, the discussion of the work of the committees and the consideration of suggestions
whether emanating from the committees or from the trustees. If the chairman of any
committee is unable to attend at any meeting he may delegate a member of his committee
to represent him.
We think it will be found that there is a further advantage in this arrangement in that
the chairmen of the different committees at the meetings will be able to make suggestions
to each other as to the work of their respective committees which may tum out to be useful.
The first of these meetings was held on Monday, February 3d, and, while the plan is
subject to change in details, it is probable that in future business will be conducted
!>Ubstantially in the same manner as at that meeting. The chairmen of committees were
called upon in succession to make oral reports and suggestions, which were informally
discussed by all those present. It has not been thought necessary to keep minutes of the5e
meetings, nor is it expected that formal action in the nature of resolutions will be taken,
or appropriations voted, but practically the attitude of the Board of Trustees as to sugges-
tions requiring their action can be known with sufficient certainty to enable the chairman
of any committee to know what course he may take, and what responsibilities he may
assume without danger of finding himself without the ~anction of the Board of Trustees.

... ...
Lectures.
On Friday evening, December 6, 1901, the club were entertained by an interesting
lecture by Mr. F. Dundas Todd of Chicago on the subject, "Parallel Paths to the Pic·
torial Paradise."
On Thursday evening, January 9, 1902, Mr. Dwight Lathrop Elmendorf lectured
on "Motion Pictures," exhibiting a remarkably interesting series of motion pictures re-
cently made by him as well as the work of one or two other experts. He showed his
apparatus, explained methods and material and supplemented the subject proper by exhibit-

311
 CAMERA NOTES.

ing a few of his inimitably colored sides recently made, including an interior of St. Mark's,
Venice, of a quality to astonish even those familiar with the products of his camera and
brush.
On January 23 Dr. James H. Stebbins lectured on "Photochemistry of Silver Com-
pounds," and on January 28 Mr. Osborne I. Yellott {"A. Smiler") of Towson, Maryland,
lectured on the subject as announced on "A Plea for Rationalism in Photographic Con·
troversy."
Mr. Yellott's lecture was rather an indictment (followed by prosecution, with arraign-
ment, evidence and summing up, if not conviction) than a plea. Those who remained
after the usual hour for stopping the elevator had the privilege of hearing Mr. Stieglitz
and others respond to Mr. Yellott's eloquent, protracted and earnest philippic.
... ... ...
Exhibitions.
During the months of November and December, 1901, and January, 1902. the following
exhibitions have been on the walls:
From November 13th to November JOth.
Mountain Views and Scenery, by Miss Mary Vaux and Messrs. George Vaux, Jr., and
William S. Vaux, Jr., of Philadelphia.
Prints (of pictorial subjects), by :Mr. Arthur E. Becher, of Milwaukee.
From December 20th to December 31st.
Prints by Mr. Clarence H. White and by May R. Stanbery, Katherine S. Stanbery, Ema
Spencer and T:- M. Edmiston, of Newark, Ohio.
From January 2d to 16th, 1902.
Rotograph Prints, including prize prints in the recent competition instituted by the
Rotograph Co.
From January 27th, an exhibition (to end February rsth), of prints by Mr. Frederick Col-
burn Clarke.
The varied character of the exhibitions left little to be desired by those who wish to
see the best quality of work by photographers of different schools. \Vhile the Vaux prints
gave pleasure to those who judge photographic excellence by the technical quality of the
print and its accurate reproduction of the features of beautiful scenery, the work of Mr.
Becher, on the opposite wall, offered a refuge for those who prefer to find in the composi-
tion of a photographic picture a clue to the individuality of the maker and an expression of
artistic feeling.
Mr. White's work needs no comment. The work of the ·>tiler exhibitors, Miss Spencer,
Mr. Edmiston, Mrs. and Miss Stanbery, was very similar in manner to that of 1\lr. White.
The exhibition of prints on Rotograph paper included work of photographers scattered
all over the United States, some of whom were professionals and others amateurs. It
presented great variety of subject and treatment, and included the prize-winning prints of
the competition n:cen1ly held by the Company.
The prints exhibited by Mr. Clark show not only variety of subject and treatment, but
of medium. They also serve to demonstrate the progress of this clever worker and his
artistic as well as technical skill.
... ... ...
The Annual Dinner.
On the evening of Saturday. December 21st, over seventy members and guests of the
Club dined at the New York Athletic Club. At the principal table, besides the President
of the Camera Club, were Mr. Van Wormer, the President of the Athletic Club; ~~ r. Hud-
son Chapman, President of the Philadelphia Society; Messrs. Dexter H. \Valker and
William D. Murphy, former Presidents of the Camera Club; Mr. D. S. Plumh, President
ol the Orange Camera Club, and ~lr. Geo. E. Ashby, President of the Microscopical Society.
The Dinner Committee, consisting of Messrs, Cassard, Schram and Bull received
and deserved hearty commendation; and the speeches, which it is impossible to reproduce
here, were closely listened to and amply applauded.

312
 The Lateet ltxasnple of

SOLOGR.i~PH PERFECTION

The Long Focue Solograph.

INFORMATION FROM D•:A.L E KS, OR FROM

The Anthony & Scovill Company of New York,

122-124 F'ifth Avenue, New York.

FRESH PHOTO
SUPPLIES

..
W. & C. PLATINUM PAPER
(Cat to aay .Ue ordered.)

H. N. TIEMANN.
l'l Wut 4!2 ~ St DBVBIOplng 8Qd PdQtiQg.
... thw YOJ\K CITY~
r.l. N. TIBMANN.
Te/epb.oue l699-38tl~ St. 11 West 4ld Street.
.
1e u e u • ., e u • " • 11 e u e u e u e u e u • 11 e u • ., ·• 11 • 11 • 11 e 11 • u • " • ., • " • •oe u e " • , . ,. • u • u • u • u • u • ,•• •• • " • '' e u e 11e " • ., • ., • n • u • tl • u • u • l
 WE beg to announce that
owing to increased
busi ness, and in order to be
more cent ra l !~ located, for the
convenience of our cu stomers,
we have removed to rrtore
spaci ous quarters at

137 West 23d Street,

A few doors from
Sixth Avenue.

F 9 The Usual R. R. Lens

F 7. 7 The Usual Anutigmat
F 6.8 The Improved Anastigmat

CollinE~ar F 6.3 The Speedy Anastigmat

F 5.6 Collinear II.
Lens•
!"his is tile secr,.t o.: many remarkable
photographs. They were "made with the
Collinear Lens." A lens you can always
rely upon to do the most difficult work
under the most trying conditions.
Marvelous in thek Speed.
Remarkable for their Depth of Focus.
Unequaled for Definition, Covering
Power an3 Anastigmate ]Properties.
The Voigtlaender
They represent the truest type of a uni-
rersallens, suitable for every photographic
~equirement. Collinear Lenses are made
n all sizes and can be adapted to any
& Son
camera fro m the smallest size for the
pocket to the largest instrument for the
studio or field . Hundreds are being fi tted
Optical Co.,
to Kodaks--Wenos--Premos
1 fyo•1 would know Jnore about the pl1·turee
that J•n ve IX"£>11 rtnd cnn be made with u L'v i ii-
Jienr J.,· ns ~!:!uri fur thf> free booklet •· Plcturl't!'
1lwt win Prizes.' '
137 West 23d Street,
VOtGTLAENDER & SON OPTICAL CO .•
137 W. 23d St., New York City. NEW YORK CITY.
When purchasing a developer
plea se be particular to specify
SC H E R1NG'S t he oldest and moat
favoraLly known brand

Put up with labels, and seals as per fac-similes here given.

ONE: OUNCE

y"Yl~OGALLIC ACID
RESU BLIMED
f~q E. SCHER lNG.===
MAI~UFACTURING CHEMIST, BEJUIN.GERMAifY.

THE STANDARD
OF T HE

FOURTH-LAST-EDITION
OF TH E

GERMAN PHARMACOPCEIA.
REGISTERED.

See that yon get the genuine "SCHERIHG'S ," excelled by none.
For Bale by all dealerB.

C.i\.RBUTT'S
POLYCH]~OMATIC PLATE
Sen.altlve to the Whole Ran.tte oC the Spectra-.

The most RED sens/Uve plate made BRANDS:

for producing best 0•-thochromat/c MEDIUM and SPECIAL RAPID
results In hlgh·class Po•-trtllts, Photo•
grtlphlng Paintings, Flowers, etc. ; Backed with Columbian Backing In
and specially lntendefJr for making Optics/ Contact.
the Three-Color value NeJIBtlves for PRICE WiT OF PLATES, LIOBT FILTERS aM
the Three-Color Prlntlnrg Pl'f)Uss. ACGESSOIIES •allell oa re•HII.

Carbutt 's Eclipse and ordinary Orthochromatic Plate.s with Columbian ·Backlnc, make the
Ideal Plate f••r Portr a its. ln•e:rior•. Landscapes, Summer ur Winter Scenes a 1•d ~l ash light Ex.
posures. at a n ad va10ce c f ro per cent onl y on list prices. Lantern Plate&, Proc:eu Plates a nd our
Recular !>peclaltles, as usuall. Vlaco Platlno Bromide Paper in fi ve 11 rades. n .• H. Developer,
six t ubes. 25 ce nt!;, W r it ~ fo r d~scri pt i\· e ci rcu la r .

JOHN CAR.BUTT, Manufacturer

l(eystone Dry Plate jW orks. Wayne Junction, Philadelphia, Pa.
Berlin
Photographic
Company
..•• FIQI Brt PUbliSQirs
RERUN .:· LONDON .:· PARIS

J4 East 23d St., NEW YORK.

(Madloon SquAre, South)

STANDARD reproductions of
modern and ancient art.
Artistic framing at moderate
cost a specialty. Just published:
The Masterpieces of Grosvenor
House. Prospectus mailed upon
application.

Photogravures, Halftones
in Monochrome and Color:
High-grade Printing:
Catalogues, etc., etc.

Photochrome
Engraving Co.,
For samples see the 162-166 Leona.rcl Street,
tllusfra.tions of
"C.tmera. 8(_otes.
. .... NEW YORK Cl'TY.
Established 1873· Telephone, 2004 Spring.

CEO. F. OF, .fltltrN{tJCIIIrer of

-------Fine Frames.
Original Works of Art and Reproductions Framed with Artistic: Judpent.
66 Eas.t Eighth Street, <• Clinton Place, near Broadway) New york.

0
A ROYLE ROUTER In a Photo Engraving Establishment
Is a long step towards success. . .
JOHN R.OYLE CD. SONS. PATERSON. N. J.

0 ~R.!::~~!~·s SEPIA PLATINUM PAPER, Cold Bath,

Developed without the addition of Mercury, gives beautiful, rich sepia tones.
In smooth, medium rough and heavy Whatman, extra rough
The same grades of paper may be had in BLACK PLATINU~.
We make 1 specialty of hiving any gllk W. HEUERMANN,
of Paper, Including Japan, coated to order. 97 CBDAR STRBBT, NEW YORK.
 BAU.SCH & LOMB

HAND CAMERA
TELEPHOTO
In this lens we have for the first time
in the history of lens making produced a
compact Telephoto attachment which can be

USED ON ANY CAMERA

with the lenses regularly supplied •vith
hand cameras and giving a number of
magnifications with

NO EXTRA BELLOWS LENGTH.

A PRACTICAL LENS FOR EVER YBODY.
Send for Booklet .

BAUSCH & LOMB OPTICAL CO.,

R.ocheste r, N. Y.
Plastigmat 1-6.8 The Light Gatherer
One of the essentials of a modern lens is SPEED. Not so much to
enable one to make pictures of rapidly moving objects in bright light
as to give that light-gathering power necessary for rapid work where
light is scarce. Plastigmat f-6.8 is a speedy lens as the illustration
shows, and in addition it is perfect optically : no astigmatism, nothing
lacking anywhere. R1emember it is an easy matter to make just a
speedy lens but speed without optical perfection is nothing.

Pboto by W. J. Gutbrlc.
Made on a dark night with Plastigmat f-6.8. Exposure 3 minutes.
Plastigmat f-6.8 is the best Symmetrical Anastigmat ever made because,
as a doublet, none can excell it and its single systems, so useful
for long distance and portrait photography, are far ahead of any other.
The best way to prove this is to try the lens. Any dealer will supply
Plastigmat f-6.8 for trial or we will send one to responsible inquirers
remote from dealers. Plastigmat f-6.8 is longer focus than anastigmats
heretofore offered giving better pictorial results. Order fitted with
new VOLUTE shutter.
CATALOGUE AND REPRODUCTION OF FIVE DIFFICULT PICTURES FREE.

Bauseb ~ Comb Optieal £o. INCORPORATED 1866.

New York ROCHESTER, N. Y. Chicago
 The New Volute
Perfect Iris Diaphragm Shutter
Fits any Lens Precise as a Watch
This shutter, now offered for the first time, is the result of over five years cf
experimental and testing work. We have studied every form of shutter in use
with a view of producing a mechanism free from the defects of existing types
and, with our unparalleled experience and facilities in shutter manufacture, offer
in the VOLUTE a shutter superior in
WORKMANSHIP, COMPACTNESS, SPEED, ADAPT ABILITY
TO LENSES, ACCURACY AND CONTROL OF EXPOSURE.
All working parts are enclosed within the case. One lever sets and releases.
Pneumatic release, also. Gives any exposure, from 1·150 second to 3 seconds,
Time and Bulb and any siize diaphragm opening from pin hole to full.
We cannot tell you much about it here. Send for circular.
BAUSCH 6. LOMB OPTICAL CO.,
New York ROCHESTER, N. Y.
GRAPHIC CAMERAS

The REVERSIBLE BACK C~CLE GRAPHIC is noted for its unique d~sil(n, handsome finish and rigid
construction. Made in all the populaor sizes from 31{ x 4 5( up to 8 x 10. Can~ filled with any o f the Analllil(-
mat lenses.

GRAPHIC MAGAZINE
PLATE-HOLDER, •.
Carryinl! 12 platts.
FOLDING POCKET GRAPHIC,
the small en and handsomest made.

Our ENLARGING, REDUCING AND COPYING ca meras art mad r in all , ;lOS fro m 8 x t o up to 18 x 2>.

DON'T BUY until you lu'fJe. ~•een a GRAPHIC. If your de.aler c.annot shO'W you a Gr.aphic
'Write us for c.at.alogue describin1g f'Wenty-fi<ve different styles of high grade Graphic c.amuas.
~-~--~ I
THE Fo~;~AD~A~~~~~?c~~~G. co.. I
 A1t Home,
by the light of an ordinary lamp, by
gaslight, or by daylight, print-making
.
IS easy

Witl1 VELOX
paper. Requires no dark. room
and renders exquisitely soft, platinum-
like effects.

NE.PERA CHEMICAL CO.

Division of the General Aristo Co.

For sale by Park,

all dea lers. N.Y.
 THESE!!
NON-HALATION PLATES, Doubt~ Coat~a.

C.fRANSPARENCY AND LANTERN SLIDE

"""'•"' 8 ......
0
PLATES, Black Ton~s.
1
CJRANSPARENCY AFlD LANTERN SLIDE PLATES, G. B. P.R.,
Producing GREEN,, CJJROWN, PURPLE ana RED Cfon~s.
PYROX, Tlr.~ New ''De<u~lop~r. Packag~s, 10 c~nts, 20 c~nts
ana 75 cents.
SULPHITE SODA, Pt.'lr~. CARBONATE SODA, Pure.

S~na for copy ol SEED u 8MdlNUAL" ana Price List.

_ _ _ ,fA{. c)1.. Seed Dry Plate Company.

~'''''''''''''''~~,,,,,,~,~~~~~'~'~''~~~,~~''''''''''~''''~
$ $
~
#
Eastmc:tn' s Bromide i #

~ Lantern Slide Plates l

I Give the brilliant high-lights, delicately
graded half tones and transparent ;
!
$ shadows which are so highly valued by ~
$ the best Ian tern slide workers. ~
$ $
$ '[hey allow of great latitude in exposure i
!
#
and can be developed with any good i •

~ developer except Pyro. ~

,
#
, ,

~ EASTMAN KODAK CO., $

,
$ For sa/1· by all deaias. Rochester, N. Y. i
#

~,,,,,,,,,,,,~~~,,,,,,,,~,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,~,,,,,,~,~~'''''''''''''~
 ., ._, -~-- I · ..
CJ?.ing ap 1546-18ib.
Orden will be deUvered within
l t:',!;~·-~

n/t\OUNTAI~
an hour at the CAMERA CLUB.
IRON I l
CHAS. H. LOEBER,
..11 J2 East J7th St., New York.
~ II ROUTiE "
Platinotype Paper, Plates of all Grades.
s , I J!verythior for Prorreuive Workera.
HverythiDf F reah I Lowest Prices!
TO THE
Uptown ~ency "
for Folmer & Sehwlor.
WINTER RESORTS
0,
Texas, to tbt mowtat of expostrt
Mexico
California
AND

Rtfltx Camtras
Elegant Service. Tourist show the picture right side up-
Tickets on Sale. right size-and focus to the
moment of exposure.
Porfurther I nformatlon, write Reflex Focal Plane Sh utter su p-
H. C. TOWNSEND, plied ,-fastest in the wor ld.
Ge1'l Pass'r ad Tkt. Aft., St. lo1ts. Our book is of unusual interest. Sent free.

bas a ptor f<'ctly flat fie ld, and gi,· es

The Cooke Lens ex qui ~ it e
defi nition a t full a p e rture.
Writ e fo r price list. . . . . . . .

MAX LEVY,
/2/S ~ace Street, .., Philadelphia, Pa .

Bookbindin2" of Every Grade.

Fine Bindin~ a Specialty.
Photographs Mounted; Portfolio~ f ••r Photographs, Etc , Et,·.

0TT0 KN0LL.
743 Lexington A venue, NEW YORK CITY.
FO~ RE FERENCBS APPLY TO CAnERA NOTES.
 Always 'Will
AMATEURS
In weighing out their chemicals unless
Have Troubles
they use the

BULLIC)N
SCALE
Which we make with extra large pans, so that half your chemicals may not
land on the floor. Pans 3 ~ inches in diameter furnished with
a full set of weights. PRICE THREE DoLLARS.

Are You Goin~~ to Take a VIEW CAMERA

On your outing this Summer'!
If so, you want everything that is light and
compact, and you will lind it in the

ETON
CAMERA which is sold in the sizes :

SX7 6~x8~
$18 $33

TRIMMING the edges of your prints par~llel is not ·A

an easy task when the eye 1s the sole
judge, but you will be surprised how easily the

STEVENS
TRIMMlER
and its transparent ruled guide sheet solves the problem.
For prints up to 5 x 8, $3.00
" 8 X 10, $4.00

GEN1,
~TERT 25 EAST 13th ST.
G •
Manufac~tu-r
t ~ NEW YORK
Why Tubes?
Many think it much better and cheaper to weigh
out and mix their own developers. They have
their own formulre, and think they are more
careful than the man that makes them.

True in general-bu: not ao of

HAUFF'S TUBES
These are made bv the manufacturer after his
own formulre.
They contain GG chemically pure Sodas.
They save time and trouble of mixing.
They do not cost more than if you bought your
chemicals and did the weighing yourself.

40 ounces of developer in two solutions.

40 ounces of developer in two solutions.

A cotnplete line of the celebrated

H. ®, C. Gu1rn Bichromate Paper

and Materials carried in stock

25 EAST 13th ST.

G.GENNERT, 'Ill NEW YORK.
\..__~ .......~-......_......_____..
......................~-- - ... - - - .. - -..... - ....... - .. -
SEND FOR OuR NEw BoOKLET

.,.,.,
FOR 190'2-JUST ISSUED •

Headquarten for •••••

THE GW,dlPHIC CAMER,AS,
KODdlKS, PREMOS,
POCOS ancl FIL8WS.
W. & C. PLATINOTYPE PAPERS. OUTFITS
FOR THE "GLYCERINE PROCESS " (Brush
Develop ment).

DEVELOPING AND PRINTING QUICKLY DONE.

Cameras fitted with Zeiss, Goerz , Collinear and Plastigmat lenses and tested with same.
New l(odak de Luxe-No. 3 Folding Pocket Kodak with Plasti gmat lens and B. & L.
Shutter. Pric~ . $75.00. Very handsomely gotten up.
Silkdown Printing ClotJ't - 50c. per packet (several colors). Bromide enlargements.
CLARO DEVELOPER, unsurpassed tor Plates, Films, Vel· x and Bromide.
A COMPLETE LINE Ofo' FR&SH PHOTOGRAPHrC SUPPLIES
TgLEPHONE, 4704 CORTLANDT.

THE OBRIG CAMER d71' CO 'I

165 Broadway, N.Y.,
(Near Cortlandt ~t . )

u For happy and wel co me indeed is the sign

\\' hen the st ro ng and the tender united combine. ''
Scltiller.
Standard of the lVorld
JENA-ZEISS ANASTIIGMAT
Lenses and
Eastman
l(odaks.
In stock No.3 Fold-
ing Poc:ket Kodak,
Nos. 3,4 and5Cart-
ridge Kcl.iak flttrd
with ilie:se lnc:om-
parable lleosea.
Descripti ve pri ce iis t u po n request.

E. B. M EYROW'ITZ,
Direct Impo rter and So le Agent fo r the U. S .
104 Eut 2Jd Street, I
125 Welt 42d Street, \ NEW YORK
650 Madlaon Avenue,
MINNEAPOLIS, ... Nicollet Avc..e.
ST. PAUL, J'l St. Peter St-t.
PARIS, J Re Scrille.
Booklet <. f Ti ~s ue for c l eani n~ Lenses sent
free upon r c ~1uest ·
Carbon Print~ng for Amateurs
\\'e have in•talled a Carbon Printins Plant, in charse of a most ex1.ert carbon printer, and we
ue now prepared to m:~ke the beautiful Carbon Prints from your own nesatives at the followins
1•ricr-s:
PRICE-LIST.

SIZE OF PRINT
ON CELLULOID.
I SINGLI! PRINT
EAcH.
3 PRINTS I'KOM
I NI!GATIVI!.
>' Doz. PttiNTS
I' ROM
I Doz. PRINTS
I' HOM
I NI!OATIVI!. I NI!GATIVI!.

SINOLI! DOUBL! SINGL! DOUBLI! SINGLI! DOUBLE SINGL! DOUBLI!

TRANS. TRANS. TRANS. TitANS TRANS. TRANS. TRANS. TitANS,
Cabinets or Smaller $050 $1 00 $1 ~ $2 70 $250 $400 $400 $6 00
6>' 1: 8"" 75 ISO 200 3t:IJ 3 75 600 600 9 co
8 X 10 100 I 75 2 75 450 500 800 800 12 00
One or More •
• ACH.
II x 14 200 300
14 1: 17 300 450
16 X 20 400 600
18 X 22 500 750
20 X 24 600 ~00

SIZE OF PRINT J'2 Doz. PttlNTS I Doz. PttlNTS

SINGL! PltlNT 3 PRINTS !'HOM
I' ROM I' HOM
ON PAPER. EAcH. I NI!GATIVI!
I NI!GATIVI! I NI!GATIVI!.

SINGL! DOUBLI! SINGLI! DOUBLI! SINGLI! DOUBLI! SINGL! DOUBLI!

TitANS. TRANS. TitANS. TitANS, TitANS. TitANS. TitANS. TitANS.

Cabinets or Smaller $040 $:> 75 $1 10 $200 $200 $3 EO $350 $5 50

6"" X 8~ 6~ I 20 160 300 3CO 5 25 480 8 25
8 X 10 80 160 2 15 4CO 400 700 600 II 00
One or More.
I!ACH.
II x 14 I75 2 60
14 X 17 2 50 3 75
16 X 20 3 20 4 80
18 X 22 i 00 6 00
20 X 24 4 80 7 20
====::::=::::======'=--'-::~~~-- ~- ~-- - - - - - '-=======
ONI! OK
SIZE UF PRINT
MORI!. Prints made be-tween these givrn size!i are charged
ON PORCELAIN. EACH.
at the rate uf the next larger size.
SINGLI! DOUBLE
TitANS. TitANS. CARBON I'RI:'\TS 0:'11 1\'0RY.
Double transfer only.
Cabinets or Smaller $1 co $1 50 X tY, ........................... each $1.50
6>' X 8"' ISO 225 2 X 2~ ........................... each ··•5
8 X 10 2 00 2 75 2~ X 3 1/a ........................... each 3.00
II x 14 400 600 3 X J·~ ........................... each 4-00
14 X 17 600 900 4 X 5 ......................... each 6.oo
16 X 20 8 00- -12 00
~-·

!'or visnetting carbon prints add one-third to above corr~sponding price.

For n10unting prints on mounts supplied by the customer $1.oo per dozen.
Carbon Prints on Ivory are especrally •u1ted for finishing in oil or water color by miniature
painters.
Carbon Prints on Watch Dials or Watch Cases from negatives supplied by rustomers at $1.50
each.
These prints are permanent and will not fade or discolor.
They are printed from negatives aupplied by the custom~• and when made by the sinsle transfer
are re,·ersed.
All prints (except on ivory) are made by single transfer unless specially ordered to be made
by the double.
Fourteen tones are made as follows:
No. Colors. ~o. Colors. No. Colors.
93 Terra Cotta. 1o 5 Sepia. rsz Dark Blue.
97 Warm Se)>ia. ro6 Red Chalk. r6o Platinum Black.
roo Stand:~rd Brown. 11 J Portrait Brown. r6z Brown Black.
103 Warm Black. 115 Lambertype Purple. r6J Blue Black.
104 Engraving Black. 15 1 Sea Green.
:\"o special quality_ of negative is requirrd: the kind known as clear gla,.s with not too much con-
trast are the best. Foggy, flat or hard negatives should not he expected to yield good carbons.
About ten days are re()uired to complete an ordf'r of one dozen from each negative. depending
much upon the negative and the weather. From every neg:ttive )'(IU wi1l ~ct th~ best Carbon Print
that it will yield. Having made all arrangements to fill ordors promptly, we solicit a share of your
p~tronage.
TER~IS STRICTLY CASH \\"ITH ORDER.

THE ANTHONY CO. SCOVILL COMPANY

1!1!1·1!14 Fifth Avenue. 17th and 18th Street•. New York
 T 1'= PLATINOTVPE
Is our latest rough surface paper. in black and
sepia. It is delightful to work. and the surface is
of that quality which preserves the finest details;
prints quickly with a clear image and develops a
picture of great ·bnlliance and beauty.

Sampl•~ TT black (by mail) 25c.

" TT sepia ( " " ) 35c.

Our other pa:pers. AA. BE and CC, continue to

be indispensable to those artistic workers wbo
must have the be~;t. Send for pamphlet

WILLIS & CLEMENTS,

•.•..• PHILADELPHIA.

The Warnlca
Self-Adjustable
Plate Holder
FITS ALL CAME:RAS

Holds lull size plates and smaller aiua

without the use of kit frames, thua
enabling one to produce the moat
artistic effects without :ln}l' extra cost 1
\ or bother. I
I AC4MERAIS INCOJIPLETEWITHOUTUUR HOLDER
For sale !Jy a ll dealen J
Illustrated catal ojl u~ r: n application

The W arnica Co.

Cox Bullcilnr ROCHESTER, N.Y. P at. Jan. 15, 19::!1.
Cramer's Isochromatic Plates
ARE THE MOST PERFECT COLOR SENSITIVE
PLATES IN THE MARKET. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

•••• Manufactured~ ••••

G. CRAMER DRY PLATE Co.,

ST. LOUIS, MO•

••
NEVI CATALOGUE TO BE HAD FOR THE ASKING.

OI!I'J!I'ICKBIN

NEW YORK. CHICAGO, SAN FRANCISCO,

No. 32 East JOth Street. Room 705 Cable BuUdinr. Room 34, No. 819 Marbt St.
ji~~!NG-~MA 'TiUR~-------1
I 't:l::t:;.., THE CAMERA CLUB
I ARE USING EXCLUSI\'ELY FOR THE
II

I
I HIGHESCT ARTISTIC PORTRAITURE
I
I Euryscope Lenses
i
I
WH ICH ARE SUPPLIED ON LY BY US.

I
II
I Send fo1r pri ce-lists and other information to the
I
I SOLE AMERICAN AGENTS : : : : : : : : :
I
I

II BENJ. JFRENCH ~ co.,

I BOSTON, M./ISS. I

~---- .---·····---------------····----------J

WALI>OLE HYPO
p
u
R
I
T
y
W ALPOL~E CHEMICAL CO.
WALPOLE, MASSACHUSETTS.
It's Wllat You Have
Wanted For Years.
Something that would
convert your No. 3
Fo lding Pocket
Ko dak into
a plate camera
without the least
interfering with
the use of film.
This idea has
been successfully
carried out in the
new

Goerz Plate Attachment

So constructed as to add very little weight or bulk to the outfit.
Tor Further lnfor1natlon and Circular
Address '1!'our Dealer or

C.P.GOER~~ OPTICAL 'WORKS

Rooll\ 42. 52 E. Union Square., New York.
 QUESTIONS ANSWERED.

All questions to be answered should be sent to the Rotograph Editor,

101 Fifth Avenue, New York.

J. T. Me., Tarrytown, N. Y.-"Can you tell me if the Rotograph concern

is making a rough tinted paper?" A.-They have recently put a
new brand of paper on the market called "Imperial Rotograph,"
which has a slightly rough surface, is very heavy and has a rich
mellow cream tone. We believe the price to be the same as the
other grades.

F. N., New Haven, Conn.-Yes, the Rotograph competition closed No-

vember 15th. The judges have passed on the pictures sent in and
the results will shortly be made public in "The Bromide Monthly.''

T. G., Springfield, lll.-"Where can I buy Rotograph Bromide? My

dealer can't handle it as he is in the trust.'' A.-I£ you cannot get
the paper from your dealer (and we caution you against taking
substitutes), the Rotograph concern will, we believe, send the paper
direct from their office in New York.

E. B. S., Baltimore.-"! have been advised by a friend to try Rotograph

Bromide, as I do not seem to be able to get the result I want on - -
and - - . Can you give me the names of any of the big men in
photography who use and can endorse it?'' A.-\Ve do not gener-
ally care to go into personalities, but for once we will make an
exception. Dr. John Bartlett, of the Camera, Phila.; Osborne Yel-
lott. Oscar Maurer, Alfred Stieglitz, and many members of the
Camera Club, N. Y., Brooklyn Academy of Photography. Jersey
City Camera Club, etc., etc., are enthusiastic endorsers of the paper.

E. P. L .. Denver.-Yes, you can get particulars, copy of the magazine,

"The Bromide Monthly," etc., together with a sample package of
paper by sending roc. to Rotograph, IOI Fifth Ave., N. Y.

F. T. 0. B., N. Y.-"What paper is used in the Bromide papers now on

the market?" A.-The Rotograph emulsion is coated on pure Rives
and Steinbach papers only, which cannot be said of all the other
makes on the market.
Actien- Geselldlaft fur Ani lin- Fabrikation, Berlin.

MANUFACTURERS OF

AGFA~=REDUCER
Thi s reducer is issued in powder form, one part of which is di ssolved in ten
parts of water. The ne gative to be reduced is immersed in thi s. Complete
reducti on takes about: fiv e minutes. The negatiYe is then well washed and the
process is complete.
PRICES:
4 oz. bottle $-.80. Also in cartridges, ten in a box, for $1.-

AGFA~=INTENSIFIER
This is in th e £a rm o f a concentrated solution and for use is diluted with ten
parts o f water. Th1e negative is immersed and intensification immediately
co mmences, bei ng co mpleted in 12-15 minutes without sta in. It is th en well
washed and that is all that is necessa ry.
PRICES :
l oz. $-.35 4 oz. $-.60 8 oz. $1.- 16 oz. $1.75

AGFA~=DEVELOPERS
EIKOl'lOGEN AND AMIDOL
in dry shape, ready for use, in

GLASS TUBES
We keep indefinitely. Convenient and"easy to handle. For use
dissolve the contents in water only
Be sure to get our original package bearing above trade-mark.

TO BE HAD OF ALL DEALERS.

Vol. VI. No. 1
 Volume VI, No. I

ERRATA.
Owing to the haste in ~ing to press, as well as to the handicap of using
linotype, a number of errors have crept into these pages which were not dis-
covered until too late for correction.
Page 18, sth line, Bryorll should read Briant.
Page 39, 6th line from bottom, wa.s should read were.
Page 39, 2d line from bottom, descriptive should read decorative.
Page 57, the third paragraph should read "A11d" this is not only the best exhibition
ever held by the Arts Oub, but the best of its kind that has yet been seen
in New York."-New York Su11, March 12.
Page 6g, 1[ 8, line I, Steiglit:: should read Stieglitz.
Page 77, 6th line, E. N. Woodbr~ry should read W. E. Woodbury.
 PORTRAIT
By Clarence H. White
(Oh 10)
 CAMERA NOTES
VOLUME VI JULY, 1002 NUMBER 1

EDITED AND MANAGED BY Al.I'RI!D STIEGLITZ, EDITORIAL ASSOCIATI!S; .JOSEI'H T.

KEILI!Y, DALLETT FuGUe:T, joHN FRANCIS STRAuss AND juAN C. ABEL. IssuED
QuARTERLY AT THE CAMERA CLUB, No. 3 WI!ST TwENTY-NINTH STREET, NEw YoRK

Valedictory.
AFTER the publication of this number, the management of CAMERA NoTES,
under whose auspices the magazine was founded and developed, finds it
impossible to continue its labors.
Recent events* within the Camera Club of New York have made it incom-
patible with the ideas and principles for which we have striven, that we should
continue to conduct this magazine. The official policy of the club, as indicated
by the deliberate nominations of a new Board of Offi::crs avowedly out of sym-
pathy with the policy so long maintai~ed by CAMERA NoTES, makes it incumbent
upon the Editor and his associates, in justice to the desires of the club as ex-
pressed by the nature of its nominees, to leave the new management with a
free hand to inaugurate and shape its own policy, unhampered by the convictions
to which we are so uncompromisingly pledged.
The manner of the birth of CAMERA NoTES is no doubt unfamiliar to the
majority of our readers, including all but the oldest members of the Camera
Club, and we feel that we owe it to ourselves to give a brief resume of the be-
ginning and growth of the enterprise. Not only were the rapid development
and high standard of the magazine due to the enthusiasm and indefatigable labors
of the Editor, but its very inception was a product of his devotion to the club
and to photography.
Some five years ago, there was presented to the Board of Trustees of the
Camera Club by Mr. Stieglitz, a plan for the establishment of an illustrated quar-
terly publication, to take the place of the then intermittently published leaflet
of the Proceedings of the Club (Journal of tile Camera Club). This plan readily
received the unqualified approbation of all the Trustees, as it guaranteed the
club against any expenditure greater than had been appropriated annually for
its semi-occasional leaflet, in return for which every club member was to be
furnished with a copy of the magazine without individual assessment. As a
condition precedent to undertaking this labor of love and enthusiasm, it was
*To th~ reader who is interested in knowing the further particulars which have cul-
minated in our withdrawal, we suggest the careful perusal of the Club Department, pages
6g, 70. 71, 72, 73. 74. 78. 79·
 CAMERA NOTES.

stipulated by our Editor that he was to have the unhampered and absolute con-
trol of all matters, direct or remote, relating to the conduct of the proposed pub-
lication; in short, CAMERA NoTES, while published for the club, was neverthe-
less an independent institution. So with no other assistance than the three
hundred dollars and the approbation of the club, was begun that undertaking
which has now reached its culmination.
The initial policy adopted in our relation to all branches incident to the
production of the magazine, has consistently governed the management through-
out. What that policy has been, our readers and those having had business re-
lations with us are best able to judge. By careful economy, each year saw an
ever increasing profit which was immediately devoted to the improvement and
enlargement of the NoTES, until the climax was reached, when a recent single
number exceeded in size our whole first volume. For the first four years, the
annual club appropriation, despite the increase in club membership of nearly
one hundred, and the consequent ever increasing drain upon our resources, never
exceeded, and once fell below the original subscription. With the last volume,
a new arrangement became necessary.
It may be interesting to such of our readers who have sympathized with us
in our efforts, to know that the twenty-one numbers we have published, repre-
senting a total output of twmty-one thousand copies (each issue being limited
to 1,000, as originally planned) cost approximately eighteen thousand dollars, of
which the club contributed eighteen hundred mrd fifty dollars, receiving in return
over one-third of our whole edition.
Of the good we may have done photography, others must judge. In striv-
ing for ideals as we have conceived them, we have at times, in order to attain
the ends we sought, been compelled to antagonize many of the workers in photo-
graphic fields for whom we entertained the highest regard. If in these en-
counters we may have ruffled the feelings of our adversaries, we beg now to as-
sure them that our warfare was -waged for principles, and not against persons;
and to express regret, if in the course of the conflict, we have been compelled
by circumstances to assume a position of seeming self-assertiveness bordering
on the indelicate.
Before saying farewell, we must acknowledge the many courtesies shown
us. To the advertisers in our pages, we feel indeed indebted for the loyalty
and liberality with which they have supported us. With few exceptions, they
have continued their patronage without interruption, despite the gradual in-
crease in rates unaccompanied by any enlargement of edition. While we know
that they have received a full return for their investment, yet without their lib-
eral co-operation and appreciation CAMERA NoTES would have been a financial
impossibility.
4
 VALEDICTORY.

To our readers and our contributors, and to such of the officers and mem-
bers of the Camera Club as have been appreciative of the five years of unceas-
ing labor and devotion, we extend our heartfelt thanks for the encouragement
and kind words which have been our sole remuneration for the self-imposed
task in behalf of the "Cause" of Pictorial Photography. Many members of
the Camera Club of New York, we fear, have been at times sadly misrepre-
sented by us, and forced to stand before the world as upholding principles with
which they were out of sympathy. To those who feel aggrieved at this, we feel
we owe an apology, for having used them in the interests of the advancement of
American Photography, to which the Camera Club of New York is pledged by
its constitution.

New York, April 7th, 1902.

... ... ...

To William M. Murray-An Appreciative Acknowledgement.
Several years ago 'vVm. M. ;Murray, through the stress of urgent business
obligations, was compelled to sever his connection with CAMERA ~OT.ES. He
had been connected with the magazine from the beginning. His services were
of ·such character as to place all those interested in the cause of scientific and
artistic photography-as well as of par English-very deeply in his debt.
The Editor of this Quarterly is still further indebted to Mr. Murray for the
able and unselfish assistance rendered in the editing and building up of CAMERA
NoTES during its first two years of existence. It is but fitting that at this
time and in this number of CAMERA NoTES, it be recorded that Mr. Murray's
services are gratefully remembered. A. S.

5
 The Philosophy of Laughter.
"Tutto 11elmo11do c bur/a."

E VEN though all the world be a stage, does any idea of it ever penetrate the
mind of the philistine. Never could he believe that he is but a trivial actor
in the Drama of Life. Therein he is pitifully pathetic; he is squalidly tragic in
his negativeness, for no Samson could shatter the temple of his self-conceit. As
soon could the pillars of the world be overthrown and the firmament brought
down. But it is doubtful if even thus the philistine could be made to see stars
larger than the rush-light on his own altar.
l\lost of those who know more, of course desire to play upon the philistine.
He is the butt for wits; the poor devil who is pinched and pummeled by sprites
and elves, while the fays dance about him and he blinds himself, for fear, from
the brilliance of spiritual apparitions. Young artists may try to electrify the
earth-dulled one, while enthusiastic critics belabor him and proselytizing tran-
scendentalists endeavor to prod his soul. But there are also those who feel
too thoroughly their human kinship, and their "touch of nature,'' to permit them
to turn in any way upon their fellow man without a qualifying sense of comrade-
ship. Shakespeare made an immortal of Falstaff because our great dramatist
was too all-wise not to give some sympathy to this knave of philistinism. Verdi,
re-creating in music Boito's fine adaptation from the plays, was too big and toler-
ant merely to laugh at this man-mountain of mundanity. He allows even this
ignoble personality moments when the laugh is with him; even this spiritual cur
has his day.
The militant Wagner, fighting for due recognition, naturally tinctured com-
edy with bitter satire; but Verdi was ending a long career of successes. Com-
edy, tragedy, and melodrama-that nondescript on the confines of art,-all
played parts in his depictions of the Drama of Human Life. After Verdi had
at length put in music the passions of Othello, the ingeniousness of Desdemona,
and the wily knavery of Iago, he turned again to Shakespeare. And then thi,;
wonderful old man of eighty made a music-drama) in the true spirit of comedy,
in which the multifarious characters have an intensely vital existence as well as
an extremely artistic expression. These music-folk live and laugh, plot and
make love, in the woof of melody, each in the color and figure of his kind; but
through, and underlying it all, is a warp of harmony, fine and strong, flowing
from beginning to end. So Verdi not only sighs and sings with the young
lovers, is mischievous with the wives, and jealous with the husband, but also
laughs with, as well as at, the well-tricked Falstaff.
In the opera of course all ends happily. Even the unctuous philistine for-
gives those who have baited him, ere all go to sup together. How else could it
be ended by a musician who had grown wise enough to hear and write the funda-
mental harmony of life underlying all the conflicting incidents of terrene exist-
ence. Of the exquisite art with which this is done, the ordinary hearer realizes
little, and therein is a chastening lesson for the callow critic or young artist who
desires to please by his technique, for the music flows as naturally and unpre-
6
.
~
./'
r

\~

/ ...,. .
,,,~·

\, ;i
/
1> "'
...
·

I
CHARCOAL EFFECT
From a "Gum" Print

By Mary Devens
(Bosto n)
 THE PHILOSOPHY OF LAUGHTER.

tentiously as a sunshiny brook, and only musicians know how skilful it is and
how well this is concealed. The magnificent final fugue seems but a sponta-
neous outburst of joy; yet good musicians declare that marvellous is the contra-
puntal ingenuity of this melody, with which Verdi closes in gnostic merriment
his drama and his long career.
These is always a certain amount of pressure on those who are living a
strenuous life, that tends to make them disputatious in their differences and
severe in criticism. But critics, and all others who have destructive words to
cast, should endeavor to hear and attune themselves to the universal harmony,
woven of life, as well as to the individual notes and figures; much as we should
listen to the music-drama of Falstaff, should the opportunity be vouchsafed us.
If we "sit under" Verdi and men of his breadth, whenever and wherever we may,
at least we may learn that which most of all makes for the sympathy of culture-
that is, to laugh together, although we differ on questions of art and science. The
differences are, comparatively, so small, often so entirely superficial, and they
are so useful for vital development, while our choice is often so dubious and
fickle: "Which lily leave and then as best recall!" We may well adapt the re-
mark of an old Irish habituee of "the Island": "let us laugh while we may. for
our theories and beliefs may soon go to the Morgue, and it will be a very long
time before anyone will come to take them out."
It is the highest philosophy of life to laugh together, although we be most
serious workers; and when we differ, still to laugh. It has taken many cen-
turies to bring us to a suspicion of the fact that we need not burn our fellow-
players because they do not always echo our formulations:
Comrades in life are we,
All seeking the ultimate good,
Though diverse our tongues may be,
For wide is our brotherhood.

... ... DALLETT FUGUE'...

"The great end of art is to strike the imagination."

"Few have been taught to any purpose who have not been their own teachers."
"The value and rank of every art is in proportion to the mental labor employed in it,
or the mental pleasure produced by it."
"Beauty and simplicity have so great a share in the composition of a great style, that
he who has acquired them has little else to learn."
"Experience is all in all; but it is not every one who profits by experience; and most
people err, not so much from want of capacity to find their object, as from not knowing
what object to pursue."
"It is certain that the lowest style will be the most popular, as it falls within the com-
pass of ignorance itself; and the vulgar will always be pleased with what is natural in the
confined and misunderstood sense of the word."
And of those ambitious of immediate success: "They must, therefore, be told again
and again that labor is the one price of solid fame, and that whatever their force of genius
may be, there is no easy method of becoming a good painter."
"I wish you to attend to this that you may try yourselves, whenever you are capable
of that trial, what you can, and what you cannot do; and that, instead of dissipating your
natural faculties over an immense field of possible excellence, you may choose some par-
ticular walk in which you may exercise all your powers, in order that each of you may be
the first in his way."
-Thoughts frorn Sir Joshua Rt!yHolds.
9
 On Genre.
GENRE subjects have always enjoyed more popularity with the general pub-
lic than any other branch of the art of painting. The wielders of the brush
however have always looked upon story telling in painting as something un-
worthy of the highest ideals of their profession.
By this they do not altogether mean that minute study of details and exact
presentation of facts make their productions conspicuously uninteresting as
works of art, but rather that they lack those qualities which are associated with
the most advanced phases of modern art.
This hatred for genre subjects has always seemed a rather futile agitation
to me. Nobody with any pretense to taste will deny that those painters who
devote the utmost care to the most insignificant objects (and who are still con-
sidered by the large majority the pillars of art, because their shortsightedness is
relative to the ordinary seeing capacity of the crowd), are artistically inferior
to those who master touch and technique, the problems of tone and color, and
the decorative side of painting.
But how about the little Dutch Masters, who were genre painters in the
strictest sense of the word, and who nevertheless understood to invest the true
likeness of their subjects with a charm and fascination far beyond ordinary
graphic powers and force of draughtsmanship? And cannot also the paintings
of a Fortuny and Knaus, for instance, be defended on the same grounds?
You may say that such men are exceptions, that the harmonious concen-
tration of vision, peculiar to them, lifts them above minor talents, painters like
Defregger, Vauthier, and Mosler, whose pictures are like pages torn from a
popular novel. But if there are exceptions, the fault can hardly lie in the choice
of subjects, and the question whether a genre painter paint!> artistically or not, is
reduced to a large extent to personal opinion.
Let us investigate this matter a little more closely. First of all, it will
be necessary to ascertain of what material a genre picture is constituted, an ex-
tremely difficult problem, as it is well nigh impossible to draw the boundary lines
with indisputable precision.
The standards which guide the painters in their judgment have assumed
no definite shape, they are mostly a matter of personal feeling and the tra-
c:litional "ism" of some special school, and consequently not to be relied upon.
Moreover they are full of paradoxes.
Take for instance a painter like Defregger. No matter how this painter
might treat a group of peasants, we would classify his picture at once as genre.
On the other hand if we are confronted with a peasant by the hand of Israels or
Liebermann we would hesitate and prefer to call their production "a study."
And yet there is in both the same careful study, the same striving to get at the
secrets of certain types of humanity, the same desire to record completely and
definitely their special traits.
The whole difference seems to lie in the conception, for it cannot be denied
that both pictures tell a story. The one is told a Ia Dickens in a popular way.
10
 ON GENRE.

the other in the style of a writer of the modern realistic school, which may be
some day just as popular as the other one.
But the problem is still more difficult. For how shall we classify a single
finished figure of Meissonier or Zamacois ! We might be inclined to call it a
study, as long as the figure is merely placed against a background without any
special occupation, while we would designate it as genre as soon as the figure
is represented as playing chess, looking at a piece of statuary, etc., or in other
words approaching the anecdotal style of painting. On the other hand who
would deny that the women of Stevens, who are generally depicted in interiors
and employed in one or another phase of domestic or social life, do not show the
same subtle refinement and psychological insight as the ladies of Aman-Jean or
Dewing, who sit in attitudes of pensive grace against backgrounds that are noth-
ing else but color arrangements.
True enough, but Stevens is an exception, he is a psychologist and a color-
ist of the first order, somebody will argue. He is infatuated with anything
feminine which suggests to him harmonies of tone, in which the richer color
chords shine like the faint lustre of ancient gems in a twilight atmosphere.
If this argument holds good, then the subject is not the point at all, but the
treatment alone. Although story telling is, in my opinion, rather unresthetic in the
pictorial representation of human figures, as long as these are seen separately
and individually and not e11 masse, as by the impressionist painter, I see no rea-
son why genre subjects should be tabooed altogether, as it depends entirely on
the way they are treated. In ideas Fortuny has hardly more to tell than
Gerome for instance, but how differently he tells it! To him life is a mas-
querade, ebullient and capricious, where every detail glitters like a piece of
jewel-clustered brocade. All that should be avoided in pedantic realism, which
busies itself with every little thread stealing out of a buttonhole, and which can
see only things detached in detail and not as a harmonious whole.
In artistic photography the situation is a similar one, the same fight is on
and almost the same arguments could be used in regard to the works of Dumont,
Eickemeyer, Stirling, White, Kasebier and Steichen. However there is one
difference. A painting, no matter how trivial or prosaic its subject may be, can
still cham1 by technical qualities, in which certain characteristics of the
artist may be reflected, while a photographic genre picture a la Defregger or
Vauthier, no matter how cleverly composed is always hopelessly inartistic. It
depends too largely on the models and their ability to pose, and to remain natural
looking while a long studio exposure is taking place. It is almost a physical
impossibility. Eickemeyer's "The Dance" was a most ambitious attempt to
overcome these difficulties ; he had the proper models and studio outfits on
hand, he thought out the composition night and day, altered it frequently, made
study after study until he finally succeeded in getting a faultless picture from
the photographic point of view. Artistically it is of no more interest than a
reproduction of a painting by Diehlman. The same might be said of White's
"Ring Toss." The means of modification do not seem to be sufficient to gen-
eralize the facts which the camera tells with such unrelenting bluntness. The
more artistic .a photographer is, the more will he see in an object what he looks
II
 CAMERA NOTES.

for, but the camera will never fail to remind him that there are forms in nature
which the mind at the time did not perceive. A study of these two prints will
give a fair estimate of the limitations of the photographer's craft. Elaborate
genre scenes in which several figures are introduced are practically impossible,
and to strain after effects like these means but to invite failure and to join hands
with mediocrity. One and two figure subjects lend themselves more easily to
photographic treatment as Dumont and White have successfully proven, but
their efforts are hardly more than finger posts in the right direction. They lack
virility and esprit, and excite as pictures hardly more than a passing interest.
Steichen and Euli:"ene are as far as I know the only ones who might pos-
sibly succeed in discovering and expressing in photographic genre some of that
"painter" element which we admire in the works of a Liebermann or Israels.
For those who are not initiated into the painter's technique it very much re-
sembles the pursuit of the impossible, an occupation which they should leave to
people of less discretion than they are supposed to possess.
SIOSEY Ar.L.\N.*

The Greek Influence in Photography.

U PON a pleasant morning in 485 B. C., while the Athenian populace were busy
ostracising those of their number who had become disagreeably promi-
nent, a strapping young Greek, who had been too much occupied to practice pen-
manship, asked Aristides to write the name of Aristides upon shell. Our young
friend, who sold melons at the foot of the Acropolis, had been scrupulously
honest in his business dealings and it riled him that Aristides should be called
"The Just" while his own honesty escaped recognition. This was one of the
not unnatural results of that great discovery of the Greeks-Democracy.
We too have fallen upon a democratic age and are citizens of that great
Republic of Art-Photography. What wonder then if some of us are looking
for scribes to fill in names upon our shells? Are we not free and equal be-
neath the glorious banner of the Bulb and Button? If to-day we brush-develop
the Sunday World Wonder Page, shall we not to-morrow compare the merits
of Clarence White and Botticelli? If in fine we deal in photographic melons,
shall we therefore endure to hear a Kasebier or a Steichen called "The Just?"
Go to ! Pass me a clam-shell.
]. B. KERFOOT.

*Sadakichi Hartmann.
12
~'INTER LANDSCAPE
By Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.
(N~w York)
--
 Eduard J. Steichen, Painter-Photographer.
[Mr. Eduard ]. Steichen's position in the photographic world is unique. His pictures
are creating a sensation in all those Parisian and other continental art circles which have
had the opportunity of examining his work. Over a year ago, we had decided to devote
an entire number of CAMERA NoTES to Steichen and his ideas. In view of the extreme
subtlety of his originals, it was deemed advisable to await his return from Europe, so as
to enable him to personally supervise the reproduction of his pictures and thus do th~
greatest possible justice to himself and to ourselves.
Force of circumstances. referred to elsewhere. has willed it otherwise. This is
greatly to be regretted, as Mr. Steichen's pictures are of such beauty and importance that
"CAMERA NoTEs" which has fought so mercilessly for that cause embodied in Mr. Steichen'.;
pictures and ideas, seems incomplete without the realization of the above referred to plan.-
EmroR.]

''I SHALL always stick to photography, for there are, in my opinion, certain
pictorial ideas that can be expressed better by photography than by any
other 'art medium.' " These words explain Steichen's relation to artistic pho-
tography, for he is by profession a painter and always intends to remain one and
wishes to be considered as such. He has taken up artistic photography as an-
other painter might take up lithography or etching.
As a manipulator of the rubber bulb, he has the reputation of being an in-
novator of judicial and well-balanced views; he is. with justice, given by popu-
lar verdict a position among the most capable, and is well established upon the
ladder of official recognition.
He has, more than most photographers, the chance of securing real
consideration and willing acceptance for any new departure that he may be
moved to make, for he has already gained for himself a place which he shares
with no one else. Like Eugene and Kasebier. he has set himself the task of
getting painter's results, an aim which with him-as he is a real connoisseur of
the painter's technique and touch, and able to transfer a resemblance of brhsh-
work without falling into eccentricity or morbidness-seems, for the first time in
the history of artistic photography, to be perfectly legitimate. Steichen's work
refuses to fit itself into any of the various schools at present in vogue. He is
groping for the new. Young, accomplished and full of energy, he has the
courage to experiment and the ambition to break with conventional laws and to
create new formula! of expression. He is thoroughly modern, the "enfant ter-
rible" of the American school, as Demachy has so aptly remarked.
There is a profusion of creative power, a bold, manly conception in all his
work, combined with a sense of balance, harmony and proportion. Above all,
he possesses a thorough knowledge of the material he employs, its possibilities
and conditions. He creates from the essence of the material, so to speak.
which in all art expressions is the very starting point and only guarantee of
real success.
But he does not yet see his subjects with his own eyes, all his own way.
The impress of absolute personality does not yet distinguish his work. His
prints are undoubtedly imitative (viz, his "Victor" plagiarized from Stuck's
painting) but they display a quality of imitation and receptiveness which is
15
 CAMERA NOTES.

evidently the prelude to a decisive and sincere originality. That he has ar-
rived at anything like final conviction no one who has followed his sudden
growth and progress would dare to assert. His life, hitherto, has been one of
change and evolution. He has passed almost unconsciously from one step to
another, and has in apparent obedience to the resthetic instincts which control
him, varied his performances to suit each phase in his own belief.
Look for instance at his portraits of himself. In one of them we find all
the ear-marks of modern poster composition, in the other one-a masterpiece in
its breadth of vision, its vigorous touch and its fierce, violent dashes of high
light-a strong flavor of the Dutch Old Masters is perceptible.
In his "Silver Buckle" where the sparkle of a polished buckle gives life and
color to the picture, we are reminded of the Whistler school, and his portrait of
the sculptor Rodin, an imposing silhouetteof a bearded profile in the lower right
corner against a white marble statue looming in ominous import and filling the
remainder of the picture, we feel the influence of the Symbolist school, in which
the artists try to reveal with regardless freedom the innermost secrets of their
soul.
His landscapes show equal knowledge of contemporary art ideas. His
''Pool," a charming evensong, is a marvel of tone and poetic sentiment. They
show a deep love for the lulling influences of harmo11ious rather than true values
and their gentle relationship. He admits in this print the ideal of the modern
tone painter, that nothing matters, neither impression nor definition, if only tone
survives. His low-toned impressionist winter landscapes, quite Japanese as to
lines and spotting, reveal great gifts of composition, but they are wanting in air.
the atmospheric perspective is altogether absent therefrom, and the whole se~
appears to be "corked up" and stifling. His "The Judgment of Paris," a com-
position of a solitary tree-trunk in the foreground and a cluster of three trees
in the middle distance, is perhaps the most courageous step onwards into more
individual art that Steichen has taken. This dainty picture appeals by its ex·
quisite humor and its animation. Here everything seems alive. The forms
flow together into a harmonious entirety, each gaining in importance through
the other.
This print shows more than any other that Steichen is by inheritance and
nature an artist, who will sooner or later find the opportunity to satisfy that
most commendable of all ambitions, the desire to do justice to himself. His
present stage can only be regarded as a temporary stopping place on the road to
achievements greater than any that can be credited to him at present. Indeed
we may reasonably look to him as one of the rarest types of modern artistic
photographers, one who may be trusted to waste nothing of his energies in
vain, and who also may be inspired to deal at times in the unexpected, and there-
by conquer new worlds full of variety and realize the possibilities of great dis-
coveries.
SIDNEY ALLAX.

16
 DJffusion and Simplification.
C ONFUSION and Sillyfication! exclaims the photographer of the old
school, as he turns irritably away from the above heading, but his voice has
become weak, and it is only a feeble echo of what he would have said to such
a title when he was in his prime, some twenty years ago.
But when one thinks of it, diffusion and simplification have been two very
strong factors at work on the right side in photography. Undoubtedly, one or
the other of them is answerable for a certain amount of untidy, dishonest, short-
cut, trumpery work, and this is not their fault, but rather misfortune. Diffusion
lends a ready mask for bad work, and it is nothing new that evil doers should
shelter under the cloak of simplicity.
It is true, H. P. Robinson and F. Sutcliffe in years gone by showed how
much could be done pictorially without either diffusion or simplification, but
with the early salons at the Dudley Gallery, strong influences were at work.
Many photographers went back to the A B C of their craft, and in various ways,
often with fear and trembling, groped for simplicity and broadness of treatment.
They felt they must abandon their finished pictures, and begin again, lower
down the ladder, trying their powers at pochadrs (so to speak), thereby study-
ing and working at values and tones in a simpler phase, where a good many of
the difficulties that assailed them when engaged on a big work were non-existant.
Born as the new movement was, in the home of the New English Art Club,
it was natural that the painters of this group should exert a strong influence on
the minds of the revolutionists. Indeed they held much the same position with
regard to the Royal Photographic Society-then known as the Photographic So-
ciety of Great Britain-as the painters did to the Academy. Both were voy-
agers in a "Mayflower," seeking a wider, freer, and truer atmosphere in which
to work out their own salvation. And this the photographers found at the
Dudley Gallery, and the early exhibitions gave abundant proof that there were
many earnest workers who, though lacking the initiative of the seceders, hacf
yet felt the same want and were ready and willing to join the new movement.
But the artistic temperament is, the world over, sensitive and absorbent, and
as time has gone on the effect of other influences is clearly distinguishable. The
Glasgow School of Painters has had its say at many an exhibition of the kindred
ring, without knowing the fact itself, and probably the photographers most in-
fluenced are least aware of the inoculation. Indeed I have even detected an
echo in some photographers of the earnest little Newlyn band of painters. We
all know how, consciously or unconsciously, the old masters have been laid under
contribution by photographers, either in the matter of motive or technique-0
Velasquez, 0 Van Dyck, forgive these allusions !-but this fact alone proves the
yearning after simplification and diffusion, for the reader has only to call to
mind Velasquez's painting of himself, or Van Dyck's Philip to see both these
qualities illustrated by master hands.
I need hardly say that nothing is farther from my intention than to proclaim
diffusion and simplification as the only roads to pictorial expression. On the
contrary, much of the delight of many a charming photograph would be lost if
17
 CA.\IERA XOTES.

treated thus. But for years a few photographers have been groping after sim-
plicity and diffusion, (generally reviled by the onlooker) and many and devious
have been the paths leading to them.
There was the dark era, in the infancy of the Salon, when such men as
Haskell and Roland Bryant achieved them by means of a vast gloom. Sombre
and black was the background, and a few objects loomed indistinctly out of this
Dantesque inferno. Loud indeed were the howls of the critics, but all the
same, this was a step towards elimination of the unnecessary, and one could not
help realising there was a clever brain struggling with subjects and material:>
in at least, as far as photography was concerned, a new way, and in spite of all
derision they taught their lesson to the crowd and a step was marked in the
advancement of photography.
Painfully and slowly photographers have learnt the beauty of restraint. All
unessential detail is just so much torture to the critical eye, and so will it de-
tract from what really is good, that the whole scheme becomes too wearisome
to be borne. Mrs. Meynell goes further still, seems to find more restful pleas-
ure in even the silhouette of a shadow than in the substance itself. "The
shadow," she says, "has all the intricacies of perspective, simply translated into
line and intersecting curve and pictorially presented to the eye, and not to the
mind. The shadow knows nothing except its flat design." I fancy it is this
same revulsion of feeling against that bastard and unreal realism of the ordi-
nary sort of photography-when every useless detail is given its full worth-
less prominence-that is responsible for the flat effects. some verging on the
Japanese, that have, of late years, been such a feature of our craft. In the
world of paint there is that class of work of which a certain class of the public
say "one could step into the frame, it looks so real," and at the opposite pole is
Conder with his bizarre, flat effects, with quaint scenes and figures that never
could have existed except in his gifted imagination. ~lidway between. the
late Stott of Oldham, with his idealistic realism, created his atmosphere, and
had the power of impressing it so on others, that they felt for the time being
those snowy peaks with their wonderful tones of blue and purple were the real
thing. But it was not done by niggling detail. In photography there ar~
the Conders and the Stotts, who have broken away from all the old traditions
and have created landscapes which express their own individuality and portraits
that contain as much of themselves as of the sitters.
The means by which diffusion and simplification are attainable are so varied
at the present day. A case of unintentional diffusion of which I was a witness
irresistibly comes to my mind. A friend, some time ago, showed me some of
his work, which chiefly consisted of groups taken out of doors. In one of
these, the figure of a young girl leaning carelessly against a wall, had a striking
and charming effect, and was a refreshing contrast to the rest of the people por-
traved in the same photograph. I could not help openly admiring it, when my
sensitive friend, thinking he was being laughed at, actually began apologizing
for it, explaining that, as the girl had insisted on standing so far away from
the others he had found it difficult to get her in focus. So he had quite uninten-
tionally gained that delicate sketch effect, which has cost others such infinite
!8
 TOIL
By Albert Fichte
(German y)
 DIFFUSION AND SIMPLIFICATION.

labour, but poor man, he would probably do his best never again to produce any-
thing so refreshingly different from the rest of the work with which he con-
trived to give me a depressing half hour.
But I have digressed from the subject, viz: the variety of ways with which
we can, nowadays, obtain the results here discussed. Lenses are purposely con-
structed with which any amount of diffusion can be scientifically obtained, and
printing processes, such as the glycerine development of platinum, gum bichro-
mate, artigul and ozotype, go far to make simplification comparatively easy to
the hand of the artist. But of course these are only the means, the tools, where-
with the worker may be equipped, and with him rests more than ever it did be-
fore, the making, or the marring of the result.
We all know-at least we have been told-that photographs should not be
framed and hung up, but kept choicely hidden in portfolios, to be peeped at now
and again. Under these conditions we should no doubt be a long time weary-
ing of first loves, and they would probably stand the test of an occasional glance
for many years. I have found it a quicker plan of elimination to place the
prints by various workers that have appealed to me strongly, under glass, and
hung on the walls of a room I enter but three times a day, for the purposes of nu-
trition. Under these conditions the struggle for existence becomes much
keener, and the survival of the fittest is more quickly decided.
Looking round that room, I find a remarkable number of the "elect" are
more or less diffused in treatment, and they are all simple, and apparently un-
ambitious productions, and I think herein lie their good wearing qualities, for a
print that will bear looking at three times every day must .contain some ele-
mental truth convincingly expressed. No mere prettiness or clever trifling
could successfully stand so severe a test. No photographer who is able to
catch some of the true spirit of art in his work is ever likely to appeal to the
public. It is a fact that modern photographers who are striving to raise their
craft must realize, if they have not already become painfully aware of it. Paint-
ers have had to suffer the same misunderstanding, but I do not think at all in
the same degree, for there has always existed a certain respect for paint, and
what the man in the street did not like, he sometimes was condescending enough
to think was what he could not understand. But whoever is wise enough
to think they do not understand a photograph-when the veriest ignoramus
will boldly criticise and try to sharpen his feeble wit on it, and no one will thank
you for inferring that it may be above his intelligence?
Still, let us be thankful that photographers are now no longer dependent on
the appreciation of the ignorant, for in every country there is a certain number
of artistic photographers to whom good work will appeal, and surely the appre-
ciation of such men is far more worth having than that of the crowd, who can-
not rid themselves of the old idea of the camera's work. The appreciation of
his confreres was enough for Degas, will not the photographer content himself
with the same meed of praise?
"But each for the joy of working, and each in his separate star,
Shall draw the Thing as he sees It, for the God of Things as They are."
WILL A. CADBY.

21
 The American School.
"Those to whom art is cnly a trade have never known the great thoughts of the real
artist face to face with nature, but by using formulas and conventional processes they are
more likely to be understood by the masses, who, in fact, find little interest in new and
original work."-Alexand~r Tavenitr on Sisley.

T HE secessionists of Munich-in fact, all secessions, and it is to a secession

better than anything else that the new movement in photography can
be likened-gave, as the reason of their movement, the "fact that they could no
longer tolerate the set convictions of the body from which they detached them-
selves, a body which exists on conventions and stereotyped formulre, that checked
all spirits of originality instead of encouraging them, that refused its ear to any
new doctrine-such groups gave birth to secession.
Photography has long held such a position, and to-day we hear rebellious
voices in France, we hear them in Germany and England, while the recent works
from America shown in London have a like message.
When Monet, Sisley, and that notable group of men in France dubbed
impressionists, first appeared on the walls of exhibitions, they were received with
joyous acclamations of a few, but were bitterly condemned by the majority.
:\fen, wise men (sages), looked upon their work in amazement; these splutter-
ings of color were to them freaks, and they did "hee and haw" amongst them-
selves until they came to the verdict of insanity. To-day we look upon Monet as
the master of landscape painting, and even the most conservative do well to admit
that this great movement had a healthy influence on modern art. Their can-
vases were permeated with light, their exhibitions were ablaze with color;
one man strove to outdo the other in this effect of ultra-realism and sunlight.
Then came the reaction. From all this glare of the sun there came the school
of deep low tone. It is not a new note, but an old one in newer form, ripened,
as it were, by the fierce contact with a combating element. With the bra<•ura
of technique gained by this force the painter might be less conscious of the
medium.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Photography and photographers have ever held a unique position amongst
the arts and crafts. Of the volumes that have been written in the vain hope of
trying to establish thus a place for photography amongst the arts, I am not here
concerned, but feel assured that if conviction is to come in such a manner it will
never come. Results alone are arguments, and it might be that the admission of
photograms into the forthcoming Glasgow Exposition, the photographic exhibi-
tions held by the secession of Munich and like exhibitions in America, ought to
be considered as one type of result. Let it be not the medium we question but
the man. Our consideration of lithography was an hourly one until Whistler
made it an art. Let photographers concern themselves more with art and less
with photography and we will have better photograms.
* * * * * * * * * * *
One need not point to the sources of influence to be found in American
work, for Whistler and Alexander are as much in evidence as are the old masters
22

- --
 THE AMERICAN SCHOOL.

and the Japanese. Yet is not the whole movement in modern art similarly kin to
this influence? If we in America have felt this more keenly than others it is
because we have been more ready to be receptive.
vVe cannot realize that it should seem strange that, if the photographer is
desirous also of being an artist, his work shall communicate the spirit of the
painter. Observe how intimate is the relation between the Germlin painter and
their school of photography. One is continually reminded of the influence of a
Boecklin, or a Leistikow. These photographers are more concerned with art
than with dark room tex.t-books.
It is evident that the greatest lessson the average photographer has to Jearn
is to unlearn, and one of his first lessons would be to overcome the idea of a
"sharp, brilliant" photogram being a good one. Why this idea? Do we judge
any other work of art by this standard? Certainly there are people who will look
at pictures with a magnifying glass, but the less said of such people and such
pictures the better. If we bear in mind that there is no absolute black and no
absolute white to be seen in nature, the idea of such contrasts in a photogram
somewhat dissolves. To some of us the lower tones have more of a tendency to
make things beautiful than tones more brilliant, and hence the repeated use of
them. One strives for harmony-harmony in color, in values and in
arrangement.
Carriere, one of the greatest of modern French painters, keeps all his pict-
ures in a low brownish key, using no pure whites or darks, and blending his
tones, he secures an exquisite feeling of atmosphere and shrouds that in a lovely
sentiment. Certainly, one does not insist that everything does exist in just this
arrangement, yet it is a phase that tends to reflect one's individual characteristics.
We often criticise a photogram, expecting more of it than it intends to con-
vey. \Ve would not criticise one of Puvis de Chavannes' sketches from the same
standpoint as we would his "Poor Fisherman" in the Luxembourg. If we look
at Keiley's "Study of Flesh," and consider it is such, we do it justice, and as for
that peculiar fleshy texture, I know of no other photogram that gives it with such
painter-like quality, be it obtained by whatever means it may. Were it called a
portrait it would certainly be disappointing. A portrait need not, however, be
one of those strange creations produced by the aid of various studio clap-trap we
so often meet with, to be a real portrait, for a portrait is only a portrait when it is
true to nature as well as to the sitter, and most gallery photograms are very false
in their rendering of values, light and tone. One does not generally see people
thus. We occasionally find ourselves in darker parts of the world, and, as a rule,
feel more easy there.
What a beautiful hour of the day is that of the twilight when things disap-
pear and seem to melt into each other, and a great beautiful feeling of peace
overshadows all. Why not, if we feel this, have this feeling reflect itself in our
work? Many of the negatives have been made at this hour, many early in the
morning or on dark gray days, and thus one is able to give prolonged exposure.
* * * * * * * * * * *
People before a camera are apt to assume an unreai, stony expression, and that
especially when they realise that it is all to happen in one second or a fraction
23
 CA.JfERA .VOTES.

thereof, but to hold this look for any length of time is impossible, and in the space
of a minute a series of expressions are apt to give something of a "com.posite"
such as a paint~r would strive for. This for character; then to make the result
more than just the mere portrait, one arranges the masses and lines so as to form
an interesting and artistic comp('Sition, and very often this, it may be seen, is
achieved by the use of accessories, in the way of objects, or the placing of lines
and masses in the background. In Mrs. Kasebier's portrait of an artist we have
a portrait that as such one feels must be successful, and which, as an artistic
creation, is very beautiful. It illustrates well what is good composition, the
placing of masses and spots, and the very fine values. In Clarence H. White's
"Lounging" we find an extremely difficult motive handled with rare skill and
judgment. In the use of these very severe hnes-lines of a daring few painters
would attempt-Mr. White is particularly successful, and, noting the importance
of the chair and its angle in the picture, it brings home the feebleness of rules in
composition, which are as useless as they are many. Composition and all of its
kindred matter must always be a matter of individual feeling, and display of
individual skill. If we study it well we realise how much the composing assists
Frank Eugene in giving to his "Adam and Eve" such a feeling of grandeur and
nobility, a feeling which but few other photograms I know possess. F. Holland
Day has employed similar feeling in the "Seven Words'' series, yet he ha~
jnfused these with a more religious quality.
The great spiritual quality in Mr. Day's work is only equalled by his mas-
tery over the technique of his medium. Compare the quality and texture in
several of his prints, the bold, strong masses of the "Ethiopian Chief" to the
mysterious tones of "Ebony and Ivory," and the beautiful tones and arrange-
ments in some of his portraits. To the critic who condemns all the prints as
being alike, such a study would be interesting; and if he were to continue this
study to that of the individual workers we might expect more real critiques. As
for the motives attempted, the result should speak of the advisability of this.
Few paintings contain as much that is spiritual and sacred in them as do the
"Seven Words" of Mr. Day. It is a narrow mind indeed that introduces person-
alities into such a work of art as this. If we knew not its origin or its medium
how different would be the appreciation of some of us, and if we cannot place
our range of vision above this prejudice the fault lies wholly with us. If there are
limitations to any of the arts they are technical; but of the motif to be chosen the
limitations are dependent on the man-if he is a master he will give us great art
and ever exalt himself.
"Although they have long ago won to their sides the critics of intelligence,
the avant garde of letters, the amalei11s of taste, they have not yet conquered the
great indifferent public."
(EDUARD]. STEICHEN, in the Photo gram, London, January, rgoi.)

24

- ---
BEFORE THE WIND
From a Platinotype

By Charles F. lnston
(England)
- ---
 Painters on Photographic Juries.
M OSTsinceofdefinitely
the leading pictorial photographic workers of the world have long
come to the conclusion, that jurors for their exhibitions
must be drawn from their own ranks. This conclusion has been arrived at after
long experienct' and many experiments. For years, photographers have resorted
to the co-operation and assistance of such painters and sculptors as were avail-
able, these, as a rule, representing the conventional idea of an "artist" ; by which
is meant such painters and sculptors as have virtually no prestige amongst the
artists themselves, but who frequently stand very high in the estimation of the
average public.
As pictorial photography advanced, and the leading photographers came to
have a truer comprehension of the real artistic possibilities of their medium of
expression, it was realized, that in order to establish pictorial photography as a
recognized art, those interested and practicing it would have to select their
judges from their own ranks. This idea, together with other causes, was one of
the prime factors in the establishment of the London Salon, in which, for the
first time in the history of photographic exhibitions, pictorial photography stood
absolutely on its own feet. The prime movers in this secession from the exhibi-
tion of the Photographic Society of Great Britain (now the Royal Photographic
Society), until then the most famous and oldest of photographic, exhibitions.
were men who for years had been practicing pictorial photography, who had
forced its first real serious recognition, and who had been singled out by artists.
and even not infrequently by the "artists," as men worthy of artistic recognition.
and fully competent to judge the artistic worth of pictorial photogaphs generally.
With the advent of this organized movement, British photography advanced
by leaps and bounds, notwithstanding the ridicule of almost the entire British
photographic press and the large majority of British photographers. As the
Salon encouraged individuality, new ideas and methods, it rt'ceived recognition
from sources better able to judge the artistic value of its endeavors than are the
mass of conventional photographers and the equally conventionalized press.
What the Salon has been to pictorial photography. those honestly and impartially
interested in its history and progress know so well as to make it unnecessary for
us to dwell upon here. The very fact that these photographers depended entirely
upon themselves, has resulted in making them infinitely more competent to deal
with all matters affecting their art, than they would have been, had they remained
in the old rut.
It was only through the adoption of this independent course, nmch as it may
have been ridiculed by press, photographers at large, artists, and even "artists,"
that respect for the earnestness of the workers was gradually forced froq~ their
most bitter opponents, and eventually it also proved to have been the direct cause
of the recognition to-day universally accorded to pictorial photography.
Though there were photographers on the continent working along advanced
lines, yet no organized or recognized pictorial movement then existed outside of
England. In America, at this same time, pictorial photography was in its
embryonic state and in a seemingly hopeless condition. Developed and fostered
 CAMERA NOTES.

by the enthusiasm of a few individuals, it was instilled with life by their serious-
ness and steadfastness of purpose. With the advent of the first Philadelphia
Salon, 1&18, came the adoption of all the London Salon ideas except those relat-
ing to the selection of its judges and the awarding of diplomas to those having
pictures hung. Why the method of selecting the judges was excepted can
readily be explained. At that time, this country had but few pictorial photogra-
phers whose names carried enough weight in the photographic world to pennit
the fonnation of a jury composed entirely of photographers, even though the
management had desired to secure such a jury.
Owing to the ignorance of the American public, including the bulk of the
American photographers themselves, as to the seriousness and real purpose of
this movement, it was absolutely essential to imbue this first exhibition with an
artistic tone so convincing, that the public mind could be left in no doubt as to
the artistic character of the photographic Salon. The writer, a member of the
"Linked Ring," when he acceptt>d, together with Robert Redfield ( photogra-
pher), and three painters of repute (Chase, Vonnoh and l\f rs. Stephens), the
invitation to act as one of the judges at this Salon of '98, fully realized the short-
comings of the system there adopted; as he had served on innumerable mixed
juries in Continental Europe he had had ample opportunity to note artists' idio-
syncracies as displayed in judging photographs. Despite the assurances of the
management of this first American Salon, the writer was nevertheless sceptical
whether the appointed painters would do justice to that task which they had
undertaken. As was anticipated, at the day appointed. Messrs. Chase and
Vonnoh failed to put in an appearance, having "more important d11tics to per-
;orm elsc7~·hcre .., Thus, history again repeated itself. The photographers, ~ore
conscientious than the artists, performed that duty which the latter shirked, and
the jury, instead of being constituted with painters in the majority, as originally
designed, was, in reality, a jury on which photographers predominated. That
the artists were entirely satisfied with the artistic judgment of the photographers
on this jury, is placed on record beyond any possible dispute, by the confinnatory
act of having affixed their signatures to the diplomas issued by the management
on this occasion.
This Salon called forth much new talent, amongst whom the following were
most conspicuous: Clarence H. White, Kasebier, Day, Keiley, and Eva L. Wat-
son. The pictures of these photographers created such a sensation, that at the
second Salon, the Philadelphia Photographic Society appointed as its jurors:
Miss Johm:ton, F. H. Day and H. Troth; while the Art Academy, recognizing
the entire ;~bility of certain photographers to replace the painter and to pass final
judgment on the artistic merit of a pictorial photograph, forewent its preroga-
tive to appoint painters or sculptors and appointed Clarence H. White and
Gertrude Kasebier as its representatives upon the jury. Thus, in the second
year of the Salon, practically all the principles of the ''Linked Ring" were finally
officially confinned and established by the Academy of Fine Arts of Penn-
sylvania.
In the meantime, American photography was beginning to attract attention
throughout the world, astonishing the art loving puhiic by its unusual and revo-
28
 PAINTERS ON PHOTOGRAPHIC JURIES.

lutionary productions and ideas. The earnestness of purpose displayed in these

Salons and the serious recognition accorded to the pictorial worker in his efforts
to advance the "Cause," resulted in drawing from their retirement many who
hitherto had refrained from exhibiting at all because of the insincere character
of most of the former so-called pictorial photographic exhibitions in this country.
American photography, in consequence, suddenly acquired such an impetus as to
make itself felt wherever interest was taken in the development of this new
branch of art expression.
And how was all this accomplished? Solely through the uncompromising
attitude of the leaders in proclaiming the independence of their art and main-
taining its entire ability to look after its own interests.
The cry for painters on juries is doubly absurd at this time, when Mr.
Steichen, whose ability as an artist, indeed an artist of exceptional merit, was
first recognized and proclaimed by photographers, at last has forced the most
conservative of all Art Juries, that of the Champs de Mars Salon, to acknowl-
edge his photographic work worthy of ranking with the arts.
As is well known, the Salon of the Champs de Mars, at Paris, is universally
considered as the Art Exhibition of the year, and it is the great ambition of all
artists to win the favorable recognition of its jury.
The Photo-Salon of Paris has been cited as an example of the advisability
of having a Jury composed of non-photographic artists solely, and it is worthy of
note, that the Paris Photo-Salon in no way approaches artistically that of the
"Linked Ring" of London or any Philadelphia Salon prior to that of 1901.
Messrs. Demachy, Steichen, Day and others, who are familiar with these exhibi-
tions and who rank amongst the foremost of pictorial photographers, bear
testimony to this. In fact, we understand that it is the opinion of Mons.
Demachy that French photography does not rank with that of England, Austria
or America, although it has undeniably produced some of the most prominent
and active of pictorial photographic workers. Judging by the results achieved
in England and America, where aggressive methods to force issues were em-
ployed by the original leaders, is it not probable that, if French photographers
were more independent, aggressive and possessed of greater faith in the possi-
bilities of photography, this foremost of all art-countries would take the lead?
French photography certainly seems to have suffered through its dependence
upon the painters for its advancement.
Mons. Demachy himself, although one of the ablest and foremost of the
world's pictorial photographers, did not anticipate that his own Paris would be
the first to recognize the right of a photograph to admission to an exhibition such
as the Champs de Mars. The mere idea of insisting that photography receive
recognition as a fine art, on equal basis with the other means of graphic art
expression, at the Paris World's Exposition of Igo<>-a condition insisted on by
the writer, when requested by the American Government to collect pictorial
photographs to represent the United States officially at this exhibition-Mons.
Demachy considered as most ridiculous and unreasonable. And it was left to an
American now to prove the logic of this request by forcing the recognition so
long sought for.
 CAJIERA !-.'OTES.

Painters as a class, notwithstanding all that has been accomplished, do not

to-day take pictorial photography seriously. Nor is this surprising, as they have
not devoted any time or attention to the study of the possibilities of the camera
as a medium of art expression. They have confined themselves to the study of
their own specialty, and have been acquainted with photography only in a casual
way. The leading photographic workers on the other hand, have not only
studied the technical side of photography, but have likewise devoted their
energies and talents to acquiring such an artistic training as is essential to all
those desirous of doing honest and sincere work. By technique, as here used, is
meant such knowledge of the nature and application of the tools and methods
employed as is necessary for the proper expression of those ideas or themes
intended to be portrayed. Possibly the main 'Teason which prompts the urging
of painter-juries is the popular conception that, because the great mass of pho-
tographers have had little or no training in art and are unfamiliar with its
simplest principles, advanced pictorial photographers likewise have acquired no
knowledge in this direction. Nothing could be further from the truth. The
example of these leaders, together with the results achieved by them, has shown
to the new workers the necessity of equipping themselves for their calling by a
thorough training in art, as a preliminary to a knowledge of photography.
When artist-bodies at length begin to realize that pictorial photographers
ma.'\' be artists in feeling and education their attitude must change. When thh:
changed condition is reached, we predict that at exhibitions open to all media of
art, photographers will be called upon to judge photographs, just as the sculptor
is called upon to judge statues; the landscapist, landscapes; the marine painter,
marines; the "figure-man," figure work; the etcher, etchings; the architect,
architecture, etc.
It may not be generally known that at the big art exhibitions the jury,
though composed of representatives of all the arts exhibited, make it a practice
of requiring the specialists to pass judgment upon the exhibits representing their
own class of work, and that only in those cases in which the specialists fail to
agree, does the mixed jury undertake to decide. It follows that this rule must be
applied to photography, as only a photographer has sufficient knowledge to pass
upon photographs. Then it will be considered just as absurd to require a painter
to pass judgment upon photographs, as it is considered to-day for a painter to
pass upon statuary.
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

30
WHEN THE HILLS ARE MOWN
From a "Gum" Print

By Arthur E. Becher
(Milwauk~)
- -- __,.
 The ''Photo-Secession" at the Arts Cub.
Much 5th-24th, J902.

T HE exhibition of pictorial photography arranged by the "Photo-Secession,"

briefly referred to in our previous issue, was opened on the night of March
5th with an address by our editor upon "Pictorial Photography and What It
Means." Despite the blizzard which raged that night, a distinguished audience
assembled in the exhibition rooms of the Arts Club to ht'.ar the speaker.
Amongst the interested listeners were Richard Watson Gilder, editor of the
Century; the Duke of Newcastle, Sir Philip Burne Jones, the painter; George
Julian Zolnay, the Roumanian sculptor; Mr. J. Wells Champney, the popular
pastelist, and many others. The talk was unprepared and informal, the
speaker beginning with a definition of the "Photo-Secession," outlining the
growth of pictorial photography the world over, whose culmination was the
"Secession." The audience being a general rather than a photographic one, Mr.
·Stieglitz explained the aims of the advanced workers of to-day and gave some
account of their struggles to achieve those ideals which they had set for them-
selves. He instanced the triple burden of the conservatism of a public ignorant
of the possibilities of photography, the opposition and intolerance of the con-
ventional commonplace photographer and the flippant sneers of the whole world
of artists-and here the speaker emphasized the distinction between painter and
artist, which the average mind has not been trained to distinguish. He dwelt
upon the irreparable harm that had been done photography by the fact that it
has proven a harbor of refuge for the incompetent in other crafts and pro-
fessions, who had sought its shelter from the winds of adversity i how they had
set the standard of public taste which it had taken many years of united toil and
devotion here and abroad to wean from the "photographic atrocities" which
were deemed, but a short time ago, the limits of the possible with the camera.
Reverting to his editorship of the American Amatet4r Photographer, which
he had accepted for the furtherance of the interests of the craft or art to which
he had devoted his life, and the flood of prints, accompanied by requests for
criticism with which he had been deluged, our Editor told an amusing anecdote
of the refuge he was compelled to take by reason of the lack of artistic feeling or
taste displayed in them, in the phrase, "TecltnicaJly perfect, pictorially rotten."
Thousands of copies of this criticism had gone forth from his office to the dis-·
may of the owners of the magazine. Having reviewed the more important
exhibitions of the world and their effect on pictorial photography, he claimed
that a movement which could produce such an artist in feeling and execution as
Mr. Eduard J. Steichen (whose work he pointed out upon the walls) was one
worthy of the serious consideration of lovers of art. The advances made from
the apparently hopeless condition of American photography of a few years previ-
ous lent strength to the hope that the future had in store a development of the art
far beyond the expectations of even the most enthusiastic exponents of its pos-
sibilities.
The audience were then introduced to the elements of the techniq_ue of the
33
 CAMERA 1\'0TES.

vanous processes shown in this exhibition, which included "gum," ozotype,

"glycerine," straight platinum, carbon, "bromide" and even "aristo." In con-
clusion he advanced his view that the result was the only fair basis for judg-
ment and that it was justifiable to use any means upon negative or paper to attain
the desired end. Logically there was little difference between the generally
recognized legitimate retouching of the negative and much frowned upon manip-
ulation of the modern print, which, strange to say, was sometimes achieved by
manipulation of lens and development without resort to a dodge of any kind in
printing, thus again proving that some of the most maligned prints generally con-
sidered faked, were in fact nothing more than "straight photography'' from be-
ginning to end, showing thereby the ignorance of these critics and many of those
considered fully initiated into the mysteries of technique. In conclusion he
hoped that this talk might induce those among his hearers previously un-
familiar with the "new" photography to assume a more liberal and appreciative
attitude toward the pictorial possibilities of the camera.
After Mr. Stieglitz had finished he was kept busy for some time explain
ing and answering the many questions excited by the novelty and beauty of the
prints upon the walls. The interest in this show was far greater than its most
sanguine well-wishers had hoped for. The rooms of the Arts Club were visited
by many more people than had attended any other exhibition within this club.
The pictures having been in every instance picked prints, were largely drawn
from private collections temporarily loaned by the owners and were in but few
instances for sale.* But four pictures were sold, and these for a total of
$170.00 (three at fifty and one at twenty), many would-be purchasers wer~
doomed to disappointment in finding that their selections were not for sale. The
public interest and the great succt'ss of this exhibition, which not only was the
first of its kind in New York, and unquestionably acknowledged by many who
had seen all the best photographic exhibitions of recent years here and abroad, to
·have been the choicest collection ever assembled under one roof. The
critics of such newspapers and magazines as devote a portion of their pages
to art, gave this exhibition extensive notices and even dwelt in the editorial
pages upon the serious consideration which these pictures merited. The Times,
Sun, E't'l'lling Sun, Herald, Centttr:y, Cosmopolitatl and others either have or will
publish elaborate criticisms and appreciations of the "New Photography." Our
space forbids reprinting all the notices thus far published, but two of the most
important are herewith given
The Kew York Sttn, March 13, writes:
Until March 22 an exhibition of American pictorial photography will remain on view
in the galleries of the National Arts Club, 37 West Thirty-fourth street.
This is not only the best exhibition ever held by the Arts Club. but the best of its
kind that has yet been seen in New York. F<Jr it has been very difficult hitherto in this
city to discover what the leading spirits in the new photographic movement were accom-
plishing. owing to the fact that their work has appeared only sporadically in exhibitions
where the issue has been obscured by a general average of lower merit. Consequently the
*One of the oictures exhibited which is the finest copy of the subiect extant, and
which has achieved great popularity with the critics and the public was so much desired
that an offer of three hundred dollars was made for it by an English art collector and
refused.
34
 THE "PHOTO-SECESSION" AT THE ARTS CLUB.

critics and the public have remained in almost entire ignorance of the movement. But on
this occasion the issue has been presented clearly. While the prints exhibited are by no
means of equal worthine~s. yet there is a sufficiency of good work by a variety of the ladies
and men engaged in the pnrsuit of artistic photography to give one a fair idea of the
quality and character of their aims and accomplishment.
This American movement is a branch. and a very lusty and independent one, of the
widespread attempt in Europe, more especially in Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria
and Italy, to produce pictures by means of photography. Pictures, that is to say, which
shall stand the test of criticism that one would apply to a picture in any other medium;
that shall be satisfactory in composition, color quality, tone and lighting; that shall have
aesthetic charm and shall involve some expression of the personal feeling of the photog-
rapher. The photographers who profess these high artistic aims and scrupulously live up
to their principles and have the ability to practice them, are necessarily few in number,
though steadily increasing; nor are they engaged in scholastic discussions as to whether
photography can be reckoned among the fine arts, for they leave such theorizing to the
-:hoppers of academic logic. It is not with phraseology they are concerned, but with facts.
"Here is a print," they say in effect; "has it any of the qualities that you find in a
black and white; does it give you anything of the pleasurable feeling that you experience
before a picture in some other medium? If not, we will try again; but if, on the other
hand, it does, then at least to the extent in which this print has affected you, pray acknowl-
edge that there WflY be possibility of artistic expression in a pictorial photograph. How far
the camera is responsible for the result or how far our own modification of its record, we
venture to ~ay is not the question; the sole point, as between you and ourselves, being
whether our prints have aesthetic qualities and will stand the test of the kind ·of criticism
that you apply to other pictures. If they do not in some cases, the fault is ours ; but if they
do not seem to in any case, then the fault may be partly yours, due to some prejudice which
you have agaimt the photographic picture as such ; but whether or not we win your
approval, we are far from accepting the situation as final, since our belief in the possibilities
of photography makes us regard such achievments as have been reached mere stepping
stones to something better."
This is a fairly suggestive statement of the attitude adopted by the advanced photog-
raphers, who are not attempting to capture recognition through popular means by adapting
themselves to "the high average of 'intelligence," but are striving, as artists in other
mediums are doing. to make their pictures expre~sions of beauty. How far they have
succeeded in their aims may be gathered from this exhibition.
Unquestionably the star exhibit in this collection is the group of prints by Eduard ].
Steichen, of Milwaukee, Wis., who is at present living in Paris. He is a draughtsman and
a painter as well as a photographer and was represented by a picture in last year's Salon.
But he finds that certain =~.ualities can be reached more readily through photography and
that the process has a range of possibilities of its own, and so he is by turns a photographer.
Among the examples here are several landscapes, some evidently studies, others complete
expressions of a mood of nature, but in all of them it should not be difficult to feel the
presence of a very artistic spirit, expressing itself in a noticeably- individual manner.
One might single out "The Pool," a view of a lonely spot in the woods at twilight
with a mystery of light and shadow and a brooding over all of the quiet impressiveness
of the hour. Speaking for myself, it seems a picture of unusual beauty in the serious
tenderness of its aesthetic appeal. But even if it does not affect you in this way, can you
really affirm that the rendering of this scene is merely a record of the camera, one that
anybody might have made? Is there no evidence of a hand and brain having worked to
secure some particular mood of the landscape, corresponding to some sentiment in the
photographer's own self. Or turn to the portraits; for example, those of Lenbach and of
Rodin. Each is entirely different in character and each extraordinarily significant of the
subject. One has seen the men and knows these portraits to be excellent likenesses; but,
better still, one has knowledge of their work and finds in these pictures a very remarkable
synthesis of its artistic qualities.
35
 CAMERA .VOFES.

The photographer in each case has varied his technique, so to speak, for that is what
it really amounts to, so that as you look at the portrait of Lenbach you are reminded ot
the character and quality of the portraits that he himself executes, and in the case of Rodin
the sensibility of his art, its marvellous blend of intellectual and sensuous qualities, are
brought to your recollection. Both of these portraits represent psychological studies of a
very high order, and it would really seem to be unnecessary to draw the attention of any-
body who has seen the prints to the artistic knowledge and feeling involved in them. As
to the :esthetic charm inherent in these prints it is a different matter. You can take a
horse to the water but you cannot force him to drink. So one can only record one's own
per>onal impression of the great enjoyment derived from the manner itself in which these
portraits are rendered. It is at once original and artistic in general treatment, as well as in
the penetrative analysis of the characterization, very superior to the run of painted portraits.
These points illustrate very clearly and conclusively the futility of trying to establish
artificial barriers to artistic expre~sion. If a man has within him the creative impulse, if
he is an artist in the true sense of the word, the medium which he adopts to convey his
expression of truth and beauty is a matter for his own selection. They illustrate also the
resourcefulness of photography and the latt"nt possibilities which it has. A few years ago
it would have been thought impossible to produce such prints, and even to-day one cannot
fail to feel some astonishment at their new note of excellence, for it is probably not an
exaggeration to say that they represent the highest point to which photographic portraiture
has yet been brought.
So one .has dwelt upon them to the exclusion of milch other excellent work in this
exhibition; work far too good to dismiss by a mere reference to names. One must be
contented, therefore, to I! ave to the visitor the satisfaction of forming his own preferences.
But, if there is any one who really desires to know of what photography is capable, when
practised with artistic seriousness, he should on no account fail to see this remarkable
exhibition.
* * *· * * * * * * * *
The E~·cning Sun writes:
So popular has the camera become by reason of its cheapness and the ease with which
it may be used as a means of noting things seen. that nowadays nearly every one is a photog-
rapher. But there are photographers and photographers. we are told, and between the old
snap-shooter and the modern camera-artist a great gulf is fixed. From time to time the
"advanced" photographer has striven to make his voice heard. but it has invariably been
drowned by the multitude; clubs, societies, and "~alons"' de,igned originally to encourage
the best, have grown lax and indiscriminate. and the preponderant button-pre~st"rs have
invariably ended by swamping the camera-artists. F<Jr this reason a few of the more
earnest spirits have lately broken loose from the several organizations supposed to represent
their aims and now as "secessionists" they are holding at the Art Club an exhibition of
their own; the most imposing demonstration ever made in this city by the pictorial phDtog-
raphers.
In a recent review of Mr. Caffin's book on "Photography as a Fine Art" we dealt at
some length with the claim; of the camera-artist; it is therefore unnecessary to discuss
them again except in so far as the examples of "pictorial" photography at the Arts Club
tend to modify the opinions then expressed. Frankly, they do not in any way affect the
criticism in essentials. A number of the photographs shown here served as illustrations
in Mr. Caffin's book and certainly the originals are often vastly better than half-tone repro-
ductions, where surfaces are reduced to a common level and values sometimes perverted;
but after all the ambitious claims of the photographer remain as questionable, the extrava-
gant eulogies excited by a few tasteful photographs as incomprt"hensible as ever. We can
see the word "tasteful" nailed triumphantly by the photographer, but surely taste may be
granted him without implying an endorsement of his claims or the claims of his apostles.
Nor need wt" be afraid to speak of art, for whc~e selection is used art of some sort enters
in; and so the photographer may ~how himself an artist wh~never he selects whether in
taking a photograph, or in developing or printing it.
CIGARETTE GIRL-A POSTER DESIGN
From a "Gum" Print

By Robert Demachy
(Frane<)
 "THE PHOTO-SECESSION" AT THE ARTS CLUH.

But when the photographer attempts to bring his work into comparison with the
painter's or draughtsman's, when he says "I use a camera; the painter uses a brush, that is
the only difference between us," he talks nonsense. As well say: "I use a lens, the
painter uses his eyes; I use a sensitized film, the painter uses his brain ; I am as good as the
painter." Photography, we are told, is still in its infancy; the camera-artist of the present
day has but indicated its possibilities. So let it be; but for the present let us avoid imperti-
nent comparisons and patiently await the discovery of a psychological lens. In the mean-
time it is absurd to liken the photographer with his ready-made pictures to the painter in
whose hand every line is under direct control. But, says the advanced photographer, my
pictures are not ready-made; I, too, control my results; I, too, select my subject, and by
local development, by restrainers, forcing baths, and other means, regulate the negative
in accordance with my ideas; finally I modify the print with a brush, giving accent where
accent is ~eeded and if necessary removing the superfluous. Is this not true photography?
Call it then by what name you will and consider the result.
Well, the result as illustrated in this exhibition is very interesting as far as it goes. In
some cases it is quite remarkable. Mr. Steichen's photographs of Rodin and Prof. von
Lenbach, for instance; Mrs. Kasebier's "Man with the Hat"; Mr. Stieglitz's "Portrait of
Mr. R.," and a number of others are admirable in their way and far better than the work
of 90 per cent. of our portrait painters. That much may safely be said for the photograph-
ers, for in comparison with them nine-tenths of the painters are awkward bunglers. The
catalogue of the exhibition looks very like that of a picture-show. We have the conven-
tional definite ar~~le in abundance: "The Brook-Spring," "The Storm," "The Critic"; we
have the usual "studies"-"A Study in Flesh Tones," "A Study in Grays"; we have the
fanciful titles-"Bad News," "Vita Mystica," &c. But as a rule the prints that bear them
are much less offensive than their equivalents at the Academy or Society, and much less
pretentious. In fact, tht: chi~f fault to be found with the photographers here is not that
they fail to beat the painters on their own ground, but that most of them strive too modestly
to imitate their inferiors, by tricks of style and manner. On the part of many there seems
to be a deep-rooted conviction that the end of photography is to hold as 'twere a smoked
glass up to nature. In reality the blurred line is not essentially more artistic than the shari>,
well-defined line; the results produced by a lens out of focus are not necessarily superior
to those produced by a rightly focu5sed lens. and a dark photograph is not necessarily better
than another or more spiritual, even though it be labelled ''mystic." The truth is that the
photographer is a much better man than his analogue of the picture-shows and need not
resort to cheap imitations. In his work he shows how the common run of painters might
do well what they now do badly, and if only the painters would take the hint, throw away
their brushes and adopt the camera in future, the "Photo-sece~sionists" would earn our
eternal gratitude.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
The arrangement and hanging which created much favorable comment was
the work of Mr. Joseph T. Keiley, who strictly adhered to the policy of ar-
ranging each exhibitor's work in a group. This enabled the visitor to gain an
immediate impression of the style, character and scope of each individual. The
halftones, elsewhere printed, give but a poor idea of the descriptive scheme fol-
lowed, color having been so important an element in the arrangement.
JoHN FRANCIS STRAt:ss.

39
 CATALOGUE.

C. YARNALL ABBOTT, PhUaclelphla, Pa.

1. The Darker Drink.
2. A Study of a Head.
3· The Dying Fire ( I 900) .
4· The Coryphee ( I~I).
5· Dryad.
PRDX>TT ADAMSON, PhUaclelphla, Pa.
6. Snowstorm at Dusk.
7· 'Mid Steam and Smoke.
ARTHUR B. BBCHER. Clevclaod, 0.
8. Moonrise.
9· A Flower.
10. A Moonlight Poem.
CHARLES I. BBRG, New York.
11.The Bath ( I&]g).
I 2.Portrait Sketch ( 1900).
I3. Decorative Panel ( I900).
ALICB BOUGHTON, Brooklyn, N.Y.
14. The Mountain-Side ( I901).
IS. Beatrice ( I9QI).
JOHN G. BUI..L.OCK, Germantown, Pa.
I6. The Coke Burner (I90Q).
17· The White Wall (190I).
ROSE CLARIC aDd BUZABBTH FLINT WADE, Buffalo, N.Y.
18. Annetje
I9. Out of the Past.
20. Doris and Her Mother.
F. COLBURN CLARKE, New York.
21. Nude (I90I).
F. HOLLAND DAY, &.ton, Mau.
22. A Study in Grays: Portrait of :\I iss H. ( I90I).
23. Madame George Le B. ( I90I).
24. The Seven Words ( I 899).
I. "Father, forgive them; they know not what they (lo.''
II. "To-day thou shalt be with :\le in Paradise."
III. "\"'oman, behold thy son; son, thy mother.''
IV. "My God! My God! why hast thou forsaken me?"
V. "I thirst."
VI. "Into thy hands I commend my spirit.''
VII. "It is finished."
40
 25. Vas Lacrimarum.
26. A Street in Algiers ( I90I).
27. The Favored Pupil.
28. The Sacred Tree ( I 90 I ) .
29· Menelik.
30. Vita Mystica.
JI Monsieur Maurice Maeterlinck ( I90I ).
32. Monsieur Robert Demachy ( I90I ).
MARY M. DBVENS, Cambrldre. Maa.
33· The Fountain-Amalfi.
34· La Grandmere.
35· The Convent Wall.
36. Market Day-Brittany.
37 Portrait
YM. H. DYER, Cbkaro. m.
38. The Sledge ( I 90 I ) .
39· Nude (1900).
40. Portrait-Ralph Clarkson ( 1900 )-.
41. Head in Red ( x8gg).
42· Autumn.
43· Defiance ( I90I).
44· Ill Will ( I90I).
45· The Model.
46. Illustration to "Walden Pond" ( 1902).
47· .• ,, " ( 1902).
48. Wild Rose (1900).
49· Landscape ( I 900).
so. Fantasy ( rgoo).
51. Clytie ( I900).
THOS. N. EDMlSTON, Newark. 0.
52. Carving the N arne ( 1900).
53· In the Woods ( 1900).
FRANK EUGENE. New York.
54· Adam and Eve ( 18g8).
55· La Cigale ( 18g8).
56. Portrait-Alfred Stieglitz ( I 900).
57· Dogwood (18g8).
58. Nude ( x8gg).
59· Man in Armor (x8g8).
6o. A Ponrait of Master H.
6r. Portrait-Miss Jones.
62. Nude.
63. Song of the Lily.
DALLETT FUGUET, New York.
64. The Street
41
TOM HARRIS (dccellld).
(Lent by Mr. Stieglitz).
65. Portrait-Sadakichi Hartmann ( 1&)8).
GERTRUDE KAslmiBR, New York.
66. The Manger ( r 8g)).
67. Blessed Art Thou Among Women ( 18<}9).
68. The Red Man ( 1901).
(Lent by Col. A. A. Pope, Cleveland, 0.)
6g. Harmony ( 1901 ).
70. The Young Mother (1900).
71. The Anatomist ( 1902).
72. Portrait.
73· Portrait of a Man ( 1900).
74· Man With the Hat ( 1902).
75· Portrait-Clarence H. White ( 1902).
76. Mother and Child ( 1900).
(Lent by Col. A. A. Pope).
77· Serbonne ( 1901).
78. Portrait ( 1902) .
79· Sunrise ( 1902).
JOSBPH T. K.EILBY, Brooklyn, N.Y.
So. Zitkala-sa ( 1898).
81. The Rising Moon ( 1900).
82. Garden of Dreams ( 1899).
83. The Erlking ( 18gg).
84. The Ruin ( 1901).
85. Sioux Indian Girl (1&)8).
86. Indian Warrior ( 1898).
87. Pennsylvania Landscape ( 1&)8).
88. Reverie-The Last Hour ( 1901).
8g. A Study in Flesh Tones (r8g)).
go. A Bacchante ( 18g)).
91. The Coiffure ( 1897).
92. Forest Stream ( 1885).
93· Winter Landscape ( 18g7).
94· Over the Hedge ( 1901).
MARY MORGAN KEIPP, Selma, Ala.
95· "Beyon' " ( Igc>I).
OSCAR MAURBR, San Fra.nciaco, Cat.
o6. After the Storm (Igoo).
(Lent by the Rotograph).
o6a. Mexican Riders.
\VM. B. POST, Fryeburr, Me.
97· Winter-Intervale ( 18gg).
98. Lovewell's Pond ( 1899).
42
 THE STREET
By Dallett Fuguet
(New York)
ROBBRT S. RBDPIBLD, PhJiadelpbla, Pa.
99· A New England Landscape.
100. The Brook-Spring.
Y. Y. RBNYICIC, New York.
101. Nude.
J!.VA YATSON-SCH0TZB, Cafcato. W.
102. Iris.
103. A Morning Picture.
104. Dreams.
105. Willows
106. The Storm.
107. The Children's Refuge.
108. The Toy.
109. Omar Khayyam LXVIII.
T. O'CONOR SLOANE, Jr., Oraap, N. ].
110. A Head.
BMA SPENCER, Newark, 0.
I 11. A Mute Appeal.
BDUARD ]. STBICHBN, Milwaukee, Yia.
(temporarily Paris, France).
II2. The Black Vase (Ig<>I}.
113. Self-Portrait (1901).
114. Wood Interior ( Ig<>I).
IIS. Winter Effect (I90I).
116. The Critic ( 1901).
117. Portrait-Franz von Lenbach ( 1901 ).
I 18. Portrait-Franz Stuck ( 1901).
I I9. The Pool ( 189C)).
120. Rodin-! (lg<>I}.
121. Rodin-II (Ig<>I).
I22. Evening ( I89C)}.
123. Winter Landscape ( I89C)).
I24. The Lamp ( 189g).
125. Self-Portrait-Poster Design (I&}<)).
ALPRBD STJBGLITZ, New York.
126. The Net-Mender ( I894).
127. Winter-Fifth Avenue ( 1892).
128. Watching for the Return (I894).
129. Scurrying Home ( I894).
130. Decorative Panel ( 1894).
131. An Icy Night (I897).
132. Septem her ( I 896) .
133. Katwyk Beach ( 1894).
134. At Anchor ( 1894).
45
 135· Spring(1901).
136. A Vignette in Oxalate and Mercury ( 1898).
137. Spring Showers-The Street Sweeper ( I90I).
I38. Gossip-Venice ( 1&;4).
139. Gossip-Katwyk ( 18g4).
I40. The Street Paver, New York ( 18g2).
141. Portrait of Mr. R. ( 18gs).
I42. A Study in Lighting ( 1901).
EDMUND STIRLING, Philadelphia, Pa.
143. Bad News.
I44. The Drawing Lesson.
I45· Old Wedding Dress.
HENRY TROTH, Philadelphia, Pa.
I46. In the Fold.
MATliiLDE YElL. PhlladdphJa, Pa.
147· Hydrangeas.
I48. Return of the Fleet.
149. Off the Track.
CLARENCE H. WHITE, Newark, 0.
I5o. TheRingToss (1900).
151. Spring (1&}8).
IS2. Telegraph Poles ( 1900).
1S3· The May Pole ( 1899).
I 54· Twilight.
ISS· Portrait of Mrs. H. ( 1898).
IS6. Letitia Felix.
157. Nude ( 1900).
I s8. Portrait-Miss L. F.
I 59· Andante ( I<JOO).
16o. Portrait-Miss Gilbert.
r6r. The Vision.
I62. Penseroso.
I63. At the Door.

NOTE: Many of these prints have bem chosen from the pictures repre-
senting the United States at tlzc !nternatio11al L.rhibitirm of tlze Fi11e Arts of
Glasgow 1901, the ?hotograpluc Salon at Paris TOOT, the Londo11 Salon 1901
and the exhibition by the "Secession'' pai1lters in J!unich.
A1ty person wishing to know further particulars conceming prices of
prints, concerning e.rlzibitors m•d the orga11i:::alion "Photo-Secession" may
address Mr. Alfred Stir glitz, No. 3 West 2Qtlz Street, 1\fanltattan.
 "'

EXHIBITION OF THE " PHOTO-SECE~SION"

AT THE ARTS CLUB, N. Y.

47
EXH I BITI ON O F TH E "P HOTO - S ECrSS ION"
AT THE ARTS CLUB . N . Y.
 ..

ExHIBITION OF THE "PHOTO - SECESSION"

AT THE ARTS CLUB, N, Y.

49
 The 11 Cbamps de Mars" Salon and Photography.
S OONER than we had hoped for has come the justification of the high
estimate we have always placed upon the possibilities of pictorial photog-
raphy in the hands of such workers as Eduard J. Steichen. Hardly had the
Arts Club Exhibition closed its doors, when a cable to the New York Herald
announced to the public that in spite of a stormy opposition in the ranks of tht:
jury, Mr. Steichen broke down the immemorial barriers of the recognized
Salon of the world, the Champs de Mars in Paris, and had been the first pho-
tographer whose prints were admitted to an art exhibition of any importance,
in which all work had to pass before a strict jury of painter!', sculptors, etc., of
international repute, in fact one of the highest recognized authorities in the
world of art. Further details* than this have not arrived, but we congratu-
late America upon having achieved through one of its youngest photographers
a supposedly unachievable distinction for the camera. The approval of :1
body of such known talents as constitutes the Salon of Champs de Mars must
put a stop forever to the sneer of those not willing to give certain photographic
pictures rank as works of art.
It seems the irony of fate that the verdict of the jury of the Champs de
Mars, sustaining the principles for which we have fought so uncompromisingly
in these pages, should be announced at the moment when an election in the
Camera- Club so avowedly adverse to the interests of art in photography, compels
ns to decline to continue CAMERA NoTES.
April 10, rgo2. ALFRED STIEGLITZ.

The Turin International Exhibition.

T HE following photographers were invited to represent the United States at
the coming International Exhibition which is to be held in Turin, which
e~hibition was alluded to in our last: Eduard J. Steichen (Wisconsin); Clarence
H. White (Ohio); Gertrude Kasebier (New York); W. B. Dyer (Illinois);
Edmund Stirling (Pennsylvania); Sarah Ladd (Oregon); Arthur E. Becher
(Delaware); T. O'Conor Sloane, Jr. (New Jersey); Osborne I. Yellott (Mary-
land); Frances B. Johnston (District of Columbia); Alfred Stieglitz (New
York); Joseph T. Keiley (New York); Frank Eugene (New York); Charles I.
Berg (New York); Alice Boughton (New York); P. Cassavant (New York);
W. W. Renwick (New York); E. Lee Ferguson (New York); L. McCormick
( ~ew York); John E. Dumont (~ew York); Rose Clark (New York); Mary
M. Stanbery (Ohio) ; L. L. Peddinghaus (Ohio) ; :Mathilde Weil ( Pennsylva-

*Since the above was written detailed information has reached us concerning Mr.
Steichen's success at the Salon. which as it may be of interest to our readers, we take
pleasure in announcing. ).fr. Steichen had accepted by the Jury. one painting. six charcoal
drawings, and ten photographs, which latter consisted of "gum" prints and ozotypes.
EDITOR.

5'J
 THE ORANGE CAMERA CLf..!B-ITS DINNER.

nia); Prescott Adamson (Pennsylvania); Robert S. Redfield (Pennsylvania);

John G. Bullock (Pennsylvania); Thos. M. Edmiston (Ohio); Ema Spencer
(Ohio); and Eva Watson Schutze (Illinois).
Thus in all thirty-one photographers show sixty pictures, no one exhibitor
being represented by more than five frames. Taken as a whole, the average of
the pictures is high, and will undoubtedly uphold the prestige this country has
acquired in the pictorial photographic world.

+ + +
The Orange Camera Club-Its Dinner.
0 N February twenty-first was held at their club rooms the tenth annual din-
ner of the Orange Camera Club. Notwithstanding the beastly weather
n large gathering of the members and their guests were present to do justice to
a most excellent dinner, entertainment and speeches of various degrees of
humor, seriousness and wit. The president of the club, Mr. Plumb, acted as
toastmaster, and embodied in his introductions of the speakers that spirit of
geniality and good-fellowship which is one of the main characteristics of that
most progressive of all the smaller camera clubs of the country.
The spirit of the club as made evident by all of its members, came indeed
as a welcome contrast. While it was plain that there was much diversity
of opinion in "matters of art" amongst them, yet it was apparent that this
difference was one of wholesome and honest conviction. In the opening speech,
the president dwelt upon the progress of the club during its ten years of exist-
ence and showed how its growth had been made possible by the camaraderie and
club spirit of all its members; and the feeling displayed at the various tables
evidenced that these were no mere idle words. Mr. Wm. D. Murphy, one of
the ex-Presidents of the Camera Oub of l\'ew York, the first of the invited
guests to be called upon, read an address full of that humor which makes his
after-dinner speeches so sought after. Having rehearsed various amusing anec-
dotes, he deplored that it should be his lot as the ex-president of the l\' ew York
Camera Club to be expected whenever called upon for a speech in photo-
graphic circles, to "go gunning" for the so-called impressionists, freak-pho-
tographers, and fuzzytypists of the advanced Salon. He admitted that he
enjoyed this hunting and classified the fauna of the photographic family into the
''menagerie" and the "happy family."
He was followed by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, whom Mr. Plumb introduced as
the father of "American Photography." Mr. Stieglitz accepted the paternity,
provided it were kept secret from the editors of the American photographic jour-
nals, and as a proof of the closeness of the relations between himself and his
children he wished to confess to them that he unfortunately, in some eyes,
belonged to the "menagerie," previously referred to. and found himself in a cage
without a hope of getting out.
Then he alluded to the little office at 3 West 29th street, which was re-
SI
 CAMERA .VOTES.

puted to be the main operating station for a wireless system of communication

with branch stations the world over, whose function was believed to be merely
that of reporting to headquarters all the doings of the photographic world and
in promulgating the edicts of the· "Czar." This was a reputation for power
difficult to maintain.
Growing serious, Mr. Stieglitz dwelt at length upon many of the more
earnest and ambitious phases of pictorial work, giving his hearers an insight
into the methods and ideals of the"new movement,"and as an example instanced
the photographic and art history of Eduard J. Steichen. In conclusion. he
admitted that he still believed that in spite of all that had just been told to them,
the members of the Orange Camera Club would unanimously vote to consign to
ihe ash-barrel any work of Mr. Steichen's which might be shown to them, were
the name of the photographer producing it withheld.
The secretary of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, 1\lr. Charles
Pancoast, while frankly admitting that he had learned from the previous speaker
many important things about the photographic situation before unknown to
him, nevertheless read his prepared address for a less exalted ideal in pictorial
photography.
The speeches of the members having been more or less local in their char-
acter, were interesting chiefly to their hearers, and therefore will not be dwelt
upon, although many of them were exceedingly witty and thoroughly appre-
ciated.
In conclusion Mr. John Francis Strauss, an associate on the C.niERA NoTES
staff, poked a little fun "at the suburbanity" of the members of this rural club
and then settled down to a plea for liberality and earnestness in photographic
work. He showed that the overweening desire for honors could not be
consistent with sincerity and that intolerance was a drag on progressiveness.
He alluded to the impossibility of reconciling the conflicting views of partisans,
and urged that while each should foster the manly instinct of thinking for him-
self and living up to such honest convictions, yet that all others were equally
entitled to their point of view, claiming as good a right for himself to go to
perdition as his neighbor had to go to glory. He ended by quoting Edmund
Burke's powerful plea: "Applaud us when we run, console us when we fall.
cheer us when we recover, but let us pass on-for God's sake-let us pass on."
Between speeches the members and their guests were entertained by music
and nigger minstrels, and the only unpleasant incident of the evening was the
necessity of seeking one's home on such an awful night!

52
 INDIAN CHIEF
By Gertrude Kasebier
(N•w York)
 Save Us From Our Friends!
A REcipline
you old enough to remember the rigorous way in which they used to dis-
the young-to teach them to be properly conscious of the insuffi-
ciencies of youth; to apply for their good the frequent castigation; to prepare
them for the big race of life by insisting upon their own shortcomings; to crib
within straight rules, petty maxims and dry little dogmas the delicate, searching,
eager spirit? But what of the new method, that lets the child grow up anyhow?
That has removed the wholesomeness of some sort of discipline; that encourages
smartness and flippancy, and is satisfied to see youth attain to the so-called "high
average of intelligence," a standard set for the most part by a cheap press?
Our young friend, Photography, appears to be assailed by both these nos-
trums; not in the way of finding some golden mean between the two, but by sep-
arate application. On the one hand, it is severely disciplined and bid "to know
its place," on the other, encouraged by insipid praise to be satisfied with less than
the best of which it may be capable. I have no hesitation in saying that it has
most to fear from the latter. Discipline is a hard school in which the weaker are
apt to be crushed, but it brings out the grit that is in vigorous natures, though
for a time, at least, it will also bring out rebelliousness. The rebel, however, over
and over again has proved himself the salt of the earth. But indiscriminate
praise, the unreasoning applause of those who accept the "pretty good" as ad-
mirable, is the thing which saps the vitals. It is at once so insidious and so
poisonous.
I have humor enough to see that this truth has a double application. It was
meant to refer to the readiness of the public to accept, as evidence of the capabili-
ties of photography, prints very inferior to the best that are produced; and to
the tendency of some photographers to think more of pleasing the many than of
striving for the best which their art admits. But the argument, after reach-
ing its mark, flies back like a boomerang and hits myself. At least, I shall be
told so by some., For, though a peaceable man, who would fain watch the con-
test from afar, I find myself tumbled over and over in the scrimmage and en-
veloped in the dust that it has raised. I wrote a little book about photography
as a fine art and my friends, for my good, have disciplined me. That of itself
could only be beneficial, but my book has been made a text for an attack upon
photography itself, in its effort to become a means of artistic expression, which
is another matter.
But I am not going to try and refute the arguments of these critics, which
would be only bringing more grist to their mill, to be crushed between the upper
and lower grindstones of superiority and conservatism. What seems to me bet-
ter worth while is to point out that they, too, attack photography in the guise
of friends. They lay the culprit across their knees and alternate the whacks
with praise. "You are a nice little boy, but-" whack !-"you must not try
to be a man. Already you have proved yourself superior to 90 per cent. of the
painters, but-" whack !-"that is for daring to think of being an artist. And
that I may knock out of you all nonsense about 'photography as a fine art,' here
is-" whack I whack I whack I "Now perhaps you will learn to know your
place, and to have a proper respect for your superiors."
 CA:IfERA .\'OTES.

If you are wise, photographers, you will take the medicine. It cannot do
yqu any harm, but you will reject the honeyed words, "'Distrust the Greeks, e\·cn
when bringing gifts." It is the worst form that this same insidious praise has
taken, because it is deliberately intended to make further effort towards excel-
lence ridiculous and impossible. On the other hand, take encouragement from
the fact that some photographic prints have been accepted at this year's Champ
de Mars, after going before the jury just as did the pictures in other mediums.
It is a significant indorsement, for the French not only have taste and knowledge,
but they are logical. And it is by logic that your opponents have tried to down
you; only theirs is the logic of theory, while the Frenchmen have accepted the
logic of facts. That is the way in which thought moves. Once upon a time
everything was nicely reasoned out upon the theory that tht> world was flat; when
facts proved it to be round, men had to readjust their reasoning. Your critics
may still have to do so concerning photography.
In the meantime may you be saved from your friends!
CHARLES H. CAFFIN .
... ...
American Pictorial Photography.
A Sumptuoua Memalto.
WE can recall no publication which has found its way to our table, either as a present
or for review, which seems to deserve our prai>e and thanks more than the two
beautiful portfolios which arrived last week from Mr. Alfred Stieglitz, as chairman of the
Publication Committee for the New York Camera Club.
Each consists of eighteen exquisite prints in a green cloth cover, the collection appar-
ently constituting the first two numbers of a series, entitled "American Pictorial Photog-
raphy," the number printed being limited to one hundred and fifty copies, and, presumably,
only intended for circulation amongst the members of the club. In those cases in which the
print has been trimmed and mounted on a tinted sheet, it is not easy to tell whether it is
a photo-etched reproduction or a platinum print, so faithfully have the subtle qualities of
the original been preserved. The pictures are for the most part, if not all, those which from
time to time have appeared in CAMERA NoTES, a quarterly publication which has earned
uniformly unqualified ·praise, and which together with such outgrowths as the portfolios
before us, form a monument to 1\lr. Stieglitz's devoted labor in the interests of pictorial
photography, which is unique, not only for its evidence of disinterestedness, but for its
actual beauty and genuine value. American pictorial photography is fortunate indeed, not
rmly for havmg so able a champion and friend, but also in being so finely represented as in
the publications of the New York Camera Club. On looking through the contents of these
portfolios one realizes that American pictorial photography is not after all so much in a
groove as has been commonly asserted. The American work came most prominently before
the British photographic public when Mr. Holland Day brought a collection to this country,
and exhibited it under the auspices of the Royal Photographic Society. This collection
Mr. Day showed as exemplifying "The New American School," and it may well be that the
distinction between the New American School and American pictorial photography gen-
erally is measured by Mr. Day's own personal preferences. But-to mention only a few
whose names come to mind as distinct from the ''School" of American work of which we
consider Mrs. Kasebier and Mr. Clarence H. White are the chief exponents-Alfred Stieg-
litz, Rudolph Eickemeyer, C. I. Berg, John E. Dumont, Frances B. Johnston, and Eva L.
Watson seem to be quite independent of the particular cult which was so prominently
shown and so well advertised in this country a year ago.
We are therefore particularly glad to have. in these portfoli<>s referred to above, con-
stant reminders that amongst American photographers who are seriously striving to elevate
the aims and character of photography in that country, there are workers as varied in style..
motives, and ideals as in Great Britain, and in bringing these prints together in a really
beautiful manner Mr. Stieglitz has done an immense service to American pictorial pho-
tography as well as to those who thereby have a better opportunity of leisurely studying its
merit.-Amattur Pllotographtr, March 27, 1902, London.
s6
 And!?
''LET us hope that the United States will soon show the world the finest col-
lection of pictorial photographic work ever seen."-CAMERA NOTES,
VoL. II., p. 117.
"Until March 22, an exhibition of American pictorial photography will
remain on view in the galleries of the National Arts Club, 37 West Thirty-fourth
street.
"And this is not only the best exhibition ever held by the Arts Club, but the
best of its kind that has yet been seen in ew York.''-Netv York Sun, March 12.
And those familiar with the great photo-pictorial exhibitions previously held
have unhesitatingly pronounced this exhibition "The finest collection of pic-
tonal photographic work" ever placed on exhibition.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
"Let us make up our minds that we are equal to the occasion and prove to
the photographic world at large that we are awake and interested in the pros-
pects of pictorial photography."-CAMERA NoTES, VoL. II.
And American work became the feature of the London Salon-of the Glas-
gow Exhibition-the American School the most discussed topic in the entire
photo-literary world; and it was this American work by one of this American
school that broke down the bars at the Champ de Mars and won photography
admission to that great arena of art, the Paris Salon-thus setting at rest for
good and all the status of photography as a medium of artistic expression.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
We Americans cannot afford to stand still; we have the best of material
among us, hidden in many cases; let us bring it out."-CAMJo:RA NoTES, VoL. II.
And the names of White and Kasebier and Watson and Stirling and Dyer
and Maurer and Eugene and others were added to roll of honor of the pic-
torial photographic world, and in time the following notice appeared in the
New York Herald:
"PARIS, March 29th.-For the first time in the history of Paris art exhibi-
tions photographs have been received as exhibits at the annual Salon. The pho-
tographs were submitted by Mr. Eduard J. Steichen, a young New Yorker, and
are regarded as a great triumph. The decision to admit photographers almost
caused a split in the jury. The pictures were, therefore, entered under the title
of engravings, although really they are nothing but remarkable photographs.
* * * * * * * * * * * *
Progress in the right direction can only be accomplished by united action
of all serious workers in photography."-CAMERA NoTES, VoL. II. Again
in C.uiERA NoTES, VoL. IV., it was prophesied that the pictorial photographer
was at last in sight of victory, and the management of the Philadelphia Salon
was urged to make no ill-advised concessions to those who wished to change the
character of the salon from a strictly high-class pictorial exhibition to a gen-
eral photographic show-warning them that if such concessions were made they
would lose the confidence of the pictorial world and kill the usefulness and
prestige of the Philadelphia Photographic Salon, then acknowledged to be one
57
 CAMERA NOTES.

of the great pictorial exhibitions of the world. Concessions were made, never-
theless, the Salon at once declined and fell from its high place, and now we
have it on good authority that for the present the Philadelphia Society will
not attempt to hold another salon. Those who wrecked the salon have been
publicly rebuked by the Philadelphia Society. Dr. Mitchell, their actual
leader, has been defeated for re-election as a director or trustee of the society.
Mr. Chapman, their president, was not even tendered the customary renomina-
tion, and, though retiring from the society's highest office, was barely able to
get a sympathetic election to a directorship. Furthermore, we understand that
the Philadelphia Society deeply regrets the immediate past and mourns the
loss of the honors it has thrown away.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
And even the Photo Era reluctantly admits that an exhibition of the best
American pictorial work could not be arranged by the Philadelphia Society.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
And Mr. F. Dundas Todd, after visiting .l\ew York, has come out in an un-
compromising defense of the method of judging pictures adopted at the First
Chicago Salon and the other recent advanced pictorial exhibitions :-and he has
takc!n up the cudgels for the proper recognition of pictorial photography at the
coming St. Louis Exposition, using the unanswerable argument of the success
of Eduard Steichen at the Champs de Mars.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
AP~d Mr. 0. I. Yellott publicly states over his signature that as the result of
his visit to the Camera Club, ~ ew York, he is convinced that he was not intended
by nature to become a missionary, and he binds himself to refrain from further
controversy and advises his followers to do the same.
Instead, he is exhibiting with the elect at the Turin exposition some of
his own· impressionistic handiwork or rather camera work.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
And simultaneously with the acceptance of .\ir. Steichen's photographs at
the Champs de Mars, the Fellows of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts
accorded even more emphatic recognition to pictorial photography as a branch
of the fine arts by accepting a photograph by Mrs. Eva Watson Schiitze for the
annual exhibition of its members. It is the custom of this body to hold an
annual exhibition of the work of its members. Such work is submitted to a jury
who select therefrom the pictures to be hung. Mrs. Schiitze, who made her art
studies at the Academy with that success that entitled her to the honor of being
created one of its fellows, entered a photograph, as such, as her annual contribu-
tion, and as such the picture was accepted and hung with the paintings and
sketches deemed worthy by the jury of representative Fellows of the Academy
in their annual show. It was the only photograph in the exhibition and was
hung with the pictures by Alexander, Chase, Shinn, Oakley, Davies, Parrish-
other painters of repute.
JosEPH T. KEILEY.
April 14, 1902.

ss
GOSSIP-VENICE
from a "Glycerine" Print

By Alfred Stieglitz
(New York)
 In the Style of the Masters.
ONEeachof theonepeculiarities of those known to fame as the old masters was that
created for himself a distinct style. And as time went on it
came to pass that their works frequently were infinitely more valued for the
style of their execution than the ideas which they embodied. In these days
of advanced civilization, when we have liberally discarded the ideas and ideals
of the past as unworthy of our more enlightened and experienced perceptions,
modem society has made the important discovery that it is to this very style
and not to such mere inspiration as they may represent that recognized master-
pieces owe their immortality. Paintings are now collected at great cost be-
cause of their mellowness, dimness and technique rather than on account of
the beauty or sublimity of the theme represented. Indeed if a canvas bears all
the distinguishing style-marks of an old master it makes small difference what
the subject of the painting may be. Realizing this and not forgetting that
maJ;~y of the most honored of master-painters never lived to enjoy the iruits of
their labors or the supreme satisfaction of even tasting that fame which is now
universally accorded them-the shrewder and more ambitious of our modern
artists in photography as well as painting have sought some certain method of
producing notable work and of enjoying the distinguished reputation of being
recognized as masters during their lives. For rea'lonably they declare that it
is of small profit to them to be recognized as great when they are little heaps
of more or less disgusting bones and dust, lacking all sentiency.
What better method could they adopt than that of acquiring the style
of one or the other of the recognized masters, not as copyists but as psychic
affinities, and translating to the world through the medium thereof--certain
subtle metempsychosic originalities-hatched out of the fertile past-thus at once
placing themselves on a plane with the masters themselves. And how much
more satisfactory it is to feel that one is really able to produce things of the
same sort that centuries of judges have acknowledged to be great-to feel one's
self, as it were, a reincarnation of real greatness, than to win halting applause
en a masterpiece of modern mediocrity however sublime-for is it not well rec-
ognized to-day that all modern art is mediocre and degenerate ?-and is not mere
originality and individuality, vulgar, ultra and to be mercilessly condemned?
Is not even transcendent originality, after all, but an evidence of a selfish deter-
mination to make one's self conspicuous at the cost of others' reputations? \Vith
pardonable pride therefore certain of our photographers and painters have dis-
covered resemblances between some of their own masterpieces and those of
Hals, Holbein, da Vinci or Velasquez. There is a refreshing charm about
the naive manner in which these fortunate people are able to assume the atti-
tude of disinterested and impartial critics and judges of their own productions.
Producing for your inspection what to your untutored or purely partisan judg-
ment has the appearance of a poor canvas or worse gum print, which seems
to indicate a want of facility or technical skill in the use of pigments or the
manipulation of gum, not to mention a lack of taste-they point out to you
with entire absence of affectation or vanity and an earnestness that vouches for
61
 CAMERA NOTES.

their entire sincerity its resemblance in style, character and conception to some
one of the great masterpieces of the past. By some clairvoyant process entirely
unknown to yourself their eyes are able to see with entire dearness what your
dull orbs fail to distinguish-and with a dearness of vision that puts you to the
blush, they are able easily to demonstrate wherein their seemingly inferior and
even muddy gum prints or rusty canvases closely resemble some many-colored,
time-mellowed masterpiece of the remote past which they often know only by
reputation-and through indifferent copies. It has been my privilege to ex-
amine many such remarkable prints, and to learn of their merits after I had
done them the injustice in my own mind to class them as atrocious examples of
poorly manipulated glycerine or gum prints of no artistic merit-which was a
warning to me never to form a hasty judgment lest great injustice be done and
budding ability of a high order crushed before its bloom through harsh discour-
agement. In this connection there comes to my mind a story that is so apropos
that I will take the liberty of here repeating it.
A certain artist was invited by a rich banker of his acquaintance to dine with
him at his home and examine afterwards his collection of old masters. The
hanker was known to be a very close man, and had not the reputation of being
an art collector. He had never even been in the artist's studio, ,ouch less pur-
chased any of his productions, though his reputation as an artist was already con-
~iderable. Hence out of sheer curiosity the artist accepted the invitation.
After dinner the banker conducted his guest into the gallery where a number
of pictures were arranged upon the walls, each carefully protected by a heavv
.;urtain. Moving aside the curtains with great care and pride the banker dis-
played to the astonished eyes of the artist his collection of Rembrandt, Rubens,
Raphael, etc., etc. "But," said the artist, "how does it happen that you have
come into possession of these pictures and how do you know that they are old
masters?" "Sir," replied the banker, "I purchased them from a reliable person
and have the best of evidence possible that they are what I represent. They
were actually painted by the spirits of the old masters and came into my pos-
session while the paint was still wet. I got them from a medium."
Whereat the artist marvelled and rejoiced. Till that moment he was un-
aware that he was a reincarnation of the old masters. But such must be the
case, for the paintings before him had been painted by himself for an old lady
from woodcuts and other illustrations, her terms being that they must be done
at certain times and delivered with the paint still wet. He felt some resent-
ment, however, at the old lady for not having discovered to him his own great
powers.
Only the shamelessly vain and tasteless aspire to he original. The truly
great artist alone fears not to be compared to the old masters. For has not Sir
Joshua written:
"The habitual dignity which long converse with the greatest minds has im-
parted to him will display itself in all his attempts, and he will stand among hio;
instructors, not as an imitator but as a rival.''
JosEPH T. KElLEY.

62
 The Washington Salon of 1896.-A Bit of History.
[In view of the fact that this country has two distinct "Salon" systems. the prototype
of one being the Salon as established b:v the ''Linked Ring" of London, while the other is
the outcome of the Fergusonian Washington Salon of 'g6. And as we have dealt so
exclusively these years with those Salons rt-presenting the true basic idea, it is with
pleasure that we give our readers a short history of the origin of this, the American system,
as described by the originator himself.-EDITOR.]
IT may not be amiss to remind those wh:> at the present day are warring over photographic
salons, of the first of the species held in this country. In 18g6, a few adventurous
photographers of Washington, decided to hold a national photographic exhibition, using the
ideas dominating the London Salon, is so far as they seemed capable of transplanting, and
conformable to local conditions.
These photographers, a few of a limited number constituting a camera club within the
confines of a bicycle club, were hampered in many ways. Where now would such a club
be found to assume such a task? Yet the result of this foolhardy undertaking was to
render photographic salons (so called) easy-too easy and common.
As secretary of the club, I had much to do with all the details of the affair. The
principal feature of our exhibition has been copied extensively. This was the division
into two sections, one being more in the aature of a salon, as then understood by us, and the
other an exhibition of "good" photography. We were attempting something distinctly
new in this country and were confronted by the same sort of local conditions that have,
within the last year, undone the later and truer salons of Philadelphia and Chicago.
Those of us who wished to, dared not attempt too much. Looking back at the situ-
ation, it is clear that we were a foolhardy set, but we had caution. We looked forward
to future years when the bad features of our opening venture might be eliminated, and we
could have a national Photographic Salon on the broad and simple lines of the Linked Ring.
But unfortunately there never was a second attempt as far as we were concerned.
It may be of interest to those who have had direct dealings with the old Joint Exhibi-
tions and the later salons, to learn that we were a mere handful of men, paying dues of
three dollars per year, with but a few dollars in the treasury, when we launched our
scheme. But we put on a bold front, had up-to-date circulars printed and made a big
splurge in all outward matters.
A brief quotation or two from our prospectus may convey a clear idea of our aim:
"A present tendency of photography, especially among amateur workers, is in the direc-
tion of artistic production, and a distinctive school of art work is rapidly developing. This
has been recognized abroad and now the London Photographic Salon annually shows the
steady progress made in pictorial photography. Appreciating these facts the Camera Club
of the C. Bi. C. purposes to establish, in connection with its annual exhibition, a Photo-
graphic Salon for the encouragement of all honest workers who possess artistic feeling and
who are striving to produce, by photographic means, pictures in the best sense of the word."
"The Salon will consist of such pictures only as possess special merit from an artistic
standpoint; showing a definite artistic aim as regards choice of subject and composition,
effects of light and shade, softness, and other points that will identify them as works of
art."
We went far enough to meet with trouble at home, and not far enough to satisfy some
of the leading spirits outside. With Mr. Stieglitz, I had some interesting correspondence.
Amongst other objections, he strongly opposed the use of tht- term "salon" to a photo-
graphic exhibition in which it was proposed to make awards. We had given that point
careful consideration and did not feel justified in attempting to carry out, the first year,
the true salon idea. I finally convinced Mr. Stieghtz of our sincerity of purpose and that
the end we hoped to attain was fully in accord with his views. Ill health, however, then
preven:ed him from preparing an exhibit and thus giving it the recognition I sought. Mr.
Day required some effort, but the exhibit he finally sent was a revelation to all who at-
tended. Of the leading workers known at that time the work of each one secured, repre-
 CAMERA NOTES.

sented incessant personal effort on my part. It was the first salon and exhibitors were not
eager. Probably not until 1901 did any management find it neccs,ary to again resort to
such strenuous efforts. I received embarrassing inquiries as to the meaning of "C. Bi C."
in the name. I softened the explanation that it meant ""Capital Bicycle Club," but that
did not help matters much. Mr. Charles Richards Dodge, who was president. Mr. Charles
E. Schaaf and my~elf spent days, nights and Sundays in hard work and even had the
position of every picture charted before it was placed on the exhibition wall.
At last we had the satisfaction of seeing the work we had gathered and selected hung
on the walls of the Assembly Hall of the Cosmos Club, where, at that time, all art exhi-
bitions were sh<>wn. There, in the historic mansion where Dolly :\ladison held her court
after the burning of the White House in 1812, the first attempt at an Amnican Salon
was thrown open to the public. Some of the leading names in the photographic world
were missing from the catalogue, but the majority of them were represented.
The jury for the salon was necessarily made up <>f local painters. and for a jury !40
composed was particularly successful. With no recognized position in the photographic
field we could not ask the leaders of that time-Stieglitz, l\loore and Eickemeyer-to give
us their aid, and we had no funds to expend in defraying expenses. The committee
assumed the responsibility of selecting such pictures as we deemed worthy of the salon
and submitted them to the jury. The jury rejected four pictures and mentioned two that
we had thrown out as worthy of being hung in the salon. From this it will be seen that
the main function of the jury was the awarding of two prizes and the honorable mention
of several other pictures considered worthy of such distinction. The gold and silver
crosses were worthily bestowed on Clarence B. Moore and Alfred Clements respectively,
both thus goinl{ to Philadelphia which was destined to be the brief h<>me of a true salon.
The exhibition interested Dr. G. Brown Goode, then director in charge of the National
Museum, with the result that the U. S. Government. at an expenditure of a little more
than three hundred dollars, secured through purchase and donation S()me fifty of the
pictures shown. .
This Washington Salon was responsible for a "deluge of pseudo-salons, and from all
over the country prospectuses poured in on me. And to my disgust, I found that all these
were copies t·crbatim of my original \Vashington one. Detroit, Pittsburg, Cleveland, etc.,
all duly fell into line. These introduced some modifications, but I seemed to feel the sense
of personal responsibility for all their shortcomings.
Philadelphia then stepped into the position of having a Salon proper, and Chicago
wisely followed her footsteps. I felt a positive relief when I realized that the mischief I
had unwittingly committed was not irreparable.
I have herewith tried to give some idea of the first American Salon--crude though it
was-and to show how it did its work toward paving the way for all that we have had so
far* or all that a glorious future may hold in store in respect to pictorial ohoto~rraphic
exhibitions. E. LEE FERGUSON.

Letters and Extracts.

Many thanks for the number of C.\MERA NoTES. What a superb magazine it is. To
say it is the best. photographic jou~al i.s ~ayin~ not~ing: it is the otuy photographically
illustrated magazme to be named as J ustJfymg en her 1tself or photography.
England, February 22, 1902. FREDERICK H. EVANS.
It is with deep regret tha't we learn the turn affairs have taken in the conduct of
CAMERA NoTES, and we wish to take this opportunity of expressing to you aur most sincere
appreciation of the service w.hich you have do_ne photogra_Phy in the prod.uction of such a
magazine. We cannot conceiVe a greater serv1ce to Amenca':l photographic art, and to art
in general, for every number of CAMERA NoTES has certamly added to the sum total
of art in the world. The support which we, as manufacturers, have given CAMERA NoTES
has been not on the basis of direct pecuniary returns, but rather because we felt it a duty
to add ~hat we could to the maintenance of a publication which might with propriety be
termed an exponent of photography as an art. Yours truly,
BAt:scH & LoMB OPTICAL Co.
Rochester, April II, 1902.
. . . "CAMERA NoTES, the most dignified, and probably the most influential of all
photographic journals."-"Photography as a Fine Art," by Chas. H. Caffin.
*The writer undoubtedly refers to Pittsburg, Cleveland, San Francisco, and exhibi-
tions of that "Salon" type.-EDITOR.
APPROACHING STORM
From a "Bromide" Print

By Oscar Maurer
(San Francisco )
 Grandpa's Lesson in Artistic Photography.
[With the kind permission of the editor of the Photo Era, we herewith reprint what we
con sidered the cleverest article and illustration that has appeared in that magazine. We
feel sincere satisfaction that CAMERA NOTES should have been the source of insuiration.-
EDITOR.]
DEAR CHILDREN :- It is all v'ery easy to make those nice Pictures of Places and People,
so plain that almost any one can tell what the Picture is about. But it is quite different to
make photographs which are so very extra Fuzzy that the Puzzle Page of the Sabbath
Newspaper isn't in it in comparison.
Suppose, children, that you want to take a picture of a nice little Rustic Village, con-
sisting of three houses, five or si:x trees and two fleecy clouds, you may think that all you
have to do is to stand off from the Village and focus it properly in the ground gla.o;s,
makiog sure that the clouds stay right there until you have put the plate in and made the
exposure. Your picture made in that way would look so much I ike a village that no one
would need to consult a Catalogue to find out anything about it. If by any accident you
fail to disarrange the focus, you may, after the plate has been fini shed, put a couple of clear
pieces of glass in between, and can· in that way get a nice little Fuzzy effect to Beat the
Band.
· But maybe, children, the weather may be unfavorable for going out-of-doors to take
pictures of Rural Villages. I will tell you how you can take a very Remarkable Photo-
graph in your Playroom. You can take your Toy Houses and Toy Trees, and set them up
on the carpet, and you can take a piece of board or a box-lid for the Sky. If you want to
show off some lovely fleecy clouds, and you can get some cotton from mother's work-
basket, and pin small pieces of it on to the Sky, making a very stunning atmospheric effect.
Now this Picture will be all very fine, but there will not be enough " Artistic Feeling,"
and you cannot pass the Fuzzy Salon Juries with it in that way. However, if you slide
down the Cellar Door on that negative, and ~ive it to the Cat to play with, and then print
through some pieces of Extra Glass, you w1ll be getting more and more Artistic all the
time. It is important that the paper should lay* around the Back Yard for a few days, and
get frayed and dog eared. after which it will be ·in a fine printing condition. Be careful to
mount on a couple of odd Scraps of Paper, and to avoid the center of the mounting card,
and you will then have a w,onderful effect truly worthy of reproduction in several Eminent
Photographic Magazines which print all sorts of Queer Things. Remember finally, chil-
dren, that unles~ the Picture which you send in to the Jury looks exactly as if it had been
fished out of the Ash-Barrel, you can never hope to have it exhibited at the Fuzzy Salon.
Your affectionate GRANDPA.
•Lie.- EDITOR.

"A SUNSET." lWrrH APOLOGIIES TO "CAMERA NOTI!S."l

 0F.E'IGERS, TRUSTEES ANJJ CoMMITTEES

OP THE

CAMERA CLUB,
N.Y.

1H01-1902.

Prosidont c. H. CROSBY.
Vice-Prosidont J.EooAR BuLL.
Soc rotary Eo. HI!IM.
Treasurer WILLIAM E. WILMI!RDINO.

TRUSTEES.

(ALc;.O INCLUDES ABOV& OFPICBRS.)

HI!NRY H. MAN, J. c. VAIL,

CHARLI!S I. BI!RO, FRANCIS C. ELGAR,
C. S. McKUNI!.

COl\11\IITTEES.

HOUSE. MEETINGS.

PRINTS LANTERN SLIDES.

A. L. SIMPSON, Chairman.
A. W. Scorr,
jos. J. O'DoNOHUI!.

CLUB PUBLICATION. SCIENTIFIC REUARCH.

H. H. MAN, Chairman.
J. E. BULL.
AUDITING. ADMISSIONS.

F. N. WATI!RMAN, Chairman.
H. B. HART,
Jos. J. O'DoNOHUE.

Librarian: J, C. ABEL.

NoTa.-Committees left in blank were not filled as CAMBRA NoTEs went to press.-EDITOR.

68
 THE CAMERA CLUB DEPARTMENT
EDrrl!l> IIY H!NKY H. MAN AND J. EooAK BuLL, PuBLICATION CouMml!l! RI!PKI!SI!NTING THI!
BoARD 01' TKUSTI!I!S.

Proceedings and Club Notes.

Trustees' Meetings.
Two regular and two adjourned meetings of the Trustees were held, the regular
meetings on February 24th and March JISt respectively, and the adjourned meetings on
February 1oth, by adjournment from January 27th, and on April 7th, by adjournment from
March JISt.
At the adjourned meeting of February 10th an appropriation was made of $ISO for
the printing of the catalogue of the library, the appropriation to be available on May ISt.
Mr. Reid and Dr. Devlin presented their resignations as trustees, to take effect imme-
diately before the annual meeting. The resignations were accepted with the sincere regret
of the Board.
At the regular meeting of February 24th Mr. H. Herbert Sidman was elected to active
membership, and the resignation of Mr. Clarence M. Roof was accepted with regret.
Mr. Stieglitz appeared in person before the Trustees and gave notice, under his con-
tract expiring with the current year of the club, that .he elected not to continue as editor of
CAMERA NOTES.
A discussion followed, and, in view of the obvious impracticability of getting out the
next number of CAMERA NOTES (the present number) promptly, without the aid of Mr.
Stieglitz, he made several propositions in the alternative to edit and publish that number.
Thereupon the following resolution was unanimously adopted :
"That the proposition of Mr. Stieglitz to publish No.1 of Vol. VI of CAMERA Nons
in the same form and with the same responsibility as during the past year be accepted, and
that an appropriation of $200 be made for that number, all the provisions of the old con-
tract not inconsistent with this resolution to continue in force for that number."
Mr. Steiglitz requested that his accounts of CAMERA NoTES be audited. Upon the
suggestion of Mr. Man that the chairman of the Club Publication Committee was a mem-
ber of the regular Auditing Committee, it was determined to appoint a special auditing
committee to pass Mr. Stieglitz's accounts, and thereupon Mr. Wilmerding and Mr.
Dowdney were appointed.
Messrs. Agnew, Roy and Bracklow handed in their resignations from the Auction
Committee, and Messrs. Abel, Wilmerding and Reid were appointed to fill the resulting
vacancies.
At the regular meeting of March JISt, Mr. Hugh Ardleigh and Miss Elizabeth Harlin
were elected to active membership. Mr. Beeby resigned from the Board of Trustees, his
resignation to take effect at the close of the meeting or any adjournment thereof. The
resignation was accepted with the sincere regret of the Board. The resignations of the
following members of the Club from active membership were accepted: F. C. Clarke, F. H.
Tows, A. G. Hegeman, H. H. Kingston, Jr., N. S. Towner, H. J. Hardenberg, D. G. Bar-
rett. From non-resident membership: Messrs. H. A. Bradly and H. M. Geer.
Mr. Stieglitz presented the financial report of CAMERA NOTES, which was referred to
the special auditing committee heretofore appointed.
The report of the Print Committee was submitted, and on motion duly seconded, the
thanks of the Board were extended to the committee for their services. The meeting
adjourned to April 7th.
 CAMERA NOTES.

At the adjourned meeting of April 7th, the special auditing committee presented, with
approval, the following financial report of CAMERA NOTES for the year ending March JISt:
"Camera Not&" St.atcmeat for Volume V.
March JISt, 1902.
Ca. DR.
Subscriptions including those for Cover design .................... . $25.00
Club .......................... $1,557.22 Illustrations .................... . 1,172-75
Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.00 Privilege for reproduction ....... . IJ-34
Porfolio and glycerine booklets... 259-57 Printing, paper, composition ..... . l,_so8.0J
Half-tone blocks.................. 6o.so Literary matter .................. . 411.00
Back numbers and single copie,;... 110.61} Commissions ................... . 18.25
Advertisements .................. 1,464.52 Binding ........................ . I5J-JO
Outlay, London. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88.6o Stationery ...................... . 48-15
Bills collectible (advts.).......... 459.25 Incidentals: ( 01arles, Philip, car
Bal. Cr. I, II, III and IV.......... 247.61 fare, stenographer, expressage,
duty) ........................ . 66.29
Stamps and postal cards ......... . 246.7J
Charles Simpson, for ~ubscription. J.OO
Bought in back numbers ......... . 20.35
London outlay ................... . 88.6o
Office fittings .................... . 79-00
Owing for illustrations .......... . 210.00
Owing for various other bills .... . 45-00
Cr............................. $4,297.!}6
Dr. . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4,1o8.79
Est. bal. Cr .................... $189.17
The Auditing Committee also presented, with their approval, a statement of antici-
pated receipts and disbursements on Vol. VI, No. 1, showing that the probable outlay will
be met by the probable receipts without substantial deficit or balance.
The following resignations were accepted: From active membership-B. H. Buxton,
};f. D., F. S. Kinney. From non-resident membership-Messrs. Frank Eugene and James
F. Cowee, Miss Virginia S. Prall and Miss Ellen R. Ward.
The Board instructed Mr. 1\lan to present at the annual meeting a notice of Mr.
Stieglitz's election not to continue as editor of CAMERA NOTEs, and prescribed the form of
notice, which was spread upon the minutes. The notice will be found in full in the
account of proceedings of the annual meeting.

Club Meetings.
Regular meetings of the Club were held The Trustees having appointed a special
on February lith and March 11th, 1902, Committee to ascertain what terms could
and the Annual Meeting was held on April be made for a renewal of the lease of the
8th. Club Rooms (the present lease expiring
At the meeting of February lith, forty l\Iay I, I90J), Mr. Man, in the absence of
members attended, at that of ~[arch lith, Mr. Berg, Chairman of the Committee, pre-
there were thirty present, and at the An- sented its report to the general effect that
nual Meeting, in spite of the bad weather, the agents of the building in which the Club
there was an attendance of fifty-six. now has its quarters, would entertain a
The Treasurer's report showed balances proposition for renewal only at a greatly
as follows: incnased rent. After discussion, in which
On February I lth ............... $3.462.o8 Mr. :\lurphy, l\Ir. Stieglitz, Mr. Reid and
On March lith................. J,047-25 others took part, it was unanimously re-
On March Jist................. 2,759.25 solved that the Secretary be instructed to
At the meeting of February 11th, ~fr. send word to the agents of the building that
Aspinwall. the President. was in the chair, the Camera Club declined to make the
and. besides the usual reports of officers and proposition for a renewal invited by said
committees and other routine business, the agents.
Club transacted business as follows: Mr. Stark for the Special Committee on
 PROCEEDINGS A.VD CLUB NOTES.

Club Print Competition, announced that the as Chairman. All the gentlemen elected
prints sent in by the members would be were present at the meeting, and as each of
exhibited from May rst to May 15th, 1902. them expressed his willingness to act, no
Upon motion of ::\fr. Wilmerding, duly prm·i~ion was made for filling vacancies.
seconded, it was determined to elect a
Nominating Committee by ballot. Upon At the meeting of March nth in the ab-
counting the ballots the following gentle- sence of the President, 1\lr. William D.
men were found to have received more 1\lurphy was called to the Chair.
votes than any other member and were The Auction Committee and Smoker
declared elected: Messrs. F. ::\1. Hale, J. Committee presented reports showing their
Wells Champney, E. Lee Ferguson, Ed- receipts and disbursements. The report~
ward Heim and William D. }lurphy, Mr. were accepted and the committees dis-
Hale, who received the largest vote, to act charged with thanks.

Annual Meeting.
At the annual meeting on the evening of April 8th, Mr. Aspinwall, the President, was
in the chair.
He appointed Messrs. Ferguson, Sloane and Hapgood tellers, and the balloting for
officers proceeded during the meeting. The Nominating Committee, ::\lessrs. Hale,
Champney; Heim, Ferguson and Murphy, h:>d in due time posted upon the bulletin board
the following ticket :
REGULAR TICKET.
1902-1903·
ELECTION, TCESDAY. APRIL 8TH, 1902.
For President,
C. H. CROSBY.
For Vice-President,
J. EDGAR BULL.
For Secretary,
ED. HElM.
For Treasurer,
WILLIAM E. WILMERDING.
For Trustees (For Three Years),
CHARLES I. BERG,
C. S. McKUNE.
(For two Years),
]. C. VAIL.
(For One Year),
FRANCIS C. ELGAR.
Committee on Admission,
F. N. WATER:\IAN,
H. B. HART.
JOSEPH ]. O'DONOHUE.
And no independent nominations had at any time been made.
The President read to the meeting his report as follows.
President's Rtport.
At the beginning of last year we were told that the ship had reached the
bar, and the pilot to take her into the harbor, was coming over the rail.
In reality, owing to adverse squalls, no progress toward the harbor had been
made for a considerable time, and it was not the pilot, but onlv the senior officer
of a new watch. who came on deck. Almost a calm soon ~fter settled down
upon the waters, and so now, after drifting hither and thither with light winds
for a year, and being buffeted hy a few small squalls, the old ship is still in the
offing. The destination can seldom he reached without a chart. or knowledge of
71
 CAMERA NOTES.

the waters, and a properly prescribed course. It is an easy matter to keep afloat,
but it is impossible to reach a haven of rest and glory with a wavering compass.
The course must be set and the craft sailed true.
The Camera Club, with no fixed policy, is like a ship without a rudder;
hither and thither it moves, erratic in its course, traveling everywhere and reach-
ing nowhere. This is partly the fault of the navigator, and partly that of
L~e crew; for on our ship the regime is democratic, and the crew may or may
not adopt the suggestions of the man at the wheel and so may pull the wrong
ropes and set the sails one against the other. Let us look, however, at those
facts which have had a tendency to increase the buoyancy and solidity of this
vessel-the dear old Camera Club of New York.
In the year just past, your committees have worked with zeal and devotion.
\Ve commend the work of the Secretary, Librarian and Treasurer. The books
of the latter are models for all time to come. and you can go a long way, and hunt
far, to find an equal of this same Treasurer; accurate, honest, modest and level-
headed: we have never seen his equal.
The work of the Secretary has been efficiently done. It is at best a dis-
agreeable and onerous task. This organization should engage some person to
do the manual labor of sending out notices and tickets, reserving for the Secre-
tary a larger and more useful field.
Your Librarian has been diligent in the work of arranging and cataloguing
the new library, and should receive your earnest thanks.
The House Committee has also done its work well. The Club has never
been in such an efficient condition. The apparatus has been placed in good
order; the rooms have been kept clean and orderly; and the house rules have
been enforced as closely as seems possible in such a body.
The Print Committee is to he commended for its untiring efforts to secure
for our walls the best that could he had in pictorial and other branches of pho-
tography. The only criticism possible is that it has been too zealous in giv-
ing a surplus of good shows. \Ve have seen so many good things that we are
positively photo-blase, and are all tht• time looking around for some new sensa-
tion. This committee has, in reality, shown us types of work covering the
entire field of photography,-a clear indication of its discretion and broadmiml-
edness.
The Lantern Slide Committee deserves our thanks for its steady perform-
ance of the duties imposed upon it. It would be wise to increase the scope of thi5
committee. enlarge its powers. and make it something more than a group of men
requested to feed a lantern. This committee. composed of intelligent men, can
he doing something better than managing a lantern and slipping slides into a
carrier once a week for our enjoyment. Here again. the Cltth might well em-
ploy some one to do this disagreeable work. It is certainly no fun to sit upon
a stool by the side of a red-hot lantern and ruin one's eyes trying to adjust the
carbon, or to see whether the lantern slide is upsidedown or not.
The Committee on l\leetings has given tlS a series of most excellent lec-
tures, and it is to he regretted more members have not turned out to attend the
discomses on subjects purely photographic.
-'
1-
 PROCEEDINGS AND CLUB NOTES.

The Committee on Admissions has, as usual, worked carefully, and the

results show how conscientiously it has performed its labors. The Committee
on Scientific Research has kept up its excellent record.
The Committee on Club Publication has worked industriously and collated
an amount of material for Camera Notes that no one can appreciate unless they
are placed in the position of the Chairman and compelled to edit and revise th~
matter relating to this department. It not only requires talent, but discretion.
The Dinner Committee provided us with a banquet that would do credit to
any club, though the viands seemed, in some cases, to create mental, if not moral,
indigestion.
The Auction Committee carried on its work well, and the result of that
auction was turning into the Treasury about $117.00. This yearly feature
should be kept up; as conducted this year it is certainly not objectionable. The
c.:>mmittee who undertook this task and carried it through should have your
heartiest approbation.
The Smoker Committee gave us a really high-class entertainment at prac-
tically no cost to the Club. It brought in a report which was not unlike the one
presented by the architect to Mr. Carnegie the other day at Stevens Institute.
when he gave to that college a beautiful laboratory costing some sixty-five thou-
sand dollars ($65,000). When the architect handed Mr. Carnegie the keys, he
said: "I have pleasure in reporting to you that this building is completed; that
all the accounts for its construction have been paid, and that there is no unex-
pended balance."
The result of the Smoker only shows what this Club can do when men of
sufficient ability and energy are delegated to undertake the job.
A member who has never acted on a committee can hardly appreciate what it
means to work for the good of the Club with no reward in sight, save the sense
of duty done.
I pray all you members to be loyal to your officers and committees ; stand
by them even though you disapprove of their ideas and believe you could do
much better under the same conditions. You will never obtain officers and
committeemen from the best talent of the club so long as men feel that the
instant they take office, or go on a committee. they will be open to the criticism
and prejudice of the members. However little the officers or the committeemen
may do, always remember that that little is being done for yo11; and before you
criticise you may well ask yourselves "What talents have I? Am I willing, with
no reward in sight, to devote a part of these talents and half my time to do better
than the other fellow?"
In the opinion of your President the gravest question facing this organiza-
tion is, shall we represent anything? That is, shall we have a fixed policy and
pursue it diligently and earnestly? Or, shall we just drift along with no end
in view, a ship with a wavering compass? Shall we simply be a working hocly
with fine quarters. dark rooms, enlarging rooms and popular entertainments, or
a national (perhaps international) figure? An organization founded on local
lines, will, no doubt, serve a useful purpose, but it will never assume national
importance, or obtain international fame. \Ve ought to be the leading cluh of
7.l
 C.-1.\JERA .\"OTES.

the 'L"nited States, if not of the world; but we can never reach such distinction
by drifting as we have during the past two or three years. With broad views
and a definite policy, we might have gathered to us, even though it were by a
tender bond, the greatest photographers of the Cnited States.
The one thing that has linked us with the outside world has been our
beloved CAMERA XoTES of which we are all proud indeed. Each number better
than the last, and all of them superior to anything ever published in the photo-
graphic world. The publication will ever be a monument to the skill, energy,
perseverance and disinterestedness of Alfred Stieglitz. All honor be to him. for
he stands in a class all bv himself. • \Ve owe also our thanks to his co-laborers
on this magazine. They have worked earnestly along the lines indicated by
him, and they deserve great reward. CAMERA ~OTES has stood like a beacon of
light at the harbor's mouth, forever pointing us the way into the haven of
international fame. Unfortunateh• most of us have refused to trim sails, and
our progress has been slow, if, in.deed, we have not drifted back.
In order for you to appreciate the work done upon CAMERA NOTES by
1\lr. Stieglitz, your President feels that the following facts should be laid before
you for your enlightenment :
Since starting the publication of this magazine, there has been expended on
it for printing, articles, and illustrations, besides other items, over $18,000 and
during that period the Club has appropriated for its maintenance only $1,850.
So that while the Club paid only ten per cent. of the amount expended for
C\1\tER.\ XoTES it received over 33 I/3 per cent. of the entire editions published.
In other words, while we put up ten per cent. we received therefor 33 I/3 per
cent. I will repeat it again, so that you may bear it in mind: Every member
of the Club received a copy of this publication during its five years of existence,
and for this we only paid the sum of $1.85o. while what we received actually
cost Mr. Stieglitz the sum of about $6.ooo. or in other words, Mr. Stieglitz has
obtained from the outside, about $4.200 for our benefit. In addition to this he
furnished the capital to run the magazine, so that it was in his debt at times
$1 ,ooo. During the entire period of publication, he has not received one cent
for his labor or his time, and as a matter of fact, he is out of pocket.
The increased buoyancy of the good old craft is seen by the credit balance
this year. showing excess of receipts over expenditures of $348.51 as against a
debit balance or an excess of expenses over receipts last year at this time of
$90-75·
The decrease in membership last year was eleven, while this year we have
an increase of one.
\Ve have now a library of about 1.700 volumes, making probably the largest
photographic library in the world. And through the liberality of one of your
members, this library has been efficiently catalogued. Such a member. though
he may not be a beauty, is a joy forever. Your Board of Trustees has appro-
priated sufficient money for the publication of this catalogue in pamphlet form,
so it may be available for use at home. It is to be hoped we can afford, some
day. to have also a subject catalogue printed .
.-\s we look again across the seas. we notice a difficult bit of navigation;
one requiring judgment and careful steering. Another anchorage ground must
be found where the old craft may drop her mud hooks in the offing, and keep
from drifting astern. This is no light task, and we know you will back up the
new navigating officer after he has determined the course to pursue.
And now as the yearly watch goes off duty, your officer of the deck steps
below, wishing you the best of luck. ancl in the hope that the future will show
the good ship always staunch and true, with a crew working in harmony; so one
of these days from the heights she may be seen sailing majestically into the
harbor of international fame. Jonl'l' .-\sPrl'I'WM.L, President.
i4
r
THE CAMERA CLUB. Treasurer's Report for the Year Ending March 3J, J902.
RECEIPTS: 1901-1902. ! 1900-1901. II DISBURSEMENTS. I 1901-1902. 1900-1901.
---
Balance April 1st. ......................... . $2.410.74 $2,507.49 Camera Notes ............................ . $640.00 $300 00
Members' Dues ........................... . 4.984.63 4.990.04 Services .................................. . 759-00 6o8.oo
Locker Rents ............................. . 1,166.44 1.049-95 Rent and Chute, 8th floor ................. . 3.024.00 3,o.z6.oo
Entrance Fees ........................... . 510.00 375.00 Stationery and Printing ................... . 221.82 272-70
Studio ................................... . 295-00 266.00 Studio ................................... . 161).2..! 150.00
Library .................................. . 43.00 Library ................. · · ... · · · · · · · · · · · · · 152-57 192.57
r.-i Telt'phone ................................ . 102.621 6o.15 Telephone ............................... . 174.01 110.70
t.tl Annual Dinner ........................... . 237-50 1 262.25 Annual Dinner .......................... . 292.00 301.39
~
0 Smoker .................................. . 151.00 109.00 Smoker .................................. . 170.¢ 193.05
>; Annual Auction .......................... . 8o.81 Annual Auction .......................... . 651.92 6.57
lucidentals ............................... . 769-751 3.25 Incidentals ............................... .
Cl:l
27.1-90 290-98
:::J
Lantern Slide Interchange ............... . .61 Lantern Slide Interchange ................ . 17.2.1 19.21

!~::\
-..l Print Auction ............................ . 117.81 Print Auction ........................... . 138.29 .26.20
u Furniture (Subscription by Members) ...... . . Furniture ................................ . 224.00 99.86
C) Elevator ............................... · .. JO.OO . Elevator ........ - ........................ . 110.00 8o.oo
>; "'~ Interest Acct. . ........................... . 85.62 1 Postage ...................... · · · · · · · · · · · · 128.04 120.48
,._
""·

~
~ 0 Li$ht and Current ........................ . 491.71 370.14
v,
\.:)
~ Prmt Committee ......................... .
·• Fitting up Rooms ......................... .
115-45
IOO.Q7
46.5o
282.¢
"' 40.8R
~~~~~~~~ . :: ::::: :::::::::::::::::: :::::::
>; ~
...... . 151.51) 8o.o8
C)
t.tl
"'~
~
; Icc and Laundrv ......................... . 74-73 61.12
t.tl I Insurance ................................ . 64.65 27-45
u t: 1 CleamnP' Rooms .......................... . 124.00 122.00
0
Q:: 8. I Meetings Committee ...................... . 6.15
Q., ~ i Curator-Salary .......................... . 666.66
."'... --
...::s
~
"'-I I ·!Balance ~n Ne~ A.msterdam National Bank ..
Balance m Umon 1 rust Co ................ .
$8.377-75
673.63
2.o85.62
$7.454.62
410.74
2,000.00
"'
~
"'-

-----
1

...
~
$11.137-ool $9.865.36 $11.137-00 $9.865.36
E-o
~ Approved: LOUIS B. SCHRAM, Chairman.
~ C. C. ROUMAGE.
HENRY H. MAN.
March 31, 1902. Auditing Committee. WM. E. WILMERDING, Treasurer.
 .CAMERA .\'OTES.

Secretary's Report.
The Secretarys report was as follows :
Nr.w YoRK, April 1st, 1902.
MR. CHAIRMAN AND MEMBERS OF THE CAMERA Cl.l'B:
I have the honor to submit the following as the Secretary's report for the past year:
Mcmbenblp.

-
-.; ~
""
~
~
~
.!! ~
E
0·&.i
--
E
.:: t.z ....., __>u:.c: ..,-"C·-" .co
c 0

" "' ""

0

..;
~
~

.:
·r:
1 " ~Z·
--
0 0

<=-o ten
0
·~
0 0 "
ll.

Active members ... ····· ....... 214

'i: ~
c:.
<: "
eli~

19
~
:::
5
"
Ill
Q
~
3
""o ~~c ~·g.
1- -
2 6
""'
"
31 "84
214
"
Non-resident member~ 0 s,,
•••••••• 8 4 2 6 9
Life members ................. 20 20
Honorary members ........... 16 16
Total ............ .. .... .... 333 27 9 .1 4 12 40 334
Total membership, March 31st, 1902, three hundred and thirty-four.
There were held ten regular and two special meetings of the Board of Trustees and
ten regular and one special Club meetings. Respectfully,
DANIEL ]. DowDNEY, St'Crctary.

Librarian's Report.

The Librarjan stated verbally that his report had been presented to the
Trustees and was in the hands of the Secretary. It is as follows:
April 7th, 1902.
To THE PRESIDENT AND BoARD OF TRUSTEES, CAMERA CLcB, N. Y.:
Gentlemen:-! beg to hand you herewith my annual report on the Library. At the
commencement of the club year the Library consisted of some five hundred volumes ar-
ranged in cases without any special order or sequence, which, however, was of little
moment, as the number of volumes was not large. The former Librarian, Mr. Beeby, had,
as far as lay in his power, completed certain sets of books and magazines and was on
the continual watch out for others.
Early in May, 1901, due to the generosity of the President, Mr. Aspinwall, the Can-
field Library which, for some years had been on the market, was added to the Club Library
forming with this the most perfect photographic library in America, if n<>t in the world.
The necessity of obtaining a suitable housing for the combined libraries at once
became apparent. Careful investigation of the \'arious portable book-cases on the market
was made, with a final choice of the Danner system as being the best suited to the library
needs. A subscription opened amongst the members of the Club realized sufficient to
enable the Librarian to purchase 16 Danner cases and a reference card-case. Duplicates
were eliminated from the two libraries, and the remaining books to the number of 1,700
were arranged in subject order in the cases, in which work the Librarian has to thank
Dr. Stevens for much vah1able assistance.
Through the generosity of a member, who must remain anonymous, the books were
then catalogued on cards, according to title and author, two professional cataloguers being
engaged on the work for a period of nearly six weeks.
In February the Board appropriated the sum of $150.00 for a printed catalog•Je
which is now under way and will be published with the next issue of CAMERA NaTES.
The librarian will endeavor to make the catalogue complete as regards historical data,
donor of book, etc., etc., in order to make the catalogue as valuable as possible.
Previous to this year, the magazines kept on file have oeen a great source of worry,
being torn or taken bodily away by careless members. To avoid this in the future,
cases were made for 36 magazines on photographic subjects, and these are now kept in
order and as up-to-date as possible.
 PROCEEDINGS AND CLUB NOTES.

The appropriation of $150.00 has been spent to within a few dollars of the limit, in
subscriptions to magazines, three new tops to cases, binding, etc. Ninety-four volumes were
bound and a large number remain to be bound when the next appropriation is made.
To keep the library in condition as it should be kept. a sum not less than $2oo should
be appropriated for the coming year. Contributions of books were made by Alfred
Stieglitz, Dr. Degenhardt. W. ]. Cassard, W. E. Wilmerding, E. N. Woodbury, and the
Librarian, to whom thanks are herewith given. Respectfully submitted,
]. C. ABEL, Librarian.

Final Report of Print Committee for J90J-J902.

Mr. Keiley on behalf of the Print Committee, stated that the report of
that Committee was in the hands of the trustees. It is as follows:
To THE PRESIDENT AND BoARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE CAMERA CLue, N. Y.
Gentlemen: Your committee respectfully reports as follows: Since presenting its last
report your committee has placed two print exhibitions upon the Club walls,-that of F.
Colborn Clark which was shown from January 27th to February 15th, and The First
Public Exhibition of the Permanent Print Collection of the Camera Club, N. Y., which
is still on exhibition.
The Clark collection, prepared by that p;entleman with especial care, contained J.l5
prints.
Apropos of the second exhibition, the question of securing for the Camera Club, N. Y..
a permanent collection of representative pictorial photographs has been agitated repeatedly
in the past and recently by those interested in photographic progress. To outsiders.-who
have come to look upon the Camera Club, N. Y., as standing for all that is advanced in
photography,-the absence of a truly representative collection is a source of surprise and
disappointment. Frequently the Club has been urged to take up the matter-but it has
never done so officially-though on one occasion a certain sum was appropriated by the
Board for the purchase of a few prints (three prints from the Kiisebier collection).
At the time. this application of the Club funds was looked upon as a useless expendi-
ture by many members. Since then prints by this photographer have sold w high as
a hundred dollars a copy and at the present time it would not be possible to purchase rep-
resentative examples of her work at the price th~n given. With the purcha~e of said prints
the matter rested. From time to time there have been shown upon our walls collectiom
of the work of the most progressive of the pictorial workers, representative examples of
which could have been secured at a small price. No effort to secure such examples was
made by the club. • • •
Meanwhile pictorial photography has progressed-individual private collections have
been made-the value of prints has been greatly enhanced-new workers have appeared
with each new exhibition and at last the great art exhibition of the year, the Champs de
Mars (Paris Salon), has been forced to recognize the pictorial photograph as an example
of legitimate, serious art.
It was an American who brought about this revolution in the attitude of the Salon
Judges,-just as Americans .have been playing a prominent part in all the leading European
pictorial exhibitions.
It is but proper therefore that this Club should possess a representative permanent
collection.
Few members of the Oub were aware that the Oub possessed a permanent collection
of any sort.
When your committee came into office it could find no record of such a collection.
During its incumbency, it has made careful search for all the prints and photographs owned
by the club. These prints it has gathered together and listed and finally placed upon the
walls for the enlightenment of the club as to the existence and character of its p~rmanent
collection, the present exhibition being the first exhibition of the Permanent Collection of
Pictorial Pho~ographs of the Camera Oub, N.Y.
77
 CAMERA .VOTES.

A list of the prints composing this collection is hereto annexed.

Your Committee respectfully sugge~ts that at the close of this Exhibition these prints
or such of them as are not to remain upon the Club walls, be packed away with decent
care and not thrust again into the dark and dirty corners whence mo5t of them were
extracted and excavated.
After the most careful consideration your Committee has abandoned the other exhi-
bitions which it contemplated presenting. This course was determined upon because of
the general lack of interest in and general apathy towards the wall displays on the part
of the Club-which convinced your Committee that it would be unwi5e, at this time for it
to arrange for any exhibition that would invoh·e the incurring of any additional expense.
Till a more general and healthy interest is manifested your Committee feels that it would
not be justified in undertakings involving further expenditures of the club's funds for the
purpose of print exhibitions.
Your Committee further reports that in order to facilitate the work of its successors,
it has issued notice f:1r the Annual Members' Exhibition, and that it has set all its affairs
in order; and it now, after having extended its thanks to the gentlemen of the Board for
their support and consid~ration, begs most respectfully to resign its charge into the hands
of the Club, said resignation to take effect on April 7th.
JosEPH T. KElLEY, Chairman of the Print Committee.
March 31, 1902.

Report of the Auditing Committee.

The Auditing Committee thrm•gh ~Ir. Schram. its chairman. expressed approval of the
Treasurer's methods. Mr. Schram stated that its approval of 1\Ir. Wilmerding's accounts
had already appeared upon the Treasurer's report.

Club Competition Report.

Mr. Stark on behalf of the Committee on Club Print Competition, presented a verbal
report of progress in which he called attention to the fact that the sending out of the
notices of the Print Competition at the same time with the notice of the Print Exhibition
seemed to have led to confu~ion in the minds of memhers, particularly in view of the fact
that no entry blank was required for the competition.

Report of the Committee on Club PubUcation.

Mr. Man, Chairman of the Committee on Club Publication, presented the following
report:
To THE CAMERA Ctuu:
Your Committee on Club Publication respectfully reports that during the year ending
March 31, 1902, it ha~ furnished to the editor of the "CAMERA NoTEs" copy for the Club
Department of four numbers of the magazine. Dated New York. April I, 1902.
Respectfully submitted,
HENRY H. ~fAN, Chairman.

Mr. Stieglitz Severs His Connection with " Camera Notes.''

Immediately after pre~enting the report, Mr. Man said:

"I have been instructed by the Board of Trustees to submit on their behalf the follow-
ing statement as to the Club Publication:
" 'Mr. Stieglitz has given to the Board of Trustees the notice, provided for in his con-
 PROCEEDINGS AND CLUB NOTES.

tract for the publication of Vol. V. of CAMERA NOTES, to the effect that he elects not to
continue the publication of the magazine after the last number of that volume.
··'In view, however, of the impracticability of a new editor getting out Number 1 of
Vol. VI. promptly, Mr. Stieglitz has, at the request of the Board, consented to get out that
number, which is now on the press, and will appear on or before June 1St. For this the
Board has made a special appropriation of $2oo, and copies will be sent to members of the
club as heretofore.
"""As soon as a new editor is appointed the good will and plant of the magazine will be
turned over to him so that he may continue the publication under such directions as the
Club or the Board of Trustees may give.' "

The Elcctioo.
Upon motion duly seconded the polls were declared closed; the tellers retired to can-
vass the vote, the meeting in the meantime taking an informal recess.
The tellers announcing their readiness to report. the meeting was called to order, and
the tellers presented a report giving the vote for each nominee in detail. Fifty-one ballots
were cast. The vote was as follows: Mr. Crosby received 25 votes, Mr. Bull 44, Mr. Heim
27, Mr. Wilmerding 51, Mr. Berg 28, Mr. McKune 24, Mr. Vail 26, Mr. Elgar 27, Mr.
Waterman 26, Mr. Hart 25, and Mr. O"Donohue 25.
The President declared that all the nominees upon the regular ticket were elected, and
appointed Messrs. Hale and Heim to escort the newly elected President, :\fr. C. H. Crosby,
to the chair. This formality having been completed, Mr. Aspinwall addressed the President
substantiallv as follows:
"Mr. President-There is a story of an Irishman who, having made his way with great
difficulty through a wood, was met as he emerged by a friend. who. noticing his condition,
said that he must surely have encountered certain pitfalls. to which his reply was that they
stuck up everywhere and that he had broken his shins over dozens of them. I hope, Sir,
that however many pitfalls you encounter, you may never break your shins."
The President then addressed the meeting. He said that the presidency had come to
him unsolicited, and intimated that he did not know what qualities of his led to his selec-
tion for that office, the honor of holding which he appreciated more than any of the mem-
bers could think. He had no views of his own as to policy. but believed that there was
room in the Club for every member to do what he thought best for the advancement of the
Oub and of the interests of ph!ltography. Photography was, in his opinion, the greatest
of the graphic arts. In every other branch of art the artist was hampered and restricted
by his medium. but in photography there were no limits. The Camera Club was itself, in
h1s opinion, the greatest photographic club in the world. and he intended to be guided by
the views of its members as to what the Club should do.
He then called in succession upon Messrs. Bull. Berg and Heim. Mr. Berg apologized
for Mr. Hull's absence on the ground that he was under the doctor's care and spoke briefly
on his own behalf. Mr. Heim stated that it was his hope to perform the duties of Secre-
tary to the satisfaction of the majority of the members.
There were loud calls for Mr. Wilmerding, to which he responded briefly.
Mr. Carlin addressed the Chair and asked that it be stated why Mr. Stieglitz had given
up the editorship of '"CAMERA NoTEs." The President stated that he had no official infor-
mation that Mr. Stieglitz had given up the position of editor. Mr. Beach called attention
to the communication read by the Chairman of the Committee on Club Publication. The
President adhered to his ruling.
On motion, duly seconded, a vote of thanks was extended to the retiring officers for
their fidelity to the Club.
A motion was made, seconded and declared carried that the meeting adjourn. Mr.
Carlin attempted to address the Chair, claiming the right to appeal from the ruling of the
President above stated, but was not recognized because the adjournment had been an-
nounced before he rose.
79
 CAJIERA. NOTES.

The Cub Competition.

On February 17th, 1902, the special committee having the club print competition in
charge (composed of Messrs. Ferdinand Stark and C. H. Crosby) issued a circular em-
bodying the conditions as follows:

"This competition is for members only.

"Prints must be ~ent in on or before April 18th.
"No copies of oil paintings, engravings, etc., will be accepted.
"Prints which won a prize at a previous Exhibition will be excluded, also new prints
made from the same negative.
"The pictures will be judged by all members of The Camera Club.
"The three pictures receiving the most votes, to be published in CAMERA NOTES.
"The same pictures to be judged by three artists, not members of the Oub.
"The best three photographs selected by these artists, to be reproduced in CAWUA
NOTEs.
"A medal to be given to any member, whose picture is selected both by the artists and
members of The Camera Club."
Later the Committee issued a second circular announcing that entries would close April
18th, that the competition would be from ~lay 1 to :\lay 15, and that the jury of artists
were Mr. William A. Coffin, :\lr. Louis Loeb and :\lr. Frederick S. Church, all of whom
had kindly consented to serve.
By this circular it was also announced that "prints from negatives from which lantern
slides have won awards will be admitted."
This number of the magazine goes to press before the competition.

The Annual Members' Exhibition.

The regulations for the Club Exhibition were promulgated by the Print Committee in
a circular announcing the date of opening for May 15th. and that the introduction of the
exhibition would be a formal public reception, to which all members and their guests are
invited. The portion of the circular in which the regulations are set forth is as follows:

The time of the Exhibition will be from Ma:v 15th to Jist inclusive.
It shall be the absolute right of each member to show at least one print, whether
scientific, technical or pictorial. in this exhibition which it is de~igned shall be a members'
~how in the broadest sense of the term.
No member shall submit more than five (S) prints. Where more than one print has
been entered by a member as many :;hall be hung as the character of the work and the
wall space at the Committee's dispo5al shall permit.
Prints entered in this exhibition must not have been entered in any of the regular
club exhibitions, and members are urged to send only their very best work so that the
average excellence of this exhibition will compare more than favorably with that of the
very best of any of the exhibitions shown on the same walls during the year.
Every print must be properly mounted. Framing may be di,pensed with if the ex-
hibitor so desires; but in that case, if a print be not mounted on heavy card but upon a
thin flexible mount, such mount should be backed with a piece of heavy card of correspond-
ing size, that print or mount may not be injured in handling. This however is not
obligatory.
The title of each print together with the name and address of the exhibitor must
appear upon the back of each mount or frame.
Members intending to enter prints are requested to fill out the enclosed form, and send
8o
 PROCEEDINGS AND CLUB NOTES.

it to the Print Committee at their earliest convenience. All entries must be addressed
to the Print Committee and left with the Club custodian.
As it has been customary to reproduce in CAMERA NoTES and in other publications
the most popular of the prints shown, members desiring not to have their pictures or cer-
tain of them so reproduced, will please state that fact on the entry form immediately be-
neath the name of the picture not to be reproduced. In order to permit sufficient time
for cataloguing properly, all exhibits must be in the hands of the Committee not later than
May 8, 1902.
Any member exhibiting prints in the members' show who expects to leave the city be-
fore the close of the exhibition will kindly signify to the Committee what disposition shall
be made of his print or prints upon the close of the exhibition.
As pictures are frequently purchased from collections shown on the Club walls by print
collectors, those willing so to dispose of their work, should there be demand for it, are
requested to signify their willingness by setting prices on their prints.
JOSEPH T. KElLEY,
E. LEE FERGUSON,
ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
Committu.
It is understood that the Committee in actual charge of the exhibition will be differently
composed. the annual meeting and the appointment of new standing committees taking
place before the commencement of the exhibition. The success of the exhibition ought not
to be lessened by any change in the personnel of the committee in charge. It is incumber.t
upon the members to make this exhibition a worthy successor of that of 1901.

The Annual Auction.

The annual auction of photographic instruments and material was held at the Club
rooms on the evenings of Friday and Saturday, March 7th and 8th, under the charge of a
committee composed (as finally constituted) of l\Iessrs. Abel, :\lontant, Reid and \\Til-
merding.
Only property of members of the Club was accepted.
Many valuable and some rare articles were offered for sale, with the usual proportion
of smaller lots. Mr. Abel acted as auctioneer on the first evening of sale and during part
of the second. after which he gave way to Mr. Reid.
The gross proceeds of this auction were nearly $1.000. and the club realized in com-
missions and by sale of property a net sum of $117 over all expenses.
It is proper to state that these proceeds did not pass in full through the Treasurer's
hands. The amount handled by him appears in his report. The remainder was adjusted
by the Committee without his intervention as Treasurer.

Entertainments.
On the evening of February 21. :\lr. Malcolm Stuart entertained his fellow members
with a talk on "A Trip Through Norway, Sweden and Holland," illustrated by lantern
slides.
On the evening of March 18th Messrs. Chas. T. Hill and Samuel J. Newman, under
the title of "Fighting Fire," showed one hundred slides and a thousand feet of moving
pictures, illustrative of the working of a great fire department and the modern methods
of extinguishing fires.
The slides were in many instances photographic reproductions of scenes at actual
fires, including the destruction of the Windsor Hotel, the great oil fire at Bergen Point
and the fire of 1899 at the North German Lloyd piers.
The entire show was the product of several years of arduous and intelligent labor. An
audience almost exceeding the capacity of the rooms gave close attention to the pictures
and to Mr. Hill's illustrative and interesting comments.
8t
 A Novel and Interesting Suggestion.
I T nual
must not be inferred from the remarks of the incoming president at the an-
meeting, briefly and imperfectly summarized in the account of proceed-
ings, that the rece•1tly elected officers are not desirous of originating for the
benefit of the Club any measures which may tend to advance the progress of
photographic art. :\o later than the very evening of the meeting, one of the
newly elected officers made a proposition of striking novelty, which is likely to
furnish matter for comment and discussion.
The suggestion was that there be instituted a handicap print competition.
with a view, supposably, of encouraging members to compete who under other
circumstances might hesitate to submit their efforts to comparison with those
of experienced and well known photographers. It is proper to say that the
suggestion that the most thorough and effective method of handicapping the
skillful and hitherto successful members of the Club would be to furnish them
with impure chemicals, fogged plates and defective paper, was not made by
the officer with whom the idea of a handicap competition originated, and in the
discussion of the topic, if it excites the discussion we hope it may, care shoulll
oe taken that the inventor of the original idea should not receive the credit, or
blame, due to the gentleman who suggested this method of handicapping.
It is perhaps too early to express an opinion whether adequate means
of placing members of different skill and artistic acquirements upon a ievel with
their juniors or inferiors is within easy reach, and it may perhaps be thought
that the severely handicapped members, in common perhaps with all who are
handicapped at all, may decline to exhibit work in a competition where the
products of their technical and artistic skill are not to be judged according to
their real merits. Is it, however, too much to hope for that such members of the
Club as have attained a high reputation will so far sacrifice their own feelings
as may be necessary to encourage the begmners? It is well known that some of
our most successful colleagues consider, and with justice, that they have already
been making heavy sacrifices for the benefit of the Club and its members, and
surely they ought not to object, in so worthy a cause, to continue their self-
denying course, even though the direction be somewhat novel. Can it be
doubted that, if a similar proposition had been made to some great artist who
desired to shine, not merely by his own work but by the success of his pupils, he
would gladly have embraced the opportunity of putting himself in competition
with them upon some basis of handicapping which would have encouraged the
tyros to emulation with their instructor?
Let us return briefly to consideration of methods. Different workers
might be handicapped in different ways. Mr. Berg might be deprived of the
services of any but inexpert models oi defective physical proportions, Mr.
Keiley restricted to the use of aristotype paper and the combined fixing and
toning bath, Mr. Stieglitz limited to copying in gum chromos of landscape
subjects, and the members of the new House Committee required to develop their
plates in dark rooms specially adapted to their annoyance by their predecessors
in office.
April 10, 1902. HENRY H. MAN.

82
 Postscript.--May lOth.
Subsequent to receipt of the cablegram published in the New York Herald,
March 29th, we received confirmatory advices from authoritative sources, that
the Jury of the Champs de Mars had accepted one painting, six charcoal draw-
ings and ten photographs of the work of Mr. Steichen. Still later, we hear
from an equally trustworthy source, that notwithstanding acceptance by the
Jury, jealousies and political intrigue within the Salon itself, proved powerful
enough to prevent the hanging of photographs. Had Mr. Steichen wished to
insist upon his absolute rights, he undoubtedly could have compelled those in
charge to hang all of his accepted work, but influenced, as we are informed, by
the fear that a too strenuous insistence upon his rights might lead to future
discrimination against his productions, especially paintings, he acquiesced under
pressure in this omission to hang.
Though naturally somewhat disappointed in this outcome, in so far as it
displays a continuance of the unreasoning jealousy and prejudice against which
photography must still struggle, our knowledge of the idiosyncrasies so often
displayed by the management of art exhibitions led us to anticipate these pos-
sibilities. Nevertheless we find cause for congratulation and pleasure in the
victory gained before the Jury, which is the accepted arbiter in the world of art.
Though deprived of the fruits of victory, the triumph of the principle for
which we have stood cannot be denied, nor do we feel called upon by this inci-
dent to recede from any position we may have taken in any of the articles of
this number.-EDITOR.
*The interesting and important information herewith given reached us at a time when
we were already in the hands of the binder, too late for insertion in the body of the maga-
zine, which though dated "July," is in fact issued on May 15th.
 CATALOGUE
OFTHB

Photographic Library

OF THB

C./IMER./1 CLUB, }/. Y.

co-pll. . • • • a•1._.
b,r
JVAJI C. AB£1, Llb-W'Iaa

....
PW'Iato• f'o• tho Cltab • • • - hla •l..ctloa
• • • with tho atathoW'ItF of'
tho I.Ol•I•Os Boaftl of' T . . .t - •
JOHN .uPINWALL, ..._ldeet
J, BDOAil BULL, VI-Pruldeat

DANIBL J, DOWDNBV, SecntllrJ' WIWAM E. WILMBilDINO, T,_nr

LOUIIB. IICIIRAJI, IIIINitY H. MAN, .JOHN BEBBV, HARRY 8. RBID, llOBEilT L BltACICLOW
DR.IlOBBilTJ.DBVUN,T~

llltW YOaB
MCMII.
 Deed of Gift
of the

Canfield Library

Sot anb tn Geonstbttatton of the sum of one dollar to me

in hand paid by the Camera Club of New York, a corporation, the receipt
whereof is hereby acknowledged, I hereby sell, assign, transfer and set
over unto the said Camera Club, all my right, title and interest in and
to the books, pamphlets and documents described in a certain bill of sale
hereto attached from C. W. Canfield to myself and dated the Sixth day
of May, Nineteen hundred and one.

]n Wftntjf W~trtof I have hereunto set my hand and seal this ninth
day of May, Nineteen hundred and one.

(SIGNED)
JOHN ASPINWALL.
 DOJrOa.s 01"

Books and Magazines

CIIMERA CLUB, 1{. Y. LIBUitY.

JOHN ASPINWALL
•• J. C. ABEL
ALFRED STIEGLITZ •• WM. E. CARLIN

CAMERA NOTES •• DR. JAMES DOUGLAS

THE OBRIG CAMERA CO.
•• DR. LEONARD WALDO
••
W. J. CASSARD
•• DR. NAGEL
THE SCOVILL & ADAMS CO. •• W. I. LINCOLN ADAMS
ROBERT L. BRACKLOW •• J. F. STRAUSS
H. S. MACK •• G. L. RONALDS
ARTHUR SCOTT
••• WALTER E. WOODBURY

•••
C. S. McKUNE SIDNEY HERBERT
WM. A. FRASER
•• C. W. CANFIELD
Da. CHARLES W. STEVENS
• MOSES JOY
 KEY TO Abbreviations usED

Ed. Edition
Am. Ed. American Edition
Rev. Ed. Revised Edition
En!. Enlarged
Ill us. III ustrated
Illus. photo. " with photographs
N.d. No date
N. t. p. No title page
Pp. Pages
Pt. Part
T. p.m. Title page missing
Tr. Translated
Vol. Volume

The Roman Numerals (I., II., etc.) on the left denote the case numbers.
The Arabic Numerals (I, 2, 3, etc.) following these give the book number
in each case. Each case begins with No. I from the top left hand shelf.
 Catalogue by Authors.

ABNEY, SIR WILLIAM DB W.

IV. 13 A Treatise on Photography. Ed. 2, 326 pp., illus. New
York, x884
IV. 14 A Treatise on Photography. Ed. 3· New York, x885
IV. 11 Instruction in Photography. x68pp. London, 1874
IV. 12 Instruction in Photography. Ed. 4, 232pp. London, x879
VI. 32 Instruction in Photography. Ed. 7, 436pp. London, x886
V. 80 Instruction in Photography. Ed. 7, 38opp. London, x886
V. 81 Instruction in Photography. Ed. 10, 492pp., illus. London, 1900
XV. 68 Negative Making. g8pp., illus. London, x887. Photographic
Primers, No. I
IV. 10 Photography. 32pp. London, 1876
IV. 102 Photography With Emulsions. 192pp. New York, x886
ABNEY, W. DE W. & CLARK, LYONEL
III. 30 Platinotype; Its Preparation and Manipulation. 2d Am. ed.,
I74PP· New York, 1898
ABNEY, CAPT. & ROBINSON, H. P.
III. 5 Art and Practice of Silver Printing. I Am. ed., u8pp., illus., photo.
New York, x887
ACKLAND, WILLIAM.
II. 137 Hints on Fothergill's Process. Ed. 3, 8pp. London, x86o
III. 109 How to Make Stereoscope Pictures. Ed. 3, 49PP·· illus. London,
x8sg.
ADAMS, JOHN COLEMAN
VI. 106 Nature Studies in Berkshire. uspp .• illus. New York, 1899
ADAMS, W. I. LINCOLN
IV. 34 Amateur Photography. gopp. New York, 1893
IV. 95 Photographic Instructor. xg6pp., illus. New York, x888
IV. 103 El Instructor Fotogratico: tr. by A. C. Lamoutte. 164pp. New
York, x891
III. 115 Sunlight and Shadow. 141pp., illus. New York, n. d.
VI. 105 Woodland and Meadow. 123pp., illus. New York, 1901
ADELINE, JULES
XV. 149 Les Axts de Reproduction Vulgaris~s. 379pp., illus. Paris, n. d.
7
AGLE, A.
XV. 99 Manuel Pratique de Photographie Instantan~e. ISSPP· Paris,
1887
ALBINUS, E. F.
II. 95 Der Vollkommene Daguerreotypist. SSPP· Leipzig, 1844
ALOPHE, M.
IV. 110 le Pass~. le Pr~sent et l'Avenir de Photographie. Ed. 2, 47PP·
Paris, n. d.
AMERICAN MAGNESIUM COMPANY
XV. 34 The New Metal Magnesium for Illuminating Purposes. 13pp.
Cambridge, x86 5
ANDERSON, ELBERT
XI. 117 Photo-comic Allmyknack. illus. Philadelphia, 1873
IV. 123 The Skylight and the Dark-Room: A Complete Text Book on
Portrait Photography. uopp., photo. Philadelphia, 1872
ANDREWS, JOHN
VI. 14 Studies in Photography. 2o2pp., illus. London, 1892
ANSCHUTZ, OTTOMAR.
XV. 124 Augenblicksbilder. Illus. Selbstverlag, 1887.
ARAGO.
II. 83 Rapport sur le Daguerreotype; Lu a la ~ance de la Chambre
des Deputes le 3 Juillet, 1839, eta l'Academie des Sciences
~ance du 19 Aout. 34PP· Paris, 1859
ARCHER, FREDERICK S.
II. 16 Collodion Process on Glass. Ed. 2., xoopp. London, 1854
ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL
XV. 151 Journal of; Containing "The Application of Photography to the
reproduction of Maps and Plans by Photomechanical and Other
Processes," by J. Waterhouse. 124pp., V. 47, pt. 2. No. 11. Cal-
cutta, 1878
AUER, ALOIS
XV. 178 Der Polygraphische Apparat. sxpp., illus. Wien, 1853
AYRES, GEORGE B.
II. 62 How to Paint Photographs. Ed. 3·· I 79PP· Philadelphia, 1871
II. 63 How to Paint Photographs. Ed. 2., 148pp. Philadelphia, 1870
BALAGNY, GEORGE
XV. 87 Les Contretypes ou les Copies de Cliches. 4SPP· Paris, 1893
II. 24 Photographie par les Procedes Pelliculaires. V. 1. 132pp. Paris,
x889
BAPST, GERMAIN
II. 75 Essai sur l'Histoire des Panoramas et des Dioramas. 3opp., illus.
Paris, 1891
8
BARHYDT, J. A.
II. 67 Crayon Portraits and the Art of Using Liquid Transparent Water
Colors, and Directions for Florentine French Crystals. 51pp.
Kingston, N.Y., 1886
BARRESWIL & DA VANNE
I. 47 Chimie Photographic. Ed. 2, 412pp., illus. Paris, n. d.
BATUT,ARTHUR
XV. 89 La Photographie A~rienne par Cerfvolant. 6spp., illus. Paris,
1890
V. 79 La Photographie Appliqu~e ala Production du Type. 23pp., illus.
Paris, 1887
BECH, M.
II. 121 Trait6 Pratique de Retouche des Cliches Photographiques. 67pp.
Paris, x888
BECK, R. & BECK, J.
XV. 125 The Principles of a Photographic Lens, Simply Explained as a
Guide to its Use by the Amateur Photographer. 2opp., illus
London, n. d.
BEDE, CUTHBERT
V. 77 Photographic Pleasures; Popularly Portrayed with Pen and Pencil.
83pp., illus. London, 1859
V. 77a Photographic Pleasures. 52pp., illus. London, n. d.
V. 77b Photographic Pleasures. 52pp., illus. London, 1862
BELGE DB PHOTOGRAPHIE, ASSOCIATION
XI. 107-108 Bulletin. lllus., ser. 3, vol. s-6. Ann~e. 25-26. Bruxelles, I8g8-
I899
BELLOC, A.
IV. 120 Photographie Rationnelle. 42opp. Paris, x862
BENNETT, F. T.
VI. 61 Cameras, Lenses, Shutters, etc. Vol. I. u8pp. New York, 1890
BENNETT, LOUIS CLARENCE
XV. 32 Flashlights and How to Take Them. 41pp., illus. New York,
1891
BERGERET, A. & DROUIN, F.
V. 100 Les R~creations Photographiques. Ed. I, x66pp., illus. Paris,
1891
BERNARD, J. & TOUCHEBEUF, L.
XV. 28 Petits Cliches et Grandes Epreuves. I39PP· Paris, 1898
BERTHIER, A.
XV. 83 Manuel de Photochrome Interf~rentielle. 16gpp. Paris, 1895
BERTILLON, ALPHONSE
XV. 90 La Photographie Judiciaire. uspp., illus. Paris, x8go
9
BETTINI, U.
IV. 121 La Fotografia Moderna. 329pp. n. t. p.
BEVAN, G. PHILLIPS, Ed.
VI. 38 British Manufacturing Industries. 2oopp. London, r876
CONTENTS:
Hatton, Joseph, Printing and Bookbinding
Archer, Paper
Davenport, Samuel, Engraving
Foster, P. Le Neve, Photography
Bartley, George C. T., Toys
BEYSE, J.
II. 105 Photographie auf Metallplatt~n. I2Jpp., illus. Pesth, r8sr
BIGELOW, L. G.
V. 30 Artistic Photography and How to Attain it. 24pp., illus. photo.
Philadelphia, 1876
BINGHAM, ROBERT ].
IV. 44 Photogenic Manipulation, Part I. Ed. 7, 6opp. London, r8so
IV. 45 Photogenic Manipulation, Part I. Ed. 1 x. 87pp. London, 1854
BLACK, ALEXANDER
V. 82 Photography Indoors and Out. 24opp., illus. Boston, 1894
BLAKE, A. H.
V. 83 Photography; Simple Chapters for Beginners on the Art and
Practice of Photography. uspp., illus. London, I898
BLANCHERE, H. DE LA.
XV. 50 La Photographie des Commencants. IJ6pp., illus. Paris, r863
BLANEY, HENRY R.
XV. 176 Photogravure. 43PP·· illus. New York, 1895
BLANQUART-EVRARD
VI. 31 On the Intervention of Art in Photography; tr. by Alfred Harral.
27pp. London, 1864
XV. llO Intervention de l'Art dans la Photographie. 31pp. Paris, r864
V. 35 La Photographie; Ses Origines, Ses Progres, Ses Transformations.
2I4PP· illus., t. p. m.
II. 25 Photographie sur Papier. I99PP· Paris, r8sr
BLECH, E.
VI. 22 Stand-Entwicklung als Universal Methode fUr alle Zwecke. 94PP·
Berlin, 1900
BLIN, EMILE
II. 53 Trait~ Pratique de Photominiature. 3opp. Paris, r888
BLOEDE, VICTOR G.
IV. 78 Reducer's Manual. r67pp. New York, r867
V. 55 The Reducer's Manual and Gold and Silver Worker's Guide. Ed. 2.,
167pp., illus. New York, r869
IO
BOCK, JOSEF.
VI. 74 Zincography; tr. by E. Menken. Ed. 2., s6pp. London, n. d.
BOIVIN, E.
II. 11 Pro~d~ au Collodion Sec. Ed. 2. 63pp. Paris, x883
BOLAS, THOMAS.
XV. 171 Cantor Lectures on the Recent Improvements in Photo-Mechanical
Printing Methods, Delivered Before the Society of Arts. Jan. 28,
Feb. 4-u, I884. upp. London, I884
VI. 10 Glass Blowing and Working. 2 I 2pp. London, I 898
BOELTE, MAX.
III. 22 Carbon Printing. 32pp., illus. New York, I8go
BONNET, M. G.
VI. 77 Manuel de Phototypie. 146pp., illus. Paris, I88g
BOUDET, M.
XV. 51 La Photographie Sans Appareils. I6pp., illus. Paris, I886
BOURSAULT, HENRI.
XV. 132 Calcul du Temps de Pose en Photographie. 2 I SPP· Paris, n.d.
BRADLEY, J. W.
II. ')5 Illumination on Paper and Vellum. Ed. 7., 8opp., illus. London,
n. d.
BREBISSON, ALPHONSE DE.
II. 2 Nouvelle M~thode Photographique sur Collodion. IJ4PP· Paris,
I8S2
II. 4 Trait~ Complet de Photographie sur Collodion. IJ4PP· Paris, xSss
BREWSTER, SIR DAVID.
III. 105 The Stereoscope. 235pp., illus. London, I856
BRIOSCHI, GIROLAMO.
IV. 59 Manuale Pratico di Fotografia. Ed. 2, 132pp. Milano, I868
BROTHERS, A.
V. 71 Photography; Its History, Processes, Apparatus, and Materials.
364pp., illus. London, I892
V. 72 Photography; Its History, Processes, Apparatus and Materials.
Ed. 2, 367pp., illus. London, I899
BROWNE, JOHN C.
VII. 53 History of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia. 36pp., illus.
n. p., x884
BRUNEL, GEORGES.
XIV. 102 Camet-Agenda du Photographe. 321pp. Paris, Igoo
IV. 73 Formulaire des Nouveau~s Photographiques. 343PP·· illus.
Paris, I896
II
BUBIER, EDWARD T.
XV. 108 A Practical Handbook of Modem Photography, for the Use of
Amateurs. 6spp., illus. Lynn (Mass.), 1893
BUEHLER, OTTO
II. 38 Atelier und Apparat des Photographen. Weimar, 1869
BUGUET, ABEL
XV. 73 La Photographie de l'Amateur D6butant. s8pp., illus. Paris, 1889
BURAIS, A.
XV. 60 Applications de la Photographie a la M6decine. 48pp. Paris,
1896.
BURBANK, W. H.
V. 18 Lantern Slide Making. s6pp. Brunswick, Maine, 1890
V. 22a Photographic Negative. 198pp. illus. New York, 1888
III. 6 Photographic Printing Methods. 221pp., illus. New York, 1887
BURGESS, N. G.
II. 144 Ambrotype Manual. 184pp. New York, 1856
II. 143 Photograph and Ambrotype Manual. Ed. 4, 242pp. New York,
1858
II. 18 Photograph and Ambrotype Manual. Ed. s. 242pp. New York,
I8S9
IV. 29 Photograph Manual. 261pp. New York, 1862
XV. 159 Photograph Manual. 283pp. New York, 1865
BURNET, JOHN.
XVI. 53 Education of the Eye with Reference to Painting. Ed. 3 n, 7Jpp.,
illus. London, 1865
XVI. 49 Practical Hints on Light and Shade in Printing. 4SPP·· illus.
London, 1826
XVI. 51 Practical Hints on Composition in Painting. Am. ed. 1, Jipp.,
illus. London, 1839
XVI. 52 Practical Hints on Composition in Painting. Ed. 7, 31pp., illus.
London, 1857
XVI. 50 Practical Hints on Composition in Painting. Ed. 8, :upp., illus.
London, 188o
BURROW, J. C. & THOMAS, WILLIAM.
XVI. 40 'MongsL Mines and Miners. 32pp., illus. London, 1893
BURROWS & COI.~TON.
II. 122 Concise Instructions in the Art of Retouching. 6spp., illus.
London, 1876
II. 130 Art of Retouching; Revised by J.P. Ourdan. 3d Am. ed., 1o8pp.,
illus. New York, 1891
BURTON, W. K.
IV. 42 The A B C uf Modern Photography. Ed. 4, 1 24pp. London, 1884
III. 91 Photographic Optics. Am. ed., uopp., illus. New York, 1891
12
BURTON, W. K. & PRINGLE, ANDREW.
IV. 94 Processes of Pure Photography. 2oopp. New York, 1889
CAFFIN, CHARLES H.
VIII. 50 Photography as a Fine Art. 191pp, illus. New York, 1901
CAMARSAC, A LAFON DE
III. 34 Application de l'H~liographie. 3opp. Paris, 1855
CAMERA CLUB
X. 118-129 Journal. Vol. I-IJ. New York, 1886-1899
CANDEZE
XV. 5 Le Sc~nographe; Appareil Photographique de Pouche. 33PP··
illus. Paris, n. d.
CARMICHAEL, ]. W.
II. 61 Marine Painting in Oil Colors. Ed. 8, 77pp., illus. London, n. d.
CASELLA, L.
VI. 21 Description of the Bridges-Lee New Patent Photo-Theodolite. Ed.
2, 31pp., illus. London, 1899
CAVILLY, GEORGES DE.
XVI. 46 Le Cur~ de B~nizou. 3opp., illus. Paris, 1895
CHADWICK, W. ].
V. 15 The Magic Lantern Manual. 138pp., illus. London, 1878
V. 26 The Magic Lantern Manual. Ed. 2, I54PP·• illus. New York, 1886
CHAMBERS, W. & CHAMBERS, R., EDS.
III. 84 Natural Philosophy; Optics. u6pp., illus. Edinburgh, 1850
CHARDON, ALFRED
XV. 2 Photographie par Emulsion Seche au Bromure d'Argent Pur. 7opp.
Paris, 1877
XV. 3 Photographie par Emulsion Sensible-Bromure d'Argent et G61atine.
s8pp. Paris, I88o
CHAUMEUX, L. PERROT DE
XV. 106 Premieres Lecons de Photographie. Ed. 2, 72pp., illus. Paris,
1874
CHEVALIER, ARTHUR
XV. 71 L'Etudiant Photographe. 246pp., illus. Paris, n. d.
CHEVALIER, CHARLES
XV. 6 Catalogue des Appareils Photographiques. 172pp., illus. Paris,
n. d.
XV. 1 Recueil de Memoires et de Proredes Nouveaux Concernant la
Photographic sur Plaques Metalliques et sur Papier. 164pp.
Paris, 1847
CHEVALIER, CHARLES & OTHERS
IV. 108 Guide du Photographic. Paris, 1854
IJ
CHEVREUL, M. E.
II. 56 Laws of Contrast of Color; tr. by John Spanton. 237PP·· i11ua.
London, 1859
CHIP
XV. 116 How to Sit for your Photograph. 48pp. Philadelphia, 1871
CHUTE, ROBERT J.
XI. 129 The Centennial Photographic Diary; A Guide to Photography, the
Centennial and a Memorandum Book. Philadelphia, 1876
CLARK, LYONEL
VI. 6 Development. Ed. 4, 46pp. London, 1896
CLAUDET, A.
III. 107 Du Stereoscope et de ses Applications a la Photographie. 38pp.,
illus. Paris, 1853
COALE, GEORGE B.
IV. 71 Manual of Photography Adapted to Amateur Practice. 81pp.
Philadelphia, x8s8
COLAS, F.
III. 107 Derniers Perfectionnements Apportes au Daguerreotype. 17pp.
Paris, x853
COLE, R. S.
III. 83 Treatise on Photographic Optics. 330pp., illus. London, 1899
COLLIER, JOHN
II. 59 Primer of Art. 88pp. London, x882
COLLINS, CHARLES
II. 16 Hand-Book of Photography. Ed. 2., 95PP· London 1853
COLSON, R.
XV. 86 La Perspective en Photographie. 72pp. Paris, 1894
XV. 98 La Photographic Sans Objectif. 49PP·· illus., photo. Paris, 1887
VI. 21 La Photographie Stereoscopique. 2opp. Paris, 1899
V. 34 La Plaque Photographique. r61pp., illus. Paris, 1897
XV. 22 Procedes de Reproduction des Dessins. 29pp. Paris, 1888

CONTI, PIETRO
XV. 13 Ricettario del Fotografo. 233PP· Milano, 1875
COPLAND, EDWARD A.
IV. 84 Photography for the Many. 32pp. London, n. d

CORTECERO, JOSE MARIA

VI. 36 Manual de Fotografia. 348pp. New York, 1862

COULTHURST, S. L.
V. 25 How to Make Lantern Slides. 81pp., illus. London, n. d.
14
COUPE, J. L'ABBE
V. 22 M~thode Pratique Pour !'Obtention des Diapositives au Gelatino-
chlorure d'Argent. 57PP· Paris, 1892
COUPPIER, JULES
IV. 124 Trai~ Pratique de Photographie Sur Verre. 61pp. Paris, 1852
COURREGES, A.
VI. 27 Les Agrandissements Photographiques. 141pp. Paris, 1901
XV. 41 Ce qu'il Faut Savoir pour Reussir en Photographie. 192pp.
Paris, 1894
COX, FREDERICK J.
IV. 68 A Compendium of Photography. Ed. 7, 52pp. London, n. d.
CROCKER, J. B.
III. 44 A Complete and Comprehensive Treatise on the Art of Crayon
Portraiture in Black and White. s6pp. New York, 1886
CRONENBERG, WILHELM
VI. 95 Die Praxis der Autotypie auf Amerikanischer Basis. 132pp., illus.
Dusseldorf, 1895
CROUCHER, JOHN H.
IV. 64 Plain Directions for Obtaining Photographic Pictures. J7PP·
London, n. d.
CUNDALL, JOSEPH
IV. 46 Photographic Primer. 32pp., illus. London, 1854
IV. 49 Amateur's Manual of Photography. sopp., illus. New York, 1885
IV. 50 Amateur's Manual of Photography. sopp. New York, 1890
DAGUERRE
II. 84 Daguerre's Ausftihrliche Beschreibung Seiner Grossen Erfindung.
198pp. Stuttgart, 1839
II. 81 Description Pratique des Proc~d~s du Daguerreotype et du
Diorama. 23pp. Berlin, n. d.
II. 87 Descrizione Pratica del Nuovo Instrumento Chiamato i1 Daguerro-
tipo. 39PP· Roma, 1840
II. 78 Historique et Description des Proc~d~s du Daguerreotype et
du Diorama. 76pp. Paris, 1839
II. 92 Historique et Description des Proc~d~s du Daguerreotype et du
Diorama. 23pp. Berlin, 1839
II. 90 Praktische Besclrreibung des Daguerreotyp's. 24pp. Berlin, 1839
DALLMEYER, J. H.
II. 135 Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses. 32pp. New York, 1874
XV. 162 Photographic Lenses. Special ed., 8pp. n. p. 1874
XIV. 117 On the Use of a Swing-Back to the Camera. 4PP· Manchester,
1868
DALLMEYER, THOMAS R.
VI. 1 Telephotography. 148pp., illus. New York, 1899
IS
DAUDET, LEON
XV. 112 Quand j'etais Photographe. 312pp. Paris, n. d.
DAVANNE, A.
II. 77 Nicephore Niepce, lnventeur de 1a Photograpbie. 33PP·· illus.
Paris, x883
VI. 50-51 La Photographie. 2 vols., illus. Paris, 1886
DAVIE, D. D. T.
V. 98 Secrets of the Dark Chamber. 74PP· New York, 1870
DAWSON, GEORGE
IV. 35 ~lanual of Photography Founded on Hardwich's Photographic
Chemistry. Ed. 8, 276pp. London, 1873
XV. 21 A Popular Treatise of ~lodern Photography. g6pp. Glasgow, n.d.
DAY, CHARLES WILLIAM
II. 50 Miniature Painting. Ed. 5. 57PP· London, 1856
DELAMOTTE, PHILIP H.
II. 16 Oxymel Process. 32pp. London, 1856
IV. 72 The Practice of Photography. I 50PP· London, x8s3
II. 108 Practice of Photography. 67pp. New York, 1854
DEMACHY, ROBERT & ~IASKELL, A.
III. 29 Photo-Aquint; or, The Gum-Bichromate Process. Ed. 2, 92pp.,
illus., photo. London, 1898
DEROSNE, CH.
XV. 8 La Photographie Pour Tous; Traite EMmentaire des Nouveaux
Procedes. 1oopp. Paris, 1882
DESCHANEL, A. PRIVAT
XV. 120 Elementary Treatise on Natural Philosophy; tr. and ed. by J. D.
Everett. Pt. 4, Sound and Light. 785 to 1o68pp., illus. New
York, 188o
DICKSON, W. K. L. & DICKSON, ANTONIA.
XV. 133 History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope and Kineto-Phonograph.
S3PP·· illus. New York, 1895
DILLA YE, FREDERIC
IV. 112 La Pratique en Photographie. 40opp., illus. Paris, n. d.
IV. 113 La TMorie, la Pratique et l'Art en Photographie avec la Proc~~
au ~latina-Bromure d'Argent. 576pp., illus. Paris, n. d.
DIVINE, S. R.
IV. 70 Albumen Photography. 7opp. New York, 1862
V. 29 Photographic Manipulation; or, System of Practice for the Chemi-
cal Department of the Portrait Gallery. g8pp. New York, x864
IV. 27 Photographic Manipulation. 105pp. New York, 1865
DOLBEAR, A. E.
V. 6 The Art of Projecting. 158pp., illus. Boston, 1876
V. 7 The Art of Projecting 158pp., illus. Boston, 1883
16
DONNADIEU, A. L.
III. 108 TraiM de Photographie St~r~oscopique; texte. 251pp., illus.
Paris, 1892
III. 106 Trait~ de Photographie St~r~oscopique; atlas, 20 plates. Paris,
1892
DOW, ARTHUR W.
XVI. 54 Composition. 83pp., illus. Boston, 1899
DRAPER, JOHN WILLIAM
XVI. 41 The Forces which Produce the Organization of Plants. u6pp.
New York, 1844
XIII. 61 Scientific Memoirs; Experimental Contributions to a Knowledge of
Radiant Energy. 473PP·· illus. New York, 1878
DRESSER, A. R.
V. 21 Lantern Slides; How to Make Them. s6pp., illus. London, n. d.
DROMIN, F.
II. 139 La Ferrotypie; Obtention Directe des Positifs. 32pp. Paris, x889
DRU~fMOND, A. J.
III. 23 Carbon Process; or, How to Make Photographs in Pigments.
xogpp. New York, 1868
DUCHOCHOIS P. C.
V. 23a Industrial Photography. S;pp., illus. New York, 1893
II. 42 Lighting in Photographic Studios. 88pp., n. p. x8go
V. 94 The Photographic Image. 213pp. New York, x8gx
Ill. 7 Photographic Reproduction Processes. uxpp. New York, x8gx
III. 40 Printing Process on Opal Glass. 12pp. New York, x865

DUl\IOULIN, EUGENE
XV. 37 Les Couleurs Reproduites en Photographie. 6Jpp. Paris, x876
XV. 85 Les Couleurs Reproduites en Photographie. Ed. 2, sSpp. Paris,
1894
XV. 25 La Photographie sans Laboratoire. sSpp. Paris, x886
XV. 78 La Photographie sans Maitre. 88pp. Paris, x8go
DUPONT, J.
XV. 69 Trait~ de Photographie. 64pp. Paris, n. d.
EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY, PUB.
III. 125 Kodak Portfolio; Souvenir of the Eastman Photographic Exhibi-
tion, 1897· 14pp., illus. London, 1897
V. 66 Picture Taking and Picture Making. uspp., illus. Rochester,
New York, n. d.
III. 126 Pictures by Flashlight; a Book for Beginners. xgpp., illus.
Rochester, New York, Q 1898
EDER, JOSEPH MARIA
VI. 56-57 Ausfuhrliches Handbuch der Photographie. 2 Vols., illus. Halle,
x884
VIII. 18 Das Atelier und Laboratorium des Photographen. Ed. 2., 172pp.,
illus. Halle, 1893
VIII. 21 Das Bromsilber-Collodion-sowie das Orthochromatische Collodion-
Verfahren und das Bad-Collodion-Trockenverfahren. Ed.2,
59SPP·· illus. Halle, x897
III. 80 The Chemical Effect of the Spectrum; tr. by W. de W. Abney.
86pp. New York, x884
VIII. 14 Die Chemischen Wirkungen des Lichtes, Spectral Photographie, die
photographie in Zusammenhang mit Klimatischen Verhaltnissen
und die Actinometrie. 447PP·· illus. Halle, I8gt
VIII. 19-20 Einleitung in die Negative-Verfahren und die Daguerreotypie,
Talbotypie und Niepcotypie. Ed. 2., 2 Vols., illus. Halle, 1895
VIII. 13 Geschichte der Photochemie und Photographie. I47PP·· illus.
Halle, 1891
VIII. 24 Die Lichtpausverfahren, die Platinotypie und Verschiedene Copir-
verfahren Ohne Silbersalzen. Ed. 2, 306pp. Halle, I899
III. 65 Modern Dry Plates; or, Emulsion Photography. Am. ed., IJ8pp.
New York, I88I
XV. 160 Die Moment-Photographie. Ed. 2. I99PP·· illus., photo. Halle,
I886
II. 1 Das Nasse Collodionverfahren: 363pp., illus. Halle, I896
VIII. 15 Die Photographie bei Kunstlichem Licht. s8opp., illus. Halle,
1891
VIII. 22 Die Photographie mit Bromsilber-Gelatine und Chlorsilber-Gelatine.
Ed. 4, 476pp., illus. Halle, I89o
VIII. 17 Die Photographische Camera und die l\lomentapparate. 732pp.,
illus. Halle, I892
VIII. 23 Die Photographischen Copiverfahren mit Silbersalzen. Ed. 2,
I 94 pp., ill us. Halle, I 898
VIII. 25 Die Photographischen Copiverfahren mittels Mangan, Cobalt,
Cerium, Vanadium, Blei, und Zinn-Salzen und Asphalt. Ed. 2,
6 sopp. Halle, I 899
VIII. 16 Die Photographischen Objectiv, ihre Eigenschaften und Prufung.
273pp .. illus. Halle, I89r
VIII. 25 Das Pigmentverfahren und die Heliogravure. SSSPP· Halle, x8g6

EGASSE, E.
VI. 30 Manuel de Photographic au Gelatino-Bromure d'Argent. II9PP·
Paris, I888

ELLERBECK, J. H. T.
XV. 144 The Amateur's First Handbook; a Complete Guide and Instructor
in the Art and Practice of Modern Dry-Plate Photography.
68pp., ill us. Liverpool, I 883
V. 89 The Amateur's First Handbook; a Complete Guide and Instructor
in the Art and Practice of Modern Dry-Plate Photography.
Ed. 4· London, I887
18
ELLIOTT & SONS, EDS.
V. 70 The Barnet Book of Photography. Ed. 2., 287pp., illus. London,
1898
ELLIS, JOSEPH
VI. 59 Photography. 51pp. Brighton, 1847
ELMENDORF, DWIGHT LATHROP
V. 9 Lantern Slides; How to Make and Color Them. 68pp., illus.
New York, 1895
ELSON, A. W. & CO.
XVI. 45 Masterpieces in Art: Greek Sculpture, B. 10 plates.
EMERSON, P. H.
VI. 12 Naturalistic Photography. 307pp. London, 1889
VI. 13 Naturalistic Photography. Ed. 2, JI3PP· New York, 1890
ENGLISH, DOUGLAS
VI. 102 Photography for Naturalists. 132pp., illus. London, 1901
ERNOUF, BON
XV. 113 Les Inventeurs du gaz et de la Photographie. 191pp. Paris, 1877
CoNTENTs:
Humbersin, Lebon d'
Les Origines de la Photographie; Ni~pce-Daguerre
ESPINASSOUX, GABRIEL DE CHAPEL o'
XV. 4 Traite Pratique de la Determination du Temps de Pose. 112pp
Paris, 1890
ESTABROOK, EDWARD M.
II. 145 Ferrotype and How to Make it. 299PP· Cincinnati, 1872
II. 136 Ferrotype, and How to Make It. I7IPP· New York, 188o
II. 147 Ferrotype and How to Make It. 171pp., illus. New York, 1883
V. 90 Photography in the Studio and in the Field. 239pp., illus. New
York, 1887
FABRE, CHARLES
VIII. 52-53 Trait~ Encyclop~dique de Photographie. 2 vols., illus. Paris,
1889
FARQUHAR, H. D.
XV. 175 The Grammar of Photo-Engraving. I37PP·· illus. New York,
1893
VI. 71 The Grammar of Photo-Engraving. I45PP· London, 1895
FELLOW OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY
V. 93 Beginner's Guide to Photography. I I 7PP· London, n. d.

FERRET, J.
VI. 78 La Photogravure Facile eta Bon Marche. 47PP· Paris, x889
VI. 79 La Photogravure sans Photographie. 48pp. Paris, 1894
I9
FERY, CHARLES & BURAIS, A.
XV. 82 Trait~ de Photographie lndustrielle. 34SPP·· illus. Paris, 1896
FIELDING, T. H.
XV. 173 The Art of Engraving, with the Various Modes of Operation. xo9pp.
illus. London, 1841

FISCHE, A.
VI. 90 Les Phototirages aux Encres d'lmprimerie. 86pp. Paris, 1894

FISHER, GEORGE THOMAS

II. 112 Photogenic Manipulation. Part I. 48pp., illus. Philadelphia,
1845
FITHIAN, A. W.
VI. 94 Practical Collotype. 90pp. London, 1901
FITTIG, RUDOLPH
I. 40 Wohler's Outlines of Organic Chemistry; tr. by I. Remsen. S39PP·
Philadelphia, 187 3
FLEURY-HERMAGIS, J.
VI. 41 L'atelier de !'Amateur. Ed. 2., 7opp. Paris, 1889

FOREST, .MAX
VI. 44 Ce Qu'on Peut Faire avec des Plaques Voilees. 52pp. Paris, 1893
FOUQUE, VICTOR
II. 89 La Verite sur l'Invention de la Photographie; Nicephore Niepce,
sa Vie, ses Essais, ses Travaux. 28zpp. Paris, 1867
FOURTIER, M. H.
I. 42 Dictionnaire Pratique de Chimie Photographique. 341pp., illus.
Paris, 1892
V. 36 Les Lumieres Artificielles en Photographic. 15SPP·· illus. Paris,
1895
FOUTIER, H.
V. 16 La Pratique des Projections. Vol. 1, 146pp., illus. Paris, 1892
V. 17 La Pratique des Projections. Vol. 2, 142pp., illus. Paris, 1893
V. 23 Les Tableaux de Projections 1\Iouvementes. 91pp., illus. Paris,
1893
FOWNES, GEORGE
I. 32 Manual of Elementary Chemistry; ed. by Robert Bridges. 8s7PP··
illus. Philadelphia, 1879
FRESENIUS, C. REMIGIUS
I. 31 Manual of Qualitative Chemical Analysis; ed. by Samuel W.
Johnson. 438pp., illus. New York, 1876
FRY, S. HERBERT
VI. 21 Paget Lantern Plates. 31pp. Watford, Eng., n. d.
20
FULLER, S. E.
VI. 84 Wood Engraving. Ed. 2, 48pp., illus. New York, 1879
GAEDICKE, J. & MIETHE, A.
XV. 48 Practische Anleitung zum Photographiren bei Magnesiumlicht.
34PP· Berlin, x887
GAFFIELD, THOMAS
XV. 121 Action of Sunlight on Glass. SPP· Boston, x865
GAGE, F.B.
XV. 11-115 Theoretical and Practical Photography on Glass and Paper. 6opp.
New York, 1859
GAMBLE, CHARLES W.
VI. 4 Introduction to the Practice of Wet Collodion Photography. xo1pp.
London, 1895
GARIN & AYMARD
III. 37 Photographie Vitrifi~e sur Email. I4PP· Paris, x89o
GAUDIN, M. A.
II. 80 Trai~ Pratique de Photographie. 248pp. Paris, 1844
GAUDIN & LEREBOURS, N. P.
II. 85 Derniers Perfectionnements Apport6s au Daguerreotype. 48pp.
Paris, n. d.
GAUTHIER-VILLARS, HENRY
II. 141 Manuel de Ferrotype. 36pp. Paris, 1891
GEORGETOWN COLLEGE OBSERVATORY.
XVI. 31 Photochronograph and its Application to Star Transits. s6pp.,
illus. Washington, D. C., x8gx
GERLACH,].
XVI. 6 Die Photographie als Hulfsmittel Mikroskopischer Forschung.
83pp., photo. Leipzig, x863
GEYMET
III. 36 Trai~ Pratique des Emaux Photographiques. Ed: 3, x6xpp
Paris, 188s
GIHON, JOHN L.
II. 57 Photographic Colorist's Guide. u8pp. Philadelphia, x878
GIRARD. JULES
XV. 130 Photomicrographie en Cent Tableaux pour Projection. S4PP··
illus. Paris, x872
GODARD, E.
XV. 44 Proc6d6s Photographiques Pour 1' Application Directe sur la
Porcelaine Avec Couleurs Vitrifiables de Dessins, Photographies
etc. I9PP· Paris, x888
21
XV. 40 Trai~ Pratique de Peinture et Dorure sur Verre. 61pp. Paris,
1sss
GORE, GEORGE
I. 50 Theory and Practice of Electro-Deposition. 104pp., illus. Lon-
don, 1856
GOSTICK. JESSE
XV. 140 Mechanical Photography. 48pp. London, 186o

GOTZ, J. R.
XV. 123 Tables of Conjugate Foci and Explanatory Remarks for Their
Application in Connection with Photographic Lenses. London,
1sss
VI. 21 Tables of Conjugate Foci and Explanatory Remarks for Their
Application. Ed.2, t6pp. London, 1895

GRASSHOFF, JOHANNES
II. 126 Die Retouche von Photographieen; ed by Hans Hartmann. 89pp.,
photo. Berlin, 1889
GREAT BRITAIN, COMMISSIONERS OF PATENTS
XIV. 85-88 Abridgments of Specifications Relating to Photography. Part 1-3
4 vols. London, t86x-x88s
Vol. I, t839-t859
Vol. 2, x86o-x866
Vol. J, x867-1876
Vol. 4, t877-t883
GREAT BRITAIN, PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF
See Photographic Journal of the Photographic Society of Great
Britain.
GRISWOLD, V. M.
II 140 New Ferro-Photographic Process for Opal Printing on the Ferro-
type Plates. Ed. 2, 7PP· New York, 1866
GROOM, EDWARD
II. 49 Transparent Painting on Glass. Ed. 2, SSPP· London, 1856
GROS, BARON
II. 88 Quelques Notes sur la Photographic sur Plaques !\letalliques. Ed.
2, 1 r2pp. Paris, x8so
GUERRINI, C.
IV. 128 L'Emulsione Fotografica di Gelatina e Bromuro d'Argento. 47PP·
Milano, 1884
GUERRONNAN, ANTHONY
XIV. 115 Dictionnaire Synonymique Francais, Allemand, Anglais, ltalien
et Latin des Mots Employes en Photographic. 17 SPP· Paris,
t89S
 GUILLOT-SAGUEZ
II. 23 Photographie sur Papier. 2JPP· Paris, 1847
HABEL, JEAN
XVI. 48 Ansichten aus Siidamerika. 76pp., illus. Berlin, 1897
HALEY, W. S.
II. 101 Daguerreotype Operator. 8opp. New York, 1854
HALLEUR, G. C. HERMANN
II. 16 Art of Photography; with Practical Hints by F. Schubert; tr. by
G. L. Strauss. 1o8pp. London, 1854
HAMARD
XV. 1 Nouveaux Procedes Photographiques. uopp., illus., n. p., 1847
HARDWICH, T. FREDERICK
I. 34 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. 284pp. New York, 1855
I. 34a Manual of Photographic Chemistry. 284pp. London, 1855
I. 35 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. Ed. 4, 30opp. New York,
,s 5s
I. 36 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. Ed. 4. JOOpp. New York,
x8s8
I. 37 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. Ed. 6, 571pp. London, x86r
I. 38 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. Ed. 7, 549PP· London, x864
I. 39 Manual of Photographic Chemistry. Ed. 9, 464pp. New York,
1883
HARRISON, W. JEROME
I. 52 Chemistry of Photography. 436pp., illus. New York, 1892
II. 30 History of PhotOJn"aphy. IJ6pp., illus. New York. x887
II. 31 History of Photography; with an Appendix by Dr. Maddox on the
Gelatino-Bromide Process. I44PP·· illus. London, 1888
XV. 31 Notes Upon a Proposed Photographic Survey of Warwickshire.
2SPP· Birmingham, 18go
IV. 65 Photography for All. 112pp. London, 1888
HARVARD COLLEGE OBSERVATORY
XVI. 33 Annals. Vol. 18; No. 7· Photographic Determination of the
Brightness of the Stars.
HASCHEK, ANTON M.
Ill. 92 Photographische Optik. 94PP·· illus. Halle, 1891
HEARN, CHARLES W.
III. 4 Practical Printer. IQ2pp., illus., photo. Philadelphia, 1874
III. 3 Practical Printer. Ed. 2, 2o8pp., illus., photo. Philadelphia, x878
III. 2 Studies in Artistic Printing. 23pp., illus., photo. Philadelphia,
1877
HEATH, A. S. & HEATH, A. H.
IV. 122 Photography. 161pp. New York, 1855
23
HEATH, VERNON
V. 27 Recollections. 354PP·· por. London, 1892
HEIGHWAY, WILLIAM
XV. 109 The Esthetics of Photography 88pp. London, x883
HEINLEIN, HEINRICH
IV. 114 Photographikon. 425pp. Leipzig, x864
HEISCH, CHARLES
II. 16 Plain Directions for Obtaining Photographic Pictures. 74PP·
London, n. d.
HELLMANN, G.
VI. 108 Schneekrystalle: Beobachten und Studien. 66pp., illus. Berlin,
1893
HELMHOLTZ, H. VON
VIII. 71 Handbuch der Physiologischen Optik. Ed. 2, IJ34PP·· illus.
Hamburg, 1896
HENNAH, THOMAS H.
II. 16 Collodion Process. Ed. 4, 6opp. London, xSss
HENRY, W. ETHELBERT
V. 84 Early Work in Photography; a Text Book for Beginners. Ed. 2,
IOJpp., illus. London, n. d.
HENRY DRAPER MEMORIAL
XVI. 35-37 Annual Report of the Photographic Study of Stellar Spectra: I.
J, 4· Cambridge, Mass., 1887-IBQO
HEPWORTH, CECIL M.
VI. 4 Animated Photography: the ABC of the Cinematograph. xo8pp.
London, 1897
HEPWORTH, T. C.
V. 24 Book of the Lantern. 2d Am. ed., 278pp., illus. New York, r8go
IV. 76 Evening Work for Amateur Photographers. 196pp., illus. Lon-
don, 1890
XV. 15 Photography for Amateurs. Ed. 2, q1pp., illus. London, n. d.
VI. 35 Photography for Amateurs. 16opp. New York, 1884
HERTZKA, ADOLF
IV. 109 Die Photographie. 333PP·· illus., photo. Berlin, 1895
HILL, L. L.
II. 106 Heliochromy. I7SPP· New York, 1856
II. 113 Photographic Researches and Manipulations. 2oopp. Lexington,
New York, 1851
II. 114 Photographic Researches and Manipulations. Ed. 2, 198pp.
Philadelphia, 18 54
IV. 105 Prospectus for Publishing a Treatise on Heliochromy. 2opp.
New York, 1856
II. 107 Treatise on Daguerreotype. Part 1. 88pp. Lexington, New
York, 185o
HIMES, CHARLES F.
XVI. 1 Leaf Prints; or, Glimpses at Photography. 38pp., illus. Phila-
delphia, 1868
HINTON, A. HORSLEY
III. 58 Handbook of Illustration. uopp., illus. London, n. d.
HOCKIN, J. B.
IV. 28 Practical Hints on Photography; its Chemistry and its Manipula-
tions. 167pp. London, 186o
HODGES, JOHN A.
VI. 4 Elementary Photography. Ed. 3, 152p p. London, 1897
HOGARTH. WILLIAM
XVI. 60 Works. 136pp., illus. New York, n. d.
HOLLAND, CLIVE
V. 95 The Use of the Hand Camera, with an Introduction by A. Horsley
Hinton. Westminster, Eng., 1898
HOLMES, W. D. & GRISWOLD, E. P.
XIV. 100 Photographer's Book of Practical Formula'l. 237PP· New York,
t888
HOPWOOD, HENRY V.
III. 124 Living Pictures. 275pp., illus. London, 1899
HOW, JAMES
III. 12 On the Production of Positive Proofs from Waxed Paper, Collodion
and Other Negatives. 23pp., illus. London, 1855
HOWLETT, ROBERT
III. 13 On the Various Methods of Printing Photographic Pictures upon
Paper. 32pp. London, 1656
HUBERSON, G.
XIV. 74 Photographie sur Papier et sur Verre Suppl~ment. 356pp.
Paris, 1883
HUBERT, J.
VI. 6 Art of Retouching; with Chapters on Portraiture and Flash-light
Photography. Ed. 8, 84pp., illus. London, 1897
HUEBL, ARTHUR FREIHERRN voN
III. 31 Der Platindruck. 14opp., illus. Halle, 1895
HUGHES, JABEZ
IV. 53 Principles and Practice of Photography. I 1opp., t. p. m.
IV. 53b Principles and Practice of Photography. Ed. 9, u8pp. London,
n. d.
IV. 53a Principles and Practice of Photography Familiarly Explained.
Ed. 7, u8pp. London, 1866.
25
HUMPHREY, S. D.
II. 98 American Handbook of the Daguerreotype. I44PP· New York,
1853
IJ. 100 American Handbook of the Daguerreotype. Ed. 5· 214pp.
New York, 1858
II. 10 Practical Manual of the Collodion Process. Ed. J, 215pp. New
York, 1857
II. 96 System of Photography. Ed. 2, I44PP· Albany, New York, 1849
HUMPHREY, S. D. & FINLEY M.
II. 104 System of Photography. 82pp. Canandaigua, New York, 1849
HUNT, CHARLES
II. 16 Collodion Process Simplified. 38pp. London, n. d.
HUNT, ROBERT
XV. 157 A Manual of Photography. Ed. J, enl., 321pp., illus. London,
I853
V. 33 A Manual of Photography. Ed. 4· rev., 329pp., illus. London,
I8S4
XV. 146 Photography: a Treatise on the Chemical Changes Produced by
Solar Radiation and the Production of Pictures From Nature by
the Daguerreotype, Calotype and Other Photographic Processes.
390pp. New York, 1852
XV. 156 The Poetry of Science; or, Studies of the Physical Phenomena of
Nature. Ed. 2, 478pp. London, 1849
XV. 148 A Popular Treatise on the Art of Photography, Including Daguerro-
type and all the New Methods of Producing Pictures. 96pp.,
illus. Glasgow, 1841
XV. 147 The Practice of Photography. 126pp., illus. London, 1857
XV. 155 Researches on Light. JOJPP· London, 1844
XV. 154 Researches on Light in its Chemical Relations. Ed. 2, 396pp.
London, 1854
HUSNIK, J.
VI. 83 Das Gesammtgebiet des Lichtdrucks. Ed. 2, 21opp., illus. Wien,
188o
VI. 81 Das Gesammtgebiet des Lichtdrucks. Ed. J, 256pp., illus. Wien,
188s
VI. 93 Die Heliographie. 212pp., illus. Wien, 1878
VI. 88 Die Reproductions-Photographic sowohl fur Halbton- als Strich-
manier. 189pp., illus. Wien, 1885
VI. 76 Die Zinkatzung. I95PP·· illus. Wien, x886
HUSON, THOMAS
VI. 11 Photo-aquatint and Photogravure. u6pp., illus. London, 1897
ILES, GEORGE
VI. 2 Flame, Electricity and the Camera. 398pp., illus. New York,
1900
INGLIS, JAMES
III. 127 Artistic Lighting. 31pp., illus. Chicago, r897
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SCULPTORS & ENGRAVERS
I. 13 Illustrated Souvenir Catalogue of the Exhibition of International
Art, Knightsbridge. London, 1898
ISENTHAL, A. W. & WARD, H. SNOWDEN
III. 60 Practical Radiography. Ed. 2, 157PP·· illus. London, 1898
IVES, FREDERIC E.
XV. 14 Handbook to the Photochromoscope. sopp., illus. London, I894
VI. 21 Isochromatic Photography with Chlorophyl. upp., illus. Phila-
delphia, 1886
V. 26a A New Principle in Heliochromy. 1Jpp., por. Philadelphia, r889
JARDIN, GEORGES
VI. 45 Recettes et Conseils In~dits a l'Amateur Photographe. 74PP·
Paris, r893
JENKINS, C. FRANCIS
III. 55 Picture Ribbons. s8pp., illus. Washington, 1897
JENNINGS, I. H.
XVI. 4 How to Photograph Microscopic Objects. JJPP·· illus. New
York, n. d.
JESERICH, PAUL
XVI. 2 Die Mikrophotographie. 246pp., photo. Berlin, r888
JOHNSON, ROBERT
II. 128 Retouching Photographic Negatives and Clear Directions How to
Fimsh and Color Photographs. 87pp., illus. I...ondon, 1886
JOLY, E.
XV. 96 La Photographie Pratique. SSPP· Paris, 1887
JUST, E. A.
III. 1 Der Positivprocess auf Gelatine-Emulsionspapier. r6Jpp. Wien,
z88s
KARL, VAN
III. 41 La Miniature Photographique. 2JPP· Paris, 1894
KEARTON, RICHARD
VI. 101 Our Rarer British Breeding Birds. 149pp., illus. New York,
1899
KEN, ALEXANDRE
IV. 60 Dissertations Historiques, Artistiques et Scientifiques sur Ia
Photographie. 246pp. Paris, 1864
KIESLING, MARTIN
VI. 23 Das Arbeiten mit Films. 45PP·· illus. Berlin, rgoo
27
KLARY, C.
III. 86 L'Eclairage des Portraits Photographiques. Ed. 6, 67pp., illus.
Paris, 1887
XV. 93 Les Portraits au Crayon, au Fusain et au Pastel. 96pp. Paris, I889
VIII. 70 Traite Pratique d'Impression Photographique sur Papier Albumine.
I42pp. Paris, r888
XV. 52 Die Photogrammetrie oder Bildmesskunst. 8Jpp., illus. Weimar,
I889
KRONE, HERMANN
V. 25a Die Darstcllung der Naturlichen Farben durch Photographie.
I I 9PP· Weimar, 1894
KRUEGER, JULIUS
XV. 18 Der Apparat des Photographen. I04PP· Leipzig, I859
IV. 58 Handbuch der Photographie der Neuzeit. JI2pp. Wien, I884
IV. 57 Die Photographie. 57opp. Wien, 1876
VI. 42 Vademecum des Praktischen Photographen. Ed. 2, JI2pp.
Leipzig, I857
IV. 3 Vademecum des Praktischen Photographen. Ed. J, ISOPP·
Leipzig, I858
LA BLANCHERE, H. DE
XIV. 112 Repertoire Encyclopedique de Photographie. 2 vols in I. Paris,
n. d.

LAINER, ALEXANDER
I. 43 Lehrbuch der Photographischen Chemie und Photochemie. I
theil. 254PP· Halle, 1889
I. 44 Lehrbuch der Photographischen Chemie und Photochemie. Ed.2,
Jos+z4opp. Wien, 1899
LAMBERT, F. C.
VI. 5 Mounts and Frames and How to Make Them. I47PP· London,
I898
VI. 8 Perfect Negative. IJ6pp. London, 1899
VI. 6 Photographer's Note-book. 94PP· London, 1897
LATREILLE, EDOUARD DE
XIV. 75 Repertoire General de Photographie. 456pp. Paris, I858
LAUDY, L. H.
V. 27a The Magic Lantern and its Applications. 48pp., illus. New York.
t886
LAYNAUD, L.
VI. 46 La Phototypie pour Tous. IOipp. Paris, 1900
LEA, M. CAREY
IV. 89 Manual of Photography. 336pp. Philadelphia, I868
IV. 90 Manual of Photography. Ed. 2, 439PP· Philadelphia, 187I
28
LEAPER, C. J.
VI. 4 Experimental Photography. Ed. J, 102pp. London, 1898
XIV. 92 Materia Photographica. 252pp. London, 1891
LE BON, GUSTAVE
XV. 24 Les Levers Photographiques et la Photographie en Voyage. Pre-
mit<re Partie. IJ4PP· Paris, 1889
XV. 24a Les Levers Photographiques et la Photographie en Voyage. Seconde
Partie. 121pp. Paris, 1889
LEFEVRE, JULIEN
XV. 23 La Photographie. 376pp., illus. Paris, 1888
LE GRAY, GUSTAVE
IV. 125 Photographie sur Papier et sur Verre. 184pp. Paris n. d.
LEGROS, M.
IV. 61 Eine Anleitung auf Glas und Papier. 48pp. Quedlinburg, 1852
XV. 9 Encyclopedie de la Photographie. 333PP· Paris, n. d.
XV. 65 Le Soleil de la Photographie. 338pp. Paris, 1863
XV. 29 Sommaire de Photogramm~trie. 272pp. Paris, 1894
LE MOYNE, J. R.
IV. 135 Photographie sur Verre. 64pp. Limoges, 1851
LE PLONGEON, AUGUSTUS
IV 2 Manual de Fotografia. u6pp. New York, 1873
LEREBOURS, N. P.
V. 87 A Treatise on Photography; tr. by J. Egerton. 216pp., illus.
London, 1843
LESLIE, ALEXANDER F. W.
VI. 72 Practical Instructor of Photo-engraving and Zinc Etching Processes.
40pp., illus. Chicago, 1888
LIESEGANG, L. HERMANN
VI. 28 Chlorsilber-schnelldruckpapier. S7PP·· illus. Dusseldorf, 1901
LIESEGANG, PAUL E.
II. 5 Die Collodion-verfahren. 218pp., illus. Dusseldorf, 1884
III. 25 Manual of Carbon Process; tr. from the Sixth German ed. by
R. B. Marston, illus., photo. London, 1878
III. 20 Le Proc~d~ au Charbon. Ed. 4, S9PP·· illus. Paris, 1886
LIETZE, ERNST
III. 19 Modem Heliographic Processes. 143pp., illus., photo. New York,
t888
LOESCHER, FRITZ
VI. 29 Leitfaden der Landschafts-photographie. 162pp., illus. Berlin,
1901
LONDE, ALBERT
XV. 38 La Photographic dans les Arts, les Sciences et l'lndustrie. 52pp.,
illus. Paris, 1888
XV. 100 La Photographic Instantanee. 146pp., illus. Paris, 1886
XV. 80 La Photographic Instantanee, Theorie et Pratique. Ed. J, 212pp.,
illus. Paris, 1897
XV. 92 Traite Pratique du Developpment. 8spp., illus. Paris, 1889
LONDON, PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF
See Journal of the Photographic Society of London
LONDON STEREOSCOPIC & PHOTOGRAPHIC CO.
V. 63 A B C of Modern (dry plate) Photography. 63pp. London, n. d.
Ed. 19
V. 63a A B C of Modern (dry plate) Photography. Ed. 22, enl. 149pp.,
illus. London, n. d.
V. 64 A B C of Modern (dry plate) Photography. Ed. 23, rev. and enl.
174pp., illus. London, n. d.
LO~G. CHARLES A.
II. 7 Dry Collodion Process. Ed. 2. London, 1857
II. 6 Dry Collodion Process. Ed. 2. New York, 1858
IV. 36 Practical Photography on Glass and Paper. 84pp. London, 1854
IV. 37 Practical Photography on Glass and Paper. Ed. 3. 64pp. London,
18s6
IV. 38 Practical Photography on Glass and Paper. Ed. 4, 77PP· London,
1859
III. 45 Art of Making Portraits in Crayon on Solar Enlargements. 16pp.
Quincy, Ill., 1882
LUMIERE, AUGUSTE & LUMIERE, LOUIS
I. 33 Developpateurs Organiques. 8:zpp. Paris, 1893
LUMMER, OTTO
III. 81 Contributions to Photographic Optics; tr. by S. P. Thompson.
IJSPP·· illus. London, 1900
McDONALD, ABEL
IV. 48 Model Dry Plate Maker. 56pp. Penrity, 1887
MACLEAN, HECTOR
III. 122 Photography for Artists, 152pp., illus. London, 1896
MALLEY, A. COWLEY
III. 71 Photo-micrography. 166pp, illus., photo. London, 1885
MANCHESTER AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.
XI. 168 Photographic Record; Organ of the Manchester Amateur Photo-
graphic Society. 1892-1894
MANLY, THOMAS
III. 32 Ozotype. 77PP· London, 1900

JO

--- ------------
MARCY, L. J.
V. 20 Sciopticon Manual. 140pp., illus. Philadelphia, 1871
V. 19 Sciopticon Manual. Ed. 6, 2oopp., illus. Philadelphia, x877
MARION & CO.
IV. 31 Practical Guide to Photography. 223pp. London, x884
IV. 32 Practical Guide to Photography. 229pp. London, x886
IV 32a Practical Guide to Photography. New ed., rev. and enl. xo9pp.,
illus. London, x887
MARRIAGE, ERNEST
VI. 103 Elementary Telephotography. u8pp., illus. London, 1901
MARTENS, J.
XV. 95 Trait~ EMmentaire de Photographie. 64pp. Paris, x887
MARTIN, A.
III. 43 Handbuch der Emailphotographie. Ed. 2, 346pp., illus. Weimar,
1872
IV. 118 Neuestes Repertorium der Gesammten Photographie. 376pp.
Wien, x8s6
XV. 111 Vollstandige Anleitung zur Photographie auf .Metall. x64pp.
Wien, 1848
MASKELL, ALFRED & DEMACHY, ROBERT
III. 29 Photo-Aquatint; or, The Gum Bichromate Process. Ed. 2, 92pp.,
ill us., photo. London, x898
MASON, GEORGE
XV. 107 Pictures in Black and White; or, Photographers Photographed.
x88pp., illus. London, n. d.
MASSELIN, AMEDEE
XV. 66 Trait~ Pratique de Photographie Appliqu~e au Dessin Industriel.
I4IPP· Chauny, x887
XV. 91 Trait~ Pratique de Photographie Appliquee au Dessin lndustriel.
Ed. 2, I33PP· Paris, x89o
MATHET, L.
III. 11 Guide Pratique pour l'Emploi du Papier Albumin~. 78pp., illus.,
photo. Paris, n. d.
I. 53 Lecons EMmentaires Chimie Photographique. 726pp. Paris, n.d.
MATHIEN, M. P. F.
II. 109 Auto-photographie. IJPP· Leipzig, 1847
MAYER & PIERSON
IV. 74 La Photographie. 244PP· Paris, x862
MELDOLA, RAPHAEL
I. 54 The Chemistry uf Photography. 38opp. London, x889
MENDOZA, MARCO
XV. 35 La Photographie la Nuit. 54PP·• illus. Paris, 1893
JI
MENTIENNE
II. 76 La D~ouverte de 1a Photographie en 1839· 162pp. Paris, 1892
MERCIER, P.
III. 14 Virages et Fixages. u8pp. Paris, 1892
METEYARD, ELIZA
IV. 119 A Group of Englishmen (1795 to 1815) Being Records of the
Younger Wedgwoods and their Friends. 416pp. London, 1871
MIDDLETON, G. A. T.
VI. 4 Architectural Photography. 79PP· London, 1898
MIETHE, ADOLF
XV. 7 Lehrbuch der Praktischen Photographie. Pt. r. 48pp. Halle,
n. d.
IV. 104 Lehrbuch der Praktischen Photographie. 440pp., illus. Halle,
1896
MILLS, F. W.
III. 51 The Art and Practice of Interior Photography. UJpp., illus.
London, 1890
III. 50 Exterior and Interior Photography. 68pp., illus. London, n. d.
MILLS, FREDERICK WILLIAM & PONTON, ARCHIBALD C.
III. 52 Stenopaic; or Pin-hole Photography. 27pp., illus. London, 1895
MITCHELL, CHARLES L.
XV. 33 Flash Powder Explosions. I4PP· Philadelphia, r8Qo
MONCKHOVEN, D. vAN
III. 87 Photographic Optics. 259pp., illus. London, z867
IV. 23 Photography on Collodion. S4PP· New York, 1856
IV. 9 A Popular Treatise on Photography; tr. by W. H. Thomthwaite.
IJ8pp. London, 1863
IV. 129 Traite General de Photographie. Ed. 2, 4oopp. Paris, z8s6
IV. 129a Traite General de Photographie. Ed. 4, 598pp .. illus. Paris, z865
IV. 130 Traite General de Photographie. Ed. s. 402pp. Paris, z86s
MOESSARD, P.
XV. 19-20 Le Cylindrographe, Appareil Panoramique. 2v., illus. Paris,
z889
XV. 94 Etude des Lentilles et Objectifs Photographiques; Premiere
Partie. 63pp. Paris, z889
MOITESSIER, A.
III. 121 La Photographie Appliquee aux Recherches 1\licrographiques.
333PP·· illus., photo. Paris, r866
XV. 128 Die Photographie als Hilfsmittel 1\Iikroskopischen Forschung. Pt.
x. I44PP·• illus. Braunschweig, 1868
XV. 129 Die Photographie als Hilfsmittel 1\likroskopischen Forschung.
Pt. 2. 145 to 265pp., illus. Braunschweig, 1868
32
MONPILLARD, F.
VI. 25 La Microphotographie. 2opp., illus. Paris, 1899
MOUCHEZ, E.
VIII. 70 La Photographie Astronomique a l'Observatoire de Paris et .la
carte du Ciel. 107pp., photo. Paris, 1887
MOULTON, H. D. W.
IV. 52 Negative and Positive Processes on Glass and Paper. 16pp.
New York, 1857
MULLIN, A.
XV. 84 Instructions Pratiques pour Produire des Epreuves Irreprochables
au Point de Vue Technique et Artistique. 207pp. Paris, 1895
MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS (BOSTON), PRINT DEPARTMENT
VI. 82 Exhibition Illustrating the Technical Methods of the Reproductive
Arts from the XV. Century to the Present; Jan. 8 to March 8,
1892. 98pp. Boston, 1892
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF DESIGN
I. 12 National Academy Notes and Complete Catalogue Sixty-first
Spring Exhibition. I79PP·· illus. New York, 1886
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
XVI. 34 On a New Craniophore for Use in Making Composite Photographs
of Skulls. xp. 4 plates
NEWMAN, JAMES
II. 47 Principles and Practice of Harmonious Coloring. Ed. 2, 98pp.
London, 1859
II. 46 Principles and Practice of Harmonious Coloring. Ed. s. u6pp.
London, 186 5
II. 48 Harmonious Coloring; ed. by M. C. Lea. 148pp. Philadelphia,
x866
II. 58 Harmonious Coloring. IISPP· London, z886
NIEPCE, SAINT VICTOR Dl!!
IV. 111 Photographic Researches; Followed by Considerations by M. E.
Chevreul. I39PP· Paris, x8ss
NIEPCE, NICEPHORE
XV. 152 Trait~ Pratique de Gravure H~liographique sur Acier et sur Verre.
6opp., por. Paris, x8s6
NIEWENGLOWSKI, G. H.
V. 37 Applications Scientifiques de la Photographie. x8opp., illus.
Paris, n. d.
NORTON, C. GOODWIN
VI. 5 The Lantern and How to Use it. 136 pp., illus. London, 1895
NUGENT, E.
111. 88 Treatise on Optics. 2JSPP·· illus. New York, x868
33
ODAGIR, H.
VI. 43 Le Proc~d~ au Gelatino-bromure. 56pp. Paris, 1877
ORFORD, HENRY
III. 85 Lens-work for Amateurs. 23Ipp., illus. London, n. d.
OTTE, JOACHIM
V. 92 Landscape Photography. 76pp., illus. London, n. d.
VI. 16 Landscape Photography. 76pp. London, 1858
OURDAN, J. P.
II. 125 Art of Retouching, by Burrows & Colton; revised. xo8pp. New
York, 188o
PALTRIDGE, GEORGE H.
IV. 33 Photographic Instruction Text. 237PP· Chicago, 1900
PARKINSON, RICHARD
II. 150 Treatise on Paper. 83pp. London, 1886
PELEGRY, ARSENE
XV. 105 La Photographic des Peintres, des Voyageurs et des Touristes.
78pp., illus., photo. Paris, 1879
PENLAKE, RICHARD
V. 57 Home Portraiture, for Amateur Photographers. 140pp., illus.
London, I 899
PENROSE & CO.
XV. 170 A New Light for Process Work. (From "Process Work" Oct.,
1893)
PENROSE'S PICTORIAL ANNUAL.
See Process Year Book
PEPPER, J. H.
XV. 134 Light. 126pp., illus. London, n. d.
PETTIT, JAMES S.
VI. 91 Modern Reproductive Graphic Processes. 127pp. New York, 1884
PHILADELPHIA PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY
See Photographic Society of Philadelphia
PICKERING, WILLIAM H.
XV. 163 Methods of Determining the Speed of Photographic Exposers.
I3PP·· illus. Cambridge, I88s (From Proceedings of the
American Academy)
XV. 49 Publications and Photographic Illustrations Issued by the Astro-
nomical Observatory of Harvard College. Ed. I, 6pp. Cam-
bridge, Mass., I893
PIKE, J.
V. 58 Bromide Enlargements and How to Make Them. 64pp., illus.
London, I898
34
PIQUEPE, P.
II. 127 Practical Treatise on Enamelling and Retouching in Photography.
76pp. London, 1876
PIZZIGHELLI, G.
IV. 41 Anleitung zur Photographie fur Anfanger. 156pp. Halle, 1887
PIZZIGHELLI, JOSEPH & HUEBL, BARON
XV. 46 La Platinotypie; tr. de l'Allemand par Henry Gauthier-Villars.
88pp. Paris, I 883
PLUVINEL, A. DE LA BAUME
XV. .J.3 Le D~veloppment de l'Image Latente. I I6pp. Paris, 1889
XV. 136 La TMorie des Proc~d~s Photographiques. 226pp. Paris, n. d.

POPE, T. ARCHDALE
XV. 153 The Photographic and Lithographic Office of the Survey of India.
9PP·· illus. Calcutta, I89o
(From the Journal of the Photographic Society of India for
Nov. and Dec. I 890.)

PORTA, JOHANNES BAPTISTA

VIII. 72 Magill'! N aturalis; Libri Viginti. 67opp. Leyden, 16 so
PRICE, HENRY CLAY
IV. 96 How to Make Pictures; Easy Lessons for the Amateur Photographer.
72pp., photo. New York. 1882
V. 68 How to Make Pictures; Easy Lessons for the Amateur Photo-
grapher. Rev. ed. 69pp., illus. New York. 1882
PRICE, LAKE
IV. 131 Photographic Manipulation. 256pp. London, 1858
IV. 132 Photographic Manipulation. Ed. 2, JOSPP· London, 1868

PRINGLE, ANDREW
V. 4 Lantern Slides by Photographic Methods. 68pp., illus. New
York, 1890
V. 5 The Optical Lantern. Io6pp., illus. New York, I89o
III. 70 Practi~l Photo-micrography. I8Jpp., illus. New York, 1890

PRITCHARD, H. BADEN
V. 99 About Photography and Photographers. 22opp., illus. Nt'w
York, 1883
II. 40 Photographic Studios of Europe. 289pp. London, 1882
II. 41 Studios of Europe. New York, I88:z
PUYO, C.
XVI. 47 Notes sur Ia Photographie Artistique. 52pp., illus. Paris, 1896
QUENISSET, F.
XV. 30 Les Phototypes sur Papier au Gelatino-bromurc. 27 pp., illus.
Paris, 19m
35
RAE, W. FRASER
III. 120 The Business of Travel. 318pp. London, 1891
RAPHAELS, J.
v. 39 Kunstlerische Photographie. uspp., illus. D\isseldorf, I89S
REED, HENRY A.
XVI. 39 Photography as Applied to Surveying. Ed. 2, 68pp. New York,
t889
REESE & CO.
II. 110 Daguerreotype Directory. 36pp. New York, 1854
REICHARDT, OSCAR & STUERENBERG, CARL
XV. 127 Lehrbuch des .1\likroskopischen Photographie. 79PP· Leipzig,
t868
REMSEN, IRA
I. 55 Principles of Theoretical Chemistry. 228pp. Philadelphia, t8i7
REYNOLD
III. 39 Formula for Making Porcelain Pictures. 4SPP·· illus. New York,
t86s
RICHTER, v. VON
I. 56 Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie. Ed. s. 488pp., illus.
Bonn, t886
RINTOUL, A. N.
II. 66 Guide to Painting Photographic Portraits. Ed. J, 68pp. Lon-
don, n. d.
II. 64 Guide to Painting Photographic Portraits. Ed. 7, 86pp. Lon-
don, n. d.
ROBINSON, H. P. & ABNEY, CAPT.
III. 9 Art and Practice of Silver Printing. u6pp., illus. New York, 1881
III. 10 Art and Practice of Silver Printing. Ed. 2, u6pp., illus. New
York, n. d.
III. 5 Art and Practice of Silver Printing. Am. ed. u8pp., illus.,
photo. New York, t88t
ROB"INSON, H. P.
VI. 4 Art Photography in Short Chapters. Ed. 2, 6opp., illus. Lon-
don, 1895
XV. 61 L'Atelier du Photographe; tr. de I'Anglais par H. Colard. 146pp.,
ill us. Paris, 1888
III. 123 The Elements of a Pictorial Photograph. 167pp., illus. London,
1896
V. 24b Letters on Landscape Photography. 94PP·· illus. New York,
t888
XV. 62 La Photographie en Plein Air; tr. de I'Anglais par H. Colard; Pre-
miere Partie. 78pp., illus. Paris, 1886
36
XV. 63 I.-a Photographie en Plein Air; tr. de l'Anglais par H. Colard;
Deuxi~me Partie. 48pp., illus. Paris, 1886
V. 38 Pictorial Effect in Photography. 199pp., illus., photo. London,
1869
IV. 75 Pictorial Effect of Photography. 158pp. Philadelphia, 1881
VI. 15 Picture Making by Photography. u8pp., illus. New York, 1884
V. 40 Picture Making in the Studio by Photography. 61pp., illus. New
York, 1892
II. 39 The Studio, and What to Do in it. 143PP· New York, 1885
ROBIQUET, E.
XV. 67 Manuel TMorique et Pratique de Photographie. 309pp., illus.
Paris, 1859
ROCHE, T. C.
VI. 60 How to Make Photographs; ed. by H. T. Anthony. 92pp. New
York, 1883
IV. 79 How to Make Photographs; ed. by H. T. Anthony. 122pp., illus.
New York, 1886
IV. 81 Comment on Fait les Photographies; ed. par H. T. Anthony. 1oopp.
New York, 1883
IV. 83 Como Fazer Photographias, Publicado por E. & H. T. Anthony &
Co. 96pp. New York, 1884
IV. 82 La Fotografia Hecha Facil; ed. by H. T. Anthony. 99PP· New
York, 1883
IV. 80 Wie Photographische Bilder Gemacht Werden; Redigirt von H. T.
Anthony. 102pp., illus. New York, 1883
RODWELL, G. F.
XIV. 118 Dictionary of Science. s8opp. London, I871
ROGERS, W. INGLES
XV. 158 A Casket of Photographic Gems; a Collection of soo Dodges,
Receipts, Entertaining Experiments, etc. u6pp. London, 1890
ROOT, M.A.
IV. 6 The Camera and the Pencil. 456pp., illus. Philadelphia, 1864
ROTH, K. DE
IV. 133 Major Russell's Tannin-verfahren. 36pp. Leipzig, 1862
ROUILLE-LADEVESE, A.
III. 17 Sepia-photo et Sanguine-photo. 24pp. Paris, 1894
ROUSSEAU, G. CHERI
III. 24 Methode Pratique pour le Tirage des Epreuves de Petit Format par
le Precede au Charbon. 2opp. Paris, 1894
ROUX, V.
VI. 80 Formulaire Pratique de Phototypie. 34 pp., Paris, 1887
VI. 89 Manuel de l'Imprimeur Heliographe. 31pp. Paris, 1886
VI. 87 Manuel de Photographie et de Calcographie. 38pp. Paris, 1886
37
XV. 36 Photographie lsochromatique. 36pp. Paris, 1887
VI. 75 Trait~ Pratique de Gravure Heliographique. 44PP· Paris, x886
XV. 27 Trait~ Pratique de la Transformation des N~gatifs en Positifs. 34PP·
Paris, 1881
XV. 97 Trait~ Pratifjue de Photographie D~corative Appliqu~e aux Arts
lndustriels. 48pp. Paris, 1887
ROYAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY.
VI. 107 Illustrated Catalogue of the International Exhibition at the Crystal
Palace, 1898. 228pp., illus. London, t8Q8

ROYAL PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN.

Photographic Journal of. See Photographic Journal of Royal
Society of Great Britain.
RUSKIN, JOHN
I. 1-5 Modern Painters. sv. New York, n. d.
I. 6-8 Stones of Venice. JV., illus. New York, x884
RUSSELL, ('.
IV. 63 AppPndix to the Second Edition of the Tannin Process. sopp.
London, n. d.
IV. 62 Tannin Process. Ed. 2, IJSPP· London, n. d.

SACHSE, JULIUS F.
XIV. 116 Philadelphia's share in the Development of Photography. I7PP
Philadelphia, 1893
SALLZER, VICTOR
II. 82 Vollstandige Anweisung zum Photographiren. 40pp. Weimar,
1844
SAMUELS, EDWARD A.
VI. 104 With Fly-rod and Camera. 477PP·· illus. New York, 1890
SASSI, LUIGI
VI. 37 La Fotocromatografia. IJ8pp. Milano, 1896
SAWYER, J. R., ed.
III. 18 Autotype Process. Ed. 6, 1 tpp., illus., photo. London, 1877

SCAMONI, GEORG
XV. 172 Handbuch der Heliographic. t8spp., illus. St. Petersburg, 1872
SCHAEFFNER, ANT.
XV. 135 Notes Photographiques, expliquant Toutes les Operations et
l'Emploi des Appareils et des Produits Necessaires en Photo-
graphic. 96pp. Paris, 1886
II. 52 La Photominiature. 3opp. Paris, 1890
SCHERER, RUDOLF
XV. 150 Lehrbuch der Chemigraphie und Verwandten Facher. 112pp.
Wien, 1877
SCHIENDL, E.
IV. 54 Die K11nstlerische Photographie. 32opp., illus. Wien, 1889
SCHMIDT, F.
XV. 64 Photographisches Fehlerbuch; I. theil. 94PP·· illus. Karlsruhe,
I89S
SCHMIDT, HANS.
VI. 24 Anleitung zur Projektion Photographischer Aufnahmen und
Lebender Bilder. 121pp., illus. Berlin, 1901
XV. 45 Das Fernobjektiv im Portrat-, Architektur- und Landschaftsfache.
uopp., illus. Berlin, 1898
SCHNAUSS, HERMANN.
V. 32 Photographischer Zeitvertreib. Ed. 4, I97PP·· illus. Dusseldorf,
1893
SCHNAUSS, JULIUS
XIV. 99 Photographisches-Lexicon. Ed. 2, 454PP· Leipzig, 1864
XIV. 113 Photographisches Taschen-Lexikon. 158pp. Halle, 1893
SCHWIER, R.
Ill. 35 Handbuch der Emailphotographie. Ed. 3, 66pp., illus. Weimar,
1ss 5
SCOTT, A. D.
XVI. 43 On Photo-zincography and Other Photographic Processes. 19pp.,
illus. London, 1863
SEELEY, MRS. CAROLINE (BOLTWOOD)
V. 75 Charles A. Seeley; a Sketch of the Life and Character. 36pp.
Grand Rapids, 1895
SEELEY, CHARLES A.
II. 142 The Ambrotype. Ed. 2, 48pp. New York, 1858
SIMONS, M. P.
V. 54 Photography in a Nut-shell. I07PP·· illus. Philadelphia, 1858
II. 68 Plain Instructions for Coloring Photographs. 61pp. Philadel-
phia, 1857
IV. 134 Secrets of Ivorytyping Revealed. S4PP· Philadelphia, 186o
SIMPSON G. WHARTON
Ill. 16 On the Production of Photographs in Pigments. 103pp., illus.,
photo. London, 1867
III. 21 On the Production of Photographs in Pigments. 102pp. London,
1868
SINCLAIR, GEORGE L.
III. 66 Dry Plate Making for Amateurs. 28pp. New York, 1886
SISSON, J. LAWSON
II. 21 The Turpentine Waxed-paper Process. 57PP· London, 1858
39
SLINGSBY, ROBERT
XVI. 44 Magnesium Flash-light Photography. qpp., photo. London,
J890
SMITH, A. E.
VI. 9 Color Photography. 72pp. London, 1900
SMYTH, C. PIAZZI
V. 76 A Poor Man's Photography at the Great Pyramid, in the year 1865,
Compared with that of the Ordnance Survey Establishment,
Subsidized by London Wealth and Under the Orders of Sir
Henry James, at the Same Place Four Years Afterward. 23pp.
London, 1870
SNELLING, HENRY H.
II. 99 Art of Photography. Ed. 4, 187pp. New York, 1853
XIV. 95 Dictionary of the Photographic Art. 236pp. New York, 1854
II. 97 History and Practice of the Art of Photography. IJSPP· New
York, 1849
V. 61 History and Practice of the Art of Photography; or the Production
of Pictures Through the Agency of Light. 187pp., illus. New
York, 1853
SOCIETA FOTOGRAFICA ITALIANA
IX. 83-84 Bullettino della. Vol. 3· s-6, illus. Firenze, I89I, J89J-I894
SOCIETE DES ARTISTES FRANCAIS
I. 10 Catalogue Illustre du Salon de 1898. 279pp., illus. Paris, n. d.
I. 9 Supplement au Catalogue Illustre du Salon, r88r-r882. 2 Vols in
1, ill us. Paris, n. d.
SOCIETE NATIONALE DES BEAUX ARTS
I. 11 Catalogue lllustre des Ouvrages Exposes au Champ de Mars, r8go,
1892, 1894. Paris, n. d.
SOCIETY OF AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHERS OF NEW YORK
VII. 46-51 Proceedings, n. p., r884-r891. r894-1896
SPARLING, M.
IV. 4 The Photographic Art; ed. by James Martin. 222pp. London,
1859
IV. 126 The Photographic Art; Revised by James Martin. 223pp. Lon-
don, r86o
SPAULDING, RANDALL
V. 69 First Lessons in Amateur Photography. 28pp., illus. New York,
r88s
SPILLER, M. ARNOLD
I. 45 Douze Lecons Elementaires de Chimie Photographique; tr. par
M. H. Golard. s6pp., illus. Paris, r883
SPITTA, EDMUND J.
XVI. 38 Photo-micrography. r6Jpp., illus. London, 1899
40
STEIN, S. TH.
III. 96 Das Licht im Dienste Wissenschaticher Forschung. 48opp., illus.,
photo. Leipzig, 1877
XV. 119 Die Photographic im Dicnste der Astronomic, Meteorologic und
Physik. Ed. 2, 192pp., illus. Halle, 1886
STERNBERG, GEORGE M.
XVI. 3 Photo-micrographs. 204pp., photo. Boston, 1883
STIEGLITZ, ALFRED
VIII. Pictorial Photography. Illus. New York, 1900
STRATZ, C. H.
VIII. 51 Die SchOnheit des Weiblichen Korpers. Ed. J, 236pp., illus.
Stuttgart, 1899
SUTTON. THOMAS
II. 20 Calotype Process. 91pp. London, 1855
II. 13 Collodion Processes, Wet and Dry. 149PP· London, 1862
II. 9 Description of Certain Dry Collodion Processes and also of a New
Set of Apparatus for Preparing Dry Plates. 92pp. London,
1864
XIV. 91 Dictionary of Photography. 423pp. London, 1858
II. 16 New Method of Printing Positive Photographs. Ed. 2, 32pp.
London, 1855
SUTTON, THOMAS AND DAWSON, GEORGE
XIV. 90 Dictionary of Photography. 39opp. London, 1867
TALBOT, H. FOX
XVI. 42 Sun Pictures in Scotland. 23 photo. London, 1845
TALBOT, ROBERT
XV. 11 Die Amateur-Photographic; ein I.ehr- und Handbuch. 61pp., illus.
Berlin, n. d.
TAPLEY, D. ].
VI. 58 Amateur Photography. 142pp., illus. New York, 1884
TAYLOR, J. TRAILL
III. 82 The Optics of Photography and Photographic Lenses. 244pp.,
illus. London, 1892
IV. 98 Photographic Amateur. 96pp. New York, 1881
IV. 99 Photographic Amateur. Ed. 2, 104pp. New York, 1883
TERSCHAK, EMIL
III. 118 Die Photographic in Hochgebirg. 83pp., illus. Berlin, 1900
THANET, OCTAVE
III. 116 An Adventure in Photography. I79PP·· illus. New York, 1893
THIERRY, J.
II 79 Daugerr~otype. I95PP· Paris, n. d.
41
THOMAS, R. W.
IV. 67 Modern Practice of Photography. 94PP· London, n. d.
IV. 5 Modern Practice of Photography. 72pp. Philadelphia, 1868
THORNTHWAITE, W. H.
XV. 117 Guide to Photography. S7PP·· illus. London, 1845
II. 12 Guide to Photography. Ed. rp., 87pp. New York, 1856
TILLARD, FERDINAND
XV. 12 Nouveau Proc~d~ de Photographie sur Papier Humide et sur Papier
Sec. 1 ropp. Paris, 1854
TISSANDIER, GASTON
II. 34 History and Handbook of Photography; ed. by J. Thomson.
326pp., illus. New York, 1877
VI. 39 La Photographie. Ed. J, 352pp. Paris, 1882
XV. 101 La Photographie en Ballon. 4SPP·· illus., photo. Paris, 1886
TODD. F. DUNDAS
III. 127 "At Home" Portraiture. I rpp., illus. Chicago, 1897

TOULOUSE, SOCIETE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE DE

XI. 135-136 Aide-m~moire de Photographie. V. 22-23, illus. Paris, 1897-
1898
TOWLER, J.
VI. 100 El Rayo Solar; Tratado Teorico y Practice de Fotografia; ed. by
H. T. Anthony. 524pp. New York, 1884
IV. 16 Silver Sunbeam. 351pp. New York, 1864
IV. 17 Silver Sunbeam. Ed. 4, 443PP· New York, r865
IV. 18 Silver Sunbeam. Ed. s. 443PP· New York, 1866
IV. 19 Silver Sunbeam. Ed. 9. S99PP· New York, 1879
IV. 22 Dry Plate Photography; or, The Tannin Process Made Simple.
97PP· New York, r86s
V. 96 The Negative and the Print; or, The Photographer's Guide. I59PP·
New York, r866
IV. 20 The Negative and the Print. rsopp. New York, r866
IV. 21 The Negative and the Print. Ed. 2, rsopp. New York, r87o
III. 38 Porcelain Pictures; or, Full Instructions How to Make Photographs
on Porcelain or Opal Glass. 47PP· New York, r865
TOWNSEND, CHARLES F.
I. 57 Chemistry for Photographers. rs8pp., illus. New York, I897
TRENCHANT, L.
XV. 81 La Linotypie. 46pp. Paris, 1896
IV. 40 Manuel Pratique du Photographe Amateur. 184pp. Paris, n. d.
TRASK, A. K. P.
II. 135 Practical Ferrotyper. 63pp. Philadelphia, 1872
II. 146 Practical Ferrotyper. 63pp. With Ferrotype illus. Philadelphia,
1872
42
TRUTAT, EUGENE
III. 15 Les Epreuves Positives sur Papiers Emulsionn~. 88pp. Paris,
1896
VI. 86 Impressions Photographiques aux Encres grasses. 143pp., illus.
Paris, 1892
XV. 53 La Photographie Anim~e. 185pp., illus. Paris, 1899
XV. 42 La Photographie Appliqu~e a l'ArcMologie. 139pp., illus., photo.
Paris, 1879
VIII. 70 La Photographie Appliqu~e a l'Histoire Naturelle. uspp., illus.
Paris, 1884
III. 119 La Photographie en Montagne. 137pp., illus. Paris, 1894
II. 22 Photographie sur Papier Negatif par l'Emploi de Couches de
Gelatino-bromure d'Argent. 153PP·· photo. Paris, 1883
TYNDALL, JOHN
III. 89 Light and Electricity. I94PP· New York, 1871
III. 99 Notes of a Course of Nine Lectures on Light. 1869. 74PP·
London, 1899
XV. 138 Six Lectures on Light. sopp., illus. New York, 188:z
Humboldt Library, Oct. 188:z
III. 97 Six Lectures on Light. 1872-73. Ed. s. 246pp., illus. London,
1895
UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE
XIV. 120 Photographic Patents Issued in the Years 188o-188x
XIV. 121 Photographic Patents Issued in the Years 1882-1883
XIV. 122 Photographic Patents Issued in the Years z884-1885
XIV. 123 Photographic Patents Issued in the Years 1886-1887
VALENTA, EDUARD
I. 58 Photographische Chemie und Chemikalienkunde. 468pp. Halle,
1899
VALICOURT, E. DB
XIV. 72-73 Photographie sur M~tal, sur Papier et sur Verre. :zv. Paris, 1862
VEVERS, C. C.
IV. 55 Practical Amateur Photography. sopp. Leeds, Eng. 1887
VIDAL, LEON
VI. 96 Cours de Reproductions Industrielles. 495PP·· illus. Paris, 1882
XV. 104 La Photographie Appliqu~e aux Arts Industriels de Reproduction.
6opp., illus., photo. Paris, 188o
II. 54 Photographie des Couleurs. 89pp., illus. Paris, 1897
XV. 102 La Photographie des D~butants. ISipp., illus. Paris, 1886
VI. 73 La Photogravure en Relief et en Creux. :zopp., illus. Paris, 1892
III. 27 Trait~ Pratique de Photographie au Charbon. Ed. 3, u:zpp.,
illus., photo. Paris, 1877
VI. 47 Traite Pratique de Photogravure. 443PP·· illus. Paris, 1900
VIEULLE, G.
XV. 103 Guide Pratique du Photographe Amateur. to8pp. Paris, x88s
43
VILLARD, P.
VI. 26 Le Role des Diverses Radiations en Photographie. t8pp., illus.
Paris, 1899
VILLEMIN, CHARLES
XV. 16 La Photographie et l'Appareil Dubroni. 67pp. Paris, n. d.

VILLON, A. M.
VI. 85 Traite Pratique de Photogravure sur Verre. 32pp. Paris, 1890

VITOUX, GEORGES
XV. 122 La Photographie du Mouvement. Jtpp., illus. Paris, 1896
VOGEL, E.
VI. 34 Taschenbuch der Praktischen Photographie. Ed. 4, 27SPP·
Berlin, 1896
VOGEL, H. W.
VIII. 9-12 Handbuch der Photographie. sv., illus. Berlin, 189<>-97
CONTENTS:
Vol. I Photochemie
Vol. 2. Das Licht und die Optik
Vol. 3-4. Die Photographische Praxis
II. 32 Progress of Photography Since the Year 1879• 347PP· Phila-
delphia, r883
I. 59 The Chemistry of Light and Photography. 288pp., illus., photo.
London, 1875
XV. 139 Gli Effetti Chimici della Luce e la Fotografia. 298pp., illus
Milano, I876
VI. 54 Lehrbuch der Photographie. 494PP·· illus. Berlin, 1867
IV. 117 Lehrbuch der Photographie. 496pp., Berlin, I87o
VI. 55 Lehrbuch der Photographie. Ed. 3. sBopp., illus. Berlin, 1878
XIV. 98 Photographer's Pocket Reference-book and Dictionary; tr. by E.
P. Moelling. II9PP· Philadelphia, I873
IV. 93 La Photographie et la Chimie de la Lumiere. Ed. 2, 223pp., illus.
Paris, 1878
IV. 91 Practice and Art of Photography; tr. by Edward Moelling. 331pp.
ill us. Philadelphia, I 87 1
IV. 92 Practice and Art of Photography. Ed. 2, 389pp., illus. Phila-
delphia, 1875
WAKE, JOSEPH
II. 51 Manual of Photographic Coloring. 62pp. London, 1878

WALDACK, CHARLES
XV. 142 The Card Photograph; an Appendix to the Third Edition of "A
Treatise on Photography." 32pp. Cincinnati, I862
XV. 72 Treatise on Photography. Ed. I, :z8rpp. Cincinnati, I86I
XV. 141 Treatise on Photography. Ed. 3, 281pp. Cincinnati, 1863
IV. 25 Treatise on Photography. Ed. 4, 257PP· Cincinnati, I86s
44
WALDECK, CHARLES & NEFF, PETER
II. 14 Photography on Collodion. I4IPP· Cincinnati, 1857
II. 15 Photography on Collodion. Ed. 2, xsopp. Cincinnati, x8s8

WALDO, LEONARD
XVI. 55 Report of the Observations of the Total Solar Eclipse July 29, 1878,
Made at Fort Worth, Texas. 6opp., illus. Cambridge, Mass.,
1879

WALL, ALFRED H.
II. 60 Artistic Coloring. 266pp. London, x86x

WALL, E. J.
XIV. 96 Dictionary of Photography. 237PP· New York, x889
XIV. 114 Dictionary of Photography for the Amateur and Professional
Photographer. 23SPP· New York, x889
XIV. 94 Dictionary of Photography; ed. by Thomas Bolas. Ed. 7, 632pp.
London, 1897

WALLACE, ELLERSLIE, JR.

V. 31 The Amateur Photographer. 23opp., illus. Philadelphia, n. d.
V. 50 The Amateur Photographer. I79PP·· illus. Philadelphia, n. d.
WALLON, E.
XV. 126 Choix et Usage des Objectifs Photographiques. 196pp., illus.
Paris, n. d.
XV. 161 Traite EMmentaire de l'Objectif Photographique. 299PP· Paris,
1891

WARNER, MILAN P.
lV. 107 Dry Plate Photography. 8pp. Springfield, Mass., n. d.
WATERHOUSE, J.
XV. 151 Application of Photography to the Reproduction of Maps and
plans by Photomechanical and Other Processes. I24PP· Cal-
cutta, 1878
Pub. by Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. Vol. 47, pt. 2,
No. I I
WATTS, W. A.
XIV. 101 Photographic Reference Book. 298pp. London, n. d.
WEISKE, A.
II. 19 Handbuch des Pannotypisten. g6pp. Leipzig, 1859
WELFORD, WALTER D.
XIV. 111 Photographer's Indispensable Handbook; ed. by Henry Sturmey.
379PP· London, x887
WERGE, JOHN
IV. 24 Evolution of Photography. 312pp., illus. London, x8go
45
WESTON, WILLIAM
III. 28 The Art and Process of Carbon Printing. 64pp., illus. New York,
I896

WHEELER, 0. E.
IV. 1 Practical Photography. 266pp. London, n. d.

WIEN, CLUB DER AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHEN IN

XV 75-79 Photographische Rundschau. V. s. 9. I I, IJ, illus. Halle, 1891,
81-83 1895. 1897. 1899

WILKINSON, W. T.
XV. 174 Photo-engraving on Zinc and Copper in Line and Half Tone and
Photo-lithography. I I spp., illus. London, I886
VI. 70 Photo-engraving, Photo-etching, and Photo-lithography in Line and
Half Tone; Ed. by E. L. Wilson. Ed. J, I88pp., illus. New
York, I888
XV. 177 Photo-engraving, Photo-etching, and Photo-lithography in Line
and Half-tone; rev. and enl. by E. L. Wilson. Ed. 3· New
York, 1888

WILLIAMS, ARTHUR
V. 67 Notes on Photography; Designed an an Aid in the Course of Prac-
tical Instruction at the U.S. Infantry and Cavalry School. 8opp.
illus. Fort Leavenworth, IB84

WILSON, EDWARD L.
III. 26 American Carbon Manual. 1oopp., illus., photo. New York, 1868
XIV. 105 Cyclopredic Photography. 502pp. New York, 1894
V. 10 Lantern Journeys. 2 qpp. Philadelphia, 1874
V. 11 Lantern Journeys. Vol. 1. Ed. 7, 306pp. Philadelphia, 1884
V. 12 Lantern Journeys. Vol. 2, 33 I pp. Philadelphia, I 88o
V. 13 Lantern Journeys. Vol J, 93PP· Philadelphia, 1883
V. 14 Lantern Journeys; World's Fair at New Orleans. 27pp. Phila-
delphia, 188s
XIV. 103 Photographics: A Series of Lessons on all the Processes which are
Needful in the Art of Photography. 352pp. Philadelphia, 1883
XIV. 104 Quarter Century in Photography. 528pp. New York, 1887

WILSON, G. W.
II. 16 The Collodion Process. 43PP· London, IBSS

WITTHAUS, R. A.
I. 60 Medical Student's Manual of Chemistry. Ed. 4, S43PP·· illus.
New York, 1893

WOOD, A. A.
V. 8 lHagic Lanterns; How Made and How to Use. Ed. 2, 9SPP·· illus.
London, 1877
WOODBURY, WALTER E.
III. 8 Aristotypes and bow to Make Them. ISJPP·• illus., photo. New
York, 1893
XIV. 97 Encyclopa:dia of Photography. 7SSPP· London, 1892
XIV. 110 Encyclopa:dic Dictionary of Photography. 536pp., illus. New
York, 1898
V. 60 Photographic Amusements. Ed. J, II4PP·· illus. New York, 1898
WOODS, C. RAY
XV. 137 The Spectroscope and Its Relation to Photography. 76pp., illus.
London, 188s
WRIGHT, LEWIS
III. 90 Light; A Course of Experimental Optics. 358pp., col. illus.
London, 1882
ZAMBONI, CARL
II. 120 Anleitung zur Positiv und Negativ Retouche. 40pp., photo.
Halle, 1888

47
 Catalogue by Title.

IV. 42 ABC OF MoDERN PHOTOGRAPHY, 1884 . . . . . . . Burton, W. K.

v. 63 ABC OF MoDERN (DRY PLATE) PHOTOGRAPHY
London Stereoscopic a11d Photographic Company
v. 64 ABc OF MODERN (DRY PLATE) PHOTOGRAPHY, N. D.
London Stereoscope and Photographic Company, Publishers
III. 116 ADVENTURE IN PHOTOGRAPHY, I 893 . . . . . . . . Thanet, Octave
XV. 89 AERIENNE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, x89o . . . . . . . . Batut, Arthur
VI. 27 (LES) AGRANDISSEMENTS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, 1901
Courreges, A.
IV. 70 ALBUMEN PHOTOGRAPHY, x863 . . . . • • . . . . . . . . Divine. S. R.
VIII. 70 ALBUMINE, TRAITE PRATIQUE D'IMPRESSION PHOTOGRAPHIQUE
SUR PAPIER, 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K/ary, C.
XV. 144 AMATEUR's FIRST HANDBOOK OF MoDERN PHOTOGRAPHY, x883
Ellerbeck, J. H. T.
IV. 49 AMATEUR's MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY, x88s.Cushing, William
(L')AMATEUR PHoTOGRAPHE: REvuE ILLUSTREE. VoL. 3-7.
PARIS, x887-1891
VII. 1-9 11-12 AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER; AN ILLUSTRATED JouRNAL. VoL.
13-15 x-x6, 19-22, 2s-3o. LoNDoN, x88s-x899
IV. 2 AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER; OR, PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS IN
THE ART oF DRY PLATE PHOTOGRAPHY FOR YouNG AND OLD.
39P· NEw YORK, x88:a
IV. 77 AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER. 40PP. RocHESTER, x884.
v. 31 AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER, N. D. . . . . . . Wallace, Ellerslie, Jr.
v. 50 AMATEUR PHoTOGRAPHER, N.D . . . . . . . . Wallace, Ellerslie, Jr.
XV. 11 AMATEUR-PHOTOGRAPHIE, N. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Talbot, Robert
v. 69 AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY, FIRST LESSONS IN, 1885
Spaulding, Randall
II. 142 AMBROTYPE, x8s8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seely,
Charles A.
II. 144 AMBROTYPE MANUAL, x8s6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burgess, N. G.
II. 143 AMBROTYPE MANUAL, PHOTOGRAPH AND, x8s8 . . Burgess, N. G.
XI. 126-127 AMERICAN ALMANAC OF PHOTOGRAPHY. ILLUS. CINCIN-
NATI, !863-1864.
XI. 1-12 AMERICAN AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER. ILLUS. VoL. x-2, 4-8,
I0-12. 1889-1890, 1892-1896, 1898-1900.
VIII. 54 AMERICAN ANNUAL. VoL. 3· BosToN, I900-I90I.
VIII. 30-45 AMERICAN ANNUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHIC
TIMES ALMANAC. VoL. x-16, ILLUS. NEw YoRK, x887-
1902!

49
XVII. 90-97 AMERICAN JouRNAL oP PHoTOGRAPHY AND THE ARTs AND
114-121 124-125 SciENCES. Eo. BY CHARLES A. SEELY. VoL. 1- • NEw
127-128-230 YoRK, I8s8-1867, 1884-1897
XV. 34 THE NEw METAL MAGNESIUM POR ILLUMINATING PuRPOSES.
13 PP. CAMBRIDGE, 1865 . . American MagJtesium Company
XI. 118-122 AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHIC ALMANAC; AN ANNUAL APPENDIX
TO HuMPHREY's JouRNAL oF PHoTOGRAPHY. Eo. BY joHN
TowLER, PROM 1864-1867. NEw YoRK, 1864-1868.
v. 60 AMUSEMENTS, PHOTOGR.,PHIC, 1898 .... Woodbury, Walter E.
VI. 4 ANIMATED PHOTOGRAPHY, 1897 ........ Hcpt('orth, Cecil M.
XVIII. 105-115 ANNUAIRE GESERAL ET INTERNATIONAL DB LA PHOTO-
GRAPHJE. VoL. 1-9, ILLus. PARIS, I892-19oo. MissiNG, 1895
X. 1-14 ANTHONY'S PHOTOGRAPHIC BULLETIN:
INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL. VoL. I-15. NEw YoRK, 1888-1902.
XVII. 55-62 ANTHONY's PHOTOGRAPHIC BuLLETIN. VoL. x-8, 10-26, :z8-
64-68 30. ILLus. NEw YoRK, x87o-x877, I879-189s. 1897-1899·
82-84 VoL. 4 IS DUPLICATED, BEING BOUND WITH VoL. J·
v. 37 APPLICATIONS SCIBNTIPJQUES DE LA PHOTOGRAPHIB, N. D.
Niewenglawski, G. H.
XV. 42 (L')ARCHBOLOGIB, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE APPLIQUEE A, 1879·
Trutat, Ettgene
VI. 4 ARCHITECTURAL PHOTOGRAPHY, 1898 . .. Middleton, G. .4. T.
III. 8 ARISTOTYPES, 1893 .................. Woodbury, Walter E.
VI. 31 ART IN PHOTOGRAPHY, x864 .............. Blanquart, Evrard
VI. 4 ART PHOTOGRAPHY, 1895 ............... . Rob·insou, H. P.
II. 59 ART, PRIMER OF, 1882 ..................... . Collier, John
XVI. 90 ART-UNION. VoL. 8, N. LoNDON, 1846
I. 14-24 ARTIST. VoL. :zo-Jo. LoNDON, 1897-190I
III. 127 ARTISTIC LIGHTING, 1897 .................... Tnglis, james
v. 30 ARTISTIC PHOTOGRAPHY, 1876 ................ BigelO'IJ.I, L. G.
III. 2 ARTISTIC PRINTING, STUDIES IN, 1877 ... . Hearn, Charles W.
III. 122 ARTISTS, PHOTOGRAPHY FOR, 1896 ......... . Maclean, Hector
XV. 104 ARTS INDUSTRJELS, La PHOTOGRAPHIE APPLIQUEE AUX, 188o
Vidal, Leot~
XV. 49 AsTRONOMiCAL OBSERVATIONS oP HARVARD CoLLEGE. PuB-
LICATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHIC ILLUSTRATIONS ISSUED BY,
1893 ........................... . Pickering, Edward C.
XV. 119 ASTRONOMIE, METEOROLOGIE UND PHYSIK, DIE PHOTOGRAPHIE
IM DrENSTE, x886 ........................ Stein, S. Th.
VIII. 70 AsTRONOMIQUE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, x887 ....... . Mouchez, E.
III. 127 "AT HoME" PoRTRAITURE, 1897 ............. Todd, F. D.
II. 58 ATELIER UND APPARAT DES PHOTOGRAPHEN, 1869.Buehler, Otto
VIII. 18 (DAS) ATELIER UND LABORATORIUM DES PHOTOGRAPHEN, 1893
Eder, josef M.
VI. 41 (L')ATELIER DE L'AMATEUR, 1889 ...... . Flettry-Hermagis, }.
XI. 46 ATELIER DES PHOTOGRAPHEN, DAs. ILLus. VoL. 6, N. D.,
1899
so.
XV. 61 (L')ATELIER DU 1888..... Robinson, H. P.
PHOTOGRAPH£,
XV. 124 AuGENBLICKSBILDER, I 887 ............... .4 nschutz, Ottomar
II. 109 AUTO-PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1847 .............. . Mathien, M. F. P.
III. 18 AuTOTYPE PROCESS, 1877 ............ . Sawyer, ]. R., Ed.
VI. 95 AUTOTYPIE AUF AMERIKANISCHER BASIS, 189S
Cronenberg, Wilhelm
XV. 101 BALLON, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE EN, I886 .... Tissandier, Gaston
v. 70 BARNET BooK OF PHOTOGRAPHY, I8g8 Elliott & Sons, Editors
BEACON (A JOURNAL). SEE PHOTO-BEACON
IV. 66 BEGINNER's GuiDE TO PHOTOGRAPHY. 72 PP., ILLus. LoN-
DON, N.D.
XI. 107-108 BELGE DE PHOTOGRAPHIE, AssociATION. BuLLETIN. ILLUS.
SER. J, VoL. s-6, ANNEE 2S-26. BRUXELLES, I8g8-I899
XIV. 77 BLuE BooK oF AMATEUR PHoToGRAPHERS: BRITISH SociE-
TIES. VoL. I-4· LoNDON, I893-I896
VI. 21 BRIDGES-LEE NEW PATENT PHOTO-THEODOLITE, I899
Casella, L.
XVIII. 1-46 BRITISH JoURNAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. I-48. LoNDON,
I8S4-190I
IX. 1-32 BRITISH JoURNAl., PHOTOGRAPHIC ALMANAC AND PHOTO-
GRAPHERS DAILY CoMPANION. I868-rgo2
LONDON,
VI. 38 BRITISH MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES, 1876 ... . Bt."Van, G. P.
v. 58 BROMIDE ENLARGEMENTS, 1898 ................... Pike, j.
VIII. 21 (DAS) BROMSILBER-COLLOI>ION-VERFAHREN, 1897
Eder, ]os£·/ M.
VIII. 22 BROMSILBER-GELATJNE UND CHLORSILBER-GELATINE, DIE
PHOTOGRAPHIE MIT, I89o ................. . Eder, josef M.
VI. 87 CALCOGRAPHIE, MANUEL DE PHOTOGRAPHIE ET DE, r886
Roux, E
II. 107 CALOTYPE AND THE ENERGJATYPE, PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR
OBTAINING PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES BY THE, J8S3
II. 102 CALOTYPE AND ENERGIATYPE, I8SJ
II. 103 CALOTYPE AND ENF.RGIATYPE, I86o
II. 20 CALOTYPE PROCESS, I8SS ................. . Suttoa, Thomrzs
XIII. 46-48 CAMERA, THE; A MAGAZINE FOR THOSE WHO PRACTICE PHo-
TOGRAPHY. VoL. I-J, S· LoNDON, I886-I889. 189I
IV. 6 CAMERA AND THE PENCIL, I864 ................ Root, M. A.
VIII. 17 CAMERA, DIE PHOTOGRAPHISCHE, 1892 ...... Eder, 1osef M.
VII. 37-41 CAMERA NOTES; OFFICIAL ORGAN OF THE CAMERA CLUB OF
NEw YoRK. VoL. I-s. ILLus. NEw YoRK, 1897-1902
VIII. 1-5 CAMERA NoTEs; OFFICIAL ORGAN oF THE CAMERA CLuB oF
NEw YoRK. VoL. I-s. I897-I902. EDITION DE LuxE:
INDIA PROOFS
VII. 36 CAMERA NoTEs; IMPROVED GLYCERINE PRocEss FOR TilE
DEVELOPMENT OF PLATINUM PRINTS, INCLUDING THE Ex-
PERIMENTS BY JosEPH T. KEJLEY AND ALFRED STIEGLITZ.
ILLus. PRINTS, NEw YoRK, 19oo
VJ. 61 CAMERAS, LBNSES, SHUTTERS, BTC., I890 •... BtmfUflt, F. T.
II. 135 CANADIAN JouRNAL OP PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. I, No. 1-9;
VoL. 2, No.2
XIII. 70 CANADIAN PHoToGRAPHic JouRNAL. ILLus. PRoTo. VoL. 4,
ToRONTO, (ONT.), 1895
XV. 5 CANDBZB, LB ScENOGRAPRE; APPARBIL PROTOGRAPHIQUB
DB PoucHB. 33 PP., ILLus. PARIS, N. o.
III. 26 CARBON MANUAL, AMERICAN, 1868 . . . . . . Wilson, Edward L.
III. 22 CARBON PRINTING, 1890 . . . . . . • • . . . . . • . . • . . . . • BolU, Ma%
III. 28 CARBON PRINTING, 1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Weston, WiUiatfl
III. 23 CARBON PROCESS, 1868 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . Drummond, A. j.
Ill. 25 CARBON PROCEss, 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . Liesegang, Paul E.
XV. 142 CARD PHOTOGRAPH, THE, 1862 . . • . . . . . . . . . Waldack, Charles
AN APPENDIX To THE 30 EDITION oP "A TRBATISB oN PHo-
TOGRAPHY."
XIV. 102 CARNET-AGENDA ou PHOTOGRAPHE, 1900 ... • Brunel, Georges
XV. 158 CASKET OP PHOTOGRAPHIC GEMS, 1890 ••.. R~gers, W. Ingks
VI. 110 CASSIER's MAGAZINE: MARINE NuMBER. AuGUST, 1897
VI. 109 CASSJER's MAGAZINE: THE ELECTRIC RAILWAY NuMBER.
AUGUST, 1899
VI. 111 CASSIER's MAGAZINE: THE HARNESSING oP NIAGARA. juLY,
1895· Eo. 2, 384 PP., ILLUS. NEw YoRK, 1896
XV. 6 CATALOGUE DES APPAREILS PHOTOGRAPHIQUBS, N. D.
Chevalier, Charles
XI. 129 CENTENNIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC DIARY, 1876 ... . Chute, Robert].
III. 24 CHARBON, METHODE PRATIQUE POUR LE TIRAGE DES EPREUVES
DE PETIT FoRMAT PARLE PROCEDE, 1894 ... . Rousseau, G. C.
III. 20 CHARBON, PROCEDE AU, 1886 . . . . . . . . . . • • . . Liesegang, P. E.
III. 27 CHARBON, TRAITE DE PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1877 . . . . . . Vidal, Uon
XV: 47 CHEMICAL EFFECT OF THE SPECTRUM, THE . . . . . . . . Eder, j. M.
I. 43 CHEMIE, LEHRBUCH DER PHOTOGRAPHISCHEN, 1889
Lainer, Alexander
I. 44 CHEMIE, LEHRBUCH DER PHOTOGRAPHISCHEN, 1899
Lainer, Alexander
I. 56 CHEMIE, LEHRBUCH DER ANORGANISCHEN, 1886
Richter, V. von
I. 58 CHEMIE, PHOTOGRAPHISCHE, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . Valenta, Eduard
XV. 150 CHEMIGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DER, 1877 ..... . Scherer, Rudolf
VIII. 14 (DIE) CHEMISCHEN WIRKUNGEN DES LICHTES, 1891
Eder, josef M.
I. 46 CHEMISTRY, AN ELEMENTARY CouRSE IN PHOTOGRAPHIC.
39PP. LONDON, x883
I. 32 CHEMISTRY, ELEMENTARY, 1879· . . . . . . . . . Fownes,
George
I. 57 CHEMISTRY FOR PHOTOGRAPHERS, 1897 .. Townseud, Charles F.
I. 34 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1855
Hardwick, T. Frederick
I. 34a CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1855
Hardwich, T. Frederick
I. 35 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1858
Hardwich, T. Frederuk
I. 36 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1858
Hardwich, T. Frederick
I. 37 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1861
Hardwich, T. Frederick
I. 38 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1864
H ardwich, T. Frederick
I. 39 CHEMISTRY, MANUAL OF PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1883
Hardwich, T. Frederick
I. 59 CHEMISTRY OF LIGHT AND PHOTOGRAPHY, 1875· Vogel, Hermann
I. 52 CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1892 ... . Harrison, W. 'Jerome
I. 54 CHEMISTRY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1889 . . . . . . . . Meldola, Raphael
I. 55 CHEMISTRY, PRINCIPLES OF THEORETICAL, 1877 .Remsen, Jra
XV. 139 CHIMICI DELLA LUCE E LA FOTOGRAFIA, GLI EFFETTI, I876
Vogel, Hermann
I. 47 CHIMIE PHOTOGRAPHIC, N. D .•.•..... . Barreswil & Davanne
I. 45 CHIMIE PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1883 . . . . . . . . , .Spiller, M. Arnold
I. 42 CHIMIE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE, DICTIONNAIRE PRATIQUE
Fourtier, M. H.
I. 53 CHIMIE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE, LECONS ELEMENTAIRES, N. D.
Mathet, L.
VI. 21 CHLOROPHYL, ISOCHROMATIC PHOTOGRAPHY WITH, 1886
lves, Frederic E.
VI. 28 CHLORSILBER-SCHNELLDRUCKPAPIER, 1901 . . Liesegang, L. H.
II. 2 CoLLODION, NouvELLE METHODE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE suR, 1892
Brebisson, Alphonse de
IV. 23 CoLLODION, PHoTOGRAPHY oN, 1856 .•. . Mqnkhoven, D. van
II. 14 CoLLODION, PHoToGRAPHY oN, 1857
Waldack, Charles, and Neff, Peter
II. 15 CoLLODION, PHOTOGRAPHY oN, 1858
Waldack, Charles, and Neff, Peter
II. 16 CoLLODION PROCESS, 1855 . . . . . • . . . . . . Hennah, Thomas H.
II. 17 CoLLODION PROCESS, 1857 . . . . . . . • . . . . . . Humphrey, S. D.
II. 16 CoLLODION PRocEss, 1855 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilson, G. W.
II. 16 CoLLODION PROCESS ON Guss, 1854 ... . Archer, Frederick S.
II. 16 CoLLODION PROCESS SIMPLIFIED, N. D. . . . . . . . . Hunt, Charles
II. 7 CoLLODION PROCESS, TilE DRY, 1857 .... Long, Charles A.
II. 5 CoLLODION PRocEss, THE DRY, 1858 ...... Long, Charles A.
II. 9 COLLODION PROCESSES, A DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN DRY, I864
Sutton, Thomas
II. 15 COLLODION PROCESSES, WET AND DRY, 1862. Sutton, Thomas
II. 11 CoLLODION SEc, PRoCEDE Au, 1883 . . . . . . . . . . . . Boivin, E.
11. 4 CoLLODioN, TRAITE CoMPLET DE PHoToGRAPHIE suR, 1855
Brebisson, Alphonse de
53
II. 1 CoLLODIONVERPAHREN, DAs NASSE, 1896 ••. . Eder, josef M.
II. 5 CoLLODIONVERPAHREN, DIE, 1884 •...•• . Liesegang, Paul E.
VI. 94 CoLLOTYPE, PRACTICAL, 1901 ..••....••••.. . Fithian, A. W.
II. 54 CouLEURS, PHoToGRAPHIE nEs, 1897 . . . • . • . • . . Vidal, !.eon
XV. 37 COULEURS REPRODUITES EN PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1876
Dumoulin, Eugene
XV. 85 COULEURS REPRODUITES EN PHOTOGRAPHIE, LES, 1894
Dumoulin, Eugene
II. 58 COLORING, HARMONIOUS, 1886 ••..•.... . Newman,
james
II. 57 CoLORIST's GuiDE, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1878 .••.. . Gihon, John L.
II. 56 CoLouR, LAws OF CoNTRAST OF, 1859 . . . . • . . . Chevreul, M. E.
VI. 9 CoLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY, 1900 . . • . . . . . . . . . • • . • Smith, A. E.
II. 60 CoLOURING, ARTISTIC, 1861 . • . • • . . . • • . . . . Wall, Alfred H.
II. 47 CoLOURI!IlG, HARMONious, 1859 . • . • . . . . . . . . Newman, James
II. 46 CoLoURING, HARMONious, 1865 .•••••...•. . Newman, james
II. 48 CoLORING, HARMONious, 1866 . • . . . • . . . • • . NewmaJt, James
II. 51 CoLOURING, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1878 . • . . • . . . . • . . Wake, Joseph
II. 68 CoLOURING PHoTOGRAPHS, 1857 . . . . . . . • . • . • . . Simons, AI. P.
VI. 7 CoLouRs, PHOTOGRAPHY IN, 1900
VI. 5 CoMPETITIVE PAPERs oN PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. 1, Eo. 2,
178 PP. LONDON, 1893
XVI. 54 CoMPOSITION, 1899 . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Do-w,
Arthur W.
XVI. 51 CoMPOSITION IN PAINTING, 1838 . . . . • • . . . . • • . • Burnet, John
XVI. 52 CoMPOSITION IN PAINTING, 1857 •••....•••... . Burnet, john
XVI. 50 CoMPOSITION IN PAINTING, 1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burnet, John
VI. 21 CoNJUGATE Foci, 1895 . . . . • • . • . . . • . . . . • . . • • . Gotz, ]. R.
XV. 87 CoNTRETYPES, LES, 1893 . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . Balagny, George
VIII. 26 (DIE) COPIRVERFAHREN, 1899 .............. . Eder, josef M.
VIII. 23 COPIRVERFAHREN MIT SILBERSALZEN, DIE PHOTOGRAPHISCHEN,
1898 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eder,
Josef M.
VIII. 24 CoPIRVERFAHREN OHNE SILSERSALZEN, 1899 .. Eder, Josef .\f
XVI. 34 CRANIOPHORE FOR USE IN MAKING COMPOSITE PHOTOGRAPHS.
National Academy of Sciences
II. 67 CRAYON PoRTRAITS, 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Barhydt,]. A.
III. 45 CRAYON, PoRTRAITS IN, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Long, E.
III. 44 CRAYON PoRTRAITURE, 1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crocker, ]. B.
XVI. 46 (Le) CURE DE BENIZOU, 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . Cavilly, Georges de
XV. 19-20 CYLINDROGRAPHE, LE, VoL. 2, 1889 . . . . . . . . . . !lfoessard, P.
XV. 113 DAGUERRE, 1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ernouf, Bon
II. 93 (DAS) DAGUERREOTYPE. 49PP. HAMBURG, 1839
II. 79 DAGUERREOTYPE, N. D . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thierry, ].
II. 98 DAGUERREOTYPE, AMERICAN HAND BOOK OF THE, 1853
Humphrey, S.D.
II. 100 DAGUERREOTYPE, AMERICAN HAND BooK OF THE, 1858
Humphrey, S.D.
II. 81 DAGUERREOTYPE ET DIORAMA, N. D ......•...... Daguerre
II. 78 DAGUERREOTYPE ET DIORAMA, 1839 . • . . • • • . . . . • . Daguerre

54
II. 92 DAGUERREOTYPE ET DIORAMA, 1839 . . . . . . . . . . . . • Daguerre
III. 107 DAGUERREOTYPE, DERNIERS PERPECTlONNEMENTS APPOR-
TBS AU, 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • Colas, F.
II. 85 DAGUERREOTYPE, DBRNIERS PERFECTIONNEMENTS APPORTES
AU, N. D . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaudin and Lerebours, N. P.
II. 101 DAGUERREOTYPE OPERATOR, 1854· . . . . . . . . • . . Haley, W. 5.
II. 94 DAGUERREOTYPE, PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE, 1845
II. 86 DAGUERREOTYPES QUI SB FABRIQUENT CHEZ L'INGENIEUR
CHEVALLIER. SPP., ILLUS. PARIS, N. D.
II. 83 DAGUERREOTYPE, RAPPORT SUR LE, 1839 . . . . . . . . . . . . Arago
II. 107 DAGUERREOTYPE, TREATISE oN. PART x, 18so . . Hill, Levi L.
VIII. 19-20 (DIE) DAGUERREOTYPIE, TALBOTYPIE UND NIEPCOTYPIE, 1895
Eder, josef M.
II. 95 DAGUBRRBOTYPIST, DBR VoLLKOMMENB, 1844 . . Albinus, E. F.
II. 90 DAGUBRREOTYP'S, PRAKTISCHB BBSCHREIBUNG DES, 1839
Daguerre
VIII. 65-66 DAGUBRRIAN JouRNAL. VoL. x-2. NBw YoRK, 18so-x85I
II. 87 DAGUERROTIPo, DESCRIZIONE PRAT~CA DEL Nuovo CHIANATO,
IL, I 840 ......................•................ Daguerre
II. 76 (LA) DECOUVERTE DB LA PHOTOGRAPHIB BN 1839, 1892
Mentienne
DEVELOPER. VoL. 1-6. NBw YoRK, x893-1896
VI. 6 DEVELOPMENT, 1896 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . Clark, Lyonel
I. 33 DBVBLOPPATEURS 0RGANIQUBS, 1893 .
Lumiere, Auguste & Lumiere, Louis
XV. 43 DBVELOPPBMENT DB L'IMAGB LATENTE, LE, 1889
Pluvinel, A. de la Baume
XV. 92 DEVBLOPPEMBNT, Tu.ITE PRATIQUE DU, 1889 ... Londe, Albert
v. 22 DIAPOSITIVES, METHODE PRATIQUE POUR L'0BTBNTION DES,
x892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coupe, ]. l'Abbe
XIV. 118 DICTIONARY OF SciENCE, x871 . . . . . . . . . . . . Rodwell, G. F.
IV. 48 DRY PLATE MAKER, THE MoDEL, x887 . . . . . . McDonald, Abel
III. 66 DRY PLATE MAKING FOR AMATEURS, 1886 . . Sinclair, George L.
IV. 39 DaY PLATE PHoToGRAPHY, x882
IV. 22 DRY PLATE PuoTOGRAPHY, 1865 . . . . . . . . . . . . Towler, john
IV. 107 DRY PLATE PHOTOGRAPHY, N. D . . . • . . . . ·warner, Milan P.
IV. 100 DRY PLATE PHOTOGRAPHY IN TwELVE LESSONS, x882
III. 65 DRY PLATES, MODER!ol, x88x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eder, }. M.
Ill. 86 (L')EcLAIRAGE DES PoRTRAITS PHOTOGRAPHIQUBS, 1887
Klary, C.
XV. 16 DUBRONI, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE ET L'APPAREIL, N. D.
Villemin, Charles
XVI. 53 EDUCATION OF THE EYE, x865 ..••......•.. . Burnet, john
I. 50 ELECTRO-DEPOSITION, THEORY AND PRACTICE OF, t8S6
Gore, George
IV. 39 ELEMENTARY COURSE IN DRY PLATE PHOTOGRAPHY. JSPP.
NEw YoRK, x882

55
III. 43 EMAILPHOTOGRAPHIE, I872 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . Marlin,
A.
III. 35 EMAILPHoToGRAPHIE, HANDsucH DER, I88s ...•. . Schwier, R.
III. 37 EMAIL, PHOTOGRAPHIE VITRIFEE SUR, I8go .. . Garin C! Aymard
III. 36 EMAux PHoToGRAPHIQuEs, DEs, 188s . . . . . . . . . . . . Geymet
XV. 2 EMULSION SECHB AU BROMURE D'ARGENT PUR, PHOTO-
GRAPHIE PAR, I877 . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . Chardon, Alfred
XV. 3 EMULSION SENSIBLE: BROMURE D'ARGENT ET GELATINE,
PnoTOGRAPHIE PAR, I 88o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chardcm, Alfred
IV. 128 (L)'EMULSIONE FoTOGRAFICA, 1884 . . . . . . . • . . Gue"ini, C.
III. 15 EMULSIONNES, LES EPRBUVES POSITIVES SUR PAPIERS, 1896
Trutat, Eugene
IV. 102 EMULSIONS, PHOTOGRAPHY WITH, 1886 . . . . . . . . Abney, W. D.
III. 42 ENAMEL, VITRIFIED PHOTOGRAPHS ON, I874
II. 127 ENAMELLING AND RETOUCHING, 1878 . • . . . . . . . . Piquepl, P.
VI. 86 ENCRES GRASSES, IMPRESSIONS PHOTOGRAPHIQUBS AUX, 1892
Trutat, E.
XV. 9 ENCYCLOPBDIE DB LA PHOTOGRAPHIB, N. D . . . . . . . . . . Legros
XV. 173 ENGRAVING, THE ART oF, I841 . . • • . . . . . . . . . . Fielding, T. H.
XV. 109 EsTHETICS OF PHOTOGRAPHY, THE, I88:z ... . Heighway, WiUiam
XV. 71 (L)'ETuDIANT PHOTOGRAPHB, N.D . . . . • • . . . . Chevalier, Arthur
IV. 76 EvENING WoRK. FOR AMATEUR PHoTOGRAPHERS, I89o
Hepworth, T. C.
VI. 21 EXPOSERS, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1885 . . . . . . . . Pickering, WilliamH.
III. 50 EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR PHOTOGRAPHY, N. D.
Mills, Frederick W.
EYE, THE: (WEEKLY) DEVOTED TO PHOTOGRAPHY AND
KINDRED SciENCES. ILLus., VoL. IJ-24. CHICAGO, 1884-1893
VoL. 13-I4-15 IN I VoL. VoL. 21 AND VoL. 13 IN 2 PTS.
v. 25a FARBEN DURCH PHOTOGRAPHIB, DIE DARSTBLLUNG DER
NATURLICHEN, z894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Krone,Hermann
XV. 45 FERNOBJEKTIV, DAS, 1898 . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Schmidt, Hans
II. 140 FERRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS FOR OPAL PRINTING, 1866
Griswold, V. M.
II. 145 FERROTYPE AND How TO MAKE IT, z 87 2 .Estabrooke, Edward M.
II. 156 FERROTYPE AND How TO MAKE IT, 188o
Estabrooke, Edward M.
II. 147 FERROTYPE AND How TO MAKE IT, 1883
Estabrooke, Edward M.
II. 141 FERROTYPE, MANUEL DE, 1891 ... . Gauthier-Villars, Henry
II. 135 FERROTYPER, PRACTICAL, z87:z . . . . . . . . . . Trask, A. K. P.
II. 146 FERROTYPER, PRACTICAL, 187:z . . . . . . . . . . . . . Trask, A. K. P.
II. 138 FERROTYPER's GuiDE. S7PP. NEw YoRK, 1873
II. 139 (LA) FERROTYPIE. PARIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Drouin,
F.
VI. 23 FILMS, Kiesling, Martin
DAs ARBEITEN MIT 1900 . . . . . . . . . .
VI. 2 FLAME, ELECTRICITY AND THE CAMERA, 1900 . . . . . . lles, George
III. 126 FLASH LIGHT, PICTURES BY, 1898 ... . Eastman Kodak Company

s6
XV. 32 FLASH LIGHTS AND How To TAKE THEM, 1891
Bennett, Louis Clarence
XV. 33 FLASH PowDER EXPLOSIONS, 1890 .•. .. Mitchell, Charles L.
XV. 123 Foci, TABLES OF CoNJUGATE, 1885 . . . • . . . . . . . . Gotz, ]. R.
IV. 73 FoRMULAIRE DES NouvEAUTES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, 1896
Brunel, Georges
II. 137 FoTHERGILL's PROCESS, HINTS ON, 186o .....••. . Ackland
VI. 37 LA FoTOCROMATOGRAFIA, 1896 . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . .Sassi, Luigi
IV. 59 FoTOGRAFIA, MANUALE PRATICO DI, 1868 . . Brioschi Gerolamo
VI. 36 FoTOGRAFIA, MANUAL DE, 1862 . • . . . . . . . . Cortecero, jose M.
IV. 2 FoTOGRAFIA, MANUAL DE, 1873 ....•.. . Le Plongeon, Augustus
IV. 121 (LA) FoTOGRAFIA MoDERNA, N.D . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Bettini, U.
IV. 103 FoTOGRAFICO, EL INSTRUCTOR, 1891 ..••... . Adams, W. I. L.
XV. 13 FoTOGRAFO, RICETTARIO DEL, 187 5 . ........... Conti, Pietro
III. 117 GAME, WHERE TO HuNT AMERICAN, 1898
III. 1 GELATINE EMuLsroNPAPIER, 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . just, E. A.
VI. 43 GELATINO-BROMURE, LE PROCEDE AU, 1877 . . . . . . Odagir, H.
VI. 30 GELATINO-BROMURE D'ARGENT, PHOTOGRAPHIE AU, 1888
Egasse, E.
II. 22 GELATINO-BROMURE D'ARGENT, PHOTOGRAPHIE suR PAPIER
NEGATIF PAR L'EMPLOI DE CoucHES DE, 1883. Trutat, Eugene
IV. 61 GLAS UND PAPIER, ErNE ANLEITUNG AUF, 1852 . . . • . Legros
IV. 36 GLASS AND PAPER, PHOTOGRAPHY ON, 1854 . . Long, Charles A.
IV. 37 GLASS AND PAPER, PHOTOGRAPHY ON, 1856 . • Long, Charles A.
XV. 115 GLASS AND PAPER, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL PHOTO-
GRAPHY ON, 1859 . . . . . . . • . • • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gage, F. B.
VI. 10 GLASS BLOWING AND WoRKING, 1898 . . . . . • Bolas, Thomas
VI. 91 GRAPHIC PROCESSES, MoDERN REPRODUCTIVE, 1884
Pettit, james S.
XV. 152 GRAVURE HELIOGRAPHIQUE, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, 1856
Niepce, Nicephore
IV. 119 GROUP OF ENGLISHMEN (1795 to 1815), 1871 .. . Meteyard, Eliza
XI. 140 GuT LICHT; jAHRBUCH UND ALMANACH FUR PHOTOGRAPHEN
UND KuNsTLIEBHABER; HRsG. voN HERMANN ScHNAuss.
VoL. 4., ILLus. DRESDEN, 1899
II. Ill HAND-BOOK OF HELIOGRAPHY. IOOPP. LONDON, 1840
V. 95 HAND CAMERA, THE UsE OF THE, 1898 ...• . Holland, Clive
VI. Ill HARNESSING OF NIAGARA, 1897 .•.... . Gassier's Magazine
IV. 106 HELrocHRoMY, 18 5 6 . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . Hill, L. L.
IV. 105 HELIOCHROMY, PROSPECTus FOR PuBLISHING A WoRK oN,
1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hill,
L. L.
V. 26a HELIOCHROMY, A NEw PRINCIPLE IN, I889.lves, Frederic E.
VI. 89 HELIOGRAPHE, MANUEL DE L'IMPRIMEUR, 1886 .... . Roux, L.
III. 19 HELIOGRAPHIC PRoCESSES, 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . Lietze, Ernst
VI. 93 (DIE) HELIOGRAPHIE, 1878 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Husnik, j.
III. 34 (L') HBLIOGRAPHIE, APPLICATION DE, I8SS
Camarsac, A. Lafon de
57
XV. 172 HBLIOGRAPHIB, HANDBUCH DBR, 1872 .... . Scamoni, Georg
VI. 75 HBLIOGRAPHIQUB, TRAITB PRATIQUE DB GRAVURE, 1886
Roux, V.
II. 111 HELIOGRAPHY, HANDBOOK OF, 1840
XVI. 30 HBLIOTYPB PROCESS, 1876 ............... . Edwards, Ernest
VIII. 70 (L') HISTOIRB NATURBLLB, LA PHOTOGRAPHIB APPLIQUEE A
1884 ...................................... Trutat, M.
II. 30 HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1887 ..........• • Harrison, W. j.
II. 31 HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1888 ........... . Ha"ison, W. j.
II. 34 HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1877 .......... Tissandier, Gaston
Ill. 118 HocHGBBIRG, DIB PHOTOGRAPHIE IM, 1900 .. Terschak, Emil
VI. 60 How TO MAKE PHOTOGRAPHS, 1883 ........... . Roche, T. C.
IV. 79 How TO MAKE PHOTOGRAPHS, 1886 ........... . Roche, T. C.
IV. 96 How TO MAKE PICTURES, 1882 ........... . Price, Henry C.
XV. 116 How TO SIT FOR YOUR, PHoTOGRAPH, x872 .......... . Chip
XVIII. HUMPHREY's JoURNAL OF THE DAGUERREOTYPE AND PHOTO-
GRAPHIC ARTS
VoLs. vm.-xx. 1856-1868
VoL. vm. LACKs No. 23
VoL. x. LACKS Nos. 20 21
AND
VIII. PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, I 900 ............. Stieglitz, Alfred
II. 55 ILLUMINATION ON PAPE~ AND VELLUM . . . . . . . . Bradley, j. W.
VI. 92 ILLUSTRATING BooKs, MoDERN METHODS OF, 1890
Ill. 58 ILLUSTRATION, HANDBOOK oF, N.D . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hinton, A. H.
v. 52 IMAGE, PHOTOGRAPHIC, x891 ........... . Duchochois, P. C.
XV. 153 INDIA, THE PHOTOGRAPHIC AND LITHOGRAPHIC OFFICE OF
THE SuRVEY oF, x89o ............... . Pope, T. Archdale
(FROM THE JoURNAL OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SoCIETY OF INDIA
FOR NovEMBER AND DECEMBER, x89o)
v. 23a INDUSTRIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, x893 ....... . Duchochois, P. C.
XV. 82 lNDUSTRIELLE, TRAITE DE PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1896
Fery, Charles & Burais, A.
XV. 100 lNSTANTANEE, LA PHOTOGRAPH IE, x886 ...... Londe, Albert
XV. 80 INSTANTANEE, LA PHoTOGRAPHIE, x897 ..... ,Londe, Albert
XV. 99 INSTANANTEE, MANUEL PRATIQUE DE PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1887
Agle,A.
XV. 84 INSTRUCTIONS PRATIQUES POUR PRODUIRE DES EPREUVES
IRREPROCHABLES AU PoiNT DE VUE TECHNIQUE ET ARTIS-
x895 ..................••.......... . Mullin, A.
TIQUE,
III. 51 INTERIOR PHOTOGRAPHY, x89o ............... . Mills, F. W.
XVIII. INTERNATIONAL STUDIO. VoL. 6-xJ. NEw YoRK, x899-190o

XV. 110 INTERVENTION DE L'ART DANS LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1864

Evrard, Blanquart
XV. 36 IsoCHROMATIQUE PHOTOGRAPHIE, x882 ........... . Roux, V.
IV. 134 IvoRYTYPING REVEALED, x86o ............. . Simons, M. P.
XVIII. JouRNAL DES SociETES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES. VoL. x. PARIS,
1890
XI. 15-16 JouRNAL OP APPLIED MicRoscoPY. VoL. x-2., ILLus. Ro-
CHESTER, N. Y., x8g8-x899
VII. 52 JouRNAL oP THE CAMERA CLuB. VoL. x, 36IPP., lLLus. NEw
YORK, 1896
XVII. 13G-140 JouRNAL oP THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SociETY oP LoNDoN; CoN-
TAINING THE TRANSACTIONS OP THR SOCIETY AND A GENERAL
RECORD OP PHOTOGRAPHIC ART AND SciENCE. VoL. x-g,
II-U. LONDON, x854-I865, x867-x868.
(FOR CONTINUATION SEE PHOTOGRAPHIC JoURNAL OP GREAT
BRITAIN. 2 CoPIES OP VoL. 4)
XV. 90 JuDICIAIRE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, x8go ... . Bertillon, Alphonse
XV. 133 KINETOGRAPH, KINETOSCOPE AND KINETO-PHONOGRAPH,
HISTORY OP, 1895 ••• • Dickson, W. K. L. C! Dickson, AtJtonia
VI. 33 KNACK OP PICTURE TAKING; INCLUDING THE ADVENTURES,
MISTAKES AND TROUBLES OP PHILIP BRIGHTYOUNGSTER AND
THOMAS TIPTOP. g6PP., N. P., x889
III. 125 KoDAK PoRTFOLIO, x897 ....•••.•.•.....•. . Eastman, Pub.
v. 39 KUNSTLERISCHE PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1895 ..••.•.•. . Raphaels, J.
IV. 54 (DIE) KuNSTLERISCHE PHOTOGRAPHIE, x88g .•. . Schiendl, C.
v. 92 LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY, N. D . . . . . . . • . • . • Otte, Joachim
VI. 16 LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY, 1858 .•.•.•...•. • Otte, Joachim
v. 24b LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY, x888 .•.•.•.•. • Robinson, H. P.
VI. 29 LANDSCHAPTS-PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEITPADEN DER, 1901
Loescher, Fritz
VI. 5 LANTERN AND How TO UsE IT, 1895 .•.•.•.... . Nortm, C. G.
v. 24 LANTERN, BooK OP THE, x8go . . . • . • . . . . . . Hepworth, T. C.
v. 10 LANTERN JouRNEYS, x874 . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilson, Edward L.
v. 11 LANTERN JouRNEYS. VoL. x, x884 . . . . . . Wilson, Edward L.
v. 12 LANTERN JouRNEYS. VoL. 2. x88o . . . . . . Wilson, Edward L.
v. 13 LANTERN JouRNEYS. VoL. 3. x883 .•.•.. Wilson, Edward L.
v. 14 LANTERN JouRNEYS; WoRLD'S FAIR AT NEW ORLEANS, x88s
Wilson, Edward L.
v. 18 LANTERN SLIDE MAKING, x8go . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Burbank, W. H.
v. 4 LANTERN SLIDES BY PHOTOGRAPHIC METHODS, 1890
Pringle, Andrew
v. 9 LANTRRN SLIDEs; How To MAKE AND CoLoR THEM, x895
Elmendorf, D. L.
v. 25 LANTERN SLIDES, How TO 1\lAKE, N. D.... . Coulthurst, S. L.
v. 21 LANTERN SLIDES; How TO MAKE THEM, N. D . . Dresser, A. R.
XVI. 1 LEAP PRINTS, x868 . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . Himes, Charles F.
XV. 125 LENS, THE PRINCIPLES OP A PHOTOGRAPIIIC, N. D.
Beck, R. C! Beck, ].
III. 85 LENS-WORK FOR AMATEURS, N. D . • . . . . . . . . . . Orford, Henry
II. 135 LENSES, CnorcE AND UsE oP PHoTOGRAPHic, 1874
Dallmeyer, ]. H.
XV. 162 LENSES, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1874· ...••.•... . Dallmeyer, J. H.
59
XV. 94 LBNTILLBS BT 0BJBCTIPS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, ETUDE DES. I.
PARTIE, 1889 .•••..•.•.•.•.••••...•••...•. • Moessard, P.
XV. 24 LEVERS PHoTOGRAPHIQUES, LBS •...•.•.... u Bon, Gustaw
XV. 24& LEVERS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, LES .••.••••••... u Bon, Gustaw
III. 96 (DAs) LICHT, 1877 ..•.•••••..••••••.••.•••. . Stein, S. Th.
VI. 83 LICHTDRUCK.S, DAS GESAIUITGBBIET DES, 1880 ..• . Husnik, J.
VI. 81 LICHTDRUCitS, DAS GESAIUITGBBIBT DBS, 1885 .... • Husnik, J.
XVI. 32 LicK. OBSERVATORY. PuBLICATIONS. VoL. 3· SACRAMENTO,
1894
XV. 120 LIGHT, 188o .•••••..•••.••........•.• • Deschanel, A. PrifJat
XV. 134 LIGHT, N. D ••..•.••..••......••..•••..•... • Pepper, J. H.
III. 98 LIGHT: A CoURSE OP ExPERIMENTAL OPTICS, r882
Wright, Lewis
III. 89 LIGHT AND ELECTRICITY, 1871 ......••..•.•. Tyndall, John
XVI. 49 LIGHT AND SHADE IN PRINTING, r886 •.....•. . Burnet, John
XV. 170 LIGHT POR PROCESS WoRK., A NEW .•.. . Penrose Cf Company
(FROM "PRocEss WoRK." OcT. x893.)
XV. 154 LIGHT IN ITS CHEMICAL RELATIONS, RESEARCHES ON, 1854
Hunt, Robert
III. 99 LIGHT, NoTES OF N1~E LECTURES ON, x869 ••.• Tyndall, John
XV. 155 LIGHT, RESEARCHES ON, x 844 . • . . . . • • . . . . . . Hunt, Robert
III. 97 LIGHT, SIX LECTURES ON, 1872-73· ...•...... Tyndall, John
XV. 138 LIGHT, SIX LECTURES ON, x882 .••....•.... Tyndall, John
II. 42 LIGHTING IN PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDIOS, x89o.Duchoclwis, P. C.
XV. 81 LINOTYPIE, LA, 1896 . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . Tranchant, L.
LIVERPOOL Cf MANCHESTER PHOTOGRAPHIC JoURNAL. SEE
BRITISH JoURNAL OF PHOTOGRAPHY
LIVERPOOL PHOTOGRAPHIC JouRNAL. SEE BRITISH JouRNAL
011' PHOTOGRAPHY
III. 124 LIVING PICTURES, 1899 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hopwood, Henry V.
II. 135 LOOitOUT LANDSCAPE PHOTOGRAPHY. 62PP. PHILADEL-
PHIA, 1872
v. 36 LUMIERES ARTIFICIELLES EN PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1893
Fourtier, M. H.
VIII. 72 MAGI.« NATURALIS, 1659 . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Porta, Johannes B.
v. 27a MAGIC LANTERN AND ITS APPLICATION, x886 ... . Laudy, L. H.
v. 3 MAGIC LANTERN JOURNAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC ENLARGER,
ALMANAC AND ANNUAL. 2S6PP., ILLUS. LONDON, I898-
I899
v. 15 MAGIC LANTERN MANUAL, THE, 1878 . . . . . . . . Chadwick, W.].
v. 26 MAGIC LANTERN MANUAL, THE, x886 . . . . . . . . Chadwick, W.].
v. 8 MAGic LANTERNS, x877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wood, A. A.
XV. 34 MAG~EsiUM, THE NEw METAL, 186 5
American Magnesium Company
XVI. 44 MAGNESIUM FLASH-LIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY, 1890
Slingsby, Robert
6o
XV. 48 MAGNESIUMLICHT, PHOTOGRAPHIREN BEI, 1887
Gadicke, j. Cl Miethe, A.
XV. 151 MAPS AND PLANS, THE APPLICATION OF PHOTOGRAPHY TO THE
PRODUCTION OF ••••.••••••...•...•••..... Waterhouse, j.
(IN JouRNAL oF AsiATIC SociETY oF BENGAL. VoL. 47,
PART 2, No. u.)
v. 29 MANIPULATION, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1864 ••..... . Divine,
S. R.
II. 61 MARINE PAINTING IN OIL CoLORS .•••••.•. • Carmichael, j. W.
XVI. 45 MASTERPIECES IN ART: GREEK ScuLPTURE .. Elson, A. W. Ct Co
XVIII. MASTERS IN ART; A SERIES OF ILLUSTRATED MoNOGRAPHS.
VoL. 1-2. BosToN, 19oo-I90I
XIV. 92 MATERIA PHOTOGRAPHICA, 1891. .....•.• . Leaper, Clement j.
XV. 60 MEDECINE, APPLICATIONS DE LA PHOTOGRAPHIE A LA, 1896
Burais, A.
I. 60 MEDICAL STUDENTS MANUAL OF CHEMISTRY, 1893
Witthaus, R. A.
XV. 1 MEMOIRES ET DE PROCEDES NouvEAux CoNCERNANT LA PHo-
TOGRAPHIE SUR PLAQUES METALLIQUES ET SUR PAPIER
Chevalier, Charles
XIV. 72-73 METAL, SUR PAPIER AND SUR VERRE, PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR, 1862
Valicourt, E. de
XV. 111 METAL, VOLLSTANDIGE ANLEITUNG ZUR PHOTOGRAPHIE AUF,
1848 . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . • . . • . . . • . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . Martin, A.
II. 88 METALLIQUES, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR PLAQUES, 1859
Gros, Baron
II. 105 METALLPLATTEN, PHOTOGRAPHIE AUF, 1851 ...•.•. . Beyse, j.
Ill. 121 MICROGRAPHIQUES, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE APPLIQUEE AUX RE-
CHERCHES, 1866 . . . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moitessier, A.
XVI. 5 MICROGRAPHY, PRACTICAL PHOTO-, 1890 . . . . . . Pringle, Andrew
XVI. 3 MICROGRAPHS, PHOTO-, 1883 . . . . . . . . . . Sternberg, George M.
VI. 25 (LA) MICROPHOTOGRAPHIE, 1899 . . • . . . . . . . . . . Monpillard, F.
XVI. 4 MicRoscoPIC OBJECTS, How TO PHOTOGRAPH, N. o.
jennings, I. H.
XVI. 2 (DIE) MIKROPHOTOGRAPHIE, 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . jeserich, Paul
XV. 127 MIKROSKOPISCHEN PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DES, 1868
Reichardt, Oscar Ct Sturenberg, Carl
XVI. 6 MIKROSKOPISCHER FORSCHUNG, DIE PHOTOGRAPHIEALS HULFS-
MITTEL, 1863 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • Gerlach, j.
II. 50 MINIATURE PAINTING, 1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Day, Charles W.
III. 41 MINIATURE, PHOTOGRAPHIQUE, 1894 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Karl, Van
II. 91 MIRROR OF LITERATURE, AMUSEMENT AND INSTRUCTION,
APRIL 39, 1839; MAY 18, 1839
VI. 92 MoDERN METHODS OF ILLUSTRATING BooKs. Eo. J, 247PP.
LONDON, 1890
I. 1-5 MODERN PAINTERS. VoL. 1-5, N. D ••.•••.•. . Ruskin, john
61
II. 124 MODERN PRACTICE OP RETOUCHING AS PRACTICED BY M.
PIQUBPB AND OTHER EXPERTS. Eo. 2, 39PP. Nsw YoRK,
1Ss 5
XV. 160 MoMBNT-PHoTOGRAPHIE, DIE, 1886 ...•.. . Eder, Josef Maria
XVI. 40 'MoNGST MINES AND MINERS, 1893
Bu"ow, J. C. Cf Thomas, William
III. 119 MoNTAGNE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIB EN, 1894 .•... Trutat, Eugene
VI. 5 F. C.
MouNTS AND FRAMES, x898 . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . • Lambert,
XV. 122 MouvBMENT, LA PHOTOGRAPHIB ou, x896 .... Vitoux, Georges
VI. 102 NATURALISTS, PHOTOGRAPHY POR, 1901 •.. . English, Douglas
VI. 106 NATURE STUDIES IN BERKSHIRE, 1899 .•.••. . Adams, John C.
IV. 52 NEGATIVE AND PosiTIVE PRoCESSES ON GLASS AND PAPER,
1857 .•••.•••.•.•...............•... . Moulton, H. D. W.
IV. 20 NEGATIVE AND THE PRINT, 1866 ....••••.... Towler, John
IV. 21 NEGATIVE AND THE PRINT, 187o . . . . . • . . • • . . . . Towler, John
XV. 68 NEGATIVE MAKING, 1887 ..•.....•...•..• • Abney, W. de W.
PHOTOGRAPHIC PRIMERS, No. I
VI. 8 NEGATIVE, PBRPBCT, I899· • . • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . . . Lambert, F. c.
v. 22a NEGATIVE, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1888 . . . • . . . . . . . . Burbank, W. H
VIII. 19-20 NEGATIV-VBRPAHREN, EINLEITUNG IN DIE, 1895. Eder, Josef.M.
II. 77 NIBPCE, INVENTEUR DB LA PHOTOGRAPHIB, NICBPHORE, I88S
Davanne, A.
XV. 113 NIBPCB, NICBPHORB, 1877 .•.•.•.•.•••••••.•• . Ernouf, Bon
II. 89 NIBPCB, NICBPHORB, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . . Fouqub, Victor
v. 67 NoTES ON PHOTOGRAPHY, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Williams, Arthur
XV. 135 NoTES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, x886 ........•••.. Schaeffner, .4nt.
XV. 161 (L') 0BJECTIP PHOTOGRAPHIQUB, TRAITS ELBMBNTAIRE DE.
1891 . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Wallon, E,
XV. 126 0BJECTIPS PHOTOGRAPHIQUBS, CHOIX ET USAGE DES, N. D.
WaUon, E.
v. 5 OPTICAL LANTERN, x89o . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Pringle, Andrew
v. 1 OPTICAL MAGIC LANTERN; JoURNAL AND PHOTOGRAPHIC
ENLARGER. VoL. s. u6PP., ILLUS. LoNDON, x894
III. 84 OPTICS, 18so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chambers, W. (!f Chambers, R.
III. 81 OPTICS, CONTRIBUTIONS TO PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1900
Lummer, Otto
III. 82 OPTICS OP PHOTOGRAPHY, 1892 . . . . . . . . . • . . Taylor, J. Traill
III. 88 OPTICS, TREATISE ON, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nugent,
E.
III. 91 OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burton,
W. K.
III. 83 OPTICS, TREATISE ON PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1899 ..... . Cole, R. S.
III. 87 OPTICS, PHOTOGRAPHIC, x867 . . . . . . . . . . Monckhoven, D. van
VIII. 71 0PTIK, HANDBUCH DER PHYSIOLOGISCHEN, 1896
Helmholtz, H. von
III. 92 0PTIK, PHOTOGRAPHISCHE, 1891 . . . . . . . . Haschek, Anton M.
VI. 101 OuR RARER BRITISH BREEDING BIRDS, 1899 . . KeartmJ, Richard
II. 16 OxYMEL PRocEss, x8s6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Delamotte, Philip H.
III. 32 OzoTYPE, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manly, Thomas

62
XI. 145 PACIFIC CoAsT PHOTOGRAPHER. VoL. 2, ILLus., PHoTo.
SAN FRANCISCO, I893
VI. 21 PAGET LATERN PLATES, N. D . • . . . • . . • • . . . . . . . . Fry,
S. H.
II. 63 PAINT PHOTOGRAPHS, How TO, 187o ..... . Ayres, George B.
II. 62 PAINT PHOTOGRAPHS, How TO, 187I . . . . . . . . Ayres, George B.
II. 49 PAINTING ON GLAss, TRANSPARENT, t856 ... . Groom, Edward
II. 64 PAINTING PHOTOGRAPHIC PoRTRAITS . . . . . . . . Rintoul, A. N.
II. 66 PAINTING PHOTOGRAPHIC PoRTRAITS . . . . . . . . Rintoul, A. N.
II. 19 PANNOTYPISTEN, HANDBUCH DES, 1859· .••...... Weiske, A.
II. 75 PANORAMAS ET DES DIORAMAS, ESSAI SUR L'HISTOIRE DES,
1891 . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bapst, Germain
III. 11 PAPIER ALBUMINE, N. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Mathet, L.
XIV. 74 PAPIER ET suR VERRE; SuPPLEMENT, PHOTOGRAPHIE suR,
1883 • • . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . Huberson, G.
II. 25 PAPIER, PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR, 1851 ....• . Blanquart-Evrard
II. 23 PAPIER, PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR, 1847 . • . . . . . . . . Guillot-Saguez
II. 150 PAPER, TREATISE ON, 1886 . . . . . • . • . . . . Parkinson, Richard
VI. 21 PARIS EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE INTERNATIONALE DE t88g.
CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DE PHOTOGRAPHIE.
PROCES-VERBAUX ET RESOLUTIONS. 7IPP. PARIS, t88g
XIV. 85-88 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS: ABRIDGMENTS OF SPECIFICATIONS
RELATING To PHoToGRAPHY. GREAT BRITAIN, t86t-Iss 5
Contmissioners of Patents
XIV. 12Q-123 PATENTS, United States Patent Office
PHOTOGRAPHIC . . . . . .
XV. 40 PEINTURE ET DoRURE SUR VERRE,TRAITE PRATIQUE Godard, E.
II. 24 PELLICULAIRES, PHOTOGRAPHIE PAR LES PROCEDES, 1889
Balagny, George
XV. 86 PERSPECTIVE EN PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, 1895 . . . . • . Colson, R.
XV. 28 PETITS CLICHES ET GRANDES EPREUVES, t8g8
Berllard, ]. & Touchebeuf, L.
XVII. 1-40 PHILADELPHIA PHOTOGRAPHER, SEE WILSON'S PHOTOGRAPHIC
MAGAZINE
XIV. 116 PHILADELPHIA'S SHARE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PHOTO-
GRAFUY, I 893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sachse, Julius F.
XI. 180 (THE} PHoTo ERA; A MoNTHlY MAGAZINE DEVOTED TO
ARTISTIC PHoTOGRAPHY. VoL. 1-2., lLLlTS. BosTON,
1898-1899
XIII. 33-15 PHoTo-AMERICAN. VoL. 3-7., ILLus. NEw YoRK, t8gt-
t896
VoL. 1-2 ISSUED AS THE PHOTOGRAPHIC HERALD
III. 29 PHOTO-AQUATINT, 1898 . . . . . . . . . . Maskell, A.(!! Demachy, R.
VI. 11 PHOTO-AQUATINT AND PHOTOGRAVURE, 1897 . . Huson, Thomas
XII. 48-57 PnoTo-BEACON. VoL. I-to. CHICAGO, t889-1892
VI. 19 PHoTO-BEACON SouvENIR; CHICAGO PHOTOGRAPHIC SALON,
ART INSTITUTE, NINETEEN HUNDRED. PLATES
VI. 20 PHOTO-BEACON SouvENIR; CmcAGO PHOTOGRAPHIC SALON,
ART INSTITUTE, NINETEEN HUNDRED AND ONE. PLATES
XI. 117 PHoTo-coMIC ALLMYitNACit. ILLus •.•• • A..Mr.sma, Elbwl, Ed.
XI. 91-98 PHoTo-cLuB DB PARIS; 0RGANB OPPICIBL DB LA SociBTB.
VoL. 1-8., PARIS, I891-1898
ILLus.
XV. 174 PHOTO-ENGRAVING, 1886 ................ Wilkimma, W. T.
XV. 175 PHOTO-ENGRAVING, THB GRAMMAR or, 1893 . . FarqtUw.r, H. D.
VI. 71 PHOTO-ENGRAVING, THB GRAMMAR or, 1898 . . FarqtUw.r, H. D.
VI. 72 PHOTO-ENGRAVING AND ZINC ETCHING PROCESSES, I888
Leslie, AJ.xa..Mr, F. W.
VI. 70 PHOTO-ENGRAVING, PHOTO-ETCHING AND PHOTO-LITHOGRAPHY,
1883 ................................. Wilkin.sma, W. T.
XV. 177 PHOTO-BSGRAVISG, PHOTO-ETCHING AND PHOTO-LITOGRAPRY
1886 ........ Wilkinson, W. T.
IN LJNB ASD HALP-TOSB,
XVIII. (LE) PHoTO-JOURNAL. 1. PARIS, 1891
VoL.
III. 70 PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY, 1890 .............. . Pringle, AndrftV
VIII. 13 PHOTOCHBMIB UND PHOTOGRAPHIB, GBSCHICRTB DBR, 1891
Eder, J o.sef M.
XV. 83 PHOTOCHROME, MANUEL DB, I89S ............. . Berlier, A.
XV. 14 PaoTOCHROMoscoPB, HANDBOOK TO THE . • lves, Frederic E.
XVI. 31 PHOTOCHRONOGRAPH, I8QI ... . Georgetown College Obsnvatory
IV. 44 PUOTOGBNIC MANIPULATION; PART I, I8so.Bingham,RoberlJ.
IV. 4.") PHoTOGENIC MANIPULATION; PART I., I854.Bingham, Robert J.
II. 112 PHOTOGENIC MANIPULATION, 1845 ..... . Fisher, George T.
XII. 6-12 PHOTOGRAM. VoL. 1-7. LoNDON, 1894-1900
XV. 52 PHOTOGRAMMETRIE ODER BILDMBSSitUNST, DIE, 1889.Koppe, C.
XV. 29 PHOTOGRAMMBTRIE, SOMMAIRB DB,1894 ....... . Legros, V.
X. 55-61 PHOTOGRAMS OP '95-'01. I895-1901
LONDON,
II. 18 PHOTOGRAPH AND AMBROTYPB MANUAL, 18s9.Burgess, N. G.
IV. 29 PHOTOGRAPH MANUAL, 1882 ............... . Burgess, N. G.
XV. 159 PHOTOGRAPH MANUAL, THE, 1865 ......... . Burgess, N. G.
XI. 130 PHOTOGRAPHE-AMATEUR, ALMANACH DU. ILLUS. PARIS,
1898
XV. 103 PHoToGRAPHE-AMATEUR, GumE PRATIQUE DB, 188s. Vieulle, G.
IV. 40 PHoTOGRAPHE-AMATEUR, MANUEL PRATIQUE DU, N. D.
Tranchanl, L.
XV. 18 PHOTOGRAPHEN, DER APPARAT DES, 1859 ... . Krager, Julius
VI. 42 PHOTOGRAPIIEN, VADEMECUM DES PRAitTJSCHEN, I8S7
Krager, Julius
IV. 3 PHOTOGRAPHEN, VADEMECUM DES PRAJtTISCHBN, 1858
Krager, Julius
XI. 128 PHOTOGRAPHER ALMANAC, THE NBW PRACTICAL. ILLUS.
ST. Lours, 1879
XV. 118 PHOTOGRAPHERS AND PHOTOGRAPHY, ABOUT
Pritclwrd, H. Ba.dm
XIV. 100 PHOTOGRAPHER's BooK or PRACTICAL FoRMUL..tt, 1888
Holmes, W. D. Cf Griswold, E. P.
XI. 123-124 PHOTOGRAPHER'S FRIEND, ALMANAC AND AMERICAN YBAR
BoOJt OF PHOTOGRAPHY. BALTIMORE, !872-1873
64

·--
v. 96 PHOTOGRAPHER's GuiDE, 1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Towler, John
XIV. 111 PHOTOGRAPHER'S INDISPENSABLE HANDBOOK, 1887
Welford, Walter D.
VI. 6 PHOTOGRAPHER's NoTE-BOOK, 1897 . . . . . . . . . . Lambert, F. C.
XIV. 98 PHOTOGRAPHER'S POCKET REFERENCE-BOOK AND DICTIONARY,
1873 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . • Vogel,
Hermann
IV. 98 PHOTOGRAPHIC AMATEUR, 1881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Taylor,]. T.
IV. 99 PHOTOGRAPHIC AMATEUR, 1883 . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . Taylor, ]. T.
XVI. 61-66 PHoTOGRAPHIC AND FINE ART JouRNAL. VoL. 7-12. NEw
YoRK, I854-1859
IV. 4 PHOTOGRAPHIC ART, 1859 . . . . . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . Sparling, M.
IV. 126 PHOTOGRAPHIC ART, 186o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sparling, M.
XIV. 95 PHOTOGRAPHIC ART, DICTIONARY OF, 1854 .. . Snelling, H. H.
XVII. 25Q-255 PHOTOGRAPHIC ART JouRNAL. VoL. 1-6., !LLus. NEw YoRK,
I85I-1853
XVI. 80 PHoToGRAPHIC ART JouRNAL. 64PP., ILLus. LoNDON, 187o
XVI. 85 PHOTOGRAPHIC ART JouRNAL. VoL. 3·· lLLus. LoNDON,
1889-1890
PHoTOGRAPHIC GLOBE. VoL. 1. NEw YoRK, 189o-1891
v. 94 PHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE, 1891 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duchochois, P. C.
IV. 33 PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTION TEXT, 1900 . . Paltridge, George H.
IV. 95 PHOTOGRAPHIC INSTRUCTOR, 1888 . . . . . . . . . Adams, W. I. L.
XVII. 155-167 PHOTOGRAPHIC JoURNAL; INCLUDING THE TRANSACTIONS OF
THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SociETY OF GREAT BRITAIN. NEw
SERIES. VoL. s-q. LONDON, !881-1893
FoR CONTINUATION SEE PHOTOGRAPHIC JoURNAL OF ROYAL
PHoTOGRAPHIC SociETY oF GREAT BRITAIN
XVII. 169-171 PHOTOGRAPHIC JoURNAL; INCLUDING TRANSACTIONS OF THE
173 RoYAL SociETY oF GREAT BRITAIN. VoL. 19,21-23. LoN-
DON, 1895, 1897-1899
PHOTOGRAPHIC JouRNAL: SEE BRITISH JouRNAL OF PHoTo-
GRAPHY
IV. 26 PHOTOGRAPHIC MANIPULATION, 1864 . . . . . . . . . . Divine, S. R.
IV. 27 PHOTOGRAPHIC MANIPULATION, 1865 . . . . . . . . . . Divine, S. R.
IV. 131 PHOTOGRAPHIC MANIPULATION, 1858 . . • . . . . . . . . .. Price, Lake
IV. 132 PHOTOGRAPHIC MANIPULATION, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . .. Price, Lake
IX. 35-69 PHOTOGRAPHIC MosAics. PHILADELPHIA, 1866-1901
Edward L. Wilson, Ed.
XII. 66-83 PHOTOGRAPHIC NEWS: A WEEKLY RECORD OF THE PROGRESS
oF PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. 1-18. LoNDON, 1859-I875
XIII. 1-14, 18, PHOTOGRAPHIC NEws: A WEEKLY RECORD OF THE PROGRESS
2Q-21 OF PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. 19-32, 36, 38-39, 41-43. LoN-
23-25 DON, I8 75 -1888, 1892, I894-1895, 1897-1899
XVII. 220 PnoTOGRAPHIC NoTES: JouRNAL OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC
SociETY oF ScoTLAND AND oF THE MANCHESTER PHoTo-
GRAPHIC SociETY. VoL. 1, 1856
XVII. 221-224 PHOTOGRAPHIC NoTES: JouRNAL oP THE BIRMINGHAM PHOTo-
GRAPHIC SociETY. VoL., 2-5, x857-186o CoNTINUATION oP
ABOVE
XVII. 225-229 PHOTOGRAPHIC NoTEs: VoL. 6-13, r86x-x868; VoL. 13 ceases
WITH ISSUE OP FEB. I, 1868. CONTINUATION OP ABOVE
IV. 64 PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES, N. D . . . . . . . . . . Croucher, John H.
II. 16 PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES, PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR, N. D.
Heimsch, Charles
V. 77 PHOTOGRAPHIC PLEASURES, 1859 . . . . . . . . . . . . Bede, Cuthb(Tt
v. 77a PHOTOGRAPHIC PLEASURES, N. o . . . . . . . . • • . . Bede, Cuthbert
v. 77b PHOTOGRAPHIC PLEASURES, x862 . . . . . . . . . . • . . Bede, Cuthbert
IV. 46 PHOTOGRAPHIC PRIMER, 1854· ••••....•.... • Cundall, joseph
XI. 168 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD, 1894
Manchester Amateur Photographic Society
XIV 101 PHoToGRAPHIC REFERENCE BooK, N. o .....• Watts, W. A.
II. 113 PHOTOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES AND MANIPULATIONS, 1851
Hill, L. L.
II. 114 PHOTOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES AND MANIPULATIONS, 1854
Hill, L. L.
IV. 111 PHOTOGRAPHIC RESEARCHES, 1855 .... . Niepce de Saint-Victor
XVI. 100 PHOTOGRAPHIC SociETY OF INDIA, JouRNAL. VoL. s-7· CAL-
CUTTA, 1892-1894
XVI. 104 PHoTOGRAPHIC SociETY oF INDIA, JouRNAL. VoL. n. CAL-
cuTTA, 1898
VII. 53 PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA, HISTORY OP, 1884
Browne, john C.
XVIII. 55-95 PHoToGRAPHIC TIMES. VoL. 1-33., ILLus. NEw YoRK,
1871-1901
XVI. 28-29 PHOTOGRAPHIC TIMES. VoL. 2-3. LoNDON, x861-I863
PHOTOGRAPHIC TIMES ALMANAC. SEE AMERICAN ANNUAL OF
PHOTOGRAPHY
XII. 1-2 PHoTOGRAPHIC WoRK. VoL. 1-2. LoNDON, 1892-1893
XVII. 210-211 PHOTOGRAPHIC WoRLD: Eo. BY EDWARD WILSON. ILLus.
PHoTo. VoL. 1-2. PHILADELPHIA, 1871-1872
XIV. 103 PHOTOGRAPHICS, x883 . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wilson, Edward L.
XV. 70 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA. 31PP., ILLUS. PARIS, N. D.
XV. 50 PHoToGRAPHIE, LA, 1863 . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Blanchere, H. de la
v. 35 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, N. o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blanquart-Eward
XV. 73 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, 1889 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Buguet, Abel
VI. 50-51 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, x886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Davanne, A.
IV. 109 PHOTOGRAPHIE, DIE, 1895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Hertzka, Adolf
IV. 57 PHOTOGRAPHIE, DIE, x876 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kruger, julius
XV. 23 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, 1888 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lejet!Te, julien
IV. 74 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, 1862 . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . Mayer Cf Pierson
XV. 128-129 PHOTOGRAPHIE, DIE, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . Moitessier, A.
VI. 39 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, x882 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tissandier, Gaston
IV. 93 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA, 1878 •.•.......•....••••.••. Vogel, H.

66
XI. 135-136 PHOTOGRAPHIE, AmE-MEMOIRE DE. VoL. 22-23, x897-r898
Societe Photographic de Toulouse
XV. 53 PHOTOGRAPHIE ANIMEE, LA, 1899 ........... Trutat, Eugene
XVI. 47 (LA) PHOTOGRAPHIE ARTISTIQUE, x896 ............ Puyo, C.
VI. 56-57 PHOTOGRAPHIE, AUSFUEHRLICHES HANDBUCH DER, x884
Eder, Josef M.
VIII. 15 (DIE) PHOTOGRAPHIE BEl KUENSTLICHEM LICHT, x891
Eder, josef M.
XV. 41 PHoToGRAPHIE, CE Qu'IL FAUT SAvorR POUR REussiR EN,
x894 ................................... . Courreges, A.
XV. 38 PHOTOGRAPHIE D.~NS LES ARTS, LES SCIENCES ET L'INDUS-
TRIE, x888 ............................. . Londe, Albert
XV. 97 PUOTOGRAPHIE DECORATIV~, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, x887
Roux, V.
IV. 58 PHOTOGRAPHIE DER NEUZEIT, x884 ....... . Kruger, julius
XV. 102 PaoTOGRAPHIE DES DEBUT ANTS, LA, x886 ...... Vidal, Leon
XV. 79 PHOTOGRAPH IE DES PEINTRES, DES VoyAGEURS ET DES
TouRISTES, LA, x879 .................... . Pekgry, Arsene
XV. 105 PHOTOGRAPHIE DES PEINTRES, DES VoYAGEURS ET DES TouR-
ISTES, LA, 1879 .......................... . Pekgr)', Arsene
XIV. 115 PHOTOGRAPHIE, DICTIONNAIRE SYNONYMIQUE, 1895
GuerronJlan, Anthony
IV. 60 PHOTOGRAPHIE, DISSERTATIONS SUR LA, x864.Ken, Akxandre
IV. 41 PaoTOGRAPHIE FUER ANFAENGER, x887 ..... . Pizzighelli, G.
IV. 108 PHOTOGRAPHIE, GUIDE nu, r854. Chevalier, Charles, Ct Others
VIII. 9-12 PaoTOGRAPHIE, HANDBUCH DER, x89o-x897 ... Vogel, H. W.
XV. 35 PHOTOGRAPHIE LA NuiT, LA, r893 ....... . Mendoza, Marco
VI. 54 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DER, x867 ...... Vogel, Hermann
IV. 117 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEHBBUCH DER, 1870 ...... Vogel, Herman"
VI. 55 PaoTOGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DER, 1878 ...... Vogel, Hermann
XV. 7 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DER PRAKTISCHEN, N. D.
Miethe, Adolf
IV. 104 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LEHRBUCH DER PRAKTISCHEN, 1896
Miethe, Adolf
XV. 67 PaoTOGRAPHIE, MANUEL DE, 1859 ........... . Robiquet, E.
IV. 118 PHOTOGRAPHIE, NEUESTES REPERTORIUM DER GESAMMTEN,
x8s6 ...................................... . Martin, A.
IV. 110 PHOTOGRAPH IE, LE PASSE, LE PRESENT ET L' A VENIR DE, N. D.
Alophe,M.
XV. 8 PHOTOGRAPHIE POUR Tous, LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Derosne, Ch.
IV. 112 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA PRATIQuE" EN, N. D ... . Dillaye, Fr~deric
XV. 96 PHOTOGRAPHIE PRATIQUE, LA, 1887 ............. . joly, E.
XV. 106 PHOTOGRAPHIE, PREMIERES LECONS DE, 1874
Chaumeux, L. Perrot de
IV. 120 PHOTOGRAPHIE RATIONNELLE, x862 .............. Belloc, A.
XIV. 112 PHOTOGRAPHIE, REPERTOIRE ENCYCLOPEDIQUE DE, N. D.
La Blanchere, H. de
XIV. 75 PHOTOGRAPHIE, REPERTOIRE GENERAL DE, I8S8
Latreille, Edott.ard de
XV. 51 PHOTOGRAPHIE SANS APPAREILS, LA, 1886 . . . . . . Boudet, M.
XV. 25 PHOTOGRAPHIE SANS LABORATOIRE, LA, I886
Dumoulin, Eugene
XV. 78 PHoTOGRAPHIE sANs MAITRE, LA, r89o .. Dumoulin, Eugene
XV. 98 PHOTOGRAPHIE SANS 0BJECTIP, LA, 1887 . . . . . . . . Colson, R.
IV. 125 PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR PAPIER ET SUR VERRE, N. D.
Le Gray, Gustave
XV. 12 PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR PAPIER HUMIDE ET SUR PAPIER SEC., I8S4
Tillard, Ferdinand
IV. 124 PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR VERRE, 1852 . . . . . . . . • . . . Couppier, Jules
VI. 34 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TASCHENBUCH DER PRAKTISCHEN, 1896
Vogel, E.
IV. 113 PHOTOGRAPHIE, LA THEORIE, LA PRATIQUE ET L'ART EN, N.D.
Dillaye, Frederic
XV. 69 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE DE, N. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dupont,
j.
XV. 95 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE ELEMENTAIRE DE, 1887 . . Martens, j.
VIII. 52-53 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE ENCYCLOPEDIQUE DE, 1889
Fabre, Charles
IV. 129 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE GENERAL DE, I8S6
Monckhoven, D. van
IV. 129a PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE GENERAL DE, 1865
Monckhoven, D. van
IV. 130 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE GENERAL DE, 1865. Monckhoven, D. van
II. 80 PHOTOGRAPHIE, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, 1844 ... . Gaudin, M.A.
XV. 66 PHoToGRAPHIE, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, 1887. Masselin, Amedee
IV. 114 PHOTOGRAPH IKON, 1864 . . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . Heinlein, Heinrich
XV. 136 PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, LA THEORIE DES PROCEDES
Pluvinel, A. de la Baume
II. 82 PHOTOGRAPHIREN, VOLLSTANDIG ANWEISUNG ZUM, 1844
Sallzer, Victor
XVII. 240-242 PHoTOGRAPHISCHE MoNATSHEFTE; HRSG. voN. FR. BoLLM\NN.
VoL. 1-6. BRAUNSCHWEIG, J862-J865. (2 VoLs. IN I )
VIII. 16 (DIE) PnoTOGRAPHISCHEN OnJECTIV, 1891 ... Eder, Josef M.
XV. 64 PHOTOGRAPH!SCHES FEHLERBUCH. I THEIL, 1895
Schmidt, F.
XI. 23-30 PHOTOGRAPHISCHES JoURNAL; VoL. s-2o.LEIPZIG, I8s6-J86J.
Ed. by Wilhelm Horn
XIV. 99 PHOTOGRAPHISCHES LEXIKON, 1864 . . . . . . . . Schnauss, jttlius
XIV. 113 PHOTOGRAPHISCHES TASCHEN-LEXIKON, 1893 .Schnauss, julius
III 16 PHOTOGRAPHS IN PIGMENTS, r867 ... . Simps01~, G. Wharton
XV. 176 PHOTOGRAVURE, r895 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Blaney,Henry R·
VI. 73 (LA) PHOTOGRAVURE EN RELIEF ET EN CREUX, I892
Vidal, Leon
VI. 78 (LA) PHOTOGRAVURE FACILE ET A BoN MARCHE, I889
Ferret,].
68
VI. 47 PHOTOGRAVURE, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, 1900 .... Vidal, Leon
XVIII. PHOTOGRAPHY. VoL. 1. CHICAGO, I884
VII. 21-33 PHOTOGRAPHY; THE jOURNAL OF THE AMATEUR, THE PRO-
FESSION AND THE TRADE. VoL. I-I 1. LoNDON, 1888-I901
IV. 10 PHOTOGRAPHY, I876 ............................... •4bney
IV. 13 PHOTOGRAPHY, 1884 ................... .. Abney, W. deW.
IV. 14 PHOTOGRAPHY, I885 .................... . Abney, W. de W.
v. 83 PHOTOGRAPHY, 1898 ....................... . Blake, A. H.
VI. 33 PHOTOGRAPHY, 1892 ......................... Brothers, A.
VI. 59 PHOTOGRAPHY, 1847 ....................... . Ellis, Joseph
IV. 122 PHOTOGRAPHY, 1886 ......... . Heath, A. S. Ct Heath, A. H.
XV. 146 PHOTOGRAPHY, I852 ....................... . Hunt, Robert
IV. 56 PHOTOGRAPHY. A B c OF MODERN. N. D.
London Stereoscopic Ct Photographic Co.
IV. 71 PHOTOGRAPHY AD.\PTED TO AMATEUR PRACTICE, 18s8
Coale, George B.
IV. 34 PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR, I893 ......... . Adams, W. I. L.
VI. 58 PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR, I884 ............ Tapley, D. J.
v. 89 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE AMATEUR'S FIRST HANDBOOK, I887
Ellerbeck, ]. H. T.
IV. 50 PHOTOGRAPHY, AMATEUR'S MANUAL OF, 1890
Cushing, William
v. 99 PHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOGRAPHERS, ABOUT, 1883
Pritchard, H. Baden
X. 21-29 PHOTOGRAPHY ANNUAL, 1891-1899
XV. 91 PHOTOGRAPHIE APPLIQUEE AU DESSIN lNDUSTRIEL, TRAITE
PRATIQUE DE, 1890 ................. . Masselin, Amedee
IV. 69 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE ART OF, 1854
Halleur, G. C. H. Ct Schubert, F.
II. 97 PHOTOGRAPHY, ART OF, 1849 ......... . Snelling, Henry H.
II. 99 PHOTOGRAPHY, ART OF, 1853 ......... . Snelling, Henry H.
VIII. 50 PHOTOGRAPHY AS A FINE ART, 1901 ..... . Gaffin, Charles H.
IV. 66 PHOTOGRAPHY, BEGINNER's GuiDE TO, N. D.
v. 93 PHOTOGRAPHY, BEGINNER'S GUIDE TO, N. D.
Fellow of the Chemical Society, A.
IV. 68 PHOTOGRAPHY, A CoMPENDIUM OF, N. D •. . Cox, Frederick J.
VI. 5 PHoTOGRAPHY, CoMPETITIVE PAPERS oN, 1893
XIV. 105 PHOTOGRAPHY, CYCLOP.tEDIC, 1894 ...... Wilson, Edward L.
XIV. 91 PHOTOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY OF, 1858 ..... . Sutton, Thomas
XIV. 90 PHOTOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY OF, 1867
Sutto", Thomas Ct Dawson, George
XIV. 96 PHOTOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY OF, 1889 ..••..... : Wall. E. ].
XIV. 114 PHOTOGRAPHY, J?ICTIONARY OF, 1889 .......... Wall, E. J.
XIV. 94 PHOTOGRAPHY, DICTIONARY OF, I897 .......... Wall, E. ].
v. 84 PHOTOGRAPHY, EARLY WoRK IN, N. D ... Henry, W. Ethelbert
VI. 4 PHOTOGRAPHY, ELEMENTARY, 1897. . . . .. . Hodges, John A.
XIV. 97 PHOTOGRAPHY, ENCYCLOPA!:DIA OF, 1892 .. Woodbury, Wulter E.

69
XIV. 110 PHOTOGRAPHY, ENCYCLOPAtDIC DICTIONARY OP, 1898
Woodbury, Walter E.
IV. 24 PHoTOGRAPHY, THE EvoLUTION OP, 18go .•.•.. Werge, john
VI. 4 PHOTOGRAPHY, EXPERIMENTAL, 1898 ••••.•• . Leaper, C. j.
IV. 53 PHOTOGRAPHY FAMILIARLY EXPLAINED, 1866 • . Hughes, }abe•
IV. 97 PHOTOGRAPHY, FIRST LESSONS IN AMATEUR, I88S
Spaulding, Randall
IV. 65 PHOTOGRAPHY FoR ALL, 1888 .•.•.•...•. • Ha"ison, W. j.
XV. 15 PHOTOGRAPHY FOR AMATEURS, N. D ....••• . Hepworth, T. C.
VI. 35 PHOTOGRAPHY FOR AMATEURS, 1884 . . . . . • . . Hepworth, T. C.
IV. 84 PHOTOGRAPHY FOR THE MANY, N. D . . . . . Copland, Edward A.
v. 41 PHOTOGRAPHY FOR THE PRESS. 48PP., ILLUS. LONDON, 1901
XV. 117 PHOTOGRAPHY, A GUIDE TO, 1845 . • . . . . Thornthwaiu, W. H.
II. 12 PHoToGRAPHY, A GuiDE To, 1856 . . . . . . Thornthwaiu, W. H.
II. 16 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE HANDBOOK OP, 1853 . . Collins, Charles
v. 61 PHOTOGRAPHY, HISTORY AND PRACTICE OF THE ART OP, 1853
Snelling, Henry H.
VI. 7 PHOTOGRAPHY IN CoLouRs. 34JPP., ILLus. LONDON, 1900
CoNTENTs:
BOLAS, THOMAS, HELIOCHROMY
TALLENT, ALEXANDER, A. K., TRI-COLOUR PHOTOGRAPHY
SENIOR, EDGAR, LIPPMANN's PRocEss oP INTERFERENCE
HELIOCHROMY
V. 54 PHoToGRAPHY IN A NuT SHELL, 18s8 . . . . . • . . . • Simons, M P.
V. 90 PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE STUDIO AND IN THE FJELD, 1887
Estabrooke, E. M.
V. 82 PHOTOGRAPHY, INDOORS AND OuT, 1894 . . Black, Alexander
IV. 11 PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUCTION IN, 1874 ..•• . Abney, W. de W.
IV. 12 PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUCTION IN, 1879 . . . . .• Abney, W. deW.
V. 80 PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUCTION IN, 1886 •••. • Abney, W. deW.
VI. 32 PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUCTION IN, 1886 ••..• . Abney, W. deW.
V. 81 PHOTOGRAPHY, INSTRUCTION IN, 1900
Abney, Sir William deW.
IV. 28 PHOTOGRAPHY: ITs CHEMISTRY AND MANIPULATIONS, 186o
Hockin,]. B.
V. 71 PHOTOGRAPHY: ITs HISTORY, PROCESSES AND MATERIALS, 1892
Brothers, A.
V. 72 PHOTOGRAPHY: ITs HISTORY, PROCESSES, APPARATUS AND
MATERIALS, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . • • Brothers,
A.
IV. 35 PHoTOGRAPHY, MANUAL oF, 1873 ..••••... . Dawson, George
XV. 157 PHoToGRAPHY, A MANUAL oF, 1853 . . . • . . . . • . Hunt, Robert
V. 33 PHOTOGRAPHY, A MANUAL OP, 1854· . . . . . . . • . Hunt, Robert
IV. 89 PHOTOGRAPHY, MANUAL oF, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lea, M. C.
IV. 90 PHOTOGRAPHY, MANUAL OF, 187r . . . . . . . . . . . . • • . Lea. M. C.
XV. 140 PHOTOGRAPHY, MECHANICAL, 186o. . . . . . . . . Gostick, jesse
IV. 67 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE MODERN PRACTICE OP, N. D Thomas, R. W.
IV. 5 PHOTOGRAPHY, MODERN PRACTICE OF, x868 .•.. Thomas, R. W.
VI. 12 PHOTOGRAPHY, NATURALISTIC, x889 .....•• . Emerson, P. H.
VI. 13 PHOTOGRAPHY, NATURALISTIC, 189o . . . . . . . . Emerson, P. H.
II. 16 PHOTOGRAPHY ON GLASS AND PAPER, 1854· .Long, Charles A.
IV. 38 PHOTOGRAPHY ON GLASS AND PAPER, 1859· .Long, Charles A.
XV. 21 PHOTOGRAPHY, A PoPULAR TREATISE oN MoDERN, N. D.
Dawson, George
XV. 148 PHOTOGRAPHY, A PoPULAR TREATISE ON, x841, H1mt, Robert
IV. 9 PHoTOGRAPHY, A PoPULAR TREATISE oN, x863
Monckhoven, D. van
v. 65 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICAL, N. D. . . . . . . . . . . . Wheeler, 0. E.
IV. 55 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICAL AMATEUR, x887 . . . . Veuers, C. C.
IV. 31 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICAL GUIDE TO, x884 •... • Marion & Co.
IV. 32 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICAL GuiDE TO, x886 ..•. . Marion & Co.
IV. 32a PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICAL GuiDE TO, x887 .... . Marion & Co.
XV. 108 PHOTOGRAPHY, A PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF MODERN, 1893
Bubier, Edward T.
IV. 91 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICE AND ART OF, x871 .. Vogel, Hernz.ann
IV. 92 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRACTICE AND ART OF, 1875·. Vogel, Hernz.ann
IV. 72 PHoTOGRAPHY, THE PRACTICE OF, 1853. Delamotte, Philip H.
II. 108 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE PRACTICE OF, 1854·Delamotte, Philip H.
XV. 147 PHOTOGRAPHY, THE PRACTICE OF, 1857 . . . . . . . . Hunt, Robert
IV. 53 PHOTOGRAPHY, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF, T. P. M.
Hughes, Jabez
IV. 53a PHOTOGRAPHY, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OP, 1866
Httghes, Jabez
IV. 53b PHOTOGRAPHY, PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE OF, 1871,
Hughes, Jabez
IV. 94 PHOTOGRAPHY, PROCESSES oF PuRE, x889
Burton, W. K. & Pringle, Andrew
XIV. 104 PHOTOGRAPHY, QuARTER CENTURY IN, 1887. Wilson, Edward L.
v. 28 PHOTOGRAPHY SIMPLIFIED. ED. J, 159PP., lLLus. LoNDON,
1887
VI. 14 PHOTOGRAPHY, STUDIES IN, 1892 . . . . . . . • . . Andrews, John
II. 96 PHOTOGRAPHY, SYSTEM OF, 1849· . . . . . . • Humphrey, S. D.
II. 104 PHOTOGRAPHY, SYSTEM OF, 1849
Humphrey, S. D. & Finley, M.
v. 87 PHoTOGRAPHY, TREATISE ON, 1843 . . . . . . .. Lerebours, N. P.
XV. 72 PHOTOGRAPHY, TREATISE ON, x861 . . . . . . . Waldack, Charles
XV. 141 PHOTOGRAPHY, TREATISE ON, 1863 . . . . . . . Waldack, Charles
IV. 25 PHoTOGRAPHY, TREATISE oN, 1865 . . . . . . . Waldack, Charles
VI. 79 (LA) PHOTOGRAVURE SANS PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1894 . . Ferret, F.
VI. 85 PHOTOGRAVURE suR VERRE, 1890 . . . . . . . . . . Villon, A. M.
XV. 130 PHOTOMICROGRAPHIE EN CENT TABLEAUX POUR PROJECTION,
1872 • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Girard, Jules
III. 71 PHoTo-MicRoGRAPHY, 188s . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . Malley, A. c.
7I
XVI. 38 PHOTO-MICROGRAPHY, 1899 . . . . . • . . . . . . . . Spitta, Edmund}.
XVI. 10-17 PnoTO-MINIATURE. VoL. x., u. NEwYoRK., x899-I90o-1901
THREE NUMBERS IN EACH BINDING
II. 53 PHOTO-MINIATURE, TRAITE PRATIQUE DE, x888.Blin, Emile
II. 52 PHOTO-MINIATURE, LA, 1890 . . . . • • . . . . . . . . Schaeffner, Ant.
VI. 90 (LES) PHOTOTIRAGES AUX ENCRES D'IMPRIMERIB, 1894
Fisch, A.
XV. 30 PROTOTYPES SUR PAPJER AU GELATIN-BROMURE, 1901
Quenisset, F.
VI. 80 PHOTOTYPIE, FoRMULAIRE PRATIQUE DE, 1887 ... . Raux, V.
VI. 77 PHOTOTYPIE, MANUEL DE, 1889 . . . . . . . . • • . • Bonnet, M. G.
VI. 46 (LA) PHOTOTYPJE POUR To us, 1900. . . . •.••• Laynaud, L.
v. 38 PICTORIAL EFFECT IN PHOTOGRAPHY, 1869 . . Robinson, H. P.
IV. 75 PICTORIAL EFFECT OF PHOTOGRAPHY, 1881 . . Robinson, H. P.
III. 123 PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPH, THE ELEMENTS OF A, .1896
Robinson, H. P.
v. 85 PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY, PRATICAL, 1898 . . Hinton, A. HotSley
VI. 15 PICTURE MAKING BY PHOTOGRAPHY, 1884 . . RobiJr.son, H. P.
v. 40 PICTURE MAKING IN THE STUDIO, 1892 . . . . . . Robinson, H. P.
III. 55 PICTURE RIBBONS, 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jenkins. C. Francis
v. 66 PICTURE TAKING AND PICTURE MAKING, N. D.
Eastman Kodak Company, Publishers
v. 68 PICTURES. How TO MAKE, 1882 . • . . . . . . . . Price, Henry Clay
XV. 107 PICTURES IN BLACK. AND WHITE, N. o ...•. . Mason, George
III. 21 PIGMENTS, PHOTOGRAPHS IN, 1868 . . . . . . . . . . Simpscm, G. W.
VIII. 25 (DAS) PIGMENTVERFAHREN UNO DIE HELIOGRAVURE, 1896
Eder, josef M.
II. 106 PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR OBTAINING PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES
BY THE CALOTYPE AND ENERGIATYPE. 224PP., !LLUS.
PHILADELPHIA, 1853
II. 102 PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR OBTAINING PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES
BY THE CALOTYPE AND ENERGIATYPE. 224PP. PHILA-
DELPHIA, 1855
II. 103 PLAIN DIRECTIONS FOR OBTAINING PICTOGRAPHIC PICTURES
BY THE CALOTYPE AND ENERGIATYPE. 224PP. PHILADEL-
PHIA, 1860
XVI. 41 PLANTS, FORCES WHICH PRODUCE THE ORGANIZATION OF, 1844
Draper, John W.
v. 34 PLAQUE PHOTOGRAPHIQUE, LA, 1897 . . . . . . . . . . • . . Colson, R.
VI. 44 PLAQUES VoiLEES, 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . Forest, Max
III. 31 PLATINDRUCK., 1895 . . . . . . . . . . Hubl, Arthur Freiherrn von
III. 30 PLATINOTYPE, 1898 . . . . . Abney, W. de W. Cf Clark, Lyonel
XV. 46 PLATINOTYPIE, LA, 1883 . . Pizzighelli, joseph Ct Hubl, Baron
XV. 62 PLEIN AIR, LA PHOTOGRAPH IE EN; PREMIERE PARTIE, 1886
Robinson, H. P.
XV. 63 PLEIN AIR, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE EN; 20 PARTIE, 1886
Robinson, H. P.
XV. 156 PoETRY OF SciENCE, x849 ................. . Hunt, Robert
XV. 178 PoLYGRAPHISCHE APPARAT, DER, x853· ........ . Auer, Alois
V. 76 PooR MAN's PHoTOGRAPHY AT THE GREAT PYRAMID, x87o
Smyth, C. Picizzi
III. 38 PoRCELAIN PICTURES, x86s ................. .. Towler, john
III. 39 PoRCELAIN PICTURES, x865 .................... . Reynolds
XV. 44 PORCELAINE, PROCEDES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES POUR L'APPLICA-
TION DIRECTE SUR LA, x888 ............... . Godard, E.
XV. 93 PoRTRAITS AU CRAYON AU FusAIN ET AU PASTEL, x889
Klary, C.
V. 57 PoRTRAITURE, HoME, x899 ............... . Penlake, Richard
II. 94 PRACTICAL HINTS oN THE DAGUERREOTYPE. 37PP. LoN-
DON, 1845
XII. 23-30 PRACTICAL PHOTOGRAPHER. VoL. 3-xo. PHILADELPHIA,
1892-1899
PRACTICAL PHOTOGRAPHER, SEE SAINT LOUIS PRACTICAL
PHOTOGRAPHER
IV. 1 PRACTICAL PHOTOGRAPHY, N. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . Wheeler, 0. E.
III. 4 PRACTICAL PRINTER, 1874· ............. . Hearn, Charles W.
III. 3 PRACTICAL PRINTER, x878 ............... . Hearn, Charles W.
III. 6 PRINTING METHODS, PHOTOGRAPHIC, x887 . . Burbank, W. H.
XV. 171 PRINTING METHODS, RECENT IMPROVEMENTS IN PHOTO-
MECHANICAL, x884. . . . . . . . . . ............. Bolas, Thomas
III. 13 PRINTING PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES UPON PAPER, x8s6
Howlett, Robert
II. 16 PRINTING PoSITIVE PHOTOGRAPHS, NEW METHOD OF, xSss
S1dton, Thomas
III. 40 PRINTING PRocEss ON OPAL GLASS, x865 . . Duchochois, P. C.
PROCESS PHOTOGRAM, SEE PHOTOGRAM
IX. 7Q-75 PRocEss WoRK YEAR BooK. LoNDON, x895-x9oo
(SAME AS PENROSE's PICTORIAL ANNUAL.)
XI. 160 PROFESSIONAL PHOTOGRAPHER. ILLus., VoL. 3· BuFFALO,
1898
II. 32 PROGRESS oF PHOTOGRAPHY SINCE THE Y:uR x879, x883
Vogel, H. W.
V. 6 PROJECTING, ART OF, 1876 ...•........... . Dolbear, A. E.
V. 7 PROJECTING, ART oF, x883 ................. . Dolbear, A. E.
V. 16 PROJECTIONS, LA PRATIQUE DES. VoL. x, x892 .. . Foutier, H.
V. 17 PROJECTIONS, LA PRATIQUE DES. VoL. 2, x893 . . Foutier, H.
VI. 24 PROJEKTION PHOTOGRAPHISCHER AUFNAHMEN UND LEBENDER
BILDER, 1901 ........................... . Schmidt, Hans
III. 12 PRooFs FROM WAXED PAPER, CoLLODION AND oTHER NEGA-
TIVES, xSss. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . .. How, james
II. 16 PROOFS, ON THE PRODUCTION oF PosiTIVE, xSss . . How, james
l. 31 QUALITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS, MANUAL OF
Fresenius, C. Remigius
XV. 112 QUAND J'ETAIS PHOTOGRAPHE, N. D .•.•..... . Daudet, Uon
73
VI. 26 RADIATIONS, LE RoLE DES DIVERSES, 1899 . . . . . . Villard, P.
III. 60 RADIOGRAPHY, PRATICAL, 1898 . . lsenthal, A. W. Cf Ward, H. S.
VI. 100 EL RAYo SoLAR, 1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Towler, ].
VI. 45 RECETTBS ET CONSEILS INEDITS A L'AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPH£,
1893 . • . . . • . • . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . • . . . • . . . . . . Jardin, Georges
V. 27 RECOLLECTIONS, 1892 . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . Heath, Vernon
V. 100 RECREATIONS PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, LES, 1891
Bergeret, A. Cf Drouin, F.
IV. 78 ·REDUCER's MANUAL, 1867 . . . . . . . . . . • • . . • . Bloede, Victor G.
V. 55 REDUCER's MANUAL, 1869 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . Bloede, Victor G.
XV. 149 REPRODUCTION, LES ARTS DE, N. D . . . . . . . . Adeline, jules
XV. 22 REPRODUCTION DES DESSINS, PROCEDES DE, 1888 . . Colson, R.
III. 7 REPRODUCTION PROCESSES, PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1891
Duchochois, P. C.
VI. 96 REPRODUCTIONS INDUSTRIELLES, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . Vidal, Leon
VI. 88 DIE REPRODUCTIONS-PHOTOGRAPHIE SowoHL PUR HALBTON
ALS STRICHMANIER, 1885 . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . .. Husnik, j.
II. 120 RBTOUCHE, ANLEITUNG zuR PosiTIV- UND NEGATIV-, 1888
Zamboni, Carl
II. 121 RETOUCHE DES CLICHES PHOTOGRAPHIQUES, 1888 .... Bech, M.
II. 123 DIE RETOUCHE PHOTOGRAPHISCHER NEGATIVE UND ABDRUCK.E.
195PP., ILLUS. DussELDORF, 1888
II. 126 DIE RETOUCHE VON PHOTOGRAPHIEEN, 1899
Grasshoff, Johannes
II. 122 RETOUCHING, 1876 . . . . . . . • . . . • . • . . . . . . . . •Burrows Cf Colton
II. 130 RETOUCHING, ART OP, 1891 . . . . . • . . . . . . Burrows Cf Colton
VI. 6 RETOUCHING, 1897 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . Hubert, j.
II. 125 RETOUCHING, ART oP, 188o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ourdan, ]. P.
II. 129 REToucHING AS PRACTISED BY M. PIQUEPE AND OTHER Ex-
PERTS. J8PP. NEW YORK, I88:t
11. 124 REToucHING, MoDERN PRACTICE oP, 1885
II. 128 RETOUCHING PHOTOGRAPHIC NEGATIVES, !886
Johnson, Robert
REvuE PHoToGRAPHIQUE. VoL. 9-13. PARIS, I883-189I
REVUE SuiSSE DE PHoToGRAPHIE. VoL. 2-j. GENEVE,
189o-x895
XI. 75- 79 RuNDSCHAU, PHOTOGRAPHISCHE. VoL. s. 9, u, 13. WIEN,
81-83 1891,1895, 1897;1899
SAINT LOUIS & CANADIAN PHOTOGRAPHER. SEE SAINT LOUIS
PRACTICAL PHOTOGRAPHER
XVII. 18G-195 SAINT Lours PRATICAL PHOTOGRAPHER. ILLus., VoL. 1-6.
198 NEw SERIES. VoL. I-Io. SAINT Lours, 1877, 1882, 1883,
1892, 1895.
VoL. 6-7, INCOMPLETE
I. 9 SALON I88I-I88:t, SuPPLEMENT Au CATALOGUE !LLUSTRE
Societe des Artistes Francais
74
I. 10 SALON DB 1898, CATALOGUE DU . • SocuU des Artistes Francais
I. 11 SALON DU CHAMP-DB-MARS, CATALOGUE DU
Societe Nationale des Beaux Arts
XV. 5 SCBNOGRAPHB, LB, N. D . . . . • . . . • . . . . ·• . . . . . . . . . • . . Candeze
VI. 108 SCHNBBKRYSTALLB, 1893 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . Hellmann, G.
VIII. 51 DIB ScHoNHEIT DES WEIBLICHEN KoRPBRs, 1899
Stratz, C. H.
XI. 150 SciBNCE OP PHOTOGRAPHY, AT HoME AND ABROAD. ILLus.
VoL. I. PHILADELPHIA, x888-1889
XIII. 61 SciENTIFIC MEMOIRS, 1878 . . . . . . . . . . Draper, john William
v. 20 SciOPTICON MANUAL, 1871 . . . . . . . . . . • . . • . • • . . . Marcy,
L. ].
v. 19 SciOPTICON MANUAL, 1877 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Marcy, L. ].
v. 90 SECRETS OP THE DARK CHAMBER, 1870 .•.•..• • Davie, D. D. T.
IV. 51 SECRETS OP THE DARK CHAMBER, 1870 . . . . . . Davie, D. D. T.
III. 17 SEPIA-PHOTO ET SANGUINE PHoTo, 1894 . . Rouille-Ladevese, A.
III. 5 SILVER PRINTING, ART AND PRACTICE OF, I88I
Robinson, H. P. Ci Abney, Capt.
Ul. 9 SILVER PRINTING, ART AND PRACTICE OF, I88I
Robinson, H. P. (jf Abney, Capt.
III. 10 SILVER PRINTING, ART AND PRACTICE OF. Eo. 2
Robinson, H. P. Abney, Capt.
(jf
IV. 16 SILVER SuNBEAM, x864 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TtYWler, ].
IV. 17 SILVER SUNBEAM, t86S . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . TtYWler, j.
IV. 18 SILVER SuNBEAM, 1866 .••....••••.......•... TtYWler, ].
IV. 19 SILVER SUNBEAM, 1879 . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . TtYWler, j.
IV. 123 SKYLIGHT AND THE DARK RooM, 1872 ... . Anderson, Elbert
XVI. 55 SoLAR EcLIPSE, JuLY 29, 1878. 1879 . . . . . . Waldo, Leonard
XV. 65 SoLEIL DE LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, LE, 1863 . . . . . . . . Legros, M.
XV. 137 SPECTRoscoPE, THE, 1885 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woods, C. Ray
III. 80 SPECTRUM, CHEMICAL EFFECT OP THE ....•.. . Eder, ]. M.
VI. 22 STAND-ENTWICKLUNG, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bleck, E.
XVI. 33 STARS, PHOTOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF THE BRIGHTNESS
OP THE . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . Harvard College Observatory
XVI. 35-37 STELLAR SPECTRA, PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OP, I887-189o
Henry Draper Memorial
III. 52 STENOPAIC, OR, PIN HoLE PHOTOGRAPHY, 1895
Mills, Frederick William
III. 105 STEREOSCOPE, THE, 1856 . . . . . . . . . . . . • .. Brewster, Sir David
III. 107 STEREOSCOPE, DU, 1853 . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Claudet, A.
v. 2 STEREOSCOPE MAGAZINE. 2J8PP., lLLUS. PHOTO. LONDON,
I8S8
III. 109 STEREOSCOPE PICTURES, How To MAKE, I859.Ackland, William
VI. 21 STBREOSCOPIQUE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1899 . . . . . . . Colson, R.
III. 106 STEREOSCOPIQUE, TRAITE DE PHOTOGRAPHIE, 1892
Donnadieu, A. L.
III. 108 STBRBOSCOPIQUE, TRAITE PHOTOGRAPHIE DE, 1892.
Donnadieu, A. L.
75
I. 6 STONES OF VENICE. 3 VoL., 1884 . . . . . . . . . .• Ruskin, John
XVI. 70 STUDIO: A JouRNAL OF THE FINE ARTS. VoL. 4, lLLus.
NEw YoRK, 1889
II. 39 STUDio: AND WHAT To Do IN IT . . . . . . . . Robinson, H. P.
II. 48 STUDIOS oF EuROPE, THE PHOTOGRAPHIC, 1882
Pritchard, H. B.
II. 41 STUDIOS OF EuROPE, 1882 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pritchard, H. B
XVI. 48 SuBDAMBRIKA, ANSICHTBN AUS, 1897 . . . . . . . . . . . . Habel, Jean
XVI. 42 SuN PICTURES IN ScoTLAND, 1845 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Talbot, H. F.
III. 115 SuNLIGHT AND SHADOW, N. D . . . Adams, W. I. Lincoln, Ed.
XV. 121 SuNLIGHT oN GLAss, AcTION oF, 1865 . . . . •Gaffield, Thomas
XVI. 39 SURVEYING, PHOTOGRAPHY AS APPLIED TO ... . Reed, Henry A.
XIV. 117 SWING-BAcK, ON THE UsE oF A, 1886 . . . . Dallnu:yer, ]. H.
v. 23 TABLEAUX DB PROJECTIONS MouvEMENTBS, 1893. Fcmrtier, H.
IV. 62-63 TANNIN PRoCESS, N. D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Russell, C.
IV. 133 TANNIN-VERFAHREN, MAJOR RussELL's, 1862 . . Roth, K. de
VI. 1 TELEPHOTOGRAPHY, 1899 . . . . . . . . . . . . Dallmeyer, Thomas R.
VI. 103 TELEPHOTOGRAPHY, ELEMENTARY, 1901 . . Marriage, Ernest
XV. 132 TEMPS DB Pass, CALCUL DU, N. D . . . . . . . . . Boursault, Henri
XV. 4 TEMps DB Pass, DETERMINATION DU, 1890
Espinassoux, Gabriel de Chapel d'
IV. 43 TouROGRAPH GuiDE BooK. 24PP., N. T. P.
XV. 27 TRANSFORMATION DES NEGATIFS BN PosiTIFS, TRAITB PRA-
Roux, l'.
TIQUE DE LA, 1881 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III. 120 TRAVEL. THE BusiNESS oF, 1891 . . . . . . . . Rae,
W. Fraser
III. 76 TuRPENTINE WAXED-PAPER PRocsss, 1858 . . Sisson,]. Lawson
II. 21 TuRPENTINE WAXED-PAPER PROCESS, 1859 ... . Sisson, ]. L.
v. 79 TYPE, LA PHOTOGRAPHIE APPLIQUEE A LA PRODUCTION DU,
1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Batut,
Arthur
v. 27 VERNON HEATH's RscoLLBCTIONS, 1892 . . . . . . Heath, Vernon
IV. 135 VERRE, PHOTOGRAPHIE SUR, 1851 . . . . . . . . . . Le Mayne, ]. R.
III. 14 VIRAGES ET FIXAGBS, 1892 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•Mercier, P.
III. 42 VITRIFIED PHOTOGRAPHS ON ENAMEL. 18PP. NEW YORK,
1874
XV. 31 WARWICKSHIRE, NoTES UPON A PROPOSED PHotOGRAPHIC
SuRVEY OF, 1890 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Harrison, W. Jerome
IV. 119 WEDGWOODS AND THEIR FRIENDS, 1871 ... . A-feteyard, Eliza
VI. 4 WET CoLLODION PHOTOGRAPHY, 1895 ... . Gamble, Charles W.
III. 117 WHERE TO HUNT AMERICAN GAME. 288PP., ILLUS. LOWELL,
MASS., 1898
XI. 38 WIENER PHOTOGRAPHISCHB BLATTER; HRSG. VOM CAMBRA
CLuB IN WIEN. VoL. 5·· ILLus. WIEN, 1898
XVII. 1-40 WILSoN's PHoToGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. VoL. 1-33, 35-37,
ILLUS. PHILADELPHIA, 1864-1896, 1899-1900.
VoL. 1-25, P,UBLISHED UNDER THE TITLE OF PHILADELPHIA
PHOTOGRAPHER. VOL. 23-29, 2 PTS. TO BACH VOL.

76
VI. 104 1890 .... . Samuels, Edward A.
WITH FLY-ROD AND CAMERA,
I. 40 WoHLER's OuTLINES oP ORGANIC CHEMISTRY, 1873
Fittig, Rudolph
VI. 84 WooD ENGRAVING, 1879 ................... . Ft1ller, S. E.
VI. 105 WooDLAND AND MEADOW, 1901 ......... . Adams, W. I. L.
XIV. 1-42 YEAR BooK oP PHoTOGRAPHY AND AMATEUR's GuiDE. VoL.
1-42. LONDON, 1901. {MISSING 1870, 1897)
V. 32 ZEITVERTREIB, PHOTOGRAPHISCHER, 1893 . . Schnauss, Hermann
VI. 74 ZINCOGRAPHY, N. D . . . . . • . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bock, josef
XVI. 43 ZINCOGRAPHY, ON PHOTO-, 1862 ............. . Scott, A. D.
VI. 76 (DIE) ZINKATZUNG, 1886 ................. . Husnik, jacob

77
 Current Magazines on File in the ~ooms of the Camera Club, N. Y.
AMERICAN PHOTOGRAPHIC.
AMERICAN AMATEUR PHoToGRAPHER .... John Nicol, F. C. Beach, Editors, N.Y.
CAMBRA, THE .......... Frank Chambers, John Bartlett, Editors, Philadelphia
CAMBRA AND DARK RooM, THE ................. Walter Pierson, Editor, N. Y.
CAMBRA CRAFT ............ L. D. Hicks, C. Ackerman, Editors, San Francisco
CAMBRA NoTES ......................••...... Alfred Stieglitz, Editor, N.Y.
HIGH-LIGHT, THE .................................................. N.Y.
JoURNAL OF THE PHOTOGRAPHIC SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA ...... Philadelphia
PHOTO-AMERICAN, THE .................. Ed. W. Newcomb, Editor, N. Y.
PHoTo-BEACON, THE ••.................. F. Dundas Todd, Editor, Chicago
PHoTo-CRITIC, THE .......... J. C. Abel, H. M. Reichenbach, Editors, N. Y.
PHoTo ERA, THE .......................... T. H. Cummings, Editor, Boston
PHoTo-MINIATURE, THE .................... John A. Tennant, Editor, N. Y.
PHOTOGRAPHIC TIMBS-BULLETIN, THE .. Walter E. Woodbury, Editor, N. Y.
(Formerly The Photographic Times and Anthony's Photographic Bulletin).
WILSoN's PHOTOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE ............ E. L. Wilson, Editor, N. Y.
FOREIGN PHOTOGRAPHIC.
ALLGEMEINE PHOTOGRAPHISCHBN ZEITUNG.G. H. Emmerich, Editor, Munich,Ger.
AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHER, THE .... A. Horsley Hinton, Editor, London, Eng.
ATELIER DES PHOTOGRAPHBN ........ Dr. A. Miethe, Editor, Halle, Germany
BRITISH JouRNAL oF PHOTOGRAPHY .. Thos. Bedding, Editor, London, England.
BuLLETIN DU AssociATION BELGE DE PHOTOGRAPHIB ...... Brussels, Belgium
CAMERA OsscuRA .................. J. R. A. Schouten, Amsterdam, Holland
JouRNAL oF THE CAMERA CLuB .......................... London, England
JouRNAL OF THE PHoTOGRAPHIC SociETY oF INDIA ............ Calcutta, India
KuNST IN DER PHOTOGRAPHIE, DIE. . . Franz Goerke, Editor, Halle, Germany
PHOTOGRAM, THE ........ Mr. and Mrs. Snowden Ward, Editors, London, Eng.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ART JouRNAL. H. Quilter, F. C. Shardlow, Editors, Leicester, Eng
PHOTOGRAPHIC JouRNAL, THE .. Sir W. deW. Abney, Bart., Editor, London, Eng.
(Transactions of the R. P. S. of Great Britain.)
PHOTOGRAPHIC Nsws ...................................... London, Eng.
PHOTOGRAPHISCHE CoRRESPONDENZ ...... T. Schrank, Editor, Vienna, Austria
PHOTOGRAPHISCHE MITTHEILUNGEN .... Paul Hanneke, Editor, Berlin, Germany
PHOTOGRAPHISCHE RuNDSCHAU ...... Dr. R. Neuhauss, Editor, Halle, Germany
PHOTOGRAPHISCHES CENTRAL BLATT
F. Matthies-Masuren, Editor, Munich, Germany
PHOTOGRAPHY ........................ Child Bayley, Editor, London, Eng.
PRACTICAL AND JuNIOR PHOTOGRAPHER .. Percy Lund, Editor, London, England
MISCELLANEOUS.
ARTIST, THE ..................................................... N. Y.
INTERNATIONAL STUDIO ............................................. N.Y.
MASTERS IN ART ................................................ Boston
SciENTIFIC AMERICAN ............................................. N. Y.
SciENTIFIC A:\fERICAN SuPPLEMENT. . . . . ........................... N. Y.
Vol. VI. No. 2
Volume VI, No. 2
A WATER CARRIER-CUBA
By H. A. Latimer
(Bosron , Mass.)
 INAUGURAL

I N undertaking the publishing of Camera Notes, The Camera

Club of New York bound itself, even as if by indenture,
to become the upholder of all that was best and progressive
in Photography. Its Constitution, in the opening para-
graphs, demands this, not in any prescribed sense, but in the
broad terms-" for the Cultivation and Advancement of the
Science and Art of Photography." This, then, is our policy.
Under the magnificent management of Alfred Stieglitz.
Camera Notes fought and won the battle of Pictorial Photography.
Its mission on those lines was well-nigh accomplished; little more,
if anything, could be attained under any other guidance. Therefore
it seems fit that, with new hands at the reins, Camera Notes should
now strike out on a broader, a more comprehensive basis, incor-
porating with its propaganda of the pictorial, the technical, the
chemical and the scientific aspects of Photography.
We are not all fitted by Nature to be picture-makers, some of
us even have not the eyes wherewith to admire the beauty of line
or tone; but we all of us take interest in some certain branch of
Photography, and Camera Notes is-for all of us.
In resigning the editorship of Camera Notes, Alfred Stieglitz
left a task that no man might envy. The magazine had become
part of the man himself. Born of his energetic brain and carried,
with a master hand, from a modest beginning to its glorious
consummation in the last issue Camera Notes, under his guidance,
has become the one photographic magazine in the world, knowing
no limits, bowing down to no one, independent alike of the
manufacturer and of the subscriber.
The continuance of such an undertaking by any one man
might well lead to grave doubts, which time alone will either justify
or disprove. Personally, I have great faith in the future of the
magazine and believe that Camera Notes, with broader policy and
with the support of its owners-the members of the Camera Club,
N. Y.-willlive as a monument to the man that originated it and
the organization that made it possible.

October l&t, 1902.

[85]
 SUGGESTION

S CARCELY a day passes on which I do not receive one or more letters

commenting on the character of some of the prize pictures that ap-
pear in photographic journals, or on those that have gained a position
on the walls of some Salon, or in some other way received the hall-
mark of appreciation. The pictures that call forth such comment
are generally characterized by lack of crisp definition, or by flatness in the light
and shade effects, being composed most generally of about three or four masses
of tone. To the average worker in photography, who believes in sharp defini-
tion and wealth of detail, such prints are positively unreal and he cannot
conceive how anybody can see any pictorial merit in them, and it is my aim
in this present article to make plain what is dark to such inquirers.
In order to clearly understand the ideas of other people, it is essential
that we possess some elementary knowledge of the characteristics of the human
mind. Were the average man to be asked offhand what constitutes a couple
of the most noteworthy features of his mental make-up, the probabilities are
that he will assert that his mind possesses the power of creating something out
of nothing, and that it is a bar before which ideas are brought for judgment,
and where decision is made as to whether such ideas are right or wrong. A
very little thought, however, would show the absurdity of such propositions.
For instance, if the average man be asked whether or not he ever changed his
mind, he would at once admit that he had done so very frequently. The
moment such admission is made, this idea of the human mind collapses, and we
have to acknowledge that it is a piece of apparatus ( ?) that receives impres-
sions through the five senses, works them over in some orderly way, and as a
consequence produces ideas; and that, therefore, our estimate of the value of
anything is really the result of some of our past impressions, modified by the
peculiar fiber of our individual brain. The result is that the world is eternally
on the ragged edge, striving to get at a knowledge of the truth. Nay, as a
matter of fact, it is only in recent years we have obtained a good definition of
what truth is. Throughout almost all history the opinion was held that what-
ever was believed was truth, and this mistaken notion was responsible for the
loss of ten millions of lives and an untellable amount of misery and sufFering
in Europe alone, within the last two thousand years. What it amounted to in
other parts of the world, we have no possible means of discovering. The modern
definition is that whatever has been proved is truth, and this is the touch-stone
which separates the dross from the gold. Unfortunately, it is a test that cannot
be applied to the most important of the interests of the average man, who is
more emotional than rational. His principal sentimental interests are: religion,
art, and love; and in these, so far, it has been found utterly impossible to

[86]
educe any facts that can be proved beyond dispute, and thus he is wholly de-
pendent upon belief. We human beings frequently make a virtue of necessity,
and so faith in emotional matters has been lauded to the skies as being the
greatest virtue and the only saving grace. But even in such realms, new ideas
are evolved, and at last we have largely got beyond the stage of intolerance.
We no longer put men to death for a difference in religious opinions, but we
are still apt to believe that the other man is wrong, wilfully wrong, and to
cut him off from our society in this world and dread his fate in the next. It is
curious to note the difference between the world of fact and the world of senti-
ment. A new idea in religion results in a new creed, in metaphysics it gives
birth to a new "ism" ; in art it results in a new school : but in science no new
creed, "ism" or school, for scientists make no compromise with the past. With
them, a thing is so, or it is not so, and there the matter eternally rests.
Personally, I am convinced that our religious and political attitudes are
based practically on our economic conditions; and as these change, our emo-
tional ideas are modified to suit and our social fabric is altered accordingly.
Names are very persistent, but the ideas suggested by these words are different
to each succeeding generation; nay, the use of the same term is apt to mean
something absolutely different in different parts of the globe. For instance, the
word "democracy" is largely on the lips of both the Frenchman and the Ameri-
can. To the latter, it means very largely individual freedom, with as little gov-
ernmental restraint and control as is possible; while to the former, it pictures
paternalism of the most advanced type, for he desires that the government shall
do practically everything for him, and so very rarely acts on his own initiative.
My own make-up is that of "hobbyist" and my greatest pleasure consists in
taking up a new phase of thought and giving it concentrated attention for a
considerable period of time, and I have noticed with much interest how persist-
ent study in any one line almost convinces me at the moment that the line of
thought I am pursuing is the one that is absolutely true. In the world of senti-
ment I have given to a subject as much as three years close following to one line
of thought, during which I felt certain of its absolute truth, and then I have
deliberately switched off to a line of study on the same subject that was dia-
metrically opposite, and in a very short while this appeared to me absolutely
reasonable, and the other just as full of error. Why was it so? The psychol-
ogist makes answer and says that I was simply a creature of suggestion, for
he has demonstrated that the persistent application of a certain class of sug-
gestions will produce in the human mind mental pictures that are seemingly
as real as if they existed in fact. So that the bigot is more to be pitied than
to be blamed, for he is simply a man who has been unfortunate enough to
receive only one kind of impressions in the course of his life, and his half-
starved mind is as prone to wrongdoing as is the half-starved body of the
criminal inhabitants of our slums.
During the past twenty years no phrase has been oftener on the lips of
the average leader of thought than this "adaptation to environment." It is

(87]
a clean cut phrase, but to many men it fails to bring up a sufficiently vivid
mental picture, and so I take the liberty of expanding it a little into the fol-
lowing terms: "We must learn that nature is and does what our fellow-men
think and will, and unless we learn aright and act in uniformity we are in-
exorably punished." Our environment, then, is of two-fold nature. One con-
sists of nature, the other of our fellow-men. The first is constant within the
limits of its movement in a regular cycle. The other is a variant, whose laws
of variation have not yet been definitely formulated, but the latest scientific
researches suggest that it is as much under the influence of physical law as
are the inanimate objects of nature.
Self-preservation demands that we learn what nature is and does. For
instance, we have learned in the northern zone of this country that nature
in midwinter is frequently exceedingly cold; so cold, in fact, that the average
human being would be frozen to death unless during the warm season he pro-
vided himself with suitable shelter, clothing and food, and he is, therefore,
compelled to adapt himself to this environment. But we could suppose that a
native of India transported in summer weather to this clime would fail to realize
how rigorous the winter season would be, and would be apt to believe that the
month of January would be similar to what he had been accustomed to in the
land of his birth, and make no suitable protection for the period of cold weather,
with the natural consequences that in all probability he would suffer extremely,
and very probably be frozen to death. His ignorance of his environment would
result in his extinction. From this simple illustration, we can derive a great
lesson, how essential it is for us to learn all our life long every detail of nature's
facts and laws that concerns us in order that we may fit ourselves to live in har-
mony with them.
It is a little hard for us to realize what our fellow-men think and will, but
it is also a part of our environment, and demands as much consideration as
nature does. I may illustrate this point by a little personal experience of my
own, which to the outsider may have an amusing aspect. I cannot sing. I
believe I cannot sing, but I do not know I cannot sing. However, my fellow-
men think I cannot sing, and they will that I shall not sing-at least in their
presence. On three occasions I saw fit to join a singing class, and on every
occasion the class-leader and my fellow-members made such cruel remarks about
my attempts and hurt my feelings so badly that I was forced to forever after-
ward hold my peace. My ignorance of what my fellow-men thought and willed
brought on me inexorable punishment, and so it does to every one. I have no
doubt that in this instance my fellow-men were perfectly justified in their
actions, but in the history of the human race erroneous ideas have held sway
over all men's minds, and they insisted that everybody should act in conformity
with these ideas, whether they were right or wrong, for at the time they were
considered to be right, and reasoning from past experiences we must believe
that many of the ideas that are commonly held to-day are just as erroneous
as many of those lwld in the past, and which were ultimately proved to be ab-

[88]
 solutely wrong. As a matter of fact, we human beings do what is right simply
because our ancestors experimented with every possible way of doing things
wrongly, and we now do things right because it is the only possible way left
for us.
We can now see that we are creatures of our environment, for, if we are
wholly influenced by our impressions, we must admit that the suggestions have
come to us from our environment; that is to say, nature's facts and our fellow-
men's ideas resulting from study of these facts must embrace the sum total of
the impressions that we receive. But since it is impossible that any two individ-
uals can receive exactly the same impressions, it is equally impossible for any
two persons to always think and act alike. Delightful fact, for if all men were
but duplicates of each othe1r, what a tiresome, monotonous world this would be.
It is difference of opinion that gives spice to life. Who then is right in the
realm of art, the man who believes in clear definition, or the one who conceals
himself in fuzziness, the devotee of the garish, or the follower of the mud-flat
school? Nobody can tell, lior it is all a matter of past experience and mental
development. The infantile mind simply revels in detail, and is absolutely in-
different to principles. It is not until manhood is attained that facts begin
to be of no interest in themselves, but as exemplifying fundamental laws. The
gossip, then, is simply an adult with the mind of a child, who has unfortunately
been permitted to mentally crystallize during the formative period. We can
see the mind operating in the same way when it tackles a new subject, even
when its possessor is a highly educated individual. For instance, the callous
amateur simply delights in the wonderful multiplicity of detail in his negatives,
but as he pursues his upward path he attains the stage where he considers
nature's facts as being only useful pegs on which to hang such dainty raiment
as composition, light and shade, tone values, and thought expression.
Our eyes then see in pictures just what our minds bring to them, and
what is perfection to one m:an is utter drivel and folly to another. It seems to
me in matters of sentiment and belief, truth is more apt to be found in the
middle point than at the extreme ends of the line. Somewhere between sharp
definition and extreme fuz;~iness where texture is lost, between dazzling bril-
liancy of light and three fi~Lt tones, there is a middle point that is about right.
Since we are the creatures of suggestion, that picture will be the best that sug-
gests the most, but it must emphatically suggest and not leave everything to
the imagination.

Chicago, Ill.

[89]
 ON THE URANIUM TONING OF
PLATINUM PAPER*
BILE the toning of platinotype paper in colon, by the
so-called Uranium proceu, is by no me&ll8 new, it is only
within very recent years that it has attracted more than
pusing notice.
There may be many reasons for this neglect.
Fint, and probably the reason that deters most from trying it, is the
supposed uncertainty of results obtained.
Second-A question of expense, not of the paper alone, but of waste
through defective prints.
Lastly-Up to recent yean the number of amateun (and they are the
experimenters in photography) who had passed the point of simple photog-
raphy was small.
In writing on the subject of Uranium toning, it is better to understand
at once that any of the platinotype papers will work satisfactorily. I have
used Angelo, Willis & Clement's, Bradley, American and Perfecter, and re-
cently I have obtained some very beautiful steel-blue tones on Dr. Jacoby's
paper. These are especially suited to scenes having water in them. The
Reds and Browns on this paper are also satisfactory.
Angelo paper has always given the best dark Blues, and is the equal of
any for Red tones.
Willis & Clement's gives good Blues, Reds and Browns, and the other
papers all work fairly satisfactorily.
The formula for all colors is identical, viz.:
I.
10 gr. Nitrate Uranium.
5 oz. Water.
1 dr. Glacial Acetic Acid (or% dr. Muriatic).
II.
10 gr. Ferricyanide Potash.
5 oz. Water.
1 dr. Glacial Acetic Acid (or % dr. Muriatic).
Mix first before using, and dissolve a piece of Sodium Sulphite the size of
a small pea in the mixture before using.
I advise using Muriatic rather than Acetic Acid, as it is cheaper, and is
the same as used in the C1earing Bath, which latter is made up of 1 oz.
Muriatic Acid to 1!0 oz. water, or half the strength of a normal clearing bath.
A stronger bath fades the brightness of the colors.
A good rule to follow when intending to tone both Reds and Blues is to
make up a Uranium bath before starting to develop prints, and when 11. dark
*Copyright 1902, by James H. McCorkle.

[90)

.---=------ - - - -
 THE SHORT CUT HOME
By Edward W. Keck
(Rochester, N.Y.)

1st Clwia--}wry of ArtUu in Club rornperi~ion, 1902 1902

print is found tone it Blue, letting the lighter ones pass along to be toned
Red later on, in a fresh solution.
Porcelain trays will be found most satisfactory for this class of work,
as the deposit from the Uranium bath is easily removed with a tuft of rotton
soaked in the oxalate developer. This will also remove stain from fingers
caused by Uranium toning. Clean dishes are absolutely necessary for suc-
cessful results, and too much care cannot be taken to have hands and dishes
dean.
Having printed the desired number of pictures to be toned, first develop
as usual for black-and-white prints. If it be Blue, take a print directly from
the developer and place it in the uranium bath without clearing m the acid
bath. Rock until the print is evenly covered, and repeat the rocking every few
moments until the desired shade is obtained. If a second print is to be placed
in the tray, rinse one hand, remove the print already in the Uranium bath
until second print is evenly covered, then replace it in the tray. This is
absolutely necessary, as the slightest particle of oxalate developer removes
the color from the colored print wherever it touches it.
When toned to shade desired, remove the print to the half normal
strength clearing solution, leaving it there for five minutes; then wash thor-
oughly and dry between blotters.
Several prints can be toned together in the same bath if care is taken to
remove those already toning as each new print is put in the tray. To get a
Blue and Olive tone, or double tone, it is simply necessary to take the blue print,
after clearing it in acid bath, back into the Uranium bath until the Olive tone
appears in the shadows, then clear and wash as before.
To obtain Red tones, proceed as for black-and-white prints, only printing
very dear; clear in four changes of acid bath (1 to 60), wash thoroughly,
and dry. When ready to tone, place all prints in Uranium bath, one after
the other, as fast as prints can be thoroughly covered. Ten ounces of solution
should tone eight prints 62 x8 2 • Rock tray two minutes, then begin to draw
out the bottom print, placing it on top, continuing this until each print
reaches the color desired. Wash the prints in clean water, hot preferred;
clear in acid bath (% oz. to 60) for not over three minutes; wash and dry.
The Brown tones are obtained by toning in an old Uranium bath which has
become discolored, but care must be taken, as the precipitate is liable to stain
and make blotchy prints, unless moved all the time. I have recently exper-
imented a 1ittle with a brush. Taking a light blue print, I have gone over
parts of it with a new Uranium solution, and have been able to get some very
striking results. In doing this I have found glycerin on the print very satis-
factory in keeping the solution from spreading.
Another new process, and one not thoroughly worked out as yet, is to
mix three ounces of old Uranium solution with eight ounces old oxalate de-
veloper, and develop and tone in one operation. This requires a very darkly
printed picture.

[91]
 When first placed in this solution the print turns white, then becomes a
negative print, and finally a sky-blue positive.
Many people claim that all Uranium prints are liable to fade, also that
the colors cannot be duplicated.
Regarding the first complaint I can only say that I have two blue pictures
that have been exposed to bright light for over two years and have not faded
as yet.
As to duplicating the colors, that is reasonably certain if the same paper
is used and care is taken in weighing and measuring the chemicals. However,
for my part, I enjoy the varied results obtainable by a slight modification of
the foregoing directions.
Finally, don't be discouraged and don't throw away prints that are
unsatisfactory. Place them in a new oxalate developer and remove the color,
and keep them as Black-and-White prints.

Oana&eraga, N. Y.

THE AMERICAN LANTERN SLIDE

INTERCHANGE

I HAVE been asked to give an account of the Interchange, its purposes

and what it aims to do.
The Interchange was created in 1885, shortly after the forma-
tion of the Society of Amateur Photographers of New York. A sug-
gestion was then made that it would be a good plan to exchange the
lantern slides made by members of the Society with the work of other photo-
graphic organizations, which at that time were few in number.
Mr. C. R. Pancoast, of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia, gave
the New York Society first an exhibit of slides, illustrating views in India and
of an exposition there ; then the Cincinnati Society of Amateur Photographers,
of which Mr. George Bullock was president, exchanged a set of slides with the
New York Society. The subject of exchanging slides· was discussed between
the prominent societies until an organizing meeting was held at Philadelphia
in 1888, when the general lines on which the Interchange was to be based were
adopted. It was thought that the preparation of sets of carefully selected
slides accompanied by descriptive notes and their regular circulation among
the several clubs would form a nucleus for monthly lantern slide entertainments,
to which could be added the selected work of the members of the local club,
that would be not only generally interesting, but keep before the public good
work and stimulate each club to do better work the next season. At the same
time, the entertainments would have a tendency to keep alive popular interest

(92]
 -
in the local club by bringing before its members the work from various sections
of the country, and possibly examples of foreign work. It was also supposed
that entertainments of this character would be helpful to the club for the
reason that members might invite their friends to attend who would perhaps
become interested in seeing the work exhibited favorably enough, perhaps, to
want to become a member themselves. Now, in every well regulated club, one
of its most popular committees is that in charge of lantern slides and lantern
slide work.
To successfully carry on the work of the Interchange, it was necessary
to secure the co-operation of all the clubs and explain the basic idea, which is
the promotion of the art and science of Photography through the medium of
lantern slides, not by those that are purchased, but those only which are loaned
to be returned again.
It is this great plan of circulating sets of slides loaned only by individual
members to the committee of the local club, and then by the committee for the
club as a whole, the circulation afterwards of these slides--carefully culled out
by the Interchange Board-the eventual return of the slides to the respective
clubs and by them to their individual members, that constitute the leading
purposes of the Interchange.
The plan of working adopted for the Interchange (which is simply a
confederation of clubs) is that each club or society shall once a year, usually
in September, choose a person to represent it in the Interchange for one year
from November 1 to November 1 of the following year, who is known as a
Lantern Slide Director. Sets of slides are sent to him, and he is held respon-
sible for their safe keeping and shipment.
In October the elected SJide Directors cast a vote by mail for a board of
five managers, who meet in November and select a general manager to conduct
the preparation and circulation of such sets of slides as may have been selected.
The slides of the several clubs are forwarded to the general manager in No-
vember of each year. The Board of Managers usually representing clubs in
difFerent sections of the country meet in New York in November, and then, by
means of an electric lantern, test the slides of each contributing club, deciding
by a majority vote which slide shall be accepted and which thrown out.
Those thrown out are at once returned, and those selected are grouped
together in sets of 100 or 1!!5, and are listed, placed in special boxes fitted
with rubber-grooved strips in place of wood grooves, and are then put in cir-
culation.
Each year an entrance fee or dues of ten dollars is paid, from which fund
the general manager equalizes the express charges by refunding to the clubs
the excess they may have paid above the general average obtained by dividing
the gross sum expended by all the clubs by the number of clubs.
On this basis the heavy outgo that would be placed on the distant Western
clubs is avoided, they only having to pay the annual dues and a sum equal to
the general average as express charges.

[83)
 To secure admittance to the Interchange a club or society is required to
submit a set of not less than fifty slides and remit an entrance fee of ten dollars.
The slides are then examined by the Board of Managers. If more than fifty
per cent. are of good quality the club is admitted, but if it is the other way the
set is returned to the club as a whole, as well as a major portion of the entrance
fee.
An annual set of specially selected slides is prepared from the several sets,
which have been in circulation, and is sent abroad to France, Holland, and Eng-
land for two years, and is then returned, and the slides distributed among the
original clubs. In exchange the Interchange receives sets of French, English
and Holland slides for circulation among its members in this country, so that
an international interchange is carried on as well as a home interchange.
The Interchange now numbers over thirty members, and has in circulation
about 1,500 slides. Very few of these slides are lost or broken. The present
Board of Managers (also general managers) is F. C. Beach, W. H. Cheney,
of Orange, N.J.; W. H. Rau, of Philadelphia, Pa.; Herbert F. Smith, of
Syracuse, N. Y., and John P. Zenner, of Buffalo, N. Y. Slides for the season
of 1908 must be submitted to the Board by November 15 next. The present
headquarters of the Interchange is at 861 Broadway, New York.
New York, N. Y.

T HE Lantern Slide Committee desires to secure the co-operation of all

the members of the club in getting up the club's collection of new
slides for the Interchange set for next year, as the time of closing is
November 15 next. The committee intends to obtain if possible a carefully
selected set of one hundred slides of good average quality, and would like to
interest thirty or more members to contribute ten slides each from their best
negatives, and thus have about three hundred slides to select from. Views
about New York City are solicited, as well as landscapes, marines, figure
studies, zoological subjects, genre, cloud studies, botanical, historical, architec-
tural, microscopical, humorous, etc. The object is to secure a collection varied
in subject as much as possible.
When the final selection is made receipts for the slides retained will be
given to each member, to be surrendered ultimately, when the slides are
returned.
Slides may be handed to the chairman or other members of the committee,
1\[r. A. Scott or :Mr. O'Donahue, or they may be left with the secretary, Mr.
Hart. All members submitting slides will receive fair and honorable treat-
ment, the object being to welcome good average work and secure the interest
of all the members for the promotion of the club work.
F. C. BEACH, Chairman, Lantern Slide Committee.

[94]
THE CONCENTRATION OF INTEREST
".And no one ahall work for the money, and no one ahaU work for fame,
"But each for the joy of the working, and each, in his uparate ltar,
"ShaU draw the Thing as he sees It, for the God of Things as They .Are/"

HESE few Hnes of one

T of Kipling's 1nost force-

ful poems contain a mo-
tive that demands more
than a cursory glance
from the photographer who desires to
express his finer emotions through pro-
saic mediums.
The painter, mindful of human
imperfections, gleans from his models
a head here, an arm there and a foot
elsewhere, blending their perfection of
part into a harmonious whole through
the reasoning analysis of his knowledge
of proportion, using such colors as will
best convey a restful sense of' unity.
Yet more. Has he not the power,
confident in his knowledge, to portray
on his canvas pictures conjutred from a ~~
fertile imagination, ideal CI"E~ations that
live and move and have theiir being only in his soul? And for the benefit of
generation upon generation of those who
survive him, can he not bequeath these
thoughts, these ideals of a master mind,
purely imaginative, to a posterity that
through accumulative understanding shall
bow with reverent appreciation?
Our national galleries contain such crea-
tions, treasures of the dead past, that grow
day by day more valuable as we know under
what difficulties their origin was inspired,
and we hold them up to our children, and to
our children's childre:Q, as examples of living
Art, a monument to those who drew the
things, as they saw them, for the God or
Things as They Are.

L95J
 Now, the photographer has no such free hand. He is limited on all sides,
from beginning to end. His lenses are widely variant in their resources, his
printing processes are cramped in scope, and in choice of models he is apt to
approach the field of art with fear and trembling.
Yet he has one faint hope, one salient power at his command, and that is
concentration of light. Giv,en a faultless composition, a just sense of propor-
tion, and an intelligent appreciation of chiaroscuro, he may also perpetuate
a limited interpretation of his sentiments.
Art does not always imply beauty, nor does beauty always infer art, for

[96)
 F. C. Clarke

even the most humble obj~ct of God's handiwork has capabilities of rare
interest that are sometimes never suspected.
Take, now, the profile of Maude Adams in her representation of the Due
de Reichstadt. Her charm of womanhood, her dainty femininity, were not a
desired quality. Only the spirit of the young boy, son of Napoleon, whose

[97]
 r'
~; ...·"' - (_:. ~ .,.., ..... , ....~ . .: .-

delicate body was too weak to follow the inherited promptings of his father's
spirit. Only the sharp, un,compromising profile is visible, and the mind is left
free to wander at will in the subtle shadow.
A picture need not be couched in shadow, however, to convey an inter-
pretation of emotion. Sometimes just a well chosen portion of the composi-
tion will satisfy, and prove by its formation of outline a decorative as well as
an illustrative factor.

[98]
 MAUDE ADAMS IN L'AIGLON
By F. C. Clarke
(New Yo rk)

2nd Choice- Jury of An isu in Club Comperirion, 19 0 2 1902

 A concentration of light on any one point never fails to attract attention,
and it is also so in line. But in portrait work particularly is it necessary to
convey, in the perpetuation. of the human countenance, a sense, not of the
fleeting change of expression dominant at the moment, but of the character
that rules the soul, whether s1trong or weak, and it is found stamped where those
who run may read in every J[eature of the face. And it is the photographer's
prerogative to select. It is his to make or mar. Happy the man who can
select that charm of person:!l.l individuality that is so important a factor of
attraction to the paintings of the Old Masters.

New York, N. Y.

THE ST. :LOUIS EXPOSITION

Y "aims andl ideas" as to the nature of the exhibit of photog-

raphy at the Universal Exposition, to be held in 1904 at
St. Louis, ar'e simply those of an intensely interested looker-on,
rather than those of an influential insider. Beyond the in-
tention of being one who will submit work for exhibition, my
aims and purposes in this connection can be expressed in the past tense.
It may be remembered it was upon my suggestion to Governor Francis,
president of the Exposition Company, that the question of the recognition
of the art merit of pictorial photography came up for consideration. Very
soon thereafter the convention of the Photographers' Association of America
took up the subject, appointing a committee (Messrs. C. M. Hayes, of Detroit,
and S. L. Stein, of Milwaukee, together with myself as chairman) whose duty
it should be to treat with the exposition authorities and use every endeavor
to arrange for a display of' photography as suggested by me. Naturally,
being the resident member, most of the conferences and communications in-
cident to the labors of this c:ommittee were with or to me. My original plan
contemplated a separate building devoted wholly to pictorial photography
-the display to be along salon lines:

"Only such pictures to be exhibited as are considered worthy by a

competent committee of artists, not photographers. No distinction
to be made between amateurs and professionals."

It will be noted that my own proposition excluded me from any part in

the selection of the display. In course of time the exposition officials rejected

[99]
the idea of a special pavilion, whereupon our committee substituted "a section
in the Fine Arts Building" in our demands.
Only after a long and most discouraging contest did we finally succeed
in convincing the management that if an exhibit worthy of the present of
Photography were desired our demands must be conceded. Under the ruling
recently published, the acceptance of pictures which are to be placed in the
Palace of Fine Arts is delegated to the National Jury of Selection of that
department. This jury is that which will pass judgment upon paintings of-
fered for display, so that in so far as the art merit or pictorial photography
is concerned, it is placed upon exactly the same basis as the work of an artist
with brush and color.
I deem it a great advantage that photographic pictures are to be re-
garded from the artist's point of view. It is not probable that many of the
members of the jury will have much knowledge of the chemistry of pho-
tography and, consequently, judgment will not be influenced greatly by the
mechanical results obtained. The bias of a photographer judge looking for
"chemical effects" will not be a factor in passing a verdict upon pictures that
give evidence of soul, rather than of mechanism.
These benefits, for so they appear to me, resulting from a jury of artists,
will accrue particularly to amateurs-because the latter are less hampered by
"reverence for the fathers" and care but little for purely photographic (in
the conventional sense of the word) results.
And it was for advanced amateurs, largely, that the contest for art recog-
nition was fought. The committee of the National Association, though pro-
fessionals, realized the fact, which I have expressed before, that many of the
most telling movements into the realms of art have been led by amateur pho-
tographers. It was strongly impressed upon the exposition officials that it
was most essential to secure the enthusiastic interest of the amateurs, not only
because of their number, but also because of the merit of their work.
The question now is, What remains to be done? Primarily to give this
decision of the St. Louis Exposition the widest publicity. It depends upon
CAMERA NoTES and its contemporaries, whether this concession on the part
of our World's Fair-marking a new era in the annals of photography-will
meet with the appreciation merited by an event so important and so far-reach-
ing in its influence.
It will be remembered that the ruling is universal, without restrictions or
limitations of any nature other than that of artistic quality. It seems to me
that the honor, possible to any camera worker, of having some of his produc-
tions regarded on the same plane as the most valued creations of the famous
artists of modern times, is sufficient incentive to cause every one of them to
submit a few specimens for display. Every periodical devoted to photography
should dwell constantly and forcefully upon the duty of each individual, ama-
teur or professional, to assist in making this exhibit the greatest ever collected.
Make it so great, in all artistic attributes, that no one will ever question the

[100]
 wisdom of the officials of the Universal Exposition of 1904 at St. Louis in
proclaming:
Photography is a Fine Art!
CAMEB.A NoTES can do much to realize this greatly desired result, and I
hope to find it working enthusiastically toward this consummation.

8t. L011.u, Mo.

THE NUMBERING OF LENS

DIAPHRAGMS
Tramlated from the French Report of W. E. Wallon of the Deci8iom Relative
to Lem Diaphragwu Ad-opted by the Paris International Photographic
Congre11, by S. Y. Beach and F. C. Beach.

T HE International Congress of Photography, held in Paris in

July, 1900, reached a conclusion concerning the principle of the
numbering of diaphragms for lenses, but appointed a permanent
commission at the meeting of July 28th, to which it entrusted
the work of drawing up the proper rules and the conditions of
their application. The permanent commission thus selected in its turn dele-
gated the preparatory work to a subcommission composed chiefly of some of its
own members, with the addition of a few outside opticians. After a year's work
on the matter, the subcommission reported its decisions to the permanent com-
mission, and these results were approved by the French members of that com-
mission on July 4th, 1901, at a general reunion in Paris. The foreign members
having suggested some changes after reading the decisions adopted, the French
members met again in Paris on November !8, 1901, and amended the new rules,
after which they were unanimously adopted by all the members of the permanent
commission, both French and foreign. The following composed the permanent
commission which assented to the final rules:
l\fl\1. Miethe, delegate for Germany; J. l\I. Edcr, delegate for Austro-
Hungary; Puttemans, delegate for Belgium; Cameron, delegate for United
States of America; Bellieni, Cornu, Clerc, Drouet, Gaumont, Houdaille,
l\Ioessard, Sebert, Wallon and Lumiere, delegates for France; Chapman Jones,
delegate for Great Britain; Knobel, dcll'gate for Great Britain; Pizzighelli,

[101)
delegate Cor Italy; De Sambuy, delegate Cor Italy; Sreznevsky, delegate Cor
Russia; Demole, delegate Cor Switzerland.
The rules, as approved, are as Collows:

I. OBJECTIVE8 OF INVARIABLE FOCAL DISTANCE.

First. Each diaphragm will be designated by a traction o£ the Cormula ~.

where B is the number obtained by dividing the ab1olute focal Zmgth of the ob-
jective by the working diameter of the diaphragm.
IC the manner o£ mounting the lens permits, the manu£acturen are invited
to also inscribe Cor each diaphragm and £acing the fraction ~' the value o£
the number n 2 •
Second. There will be employed for all objectives a single series o£ dia-
phragms--single in the sense that the working diameten o£ the diaphragms
must always belong to the progression
_,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F F
1 u 2 2.8 4 &.6 8 u.s 16 2S 32 46
Third. If the working diameter of the maximum diaphragm does not cor-
respond to one of the terms or this progression, the maximum diaphragm will
be designated by a conventional sign, preferably a dot. The value o£ the work-
ing diameter of this maximum diaphragm will appear among the inscriptions
engraved upon the lens mounting.
Fourth. Manufacturen will state in their catalogues, for each series o£
objectives, the value o£ the coefficient of working diameter; and the testing
laboratories will regularly include in the number o£ operations relating to the
examination of objectives the control of this coefficient.
Fifth. Opticians are requested to adopt, Cor the inscriptions engraved on
their lens. mounts, as uniform an arrangement as possible. The inscriptions
should consist of: (a) The name and place o£ business o£ the manu£acturer;
(b) the style number of the objective; (c) the relative working diameter o£
the largest diaphragm that can be used; (d) the absolute focal length; (e) the
series number of the lens; (f) and finally, if possible, the position that the
nodal points occupy.
ll. OBJECTIVES OF VARIABLE FOCAL LENGTH.

First. The subcommission requests manu£acturen to investigate and

adopt arrangements that will permit of extending to these instruments the pre-
ceding rules. The presentation that has been made to them of an arrange-
ment of this kind shows that the problem is not without a simple solution.
Second. Provisionally, the diaphragms of multiple combination lenses
could be designated by the value in millimeters of their effective diameter; but
to each objective must be added a table indicating for each diaphragm and each
focal length the corresponding value of ~ and also that of n•. The largest
diaphragm that can be used with each combination shall be indicated on the
lens mount by a distinctive sign.

[lOll]
~~ ~~~~~~ ---=-­
-- -=-Nttmforlt ---=· =
 PRACTICAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE APPLICATION OF THESE RESOLUTIONS.

I. In order to decide on their series of diaphragms, which are to conform

to the preceding rules, manufacturers must know:
The absolute focal length of the objective, for instance, F; the coefficient
of the working diameter, ·f;,r instance, K; within the limits of precision now
in use for the value of focal lengths..
It is unnecessary to recall here the diverse methods in use for determin-
ing exactly the absolute focal length.
As far as the coefficient of the working dia~eter is concerned, the follow-
in classic method is recommended:
The objective having been placed on a camera and focussed on infinity, the
operator substitutes for the ground glass an opaque screen baving in its center
a very small orifice that is lighted brightly from behind. The bundle of rays
of light emanating from this point forms, after having passed through the
lens, a cylinder the diameter of which can be measured exactly in various ways.
The quotient of this diameter of the dia,?hragm by the quotient vf the diameter
employed for the experiment is equal to the coefficient of the working diameter.
This coefficient has a value that can be considered as constant for all ob-
jectives of the same type, of the same manufacture and series.
II. Knowing the absolute focal length and the coefficient of the working
diameter, the first should be divided by the second. The calculation of the
efFective diameters to give to the various diaphragms can be made by dividing
this quotient successively by the difFerent values of n indicated in the second
rule,-that is to say, supposing the series of diaphragms to be complete, by
1, 1.4, !!, !!.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11.8, 16, iS, S!t.
It will be found simpler and more exact to proceed in the following
manner:
The efFective diameter of the diaphragm tis equal to ~ ; the diameter
of the second diaphragm will be obtained by dividing ~ by 1.414; then, for
the following ones, divide successively the two first diameters by~' 4, 8, etc.
Suppose we have, for example, a lens whose absolute focal length is
!ai5 mm., and whose coefficient of working diameter is 1.~ mm., then ~ 187.5.
The efFective diameters of the two first diaphragms must be, respectively,
187.5 mm. and ~~i: 18~.6 mm. and those of the following diaphragms,
!.!!:!!-98 187"5 -46 9 1811.6-ss ~ etc
8 ~-66 •3t 4
II •til •t4 '' •

The complete series of diaphragms will have, therefore, the following

efFective diameters, expressed in millimeters:
_,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F _,
F
-·F
1 1.4 ll 1.8 4 11.6 8 11.8 16

18.95 18~.6 98.8 66.8 46.9 ss.~ ~3.4 16.6 1!.7

The series of efFective diameters thus calculated will suit all objectives of

{103)
the same construction and a certain given focus, provided the variation of the
focal length does not surpass the limits usually tolerated.
In passing to objectives of different focus but belonging to the same series,
it will suffice to reduce the effective diameten proportionally to the focal
lengths.
DI. To detennine the value of ~. which distinguishes the maximum
diaphragm, it is only necessary to measure the effective diameter of this
diaphragm and to multiply it by the coefficient of the working diameter. Upon
dividing the principal focal length by this product, we obtain the value of"·
If, for example, with a lens in which F !!5 and K=l.!, we find !8 mm.
to be the effective diameter of the maximum diphragm, then
2211 '.!15 67
n-28xt.2_83.6_ ·
and the maximum diaphragm must be designated by ~~ .•
By the maximum diaphragm i11 meant the largest opening for which the
manufacturer will guarantee the sharpness of the image over the whole area of
the sensitive surface; but it often happens that the objective may, under special
conditions, be used advantageously with a still larger opening. It is optional
with the maker to continue the graduation beyond the point designated by the
maximum diaphragm as we have just defined it.
IV. As to the values of n 2 , corresponding to the standard diaphragm, the
numbers that correspond to these values will be 1, !, 4, 8, 16, 8!, 64, 1!8.
V. Finally, as regards the arrangement to give to the graduation in the
case, very general nowadays, of iris diaphragms, the figures can be simplified
by not repeating the numerator of the characteristic fraction, but by engraving
them as follows:
F :1, 1.4, !, !.8.
When the arrangement of the lens mount will pennit of inscribing, besides
the values of ~ those of n 2 , it will be found advantageous to inscribe the two
series of numbers on each side of the ring enclosing the iris.

A PLEA FOR PINHOLE

PHOTOGRAPHY

N OTWITHSTANDING the amount of literature on the subject

of pinhole photography, it is a remarkable fact that in the count-
less reproductions in our magazines, reproductions of pinhole
photographs are seldom found. And if you will stop a moment
and try to think how many of your photographic acquaintances
have ever made even a single pinhole photograph, I fancy you will reach the
conclusion with me, that pinhole photographs are really a rarity.

[104:]
 O.bome I. Yellot A. Pinhole L&n~pe

And just why this should be is rather difficult to understand. Certain

it is that a good pinhole photograph contains a charm of technique entirely
apart and distinct {rom that of an equally good photograph made by means of
a lens. The desire to lose superfluous detail in the print without producing an
undue amount of fuzziness can be accomplished in no other way quite as easily
as by the use of a pinhole in place of a lens. Atmosphere, another desideratum
of the good landscape photograph, is always present in the right degree in the
properly exposed pinhole neg111tive. Whether it is this delicately diffused qual-
ity of the pinhole image, or this atmospheric quality in landscape photographs
made by this method, certain it is that in my own case I find pinhole photo-
graphs the easiest kind to live with. By this I mean that out of a dozen or more

[105]
 of my own photographs on the walls of my den, most of them enlargements,
the only ones that I can tolerate for any length of time are those made by the
aid of the pinhole. Looking at the backs of the frames of all these pictures I
find only three from which the paper pasted on by the framemaker has not been
removed during the five years that I have had them, and those three are bromide
enlargements from pinhole negatives. The composition may be poor, the
lighting may be bad, but with all that, neither defect is half so bad as the
presence of a lot of distracting elements in every other picture on the walls. A
stone here, a stick there, a sharp black twig across the sky in that other; all
these are things which we ofttimes fail to notice in our own photographs until
we have lived with them awhile, and once noticed they grate on us unmercifully,
until at last into the waste-basket goes the print, out of the window the negative,
and our frame is ready for a new victim.
But with the pinhole photograph there is none of this. lfJ after a few
months, we find that the values in the print are bad, we can set about to correct
them by any of the numerous methods known to even the tyro in photography.
If the composition is very bad, of course the print will go at last; but once get
in a frame a pinhole photograph that is fairly good in these respects, and it is
likely to stay there. A stone in the wrong place is only a suggestion of a stone
after all, and it is possible to see beyond it ; a branch of a tree a little out of
place isn't half as bad when it happens to be somewhat diffused in line as when
it is both black and sharp, and cries out at you to take it away.
Diffusion by means of racking the lens in or out, unless done with the
greatest regard to tone values, is nearly always displeasing. The effort at dif-
fusion is always· in such cases so very obvious. But who can say that the delicate
diffusion of the pinhole image--that gradual melting away of every single line
in the picture into nothingness-is so painfully obvious. It is the diffusion we
see, as, sinking by the wayside after a wearying walk, we rest our eyes, our mind,
and in fact our whole being in a misty contemplation of the beautiful on every
side--the mistiness that we see in nature's beauties when we are really not seeing
them at all, but feeling them.
For the truly restful pictures, then-for the landscape to hang on the
walls of the room to which we come when tired out with the stress of the day's
toil-let us have a pinhole photograph or two. All subjects, of course, are
not suitable to the pinhole, but when some time you are about to make a photo-
graph of a landscape meant to express this sentiment of rest, first make the one
you intended to make, and then fasten the pinhole attachment to the camera
and make another of the same view.
I have said that it is rather difficult to understand why the pinhole is not
more generally used-meaning among amateurs. But possibly the reason is
not far to seek. One man dreads the long exposures, another hasn't the appa-
ratus, another looks askance at the tables prepared by numerous writers (I po.~­
sibly being among the guilty number) showing how to figure out the proper
exposure. Life is too short-it's too much trouble--it's something new to do

[106]
 ON THE BEACH
By Wm. D. Murphy
(New York)

3rd C hoice-Jury of Arrisu in C lub C omperirion, 19 0 2 1902

 c

and to learn, and I doubt if it will work right anyway-is about the sum and
substance of all the reasons why the amateur who is willing to try everything
else doesn't try pinhole photography.
So I have set myself to the task of once more putting in print what is
already there in a score or more of places, but what has possibly not been put
together in any one place just exactly as I intend putting it.
In the first place I will take up the man who hasn't the apparatus, and
while I am at him I'll dispose of the other objectors.
About a year ago I was visiting a friend down in the southern part of
Virginia where trains when they do come are usually late. We drove, one day,
about three miles to the station for the purpose of taking a little side trip, and
when we got there found that the train wasn't going to disappoint us. It was
fifty-five minutes late. In the course of our conversation I began on pinhole
photography, and my friend deplored the fact that he hadn't a pinhole camera.
He had a 4x5 hand camera with him. I got up and went inside where I asked
the station-master to give me the back oft' a telegram-blank pad and a piece of
writing paper. I then took the lens-board out of his camera, got its dimensions
and cut out two pieces of the cardboard of the proper size, one being a trifle
smaller than the other to allow for the necessary rebate. I then cut a small
circular opening through the two, put a square of writing paper between them,
borrowed some mucilage from the station-master and stuck them all together.
Next I took a small pin out of the lapel of my coat and stuck it through the
writing paper, and then placed this new "lens-board" in front of his camera.
"Now take my picture," I said.
He proceeded to do so-got oft' at the regulation distance, got out his
focusing cloth and put his head under it.
"I can't see anything," came from under the cloth, and he shortly followed
suit.
"How am I in the finder?" I asked.
"A little far oft'," he replied.
"Come closer then," I suggested.
He did so, and got me on the finder to his satisfaction.
"Now put your plate in." I instructed. When he had done so, I told him
to rack out the front-board to the 100-foot mark on the scale and make the ex-
posure.
"How long?" he questioned.
"What is the focal length of your lens?"
"Six inches."
"What would you give me with No. 8 stop?"
"Fifth of a second."
"All right; hang your hat over the front of the camera, draw your slide,
take your hat oft' the front and count sixty seconds, then put the hat back, put
the slide in and you'll have it."
He followed the instructions to the letter, and got the picture.

[107]
 "Now take those clouds," I said, "but first rack your front-board back to
three inches from the plat.~."
He did so and got ready. "How long-thirty seconds?"
"What would you give them with the No. 8 stop?,,
"I,d figure on about 11. two-hundredth."
"All right,,, I said, '';give them a third of a second.,,
He thought I was joking, but finally followed instructions to the best of
his ability.

Osborne I . Yellott A Pinhole L&ndacape

Then I had him set the camera up on a stretch of road to which he said he
would give a fiftieth of a second, rack out to six inches again, and give the piau
six seconds exposure.
That night when he developed the plates and they all came out right, he
was the most thoroughly surprised man in the State, and kept me awake half
the night begging me to tell him the system of calculating exposures, as he
knew there must be one.
I finally did so, and ilt is as simple as making the apparatus.
We all know that the f value of a diaphragm depends roughly upon the
relation of its diameur to the focal length of the lens. Thus, if a lens has a
focal length of eight inches, and the diaphragm is one inch in diameur, the f
value of that diaphragm iis f/8 because it is! off (focal length). Again, if
the focal length of the lens is one inch and the diameur of the diaphragm is

[108]
1/3! of an inch, the value of the latter is f/8! because it is 1/8! of the focal
length. Now an ordinary fairly small pin is about 1/80 of an inch in diameter.
Hence the f value of a pinhole made with such a pin, if used at one inch from
the plate, would be f/80-call it for convenience f/8!. Therefore, if we were
to use a pinhole of this size at one inch from the plate we could always regard it
as the f/8! stop and give a corresponding exposure. But as this would be too
short a focal length for use with a 4x5 plate in that it would result in a very
wide angle of view, it follows that we must be able to calculate the exposure at
greater distances.
This is easily done when we consider that the value of a stop decreases
with the square of the distance it is removed from the plate. Hence if a stop has
a certain value at one inch from the plate it will have one-fourth that value at
two inches, one-sixteenth at four inches, one-thirty-sixth at six inches, etc.
Here we apply these well-known rules to the pinhole. If a view requires 1/5
sec. with the No.8 stop, it will require 8/5 sec. with the f/3! or No. 64 stop.
If now the lens, as in the case of the portrait, is racked out to 6 inches, the value
of the stop decreases with the square of the distance, and the plate will require
36 times 8/5 sec. or 57 8-5 sec. On the other hand, if the clouds required
1/!00 sec. with the No. 8 stop, they would require 8/!00 sec. with the f/8!
stop, and with the lens racked out to 8 inches only, would then require only
nine times 8/!00 sec. or 9/!5 sec., this being the 1/8 second called for in my
instructions. The landscape requiring 1/50 sec. with No. 8 stop, would require
8/50 with f/8! stop or pinhole, and at 6 inches 86 times 8/50, or,approximate-
ly, 6 seconds. The plan is simple in the extreme. First get the exposure with
the stop at its f value and multiply by the square of the distance it is used from
the plate.
It thus appears that the secret of speed in pinhole photography with an
aperture of a given size lies in the distance at which it is used from the plate,
and it follows that where a quick exposure is necessary it can be had and
proper perspective preserved if we are satisfied to use a small plate.
I know very well that the foregoing is all wrong theoretically; that is,
according to the theorists, but after five years' devotion to pinhole photography,
during which I have used this system of calculating exposures in hundreds of
cases at distances varying from one inch to twenty inches from pinhole to plate,
I am perfectly willing to stand for the statement that it is accurate enough
for all practical purposes. It is the theorists who have made pinhole pho-
tography impracticable in the eyes of thousands of workers who would other-
wise have taken it up, and it is far better in my opinion to be a little wrong and
do something than to be absolutely right and do nothing.
It might be well to add that a pinhole of 1/30 of an inch in diameter is
rather too large for good work on small plates. One of 1/60 or even 1/90 is
far better, but of course the exposures are greatly increased, being then calcu-
lated on the basis of f/60 or f/90, respectively. For the benefit o{ those who
wish to use such I would say that an ordinary No.8 needle makes an aperture

(109]
 of about 1/45 inch in diameter, a No. 10 about 1/55, a No. 11 about 1/65,
and a No. 12 about 1/75. It is also worth noting that while a pinhole stuck
through a bit of paper will produce an image on the plate, this image is more
than likely to sufFer somewhat through raggedness of the edges of the aperture.
A simple substitute is to use the sky portion of a fully developed film negative.
But I am trying to avoid making the subject appear any more difficult than it
really need be in its simplest aspect, feeling confident that if any of my readers
take it up even along the lines suggested they will find enough in it to warrant
their looking it up more thoroughly in the handbooks and periodicals giving
detailed instructions for the construction of apparatus.

Tow•on, Md.

ACETONESULPHITE, A NEW
PHOTOGRAPHIC PREPARATION

By PROF. DR. J. PRECHT

I N glancing over the great number of chemicals suitable for photographic

purposes and employed in practice, it becomes apparent that outside of
the substances used in developing there are hardly any which serve and
are adapted exclusively for photographic purposes. The question arises
whether combinations cannot be formed which could be applied to vari-
ous photographic purposes and would simplify the technical work of pho-
tography. How advantageous, for instance, would it be, if by the use of a
single substance the developer would be protected against oxidation, its develop-
ing properties modified in doubtful exposures, and if the same substance would
act as a fixing agent as well as a reducing and intensifying agent, and finally in
printing help to produce excellent results.
Such a chemical body is the preparation called Acetonesulphite, which has
been recommended for use in photography by Dr. A. Eichengriin. I have
carefully examined the preparation in regard to its usefulness for photographic
purposes and would report here its very remarkable properties.
The substance is a white, granular powder, readily soluble in water, and
represents chemically an acid sulphite combination of Acetone, that well-known
solvent for lacquers, films, etc., which is already extensively used as a substitute

[110]
for alkali in many developers. The chemical, brie1ly called Acetonesulphite, is
so readily soluble in water that 50 per cent. solutions can be prepared. Its
composition and the great solubility of Acetonesulphite enable us to prepare
highly concentrated developi111g solutions which have proved very practical and
convenient.
In this connection it is important to ascertain how far the oxidation of a
developer can be prevented by the addition of this chemical. Exact experiments
have shown-as was to be e:x:pected theoretically-that as a preservative it is
somewhat inferior to potassium metabisulphite, but that it is very superior to
sodium sulphite. Expressed in figures, 10 grams of Acetonesulphite are equiv-
alent to 7 grams of potassium metabisulphite, while the same quantity is
equivalent to 60 grams of sodium sulphite. This proportion varies somewhat
according to the character of the developing agent. Developers which are
easily decomposed require a relatively greater quantity, while stable substances
require less. Generally speaking, it may be said that a developing solution of
ordinary concentration conta.ining about 1 per cent. of developing substance
can be perfectly protected against oxidation by adding from !! to 3 per cent.
of Acetonesulphite. However, for concentrated developing solutions it is suffi-
cient to add as many grams of Acetonesulphite as the solutions contain develop-
ing substance. for particulars as to its proper application I refer to the
formulre given below.
If the question is raised whether the use of Acetonesulphite offers any ad-
vantages over that of potassilllm metabisulphite, it must also be answered in the
affirmative. While 1.5 grams of potassium metabisulphite are employed in a
developer of ordinary concentration, a further increase would (according to
Eder•) delay development ilr1 an undesirable manner. If, however, a larger
quantity of Acetonesulphite is used, the color of the silver precipitate, espe-
cially in the presence of alkfLlies, is considerably in1luenced. Therefore, Ace-
tonesulphite can be advantageously used with all developers, while it is well
known that potassium metabisulphite can be employed only with pyrogallol,
and even then a yellow dis4coloration may be caused if sodium sulphite is
omitted.
Under the in1luence of alkalies Acetonesulphite is decomposed into free
acetone and bisulphite. The latter protects against oxidation, while the acetone
exerts a most favorable infiUE~nce upon the color of the silver precipitate. De-
velopers with Acetonesulphibe can, therefore, be employed not only for nega-
tives, but also for bromide pupers. Without losing any benefits, many of the
disadvantages arising from the direct addition of acetone to the valuable acetone
developers are thus easily avoided. Accordingly, the increase in the amount of
Acetonesulphite must be considered extremely advisable under certain condi-
tions. To avoid any unneces8ary delay in the development, such developers re-
quire an increase in the amount of alkali up to 10 per cent. and over, and car-
bonate of soda is of particula1r value. A deep, full black color of the silver pre-
• Eder, Manual III, page 117, Halle 1890.

[111]
cipitate is thus produced, even with developers which cause yellow discoloration
and which could, therefore, not be used for papers, such as pyrogallol and
hydroquinone.
It may be mentioned that the valuable pyro-acetone developer of Messrs.
Lumi~re Brothers may be improved by the aid of Acetonesulphite and soda,
and owing to the presence of bisulphite it is less inclined to produce fog and
may be used directly for developing papers.
These considerations demonstrate the superiority of Acetonesulphite over
the bisulphites.
I shall now mention a few examples for the application of Acetonesulphite
which may serve as types. It is essential to dissolve Acetonesulphite first and
then to add the developing substance. Alkali is added last or during the devel-
opment. Attention is again called to the fact that the making of highly con-
centrated developing solutions is possible because of the great solubility or Ace-
tonesulphite. With developers or ordinary concentration Acetonesulphite-
Bayer produces exceedingly clear, distinct and pure black negatives, especially
in combination with carbonate or soda. It is hardly necessary to mention that
with two separate developing solutions the alkali solution should be added
gradually and according to requirements.
1. Concentrated Pyro-Developer.
450 grains Pyrogallol.
450 grains Acetonesulphite.
In 8 1-8 fluid ounces water.
This solution or unlimited stability must be diluted 80 times berore use. To
each 81-8 fluid ounce or diluted developer up to 6 fluid drams or a !0 per
cent. solution or carbonate or soda may be added.
!. Ordinary Pyrogallol Developer.
3 1-8 fluid ounces water. }
87.5 grains Acetonesulphite. Extremely stable.
15 grains Pyrogallol
During development add up to 7 fluid drams or a 20 per cent. solution or
carbonate or soda or carbonate of potash. Pure black tones on paper may be
obtained by using double the quantity of Acetonesulphite. In this case the ad-
dition of carbonate of soda may be increased to double the amount ir required.
S. Concentrated mixed Hydroquinone Developer.
75 grains Hydroquinone
225 grains Acetonesulphite.
1 3-4 oz. Carbonate of Soda
3 1-3 fluid ounces water.
This developer in concentrated form can be kept for a long time and remains
perfectly clear. Hydroquinone requires a specially large quantity or Acetone-
sulphite as compared with other developers. For use the solution must be

[112]
 c

diluted 5 times. After a few hours the diluted developer will turn brown in the
dish.
4. Ready mixed Edinol Developer.
75 grains Edinol
11 1.5 grains Acetonesulphite.
SOO grains Carbonate of Potash.
S 1-S fluid ounces water.
For use to be diluted from 8 to 10 times.
5. Concentrated Edinol Developer in separate solutions.
150 grains Edinol.
150 grains Acetonesulphite.
S 1-S fluid ounces water.
This solution, which may be kept for any length of time, must be diluted 10 or
10 times for use. To S 1-8 fluid ounces of diluted developer 1 fluid ounce of a
10 per cent. solution of carbonate of soda must be added. The diluted de-
veloper, even in the presence of alkali, will keep for a long time.
6. Ordinary Edinol Developer in one solution.
15 grains Edinol
87.5 grains Acetonesulphite.
150 grains Carbonate of Soda
S 1-S fluid ounces water.
This developer is equally well adapted for negatives and positives. For papers
this fonnula as well as the other may be diluted up to double its volume.
For experiments I recommend in the first place Nos. I, 5 and 6. Where
great stress is laid upon extraordinary durability of a ready mixed concentrated
developer, the best results will be obtained if caustic lithium is used as alkali:
150 grains Edinol.
1 1-S oz. Acetonesulphite.
14!.5 grains Caustic Lithium.
8 1-S fluid ounces water.
In making the solution some acetone will be split off which must be dl-iven off by
warming. The solution is then perfectly clear. It has the color of claret, and
for use should be diluted 10 times.
A few instances should be mentioned in which Acetonesulphite by reason
of its weak acid reaction tends to increase the stability of known developers.
In the first place I would refer to the Iron Developer. The solution of
iron sulphate becomes very stable by the addition of I per cent. Acetonesul-
phite, and the Oxalate Developer thus prepared remains absolutely clear for
nearly two days, without a trace of a precipitate. The development produces
negatives of excellent color. The stability of the mixed developer surpasses
that of a developer mixed with sulphuric or citric acid.

[118]
 In the second place, I refer to an Edinol developer which is the best de-
veloper for bromide papers:
15 grains Edinol.
1!0 grains Sodium Sulphite
15 grains Acetonesulphite.
8 1-8 fluid ounces water.
For use, from 1-8 to !l-8 fluid ounce of Acetone should be added.
Finally an excellent Amidol developer for papers should be mentioned
which in solution may be kept for a long time. The developer completely pre-
vents the gradual yellow discoloration of the paper which is c;»bserved when no
Acetonesulphite is used, and also the rapid oxidation of the solution. It is com-
posed of
15 grains Amidol.
1-! ounce Sodium Sulphite.
75 grains Acetonesulphite.
6 !-8 fluid oz. water.
It is of theoretical interest that in the above formula sodium sulphite acts as a
weak alkali and not as a preservative.
In turning to other uses of Acetonesulphite, its properties as a restrainer
of rapid developers should be alluded to. It is well known that in this respect
potassium bromide is not especially effective or reliable. With the addition of
Acetonesulphite, even to rapid developers, overexposures, approaching and even
including solarization, can be remedied, something which has not been ac-
complished heretofore. Having exhaustively discussed this form of applica-
tion in a special report, I need not refer to it here, and only mention that the
time of development, using Acetonesulphite as a restrainer, is not inconveniently
prolonged. The longest time required in exceptional cases was only !0
minutes.
Being an acid sulphite, Acetonesulphite is, of course, also adapted for the
preparation of slightly acid fixing baths. It is advantageous to use about! per
cent., for example, 800 grains to one quart of fixing liquid. The bath is very
easily made, precipitation of sulphur never takes place, and it remains clear and
colorless for an extraordinarily long time.
In the case of mercury intensifiers Acetonesulphite plays a similar part to
sodium sulphite. If the negative, bleached in a solution of bichloride of
mercury, after washing is dipped into a 5 or 10 per cent. solution of Acetone-
sulphite, it will gradually blacken. The pictures are denser than with sodium
sulphite, and they are of an agreeable color. Any injurious effect upon the
film, as is observed with ammonia, is avoided.
In the excellent method of reduction by means of permanganate of
potassium (slightly red solution with a few drops of sulphuric acid) Acetone-
sulphite may be used to remove the only disadvantage of this method, namely,
the yellow discoloration of the negative and especially of bromide paper. After
 •

THE BABE
By Myra Wiggins
(Salem, Ore. )
 c

reduction and washing, the plates or prints are dipped into a 5 per cent. or 10
per cent. solution of Acetonesulphite. It is advantageous to fix the plates after-
wuds. The yellow discoloration of the negative and of the paper fiber disap-
pears completely, even if oxalic acid, which is generally used, does not produce
the desired effect. This seems to me to be the only effective method by which a
perfectly white ground is obtained on reduced paper pictures, as the reduction
of papers by byposulphite and ferricyanide of potassium causes yellow dis-
coloration after some time, even if applied carefully.
I intend to revert to the theoretical features of the processes discuBBed
herein at another place; suffice it to mention the especially interesting fact, that
iodine may be dissolved in a cold concentrated solution of Acetonesulphite. The
lemon-colored solution can be employed as a reducer for negatives. The
iodine of silver thus formed must be dissolved in the fixing bath.
The extraordinary versatility of the photographic use of Acetonesulphite
is clearly apparent from the facts above stated. It is fair to assume that all its
applications are not yet fully known. Even if it may be &88erted that the
effects mentioned might be produced otherwise, yet we have before us a pho~
graphic chemical of great value in nearly all photo-chemical reactions with
which we are at present acquainted.

PICTORIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

T HE wide interest at present attained by the discussion as to

whether photography be classified among the Liberal or Fine
Arts, presents to the writer a series of contradictions.
Would it not be wise for those enlisted in the question t.o
first consult among themselves for the purpose of determining
what the question reaUy is, what they are seeking to do.
Photography of to-day embraces a multitude of interests and industries,
r ,~1, contributing its share in the production of what is known as a photo-

i!J.i.d.ph. To demand that it, as a whole, be admitted to the Fine Arts is just
as reasonable as to demand that the paint maker who supplies the artist with
his colors be also admitted.
Does it not devolve upon those interested in the Art to first establish a
line separating the technical, which affiliates the Art with the machine and
alembic, from that which is aftiliated with the mental and physical interpreta-
tion of the esthetic?
Shall the photomicrographs, skiagraphs, etc., involving the extremes of
the esthetic in their production, be classified with the work of the artist and
sculptorP

[116]
 That there must first be a division is ver) pparent to those who are
mere spectators.
The separation of the artist from the maker of paints and oils, from the
mechanical application of color, involving both the intervention of the ma-
chine and physical effort, has been established. So is the sculptor's position
likewise defined. The divifton can only be a relative one, and the line demark-
ing the separation exists only in the mind of man, its position being relative
to the esthetic instincts, education or conception of the individual.
What the farmer, viewing a correct representation of a pumpkin, would
consider as art and is really art to him, is not what the esthetic considers art.
Let us then who are sincerely interested in the advance of the Art, both
technical and esthetic, establish in a friendly manner a new council, separating
ourselves in a new way ; divide our art; define the classes which time and de-
velopment have made necessary.
I may suggest these grand divisions :
'rhe Artist.
The Technician.
The Trader.
Do not let us lose sight of the fact, however, that we are the products of
conditions existing largely independent of ourselves, and that these clal1e1 are
interdependent.
We should avoid dissension, strife, ridicule and the use of missals, if we
would have the respect and interest of our intelligent fellow-men.
If we but look about us we will see that oun is not an exceptional case.
Throughout the world the same question has before arisen, and will arise to
the end of time--the same question of Mind and Matter, which seems can be
but decided by an honorable truce, a truce among individtulla, but never be-
tween the rubjectl themselves.

Yonkers, N. Y.

[116]
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA
CLUB,, NEW YORK
HENRY H. MAN, J. EDGAR BULL AND CHARLES I. BERG, PUBLICATION
COMMITTEE, REPRESENTING THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

TRUSTEES' MEETINGS.

R
EGULAR meetings of the trustees were held on April !8th, May
!6th and June :<!lOth, and special meetings on April !1st, May
17th and June 51th.
The following gentlemen were elected to active membership:
Messrs. M. M. Govan, F. G. Airy, Thomas W. Kennedy, Eugene
Beitter, William N. Milner, W. S. Frederick and W. H. Snyder. Mr. W. F.
Decker was elected to non-resident membership.
Resignations were accepted as follows:
From active membership--Messrs. Hubert Vos, C. W. Traver, Cornelius
Van Brunt, Albert J. Morgan and R. R. Colgate.
From non-resident memht!rship--Messrs. Philip V. R. VanWyck, H. C.
White and P. R. Bruguiere.
The treasurer reported bala.nces on hand as follows:
April ilst . . .... ... . .............. $8,968.70
May !6th ........... ... ............ 4,017.44
June 80th. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,950.!5
At the meeting on May 17, Mr. Juan C. Abel was appointed editor of
CAMERA NoTES, and a written proposition submitted by him was accepted for
the publication of the journall for one year (or {our numbers, including the
present number). The proposition as accepted defines the powers and duties
of Mr. Abel as editor, and his rights and obligations as manager of the pub-
lication. As will be seen by reference to the report of Club Meetings, it has
been approved by the Club int regular meeting.
Mr. Edward Heim was c:ompelled by ill health to resign his position as
secretary of the club. He presented his resignation as early as the !8th of
April, and at the meeting of May !6th, by which time it had become apparent
that it was impossible for Mr. Heim to perform the duties of secretary with due
regard to his health, the resig111ation was accepted with sincere regret.
At the meeting of June ~I) Mr. H. B. Hart was appointed to fill the va-
cancy caused by Mr. Heim's n!signation.
At the meeting of June SO the President was directed to appoint a special
committee on Club Publicatio•n, and Messrs. Man, Bull and Berg were ap-
pointed.

117]
 The thanks of the Club were extended to Messrs. Coffin, Loeb and Church
for their services as judges of the members' print competition.
Appointments were made from time to time to the standing committees
of the Club. The membership of the committees as constituted June SO, 190l!,
was as follows:

HOUle Committee. .Auditing Committee.

F. M. Hale, Henry H. Man,
Malcolm Stuart, C. S. McKune,
S. J. Newman. J. C. Vail.
Lantern Slide Committee.
Committee oo Scitmtific Re1earch.
F. C. Beach,
Dr. F. G. Kneer,
Joseph J. O'Donohue,
Charles E. Manierre.
Arthur W. Scott.
Print Committee. Committee oo M eetmg1.
Ferdinand Stark, W. D. Murphy,
R. M. Kimbel, Dr. J. W. Bartlett,
F. M. Graefe. A. P. Schoen.
Librarian.
Juan C. Abel.

CLUB MEETINGS.

Regular meetings of the Club were held on May lith and June lOth.
At the meeting of May ll!th, forty-nine members attended. Special
notice had been given that the question would come up whether the publication
of CAMERA NoTES should be continued and on what plan.
On motion of Mr. Heim, duly seconded, it was (with only one vote in the
negative).
"Resolved, That it is the sense of the meeting that the publication of
CAMERA NoTES should be continued."
On motion of Mr. Murphy, duly seconded, it was unanimously determined
"that the method of publication of CAMERA NoTES be referred to the Board of
Trustees, with full power to act as they deem best in the matter."
At the meeting of June lOth, after the transaction of other business, the
president, on behalf of the Board of Trustees, reported that the Board had
closed with Mr. Juan C. Abel a contract for the publication of CAMERA NoTES.
Upon the suggestion of one of the trustees, the contract was read from the
minutes of the Trustees' meeting, after which it was moved and seconded that
the contract be approved. The motion was carried.
Upon motion, duly seconded, the following preamble and resolutions were
unanimously adopted:
"Whereas, Upon the retirement of Mr. Alfred Stieglitz from the editor-
ship and management of CAMERA NoTES, after five years devoted to work in

[118]
 •

that capacity, the Camera Club desires to mark its appreciation of his efforts
for the promotion of photographic art,
"Re.oZved, That the thanks of the Camera Club be and they hereby are
accorded to Mr. Stieglitz for his long and zealous services in the establishment,
editing and conduct of CAHEBA NoTES."
It was ordered that the preamble and resolution be suitably engrossed, be
signed by the proper officers of the Club, and be transmitted to Mr. Stieglitz.
This direction of the meeting has since been complied with.

PRINT COMPETITION.
From May 1st to 15th, the prints submitted in competition were exhibited
upon the walls of the Club. Notice of the method of judging prints has been
heretofore given in CAHERA NoTES. Each member who chose deposited at his
convenience, in a box provided for the purpose, a ballot embodying his opinion
as to which of the prints exhibited was the best, and which should in his opinion
be ranked second and third in order of merit. The prints were also judged
by a jury of artists composed of Messrs. William A. Coffin, Louis Loeb and
Frederick S. Church, who made an independent selection of the first, second
and third in order of merit. The three prints selected by the jury of artists
and the three which received the highest number of votes by the members, were
continued on exhibition after the removal of the remainder of the prints from
the wall.
The prints selected by the jury of artists are as follows:
1st. "The Short Cut Home," by Ed. W. Keck.
!!d. "On the Beach," by William D. Murphy.
Sd. "Master P--," by Ferdinand Stark.
The members' selections were :
1st. "And Thy 1\ferry Whistled Tunes," by R. Eickemeyer, Jr.
!d. "In the Studio," by R. Eickemeyer, Jr.
Sd. "The Babe," by Myra A. Wiggins.
According to the terms of the competition, the prints so selected were to
be reproduced in CAHERA NOTES, and reproductions of some of them will be
found in the present number.
It will be seen that in no instance did the artists select a print which re-
ceived an award from the members. By the conditions of the competition, the
maker of any print which should be selected by both the jury of artists and
the vote of the members was to receive a gold medal. This medal is, of course,
not awarded.
MEMBERS' PRINT EXHIBITION.
The annual exhibition of work by members of the Club was upon the walls
from May 19th to May 31st, inclusive. It comprised 108 prints, which
showed more variety of subject and method of treatment than the prints sub-
mitted in competition.

[119]
 THE PRESIDENT'S CUP
OfFered in competition by Mr. C. H. Crosby, President of the Camera Club,
for portraiture or genre pictures.
...._ This competition, which is open to all members of the Camera Club, New
York, will be held subject to the following conditions:
I. All entries must be delivered to the Print Committee on or before De'-
cember 15, 1902.
II. Each competitor must send at least two and not more than five prints.
No print which has won an award in any previous competition shall be admis-
Rible. All prints must be mounted; framing optional.
III. Both negatives and prints must be the individual work of the com-
petitor; no print from a negative made previous to 1902 is admissible.
IV. Right is reserved to postpone or cancel the competition should there
be less than ten participants.
V. All entries must be described upon entry blanks to be had upon appli-
cation to the secretary of the club.
The title of the print must be given, also the fictitious name under which
it is entered.
VI. Each competitor shall enclose in a sealed envelope, addressed to the
chairman of the Print Committee, a card bearing his name and also the fictitious
name under which the print is entered.
VII. Three judges, appointed by the donor of the cup, shall select the
prize picture.
An exhibition of the prints entered will be held at the clubrooms from
January 1st to January 15th, 1908.
For further particulars address the Print Committee.

THE 1902 LANDSCAPE CUP

OfFered in competition for landscape or marine pictures. Open to all mem-
bers of the Camera Club, New York.
The following conditions will hold good:
I. All entries must be delivered to the Print Committee on or before De-
cember 1, 1902. There is no limit to the number of entries each competitor
may make. Entry blanks can be obtained from the secretary of the club.
II. Prints must be mounted (framing optional) and must not carry the
name of the author, which should be clearly written, together with title of
picture, on the back of the mount or frame.

[120)
 III. Landscapes, with or without figures, and marines only are eligible.
IV. Negatives from which prints are entered must have been made since
January 1, 190!.
V. Three judges, to be appointed, one by the president, one by the chair-
man of the Print Committee and one by the donor of the cup, shall select the
prize picture.
An exhibition of the entries will be held December 1 to December 15, 190!.
Further particulars can be obtained from the Print Committee.

OPEN COMPETITIONS.
KoDAK PRoGREss CoMPETITION.
$4,000 in Prizes.
JuDGES: Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., Charles I. Berg, Henry Troth.
Eastman Kodak Co.
QuARTER CENTURY CoMPETITION.
$4,000 in Prizes.
JuDGEs: Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr., C. Yarnall Abbott, William B. Dyer.
Bausch & Lomb Optical Co.
GoERZ INTERNATIONAL PRIZE CoMPETITION.
$1,500 in Cash Prizes.
C. P. Goerz Optical Works.

A LANTERN SLIDE MAT CUTTER

T HE machine illustrated below was the result of numerous personal ex-

periments, combined with suggestions from friends having considerable
knowledge of mechanics. Its object is the cutting of mats for lantern
slides of varying sizes in an easy and expeditious manner. This result
has been secured, and probably ten times as many mats can be cut by machine
as by hand in an equal time.
The idea of cutting forms out of folded paper is of remote antiquity,
but the first application of the idea to lantern slide mats, as far as the knowl-
edge of the writer goes, was made by Mr. Bain, of St. Louis, a number of
years ago. He provided a flat piece of brass about two inches by one and one-
half inches in size, with graduated marks on the edges. After the paper was
folded it was placed under the brass plate, and so much of it allowed to project
beyond the plate as would suffice for the opening. This projecting paper
was cut o1F by scissors close to the edge of the plate. If the paper was not
allowed to slip, very good mats could be made by this method.
An examination of the files of the Patent Office at Washington does not
show a single machine cutting out the middle of a folded paper, but as a patent
had been granted for a device to cut pieces from the outside edges of flat paper

[121]
(an envelope cutter in fact) no patent was granted to the machine here illus-
trated. The device is apparently free for all to improve upon if they desire.
Pursuits of this sort are pleasant enough, but rather expensive.
The operation of the machine may be readily understood by reference to
the cut. To the bed-plate A is attached a standard, through which passes
the plunger E. At the lower end of the plunger are fastened two movable
plates, D-1 and D-!t. Back of each of these plates, attached to the bottom
of the plunger, and not shown
in the cut, is a cutting knife
with a chisel edge. These
knives are made with a waved
edge, so that they act practic-
ally as shears. The object of
the plates D-1 and D-!t is to
hold the paper firmly while
the knives are in operation.
B-1 and B-2 are metal plates
sliding in the openings shown,
and moved back and forth by
the double-geared screws C-1
and C-!t. These plates are set
by the screws at certain dis-
tances on the graduated scales.
To cut the mat, the paper, for
example 4x5, is folded in the middle lengthwise, and then again folded in the
middle at right angles to the first fold. If the opening desired is 2% inches
high and 2 inches wide, the sliding plate ( B-2) is placed at 1%, inches on the
scale and tile plate (B-1) at 1 inch on the scale. The folded paper is then
carefully placed against each of the plates under the plunger E, when a quick
stroke on the top of same will cause the knives to cut out the paper. The
paper being unfolded, the desired mat opening will be obtained. It is then
only necessary to lay the slide over the opening in the desired position and
cut off the superfluous paper.

New York, N. Y.

[122]
 ..

BROTHER CARROLL
By Will H. Moses
(New Orleans, La. )
 ...

:PROGRESS

T
HE past season has been fairly prolific of new lenses, cameras, devel-
opers, etc. We give in the following pages brief technical descriptions
of the more important articles brought before our notice.

RADICAL departw~e, or rather, a great step forward from all previ-

A ous ideas as to development, is to be found in the new daylight develop-

ing machine. This machine not only develops film without a dark-
room, but does it better than it is done in the dark-room.
Briefly outlined, the process is this:
After removal from the Kodak the cartridge of exposed film is inserted in
the machine so that the black paper will lead from the top as shown in cut, the
celluloid apron (F-F) having first been wound onto Arbor "A." The gwnmed
sticker which holds down the end of black paper is then broken; the paper pulled
out and the end attached to Arbor "B" by slipping under the wire guard.
Arbor "B" is now tmned to the right until the word "Stop" appears on top of
cartridge. Then the end of Apron (F-F) is hooked onto Arbor B, after which
the developer is poured into compartment "E" and the top put on machine.
The operator now tmns handle to the right slowly and evenly until the time of
development, about.four minutes, has expired. The film (G) winds up inside of
apron, but with the f~ce not touching it, thus allowing free action of the de-
veloper. As the handle tmns freely and easily this operation is not at all weari-
some.
The cover is then removE!<! from the machine; the developer poured ofF; the
fixing solution poured in; the coveL" replaced and the handle again turned for
about four minutes, when tht~ fixing will be complete. After fixing, the cover
is again removed, the fixing solution poured ofF and after rinsing in two waters
the film is removed from macllline by taking hold of either the apron or the end

[128)
of black paper and pulling out of machine, the film being taken hold of when it
appears and pulled free from the black paper.
Nothing now remains to be done except to wash the film, to free it from
Hypo (fixing solution).
From a physical standpoint the machine gives better results than can
be obtained by hand because it does away with the possibility of for-
eign substances in the developer settling on the negative and making
spots; it does away with the possibility of defacing the negative with
finger marks, and it prevents the corners of the negative from scratching
hte face of another. Chemically the advantages are boundless. In abolishing
the dark-room it also abolishes the dark-room lamp. Every experienced pho-
tographer knows that in cases of prolonged development the fog from this lamp
often becomes serious. The beginner is especially prone to fogging his nega-
tives by examining them too close to the ruby light. He is unable, perhaps, to
judge just haw for development has proceeded,and,inhisanxiety to stop at pre-
cisely the right point, he holds them too frequently in front of the lamp and too
close to it. He not only strains his eyes and his nerves, but, alas, he often spoils
what would, but for his anxiety, have proven a most excellent negative. In the
Developing Machine, the negative being in absolute darkness, there is nothing
to fog it.
Both the film and the developer are in constant motion-the result is quick
action on the part of the developer and a brilliant sllll.ppiness in the negative.
Time and temperature are the two factors of importance that must be
taken into consideration in the operation of the Kodak Developing Machine.
With the temperature of the developer at a specified point, development is to be
continued for a certain length of time. When the developer is warm (it must
never be above 70 degrees Fahr.) it acts rapidly; it very cold it acts slowly. It
can be readily understood, therefore, that the operator must always have a
knowledge of the temperature of his developer and time development accord-
ingly, if he expects to obtain the best results. (Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester, N. Y.)

H ELlOS Parchment Paper, a new product, giving the efFects of carbon,

both in color and texture, and worked the same as Platinum.
This is a pigmented paper where the color is controlled in the
pigment, although the color only appears when developed with Helios develop-
ing salts, forming a chemical combination which is as permanent as Platinum.
The colors now made are Engraving Black, Warm Black, and Sepia.
The stock is very heavy parchment which is claimed to be made expressly
for this purpose after a new formula, and is remarkably strong and free from
stretch. The print is entirely on the surface and results in exceptional
brilliancy. The finished picture is impervious to moisture, and can be washed
with soap and water without any damage.

[124]
 The paper lies perfectly flat, and can be plate sunk, or mounted. The
parchment is about the weight of three-ply Bristol.
Helios Platinotype is also a new product, and is made in three grades of
stock, Medium Smooth, Smo(Jith, and Extra Heavy Medium Smooth, and in
three colors, Engraving Black, Mezzotint, and Sepia.
The Mezzotint and Sepi:a promise to be popular, as the tone is fixed in
preparing the papers, and is .always uniform, no mercury or other objection-
able chemicals being used.
(The Helios Photographic Paper Company, 108 West Eighteenth Street,
~ew York.)

HE Graphic Focal Pla.ne Shutter, while similar in appearance to other

T focal plane shutters, has some novel features which should commend
it to the up-~date photographer. Chief of these is the automatic
diminishing of the aperture of the curtain or blind of the shutter while
traveling from the top to thE~ bottom or from side to side when reversed, by
which it is claimed that the exposure of the sky and the foreground can be
equalized. This should be of immense practical advantage to landscape
photographers, and as the aperture can be easily controlled from the outside
by the turning of a convenient knob,
the main objections to the complica-
tions of a focal plane shutter are
removed. There is little or no vibra-
tion of the frame, even at high
speed; all adjustments are effected
from the outside, and twenty different
speeds are obtainable with each open-
ing or aperture of the curtain. Two
indicators are attached to the outer
casing, one (F) giving the extent of
the aperture, which is regulated by
disengaging a pin under (A) and
then turning the knob (A) until
the desired opening is indica.ted at (F); the other (G) showing the speed
at wliich the shutter will work. The speed is increased by turning knob (B),
and diminished by releasing the tension spring under (B). The curtain is
wound or set for exposure by turning (C) until it stops. (D) is a regulator
for time or instantaneous exposures. (Folmer & Schwing, New York.)

OERZ Hypergon DoUible Anastigmat. This is, as the name Hypergon

G signifies, an extreme wide angle lens of 185° angle.

It consists of two very thin semi-spherical ringle lenses and works
at F. !!! and F. 31.

[125]
 The diameter of the light circle is equal to five times its focal length.
Thus a three-inch lens will cover a plate the diagonal of which is fifteen inches,
or easily a 9 by 11 plate..
The method of tallting the picture is practically making the expqsure
from the edge in. all other lenses
exposing from the center out. Thus
you control the center, and after
allowing the edges six-eighths to
seven-eighths of the time of total
exposure, you allow the center two-
eighths or one-eighth of the time.
It is possible to take a picture,
while standing on the ground, of a
building !!50 feet high at 50 feet
distance.
Stigmatism, spherical aberra-
tion and curvature of field are all
entirely eliminated, and at F. 81
chromatic aberration also.
To avoid vignetting (uneven
illumination), a rotating star dia·
phragm is employed. The method
of using this star diaphragm is made
clear by the accompanying cut.
(C. P. Goerz Optical Works, New York.)

IKE other anastigmat&, the Cooke lenses are intended for every class of
L work which delDl!l.nds rapidity combined with marginal definition at
the full aperture (in this instance F/6.5). They may be used upon
plates larger than those for which they are listed, thus forming "wide-angle
lenses" for work which must of necessity be photographed at a limited distance.
On the other hand, by unscrewing the usual back glass and substituting
another of similar appearance, the focus of the entire combination is lengthened
about fifty per cent.; so that, for example, an object taken with the normal
lens, and two inches long in the photograph, can, without changing the position
of the camera, be made three inches long by using the extension lens. This
extended lens does not sacrifice the power of definition over the range of its
own plate.
The Cooke lens consists of three single glasses, none of which are
cemented together, though the front two are separated only by a shallow
air space. By increasing the amount of separation, the equivalent focus of
the lens is reduced, and the back focus of the lens-the distance from the
flange to the plane in which the rays come to a. focus-is very materially
shortened.

[126)
 By taking advantage of this peculiarity Messrs. Taylor, Taylor & Hobson
have been able to effect a radi<:al departure in hand camera optics, and to confer
upon the user of these instruiJnents when set at a fixed focus all the advantages
appertaining to a camera ol the focussing type.
With all cameras ol th•~ "fixed locus" type, until a few years ago all
objects which were nearer to the photographer than a certain distance were
necessarily out ol locus, and if it were desirable to have an object in critiw
focus, it could only be attainE~ by standing at the prescribed distance from it.
To overcome this difficulty su:pplementary lenses of varying foci were adopted,
and when several of these lentsea were employed objects at practically all dis-
tances could be brought into i~ocus.
In the "Focussing Cool'e Lens" this desirable power is obtained in an
entirely new manner. The foremost of the three lenses is fixed to that portion
of the mount which forms the hood. The hood unscrews to the extent of about
one-third of a revolution, and in doing so separates the two foremost lenses,
and shortens the equivalent f'ocus of the combination. The hood is engraved
with a number of lines marked respectively infinity, ten yards, six yards, four
yards, and three yards, and when one of these lines is brought to meet a
corresponding line on the body of the mount, an object at the chosen distance
will be found to be in sharp focus.

Fig. 1 represents in section the three simple glasses of a Cooke lena, which
forms at the point a an image of the distant object b.
In Fig. 2 the object b is shown nearer to the lens, so that with any ordinary
lena the image would fall at c, and would be out of focus on the sensitive plate.
In Fig. S, however, it is shown that by increasing the separation of the
glasses d and e of the Cooke lena, the focus of the entire lena is altered au1B-
ciently to bring the image of 1the near object b to focus at a upon the sensitive
plate.

[127)
 The denning power of the lens is in no way injured by the alteration, as
may be seen by an examiJrlation of the test chart supplied by the makers, each
row of which was photographed with the lenses set at a different degree of
separation. Nor is the photographer confined to the engraved distances; the
hood may be set at any intermediate point with equally good results, thus
enabling any object from three yards to infinity to be focussed upon.
The makers of the lens claim that better results can be obtained in
focussing by adjusting the hood than by racking the lens in or out in the ordi-
nary manner in a focussing camera. Certainly, if
there is any play in the focussing arrangement of

!{.f :~
the camera which permits the lens to become set
obliquely to the plate, this would be the case unques-
tionably. If attached once and for all, truly in
position in a fixed focus camera, the lens must un-
, ''
..,·.
l"';S~I . doubtedly remain true, as the revolving of the hood
in a well-made screw cannot affect its alignment.
""'
:.0. '1. ~ ,.. _
·,
.• -
The Cooke focussing is absolutely rectilinear,
Yocros.smc: GP~ uu
gives perfect definition at the largest aperture
Scriutu.J/w (f/6.5), is free from astigmatism and other aberra-
tions, and covers well a circle eight and three-
quarter inches in diameter, thus affording ample play for the use of the
rising front in architectural work, and rendering the swing back a superfluity.
Flare spot is entirely absent, and when we say that the curvature of the field
in the length of a quarte~r-plate is only one-hundredth of an inch, it may for
all practical purposes be :regarded as flat.
(The Cooke lenses l!l.re made in England by Taylor, Taylor & Hobson,
who are just establishing a New York agency in the St. James Building.)

BOOKS REVIEWED
The Lady Poverty. A XIII. Century Allegory. Translated and edited
by Montgomery Carmic:hael. New York: Tennant & Ward. London:
John Murray. 190fl.
Nature Portraits. (Doubleday, Page & Co.). Studies with Pen and
Camera of our Wild Birds, Animals, Fish, and Insects. (Text by the editor
of "Country Life in America.")
This is a most cha1rming portfolio of animal pictures. The names of
Carlin, Dugmore, Brownell, Job and Wallihan are enough to insure an interest-
ing variety in this difficult field of photography. The pictures are well chosen
and are most beautifully reproduced on heavy plate paper. . They will make
an invaluable addition to the library of all lovers of nature, and are most
charming examples of what illustrations of wild life should be. Compared

[1281
 <

with the standard illustrations of natural histories, text books, etc., with their
stilted drawings from badly stuffed museum specimens, they mark, creditably,
a new era.
The text is a disappointment. The "Editor of Country Life in America"
has evidently been hard hit at the "Teachers' Convention," where a botanist
told him he was "superficial," and is trying to get back at his critic by setting
up straw babies to knock down. Not a word to supplement the camera work
by telling of the habits or homes of the beautiful creatures shown; not even
good designating English names for the portraits. There are many species
of deer--why not introduce properly the ones portrayed? Or owls?
The portrait of a wood frog ( Rana 1Uvatica) is labeled Tree Frog
( ChorophUw tri1eriatw).
Scientific names, if they serve no other purpose, cultivate habits of
accuracy in study-as the good old priest said when he found me almost
unconscious in the hospital and blessed me, "It can do no hann," even in a
popular work. "Science for Science Sake," "Utility," "The Extrinsic and
Intrinsic Views of Nature," make nice subjects for essays, and the "Editor of
Country Life in America" probably proves his point to his own sa.tis£action,
if he has nothing to say that could by any stretch of the imagination be called
"Studies with a Pen" of animal lite.
Fortunately, the camera has been used so cleverly that almost every
picture shown tells its own story so well that the lack o£ pertinent text is not
badly felt.

ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF PRINTS

BY MEMBERS OF THE CAMERA CLUB
NEW YORK, MAY 19-JUNE 10, 1902

Adams, c. o. Chase, Dr. J. Oa<:oe.

1 Portrait of Miss M- IS Old Town Mill,
2 A Gum Print. New London, Conn. Built 1650.
S " Mischief." 14. Railroad Bridge, River Thames.
4. The Canadian Falls. 15 Old Fort, Central Park.
5 A Study. 16 Niagara Falls.
17 The Rapids above Niagara Falls.
Beeby, John.
Berg, Cbarle.s I.
6 A Suggestion. 18 A Bit of Holland.
1 After the Storm. 19 A Bit of Holland.
8 Wet Day on 8th Avenue.
9 On the Banks of the Coaly Tyne. Crosby, c. H.
10 Along the Track, Winter. 20 "Aspens."
Close, w. H.
Burke, John D. 21 Lootefos, Norway.
11 A Connecticut Byway. 22 Brittany Girl.
12 Beneath the Rugged Elms. 23 The Bathing Master.

[ll9]
 24 Amsterdam. Rkbmond, Howard.
25 Concameau Maids. 63 Sunny Weather.
26 Beach Schevening. 64 Portrait of Miss V-
65 Portrait of Miss B-
Darline, A.c. 66- Portrait of Miss R-
27 Through the Sunlit Woods.
67 My Son.
28 Miss R-
29 Landscape, Reynolda, .s. K.
An experiment in Color. 68 " Peace."
SO Miss H-
31 Winter Landscape. .Stark, Ferdinand.
69 Mrs. C. H.
Orupn, Maj. F. C. 70 Copy of an Oil Painting.
32 Night Blooming Cereus. 71 Mr.M-
3S Manila, P. I. 72 Mr.B-
34 Grapes. 73 Mrs. T-
35 Tyringham, Mass. 14o Father and Son.
15 Mrs. M-
Oaloupeau, Henry.
16 Mother and Child,
36 Sheep.
Copy of Oil Painting.
37 Sheep. 11 Prof. H-
38 Landscape.
39 Grazing. .5tolber, A. H.
40 Landscape. 78 Monte Carlo in a Spring Shower.
41 Sheep. 79 Under the Arch of Titus.

Harper, HenryS. VaU, J. C.

42 Portrait. 80 Watering the Milk.
4o3 Portrait. 81 A Dusty Evening.
Harper, Mrs. H • .s. Vredenburgh, Dr. J. T.
4o4o Portrait. 82 " Let me keep game, Grandpa."
4o5 Portrait of Miss 8-- 83 Surf at Asbury Park.
E14:kemeyer, Rudolf, Jr. 84 Winter in Central Park.
4o6 Portrait. Whiton, L. c.
47 The Woods. 85 "Thine eyes so blue and tender."
4o8 Sunset after Rain.
49 " Over the Hills to the Poorhouse, White, Lily E.
I'm wending my weary way." 86 In the Shadow of the Past.
50 "The Edge of the 'Vood." Wiggins, Myra A.
Helm, Bclward. 87 Heimweh.
51 The Ship. 88 Portrait of a Child.
Kimbel, R. M. 89 The Babe.
52 Portrait. 90 Mother and Child.
Ladd, Mrs. S. H. Sidman, H. Herbert.
53 The Columbia River. 91 The Attending Angel.
M Solitude. 9~ Interior Mr. Pritt's Residence.
55 The Sand Dunes. 93 Interior New York Yacht Club.
56 Eyes of the Earth. 94 Temple Beth-El.
95 Kunhardt Tomb.
Mullins, W. J.
96 Interior H. W. Poor's Residence.
51 The Mouth of the River.
S8 Morning Effect. Coutant, Harry.
59 Martinique Laundry. 97-100 Four Yachting Scenes.
60 The Tum of the Road.
Brac:klow, Robert L.
Murphy, W. D. 101 Stevens House, lower Broadway.
61 Stranded. 102 New Street Canyon.
62 Sitting up with a Friend. 103 Broad Street Canyon.

[lSO]
(1) AN EVEN START
(2) A CLOSE FINISH
By Harry Coutant
(New Yorlc)
Vol. VI. No.3
 .

SWEET CHILDHOOD DAYS

By Chas. I. Berg
(Now York)
 TURIN

A the regular meeting of the Camera Club held on

November 11, 1902, a resolution was passed dis-
claiming any right of the Club to the valuable prize
known as the King of Italy's prize, awarded for the
exhibit of American photographs at the Turin
Exposition of the Fine Arts. Simple justice required such a dis-
claimer because the exhibit included prints by photographers who
are not, and some of whom never have been, members of the
Camera Club. A list of the names of exhibitors was published in
Camera Notes on page 50 of the first number of the present volume.

The glory of the brilliant success of American photog-

raphers over competitors from other countries is, of course, not
dimmed by the fact that the Camera Club cannot accept as its own
the material trophy of the victory. And, doubtless, due credit wil
accrue to the Club for its prompt recognition of the injustice of
accepting what had not been earned exclusively by its own mem-
bers.

But the pity of it all is, that it ever was impracticable for the
Camera Club to send to Turin an exhibit fairly representative of the
best American work. The standing of the Camera Club and its
reputation ought to he such that membership would be sought by
every amateur in this country. The Club ought to be the head-
quarters for American photographic art.

[133]
 JllffeT g;uten ~tnge Jinb ~rei

INDFUL of the old German proverb that all good things go

by threes, I desire to call the attention of photographers to
the value of this principle in choosing their subjects for pic-
torial photography. Whether photographic work is artistic
or not depends upon the evidence it contains of the use of
such principles as guide artists in their studies.
It is very true that the painter is allowed far greater freedom in his com-
positions than the photogJraphic amateur can enjoy in making his selections.
The observant amateur photographer, however, if well equipped with prin-
ciples of composition born of the observance of good paintings or engravings
from good works of art, •can readily seize upon the picturesque aspect of a
scene which would entirely es-
cape a less disciplined eye.
In all these hundreds of
years since pictures have been
painted surely there must
have been formulated conven-
tional guides to the arrange-
ment of groups of objeds,
both within doors and without; these conventional rules if intelligently observed
cannot fail to give us a beUer balanced result than if they are ignored.
We call them academic, and it is rather the fashion in both painting and
photographic circles to deride them. Like the study of elocution for the
orator, or rules of syntax for the writer, they are means to an end, and it is
when one is unconscious of their use that they are most valuable.
Every day sees new convoerts to a more earnest use of the camera than merely
snapping right and left an:y and every subject that temporarily interests. On
all hands lie subjects worthy of study. The ama-
teur ought to form a sort of camera habit of reason-
ing out the charms of views that attract him, and
without using his box make mental pictures of land-
scapes or street scenes that seem to him interesting.
He would find this practice invaluable at the same
time that it is inexpen-
SIVe. He would waste
fewer plates and would
save much unprofitable

----
time spent in the dark
room. But I am wander-
ing away from my text.

(134]
 u

I wish to speak of the relations of objects with respect to their size and
place on the print. To those who have not earnestly considered the impor-
tance of spacing the ob-
jects or masses of light
and shade, I commend
the consideration of dif-
ferentiating them by se-
,-·
.
\
, . ) ....
,-..'\)

lecting one that the eye

of the s p e c t a t o r is
-·
forced to regard first,
from this it wanders to
a second and afterwards
discovers the third. Any
lack of balance may give
you an excellent study, but not a picture. You have to consider the shape of
your proposed print and think as well of the parallelogram enclosing the
objects as of the inter-relation of the objects themselves.
One cannot wisely give cut and dried rules, but can suggest principles and
leave the individual to search to apply them. I give the one, two, three hint
because it is on the whole easier than to make interesting a single subject
against a background, or even to deal with two definite things. This is notably
true of two or three persons. One can always arrange a group of three more
picturesquely than one of two or four. Bear in mind in arranging your picture
the habit of the eye to look from left to right, largely due it may be to our
use of the eye in reading. It will generally be found Bafe to put the main
interest to the left of the center of the picture and the two other interests
in the other or right-hand half. Learn to do this and consider the picture.
If the advice seems helpful follow it; it is given in a kindly and not dogmatic
spirit.

NEw Yon:.

[135]
 REALISM IN NATURE
PHOTOGRAPHY

I T is but a few years since this branch of photography was in its infancy,
and yet so quickly was it recognized to be not only the best, but really
the sole medium for truthfully portraying the life and home habits of
our wild creatures, that it has already become a most potent factor
in the work of almost every field naturalist.
The publisher who puts on the market nowadays a work, popular
or otherwise, on any branch of natural history, and does not illustrate it pro-
fusely with photographs, can scarcely be called up-to-date, and yet, in look-
ing over some recent publications, I am struck by the unreality of a great
many of these photographs. It may be that I am hypercritical, that having
worked for years in the fields and woods in my chosen branch of study, natural
hislory, I have come to know our smaller cousins of the ground and air so
well that I too easily detect any false note struck by the photographer.
That these false notes do exist I think no one who has kept in touch with
recent literature on this subject and who is well acquainted with his wild
brethren can deny.
That these more or less unreal reproductions of our bird and animal life are
allowed to go before the public as truthful representations of that life is
largely due to the fact that nearly, if not quite, all the editors who have the
passing of su~h pictures in charge are not familiar with the conditions exist-
ing in nature. They look at a picture more from a reproductive standpoint,
and miss the smaller details that go to make or mar it from a naturalist's point
of view. Therefore, these editors should be men well acquainted with such
work as they have to pass judgment upon, for ignorance does not excuse them
when they allow such photographs to pass muster as were published not long
since in an article in one of our popular magazines. The article in question
was on nesting birds, and the illustrations were undoubtedly made from photo-
graphs of stufFed and mounted specimens. I remember also, in another
magazine, the photograph of a deer drinking at the edge of a lake and the
deer was such a very poor specimen of the taxidermist's art that the veriest
novice in natural history could not fail to recognize it as a stufFed specimen.
This is but one step, and a very poor one, in advance of the old-time method
of illustrating our nature books and magazine articles with hideously grotesque
drawings that invariably served but to give one an erroneous idea of the bird or
animal they were supposed to represent. Indeed, I am not certain that it is
not a retrograde movement, for there is much to be said in favor of the old
style over this new one, for surely the authors of these drawings never claimed
more for them than appeared on their faces, while the author of these photo-

[136]
RED-EYED VIREO
By L. W. Brownell
(New York)
 a

graphs probably misled hundreds of people into believing them to be truthful

reproductions of the living wild birds.
I can readily understand why it is that some photographer-naturalists can
allow themselves to be led into these falsehoods, especially if their conscience is
not in active operation. 'I'he photographing of wild things is, at the best,
difficult and anything that tends to lessen the obstacles is welcomed. To take
advantage conscientiously of any means that will make the difficulties fewer is
perfectly legitimate so long: as those means employed do not tend to detract
from the realism of the filllished photograph, but, unfortunately, there are
many who, apparently, do not consider it at all necessary that the picture be
realistic if only the image of the bird, beast, or whatever the main object may
be, is large and well defined. To gain these ends they employ methods, in
many instances, which by removing the subject from its natural surroundings
show it in a false position a:nd make the picture untrue to nature.
In a branch of photography, the results of which must obviously be true to
nature if they would have a](}y real value, one cannot afford to miss any of the
small details that go to mak4e up a truthful whole in depicting incidents in the
everyday life of birds or beasts. In order that we should miss none of these
details, it is equally obvious that these wild things should be photographed in
their native haunts, and I e~:mnot think that removing them to a studio, espe-
cially prepared, and keep-
ing them there until they
are reduced from their
original wild condition to a
state of semi-tameness be-
fore photographing them,
is true nature photog-
raphy, no matter what
backgrounds a n d s u r-
roundings are arranged to
make them feel natural
and at ease. This method
of work is misleading in
its results, for, while these
results may be perfect pic-
tures of the animals them-
selves, they give no idea of
how they live their every-
day life, or if such an idea
is conveyed to the mind of
the novice it is almost cer-
tain to be an erroneous
one, for there is invariably
J •• W. Brownell. a false note somewhere.

[1371
 I have in mind a certain picture of a woodcock, taken by a well-known
advocate of this method of work, in which, while the photograph of the bird
itself is excellent, the setting is so obviously manufactured as to give one the
impression that it is nothing more or less than a reproduction of a rather
poorly set up mounted specimen, and, at the risk of being considered preju-
diced, I must in all truthfulness say that I have seen but few photographs taken
by this gentleman in which these defects are not glaringly apparent, even to an
unskilled observer. Such photographs, in my opinion, serve more as a hin-
drance than an aid to a beginner in the study of the natural sciences.
It is no wonder, when a few naturalists use stufFed birds in natural surround-
ings or tamed ones in artificial surroundings, that all who photograph nature's
children should be accused in many instances of doing the same thing; or that
such remarks should be made as "Oh, I know how he got that, it's a dead bird,"
which I once heard a lady ejaculate when looking at a picture of a brooding
bird that had taken hours of hard labor to st:cure.
In taking pictu:t~.;!i .;;! nests, whether they contain eggs or young birds, why
not exercise what ingenuity and skill we possess to photograph them m'""'
It not only enhances the charm and interest of such pictures to know that they
were made under great difficulties, but it also gives to them scientific value u
showing the exact conditions under which they exist. To be sure, it is often
extremely difficult to photograph the nest of a tree-building bird, especially
when it is placed at the extremity of a limb; but, to an able-bodied man, these
difficulties should not appear insurmountable with the aid of such apparatus aa
is now placed upon the market. But it takes more time and it is much more
simple to remove the limb containing the nest to a more suitable place, and
therefore this is the method, I am sorry to say, employed by the majority of
nature photographers. It is but a few months since a book was published
profusely illustrated with photographs taken in this manner.
The author of the book terms this "control of the nesting site." When a
nest is so situated that it is difficult to photograph it to the best advantage in its
original position he removes it, branch and all, to a suitable spot and sets it
up again outside of u. tent placed there for the purpose of concealing himself
and his camera. This tent, of course, is only necessary in cases where he
wishes to photograph the old birds at the nest. "This sudden displacement
of the nesting bough,,. the author remarks, "is of no special importance to
either young or old, provided certain precautions are taken" ; and he goes on
to state that "with some species it is possible to make the necessary change with-
out evil consequences when there are eggs in the nest, with others we must wait
until the young are from four to nine days old." With all due respect to the
author, I am afraid I must difFer with him on this subject, for it has been my
experience--and I have been familiar with birds for some twenty years--
that it takes but a slight disturbance of a nest containing eggs, , much less
than the sudden removal of it to a distance, to cause most birds to desert it.
There are a few species that are tenacious enough to be, seemingly, indifFerent

[188)
 ---=---~

to a move of this sort, but these species can be counted on the fingers of one
hand. When the nest contsLins young it is somewhat different, for then the
parental instinct of the bird~ will,· in most instances, lead them again to their
offspring, even though the uest be carried to some distance. I have known,
however, of many instances of the old birds having deserted their young for
less cause than this, and it must be some one well acquainted with the habits
of the bir~ who can successfully avail himself of this method. Even then it
must n~ be attended with numerous casualties. Moreover, the earlier days
in the life of a young bird c::annot be portrayed in this manner, for owing to
the fact that even the most courageous bird will seldom go to her nest, when

L. W. BroWilell

it has been removed from its: original site, in less than an hour, many waiting
two or three, it is apparent that if the nest is removed before the young are
at least five or six days old they will starve, as they need a constant and ever
increasing supply of food during the first days of their life and several hours
without it would prove fataJ. These are not the only dangers to which the
young are exposed by this method, but we· must also include death from ex-
posure and attacks from their natural enemies, both of which dangers are
made much more imminent by the change in their surroundings.
That the results obtained justify the means I cannot admit, for no matter
how carefully the nest is set up again the change in the character of its sur-

[189]
roundings is bound to produce an artificial effect, and this is the one thing of
all others which we should try to avoid in nature photography.
I am not writing this article from a humanitarian standpoint, but I do not
consider this divergence in defense of the birds themselves out of place. For
years these beautiful, feathered denizens of the air, which are of l'Uch inesti-
mable aid to us that it is an established fact that without them the fight con-
tinually waged between the agriculturist and the destructive insects would
inevitably terminate in victory for the latter, have been unmercifully perse-
cuted and this lies as a bar sinister on the escutcheon of humanity. In the
last few years the Audubon societies have worked to such good effect that some
species of birds, which bade fair to become extinct, have visibly increased in
numbers. Now comes another danger to threaten them in what should really
be a means of further protection, for it is certain that large numbers of both
young and old are annually killed by the overzealous photographer, sometimes
unintentionally, but often, I am sorry to say, with malice prepense.
This branch of photography has a fascination about it that tempts many
who know nothing of the habits of the birds to try their hand at it, and the
result is a lot of unnatural photographs which should never see the light of.
day and, in the wake of the operator, the dead bodies of tqe innocent victims.
The book of which I have spoken above is, in my opinion, a menace to our
songsters, for it will teach the uninitiated a method by which they will imagine
they can easily photograph the birds, and it will take many nests full of dead
young to prove to them otherwise. In the hands of an expert field ornitholo-
gist the method has some advantages, as giving one ample opportunity to
study the nest lives of birds at close range; but it should emphatically be under-
taken only by one who is thoroughly competent to take advantage of the oppor-
tunity and who will have due regard for the welfare of the nests' inmates.
Even then, I cannot advocate its use, for undoubtedly better, more truthful-
pictures can be secured in the original nesting-site and with no resulting dan-
ger to the young.
Much could be said on this subject which I have left unsaid, but in closing
I cannot but wish that nature photography might be restricted to those few
who would follow it conscientiously with due respect for the lives and happi-
ness of their subjects and with the object always in view of obtaining nothing
but absolutely characteristic pictures.

NEw Yo:a:1:.

[140]
 q

A FEW WORDS ON CARBON

PRINTING

I N writing this article I have not followed the system of most of our
writers in copying or using extracts from prior editions, nor have I
layed any stress on syntax and phraseology. In treating of this sub-
ject I will give my readers my experience in brief notes, using the
plainest words to make it comprehensible to everybody. So many
books are published dealing with this process containing more or less,
with slight variations, the same formulas and manipulations that I will refrain
from recommending any special work. As every manufacturer of carbon
tissue gives his own ideas about treating his paper, it is advisable to follow
as much as possible such instructions.
As a rule you can use the same sensitizer for all brands of tissue; that is,
100 ounces water and 80 ounces bichromate of potash. To this solution add
1!-!0 drops of pure ammonia; this will render development easier, but in
using too much of it blisters will result. In hot weather the sensitizer should
not be stronger than a two per cent. solution. In printing from very hard
negatives to get every detail it is best to use a strong solution of bichromate,
not more than four per cent. But I do not even find this of great advantage,
for the stronger the sensitizer is the more difficult and slower is the develop-
ment. Personally, I prefer the normal strength of bichromate bath and use
the sensitized tissue only when it is three to five days old. It is of great con-
sequence not to overprint from a dense negative; the development ought to be
easy, without using too much hot water. With gray negatives the reverse
can be said. The tissue ought to be fully printed and fully developed with hot
water. It is best to let it lie, after development, for another ten to fifteen
minutes in warm water-this will clear the high lights. The sensitized tissue
in the second case (gray negative) should be as fresh as possible.
One great factor that has been overlooked, to my surprise, in almost every
book published on the carbon process, is the drying of the tissue. This is
really of great importance in order to obtain good and even results. Sup-
posing you sensitize a piece of carbon paper to-day by 75 per cent. humidity,
which should take five hours to dry, and make a print from a strong negative
which should turn out satisfactory. The next day you sensitize again by 50
per cent. humidity, the tissue drying in about two hours-you make an-
other print from the same negative and it will be very difficult for you to
match the first print. or course, your second print would require about
one-fifth longer exposure and slower-that means colder--development to
obtain the same result as in the first place. I prefer tissue five days old,
dried by 50 per cent. humidity to fresh sensitized tissue dried by 80 per

[141]
cent. humidity. The quicker the paper dries the better the results from
weak negatives. If during development your picture comes out too dark or
gray you may add a few drops of ammonia to the hot water. This will facili-
tate development. Tissue dried by 60 per cent. humidity will give you no
trouble in developing and transferring. It is always well to remember that
the carbon process, like any other photographic process, is not guess-work. I
would advise a beginner to start with one negative. As soon as a satisfactory
print is obtained, he ought to make six more prints from the same negative in
difFerent colors. This will give him much necessary experience. Even difFer-
ent colors of tissue do not print alike. Sepia is the quickest printer, then red
chalk, warm black and dark blue. Green is the slowest and requires fully one-
third more exposure than sepia.
For enlarging negatives there is nothing better than carbon transparencies.
There is a special tissue for this work on the market and no other should be
used. Of course, here again special care should be taken. I have seen, in my
experience, carbon transparencies which were actually worse than a positive
on a dry plate. You will first have to study your negative, or better yet, a
finished print of the same, correct then in printing any fault of the original
negative and you will have a much better result than the dry or even wet
plate will give you. As development takes place in ordinary daylight you will
also have an opportunity for local development. In gum printing there is a
decidedly greater latitude in developing, but even then the time of exposure
ought to be as correct as possible.
In making carbons you ought to know beforehand what kind of a print
you desire. You should never call a picture good which even everybody else
would find perfect, if it was not the print you intended to make. The first
difficulty overcome, it is just as easy to make a good carbon as any other print.
This process is especially adapted to the amateur and it is greatly to be re-
gretted that it is so little practiced, so much the more, as the experience you
gain in this line will help you a good deal in other photographic work.
Sensitized carbon tissue is about one-third quicker in printing than platinum
paper and at least twice as quick as silver paper. For copies of oil paintings,
engravings, old photographs, and even for medical or scientific work, carbon
prints are certainly superior. Besides that, these reproductions are consid-
ered permanent, which in itself is a great advantage. Retouching on these
pictures is very easy, as you can take for this purpose the same color as is
used on the unsensitized tissue by dissolving a piece of it in hot water.

NEw YoRK.

[1~]
 ------
- - ·-
~
-
~ ~- -- -
q

PICTURESQUE NEW YORK

IN FOUR PAPERS

THE ESTHETIC SIDE OF JEWTOWN

HAT strange part of the city have we strayed to?

Are we really in New York, at the beginning of the
twentieth 'century, or have we suddenly been conveyed to
some European town of the medieval times? The sight that
greets our eye reminds us indeed of the various descriptions
which we have read of Italian Ghettos and the Juden-
gaagen of Prague and Amsterdam.
Everywhere Hebrew faces and Hebrew signs, and the incessant chatter of
"Yiddish"-the queer jargon of the street, which all Jews, no matter of what
nationality, use in their daily life of bargaining, surrounds us on all sides.
No mistake, we are in Jewtown. No other part of the city bears such an
outlandish aspect and is so overcrowded in its thoroughfares. The traffic is
so dense that it threatens to reach the neighboring districts and inundate all
New York.
Hucksters' and pedlers' carts and wagons along the curb form two rows of
booths in the streets, and along the houses, beneath old shreds of awnings, are

Chal. SlmJIIOn.
(14,8]
two other rows, where the sa.Q)e perpetual marketing goes on. Marketing of a.
very peculiar order, for here everything has to be ridiculously cheap to find
a. buyer. The push-can market in Hester and the adjoining side streets is
like an ambulating department store, which restricts itself to a lively trade in
damaged goods. It is an avalanche of eatables (reported as "not entirely
unwholesome" by the Health Department), queer staples emptied on counters
improvised on ash barrels, cases torn asunder and barrels turned upside down,
with their contents poured on the sidewalks ; bags of white and blue bed-tick
with loaves of bread in the shape of giant crullers bursting out of them.
And everywhere women, young and old alike, with odd shawls and head-
coverings, rummage with both hands in the displayed wares and jabber about
the quality, which is never beyond suspicion, and the price, which, no matter
how low, is still too high. How they haggle about the fraction of a. cent,
how anxiously they finger and pluck at each purchase, even if it is only a bit of
frowsy soup greens.
To the Gentile, the aristocratic uptowner, this scene is like a nightmare.
It reminds him involuntarily of some cheap dining-room of vast dimensions,
which being open night and day is still warm and greasy from the previous
meal, its huge tablecloth in the form of paving stones covered with remnants
and refuse. A restaurant, where the orders to clear away are never given,
and where a broom and clean linen are unknown things.
And as a fitting background to this poverty and filth loom long rows of tene-
ment houses, dusty brick walls with broken windows, shutters dangling on
one hinge, and grimy fire-escapes crowded with every sort of refuse. Each
of these fire-escapes is a rag-shop in miniature. Bedding is being aired on
the bleak railings. The family wash flutters gaily in the wind and forms a.
sort of canopy of this open-air lumber-room. There are boxes which serve
as impromptu ice-boxes, battered cook-pots and stewing-pans used to make the
Sabbath broth, faded rugs, heaps of rags, shapeless mattresses, on which two
families must sleep at once, a lot of objects without a. name that have ceased
to have either color or form; all, innumerable times washed by the rain,
bleac;hed in the sun, and again and again covered with the rising dust and dirt
of the street.
Yes, life in Jewtown with its sunless back-yards and dark alleyways, its
damp cellars and ramshackle rooms, has at the first glance but little grace and
few poetic charms. To the curious sightseer it appears doubly bald and ma-
terialistic. Its pleasures are even scantier than its fare, as it needs must be
with a community which has but one passion: that of thrift. The synagogues
of Bayard street, where venerable-bearded men with quaint skullcaps and
long-skirted caftan worship as in the days of Israel, only add to the gloom.
But Jewtown, despite all its social shortcomings and hygienic disadvantages,
has its esthetic side, which we, wbo know the Ghetto largely from Eliot's
"Daniel Deronda" and Zangwill's "Children of the Ghetto," or from an acci-
dental visit to Baxter or Ludlow streets, should not overlook.

[144)
THIS SERIES
OF ILLUSTRATIONS
By ED. & E. C. HElM
 The Hebrew quarter is undoubtedly the most picturesque part of New
York City, i.e., the one which lends itself most easily to artistic interpretation.
It overflows with suggestions. Its very dinginess and squalor render it inter-
esting. For filth-as disagr1eeable as it is in actual contact-is the great har-
monizer in the pictorial arts, the wizard who can render every scene and object
-even the humblest one--picturesque. It generalizes each pictorial vision and
takes out all discordant notes. Rembrandt realized this, each of his genre
pictures was a glorification of human squalor, broken by the qnivering rays of
some supernatural life. And Raffaelli, whose paintings look as if drawn with
colored chalks and stained with mud, has become the modern champion of
pictorial dirt. He has accomplished with his suburban scenes, almost too
realistic in their filth and pmrerty-stricken atmosphere, a feat similar to Zola,

Chu. BimJ*!n

who never tired of delineatiing the seamy side of Parisian life, and whose
fertile pen has changed many a heap of refuse into a heap of roses.
Look at Whistler's Thames etchings. They will show you that a modern
dwelling, clean and comfortable, can never have the same pictorial fascination
as a ramshackle structure iu some waste locality of the river frontage, the
haunts of vagabondage and pauperism. Even an ordinary garbage dump,
with its heaps of shining tin cans, will convince us of the truth. It contains
such a wealth of subtle values and warm color notes and such varieties of textu:·c

[145)
 that it should send, not only painters, but every person in search of the pic-
turesque into ecstacies. The New York Ghetto is full of such pictorial inci-
dents, and I know of no place which promises more artistic possibilities for
out-of-door photography than this curious hive of human industry on the
lower east side.
The settings for a picture are ready at every moment of the day. They
surround you on all sides. You never need to wait for a composition. The
crowd takes care of that. You only need to look into your finder and let the
restless stream of humanity pass by.
It is the true drama of life that is enacted here along the curbstones.
Humorous and pathetic scenes follow each other in endless variety.
The army of pedlers, who have neither a stand nor a cart, but carry all their
wares in a basket, or dangling over their shoulders, ceaselessly make their way
through the hubbub of the crowd. How these ever get rid of their notions is
a mystery. The competition is a most bitter one. They seem to move in
brigades of half a dozen or more, and if one of them is on the verge of
making a bargain, the other will cut his price until nearly all profit is gone.
The suspender pedler, one of the most characteristic figures of Jewtown, in
particular never seems to make a sale. There are so many of them and their
article is an absolute luxury, for as Jacob A. Riis so aptly remarkS, "The
'pants' of Jewtown hang down with a common accord, as if they had never
known the support of suspenders."
Everybody seems to peddle one thing or another in these thoroughfares.
Even the womenfolk engage in this precarious business, and every bargain is
sure to form an interesting group. Some dispense their wares from old tubs
and peach baskets, others perambulate whole dry goods stores about in cast-
oft' baby carriages.
Space is at a premium in Jewtown. Almost every hallway, cellar and alley-
way has been turned into a shop. How picturesque are some of' the second-
hand stores and old clo' shops with their "pullers in," and above all else the
antiquarian shops which are littered with brass and copper ware of every
description. Nothing is so bad that it could not be turned to some use.
Everywhere, in the midst of overcrowded tenements, the same pushing, strug-
gling, babbling and shouting. No matter whether of' Bulgarian, Roumanian,
Russian or Polish origin, they can all understand each other. Their gestic-
ulations alone seem to be sufficient for that.
And through this ceaseless traffic and clamor now and then men, groaning
under heavy burdens of unsewn garments, stagger along the sidewalk and dis-
appear in the dark hallway of some Ludlow street tenement. They represent
the dark side of Jewtown which neither legislation nor charity can altogether
improve, but we have no time to follow them to the qualmy rooms of the
sweatshops, the pictures there are too dreary and we are only in search of the
picturesque.
What a chance to study types. An occasional visit would soon make us

[146]
 c

acquainted with the candle woman, the instalment pedler, the Thora teacher,
the Schatchen and the Chasen (i.e., prayer leader), five types found nowhere on
American ground save in the Ghetto. We would learn to differentiate be-
tween the orthodox Jews who still keep up the habit of owning three special
sets of clothes: one for holidays, one for half-holidays and one for everyday
life, and the young bucks of Jewtown in their semi-fashionable dress who do
not even hesitate to dine in a Gentile restaurant.
How impressive the old men look. Whole chapters of the Bible seem to
be personified in them. They smile sadly, absent-mindedly into their long,
white beards, as they sit on the curbstones, their lean hands folded around
their knees. Frugality is their life's philosophy. They are attired in cast-
off garments, picked up God knows where. Their favorite head-covering
seem to be crowns of old felt hats, out of which they have made skullcaps
by cutting off the brims.
The women also are interesting. What anatomical peculiarities and eth-
nological difference of features. The shriveled-up old ones are hideous in
their emaciation and disheveled hair, and resemble witches. Life is too strenu-
ous in Jewtown to preserve the bloom of youth. Among the younger ones
there are some who are very beautiful beneath their coating of filth, with their
olive skin and large, soft, black eyes. They give themselves a coquettish
appearance. With their colored petticoats and shawls covering their shoulders,
with their black hair plaited in thick tresses or looped up behind the ears,
some have the grand air of Oriental queens, fallen to the very depths of
penury. And the children-there is always a whole flock of them on the move.
They overflow the streets and make a crowd wherever there is an empty
spot.
Their tatters beggar all description. Here a baby crawls about, dressed in
an old chintz curtain, here a boy has a man's dress coat, from which the tails
have been torn, flapping against his calves. And how dirty they are, one
might mistake them for Florentine bronzes, those charming little figures of the
Renaissance period.
Jewtown is a world in itself, and a world unknown to most of us. I believe
it would be a grateful task to explore it. Very little has been done until now.
True enough, Jewtown has its own literature. The name of Shaikevitch is
on every tongue. He is the Alexander Dumas of 'the Ghetto and has written
more than two hundred volumes. There is also no lack of other talented
writers. I only mention Seiffert, Schakensky and the lyric poet, Winchensky.
But they write in Hebrew and Yiddish and tell us but little of their own peo-
ple. People who live in squalor do not wish to be reminded of it. For realistic
glimpses of Jewtown we have to peruse the writings of Bernstein and Abraham
Cohen, who have grown up in the milieu of the Tenth Ward. They have
contributed a few charming episodes to our literature, but until now nothing
of particular importance or of lasting value.
The artists, with the exception of a few illustrators, have run shy of these

[147j
subjects and the east side art leagues, with locali8m as their aim, consist of too
young an element to have shown much more than enthusiasm.
Perhaps the photographer will be the first to conquer this domain. He
will only be able to give us instantaneous fragments of life, but if rendered
in their most concise aspects, they may after all reflect a good deal of the
true character of the children of the Ghetto, who despite their headlong hunt
for wealth can boast of qualities which, with their warm breath of love and
spasms of joy, also appeal to the imagination of every observer.

NEw Yoax.

[The pictures by the Messrs. Heim accompanying this article were taken
by the graphlex camera, fitted on one occasion with a B. & L. Zeiss, f. 6.8
lens, and on another occasion with a Cooke lens, f. 6.5, both being used at
their biggest apertures on a cloudy morning. The plates used were Seed's
Landscape Ortho.-EDITOR.]

THE PHOTO-CHEMISTRY OF THE

SILVER COMPOUNDS

P ROBABLY the most important of the photo-reducible metallic salts

are the salts of silver, which now hold so important a place in
most photographic processes that a separate consideration of their
properties and behavior is desirable.
These products are not only of great importance at the present
time, but are also of historical interest, as they are among the first
bodies in which a change of color was noticed when they were exposed to
the sun.
As examples of these changes of color, I would cite the darkening of the
skin when touched with a solution of silver nitrate and then exposed to the
light. This phenomenon was known to Albcrtus l\lagnus in the thirteenth
century, who says in his celebrated work, "Compositum de Compositis," "it
colors the skin of man a black color difficult to remove."
Fabricius also mentions in his work, "De Rebus l\letallicis," published in
1556, the darkening of horn silver when freshly removed from the Inine.
The well-known alchemist, Glauber, says in his work, "Explicatio Miraculi
Mundi," published in 1658, "if from saltpeter and vitriol you distil a strong
water, and dissolve a little silver in the same, and add common rain water to

(loiS]
 -
the mixture in order to dilute the aqua fortis, then this water will stain all
kinds of hard wood so as to resemble ebony, and will also stain fabrics and
feathers jet-black."
Glauber, as well as Albertus Magnus, overlooked the fact that light plays
the principal role in these reactions. Boyle, too, made the same error, for in
his work, "Experimentis et Considerationibus," published in 1660, he says that
"the darkening of horn silver is caused by the action of the air, and not by
the action of light."
The first to attribute the darkening of silver salts to the action of light
was a German physician, J. H. Schultze, who, in 1727, observed that when a
solution of silver in nitric acid was poured on to chalk the mixture blackened
on the side exposed to the light. This he clearly proved to his own satis-
faction was caused by the light, and not by heat.
The salts of silver, whether of organic or inorganic origin, are all more
or less afFected by the influence of light, though some of the inorganic salts,
such as the nitrate, are hardly afFected by it when in a pure state, but in the
presence of organic matter they too are easily afFected.
Thus, an aqueous solution of silver nitrate may be exposed for a long period
to the influence'of light without its undergoing any chemical change, but if a
little readily oxidizable organic matter be added to it and the solution be
again exposed to the light, it will be observed that the solution will blacken,
showing that a chemical change is taking place; the change occurring in this
instance being due to the reduction of the silver to metallic silver.
It would be easy to cite many examples of the photo-chemical action of
light upon silver compounds, but it will be well to limit ourselves to a con-
sideration of those salts which play so important a role in photography,
namely the chlorid, bromid and the iodid of silver, or, as they are commonly
called, the haloids of silver.
It has been known for a long while that when silver chlorid is exposed to
the influence of light at first turns violet, and, finally, brownish-violet. The
earliest information relating to the precipitated chlorid, as distinguished from
the native horn silver, was made b'y Johann Baptist Beccarius, of Turin.
From the foregoing it will therefore be seen that the chlorid of silver is
sensitive to the influence of light as illustrated by its property of changing
color. We are therefore confronted with the question: What change does
the discoloration of silver chlorid indicate?
Is it a purely chemical or a physical one? If chemical, is it due to a dis-
sociation, or to oxidation?
By some persons it is considered to be a purely physical one, and that the
violet colored chlorid is of the same composition as the white chlorid.
This theory may be discarded at once, for it was known to Scheele as far
back as 1777 that silver chlorid loses chlorin when exposed to the light, and
this has since then been confirmed by numerous analyses. We might there-
fore consider the change as a chemical one, especially as we have the means of

[149)
 estimating the amount of chlorin liberated, or the amount still remaining
combined with the silver, and from these data of calculating the composition
of the final product.
In further evidence that ehlorin is given off when the ehlorid is exposed
to the light, it is a well-known fact that chlorin absorbents such, for instance,
as silver nitrate, stannous chlorid and organic matter hasten the decompo-
sition, while the addition of oxidizing agents as ferric chlorid, stannic chlorid
and mercuric chlorid either retard the decomposition or may arrest it alto-
gether.
Assuming now that the darkening of silver chlorid is due to a photo-
chemical and not to a photo-physical action, we are next confronted with the
question, what is the difference in composition between the darkened ehlorid
and the white silver chloridP
Until within a comparatively short time the extent of our knowledge upon
this subject went no further than to be able to say that the darkened ehlorid
contained less chlorin than the white chlorid, but a couple of years ago this
question was greatly cleared up by the discovery of silver sub-chlorid, whose
_isolation in a chemically pure state had previously utterly failed. It may
therefore be of interest if we consider what was known upon this subject prior
to the discovery of argentous chlorid.
As already stated, it has usually been considered that the darkening of silver
chlorid when exposed to the light, was due to the formation of a silver sub-
chlorid, according to the following equation:

As no chemist had succeeded in isolating this compound in a sufficient state of

purity for analysis, the plausibility of this reaction could only be inferred
by comparing silver with the metals of the copper group.
The idea that argentous chlorid is the product of the photo-decomposition
of silver chlorid was first advanced by Fisher in 1814; was later reiterated by
Wetzlar in 1834, and has since been considered as the probably correct inter-
pretation of what actually occurs.
Since silver chlorid loses chlorin when exposed to the light, it will be easy
to see how this theory has gained credence, for it will be reasoned that since
there is a loss of chlorin, the silver chlorid must be either reduced to the
metallic state or to a sub-salt. If the above hypothesis be true, we should
have a mixture of unaltered silver chlorid, with metallic silver, or a mixture of
the unaltered with the sub-chlorid.
It has, however, been shown that the darkening silver chlorid can take
place under strong nitric acid, which does not seem to dissolve any appreciable
amount of silver, hence it has been concluded that the product of the photo-
decomposition of silver chlorid does not contain any metallic silver, and there-
fore this product must be a mixture of silver chlorid, with a variable quantity
of silver sub-chlorid.

[150]
 Q

One strong argument in favor of the existence of the sub-salts of silver

has been the sub-oxid Ag,O, which Wohler claimed to have discovered in 1839,
by reducing the citrate of silver in a current of hydrogen at a temperature of
100° C., but recent investigations by Muthmann, in 1887; by Friedheim, in
the same year, as well as by Baily and Fowler, appear to render the existence
of Wohler's sub-oxid problematical, and consequently the formation of the
sub-chlorid by the action of hydrochloric acid upon the sub-oxid as doubtful.
The sub-oxid having been thus disposed of, it will be well to return to the
main question and ask ourselves whether the darkened silver chlorid, or photo-
chlorid, has been submitted to such a searching investigation as to warrant
us in believing in its existence? In answer to this question we would say that
the evidence until within a comparatively short time went no further than to
show that the darkened chlorid contains less chlorid than the unaltered
chlorid. This result has been arrived at in most instances by determining
either the silver, or the chlorin, and calculating from the loss of the chlorin
the amount of sub-chlorid formed.
Thus Carey Lea states that when silver chlorid is exposed to the light under
water for five days, that 1% of the chlorid is converted into the sub-chlorid,
while Riche states that after an exposure of a year and a half the reduced
salt may be represented by the formula Ag8 Clu and as a rule the longer the
exposure the greater will be the amount of sub-salt formed. The considera-
tion of such methods can therefore never give satisfactory evidence of the
sub-chlorid, because its existence is first assumed and then the loss of chlorid
is attributed to its production.
As no definite product had up to this time been obtained, we are hardly
justified in the belief of the existence of the sub-chlorid.
If the darkened chlorid be treated with sodium hyposulphite, potassium
cyanide, or ammonia, a small amount of metallic silver is always left behind.
Here, again, no definite information is obtained, for the existence of the sub-
chlorid was assumed, and the action of the before-named solvents may be repre-
sented by the following equations:
Ag1 Cl+ N a1S01 =AgNaS 1 0a+ N aCl+ Ag,
!AgCla+!KCN=KAg(CN)a+KCl+Ag,
!Ag2Cl+SNH8 =(!AgCl+SNHa)+!Ag.
As silver chlorid darkens under nitric acid, it seems doubtful whether the
above reactions actually take place, for if the sub-chlorid were such an unstable
compound as to be decomposed by the above mentioned solvents, it is not
probable that it could be formed in the presence of such a powerful oxidizing
agent as strong nitric acid.
Enough has already been said in the foregoing for or against the existence
of the photo-chlorid of silver, Ag2Cl, to enable you to appreciate the uncer-
tainty associated with this interesting compound, and the difficulties encoun-
tered by scientists investigating it, but all doubts have now been laid at rest by

[151]
the discovery and isolation in a chemically pure state of this much doubted
product.
The discovery of this compound was preceded by the production of a silver
sub-fluorid, which was described by Guntz in the Journal of the Chemical
Society, Abst. 1890, p. 1055, and in the Compt. Re·nd., Vol. 11!!, p. 861-86!!.
When dry hydrogen chlorid is passed over silver sub-fluorid the latter
gradually changes to a violet color, and when it has reached its limit the
product has the composition :
Silver ....................... 88.85%-84.08%
Chlorin ..................... 14.19%-15.07%
Whereas the theory for the pure sub-chlorid is:
Silver. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85.88%
Chlorin............................. 15.1!%
It will thus be seen that a practically pure compound was finally obtained,
whose characteristics could then be more easily observed.
In a later article Guntz says: "Silver sub-chlorid Ag2CI varies in color from
deep violet red to violet black, exposure to the light tending to convert it into
the latter modification without loss of chlorin. When heated it splits into the
normal argentic chlorid, AgCI, and metallic silver. It is not attacked by
dilute nitric acid, but when warmed with the concentrated acid it is converted
into argentic chlorid. mixed with a varying quantity of argentous chlorid,
forming the colored products described by Carey Lea, Joum. Chem. Soc.
Abatr., 1888, p. 1. Potassium cyanid decomposes it according to the follow-
ing reaction:

A few words now in regard to the photo-decomposition of silver chlorid.

It is well known that in the absence of chlorin absorbents the decomposition
docs not go on until a product of definite composition is obtained, but the
decomposition goes on and on until a limit is reached, and the end product
will always be a mixture of unaltered argentic chlorid, with the sub-chlorid,
and as the quantity of sub-chlorid thus formed is very small it can readily be
imagined what difficulties the chemist had to contend with in order to isolate
this compound in a pure condition! Hence it is not at all surprising that it
took so many years to discover and identify this compound.
It may next be asked whether the darkened chlorid is solely a mixture of
chlorin and silver or whether it may not also contain the elements of water?
It is known that moisture hastens photo-decomposition, but it is not known
whether in the absence of air and moisture the change is altogether arrested.
The absorption of oxygen with the decomposition of the chlorid may be illus-
trated by the following simple experiment.
If a little <'hlorid of silver be placed in a bent tube, closed at one end, and

[152)
RICHARD LE GALLIENNE
By Pirie MacDonald
(New York)
 Q

the open end be placed in distilled water, and the whole be then exposed for
several days to the action of the solar rays, care being taken to !requently
shake the chlorid in order to expose fresh surfaces to the action of the light,
it. will be observed that as the chlorid darkens the water will gradually rise in
the tube, and if the latter be then treated with a few drops of silver nitrate, a
precipitate of silver chlorid will be formed, thus apparently proving the sub-
stitution of oxygen for the chlorin under the influence of the light; but it is
also probable that some absorption of atmospheric air takes place. Whether
this reaction takes place as actually surmised is not perfectly conclusive, for
it is possible that the nascent chlorin in the presence of aqueous vapor under
the influence of light may form some oxid of nitrogen which dissolves in the
water, but the experiment shows that oxygen is necessary for the darkening of
silver chlorid, but whether the former is derived from the air or is obtained
from the aqueous vapor is up to the present problematical.
What we have said in connection with the photo-chemistry of silver chlorid
will greatly simplify matters in dealing with the other haloids, as there is
every reason to believe that the compounds, Ag2Br and Ag21, are similarly
formed from the corresponding normal silver bromid and iodid, when the
latter are exposed to the light.
Silver bromid darkens under the influence of light and loses bromin, the
product finally becoming of a grayish-violet color, but never as dark as the
photo-chlorid. Similar to the chlorid, bromin absorbents such as silver nitrate,
stannous chlorid and organic matter accelerate the photo-decomposition, while
oxidizing agents as ferric chlorid, stannic chlorid, or mercuric chlorid, either
retard or altogether arrest it.
The iodid is even less discolorized than the bromid and is not afFected at all
unless some accelerator or iodin absorbent is present, but in the presence of
an accelerator such as free silver nitrate, the iodid will assume a greenish-
gray color, which is more readily decomposed by nitric acid than the sub-
bromid.
Before leaving this subject I would call your attention to the colored forms
of these salts which were obtained a few years ago by Carey Lea, and to
which he assigned the names, photo-chlorid, photo-bromid and photo-iodid.
These compounds are formed by such reactions as would tend to give rise
to the formation of sub-salts in admixture with normal haloids. In carrying
out these experiments a silver salt is first reduced by a suitable reducing agent,
and after being freed from impurities it is reconverted into the haloid by
treatment with the necessary acid. The photo-chlorid may be obtained of a
red color in the following manner: To a solution of silver nitrate add com-
mon salt until the silver is all precipitated as normal chlorid, and then add
ammonia until the haloid is all dissolved. To the ammoniacal solution add
ferrous sulphate and allow the black precipitate formed to subside. The pre-
cipitate is now washed two or three times by decantation and acidified with
dilute sulphuric acid, after which it is again washed by decantation. On now

[158]
boiling the sediment with dilute nitric acid, and washing as before, and then
boiling with dilute hydrochloric acid, we obtain the red-colored photo-chlorid,
in accordance with Carey Lea's statement. These salts contain less chlorin,
bromin, etc., than the normal haloids, and are supposed to be the salts com-
posing the latent photographic image, which hypothesis now seems to be per-
fectly valid since the discovery and isolation of the pure argentous chlorid,
bromid and iodid.

NEw YoB.][. JAMEs H. STEBBINs, Ja.

THE TURIN EXPOSITION

A T the International Exposition of Artistic Photography, held at

Turin, 1902, the following awards were made to the American sec-
tion:
DIPLOMA OF HONOB..

Clarence H. White, Newark, Ohio; Frank Eugene, New York; •Alfred

Stieglitz, New York; W. B. Dyer, Chicago, Ill.; Gertrude Kasebier, New
York.
GOLD MEDAL DIPLOMA.

Edmund Stirling, Philadelphia; Rose Clark, Buffalo, N. Y.

SILVER MEDAL DIPLOMA.

Ema Spencer, Newark, Ohio; Mary R. Stanbery, Zanesville, Ohio; •Joseph

T. Keiley, Brooklyn, N.Y.; Benjamin, Cincinnati, Ohio.
AWAB.D OF MERIT.
Alice M. Boughton, Brooklyn; • A. H. Stoiber, Paris; •E. Lee Fergu-
son, New York; Louis Cassavant, New York; Eva Watson-Schutze, Chie.ago,
Ill. ; •w. W. Renwick, New York ; Thos. M. Edmiston, Newark, Ohio; D.
D. Spellmann, Detroit.
SPECIAL PRIZ.I<:

Bust in bronze, "1804," given by His Majesty the King of Italy. Awarded
to the collection of American Pictorial Photographs, assembled by Alfred
Stieglitz at the personal request of General di Cesnola, Director of the Metro-
politan Museum of Fine Arts, New York, Commissioner for the United States,
said collection representing the United States officially at the Turin Expo-
sition.
• Members of the Camera Club, New York.

[1154]
 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA
CLUB, NEW YORK
HENRY H. MAN, J. EDGAR BULL AND CHARLES I. BERG, PUBLICATION
COMMITTEE, REPRESENTING THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

CLUB MEETINGS

R EGULAR meetings of the Club were held on September 9,

October 14 and November 11, and a special meeting on October
iS, 190i.
The treasurer's reports at the regular meetings showed bal-
ances in hand as follows
September 9, 190i ............... . $3,54!.74
October 14 ..................... . 3,091.67
November 11 ................... . 4.046.95
At the September meeting Mr. Stark, for the Print Committee, reported
that two competitions had been arranged for cups, the first for landscapes to
be held in December, the list of entries closing on December 1 , and the other
for genre and portraits in January, the entries to be in by January I.
He further reported that there would be an exhibition of gum prints made
by Otto Scharf, Otto Ehrhardt and Alfred Schneider, of Germany, the loan
of the prints having been secured through the courtesy of Mr. Walter E.
Woodbury, editor of the American .A.nn'I.UJl of Photography.
At the regular meeting of October 14, Mr. Murphy, chairman of the Com-
mittee on Meetings, reported that suitable lectures, demonstrations, etc., would
be given during the winter, the list of lecturers including Messrs. Elmendorf,
Bridgman, Scandlin and Van Brunt.
The special meeting of October !8 was held to consider propositions to be
reported by the Board of Trustees in relation to new quarters. Forty-five
members attended.
The President made a brief statement of the efforts which had been made
by the Trustees to find new quarters, and stated that the committee of the
Trustees upon the topic, Messrs. Berg, McKune and Crosby, had a propo-
sition to present as to the eighth and ninth floors of the building at No. 5
West Thirty-first street.
Mr. Berg read from the correspondence with the builders and agents of the
property showing the terms upon which the quarters could be secured. A
slide was shown indicating the dimensions of each floor and Mr. Berg briefly
explained what arrangement could be made of space and compared the pro-
posed arrangement with that of the present club rooms. He also gave data
bearing upon the desirability of the quarters proposed and explained the

[155]
difficulty of finding any other quarters having equal advantages at a price
within the reach of the club.
Mr. Harry B. Reid advocated the renting of an entire house, stating among
other things that, if the quarters under discussion were taken, the light might
be impaired by the erection of buildings on either side high enough to cut
ofF the side light, and stated that a hotel was to be erected on the opposite
side of the street, which would be higher than the floors under discussion.
Mr. Man stated that a previous committee on quarters, of which he had
been a member, had carefully considered the project of taking an entire
house, and had reached the conclusion that it was impracticable for the Club
to obtain satisfactory quarters in that manner. The Club was not in funds
to purchase or erect a house and the necessary alteration of any house it might
lease would be very expensive. All the floors of such a house would be com-
paratively near the ground and more likely to have their light destroyed than
the eighth and ninth floors of No. 5 West Thirty-first street. There would be
difficulty in arranging a meeting room; a large portion of each floor in a
private house would be taken out for stairs, and the expense for service, heat,
etc., would be great enough to more than make up any difFerence in rent.
Mr. Berg spoke upon the same topic, and after Mr. Reid had been heard
further at length and other members had discussed the topic, a motion was
put and carried, with one dissenting voice, that the quarters in question be
leased upon the terms submitted by Mr. Berg.
At the regular meeting of November 11, 190!!, the Librarian reported cer-
tain accessions to the library, among which was a very valuable and early
work, which had been secured at the price of $15.
After certain routine business a recess was taken for the purpose of holding
a special meeting of the Board of Trustees. Upon the close of the meeting
of the Board of Trustees, the Secretary reported a resolution in regard to the
award made at the Turin Exposition. • The resolution was as follows, and was
unanimously carried:
WHEREAS, There has been awarded to the Camera Club of New York, by the
jury of the Exposizione Internazionale d' Arte Decorativa Moderna, the prize
of His Majesty the King of Italy for the collection of American Pictorial
Photographs arranged and forwarded by Mr. Alfred Stieglitz in his private
capacity at the special request of General di Cesnola, Commissioner for Amer-
ica, and
WHEREAS, The Camera Club of New York had no connection or participa-
tion in preparing or sending the said collection :
THEREFORE, BE IT REsOLVED, That the Camera Club of New York, fully
appreciating the high honor conferred by the said award of the King of Italy,
feels that it has no right or title to the same, and that it must, though very
regretfully, convey to the authorities of the Exposition the fact that it is not
qualified to accept the prize awarded to the Camera Club through what appears
to be a misunderstanding.

[156]
 Q

The Secretary was instructed to forward a copy of the resolution to the

Secretary of the Turin Exposition.

* Bsposizione Intmnazion&la D'lrta DaoomtiTB Modern&

TORINO, 1902.

COrllTATO DBOLI STATI UNITI D'ArlBRICA.

Pruiduet~. Vz'u-Pruitl~tati, S'petariD,

Generate Luigi Palma di Cesnola. W. E. Dodge, Whitelaw Retd, Dotter Luigi Rover11.
Conte F. Prat, Cav. A. Zucca.

v. Mills, H. Russell Butler, Morris K. Jesup, John M. Carrere,

Chao. S. Smith, H. C. Fahnestock, J. Carroll Bekwith, Cbas. T. Cook,
John S. Kennedy, J. Pierpont Morgan, Edward D. Adams F. W. Rhinelander,
Comm. Celestino Piva, Chauncey M, Depew, Ricardo Bertelli, Rutherford Stuyvesant.

Arc/r;it•tto.
Ca v. John Getz.

MR. ALFRED STIEGLITZ, ToRINo, Nov. ~. 190!t.

Camera Club, N.Y. City.
DEARSm:
I have great pleasure in informing you of the immense success-the greatest,
in fact, of the whole Exposition--obtained by the United States, by the Cam-
era Club and by you personally at the Exposizione Internazionale di Foto-
grafia Artistica in Torino.
The jury has awarded to the American exhibitors 5 grand prix, ~ gold
medals, 4 silver medals and 8 diplomas of merit. Two exhibitors, Messrs.
Balliard and Pach Brothers, whose work (while being highly commendable and
greatly admired by the jury as well as by the public, could not be considered
in accordance with the requirements of the programme, being reproductions
of paintings and interiors of buildings) was declared hora CO'IlCoura, were given
a special memento, as a high recognition of merit.
In addition to the prizes mentioned above, the "Camera Club" has been the
recipient of the award assigned by His Majesty the King of Italy, which is
the highest of all and was much coveted by England and France.
This award is a bronze bust on a marble pedestal, supported by a carved
column. It will be shipped to New York together with your exhibits.
Hoping that you and the members of the "Camera Club" will appreciate
this gratifying news and communicate the same to the press, believe me
Very truly yours,
LuiGI RovERSI.

[157)
 TRUSTEES' MEETINGS
Regular meetings were held on September 29 and on November 25 by
adjournment from November 24, the regular meeting night. Special meet-
ings were held on October 13, October 28, November 5 and November 11.
At the meeting of September 29 Mr. H. B. Hart resigned as Secretary o£
the Club, and Mr. E. Lee Ferguson was appointed to fill the vacancy.
Messrs. Berg, McKune and Crosby were appointed a special committee to
examine and report upon the desirability of leasing the eighth and ninth
floors of No. 5 West Thirty-first street.
After discussion as to the best means whereby the Board might keep fully
in touch with the work of the various committees, it was decided that a special
meeting be called for Monday, October 13, and the Secretary was instructed
to address letters to the chairmen of the House Committee, the Print Com-
mittee, the Lantern Slide Committee and the Committee on Meetings request-
ing that reports in writing be furnished to the Trustees through the Secretary
before the date set for the special meeting, and that each chairman attend at
the club rooms on the evening of the special meeting, or designate a member
of his committee to be present, so that the Board may have an opportunity to
discuss each report with the chairman of the committee personally or his au-
thorized representative.
At the special meeting of October 13 reports were presented by the chair-
men of the Committee on Meetings, the Print Committee and the Lantern
Slide Committee. Mr. Murphy, chairman of the Committee on Meetings; Mr.
Stark, chairman of the Print Committee, and Mr. Beach, chairman of the
Lantern Slide Committee, attended before the Trustees and discussed the work
of their respective committees orally.
Some discussion was had concerning the lease of the eighth and ninth floors
of No. 5 West Thirty-first street.
Upon motion the rates for use of the studio were fixed at $1.50 per hal£
day, the day being divided at twelve o'clock noon, and it was further decided
that during the half day one hour might be secured for fifty cents and two
hours for $1.00, the occupation of the studio in either case to commence on
the hour.
At the special meeting of October 23, 1902, 1\fr. Berg, for the Special Com-
mittee on Quarters, submitted a report, with plans and correspondence with
the agents of the property, No. 5 West Thirty-first street.
After full discussion the report of the committee was on due motion unani-
mously accepted and approved by the Board and directed to be laid before
the Club at a special meeting to be held Tuesday, October 28.
The special meeting of November 5, 1902, was held at the office of the
President, No. 47 Broadway. The proposed lease of quarters at No. 5 West
Thirty-first street was submitted to the Board and it was unanimously decided
that the same should be executed. The lease is for five years from May 1,

[168]
 4

1903, at an annual rental of $3,125, with a provision for renewal for one, two,
three or five years at an increase of ten per cent. in the rental, and a provision
that the Club may enter into occupation earlier than the first of May after
the building is ready, paying for any period prior to May 1, the actual
expenses caused by its occupation. The lease also contains prpvision for the
erection of a studio and for changes in the building to meet the wants of
the Club.
The special meeting of November 11 was held during a recess of the regu-
lar meeting of the Club.
There were present Messrs. Crosby, Wilmerding, Berg, Elgar and Ferguson.
The Secretary laid before the Board the contents of a letter which had been
received by Mr. Stieglitz from the Secretary of the Exposition at Turin,
containing official information of an award to the Camera Club of the prize
offered by the King of Italy substantially for the most meritorious collection
of photographs from an artistic point of view. (See page 157.)
Mr. Stieglitz attended before the Board and explained the circumstances
under which he had, at the request of General di Cesnola, forwarded to the
Turin Exposition an exhibit of about sixty prints, the work of American
photo~raphers, including certain members of the Camera Club and others
who are not members.
This prize is understood to be the highest award made at the Turin Expo-
sition for photographic work.
Upon motion a resolution was unanimously adopted and directed to be laid
before the meeting of the Club. The resolution in question will be found in
the account of the Club meeting of November 11, 1902.

RESIGNATIONS AND ELECTIONS.

The following members have resigned: Robert S. Adams, M.D.; Dallett

Fuguet, H. S. Harper, JohnS. Jacobus, Samuel Johnson, Mary E. Martin,
Sidney N. Moon, J. H. Whitehouse, H. S. Fleming, B. A. Ottelengui, M.D.;
Katharine M. Lines.
On September 29, 1902, Messrs. Charles S. Snead, Jr., L. J. Greulich and
Herman Dittrich were elected to active membership, and on November 5 Mr.
H. H. Holms was elected to active membership and Messrs. J. Horace Mc-
Farland, Guy Standing and Alexander C. Bates were elected to non-resident
membership.
At the meeting of November 25 Messrs. Walter Hinchman, Willard P.
Little and Ernest C. Kinney were elected.

LECTURES
On the evening of Monday, November 24, Mr. Dwight L. Elmendorf lec-
tured on the subject of "Sicily and the Island of Capri," and exhibited colored

[159]
slides of great beauty and interest. It is difficult, where all the slides were of
so high quality, to note any particular feature of one without danger of
doing implied injustice to others, and we have not space for an adequate
account of the lecture. A succession of views of a ruined Roman temple at
Taormina, Sicily, made from the same point of view but with lenses of different
equivalent focal length, was peculiarly interesting on account of the stereo-
scopic effect obtained by the use of the telephoto lens, which was particularly
noticeable in the photograph taken with an equivalent focal length of seventy-
two inches. Another interesting slide, both on account of its beauty and the
difficulties under which it was taken, was a flashlight interior of the cave at
Capri, and two snap shots of an Italian girl in full sunlight, the first taken
during an unconscious pose, and the second as the child turned on hearing the
snap of the camera, showed what can be done in the full glare of direct sun-
light by an expert where the ordinary worker would find himself in hopeless
difficulties.
On the evening of November ~8 Professor G. W. Ritchey, of the Yerkes
Observatory, delivered a lecture on "Recent Astronomical Photography," illus-
trated by lantern slides. These slides consisted in part of pictures of apparatus
and buildings and in part of astronomical photographs, the latter including
pictures of a quality which we believe has never been equaled up to the present
time, such as slides of nebulre very faintly visible even through the most
powerful telescopes and practically impossible of depiction in their true form
except by protracted exposure under conditions which have only recently
been realized by the manufacture of instruments of adequate power and qual-
ity. The audience listened with close attention to a lecture which consider-
ably exceeded the limits of time which the speaker had proposed to himself,
but which no one found too long.

EXHIBITIONS
Besides the exhibit of gum prints made by Otto Scharf, Otto Ehrhardt and
Alfred Schneider promised by Mr. Stark at the September meeting, which
were duly on view from October 15 to November 1, there was an exhibition
of about fifty prints, furnished by the Boston Camera Club, from November
17 to December 1.

The pictures (about seventy in number) entered in the 190! Landscape

Competition occupied the walls from December I to 15, after which a series of
child pictures by l\fr. E. B. Core were exhibited until the close of the month.

[160]
 - - ---- - - ---- - - -- --------

THE END OF THE DAY

By James Patrick
(Edinburgh , Scotland)

Copyright in GTear Britain

 -- -- - - - -- - -

THE PRESIDENT'S CUP

Given by C. H. Crosby, Esq.

For portraits and genre studies

made since January 1, 190!!.
The Jury, meeting January 8,
1908 made the following decision :
Cup Picture:-" Bartholme" by
Newcomer.
Horwrable Mention:-"Portrait of
Grandmother T r u d e a u ' ' by
Winter.
Signed:
Charles R. Pancoast
H. P. Gerhert
J. M. Tallmann
'' Ne~comer '' was the pseudonym chosen by Eduard J. Steichen. ''Winter''
the pseudonym of the Rudolf ]~ickemeyer, Jr.

THE 1902 LANDSCAPE CUP

Given by Mrs. Abel

For landscapes and marines made since January

1, 190!!.
The Jury meeting December 7, 190! made the
following decision :
Oup Picture:-Marine by Rudolf Eickemeyer,
Jr.
Special Honorable Mention:-" Brooklyn Bridge
-Night" by John Francis Strauss.
Honorable Mentions:- A. Radclyffe Dugmore, Han-y Coutant, A. W. Scott.
Signed:
J. von Boskerck
J. M. Forbes
E. J. Steichen

[161)
 NOTES ON PROF. G. W. RITCHEY'S
LECTURE
P ROF. G. W. RITCHEY was greeted by a large audience on Friday
evening, November ~8, at the club rooms, and amply proved that he
could make interesting his somewhat formidable subject of "Recent
Advances in Astronomical Photography." He exhibited numerous
lantern slides. The slides were of three kinds-those which showed in more
or less detail the Yerkes and other observatories and the instruments used in
astronomical photography-those which reproduced hand-made drawings of
nebulre and the planets, and, lastly, those which were made from photographic
plates exposed in the various telescopes, sho_wing the moon, stars and nebulre.
The professor said for the brighter heavenly bodies, of which the planets
are examples, the use of the visual telescope gives better results than the
photographic plate, and that this is likely to be so for a long time to come.
The reason is that the eye can detect finer detail than the plate. On the
other hand, he stated that the photographic plate has a decided advantage
over the eye in giving detail of faint objects, and that multitudes of stars are
recorded on the photographic plate, which are so faint that no eye could see
them through any telescope. He regretted that none of the very large tele-
scopes had been made expressly for photographic work, and explained his
method of adapting the large Yerkes telescope by using immediately in front
of a fast Cramer isochromatic plate a deep orange color screen, permitting only
orange light to pass.
The star exposures, he said, varied from four to six hours and required
the constant watching of the observer to keep the telescope exactly in position,
notwithstanding the working of the driving engine keeping the telescope in
motion about the polar axis. He did not say whether the telescope was used at
its full aperture, but in reference to the smaller telescopes used, he seemed to
indicate the opening might be about f. 60.
The Yerkes Observatory has now a reflecting telescope, suitable for photo-
graphic work, with a reflector two feet in diameter, with which better detail
can be got than with the large telescope. For three years work has been
progressing on a five-foot diameter reflector, which, when finished, will cost
but a fraction of the amount expended on the large telescope and will pene-
trate much farther into the mysteries of the universe. This form of instru-
ment does away with the great object-glass lens, for which is substituted a
glass concave mirror silvered on the concave surface and ground so carefully
that all errors exceeding one-millionth of an inch are removed. The telescope
tube will be stationary, and the mirror alone revolved in following the heavenly
body which is being examined. The reflecting telescope requires the careful

[162]
 <

grinding of only one surface instead of four surfaces of the lenses of the
refracting telescopes, making a great saving of expense and at the same time
giving a much brighter image, as in the large Yerkes telescope it is calculated
that 60 per cent. of the chemical rays are absorbed in the glass of the lenses.
In one of his slides containing six thousand stars he pointed out only one as
visible to the human eye. In another slide he showed the result of the patient
work of an able astronomer for one hundred nights in plotting a nebula and its
surrounding stars, as contrasted with another slide made in one evening by
a photographic plate. The latter far surpassed the former in every way.
The speaker closed by giving a series of pictures of the moon on successive
nights as it was approaching the full, winding up his talk with the full moon.
five feet in diameter on the screen, beaming upon the audience.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE.

STANDARDS

I N a recent lecture before the Leeds Camera Club, England, Mr. W.

Thomas, F.R.P.S., made some valuable "suggestions" regarding the sys-
tematising of developers and the standardizing of negative densities.
As this has many points of interest and is a subject that might well be
followed up by the various clubs throughout the country, we append the re-
marks given in a late number of the Photographic Chronicle:
A suggestion made by Mr. Thomas was that a photographic society should
procure a negative of standard quality, and that a bromide enlargement be
made from this, also of standard quality, the print and original to be loaned
to members as a standard to work to. For beginners in photography, this
should prove of some value, although not of much use to the advanced worker,
who must always look to the exhibitions for his most useful standard of good
work. The suggestion is, however, of wider application than here indicated,
as it touches on the subject of photographic standards in general. At the
present time there is no recognized standard of photographic values relating
to the tones or colors of prints and the densities of negatives. In both prints
and negatives the photographer is concerned with shades and scales of grada-
tion, for which he has no descriptive terms beyond those of "flat," "hard,"
"thin," or "dense." It would not be a very difficult work to construct a scale
of densities which could be numbered or in some other way identified. The
platinum process could be taken as the standard for prints, using a range of
from twenty to thirty shades between the lightest tint and the deepest black.
Each of these could be numbered, and thus any print by reference to the
standard scale would at once show to which class it belonged, and whether its
range of gradation was short or long. Similarly a gelatino-bromide plate
could be taken for a standard scale of densities for negative work, and the key,

[183]
as it were, of any negative would at once be shown on comparison with the
standard scale of densities. Such standards, if generally adopted, would
facilitate the technical work of photography, besides providing a guide to the
quality of any negative or print. In default of official standards of this kind
every plate and paper maker, and every photographer, could construct them
for his own convenience, and from our own experience of such scales, we think
they would be found of great practical utility.

THE COMPARATIVE VALUES OF

DEVELOPERS

Another suggestion made by Mr. Thomas was that developers might be

studied on systematic lines; a series of plates of the same speed, exposed under
standard conditions, being developed to the same point by means of different
developers to arrive by comparison of the negatives at the value of the develop-
ers. We admit that such an investigation could only be carried out by scientific
workers who have no interest in the commercial success of any one of the numer-
ous developers, but no one can deny that the results would prove of immense
value to every photographer. With all the study and attention that have in
recent years been given to developing agents we have not gone beyond those
rule-of-thumb results which can only tell us that metol gives detail and hydro-
quinone tends to give contrast. The law of developers has not yet been fornm-
lated, the amount of work any developer will perform is still an unknown
quantity, and the energy of a developer has not yet been expressed in a unit
of value. Hurter & Driffield and \Vatkins have already done much towards
bringing developers and development under the reign of law, and by working
along their lines it seems probable that the law of developers would be finally
revealed.

[1641
 -- -- -- - - - - - - - - -

PllOGRESS
ROM the Folmer & Schwing . Manufacturing Company we have re-

F ceived word that on and after February I, 1908, their main office and
salesrooms will be located in the same building as their factory.
Under thls arrangement the heads of thls concern hope to be able to
give increased attention to their manufacturing branch.

HE Eastman Progress Competition, recently closed, is said to have

T been the most succensful photographic contest ever held. Over

~0,000 pictures were sent in to be judged and the work of the jury
must have been decidedly arduous. To the members of the Camera
Club, New York, fell many of the awards, about five hundred dollars in gold
and nearly one hundred dollars' worth of kodaks having been won by E. J.
Steichen, Mrs. Wiggins, Mrs. Harper and others.

HE self-adjusting lantern slide mat is one of the novelties of the

T past quarter. This i1~ one of those practical yet simple devices that
make one wonder why it has not been done before. The mat is
pri.n ted in two L-sha.ped halves, each having an inner right angle,
and rulings on the face running vertical to the margins. To use the mat take
the two parts and cross the ends,
1111111 flllll, bringing the opening to the required
size and shape. True up the crossed
angles by bringing the overlapping
margin into register with the nearest
e !?· vertical line on the lapped limb of the
~

I
other half. Thls may be conveniently
~ done over the slide to be matted, en-
!: abling the worker to "trim" the pic-
~ ture to be shown to the exact size and
~ shape that suits his taste.
[ Having found the opening desired,
i fasten the two corners made by the
., ·w•• ....,.... Oil •..., _ 'I ~ overlapping ends with a little paste
trim off the superfluous margins ana
the mat is ready to bind in place as
usual. The diagram shows the working possibilities more clearly than a de-
scription could do. The mat is printed on opaque fawn-colored paper and
gives the finished slide a very neat appearance.

[165]
T HE Volute Shutter is a modification of the original Iris Diaphragm
Shutter invented and patented by the Bausch & Lomb Optical Com-
pany in 1889, the fundamental principles of which embody an Iris
Diaphragm operated by an automatic mechanism whereby the dia-
phragm can be opened and closed at intervals of from 1/100 second to three
seconds, and with controlling device by which the same can be made to open
and remain opened for time exposures, closing again after the exposure had
been made. This shutter was designed to be operated either by hand
release or by pneumatic bulb. In the original Iris Diaphragm Shutters the
controlling mechanism was located outside the circular case of the shutter,
and the retarding and releasing devices were two cylindrical ''alves on the front
of the shutter case. The result of this
construction was that the shutter mechan-
ism occupied considerably more space,
both in diameter and thickness, than was
desirable, at the same time the highest
speed obtainable was not sufficient for the
most rapid instantaneous work. The im-
provements embodied in the Volute con-
sist in doing away entirely with the ex-
terior controlling mechanism and placing
the various levers by which the movement
of the diaphragm leaves is affected en-
tirely within the shutter case, thus accom-
plishing the object sought, and in addition protecting it from accidental in-
jury or the accumulation of dust. The release and retarding mechanisms
have been greatly reduced in size and appear as two short cylinders at either
side of the lower margin of the shutter case, in this position interfering in no
way with the various attachments of the camera, the small size being applicable
to even the small pocket kodak, pocket poco, and other similar hand cameras.
The original Iris Diaphragm type of shutter was so arranged that the Iris
Diaphragm opened gradually from the smallest to the greatest opening, and
closed again gradually from the greatest to the smallest opening, and while this
form of exposure increased the defining power of the lens, and had a tendency
to give greater definition in the shadows and more depth of focus, it seriously
interfered with obtaining high speeds. In the Volute Shutter a special open-
ing and closing mechanism has been devised which is entirely separate from
the mechanism which controls the duration of the exposure. The effect of this
mechanism is to open the blades of the diaphragm to the full size of the stop
opening for which the shutter is set, immediately upon the beginning of the
exposure, allowing the blades to remain fully open until the period for which
the shutter has been set has elapsed, when the blades are snapped shut again.
A rearrangement of the leverage proportions in the construction of the opening
and closing mechanism has made it possible to attain an exposure in the No. 1

[166)
 4

size, which has an extreme aperture of !!4 mm., thus being applicable to almost
all lenses up to 5x8 size, and in some cases even larger lenses, of 150th or
a second, the highest absolute speed which has ever been attained in a shutter of
the Iris Diaphragm type. The larger sizes having openings of 86 mm. and
52 mm. respectively are not as rapid owing to the greater distance through
which the diaphragm blades have to travel in opening and closing.
Extremely thin steel blades are used in the Volute and their compact
arrangement permits the use of this shutter between lenses having their com-
binations extremely close together, which makes it applicable to many lenses
to which a shutter could not heretofore be fitted between the lenses. The
shutter case itself is of bronze cast metal, the object being to secure the great-
est possible rigidity with the least weight, and at the same time the proper
accuracy in cutting the threads for the lens mounts, and the necessary stiffness
that the opposite sides of the case may retain their position with the greatest
accuracy. In shutters of less stable construction it may happen that in pack-
ing a lens into the camera carrying case, or for other similar reason, pressure
may be brought to bear upon the opposite combinations of the lens, forcing the
sides of the shutter together and destroying the optical correction of the
objective. J. B. ELLIOTT.
RocHESTER, N. Y.

T HE Bausch & Lomb Optical Company, Rochester, N. Y., advise us

that their action in advancing the date of closing their Quarter Cen-
tury Photographic Competition to October 8, 1908, has met with
very general approval among photographers, who realize the im-
portance of this competition and are anxious to submit as perfect work as pos-
sible. A number of the foremost photographers of the country have signified
their intention of entering the competition, and the whole spirit of the competi-
tors indicates quite as much interest in making the exhibits the best that have
ever been gotten together in a competition in this country as in winning the
pecuniary awards, which, however, amount to $8,000 in the aggregate. The
special award of $800 as a grand prize for the photograph showing the best
lens work of any submitted in the competition is attracting a good deal of
attention among photographers who seek to know the lens and its possibilities.

F RO:\-! Taylor, Taylor & Hobson, the manufacturers of the Cooke lens,
we are in receipt of a brochure entitled "The Principles of a Lens
Action," which gives in a simple way the principles which govern the
formation of images by lenses. How to focus, how to preserve lenses,
depth of focus, focal length, astigmatism, etc., are all treated of clearly and
concisely. The book can be obtained for the asking of this firm at their New
York office in the St. James Building.

[167)
 BOOKS RECEIVED
Photogram~ of the Year for 190!. London: Dawbam & Ward. New
York: Tennant & Ward. Price, $1.!!5.
In response to the request of the editor of CAKEB.A NoTES for a frank and
unreserved expression of my opinion of "Photograms of the Year for 190!,"
I have given that volume my careful attention, and as a result I find myself
engaged in the interesting speculation as to whether the photographic reading
public as a whole really appreciates good work-whether it bothers much
about the accuracy of printed statements-whether it knows anything at all
about the technical merits of illustrations or the representative character of
prints-whether it can distinguish between those editors who really labor to
please and keep it up-to-date, and those who simply serve up anything in any
way and label it, with suave effrontery, a literary and artistic repast. "Photo-
grams," which despite the peculiar significance of its name, originally started
with large purposes and high ideals and showed evidence of careful work,
has not lived up to its standards, yet to-day it is larger in bulk and, we believe,
has a considerably increased circulation. If its circulation has increased and
its readers accept uncomplainingly what "Photograms of the Year" gives,
either they are supine by long suffering or refuse to take it seriously; or they
are crassly ignorant and without discrimination or taste. Those editors who
worry and labor and lose their rest in the getting up of their publications
and who are interested solely in the financial side of publications and indiffer-
ent as to offending or misguiding public taste would do well to study the
methods of our genial contemporary, the editor of "Photograms of the Year,"
and learn from him the art of seeming serious without taking themselves too
seriously-and of letting things manage themselves pretty much and enjoy-
ing the joke of making the public think that they strive and stand for the
best. Remember the admonition of the immortal P. T. Barnum concerning
the wants of the public.
To the careful editor whom the slightest typographical error throws into a
fever of concern, "Photograms of the Year," after its first great shock to his
sense of propriety, is positively refreshing and a source of infinite envy-
showing as it does such a comprehension and airy indifference to petty edi-
torial conventions. How does h<.' dare to do it they ask themselves. Con-
cerning photography in the United States, in which subject we are especially
interested, the book contains two articles: "The Photo-Secession at the Na-
tional Arts Club, New York," by Alfred Stieglitz, and "Progress in the
United States," unsigned. Unfortunately, it is made to appear that 1\Ir.
Stieglitz is the author of both of these articles and also that he had selected
the American pictures reproduced. The printed note accompanying the pub-

[168]
 <

lication for review and addressed to the reviewer, calling attention to such
features as the publishers are especially anxious to have brought to the notice
of the public, contains, among other things, the following statement:
"As before experts in the various countries have helped to make the publica-
tion truly international by selecting pictures from their leading workers, and
by contributing notes on the local tendencies. Thus in addition to the chief
criticism by A. C. R. Carter, there is a French section by Robert Demachy;
American, by Alfred Stieglitz ; New Zealand, by Josiah Martin; German,
by Ernst Juhl; Australian, by A. J. Hill-Griffiths."
In the "Explanation and Acknowledgement" we are informed that "each
writer, in signed or unsigned article, expresses his own opinion freely." What
conclusion is the reviewer to draw from this? We are told that Mr. Stieglitz
has written the American aection (which comprises a signed and unsigned
article), and, as though to clinch this idea, we are led into the belief that
certain writers have contributed both signed and unsigned articles for which
the editor disavows any responsibility-"each writer whether in signed or un-
signed article expresses his own opinion freely," etc. And we are also im-
pressed with the idea that the American pictures reproduced were selected
by the "expert" who wrote the American section. I learn upon inquiry that
Mr. Stieglitz is the author of but one of the American articles, that bearing
his signature. The other article on the "local tendencies" entitled "Progress
in the United States," while unsigned, is written ostensibly by 1J. resident of
New York-special effort apparently being made to make the article give
internal evidence of that fact-though the writer has to digress to do so.
He suddenly plunges from rival exhibitions into landscape, atmosphere and
coal strikes. "It has more than once," he facetiously writes, "been urged by
English writers that America has no landscape. Our workers have even been
known to accept this dictum, and mournfully attribute it to our 'lack of atmos-
phere.' Indications have not been wanting during the past summer that we
may have atmosphere after all, of the English brand, at any rate in New
York. Thanks to protracted strikes, a coal famine has threatened, and fac-
tories have taken advantage of the strained conditions to dodge city ordi-
nances and burn soft coal. As a result, we have had days in which the sky
looked decidedly murky."
The unsigned article contains so many diplomatic turns and clever inac-
curacies that it would be a grave injustice that the credit of it should be taken
from its anonymous author-not to mention the very false position in which
Mr. Stieglitz would be placed were he to be saddled with its authorship. The
article shows such a huge effort to be diplomatic that it reminds me of th~
answer to the riddle of why Solomon's bread always fell buttered side up-the
answer being that Solomon in his wisdom had buttered it on both sides. We
are told, among other things, by our entertaining anonymous correspondent
impliedly of New York, that the Photo-Secession exhibition at the National
Arts Club "proved rather a disappointment to photographers, owing to the

(169]
comparatively small amount of new work that was hung." From this I take
it that he did not see the exhibition, for, as a matter of fact, and I know, for
I helped collect and hang it, over 60 per cent. of the work exhibited had never
before been shown in any exhibition, and as "Photograms" vouches editori-
ally for its correspondent's honesty, I am sure he would not intentionally mis-
represent. The article also contained some original misinformation concerning
the late lamented Philadelphia salon. Poor thing, it is cruel to disturb its re-
mains interred at the cross-roads. Those unacquainted with the conditions pre-
vailing here are apt to be misled by this so-called account of photographic
progress in the United States-but the initiated will find it humorous reading.
It is quite a joke on :Mr. Stieglitz, who is so strict in his pictorial standards
that it should have been made to appear that he had selected the examples of
American work reproduced in this year's "Photograms," not only because he
selected but two out of the twenty-six reproduced, but because the twenty-six
reproductions embrace very few of the really representative American pictures
or workers, many of the prints being infinitely below the standard obtaining
here and the following workers not being represented at all: Adamson, Austin,
the Aliens, Becher, Bullock, Berg, Benjamin, Bundy, Brennan, Cassavant, Car-
lin, Coburn, Cassard, Rose Clark, F. C. Clark, Dyer, Day, Devens, Dasson-
ville, Dumont, Eugene, Firmin, Ferguson, Fuguet, Genthe, Hollinger, James,
Johnston, Kernochan, Keipp, Ladd, Lawrence, Lee, McCormick, :Minns,
Maurer, 1\Iullins, Post, Peddinghaus, Potts, Russell, Redfield, Renwick, Sears,
Stirling, Spencer, Sloane, Stokes, Stephens, Sharp, Troth, Van Buren, the
Vauxes, Wright and White, not to mention a number of others.
This joke on the ex-editor of CAMERA NoTES recalls another joke perpe-
trated in last year's "Photograms of the Year" in the article on "America"-
also anonymous and presumably by the same author, who incidentally stated
in his American notes that the jury of the First Chicago Salon was "liberally
paid" for its services. Having been one of that jury, I can state positively
that it was not paid, but gave its time and services. It was certainly rather
a singular sense of humor than any desire to misrepresent that prompted this
anonymous author, for whose honesty "Photograms" editorially vouches-to
make it appear to the photographic world that the members of the Chicago
jury were hirelings. When some one wrote to know what it all meant, he was
informed, we believe, that "it ha,d just slipped in." Well most of the illus-
trations seem just to have slipped in like these anonymous articles-without
the exercise of any care or discrimination and cannot be taken seriously. From
CAMEltA NoTEs' point of view, they are very badly done, and we would not
have dared to have published them; but then we have taken ourselves seriously.
"Thinking," says the explanation, "independently and originally is the one
thing we are trying to cultivate. Our only other important function is to
record the photographic art of the time as it is and not as we think it ought
to be." How very humorous.
In reviewing "La Photographie du Nu," by 1\l. Klary, the editor writes:

[170]
"A careful consideration of the whole work confirms the conclusion given in
these pages and in the "Photogram" by the late Gleason White, that though
the nude is a legitimate and even a desirable branch of study for photograph-
ers, satisfactory results are almost impossible, with present limitations of pho-
tographers and photography of obtainable models and permissible surround-
ings." Later we get a glimpse of the author's meaning when we are gravely
admonished that our models should be induced to take a "series of sun-baths
and become accustomed to the unclad state." Under such conditions models
and surroundings might be difficult to get this side of Central Africa.
Apropos of surroundings--one of the reproductions is from a print by Hess,
of Jacksonville, U.S.A. Ubiquitous Hess! There are just thirteen Jackson-
villes, U.S.A., in as many different States.
"Photograms" tells us how to cultivate the imagination. What sort of wall-
paper, furniture, ornament, jewelry and devotional objects to use in making
pictures of sorrow and a thousand and one other valuable things. The pub-
lication contains an article on "Photography in France," by Robert Demachy,
one of the Photo-Secession of the National Arts Club, by Alfred Stieglitz, etc.,
and two interesting though rather perfunctory reviews by Carter, and some
yards of earnest verbiage quoted from a lecture by Smedley Aston at the Royal.
The very name, "Photograms," is a joke. Photo-grams/ What a pity that
some serious, aggressive representative of pictorial photography does not
enter that broad field that "Photograms" is supposed to represent and give us
the serious side of the situation. There is ample room for such a publication.
We think too well of its editor not to look upon the situation humorously or
take "Photograms" as other than a huge joke. To publish a slovenly annual
for example containing misleading articles-and imply ·their reliability; to
let it appear whether by accident or design that Mr. A. or Mr. B., whose
familiarity with conditions and representative work is acknowledged and whose
good taste is generally recognized, has selected the American or the French
pictures reproduced as representative of "the leading workers," when but two
out of the twenty-six were so selected, and when the twenty-six pictures do not
begin to be representatve of the work or workers of the country; to convey
the impression either by accident or design that said Mr. A. or B., who is
considered an authority, was the writer of an anonymous article on the "local
tendencies" entitled "Progress in the United States," which he did not write
and which impliedly coming from his pen put him in a very false position
because of the views and statements therein contained; to publish reproduc-
tions so wretchedly poor, so clogged with ink as to change all the values and
character vf the originals and to hold such frights up as sources of instruction
and inspiration and as representative-thereby demoralizing the taste of the
public and misleading it; to put out a mass of slovenly printing replete with
errors-with the exception of a few carefully written articles, which seem out
of place and make the rest look the worse by contrast--and then seriously to
claim reliability for such a publication, is a gross offense against good taste,

[171]
not to say morals. But taken as a joke, it is quite another matter, and while
its humor may seem a bit strained, it is not half so strained as the relations
between Mr. Ward and pictorial photography would be were "Photograms" to
be taken seriously. JosEPH T. KEILEY.

The .American AAAual of Photography ( Time1 Btilletm) for 1908. Edited

by Walter E. Woodbury. New York : Anthony & Scoville Co., publishers.
This volume, "a consolidation of Anthony'• International Annual with the
.American Annual of Photography," probably fills the bill for the publishers-
if not for the editor's idea of what an annual should be. It distinctly caters
to the commonplace and mediocre, commercially the best customers of the firm.
The same old landscapes, cats, children, sheep and cloud efFects, relieved by a
few fine prints, such as some studies by Demachy, Oscar Maurer and the Misses
Selby, for illustrations, and the usual "How I didn't" and impractical "How
it ought to be done," for text. The portrait by Schloss, to illustrate an adver-
tisement for "Art Cyko," occupies the center of the book and perhaps stn"kes
the keynote. Made from a negative out of which all expression has been
taken by the retoucher, printed so that the cheek of the model looks like a
porcelain plate, cheap at half the price (what ever that is) and better than
platinum-save the mark! And this for progress! The editor has been able to
slip in a few things of real value, but the tables and formulas stand exactly as
they have for three years. Has nothing of value been discovered in these years?
As a whole, the "consolidation" seems to have squeezed out the progressive and
made the volume "more distinctly than before" an advertisement for the A.
& S. Co., for which the public is asked to pay. L. M. McC.

Finiaking the Negative. A handbook of all the processes between fixing

and printing with a special chapter on films. Edited by George E. Brown.
New York: Tennant & Ward. Price, $Ut5.
This book covers a definite period in the history of a gelatine negative; it
aims at telling everything the practical worker can want to know about those
processes which are applied between the removal of hypo from the freshly
fixed plate and the arrival of the negative in the printing frame. After
some years of magazine reading, with and without the notebook to assist in
retaining the grain of wheat that actually can occasionally be found in their
pages, it is with a feeling of definite satisfaction that a book is found that
covers as rationally and thoroughly as does this one the approved methods of
completing a negative after it has left the fixing bath. Of course, the ideal
development would eliminate the necessity for after-treatment, but who can
in practice obtain this with desirable certainty? And here we find discussed,
from both the scientific and the practical standpoint, the action of intensifiers

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and reducers, the use and abuse of the pencil and knife, varnish and paint.
We commend it to him who doesn't know how or what to do to save his nega-
tives-it will not mislead him. And to him who is asked for advice it will
relieve him of the Scylla of confessing ignorance, and the Charybdis of giving
a partial remedy, or one which he knows will not be properly digested and ap-
plied, with the consequent blame for the resulting failure.
L. !\1. McC.

Photographic Apparatus Making and Adapting. Reprinted, with numer-

ous additions, from articles in The Photogram, by Fred W. Cooper, D. W.
Garvin and others. Edited by George E. Brown. New York: Tennant &
Ward. Price, $1.00.
This little book of 1~8 pages brings together in a compact and useful form
directions, for making many useful time, room, and labor saving apparatus
for a photographic workroom that have from time to time appeared in The
Photogram. The directions given are practical and minute, usually including
a list of materials necessary for making the articles described and the cost
(in England) of the same. The book will be appreciated by all-amateurs
or professionals-who have a knack for using tools and more time than money
to spend on their outfit. Several of the articles described are not usually to
be found in a supply house. L. 1\1. McC.

The Lens. By Thomas Bolas and Geo. E. Brown. New York: Tennant
& Ward. Price, $1.~5.
A new book on lenses has appeared, entitled "The Lens," by Thomas Bolas
and George E. Brown, and is se11t out as a practical guide to the choice, use
and testing of photographic objectives.
It is an excellently well-printed volume of about two hundred pages. Not
quite half of it is devoted to the optical properties of lenses and the latter
half is intended, according to the preface, to give instruction in the selection
and use of lenses.
It is fully illustrated with diagrams, and the meaning of the text is in
several instances illustrated by photographs. The authors have avoided,
except in two or three instances where it was absolutely necessary, the use of
mathematics, and only two or three pages of equations will be found in the
book.
It is fully indexed and will probably be found more useful as a book of
reference than as a book of instruction for beginners. Although it starts with
the simplest principles of optics, _it .reaches in ten pages the subject of nodal
points. The authors omit to give any definition of what these are, although
several pages are given to the subject. The book is not specially strong in its
definitions, and in the early part of it statements are unnecessarily guarded

[178]
and qualified by reference to matters not yet touched upon which would seem
to be confusing to a beginner who had no actual knowledge other than that
gained from the book.
The arrangement is unusual in several respects. For example, spherical
and chromatic aberration are not taken up until the whole subjects of dia-
phragms, depth of focus, etc., have been discussed. On the other hand, the
subject of circles of confusion is well treated and illustrated, also the subject
of back focus and depth of field and chromatism. On page l!i the efFect on
the back focus of using a positive and a negative combination together and
of reversing them in the mount is well shown and illustrated, and is worth
the attention of any one interested in the subject. So also is the description
of a test for 1lare spots on page 167; and also on pages 186 and 187, the
subject of critical focusing and particularly at the top of page 137.
The volume as a whole is a welcome addition to the few books which attempt
in simple terms to deal with the subject. It is a good supplement to the book-
let on lenses in the Photo Miniature series-which latter is probably as good
a statement as could be made of the subject-to be put into the hands of one
who has to take the matter up as a new thing from the beginning.
CHARLES E. MANIERRE.

The American Animala. By Whitmer Stone and William Everett Cram,

with illustrations from photographs by A. R. Dugmore and others. New
York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
"American Animals" is a well-made book and a well-timed addition to
their popular nature series. The authors, Mr. lVhitmer Stone and Mr. William
Everett Cram, have compiled a good deal of interesting information relating
to American mammals and have presented it in a form that will appeal to the
casual reader. Unfortunately, however, we must say that the text, as a whole,
is disappointing, even from the standpoint of the popular reader.
On the title page we are told that the work contains "intimate biographies
of the more familiar species," but only in a few instances is the impression
conveyed of an intimate acquaintance with the animal or his habits and
the descriptions are very meager. Take the wapiti, for instance. We are
told nothing of his real history or habits, of his gradually enforced change
of environment and habitat, of the vast herds that roamed the low plains of
Wyoming, Montana and Dakota, or of the methods of the Indian in hunting
them; their drives or their chases, together with the causes which have almost
exterminated this noble beast. Nothing definite is given about his habits in
the mountains or of his ~hanges of locality and altitude with the seasons
and the semi-seasons, which is important for one who hopes to find the few
remaining elk among the vast wilderness of lVestern hills. One might be
in the same plight as old trapper Johnson, who, because he saw and counted
twenty-nine moose sunning themselves on a bar by a high mountain lake early

[1741
in August, guided a party of sportsmen to the lake in late September, expect-
ing to find the moose still in that locality.
We are not told of the deep, well-worn trails used for centuries which lead
to open park-like groves of "arbor-vitre," in which is the warm saline spring
where the elk come and congregate in herds in the early spring and late fall
to lick the deposit from the rocks and fallen rotten logs. The logs, in many
instances, being worn through by the action of constant licking. We are not
told what we may consider a large buck: from his length or spread of antlers
or weight of body. As to their standing in water for hours at a time and
plastering themselves with mud during the fly season, this is by no means the
rule in Washington, Idaho, Montana or Oregon. They do frequent mud-holes
and muddy creeks, and they paw and stamp and splash some mud on their
body, but this is during the rutting season, generally after the middle of
September, and the pawing is mostly done late in the evening and very early
morning. In the Bitter Root and Salmon River mountains the elk in the heat
of summer lie in the high weeds and grasses which grow on the Summit
country. Here it is cool and moist, but not wet. They also lie in the thick,
small growth on the northern exposure of ravines. Of the hundreds I have
seen and watched through my glasses in summer not one has shown a spot of
mud on his clean, sleek coat. And so it is with the bear, pika antelope, goat,
etc. Too much space is sacrificed to unimportant story-telling and too little
is said of the intimate habits of the animal. One is left with the impression
that the goat is found only on the highest and most inaccessible crags and
is condemned to the hard fare of moss and lichens. It is true, that in the
short and often hot summers he lives above the stinging pests of the lower
ranges, but his home is by no means made up of hard rocks, moss and lichens:
there are lovely open parks, thickly carpeted with green, and spr!ngs and
miniature lakes, about which he strolls and lies down and feeds upon u low Al-
pine grass which bears a rich black seed. In lower altitudes he nibbles bunch
grass and eats the buds and new leaves from the low bushes. In the winter and
early spring he is found low down, often in the narrow mountain valleys them-
selves. It is not uncommon for the goats of the Mission Range to come down
to the plain of the Flathead Reservation, where they have been caught alive
in heavy snows; but, as Will Waugh said, "they take kindly to high places."
Every time the front door was left open his captive goats would be missed
from their accustomed perches in the yard, and could always be found on the
top floor of the house, where, after climbing the stairs, they stood contentedly
upon the chifFoniere and other high articles of furniture.
The photographic illustrations are taken partly from wild life and partly
from animals in captivity and in zoos. With a few exceptions, they are
good and full of action. It is a pity that the printer is so prodigal of his
ink, for it injures the halftones and blocks up the shadows. In the colored
plates the colors are crude and unnatural and the animals are wooden and
lifeless. W. E. CARLIN.

[175]
 Nature and the Camera. By A. Radclyft'e Dugmore. New York: Double-
day, Page & Co. Price, $1.85 net.
This book comes to us as a positive relief after one has read the trash which
has been written about birds and animals during the past few years; it is a
joy to have a work written by a man who knows what he is talking about
and who tells you what he knows in a clear, intelligent manner.
Mr. Dugmore has properly divided the subject of photographing birds,
nests and so on into separate chapters, and under each head he gives detailed
instructions and valuable suggestions. He not only makes it easy for the
photographer, but he is also solicitous that the young are not banned, or the
nests disturbed by careless handling. The book is invaluable to the beginner
and to the experienced nature photographer, and is certainly the best manual
of natural history photography that has yet appeared. The halftones are
printed in a brownish tone, which gives an agreeable wannth to the subject
and partially does away with the heaviness of the shadows that comes from
the use of too much ink. The book shows signs of having been hastily gotten
out, and there are typographical errors; but it seems like ill-natured fault-
finding to criticize the "dress" of so excellent a text.
w. E. CARLIN.

[176]
Vol. VI. No.4
 c

Volume VI, No. 4

PORTRAIT OF MRS. R. AND SON
By Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr.
(New York)
 :q

LAST WORD

I N taking leave of the Subscribers to Camera Notes, I feel

called upon by custom to submit a brief valedictory.
I have striven to keep the standard of this publication
so high as to be worthy of the reputation of the Camera
Club of New York. Whether I have succeeded or not I feel,
at least, that I have spared but few efforts within my power.
It has been the ambition of the Club to publish a magazine
which, in the tone of its articles and the beauty of its pictures,
should be superior to any other devoted to photography. For
a time, the Club felt that this high ideal had been attained in
Camera Notes.
But recently it has simply been out of the power of the
magazine to keep pace with the development of photographic
art and literature, without an expenditure beyond the resources
.of the Camera Club, and so, for the present at least, it has
been decided to be better to stop the publication than to con-
tinue in any but the first place.

New York, December 1, 1908.

[179]
T HE publication of CAMERA
NOTES is discontinued with
the present number.
The Camera Club of New York
reserves its ownership of the title and
good-will with a view to resuming
publication at any time that conditions
warrant.

[180}
 <

ON PICTORIAL AND ILLUSTRATIVE

QUALITIES

0 N our occasional visits to picture exhibitions we all have had the

experience that we suddenly halted before a picture--perhaps
quite pretentious in character-not because its merits were so
startling as to arrest our attention, but, on the contrary, because
we were somehow not satisfied with its general appearance. It
looked too bald and superficial to us, and the remark, "It looks
like an illustration," involuntarily escaped us.
The verdict seemed absolutely matter of fact to us, but should we have
been asked why we have given it, we would have found it difficult to give a
satisfactory explanation. The boundary line between painting and illustration
has never been clearly defined. The artists all realize its existence, but rely
largely on intuition whenever they turn from one method of expression to the
other. The illustrator, who paints occasionally, looks at painting as an
escape from captivity, as a recreation at which he can work as he feels, as the
scheme of his illustrations is always more or less subjected to some practical
demands. Dlustration is complex, it deals largely with detail and actualities.
As a painter he becomes more interested in the sensuous qualities of forms than
in the forms themselves, and finds more pleasure in the successful imitation of
texture and chiaroscural effects than the actual representation of the objects.
I believe this difference will help us in establishing a boundary line, it is at least
a good starting point for our investigation. We realize at the first glance that
Callot's aquafortis of the "Miseries of War'' and Hogarth's engravings of
"Marriage a Ia Mode" would hardly be adequate in painting, and that a land-
scape by Corot, or a figure study by lsraels, would prove rather unsatisfactory
as illustrations. Detail, as desirable as it is in illustration (viz Vedder) is a
rather troublesome adjunct in painting. The little Dutch masters handled
detail in such a masterly and dignified manner that it gave no particular
offence, while the pre-Raphaelites have proven that "absolute literalness is
often no truth at all."
An illustration should appeal principally to our mind, through a multi-
plicity of detail and incident, while a painting should first of all appeal to our
emotion. Of the latter we do not expect any practical information but a
keener esthetic enjoyment. This sounds rather plausible. But the division is
not as simple as all that. What about the plot-interest? It is the element
which is most strongly felt by the inartistic public, and at exhibitions the crowd
invariably collects around the canvas which most vividly tells the most interest-
ing story. Story telling is one of the leading characteristics if not the main

1181)
object of illustration, but in painting it seems less appropriate. The modern
realistic school even asserts that it is utterly inartistic. Are all the paintings,
then, which describe an event or tell a story, to be condemned? Two-thirds of all
pictures ever painted would thereby fall into miscredit. We would not weep
over the loss of a Bougereau or Alma Tadema, but could hardly do without a
Leighton or Gerome. We might willingly dispense with the atrocities of the
Versailles gallery and prefer Verestchagin's humanitarian ideas in literary
form, even the Napoleon pictures of Meissonnier and the military scenes of
Protais and de Neuville might be missed without much regret, but we would
not like to forego, for instance, the pleasure of seeing Menzel's paintings of
Frederick the Great's and Emperor William's time. They all have a plot-
interest, and yet would never be criticized as being merely colored illustrations,
like the mural decorations of Abbey. Menzel appreciates the dissimilarity be-
tween illustration and painting. In his illustrations he is picturesque but pre-
cise, in his painting his method grows free and loose. He feels that painting
needs breadth of composition, and that the sensuous qualities of form and color
must be predominant to any others. His paintings have as leading quality, as
all good paintings have, a charm, independent of the subject, the charm of
workmanship, which roots in the individuality of a pictorial temperament. He
has proven beyond doubt that the plot-interest can be handled in an artistic
manner, even if viewed from our modern point of view.
But, of course, it has its limitations. We have literature to depict heroic
sufFering, dastardly cowardice, supreme calamities, high tides of fortune, ter-
rible misery, which all blend together in human life. And if we insist on seeing
it pictorially, illustration will do it much more handily than painting. The
anecdotal style of painting only becomes endurable if the incident is so clearly
depicted that all problems, concerning the motives and characters to each other,
can be solved at the first glance. Paintings that need a commentary always
make an agreeable impression, and they never tell the story half as well as an
illustration. An illustration is generally of a small size, a loose sheet which
can be handled with ease, while one is comfortably seated, one can study it in
all its detail and dwell on one phase after another, while a painting is nearly
always seen at a distance, and as the eye is more easily impressed by color than
by monochrome efFects, one expects that the emotional thrill, which is derived,
sooner or later, from every work of art, is felt instantaneously and as a totality.
We expect a difFerent esthetic pleasure from a painting than from an illus-
tration, and this is no doubt due to purely physical characteristics.
Gabriel Max has shown us how far a painter can go in the actual representa-
tion of literary ideas. He went very far, he even used his canvases to expound
the results of his psychological researches, but he never went beyond the limita-
tions of painting. The anatomist lost in contemplation of the corpse of a
young girl, the Roman youth gazing at the Christian martyress tied to a
cross at the roadside, the young nun musing over the flight of time in the

[182]
 c

-convent garden, all have been treated in a manner as to infringe almost on the
domain of science and metaphysics. But he had understood to involve each
subject with a gentle dignity of thought, and the restfulness of the moment
depicted breathes its quiet beauty into the literalness of the representation.
Although he subordinated color to the subject, he realized that painting de-
manded a negation of ~iolent action and that he would lose himself in illus-
trative qualities as soon as he would add movement or animated life to his
plot-interest. He depicted moments of rest, of suspense and contemplation,
in which the consciousness of the flight of time is reduced to its minimum, or
of moments of arrested action, as Whistler in his "Yellow Buskin Ladies."
A galloping horse may be represented, as the action is a uniform and con-
tinuous one, revealing very much the same aspect at all its various stages;
while an historical character, drawing his sword at some foe, is objectionable,
as the action is a momentary one and its entire aspect exposed to important
changes at the very next moment. If we look at such a picture for any length
of time we involuntarily wonder that the heroic personality remains always in
the ~~&me ferocious attitude. This is as unnatural as it is unesthetic. A
Sappho represented at the moment when she is flinging herself from the top of
the precipice into the sea, suspended in mid air, no matter how masterly treated
(I refer to Moreau's picture), is hardly in compliance with good taste. Millet
made the same mistake when he painted his farmer sowing potatoes. The
potato is actually represented at the moment when it is dropping to the ground.
It is merely a dark spot against the sky between the hand of the farmer and
the soil. Both these men belong to the modern school, which shows that no
precepts are infallible.
But on the whole, the modern school is right in the subject they recommend.
They clamor for impressions, for phases of nature and fragments of life with-
out the minuteness of details and without a literary interest, as painting aims
primarily at affording us the highest pleasure of color, of a variegated reflec-
tion of this world, unalloyed by other considerations. A picture should there-
fore be comprehended at a glance and the essential pictorial qualities should
-directly delight our senses, just like an accidental play of sunlight and
shadows.
Illustration and the various black and white processes, on the other hand,
can express everything that happens in actuality or in imaginary worlds
with impunity; they have, in regard to choice of subjects, no limitations,
although etching, lithographs, etc., that treat an exceptional pictorial moment
with painter-like concentration, like Whistler in his etching of a young girl,
will always evoke the remark: "What a pity to waste such a motive on a mono-
chrome process." Photography has, as we all know, its mechanical limitations,
·but aside of these it enjoys the same liberties as the other graphic arts, with
the difference perhaps-as it lacks manual spontaneity in its manipulation-
that painter-like effects are even more desirable thv.n purely illustrative ones.
New Yof'k.

[183]
 THE NEW CLUB DEVELOPER

T HE New York Camera Club has a new official developer. The

old formula with which our members were 80 well acquainted
and that did so efficient service for the past few years has been
replaced, and the new developer furnished by the club is now
compounded on slightly different lines.
This change comes as a consequence of the modifications and
improvements which of recent years have marked so great an advance in the
manufacture of dry plates, resulting in products far superior and more per-
fect than were available heretofore.
To make the most of all the advantages offered by the modern sensitive
films it was deemed necessary to modify the former club developer 80 as to
adapt it to new emulsions and new requirements.
After a careful perusal of all developing agents now available for develop-
ing purposes it has been thought advisable to keep to pyrogallic acid as a club
developer, not only on account of the beautiful quality of the negatives ob-
tained with it, but also because all desiderata of a perfect all-around de-
veloper are evidently better met by it than by any other reducer. Metol-hydro-
chinon was the only other developer that, on account of its applicability to posi-
tive as well as to negative work, has been also under close consideration. But
the heavy increase of running expenses that its use would have meant to the·
club, and the familiarity of most of the members with pyro development, mili-
tated against its general introduction. Thus, a pyro developer was deter-
mined upon. The problem was to so compound it as to give it the greatest
possible latitude when mi;.ced on a normal basis ; to render it eminently suitable
to all brands of American plates ; to prepare it in such a state of concentration
as would preserve the solution for a long time; to divide its constituents in such
a manner as would allow of rapid and extended modifications; to render it
suitable even in inexperienced hands to the most diverse kinds of work; finally,
to reduce to a minimum without too great a loss of speed through over-doses
of sulphite the staining of fingers and plates.
It will be seen when considering the formula given below that the new
developer differs from the one formerly in use, first, by the suppression of the
bromide in the developer; second, by a decrease in the amount of alkali and
sulphite; third, by the substitution for citric acid of potassium meta-bisulphite.
As to the first point, it is to be noted that the suppression of bromide in the de-
veloper is a distinct advantage, all American plates having now emulsions which
under ordinary conditions do not require bromide in the developer. If, in spite
of this fact, such be present, the speed of the plate is thereby reduced, or, to

[lSi]
 "'4

put it in another way, an increase in exposure is necessary to compensate for

the retarding action of the bromide present in the developer and avoid glassy
or over-dense negatives. If the alkali be increased it is true that we may
remedy this to some extent, but then we impair the latitude of the plate, and,
besides, are in danger of increasing the size of its grain. By suppressing the
bromide for normal development we are able, on the other hand, to reduce the
amount of alkali, which is also a decided advantage. The less alkali the less lia-
bility to fog and frilling, especially in hot weather. The only objection that
certain workers may have against this system is that the development is some-
what retarded. By slightly increasing the proportion of B in the formula
given below this objection is obviated, when some plates have to be developed in
a hurry. As to potassium meta-bisulphite, it is the finest preserver there u
for pyrogallic acid, and, besides keeping it admirably from oxidation, it will
prevent bad stains on the hands, if these be washed immediately after develop-
ing a batch of plates or film.
A few pointers as to the best way of using the new formula will probably
be useful to the tyro amongst the club members. It is, therefore, not thought
necessary to apologize for the following few words of explanation. The for-
mula runs thus:
A
Potassium meta-bisulphite. . . . . • • . . . . . . . • . . • tJO grs.
Water up to.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 oz.
Pyrogallic acid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 480 grs.
Dissolve the potassium salt first, then when solution has taken place, add
the pyrogallic acid.
B
Sodium sulphite anhydrous. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 ,!00 grs.
Sodium carbonate anhydrous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 960 grs.
Water up to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 oz.
The normal developer is composed thus, for single coated plates:
I part of A+ I part of B+4 to 8 parts of water.
For double coated plates and when very soft results are desired with single
coated plates:
I part of A+ I part of B+ll to I6 parts of water.
For Hammer plates the proportions that give best results under normal
conditions are :
I part of A+ I part of B+ll to 14 ounces of water.
For Stanley plates and New York plates the alkali is better increased to
twice the normal amount, for instance:
I part of A+ I% to !! parts of B+S parts of water.
For under-exposure and for all brands of American plates the alkali can

[185]
safely be increased to twice the normal quantity and even to three times on cer-
tain brands of plates without fear of causing chemical fog.
The temperature of the developer ought to be constantly watched, the best
results being obtained between 68° to 72° Fahrenheit.
Not enough attention is generally given to this very important item. While
it takes a much longer time to obtain density with a cold solution, it is also
very important to notice that the character of the negative is altered thereby,
giving thus a different result'from that one would naturally expect with normal
development. Thil il true of all tkveloper1, and if the belt reltdll are derired
care mult be takm to keep the temperature r.cithin the Umitl given abO'De.
When great over-exposures are to be dealt with, however, cold acts as a valu-
able physical restrainer and it is a good plan to cool the solution with small
pieces of ice, and to bring the temperature down sometimes as low as 45° or
even 40° Fahrenheit. By this means, and a liberal addition of potassium
bromide, over-i!xposure amounting to 200 times the normal can be compen-
sated to the point of yielding a good printing negative from an apparently
hopelessly over-i!xposed plate.
For ordinary over-exposure such as all are liable to meet either intention-
ally or in the course of ordinary work, the best plan is to proceed as follows:
First, increase of the pyro solution thus in parts:
1lh to 2 A+1 B+S water.
Second, increase of the pyro solution plus bromide, for instance:
!t A+1 B+S to 16 water+! to 10 drops of a 10% solution of potassium bro-
mide to the ounce of mixed developer.
Third. Very great in~rease in both pyro and bromide:
!t A+1 B+ll water+10 to 15 drops of bromide solution per ounce of mixed
developer. Slight lowering of the temperature of the developer.
Fourth. Further lowering of temperature and still further decrease of
the alkali.
For copying or transparency work a useful composition of the developer
would be the following, a liberal exposure being given to the plate:
1% to l! A+1 B+4 to 6 water+8 to 5 drops of a 10% solution of potassium
bromide per ounce of mixed developer.
If very strong negatives are desired the amount of water in the developer
might be decreased to one-half the volume given in the normal formula.
For bad under-exposure it is a very good plan to slowly bring out a sur-
face image in a very dilute developer, say: 1 A+2 B+IO water, and then
when all the detail is visible in the shadows to stop development and rely on
after-intensification for the obtention of printing density. It is a matter of
fact that better gradation is secured by this method than by attempting to
force density in the developer ito;;elf. Another good system for short exposures
is to soak the plate for about five minutes in a bath containing only the alkali,

[188]
 G

adding afterwards the proper proportion of the pyro solution, A, when the
image promptly makes its appearance and su11icient density is generally at-
tained.
For doubtful exposures or when the character of the negative to be de-
veloped is fully unknown, it is best to use the tentative system of development
or, still better for the beginner, the two-tray system. These methods are so
well known that it seems unnecessary to enter into further detail on the
subject. As to the latter, the composition of the developer should be about
as follows:
Tray No. 1. Tray No. S.
A ..•..............••... 1 part B...................... I parts
Water ..............•.... 8 parts Water .................. 10 parts
The plate being transferred alternatively from the one into the other as
occasion requires.
The developer thus described has been tried for several weeks by not a
few members of the club, who have all expressed their satisfaction with its
fine qualities. It is hoped that those amongst them who have not had the
opportunity to try it as yet will find it as satisfactory an all-around developer
as they might desire. No originality is claimed for this pyro developer,
which is but a standard continental formula suitably modified to meet the
requirements of American emulsions.
Before leaving this subject of development and for the benefit of those who
prefer to simplify the modus operandi and have but one developer for ali
their work, from the negative to the lantern slide, the following very efficient
metol-hydrochinon formula! are given, which on account of their adaptability
to all classes of work and to all brands of plates and papers leave little if any-
thing to be desired. The formula! run thus:
FOB.MULA NO. 1.
A
Metol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 grs.
Hydrochinon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..•.. 100 grs.
Soda sulphite anhyd. 1!0 grs., or crystals. . . . . . . . . • * oz.
Water to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 oz.
B
Carbonate of potash, C. P.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 oz.
Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 qt.
For use mix 1 part of A with 8 parts of B for ordinary exposures. For
over-exposures use less of B and add a few drops of a 10% solution of bro-
mide of potassium or of a 5% solution of citric acid. For under-exposure&
increase B, and, if necessary, dilute slightly the developer.
FOB.MULA NO. I.
A
Metol ....... . so grs.
Hydrochinon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . 60 grs.

[187]
 Potassium meta-bisulphite. . . ................. . so grs.
Water up to ................................ . 16oz.
B
Soda sulphite anhydrous ........................ . 1h oz.
Soda carbonate anhydrous ....................... . 1 oz.
Water up to .................................. . 16oz.
!<,or normal exposures and strong negatives use equal parts of A and B.
Same for gaslight papers. It will be found preferable, however, in most cases
to dilute each volume of mixed developer with equal volume of water.
For bromide paper 1 volume of developer ought to be diluted with from I
to 4 volumes of water. For lantern slides one-half grain of bromide is to be
added to each ounce of mixed developer, compounded as follows:
1 A+1 B+! water.
It would be tedious and unprofitable to dwell any longer on the different
variations by which these developers may be adapted to the most exacting
requirements. Enough has been said to enable the beginner to get satis-
factory results from his plates, even though but a minimum of care be be-
stowed on their exposure. The subtle variations in development which will
allow him to obtain in his negatives that exquisite quality which certain work-
ers seem always able to impart to them cannot be mastered at short notice. It
is a question of time, study, painstaking care and constant application to the
technique of photography, which, once fully understood, will leave him free to
devote all his attention to the artistic side of his work, to the delightful field
of pure art, to the glorious attempt to translate and fix on a bit of paper
with light and chemicals, th£' higher emotions of his soul, the nobler concep-
tions of his mind, the day dreams of his poetic phantasy.

NeTD York.

[188]
 THE IDEAL IN ART

T HERE is some underlying consciousness of the transitory and

illusion in nature that gives to its reality a perplexing sense of
something hidden, something secret, that draws the lover of
nature to pursue it forever, seeking to solve the mystery of art.
So has there ever existed a class called artists, who spend
their lives vainly striving to portray on canvas or stone the soul
of beauty, which is the breath of divine life breathed into man's handiwork.
There has predominated in the human mind since the world began a taste
for decoration. First, it was a grotesque stone. Then a string of shells, or a
rude tracing in the sand. Then, with rude tools, ideas began to take a phy-
sical shape, till, after many centuries, the human figure was brought into de-
sign, and then began art-the art with a soul. But as time went by, though
the education of man progressed and the technical excellence of his work in-
creased, the mystery of delineating that ideal is as great as it was in the
beginning.
We of to-day have facilities with our modern cameras and lenses of trans-
ferring to tangible substance the integral fibres of human anatomy, and can
even impress the skeleton of a man on paper and hold it before his vision while
he is yet alive, and we can so surround his animate being with the atmosphere
of emotion that a representation of it transposes his commonplace organization
into a state called ideal.
Now the ideal is only selecting that particular form which expresses most
completely the idea of a given character or quality, be it beauty, strength,
weakness, or any given emotion, and is most consistent in its portrayal. Mod-
ern form of dress, with its kaleidoscopic changes of fashion, has for cen-
turies blinded the sense of man's natural figure, and it is left to the artists of
the country to still perpetuate the charm of line in their ideals of perfection.
These are different, it is true, but if the ideal in itself is perfect, it ceases to
be ideal, and becomes history.
God, who made man after his own image, instilled into his primitive mind a
love and reverence for that image, and, though there are always fanatical
theorists who decry any exposure of the human figure, mankind in general is
awakening to the fact that all is evil to him whose mind is evil, and in our
public buildings, in our art galleries, even in our homes, examples of the highest
education are represented by the nude in art. The highest art is the im!tation
of the finest nature, or, to be more explicit, of that which conveys the strongest
sense of the beautiful or the sublime, and nature is the art of God; so if we

[189)
 search for its interior charm we shall be able to more clearly divine the delicacy
of its image--human art--which, to be true, must be like it. The surface of
nature is an illusion. The ftowera of spring bud, bloom and wither. The
birds rear their young, and fty away, never to return. Even the human form,
exquisite in its perfection, i1s but a mere semblance-a bit of dust, a little water;
.i t is not real-and shall on1e day lie Withered as the ftower, and be blown away
by the wind. But the soul ! Ah, it is still ideal-a mystery!

A VENETIAN HIGHWAY.
By E. G. Boon.

[180]
 PHOTOGR.APHIC MAGAZINES

I Tis impossible, in a brief review, to do anything like full justice to so

ample and complex a subject as current photographic literature. At
best, I can but hope, broadly, to indicate its main features and intro-
duce, succinctly, some of its leading characteristics.
The first thing that strikes even a casual observer is the extraordi-
nary productiveness. Why, there are enough photographic maga-
zines published in America and Great Britain to cover the news-stand of a
railroad station. The accumulation of photographic literature is so great
that the helpless amateur wanders aimlessly among its stores.
Less remarkable is the quality of the work produced.
It is astonishing how few of the magazines can boast of any artistic qualities
in their make-up. Such details as the selection of type and paper, the de-
termining of the format and the leading may not be seriously regarded by
the average reader; but they have after all some significance when the question
is viewed from the standpoint of the "aim and object" the magazines profess
to have. The majority are devoted to the advancement of the amateur pho-
tographer-which, aside from professional advice, is largely an education
in taste, and one could surely expect some elements of elegance and style.
The covers in particular are ill-chosen. The introduction of a very little good
ornament on the cover could shed over the whole magazine an air of luxury
and grace. The parties who are responsible for the covers of Photo BeacO'II,
Photo Era, Photo American, PhotographU: Time1-Bulletift, and Camera and
Dark Room, etc., seem to be of a different opinion. They indulge either in
badly conceived ornamentation or in abuse of ornamentation. And in look-
ing at some of the other covers one is tempted to think that the art of decora-
tion lies in the art of leaving things out.
Also the make-up of the pages is seldom satisfactory. The production of
a pleasing, well-proportioned type page depends solely on beautiful type,
good paper and the proportion of the margin, and not on peculiar spacing,
initials and other idiosyncrasies of decoration. Pages, such as occur ·in the
Camera Craft, may dazzle the beholder into a momentary liking for the effect,
but can never produce the elegant impression which simplicity and good pro-
portions are capable of.
With this I do not wish to imply that all photographic magazines should
be gotten up as luxuriantly as CAKEB.A NoTES. I do not even see the necessity
for such elaborate publications like CAKEB.A NoTES and the handsome Camera
Work. Periodicals like The Camera and the Photo Era seem to me to be
sufficiently large in size. But they should possess the most important element.

[191]
of magazine-making: good type, good paper, good presswork and a decent
cover. A shake-up all along the line is badly needed.
The contents are even more open to criticism than their appearance. With
a large number the editorship consists merely in culling, sifting, selecting and
revising what has been published in other magazines. They incessantly crib
from each other. Of course, there are original contributions, and I do not
doubt that even the most insignificant periodicals contain from time to time
valuable material. But the large bulk is of unprofitable reading. There is
a lack of photographic writers on scientific as well as esthetic lines. The
majority of contributors, no matter how good their ideas may be, have but
little talent to express the results of their experience and study. Scientific
writing in particular is awfully tiresome and unprofitable for practical use if
awkwardly rendered. But why should photographic writers take the trouble
of improving their style as long as the remuneration is so slight, as it usually
is? Writers should be more liberally paid. I believe it would be a good
investment.
As for the actual value of photographic magazines, I am still in doubt.
The knowledge of material, the capabilities of various and constantly chang-
ing machinery and materials, the rapid fluctuation and changes of trade and
fashion, and a thousand other things, can after all only be acquired by actual
experience. A photographic magazine at its best is but a poor substitute for
apprenticeship and professional preparation. The principal merit consists
largely of giving practical hints how to go about and how to enrich one's
technical education. Also the gift of invention, if it is present in the amateur,
may be developed and taste and general art expression may be fostered by
the magazines.
Among the periodicals devoted to the interests of the amateur photographer
the Chicago Photo Beacon and the Philadelphia Camera easily take the lead.
Their appearance and make-up, although not faultless, are pleasing enough,
and their reading matter, although pedantic, is instructive enough to satisfy
the average amateur. Even to the artistic photographer they are not abso-
lutely offensive.
The Photographic Times-Bulletin is at present a very indifferent sort of a
paper. One really doesn't know what to make of it, and it seems a pity that
two interesting magazines like the Photographic Times and Anthony's Bulle-
tin should have been amalgamated into one mongrel one.
A very interesting magazine, of solemn mien, practical and scientific, is
Wilson's strictly professional Photographic Magazine. The reading matter
is carefully selected. It is rather old-fashioned in its ideas-it still believes in
schoolmaster's recipes and has no use for faddists intent upon foisting upon
the public their peculiar ideas. There is everywhere in its pages evidence of
age, but by no means of decrepitude. Its standard of pictures is also strictly
professional, of the Dupont-Schloss order; but one cannot expect that every-

[192]
 -IIIII
·----------

body looks at the art of picture-making with the eyes of an advanced pic-
torialist.
As a club organ the Joomal of the Photographic Society of Philadelphia'
seems to me to be exemplary. The cover is dignified, and its publication of
club transactions, of papers read, etc., is done in an unpretentious, sympathetic
manner.
California is well represented by Camera Craft. It is a little bit showy,
but after all more important than the other Western papers. It makes us
Easterners acquainted with the products of Western workers.
CAMEB.A NOTES occupies a unique position in photographic literature. It
is not easy to exaggerate its influence in the development of artistic photog-
raphy. It has been a most liberal educator in art matters. That which is
best calculated to educate and improve-these were the standards by which the
editors were guided. Arranged and rearranged, the final composition of each
number was often the result of a dozen plans, and very often contained articles
to obtain which correspondence was begun years previously. Nor can too
much stress be laid upon the fact that CAMERA NoTES has been at all times
untrammeled by any adverse advertising influence, and therefore been free to
consider the best interests of its readers.
England has no magazine of such incontestable superiority like CAMERA
NoTES. But the average English photographic journal, like Photography
and Photographic N nl'l, etc., is more pleasing to me than the American ones.
In their plain, yellow, blue and green covers-all covered with advertisements
-they have the appearance of ordinary trade papers. They disdain all ele-
gance. They are simply ulterior products. The tenets of modern magazine
making do not exist for them. They have absolutely no use for fine paper
and slow presswork. But they have the decided advantage that there is no
false pretense about them; they simply are what they represent to be.
Also the editorship bears all the earmarks of English journalism. The
editorials furnish a conspicuous, usually well-written and instructive picture
of each number. The "News and Notes" columns, the "Correspondence"
and the reports of "Meetings and Societies" occupy an important part of the
contents. And then there are advertisements galore. They are publications
that appeal to the amateur as well as to the profession and the trade.
A notably fine example of this kind is the Britilh Joomal of Photography.
It has character and strength. There is about it a delightful sanity, lucidity
and severity. It is, of course, strictly conservative and always contains a vast
amount of excellent matter. Its articles are selected from persons who are
distinguished in the various lines of the photographic sciences, and the re&der
will see at a glance that the editors do not belong to the class "who guess
they know all about photography," but who, without any pose or afFectation,
take their profession seriously.
The Amateur Photographer is perhaps more interesting reading. The

[193)
editor, Mr. Horsley Hinton, has raised the standard of revolt against the·
dominant professionalism minus art. But, strange to say, no fine illustrations.
can be found in its weeekly issues. The paper, as in most of these publica-
tions, is outright abotuinable, and the reproductions consequently without any
value. How a paper can clamor for artistic photography and at the same·
time shun the expense of slow printing is incomprehensible to me.
The Photo Miniature is a delightful little magazine. It is perfectly pro-
portioned and made up in all respects very near to my ideal of a photographic·
magazine. It can boast of having the best reproductions, and its abort, con-
cise paragraphs touching upon all the latest scientific accomplishments are
very readable and practical. Its supremacy is based largely on its size. One
can put it into one's pocket, comfortably carry it about wherever one goes, and
picking it up at opportune moments and glancing over the headed sections
of its monographs, put it to some real practical use. It contains no long
essays, a decided advantage, as long articles a Ia Keiley are generally not read.
The tendency of the reader is gradually changing from the seeking of quan-
tity to the seeking of quality. What he really wants is to have the best
selected for him without the vast labor of personal examination. This the·
little magazine aims to do, and it has done so far as lies within the power of ita
patiently working editors.
Also the Procell Photogram is quite a serious magazine. It is a sort of
go-between between the Britwh Journal of Photography and the Amateur
Photographer in magazine form. The Photographic Art Journal is worthy
of remark, as it is the only English magazine which attempts to be illustrated.
But it is a very unsatisfactory attempt, the halftones being very bad and the
ordinary editions being really more tasteful than the editions de lu.xe. Greater
simplicity and greater reserve in the make-up of the Photographic .Art Journal
would be as desirable as in the majority of the photographic magazines.
But, if it be true that all work reflects the life of the day, the lack of sim-
plicity may be but an echo of the time. Possibly the tasteless indifference and
the desire to deal in the showy and commonplace which we see everywhere
exemplified may be traced to the restless and unsettled qualities of American
life. On the other hand, the interest in the manifold details of work and the
open-minded acceptance of them is a good side of the life of to-day. It would
be idle to expect in photographic literature that concerted harmony which
we do not ever find in the leading po.-.n lar art magazines. We must recognize
this lack of concert, whether we lil..... , or not, as characteristic of this period.
We may wish it otherwise, but it would be better to exert our influence to
efFect a change and to work on simpler, more dignified lines.

(19'].
 ---
------..
--·---

B:y Wal&er C. Harrll

UUlbereas ~be <tamera <tlub bas eufferel)

an irreparable lc,ss b~ tbe unttmel! l)eatb of
tts belo"el) member, 3. 'UUlells <tbampne~, be
tt bereb!
1Resol\'eb: ttbat we, tbe members of
ttbe <tamera <tlub, untte tn con"~tng to bts
wtfe anl) famtl! an e.tpresston of our great
sorrow at tbts e"ent.
'UUle also l)esire to express tbe "e~ btgb
esteem anl) affection tn wbtcb be was bell) b~
~e~ member o1: tbe <tlub, anl) to commem...
orate tbe great benefits l)ert"el) from bts alwa~s
constl)erate counsel, bis gracious criticisms,
bts unfatltng Jttnl)ltness, anl) bts genutne lo"e
of beaut~ as art.. ttbese, alas, wtll no longer
be wttb us, but bts memo~ anl) bts teacbtngs
wtll lt"e tn tbe mtnl)s of us alL
[196]
 3. Wtells <.tbampne~

S ELDOM has the community been so shocked and sickened as by the

sudden death of Mr. J. Wells Champney at the Camera Club on
May 1. A feeling of incredulity was the first thought of every one
hearing of it, for in few people was there so thoroughly expressed
the buoyancy of life: he loved people, he loved his work, and he
loved his recreation. He was one of the rare men who practically
never made an enemy. He had always a kindly word to say of every one,
and he stretched forth a helping hand in all directions. For years he was
the Club Critic at the Camera Club, but latterly, while no one had ever con-
sidered his criticisms severe, he had resigned from the position and refused
to even act as a judge, simply from the dread of hurting "some one's" feelings.
His work, both in photography and painting, clearly mirrored his own
nature. For him there existed no love of the morbid, the weird and the dis-
torted. There were no guesses as to the meaning of his pictures--clear sun-
shiny skies and transparent streams for his landscapes, and sweet, happy girl-
hood in his portrait work were his chosen subjects. Clear-cut, fresh faces
always gazed at you with eyes as limpid as a child's. No desire for the ugly
or the grewsome, which for him never seemed to exist, ever tinged his work or
his character.
No one seems to remember having seen Mr. Champney angry, or even an-
noyed; his disposition seemed to raise him above the petty frets of life, and his
ideal home life, of which it seems almost sacrilegious to speak, simply carried
out the general sweetness of his nature.
When at work, he worked hard. His sobriquet of "M. L'Eclair" (gained
abroad) expresses vividly his rapidity and intensity of purpose. In pastels
especially, his fingers simply flew, and he gained more wonderful results from
a half hour pose than perhaps any other artist. His "chalk talks," with
which we were all familiar, were a never failing source of pleasure and wonder
at his speed and skill.
When his work for the day or season was finished, no one knew better than
he how to throw aside the cares of life and enter into whatever frivolity, or
amusement, or journeying, formed his relaxation for the moment. He would
bring in an instant the concentration of his mind to a puzzle or a toy as if it
were of vital interest, and in that, perhaps more than in anything else, lay the
secret of his popularity, for popular he was in the highest form of that much
abused word. Popular and beloved because he was always interested in his
auditor, interested in his conversation, in his achievements, or in his troubles,

[1116]
as the case might be; ever ready with some cheery suggestion, always willing
to give a helpful hint or loan a model, and to be generous in many of the little
ways that others of his profession might well copy. His geniality and ready
flow of conversation made him always in demand, for his extemporaneous talks
were indeed clever and interesting.
And then-in a minute--everything was over. A bit of a hurry, a false
step, and in one of the very clubs where he was so beloved he met his tragic
end. It will be a long while before the memory of it will be obliterated or the
gloom pass away. So vivid was his personality that it is hard yet to realize
that he must be spoken of in the past tense, and that all that remains of him
to his friends is the memory of his tender spirit and beautiful life, a gentle-
man and a Christian in the highest sense, one whom it may always be a pleasure
and a privilege to have known, and whose memory will always cling like the
perfume of some pungent flower of which a thought will bring to mind the
fragrance as clearly as if one held the blossom. C. I. B.

The following resolutions on the death of Mr. Champney have been re-
ceived:
ORANGE CAMERA CLUB,
Orange, N. J.
May 19, 1903.
Mr. C. H. Crosby, President,
Camera Club of New York.
Dear Sir:
At the last regular meeting of the Orange Camera Club the following
resolution was offered and duly passed:
Resolved, That this club does hereby extend its sincere sympathy
to the Camera Club of New York in the loss it has sustained in the
death of its valued member, Mr. J. Wells Champney, and that a
committee be named by the president to convey this expression of
the Orange Camera Club to the Camera Club of New York.
As the committee so named we beg to transmit to you the above resolution,
with the request that you will kindly submit the same to the members of your
club.
Mr. Champney was personally known to many of our members, and to those
of us who had the honor of his acquaintance his death comes as a personal
loss, which all who knew him and had experienced the uniform gentleness and
courtesy of the man must deeply feel. In addition, therefore, to the resolu-

[197]
tion of our club, we would offer for those of us who knew Mr. Champney,
our personal expression of esteem for his memory and our sympathy with your
club in the loss it has been called upon to sustain.
Very truly yours,
w. H. CHENEY,
D. s. PLUMB,
Committee.

NEw You:, May 5, 1908.

New York Camera Club,
New York, N.Y.
Dear Sir:
It is with keen regret that the members of the Brooklyn Academy of Pho-
tography learn of the death of Mr. J. Wells Champney and they desire to
express their sympathy for you in the loss of so valued a member.
His death removes one of the most industrious exponents of the advance-
ment of photography and as such his death must be deplored by all interested
in our art. Yours very truly,
G. A. WILLIAMS,
Corresponding Secretary Brooklyn Academy of Photography.

"Wlc regret to ba"e to recorb tbe beatb, at

<Preat :tSarrington, mass., tn tbc earl\? part of
~ctober, of mr. b. b. Sibman, a member of
tbe (tamera (tlub. "Wlbile "known onlv. to a
few of tbe members, mr. $ibman tooh an
acti"e part in tbe interests of tbe (tlub ant~
bis loss will be heenl\? felt.

[198]
A HEAD STUDY
By Dr. Detlefsen
(Chicago)
 - .........

PROCEEDINGS OF THE CAMERA

CLUB, NEW YORK
HENRY H. MAN, J. EDGAR BULL AND CHARLES I. BERG, PUBLICATION
COMMITTEE, REPRESENTING THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

CLUB MEETINGS

R EGULAR meetings of the club were held on December 9, 190!, and

January 18, February 10, March 10, April 14, May 1!, June 9,
September 8, October 18 and November 10, 1908, and a special meet-
ing on June 16, 1908.
The Treasurer's reports at the regular meetings showed balances in hand
as follows:

December 1, 190! ..................... . $8,740.85

January 1, 1908 ...................... . 8,!!5.!7
February 1, 1908 ..................... . !,984.66
March 1, 1908 ........................ . !,969.07
April 1, 1908 ......................... . 1,718.41
May 1, 1908 ......................... . .!,078.78
June 1, 1908 ......................... . 94!.46
July 1, 1908 ......................... . 98!.80
August 1, 1908 ....................... . 788.59
September 1, 1908 ..................... . 710.54
October 1, 1908 ....................... . 888.68
November 1, 1908 ..................... . 1,585.5!

At the December meeting Mr. Stark, for the Print Committee, announced
that the date for receiving entries in competition for the President's Cup
was extended to December 81, and a motion that the Secretary notify all
members of such extension was duly carried. The President announced that
he had selected as judges in this competition one representative member from
each of three camera clubs.
The feasibility of holding a fair in the clubrooms immediately before the
removal to new quarters was discussed. It was decided that in lieu thereof a
committee be appointed to consider the desirability of giving a public lantern-
slide exhibition, with a charge for admission.
The Automatic Photo-Printing Apparatus, for testing the printing quali-
ties of negatives, was exhibited and described by Mr. Narper.

[11191
 At the January meeting 1\fr. Reid, chairman of the committee appointed·
by the President to consider the giving of a public lantern-slide exhibition,
reported verbally and a motion that such exhibition be held for the benefit of
the club was carried.
At the February meeting 1\fr. Abel reported that the annual club smoker·
had been a success financially as well as artistically, there being a net balance
over expenditures of sixty-six cents.
A nominating committee was elected by ballot, the first six receiving votes
as follows:
Robert A. B. Dayton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8!
F. Louis Graefe.............................. 81
H. T. Lockwood............................. 81
A. P. Schoen................................ 81
Edward Heim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Juan C. Abel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
A nominating committee consisting of Messrs. Dayton, Graefe, Lockwood,
Schoen and Heim was therefore declared duly elected. (1\fr. Heim having
subsequently declined to serve, Mr. Abel was substituted in his place.)
At the March meeting the expense entailed by the publication of CAMEJtA
NOTES was discussed by several members.
A motion offered by Mr. Reid-"That it is the sense of this meeting that
the discontinuance of the publication of CAMEJtA NOTES be left to the discretion
of the Board of Trustees"-was lost.
Mr. Dayton offered a motion: "That the editor of CAMEJtA NoTES be re-
quested to present to the next regular monthly meeting of the club a detailed
statement of the receipts and expenditures to such date, and an estimate of the
probable receipts and expenditures for the period of the remaining numbers
covered by the original contract for four numbers, and including a statement
of the assets received by him upon his appointment as such editor." This
motion was duly carried.
The death of Mr. James Glaisher, of London, an honorary member of the
Camera Club, was announced.
Following the adjournment of the regular meeting, Mr. Stieglitz pre-
sented to 1\fr. Wilmerding, Treasurer of the Camera Club, a handsomely en-
grossed testimonial expressive of the feelings of many of his friends in the
club who appreciated his arduous work as Treasurer and his unselfish devotion
to the interests of the club. In behalf of the members of the club who had
contributed thereto, Mr. Stieglitz also presented to him a pair of pearl studs
and other tokens of esteem and good will.
At the annual meeting, held April 14, the President made a verbal report,
in which he briefly reviewed the work of the club during the past year and
commended its officers and committees.

[200}
 Reports were presented by the Secretary, Treasurer, Chairman of the
Committee on Meetings, and Librarian. (Extracts from these reports are ap-
pended.) A verbal report was also made by the Chairman of the Print Com-
mittee.
The editor of CAMERA NoTES presented a report in which he included a
brief statement in compliance with the resolution adopted at the regular meet-
ing held in 1\larch. (A copy of so much of the report as was presented in
writing is appended.)
Mr. Abel, as editor of CAMERA NoTES, also recommended that the publica-
tion be discontinued after either the next number or the number following.
Mr. Dayton then offered the following resolution:
"Reaolved. That the report of the editor of CAMERA NoTES be referred
to a committee of three to be appointed by the President; that the committee
be authorized to request the attendance before it of any member of the club and
a statement from such member of any matters pertinent to the subject referred
to the committee; and that the committee report to the next meeting of the
club, with its recommendations."
This resolution was adopted and the President appointed as such commit-
tee Messrs. Dayton, Edward Heim and Bracklow.
Mr. Stark presented a motion "To hold an International Photographic
Exhibition under the auspices of the Camera Club in New York City from
January I, 1904, to February 15, 1904, and that a committee of nine mem-
bers, either resident or non-resident, be appointed to make the necessary ar-
rangements for such exhibition." After some discussion the matter was re-
ferred to the Board of Trustees.
The club then proceeded to the election of officers, trustees and a Commit-
tee on Admissions for the ensuing year. Dr. J. W. Bartlett and Robert L.
Bracklow were appointed tellers. Having collected and canvassed the ballots,
the tellers reported that thirty-four ballots had been cast and that the follow-
ing candidates, having received the number of votes set opposite their respec-
tive names, were duly elected to fill the positions designated:
For President-Chauncey H. Crosby, 88 votes.
For Vice-President-FrankS. Gerrish, 84 votes.
For Secretary-E. Lee Ferguson, 88 votes.
For Treasurer-H. T. Rowley, 84 votes.
For Trustees for Three Years-Malcolm Stuart and Dr. James T. Vre-
denburgh, 84 votes each.
For Committee on Admissions-H. T. Lockwood, Francis C. Elgar and·
M. W. Seaman, 84 votes each.
REPORT OF THE SECRETARY.
NEw YoRK, N. Y., April I, 1908.
Jl./r. Chairman and Membera of the Camera Club:
I have the honor to submit the following as the report of the Secretary for
the past year:

[201]
 Member1hip.
Active.N on-Res. Life. Hon. Total.
April I, 1902 .............. 214 84 !0 16 884
Change• by tramfer-
Gains by transfer .......... 1 8

!15 87 !0 16
Losses by transfer .......... 8 1

!1! 86 !0 16 884
Gaim:
Elected and qualified ........ 17 10 !7

229 96 !0 16 861
Lo11e1:
Resigned ................. 2! 14 86
Dropped ................. 6 4 10
Died ..................... 1 2 1 4

Total losses . . . . . . . . . . ..... 29 !0 1 50

March 81, 1908 ............ !00 76 !0 15 811

Net loss during year. . . . . . 14 8 1 28

Total membership, March 81, 1908, 811.
There were held ten regular and nine special meetings of the Board of
Trustees, ten regular and one special club meetings.
As compared with the previous year the number of new members falls
short thirteen, the difference comprising a loss of fourteen active and a gain
of one non-resident member. This affected the revenue of the club, as the
active members pay an entrance fee of fifteen dollars, while the non-residents
do not. While the year ending March 81, 190!, showed a net gain of one
member, the last year ends with a net loss of twenty-three. The total mem-
bership of 811 is the smallest reported since April1, 1898, when the member-
ship was but ft87. This is not the first report showing a net loss, however,
as the report of April I, 1901, showed a net loss of eleven.
With the end of the last club year there closes a certain period in the
history of the club-the period of its life at 8 West Twenty-ninth street.
These quarters have been occupied for five years, and a few statistics covering
that period may not be uninteresting.
On April 1, 1898, the membership of the club was !87. The reports of
the succeeding years of the same date are as follows:
1899 ............................... 8!8 members.
1900 ............................... 844 members.
1901 ............................... 888 members.
190ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 members.
1903. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 811 members.
Of the five years there was therefore a gain in three and a loss in two, while
at the end of this period the club has twenty-four members more than at the
beginning.
The number of new members received during each year, the year ending
on March 31 in each instance, was as follows:
1899. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 4 members.
1900. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 members.
1901 ................................ 4! members.
190! ................................ 40 members.
1903. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !7 members.
These figures indicate a steady decrease in the number of new members during
each year of the period under consideration.
During the last five years the club has had three presidents: Wm. D.
Murphy, John Aspinwall and C. H. Crosby; three vice-presidents, Alfred
Stieglitz, Chas. I. Berg and J. Edgar Bull; five secretaries, Harry B. Reid,
D. J. Dowdney, Edward Heim, H. B. Hart and E. Lee Ferguson; and but
two treasurers, F. M. Hale and Wm. E. Wilmerding.
Respectfully,
E. LEE FERGUSON, Secretary.
TREASURER'S REPORT.
Receipt1.
190!-1908. 1901-190!.
Balance April 1 ......................... . $!,759.!5 $!,410.74!
Members' dues ......................... . 4,837.86 4,984.68
Locker rents. . . . . ...................... . 1,!88.90 1,166.44
Entrance fees .......................... . !55.00 510.00
Studio ................................ . !05.00 !!95.00
Annual auction ........................ . 485.04 769.75
Annual smoker. . . . . .................... . 178.90 151.00
Annual dinner ......................... . !87.85 !!87.50
Apparatus . . . . . . . . . ................... . 85.00
Telephone ............................ . 84.96 10!!.6!
Incidentals (House Committee) ............ . 5.94
Lantern slide interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Meetings (donation) . . . . . . .............. . !.00
CAMERA NoTEs, No. 1, Vol. VI. ............ . 80.91
CAMERA NOTES ......................... . 88!.88
Interest account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.88 85.6!!
Print auction .......................... . 169.70
Elevator .............................. . 80.00
Furniture (subscription by members) ........ . !!!!4.00

$11,!71.!! $11,187.00

[208]
 1902-1908. 1~01-1902.
Rent and chute, eighth floor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $8,024.00 $8,024.00
•Rent 5 W. Thirty-first street, account of May. 250.00
Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 897.15 152.57
Stationery and printing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250.54 221.82
Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158.25 169.22
Annual auction ......................... . 445.71 651.92
Annual smoker ......................... . 184.84 170.96
Annual dinner. . . . . . . . . ................ . 884.70 292.66
Apparatus ........................... . 10.50 40.88
Telephone ............................ . 184.0lS 174.01
Incidentals (House Committee) ............ . 202.77 278.90
Lantern slide interchange ................. . 17.95 17.28
l\feetings . . . . . . . . . . . .............•..... 42.00 6.15
CAMERA NOTES, No. I, Vol. VI. ............ . 200.00
CAMERA NoTES ....•..•....•.•..•••...•• 1,959.86 640.00
Postage .............................. . 189.51 1!8.04
Print auction .......................... . 188.29
Elevator .............................. . 160.00 no.oo
Furniture ............................ . 224.00
Light and current ....................... . 422.1! 491.71
Chemicals ............................ . 94.78 151.59
Ice and laundry ......................... . 77.00 74.78
Cleaning rooms ........................ . 1!0.00 1!4.00
Insurance ............................ . 65.80 64.65
Fitting up rooms ....................... . 160.97
Print competition ....................... . 19.90
Print committee ........................ . 65.08 ll5.45
Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . 779.25 759.00
Lantern slide committee .................. . 2.60

$9,557.81 $8,877.75
Balance in New Amsterdam National Bank 585.91 675.68
Balance in Union Trust Co ............ . 1,127.50 2,085.62

$11,271.22 $11,187.00
•should be charged in account of 1905-1904, making true balance April
1, 1903, $1,963.41.
WM. E. WILMERDING, Treasurer.
Approved: HENRY H. MAN, Chairman.
J. c. VAIL,
C. S. McKuNE,
Auditing Committee.
April 8, 1903.

[2()4,1
 ADDENDA-cAMEB.A NOTES, NO. 2, VOL. VI, TO DATE.
Receipt1.
Subscriptions ..............•.•.....•.......•..•.......• $ 2741.98
Advertisements ......•.•..•.•...............•.......•..• 657.40
Balance .••.•....••••....•...•..•......•••••...••.•.••• 1,117.08

$1,959.86

Editor $800.00
Postage ....•..•............•........•..•...•••...•.•• 60.42
Publications ...................................•....... 7.87
Stationery. . . . . . . .............•.........•••...•......•. 88.11
Dlustrations • . . . . . . . . . . . ............•..••.•.•........•. 18.75
Literary ..........•.................•.........•.....•. !06.58
Incidentals ..............................•.........•... 18.84
Commissions .......................................•... !5.00
Printing ..............................•..•..........•. 578.15
Reproductions ......................................... . 711.68

$1,959.86

March 81, 1908, balance ................••.•.•........ $1,1!7.08

WM. E. WILMEB.DING, Treasurer.
Approved: HENB.Y H. MAN,
J. c. VAIL,
C. S. McKuNE,
Committee.
B.EPOB.T OF THE CHAIB.MAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON MEETINGS.
Mr. Pre1ident-The Committee on Meetings has the honor to report that
nine illustrated lectures were delivered in the clubrooms during the season of
1902 and 1908.
The thanks of the club are certainly due to the lecturers,
Dwight L. Elmendorf, Esq.,
Prof. G. W. Ritchey,
Gilbert Ray Hawes, Esq.,
Herbert L. Bridgman, Esq.,
Malcolm Stuart, Esq.,
W. I. Scandlin, Esq.,
Frank La Manna, Esq.,
Cornelius Van Brunt, Esq.,
Frank Scott Gerrish, Esq.,
whose efforts to entertain and instruct our membership were highly appreciated
by large and representative audiences.
Respectfully submitted, April 14, 1908.
WM. D. MuaPHY, Chairman.

[205]
 REPORT OJ!' THE LIBRARIAN.
At the commencement of the club year the Library catalogue was published
and distributed, together with CAMERA N OTEB, Vol. VI, No. 1. The expense
of this, $!00.00, was provided for by the previous Board, and this amount,
added to the sums spent in this current year, naturally made the Library ex-
penditures seem disproportionately large. I can assure the members, how-
ever, that there has been no unnecessary outlay. In fact, I have had to be so
economical that but three magazines have been subscribed to, the remainder
being provided by exchanges and copies which come to the librarian in the
course of his other duties. At the 11ame time the photographic literature of the
day is provided to an extent to be found in no other club.
The additions to the Library, exclusive of magazines, by gift, purchase
and through CAMERA NOTES, amount to some eighteen in all. Some fifty
books have been bound.
I would make the following recommendation to the Board, namely, that
the surplus of duplicate copies of books and magazines be donated to the
various camera clubs who may be in a position to take care of them. The
space they at present take up is more than the club in its new quarters is able
to spare, and while there might be a possible sale for these loose volumes and
odd numbers it takes time to find customers.
Therefore, I propose that the Librarian be empowered to draw up a list of
suitable clubs and that they be written to whether they care to accept SU('.h
books and magazines as we can spare.
J. C. ABEL, Librarian.
REPORT OJ!' THE EDITOR OJ' CAMERA NOTES.
The Treasurer has given a statement of the receipts and expenses of
CAMERA NoTES up to March 81. To this must be added the sum of $486.00
paid out and the sum of $!4.00 taken in up to date, with $166.00 still due
in good accounts. In the statement already given there are also included
sums paid out for manuscript and halftones for the next issue.
I purpose to make the next issue somewhat smaller, giving thirty-two
pages of reading matter and four inserts. The estimate for Vol. VI, No. 4,
is: For printing, binding, paper, etc., $818.00; for illustrations not already
paid, $150.00; for postage and sundries, $80.00; making a total still to be
paid out for this number of $498.00. The receipts I can only figure 11.8 the
advertising, which will be a round $400.00, or, with the sum still to be col-
lected on advertising accounts,. sufficient to completely cover the cost of the
number, or rather, the amount to be raid out on it.
Vol. VII, No. 1, will, I estimate, cost, with illustrations, etc., $500.00, to
which should be added the editor's honorarium of $100.00, and against which
there would be an income of $400.00 in advertising.
In estimating for these last two numbers I have not figured in at all the
possible subscription!l, which, if the magazine be continued, should amount to

[206)
AFTER THE STORM
By J. C. Vail
(New York)
at least $150.00 to $200.00 for the two numbers. There are at present on the
books one hundred and fifty-two subscribers to CAMERA NoTEs. When I
took over the magazine there were one hundred and ninety-five subscribers,
showing a loss of forty-three. Seventy-five subscriptions expire with the
next number, and it is presumable that a good many of these would renew.
J. C. ABEL, Editor.
B.EPOB.T
THE DINNER COMMITTEE.
OF

NEw Yo:ax, February 7, 1908.

To the Pre1ident and Tru.atee1, the Camera Club, N eTJJ York:
GENTLEMEN-The Committee on the Annual Dinner report:
The Sixth Annual Dinner took place at the New York Athletic Club on
Saturday evening, January 81, 1908. There were eighty-four (84) sub-
scribers, of which seventy-eight (78) were present. The receipts amounted
to $252.00 and the disbursements $299.70, leaving a deficit of $47.70. The
details are as follows:
Dr.
To postage .............................................. $ 8.00
860 notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . 2.60
200 tickets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... . 2.25
New York Athletic Club ................................... . 257.85
Head waiter, New York Athletic Club.......................... 5.00
Menus, Photochrome Co. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.00
Boxes for favors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.00

$299.70
Cr.
By eighty-four subscriptions ................................ $252.00
Deficit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47.70

$299.70
All of which is respectfully submitted.
WM. J. CASSAB.D, Chairman.

At the May meeting the Board of Trustees presented, through th :- Secre-

tary, a resolution in reference to the death of Mr. J. Wells Champney, which
was unanimously adopted by the club. (This resolution is printed elsewhere
in this issue of CAMERA NOTES.)
A resolution was adopted extending the thanks of the club to Mr. Charles
I. Berg for his generous donation of his architect's fees of $180.00, and to
Mr. W. G. Jones for his contribution of $40.00 from his estimate on the fitting
up of the new quarters of the club.

[207]
 The excess in the cost of moving over the amount subscribed for such pur-
pose was considered and opinions were expressed by several members in favor
of increasing the dues paid by active members. Upon the request of Mr. H.
B. Reid the Secretary presented a written notice, as provided in Article XVI
of the Constitution and By-Laws of the Club, of a proposed amendment, to
take effect October 1, 1908, increasing the annual dues of active members
from twenty to twenty-five dollars per year. Mr. Man offered a motion that
the question of the adoption of the proposed amendment be considered at a
special meeting of the club to be called and held on the third Tuesday in June,
which motion was duly carried.
Mr. Ed. Heim offered the following motion: "Re1olved, That it is the
sense of the members present that CAMERA NoTES be discontinued with the issue
of No. 4 of Volume VI, and thaf; the editor be given notice as provided in the
contract made with him by the Board of Trustees of the termination of such
contract." This was unanimously adopted.
At the regular meeting held June 9 Mr. Hale, chairman of the House
Committee, reported that the bromide room was in working order and the
studio completed. Reports were made by other committees and the full list of
committees, as appointed by the Board of Trustees, was read by the Secretary.
A vote of thanks was extended to Mr. C. D. Roy for his persistent efforts
which had secured to the club a distillation plant, whereby distilled water would
be furnished the members at little expense.
The Secretary reported that the Board of Trustees had ordered the dis-
continuance of the publication of CAMERA NoTEs, and that the editor, Mr. J.
C. Abel, had kindly waived the three months' notice provided in the contract
and any charge for a fourth number under such contract.
At the speciul meeting of the club, held June 16, after the Secretary had
read the call for the meeting and the proposed amendment~ :\Ir.•J. Edgar Bull
offered a motion, which was duly seconded, that the amendment be adopted as
read. A general and extended discussion ensued, in the course of which the
views of those who favored the amendment and those who opposed it were freely
expressed. A rising vote was taken, which resulted in twenty-one voting aye
and eight no, one member being present and not voting. The amendment hav-
ing received the affirmative vote of two-thirds of those members present and
voting, the President declared the amendment adopted.
At the September meeting Mr. F. C. Beach was elected Lantern Slide
Director to represent the club in the American Lantern Slide Interchange. It
having been announced that the Librarian, Mr. L. M. McCormick, was seri-
ously ill, a resolution of sympathy was unanimously adopted.
At the October meeting the club considered nn invitation extended by the
authorities of the International Exposition to be held in St. Louis in 1904, in
reference to the method of securing an exhibit of photographic work, and the
matter was referred to the Board of Trustees with full power to act.

[!108)

~-----.--.---
 \

At the November meeting interesting and important reports were made by

the various committees. The House Committee reported progress on the many
improvements in hand and that the private dark room would soon be ready for
use. The Entertainment Committee reported that arrangements had been
made for a demonstration by Mr. George G. Rockwood of the Grun lens and
of the Cooper Hewitt light, together with some remarks on photographic
novelties; that Mr. Dwight L. Elmendorf, Ph.D., honorary member of the
Camera Club, would give a lecture, under the auspices of the club, at the
Carnegie Lyceum; and that the first club social, in October, had been a great
success, and another had been arranged for the !8th instant. The Committee
on Scientific Research reported that the cameras of the club had all been placed
in proper working condition, that a new 14x17 camera had been placed in the
studio; and that in providing a new outfit for the bromide room it was designed
to give the Cooper Hewitt light a thorough test with a view to adopting it.
The Secretary read a statement in reference to the services rendered by
1\fr. Robert A. B. Dayton, whose resignation had been accepted after more
than fourteen years, continuous membership.
Immediately following the adjournment a demonstration was given by Mr.
J. C. Abel of the wide range of platinotype papers prepared by the Hellos
Photographic Paper Company.

TRUSTEES' MEETINGS

R EGULAR meetings were held on December !9, 190!, and January

!6, February iS, March SO, April ~7, May !5, June !9, September
!8, and October !6, 190S. A special meeting was held on February
!8, 190S, and an adjoumed meeting on October 19, 190S.
At the January meeting a committl"e, consisting of Messrs. Berg, Hale,
Stieglitz and Wm. E. Wilmerding, wn.s appointed for the purpose of prepar-
ing and submitting to the Board a plan for laying out the new quarters of
the club.
Messrs. Abel, Darling, Bracklow and Montant were appointed a committee
to conduct the Annual Club Auction.
The President was empowered to appoint a committee to arrange for the
moving of the club property, etc., to the new quarters.
At the regular meeting of the Board, held February !S, the report of Mr.
Cassard, as chairman of the Committee on the Annual Dinner, was read and
ordered spread upon the minutes.
At the special meeting held February !8, Mr. Berg presented the plans
for the adaptation of the new quarters to the uses of the club, which were
adopted substantially as presented.

[!109]
 Upon motion the Prelident wu directed to appoint a committee to aolicit
subscriptiona to cover expenae o£ moving, the number o£ members o£ such
committee being left to determination by the Prelident.
At the June meeting the Secretary wu empowered and directed to issue
to any penon whose application lor membenhip might receive favorable action
by the Committee on Admission, a card granting all the privileges o£ member-
ship until such time as the Board might take formal action upon such appli-
cation, no regular meeting o£ the Board being held during the months of
July and Auguat. The thanks o£ the Board were tendered to Mr. C. 0. Mail-
loux lor his kindness in designing and superintending the inatallation o£ the
electric fixtures in the new club quarters.
Mr. Ferguaon proposed lor honorary membership the names o£ Mr. Joseph
T. Kelley, Mr. Clarence H. White and Mrs. Gertrude Kuebier, the propo-
sitiona to be acted upon at next meeting.
At the adjourned meeting on October 19 the Board took action toward
the immediate publication o£ No. 41 o£ Volume VI o£ CAMERA NoTEs, and di-
rected the editor to issue such number as soon as practicable.
At the regular meeting, held October !6, Mr. Joseph T. Kelley, Mr.
Clarence H. White and Mrs. Gertrude Kuebier were unanimously elected hon-
orary members of the Camera Club. The Secretary was directed to address
a letter to Mr. John A. Ockenon, chief of the Department of Liberal Arts of
the St. Louis Exposition of 19041, defining the position of the Camera Club
in regard to the scheme of exhibition of photographic work as outlined by the
exposition authorities.

BESIGNATIONB AND ELECTIONS.

The following members have resigned: Leonard Waldo, M.D., G. F. Basset,

E. T. Birdsall, J. M. Croll, Daniel J. Dowdney, Harold B. Hart, W. E.
Johnson, Cecil B. de Mille, Chas. H. Peck, M. D., H. N. Tiemann, Eu-
gene Beitter, William Bunker, Robert A. B. Dayton, E. H. De Coppet,
A. P. Dennis, Ezra H. Fitch, Gilbert Ray Hawes, Fred. E. Himrod,
C. S. McKune, J. G. Menzies, Dr. Deas Murphy, H. B. Parrish, Charles H.
Pope, Dr. F. D. Skeel, Ferdinand Stark, Ernst Wiener, Charles F. Zabriskie,.
Mrs. Jas. L. Fling and Miss Helen Shaw. The resignation of Mr. Charles I.
Berg as a trustee has also been accepted.
On December !!9, 190!, Messrs. Frederic E. lves, Thos. G. Field and G.
T. Ross were elected to active membership, and Mr. Eduard J. Steichen wa&
elected to non-resident membership. On Febntary !8, 1908, Mr. S. R. Honey
was elected to active and Mr. Everett N. Blanke to non-resident membership.
On March SO ::\fr. Spencer B. Hord was elected to active membership.
On May !!5, Messrs. Henry Guy Carleton, Arthur N. Taylor and John
Wm. Woodward were elected active members. On June !9 Messrs. Harry C.
Ander&on, A. K. Boursault and H. T. Leonard were elected to active and Mr.

[lalOJ
Frank M. Steadman to non-l'lesident membership. On September !M Mr.
Chester B. Duryea was elected 1m active member and Messrs. Wm. S. Rossiter
and John R. Coryell non-resident members. On October 19 Messrs. Wm. A.
Cummings and Arthur S. Luria were elected active members, and Messrs.
Francis A. Jones and R. P. Durkee and Mrs. Alice M. Jackson non-resident
members.
On October !6 Mr. Joseph T. Keiley, Mr. Clarence H. White and Mrs.
Gertrude Kasebier were elected honorary members.

NOTES FllOM THE SECRETARY

Early in April the Camera Club moved from the Bancroft Building, in
Twenty-ninth street, which had been its home for five years, and took possession
of its new quarters at No.5 Wes1t Thirty-first street. The annual meeting was
held on April 14 in the old, a.nd almost emptied, quarters in the Bancroft
Building, and on the followin~~ day formal possession of such quarters was
given up.
The club now occupies the eighth and ninth floors of the building at No. 5
West Thirty-first street, havin~~ a private stairway to connect the two floors.
The location is an excellent one~ in the heart of the city, convenient of access
from all points, and, when contemplated improvements are completed, will be a
cozy home for the members and well adapted to the production of the best pho-
tographic work.
The lower floor comprises the assembly hall, the library, the office of the
·secretary and treasurer, and e~ commodious private dark room thoroughly
-equipped for the making of l:11ntem slides and transparencies and for the
handling of large plates. The upper floor is used for the working quarters,
with dark rooms, bromide room, carbon room, lockers, cameras for enlarging
and reducing, tables with tops of heavy plate glass and all facilities for work.
'T he studio has been built on the roof of the building. It is the intention of
the Camera Club to continue improvements and to have for the use of its
members all of the best and mont modern appliances. The club is now united
for progress in all lines of photographic science and art.

[211)
 THE ANNUAL DINNER

T HE Annual Dinner took place at the New York Athletic Club on the
evening of January 81, 1908. About eighty members and guests at-
tended.
In addition to the usual programme of speechmaking and the distribution
by lot of framed prints, the evening was enlivened by the presentation of the
President's Cup for portraiture and genre pictures to Mr. Steichen and of the
cup given by Mrs. Abel for landscape work to Mr. Eickemeyer.
Both gentlemen responded in characteristic manner and were greeted
with hearty applause.

LECTURES

L ECTURES were given as follows: On January 9, by Malcolm Stuart,

Esq., on "Bicycling Through Belgium, Northern France and Brittany."
On January !7, by W. I. Scandlin, Esq., on "New York Through
the Camera Fifty Years Ago."
On February 18, by Frank La Manna, Esq., on "A Trip in Spain."
On February !4, by Cornelius Van Brunt, Esq., on "Wild and Cultivated
Flowers of Autumn."
On March 6, by Frank Scott Gerrish, Esq., on "A Trip up th~ Nile."

EXHIBITION OF PRINTS

1 ""\HE prints submitted in competition for the President's Cup were ex-
hibited on and after January 1, 1903.
Other exhibitions included portrait work by E. B. Core, Esq., and
collections of prints lent by the Photographic Society of Philadelphia and the
California Camera Club.

THE SMOKER

T HIS annual function of the club took place on the evening of January
10. It was successful as an entertainment and financially.

THE A)I.~"'UAL AUCTIOX

P HOTOGRAPHIC material owned by members of the club was sold at auc-

tion beginning on March lfl. The sale was, as usual, successful and the
efforts of the committee in charge resulted in a profit to the club.

[1112}
 William ~. Wilmrrbing.
ITHOUT enggeration, I can aay truly that the plm-
antest dluty that has devolved upon me during the past
five years is that which by the courtesy of the gentle-
men of the
•

cteamtra ~rtelub of ~t\tl Jork

is now committed to my· charge .
Y privilege by courtesy (and I esteem it the greatest privilege
that the Club' co•ld have allowed me) is also my right by in-
• heritance. AJher having first positively refused to serve, it was
IS a personal favor to mtysel£ that he, wlao has placed the Club under
lastiag obligations by the favltless administratioa of the all-important and
thankless duties of his o·llice, consented to assume the responsibilities of
the place he now laolds in our organization, That alice is perlaaps the
most important in tlae gift of the Club. Upon its proper administration
tlae life of the orgaaizatic)ll depends. Its responsibilities are considerable,
its duties many, and the labor coanected tlaerewith perpetual and exceed-
iagly oneroua. Paradoxical IS such statement may seem, the better the
administration of the ofice the less the opportuaity for recognition or
appreciation, for it 15 &lll alice that can aptly be likened to propelling
machinery, whose existence is taken as a matter of course. and whose
operation is rarely made: the 1ubject of thoughtful contideration unless
somethins is out of order.
gOR more than ive years this alice, with all its obligations, labors
..,JJ and responsibilitic:s, has been conducted as if by tlae most perfect
machinery-such as never gets out of order or runs down. Its
Tr.= ~~ administration has shown a splendid intelligence that has
S been alert to ·the Club's best interests and has never lost lA
orportunity to serve it ; an exqvisite tact such alone IS is born
'o sterling geaiality and good fellowship, that has avoided giving
· ofense or making enemies when the very nature of certain duties
of the ofice m1ade ill-feeling or enmity almost inevitable. Never
1
has any ofice in any organization been illed with greater dis-
tinction, abilil'r. faithfulness and profit to the organization tlaan
laas been the 1.rwurership of the Camera Club of New York
under the adll11inistration of William E. Wilmerding. whose
fellow-membe1rs, while feeling that they can never repay him, yet
wish to present to him the accompanying token of tlaeir

~tn&ttt <le~stttm ann ~tart~ apprrdatton.

~~-
March 10, '903·

[213]
 PROGRESS

P ARTICULARS of the Bausch & Lomb Quarter Century Photographic

Competition have just come to hand with the awards made by the
judges, Messrs. Eickemeyer, Yarnall Abbott and James, the latter
taking the place of Mr. Dyer, of Chicago, who was originally selected
but unable, at the last moment, to be present. According to all reports, the
work of judging must have been very arduous indeed. For instance, in the
genre class alone there were over 2,000 entries from which to select but four
prize pictures, and there were no less than eleven classes to be gone through.
With but one or two exceptions, the prize winners are all well-known photog-
raphers. The Grand Prize of $800 was won by Alfred Stieglitz for his picture,
"The Street-Winter," which has already appeared in his magazine, Camera
Work. E. J. Steichen wins the first prize in the portrait class, Mrs. Myra
Wiggins in the genre class with a new composition, and Harry Coutant the
second prize in landscapes and marines with his "Yachts in the Fog." Thus
members of the Camera Club of New York won $675 of the $8,000 ofFered.
It is seldom that the Camera Club fails to make a good account of itself in these
competitions. So that all may have the opportunity of passing upon the
judges' awards, the Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. will shortly publish an elab-
orate sbuvenir, containing reproductions in color of all the pictures receiving
awards and honorable mentions. This will be sent free to all who entered the
competition. Others can obtain it at the nominal price of 25 cents, and, judg-
ing from the published description of the book, it will not pay to miss it. It
will also contain a series of papers by prominent photographers. Bausch &
Lomb have also published a preliminary announcement containing lists of
awards, etc., which they will doubtless gladly send to any one interested.

T HE Obrig Camera Company, of New York, are out with a new cata-
logue, "free to all." It gives in presentable shape particulars and
prices of all the photographic apparatus and supplies that they
handle, filling a sixty-page booklet. This concern also publishes every
month a house organ, Down-Toum Topic1, under which peculiar name they
give many interesting and original photographic articles, etc. They send it
free and regularly to any one taking the trouble to ask for it, and it is by no
means the worst of the photographic magazines on the market.

0 NE of the novelties of the year, and really a useful novelty, is the

Aristo printing frame, an ideal implement for the pictorialist and
new school photographer. A print made on Aristo paper with this
frame gives the effect of a porcelain print, and in nine out of ten
prints will very much improve the picture. By simple but ingenious mechan-

[2U]
EVENING ON THE MARSHES
By L. M. McCormick
(Ntw York )
ism the paper is first printed f'or a short time in contact with the negative and
then at a slight distance from it, giving diffusion without distortion. It costa
three or four dollars, but shoulld certainly be seen and tried.
HE Eastman No. 8 A Kodak is probably the most useful of all that

T clever family of po4~ket cameras. It takes a new size picture of a

very pleasant shapE!, and from all accounts it is the favorite this
year, giving more sa.tisfaction for the money invested than any other
camera. on the market.

ELIOS parchment a1nd Helios Japanese tissue, both with platinum

H emulsions, are rapidly becoming the favorite papers of the pictorial-

ist and advanced photographer. Many of the awards in recent com-
petitions have been to pictures made on these papers, and there is
nothing to equal them for beaUitiful effects.

OLMER & SCHWING have brought out many novelties in cameras

F and stands, but their 'Tourist Graftex is probably the most ingenious
of all. This camera iis constructed on the lines of their well-known
Graftex, but is very much lighter in weight and little more than half
the price, for which many of us will give thanks. The 4x5 size weighs 4!
pounds and is roughly 8x6x7! inches in dimension, with a focal capacity of
8! inches, more than sufficient for the general run of work. The shutter is a
simplification of the graphic focal plane and all the adjustments are made
from the outside. A descriptive circular will be sent on request.
HE writer of these notes was shown recently by Taylor, Taylor &

T Hobson a clever illus:tration of what can be done with a hand-camera.

A 16x!!O enlargeme1nt from a 5x7 negative showed three racehorses
at full speed within :about twelve feet of the camera. Though actu-
ally at right angles to the line of movement, every detail was as sharp as a
needle, and the effect of life and motion was remarkable. This is the work of
J. C. Hemment with the new Cooke portrait lens working with its full JLperture
of F/4.5.

[ll16]
'The Camera Club
OFFICERS
Preaident C. H. CROSBY
Vic:e-Preaident - FRANK S. GERRISH
Secretary E. LEE FERGUSON
Treuurer H. T. ROWLEY

TRUSTEES
THE OFFICERS AND
HENRY H. MAN J. C. VAIL
MALCOLM STUART JAS. T. VREDENBURGH

COMMITTEES
COMMITTEE ON ADMISSION
H. T. LOCKWOOD, Chairman FRANCIS C, ELGAR
M. W. SEAMAN
HOUSE COMMITTEE
FRANK M. HALE, Chairman M. W. SEAMAN
A. K. BOURSAULT
AUDITING COMMITTEE
HENRY H. MAN, Chairman JAS. T. VREDENBURGH
FRANK S. GERRISH
COMMITTEE ON LANTERN SLIDES
A. WENTWORTH SCOTT, Chairman H. T. LOCKWOOD
MALCOLM STUART
COMMITTEE ON PRINTS
E. LEE FERGUSON, Chairman C. H. CROSBY
L. M. McCORMICK
COMMITTEE ON MEETINGS
CHESTER A. DARLING, Chairman ED. HElM
ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE
CHESTER A. DARLING, Chairman ED. HElM
HENRY GUY CARLETON
COMMITTEE ON SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
FREDERIC E. IVES, Chairman FERDINAND G. KNEER
CHARLES E. MANIERRE A. K. BOURSAULT
COMMITTEE ON INTERCHANGE
LANTERN SLIDES
F. C. BEACH, Chairman FRANK S. GERRISH
E. LEE FERGUSON
LIBRARIAN
L. M. McCORMICK

[116]
 LIST OF MEMBERS OF THE CAMERA CLUB
ACTIVE
Abel, Juan C. Dittrich, Herm.
Adams, C. G. Dixon, S.D.
Agnew, Wm. P. Doering, Henry E.
Anderson, Harry C. Douglas, James
Aspinwall, John • Drivet, J. M.
Atkinson, Louis P. • Durkee, E. W.
Baird, F. E. Duryea, Chester B.
Beach, F. C. Dwight, Theodore
Beeby, John Elgar, Francis C.
Berg, Chas. I. Faye, E. F.
Blakeslee, George W. Ferguson, E. Lee
Blyth, Henry A. Field, Thos. G.
Booth, John H. Flash, Oscar S.
Bostwick, Albert C. Fordyce, Dr. John A.
Boursault, A. K. Fowler, E. P., M.D. •
Bracklow, Robert L. Fox, Dr. George H.
Bridgham, S. W. • Fraser, Wm. A.
Brooks, Chas M. Frederick, W. S.
Brownell, Leverett W. Frisbee, Harry D.
Bruce, Frederick Frommann, G. H.
Brulatour, Jules E. Galoupeau, Henry
Bull, Charles C. Gardner, Dr. A. W.
Bull, J. Edgar Gerrish, Frank S.
Burchell, Jas. Graefe, F. Louis
Burke, John P., D.D.S. Grisdale, H. M.
Cannon, Mrs. H. W. Grugan, Major Frank C.
Cardeza, T. D. N. Hadaway, Tom
Carleton, Henry Guy Hale, Frank M.
Carlin, Wm. E. Halsey, R. T. H.
Cassard, Wm. J. Hapgood, W. F.
Cassier, Louis Harlin, Miss Elizabeth
Chase, Dr. J. Oscoe Harper, Mrs. Henry S.
Close, Walter H. Harris, Walter C.
Coburn, Alvin Langdon Hatfield, A., Jr.
Colbron, W. Townsend • Haviland, Paul B.
Conklin, Roland R. Heim, Edward
Coutant, Harry Heim, Emil C.
Craigie, A. Walpole HerfF, B. von
Cromwell, Benj. F. Herrmann, Milton C.
Crosby, C. H. Hinchman, Walter
Cummings, Wm. A. Hitchcock, Francis R.
Darling, Chester A. Holmes, H. H.
Denton, Dr. Myron P. Holst, L. J. R.
Devlin, Dr. Robert J. Holzman, Sam. S.
DeWolfe, Dr. E. R. Honey, S. R.
Dickerson, E. N. • Ireton, Edward N.
*Life Members.

[217]
I ves, Frederic E. Post, Wm. B. •
Jones, Charles Landon Pottier, Auguste
Jones, Walter G. Proudfit, Alex. C.
Joy, Moses • Reid, Harry B.
Kennedy, Thos. W. Renwick, Wm. W.
Kerfoot, John B. Reynolds, S. K.
Kernochan, Marshall R. Ronalds, Geo. Lorillard
Kerrigan, Jos. A., M.D. Roumage, C. C. •
King, C. Volney • Rowley, H. T.
Knapp, J. M. Roy, Charles D.
Kneer, Ferdinand G., M.D. Rumsey, J. W.
Laidlaw, Rev. Walter, Ph.D. Russegger, B.
Lance, H. W. Sanford, M. H.
Lawrence, Chester A. Schermerhorn, J. E. •
Lawrence, Richard H. • Schermerhorn, Mrs. J. E. •
Lemercier, A.M. Schermerhorn, Harry T.
Leonard, H. T. Schmid, Frederick
Lewis, C. McK. • Schmidt, Adrian P.
Little, Willard P. Schneible, Joseph
Lockwood, H. T. Schoen, Alfred P.
Loth, Bernard Schram, Louis B. •
Lounsbery, Mrs. Richard P. Schweizer, A.
Low, Joseph T. Scott, A. Wentworth
Luria, Arthur S. Seaman, M. W.
Lyon, Edward H. Simpson, Charles
Lyons, Frederick A., M.D. Slade, John
Mack, Hugo S. Sloane, T. O'Conor, Jr.
Mailloux, C. C. Smith, Henry A.
Man, Henry H. Smith, Herbert B.
Manierre, Chas. E. Snead, Charles S., Jr.
Marshall, Alfred Snyder, W. H.
McCormick, L. M. Sommer, Mrs. Sebastian, Jr.
McGourkey, S.D. Starr, Louis Morris
Milner, W. N. Stebbins, Jas. H., Jr., Ph.D.
Minis, R. B. Steichen, Eduard J.
Montant, Alphonse Stieglitz, Alfred•
Moore, Mrs. Wm. A. • Strauss, John Francis
Morschhauser, W. A. Stuart, Malcolm
Murphy, Wm. D. Taylor, Arthur N.
Nagle, John T. Tompkins, Dr. B. V.
Nason, Carleton W. Toppinp:, Chas, E.
Neidlinger, Rudolph Trowbridge. Frank W.
Newman, Samuel J. Tuckerman, Alfred
Obermeyer, Joseph • Vail, J. C.
O'Donohue, Joseph J. Vilmar, Frederick
Palmer, Nel!Kln G. Vredenburgh, Dr. Jas. T.
Palmer, Stephen S. Waterman, F. N.
Pease, Henry H. Whiton, Louis Claud
Post, Geo. B. Williams, David•
•Life Membem.

[118]
 Williams, Mrs. David* Winslow, Chas. K.
Williams, Lloyd T. Woodward, John Wm.
Wilmerding, Wm. E. Wright, J. Dunbar
NON-RESIDENT
Airy, F. G. Kimbel, Richard M.
Arens, Otto Kinney, Ernest C.
Arosemena, Jos. X. Kirby, G. T.
Balliard, Charles Ladd, Mrs. Sarah H.
Banks, Lenox Latimer, H. A.
Barber, John W. Lilienthal, Capt. A. W.
Bates, Alexander C. Loeber, Chas. H.
Bishop, Dr. Sidney McColl, Irving G.
Blanke, Everett N. McFarland, J. Horace
Borsum, Louis Mullins, Wm. J.
Breeze, James L. Nash, S.C.
Coryell, John R. Palmer, J. F.
Daggett, Ellsworth Phillips, Guy
Decker, W. F. Plimpton, Henry R., !d
Dimock, J. A. Rankin, Mrs. McKee
Dugmore, A. Radclyft'e Richmond, Howard
Dupont, William Rossiter, Wm. S.
Durkee, R. P. Sala, Paul
Eickemeyer, Rudolf Scofield, Henry C.
Ferguson, Walton, Jr. Scott, Mrs. A. W.
Fitz, Miss Emma J. Slade, Miss Elizabeth A.
Gardiner, David Smith, Sydney A.
Govan, Minott M. Steadman, Frank M.
Grimm, Fred C. Stoiber, A. H.
Hawes, Miss S. M. Swan, Robt. Otis
Herbert, Sidney Swift, W. B.
Jackson, Mrs. Alice M. Waldron, Dr. H. A.
James, W. F. Wardwell, Dr. I. F.
Jewett, R. Dickinson Waterman, G. 0., Jr.
Johnston, Frances B. Webber, SamuelS.
Jones, Francis A. Wiggins, Mrs. Myra A.
Kaltenbach, H. J. Wilmerding, A. Clinton
Keasbev, Frederick W. Wiswell, Edward H.
Keck, Edward W.
HONORARY
Abney, Capt. W. deW. Keiley, Jos. T.
Bickmore, Prof. Albert S. LaManna, Frank
Chandler, Prof. C. F. Laudy, Prof. L. H.
Cromwell, Prof. Geo. R. Murray, Wm. M.
Davanne, A. PifFard, Henry G., M.D.
Eder, Prof. Dr. J. M. Stone, J. Harris
Elmendorf, Dwight L., Ph.D. Vidal, Leon
Henderson, Alexander H. Walker, Dexter H.
Kiisebier, Mrs. Gertrude White, Clarence H.
*Life 'Members.

[219]
EARLY MORNING IN THE CATSKILLS
By J. C . Abel
( New York)
 -. ___ ~- ---

<mER\ NOTES July 1897 - December 1903

Indices
by Kate Davis
Issues and Dates 224

Author Index 225

Per Volume Contents (by Author) 227

Photographer Index 235

Per Volume Illustrations (by Photographer) 237

Subject Index 245

 ISSUES AND DATES PUBLISHED

VOLUME NUMBER MONTH YEAR

1 July 1897
I 2 October 1897
I 3 January 1898
I 4 April 1898
II 1 July 1898
II 2 October 1898
II 3 January 1899
II 4 April 1899
III 1 July 1899
III 2 October 1899
III 3 January 1900
III 4 April 1900
IV 1 July 1900
IV 2 October 1900
IV 3 January 1901
IV 4 April 1901
v 1 July 1901
v 2 October 1901
v 3 January 1902
v 4 April 1902
VI I July 1902
VI 2 October 1902
VI 3 February 1903
VI 4 December 1903

224
 --·
AUTHOR INDEX
Listing of authors of articles and reviews and where their works are located. Listed by volume/issue num-
ber, and page- in that order.
Abbott, C. Yarnell Champney, J. Wells (cont.) Fuguet, Dallett (cont.) MaCormick, L. M.
V/3, 205 111/4, 207 V/4, 258 11/2,54
Abel, Juan C. V/2, 91 VI/1, 6 V/4, 271
VI/2, 85 V/3, 170 VI/3, 168, 172, 173
VI/4, 179 Vl/3, 134 Hapgood, W. F. McCorkle, James H.
Adams, W. I. Lincobt Chittenden, L. E. 11/4, 147 VI/ 2 , 90
V/4, 247 11/1, 17 11113 • 113 MacKenzie, Allan
Allan, Sidney (Sadakichi Clarke, F. Colburn 111/4,202 V/3, 196
Hartmann) V/1, 19 Harris, W. C. M H H
11/1 13 an, enry ·
VI/1, 10, 15 Vl/2, 95 H • S dakich"1 (S"d Vl/ 1, 82
VI/3, 143 Crosby, C. H. artmann, a 1 ney Manierre, Charles E.

VI/4, 181 VI/2, 121 Allan) 1/4 100

Annan, J. Craig 11/2, 41 mh. 61
111/4, 243 Davison, George 11/3, 86 IV /1 17
Aspinwall, John 111/3, 118 111/1,3,38 IV/2,98
Day, F. Holland 111/3, 101, lOS IV/ 3 • 144
111/4, 197
1/2, 27 111/4, 216 V/l •49
Beach, F. C. IV/1, 9, 37,46 V/2, l2S
1/4, 119
VI/2,92 11/1, 3 IV/ 2 , 91 V/4, 259 262
Beck, E. 0. Demachy, Robert
IV/4, 257, 276, 277 l
VI/ 3• 16 173
V/2 105 ' '
IV/4, 263 11/3, 107 V/3: 177 M'Kecknie, John W.
Beck, 0. W. 01/2,45 1' 2 • 41
V/1, 3 111/4, 193 v/4, 233 Moore, J. Ridgway
Hinton, A. Horsley
V/2, 82 V/1, 33 IV/3, 149
11/3, 77
Berg, Charles I. V/4, 243 Murphy, William D.
1/4, 91 111/2,49
Dow, Arthur W. 1/2, 30
111/2, 65 111/3, 91
111/1, 22 1/3, 73
IV/2, 83
Vl/4, 196 Dyer, William B. 1/4, 111
V/2, 84
Bolas, Thomas IV/1, 69 11/4, 177
V/3, 165
IV/3, 137 IV/2, 112 Murray, William M.
Hoeber, Arthur
Boursault, A. K. 1/3, 67. 81, 82, 84, 85, 86,
11/3, 73
VI/4, 184 Eickemeyer, Rudolf 1/4,94, 97, 119, 120
Brownell, L. W. 1/3, 63 II/I, 6, 21, 22, 32
Vl/3, 136 Elmendorf, Dwight Kiisebier, Gertrude 11/2, 39, ss
Bull, J. Edgar 1/4, 116 111/3,121 11/3, 81, 92, 95, 101, 103,
IV/1, 38 Keiley, Joseph T. 112
Ferguson, E. Lee 11/3, 113, 136 11/4, 150, 160, 167. 168,
Cadby, Will A. 1/2, 28 111/1' 34, 37 172, 173, 183, 184
VI/1, 17 VI/1, 63 111/2, 75, 78, 86
Caffin, Charles H. Fraser, W. A. 111/3, 115, 116, 123, 135
Nicol, Dr. John
IV/1, 3, 131 11/3, 89 111/4, 214, 221
V/1, S
1V/3, 186 Fuguet, Dallett IV/I, 18
V/2, 93,122 111/2,58 IV/2, 122
V/3, 207 111/3, 111, 133 IV/3, 189 Ottolengui, Rodrigues
V/4, 307 111/4, 183, 208 IV/4, 275 IV/4, 251
Vl/1, 55 IV/1,42 V/1, 59,63 V/3, 188
Carlin, W. E. IV/2, 77 V/2, 101, 111
11/2, so IV/3, 185 V/3, 198, 221
111/2,66 IV/4,242,267,268 V/4, 279 Piper, C. Welborne
VI/3, 174 V/1, 30,45 Vl/1, 57,61 IV/1, 14
Champney, J. Wells V/2, 79 Kerfoot, J. B. Potts, Olive M.
1/4, 93 V/3, 187 VI/1, 12 V/4, 305

225
Precht, Dr. J. Steichen, Eduard J. Stieglitz, Alfred (cont.) Wallon, W. E.
Vl/2, 110 IV/3, 175 Vl/1, s, 27, so Vl/2, 101
Vl/1, 22 Vl/4, 213 Watson-schiitze, Eva
Stieglitz, Alfred Stirling, Edmund V/3, 200
Redfield, Robert S.
1/2, 32,54 V/4, 302 Webber, S.S.
V/4, 300
1/3, 70, 8S. 86, 88 Strauss, John Francis 11/1, 16
Reichenbach, Henry M.
1/4, 120 IV/3, 153 Woodbury, Walter E
Vl/2, 115
11/2, 53 IV/4; 247,271 1/1,4
11/3,90 V/1, 13, 27 1/3, 71
Seymour, George H. III/1,42 V/3,163
V/i, 58 III/2, 78, 88, V/4, 231
Smiler, A. (Osborne I. YeUott) IV/1, SS Vl/1, 33
IV/1, 56, 61 IV/2, 109, 127 Vl/2,99 YeUott, Osborne I.
Stark, Ferdinand IV/3, 229 (A. Smiler)
VI/3, 141 IV/4, 273 V/4, 272
Stebbins, James H. V/2, 124 Todd, F. Dundas Vl/2, 104
1/4, 106 V/3, 191,192,216,217, V/4, 263 Young, Daniel K.
Vl/3, 148 222 Vl/2, 86 11/2,46

226
 -
PER VOLUME CONTENTS
(Alphabetically by Author)

Listing of the major articles or reviews in each issue, followed by page number.

Vol. 1 No. 1, July 1897 William M. Murray (cont.)

- Book review of Sunlight and
Walter E. Woodbury Shadow ...................... 85
- Is the Latest Process of Color - Book review of American Annual
Photography Genuine?. . . . . . . . . . . . 4 of Photography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Alfred Stieglitz
- The Chassagne-Dansac Natural
Color Photography ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Vol. 1 No.2, October 1897
-Book review of "Nach Der
F. Holland Day Natur" . ..................... 85
- Art and the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 - Book review of Bromide Enlargements
E. Lee Ferguson and How to Make Them . . . . . . . . . . . 86
- Our Lack of Exhibitions. . . . . . . . . . . 28 - The Test Room. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
John W. M'Kecknie Walter E. Woodbury
- linear Perspective of the Camera . . . . . 41 - Some Photographic Maxims . . . . . . . . 71
William D. Murphy
- The Amateur Photographer as a
Philanthropist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Vol. 1 No.4, Apri/1898
Alfred Stieglitz
-Some Remarks on Lantern Slides ..... 32 Charles I. Berg
- Photographic Salon Portfolios . . . . . . . 54 -A Word About Models . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
J. Wells Champney
- Relation of Photography to Art . . . . . . 93
F. Holland Day
-Exhibition of F. H. Day's Work ...... 119
VoL 1 No.3, January 1898
Dwight Lathrop Elmendorf
Rudolf Eickemeyer -Choice of Subject and Exposure ...... 116
- How a Picture Was Made. . . . . . . . . . . 63 Charles E. Manierre
William D. Murphy -Long and Short Focus Lenses ....... 100
- A Month in the Camera Club. . . . . . . . 73 William D. Murphy
William M. Murray - Lecture-Photographic Apparatus ..... Ill
- The Music of Colors, The Colors William M. Murray
of Music and the Music of the - When Distance Lends
Planets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Enchantment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
- Exhibition of Clarence B. Moore's - Two Kodak Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 - Two Notable Exhibitions .......... 118
- The Farnsworth Exhibition. . . . . . . . . 82 - The Troth Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
- Book review of Picturesque Bits - Print Exhibition by
o[New York .................. 84 John W. McKecknie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

227
 James H. Stebbins Vol. 2 No.3, January 1899
- Diamido-Meta-Dioxybenzine,
Robert Demachy
and its Use as a Developer. . . . . . . . . . 106
- The Americans at the Paris Salon . . . . . 107
Alfred Stieglitz
W. A. Fraser
-The F. A. Engle Exhibition . . . . . . . . . 120
- Night Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Sadakichi Hartmann
- A Walk Through the Exhibition
of the Photographic Section of
the American Institute. . . . . . . . . . . . 86
A. Horsley Hinton
Vol. 2 No. 1, July 1898 - Both Sides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
L. E. Chittenden Arthur Hoeber
-An Historical Letter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 - A Portrait and a Likeness . . . . . . . . . . 73
F. Holland Day Joseph T. Kelley
- Art and the Camera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 -The Philadelphia Salon: Its
W. C. Harris Origins and Influence . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
- Developing, and a New Result . . . . . . . 13 William M. Murray
William M. Murray - Clouds in Landscape Photography . . . . 81
- Picturesque Tonality in -Too Well Done! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Photographic Work, and How - The American Institute Exhibition. . . . 95
it May be Obtained in Transparencies - The Camera Club and the
and Lantern Slides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
-F. Holland Day's Exhibition - The Hollinger Portraits. . . . . . . . . . . . 103
of Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 - Book review of Photograms of '98 . . .. 112
-The Ferguson Print Exhibition. . . . . . . 22 - Book review of In Nature's Image .... 112
-On Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Alfred Stieglitz
S. S. Webber - In Re-Compensating Cover Glass . . . . . 90
-Celluloid Trimming Forms . . . . . . . . . 16

Vol. 2 No.4, April1899

W. F. Hapgood
Vol. 2 No.2, October, 1898
-Some Notes on Bromide Paper . . . . . . . 147
W. E. Carlin Joseph T. Keiley
- Natural History and -Tonality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 William D. Murphy
Sadakichi Hartmann - The Second Annual Dinner . . . . . . . . . 177
-A Few Reflections on Amateur William M. Murray
and Artistic Photography . . . . . . . . . . 41 -Genre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
L. M. McCormick -Mr. W. M. Hollinger on
-On Saving Clouds in a Negative . . . . . . 54 Photographic Portraiture . . . . . . . . . . 160
William M. Murray -Miss Frances B. Johnston's Prints ..... 167
- Self-Culture and Photography . . . . . . . 39 -Miss Zaida Ben-Yusufs Exhibition .... 168
- Collection of Prints by Members - The Carlin-Brownell Naturalistic
of the Camera CLub . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Portraits of Animals, Birds and
Alfred Stieglitz Reptiles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
-Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 -The Postal Photographic Club Prints ... 173

228
 ,

William M. Murray (cont.) Alfred Stieglitz

- Book review of Picture Taking and -The Member's Exhibition of Prints. . . . 78
Picture Making . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 183 - Book review of Naturalistic
- Book Review of The American Photography .................. 88
Annual ofPhotography ........... 183
- Book review of Photographic Mosaics .. 184
Vol. 3 No. ],January 1900
- Book review of The International
Annual of Anthony's Photographic George Davison
Bulletin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 -The American Works at the
Alfred Stieglitz Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
- Exhibition of Prints by Dallett Fuguet
Mrs. Isabel Taylor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 - On Originality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ill
- A Study of Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
W. F. Hapgood
Vol. 3 No. 1, July 1899 - Uranium Toning on Bromide Paper.... 113
Arthur W. Dow Sadakichi Hartmann
- Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier's Portrait - Random Thoughts on Criticism ...... 101
Photographs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 - On Plagiarism and Imitation ........ 105
Sadakichi Hartmann A. Horsley Hinton
-Portrait Painting and Portrait - Some Distinctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 3 Gertrude Kasebier
-The John E. Dumont Exhibition ..... 38 -To Whom it May Concern .......... 121
Joseph T. Kelley Joseph T. Kelley
- Mrs. Kasebier's Prints. . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 - An Improved Method of Developing
-William D. Murphy's Exhibition Platinotypes. . . . . . . . . . . ........ 115
of Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 - Overheard in a Suburban Club ....... 116
- Exhibition of the Pictures of
Clarence H. White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Vol 3 No.2, 1899 -The Salon: Its Purpose, Character and
Lesson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Charles I. Berg
- Object Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
W. E. Carlin
Vol. 3 No.4, Apri/1900
- The Gum-Bichromate Process . . . . . . . 66
Robert Demachy John Aspinwall
- What Difference is There Between - Notes on Photomicrography ........ 197
a Good Photograph And an Artistic Craig Annan
Photograph? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 - Extracts from Address at the
Dallet Fuguet Opening of his Exhibition at the
- Plein-Air Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Royal Photography Society. . . ...... 243
A. Horsley Hinton J. Wells Champney
- Some Motives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 - Exhibition of Prints by
Joseph T. Keiley Frank Eugene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
-Money Talks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Robert Demachy
- The Stieglitz Lantern Slide - Criticism on Photographs .......... 193
Exhibition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 Dallett Fuguet
-The Portfolio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 -Truth in Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Charles E. Manierre - Exhibition of Prints by Frank
-On Suitable Intensity of Light. . . . . . . 61 Eugene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208

229
W. F. Hapgood Alfred Stieglitz
- Club Criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 - untitled article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Sadakichi Hartmann
- Exhibition of Photographs by
Rudolf Eickemeyer, Jr . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Joseph T. Keiley Vol 4 No. 2, October 1900
- Loan Exhibition . . . . . . . . ........ 214 W. B. Dyer
- The Camera Notes Improved
- What is Permissible in the
Glycerine Process for the Development
Legitimate Artistic Photograph? . . . . . . 112
of Platinum Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Dallett Fuguet
Unsigned - Maker and Critic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
-Exhibition of Photographic Studies A. Horsley Hinton
by J.D. Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 - Naturalism in Photography . . . . . . . . . 83
Sadakichi Hartmann
- A Plea for the Picturesqueness of
New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Joseph T. Keiley
Vol. 4 No. 1, July 1900
- Exhibition of Prints by Eva L.
J. Edgar Bull Watson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
- From Another Point of View. . . . . . . . 38 Charles E. Manierre
Charles H. Caffin - Motion in Art. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
- Some Thoughts on Landscape Alfred Stieglitz
and Nature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 - The Members' Third Annual
William B. Dyer Exhibition of Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
- The Chicago Salon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 - Book review of The American
Dallett Fuguet Annualo[Photography .......... . 127
- Exhibition of Prints by Joseph Unsigned
T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 - L'Homme Qui Rit (response to
Sadakichi Hartmann Smiler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
- Color and Texture in
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- Exhibition of Photographic
Vol. 4 No. 3, January 1901
Studies by Charles I. Berg. . . . . . . . . . 37
-Through Semi-Japanese Eyes ........ 46 Thomas Bolas
Joseph T. Keiley How Lenses May Affect Results ....... 137
- The Pictorial Movement in Charles H. Caffin
Photography and the Significance - Impressionism; What Is It? . . . . . .... 131
of the Modern Photographic Salon . . . . 18 - Exhibition of Prints b:y Miss Rose
Charles E. Manierre Clark and Mrs. Elizabeth Flint Wade ... 186
-Art in the Foreground . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Joseph T. Keiley
C. Welborne Piper -The Salon: Its Place, Pictures, Critics
- A Method of Toning Lantern and Prospects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Slides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Charles Manierre
A. Smiler (Osborne J. Yellott) - On the Tone and Density of
- The Keely Cure; or, How It Came Negatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
to be Written a Commedy (sic) in J. Ridgway Moore
Two Acts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 -The Influence of Juries of
-The Transcendentalists. A Comedy. . . . 61 Selection Upon Photographic Art . . . . . 149

230
Eduard J. Steichen F. Colburn Clarke
- British Photography from an - A New Power of Artistic
American Point of View . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Alfred Stieglitz Robert Demachy
- Book review of Photograms of the - The American New School of
Year, 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Photography in Paris . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
- Book review of A Handbook of Dallett Fuguet
Photography in Colors ............ 229 -An Artist's Song. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
John Francis Strauss - Snap-shot Fables for Developing
- The Club and Its Offical Organ ...... 153 Photographers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Unsigned Joseph T. Kelley
- Pictorial Photography from America 181 - Robert S. Redfield and the
-Snap-shot Fables for Developing Photographic Society of Philadelphia . . 59
Photographers (Dallett Fuguet) ...... 185 - The Element of Chance . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Charles E. Manierre
Vol. 4 No. 4, Apri/1901 - Metol and Quina! (M. & Q.)
Developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
E. 0. Beck Dr. John Nicol
- Newark Exhibition of Pictorial - The Past, the Present and the
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S
Dallett Fuguet George H. Seymour
- Whither? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 - From a Subscriber Upon Renewal
- Pictorialistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 of Subscription. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
- Naturalistic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 John F. Strauss
Sadakichi Hartmann - Symbolism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
-On Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 Frank M. Sutcliffe
-Exhibition of Prints by -On Figure Photography . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Virginia M. Prall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
-Exhibition of Prints by Vol. 5 No. 2, October 1901
W. B. Post . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Joseph T. Kelley 0. W. Beck
-Exhibition of Prints by -Art Education of the Photographer. . . . 82
J. Ridgway Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Charles H. Caffin
Rodrigues Ottolengui - The Figure-Subject in Pictorial
- Impressionism in Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 - In the Artist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Alfred Stieglitz J. Wells Champney
- The American Pictorial - Some First Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Photographs for the International Dallett Fuguet
Art Exhibition at Glasgow ......... 273 - Portraiture as Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
John F. Strauss Sadakichi Hartmann
-Catchwords and Cant. . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 - On Exhibitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lOS
-The Club Smoker of 1901. ......... 271 A. Horsley Hinton
- Influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Joseph T. Kelley
Vol. 5 No. 1, July 1901
-Tones and Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
0. W. Beck - The Linked Ring: Its Position and
- The Art Education of the Origin, and What it Stands for in
Photographer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 the Photographic World . . . . . . . . . . . 111

231
Charles Manierre Charles H. Caffm
- Testing Lenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 -Fourth Annual Exhibition of the
Alfred Stieglitz Philadelphia Photographic Salon . . . .. 307
-Numbering Frames at Exhibitions .... 124 Robert Demachy
- Apropos of Mr. Edmund Stirling's - Gave (Glasgow Exhibition) . . . . . . . . . 243
Resignation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Dallett Fuguet
- A Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Vol. 5 No.3, January 1902 Sadakichi Hartmann
- A Photographic Enquete . . . . . . . . . . . 233
C. Yarnell Abbott Joseph T. Kelley
- An American's Impression of the -The Decline and Fall of the
London Exhibitions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Philadelphia Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Charles H. Caffin L. M. McCormick
- The Philadelphia Photographic - Concerning Plate Making . . . . . . . . . . 271
Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Charles Manierre
J. Wells Champney -Notes on the Use of Magnesium
- Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Tape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Dallett Fuguet - A Test of Chromatic Aberration ...... 262
- Maxims for Artistic Beginners ....... 187 - A Convenient Way of Keeping Hypo ... 262
Sadakichi Hartmann Olive M. Potts
- Subject and Treatment. ........... 177 - Odds and Ends Clipped from Some
A. Horsley Hinton Art Magazines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 305
-Too Easily Satisfied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 Robert S. Redfield
Joseph T. Keiley - The Salon Committee of 1900 Makes
- The Exception to the Rule ......... 198 a Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
-In Memoriam (J. R. Moore) ......... 221 Edmund Stirling
Allan C. MacKenzie -Philadelphia and Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
-American Pictorial Photography at John F. Strauss
Glasgow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 -More Aftermath and the End ........ 231
Rodrigues Ottolengui F. Dundas Todd
-Cloud Compositions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 - Parallel Paths to the Pictorial
Alfred Stieglitz Paradise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
- A Use for Soiled Platinum Paper ..... 191
- Sloppiness in the Platinum Process .... 192 Vol. 6 No. 1, July 1902
-Interesting Statistics of the Philadelphia
Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 Sidney Allan (Sadakichi Hartmann)
- Reply to Letter About Photographic .... . -On Genre. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Salons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 - Eduard J. Steichen, Painter-
- Book review of Photograms of 1901 ... 222 Photographer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
John F. Strauss Will A. Cadby
- Aftermath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 - Diffusion and Simplification . . . . . . . . 17
Eva Watson-Schiitze Charles H. Caffin
- Some Fragmentary Notes on the -Save Us from Our Friends! ......... $5
Chicago Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 E. Lee Ferguson
-The Washington Salon of 1896 ...... 63
Dallett Fuguet
Vol. 5 No.4 April1902
-The Philosophy of Laughter . . . . . . . . 6
W. I. Lincoln Adams Joseph T. Kelley
-The Art in Photography ........... 247 -And!? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

232
Joseph T. Kelley (cont.) Osborne I. Yellott
-In the Style of the Masters . . . . . . . . . 61 -A Plea for Pinhole Photography ...... 104
J. B. Kerfoot
- The Greek Influence in Vol. 6 No.3, February 1903
Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Sidney Allan (Sadakichi Hartmann)
Henry H. Man
-Picturesque New York ..-. . . . . . . . . . 143
-A Novel and Interesting Suggestion. . . . 82
L. W. Brownell
Eduard J. Steichen
-Realism in Nature Photography ...... 136
- The American School. . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
W. E. Carlin
Alfred Stieglitz
- Book review of The American
-To William M. Murray-An Appreciative
Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Acknowledgement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
-Painters on Photographic Juries. . . . . . 27 -Book Review of Nature and the
- The "Champs de Mars" Salon Camera ...... .•..•........... 176
and Photography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 J. W. Champney
John F. Strauss -Aller guten Dinge sind Drei ......... 134
- The "Photo-Secession" at the Joseph T. Kelley
Arts Club. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 - Book review of Photograms of
Unsigned the Year for 1902 . .............. 168
-Catalogue of the Photographic Library L. M. McCormick
of the Camera Club of New York . . . . 83 - Book review of The American Annual
of Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
- Book review of Finishing the Negative . 172
Vol. 6 No.2, October 1902 - Book reivew of Photographic Apparatus
Juan C. Abel Making and Adapting . ............ 173
- Inaugural. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Charles Manierre
Frederick C. Beach -Notes on Prof. G. W. Ritchey's
- The American Lantern Slide Lecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Interchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 - Book review of The Lens .......... 173
Ferdinand Stark
F. C. Clarke
-The Concentration of Interest. . . . . . . 95 -A Few Words on Carbon Printing ..... 141
C. H. Crosby James H. Stebbins, Jr.
-A Lantern Slide Mat Cutter . . . . . . . . . 121 - The Photo-Chemistry of the Silver
James H. McCorkle Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
-On the Uranium Toning of
Platinum Paper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Vol. 6 No.4, December 1903
Dr. J. Precht
- Acetonesulphite, A New Photographic Juan C. Abel
Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 -Last Word . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Henry M. Reichenbach Sidney Allan (Sadakichi Hartmann)
- Pictorial Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 -On Pictorial and Illustrative
John F. Strauss Qualities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
-The St. Louis Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . 99 Charles I. Berg
F. Dundas Todd - J. Wells Champney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
- Suggestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 A. K. Boursault
W. E. Wallon -The New Club Developer . . . . . . . . . . 184
- The Numbering of Lens Alfred Stieglitz
Diaphragms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I0 I -To William E. Wilmerding . . . . . . . . . . 213

233
 PHOTOGRAPHER INDEX

Alphabetical listing of photographers and location of their work. Listed by volume/issue number, and page
-in that order. Note: "insert" indicates full-page unpaginated illustration.

Abbott, C. Yarnell Bull, E. J. Demachy, Robert Fraser, W. A.

V/3, insert 111/2, 82 1/3, insert 11/3, insert
Abel, Juan C. Bullock, John G. 11/1, frontispiece Fuguet, Dallett
Vl/4, insert V/4, insert 111/3, frontispiece 111/4, 183
Adamson, Prescott VI/1, insert IV/2, 108
V/1, frontispiece Cadby, W. A. Detlefsen, Dr. F. VI/1, insert
Allison, J. Wesley V/3, insert V/4, 257
IV/2, 104 Calland, Eustace VI/4, insert Gear, John
Annan, J. Craig 111/3, insert Devens, Mary 1/3, 74
1/4, insert Carlin, W. E. Vl/1, insert Gloeden, Count Von
111/2, frontispiece 11/2,50-5 2 Dimock, Julian A. 1/2, 27
IV/3, 148, 162, 167 11/4, 177 V/2, 145 11/1, 13
V/3, insert IV/2, 103, 107 Dubreuil, P. IU/2,45
Ashton, Ernest R. Cassard, W. J. 111/3, 133 Gould, A. C.
11/2, frontispiece 111/2, 80 Dumont, John E. V/2, 148
IV /4, insert Champney, J. Wells 11/4, insert Greger, Karl
IV /2, insert Dyer, William B. 1/2, 31
Baker, Frank C. Clark, Rose V/1, insert 11/1,9
IV/1, 15 IV /4, insert IV/2, 83
Beasley, H. A. Oarke, Frederick Colburn Eickemeyer, Rudolf
11/1, 17 IV/2, 110, 111 1/3, frontispiece, 63, Hadaway, Tom
Becher, Arthur E. V/1, 19, 20, 24, 25,26 64,65 V/2, 144
VI/1, insert Vl/2,95,96,97,98, U/2, 39, 41, insert Harris, Walter C.
Beeby, J. insert 111/1, 17 V/2, 159
111/2, 81 Clarkson, Emily, V. 111/2,85 VI/4, 195
Begue, R. L. 1/1,9 111/3, 96 Heim, Edward and E. C.
111/1 , insert 11/1, 6 IV/1, 3 Vl/3, inserts (12 photos.)
Ben-Yusuf, Zaida ll/2,insert IV /2, frontispiece, insert Henneberg, Dr. Hugo
1/4, 93 Collins, W. H. VI/I, insert 1/2, frontispiece
11/1, 7 1/2, 29 VI/4, frontispiece 111/3, 111
111/1, 8 Coutant, Harry Engle, F. A. IV /1, insert
Bennett, Lionel C. VI/2, insert {two) 1/4, 101 V/4, 232, insert, insert
IV /2, insert Cox, G. Eugene, Frank Herbert, Sidney
Berg, Charles I. 111/1, 16 111/1, 14 111/3, 157
1/4, frontispiece Craigie, A. Walpole 111/4, frontispiece, 187, Hill, D.O.
11/3, insert IV/2, 108 189, insert, 193, 197, V/1, 6, 9
111/2, 81 insert, 20 1, insert Hinton, A. Horsley
111/3, insert Darling, Charles A. IV/3, insert 1/1, frontispiece
Vl/3, frontispiece, insert V/2, 147 V/2, 139 111/1, frontispiece
Boon, E.G. Davison, George 111/2, 49' 52, 55
VI/4, 190 V/4, insert Farnsworth, Emma J. 111/3, insert, insert
Breese, James L. Day, F. Holland 1/3, 71, 73, 77 Hofmiester, F. and 0.
111/1, 17 1/2, insert 111/3, insert IV/1, 4
V/2, 142 11/1, 3, 5, insert Ferguson, E. Lee Hoge, F. H.
Bright, Tom 11/2,43 11/1, 9 V/2, 144
U/3, frontispiece 11/3,85 V/2, 144 Hollinger, W. M.
Brownell, L. W. 111/2, 57' 58 Fichte, Albert 11/3, 87
Vl/3,insert,l37, 139 111/3, 97 Vl/1, insert 11/4, insert

235
lnston, Charles F. McKecknie, John W. Ronalds, George L. Sutcliffe, F. M.
Vl/1 , insert 1/1, 3 111/2, 82 V/1, 13, 14, IS, 16, 17
Maurer, Oscar
Troth, Henry
Johnston, Francis B. IV /1, 69 Scott, Arthur Wentworth
1/4, 99
11/2,45,49 VI/I, insert 11/4, 147
11/2, 43
Misonne, Leonhard IV/2, 103, 108
11/3,81 IV/4, 247
11/4, insert 111/3, 107 V/2, 148
V /1, insert Sharp, Benjamin Vail, J. C.
Montant, Alphonse V/2, insert VI/4, insert
Kasebier, Gertrude 11/4, 152 Simpson, Charles
11/4, 135, 141, 142, 145, Wade, Elizabeth F.
Moore, J. Ridgway Vl/3, 143, 145
insert
111/1, 9, 15, insert, insert
V/2, 145
Moses, Will H.
Slade, Elizabeth A.
111/2, 82
. IV /4, insert
Watson-8chiitze, Eva L.
IU/3, 135, 148
111/4. 195. 246 Vl/2, insert Sloane, T. O'Conor
IV /I, frontispiece, insert, IV/2, 78, 81, 89
Mullins, William J. IV/2,104
insert IV /3, insert
V/2, 147 Smith, S. A.
IV/2, 109 Watzek, Hans
Murphy, William D. IV/2, Ill
IV/3, 133 11/4, frontispiece
11/4, insert Stanberry, Mary R.
V /2, frontispiece IV /3, insert
III/2, 79 IV/4, 257
Vl/1, insert Wei!, Mathilde
Vl/2, insert Stark, Ferdinand A.
Keck, Edward W. 11/4, 137. 151
Murray, William M. 111/2, 4 7' 80
Vl/2, insert 111/3, insert
11/3, 87 Steichen, Eduard
Keiley, Joseph T. White, Oarence
IV/3, 135, insert, 145,
11/4, insert lll/1' 9
Norris, Dr. 147' 153
III/2, insert 111/2, insert
lll/3, 106 Stevens, Charles W.
III/3, 91, 95, 101, 104 111/3, insert
V/2, 146
111/4, insert IV/2, 79
Stieglitz, Alfred
IV/1, 7, 9, 10, 13, 17, Ottolengui, Rodrigues IV/3, 137
1/1, 5, insert
insert IV/4, 256 IV /4, frontispiece, insert, insert
1/2, 39, insert
V /1, insert, insert, insert V/3, 190 V/2, insert
11/1, 11, 12
V/2, 141 Vl/1, frontispiece
11/3, 90 (3 Photos.),
Kiihn, Heinrich Patrick, James Wiggins, Myra A.
insert
III/3, 93 VI/3, insert 111/2, 79
11/4, 139
IV/3,177 Post, William B. IV/2, 107
I/1, 7 111/2, insert Vl/2, insert
V /3, insert
I/4, 91 111/4, insert, insert, insert Wright, J. Dunbar
V/4, 244, 245, 249, insen,
II /1, insert IV /2, insert IV/2, 109
insert, insert
V/1, insert IV/3, 146, 149
IV/4, 242 Yellot, Osborne I.
Puyo, C.
Ladd, Sarah L. V /2, insert, insert Vl/2, 105, 108
I/2, 33
V/2, 143 V /3, frontispiece, insert, Young, Daniel K.
I/3, 69
Latimer, H. A. insert I/ I, 16
v /2, 140 Vl/1, insert
VI/2, frontispiece Quinn, J. H. Paintings Reproduced:
Lifshey 111/3, 122 Bastien-Lepage
IV/1, 72 Stirling, Edmund 111/1, 7
Loeber, Charles H. Redfield, Robert S. V /4, frontispiece Holbein
V/2, 147 IV/3, 131 Stoiber, A. H. 11/3, 73
lV/4, 245 I/4, 95 Tizian (sic)
MacDonald, Pirie V/4, insert IV/2, 110 11/3, 75
VI/3, insert Renwick, William W. V/2, 148 Watts
McCormick, L. M. V /2, insert VI/4, insert 111/1, 3
V/2, 149 Robinson, R. W. Strauss, John Francis Whistler
VI/4, insert IV /I, insert IV/2, 107 111/1, 5

Photographs of:
William D. Murphy, president of Camera Oub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/4 105
Officers and Trustees of Can•era Club, including A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 104
Exhibition of the "Photo-Secession" at the Arts Club, New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl/1 4749

236
 PER VOLUME ILLUSTRATIONS
(Alphabetically by Photographer)
Key indicates size of photograph and method of reproduction in the original edition. Page numbers are flush
right.
Full page ... F
Other size ... S
Photogravure (in original edition) ... Pg
Halftone ... Ht
Tissued plate (in original edition) . . . Insert (no pagination)
Not titled ... NT

Vol. 1 No. 1, July 1897 Eickemeyer, Rudolf

-Vesper Bells ....... F, Pg Frontispiece
Clarkson, E.V.
- NT (field with bending fence) . S, Ht 63
- Sisters ................. S, Ht 9
-NT (woman shelling peas) ..•. S, Ht 64
Hinton, A. Horsley
-NT (Vesper Bells w/o knitting) S, Ht 65
- Requiem . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
Farnsworth, E. J.
Young, Daniel K.
- NT (tondo, woman with scarf). S. Ht 71
- Three Sisters ............ S, Ht 16
-NT (little girl in field) ...... S, Ht 73
McKecknie, John W.
-NT (little girl with lute) ..... S, Ht 77
-NT (architectural detail) ..... S, Ht 3
Gear, John
Post, W. B.
-NT (ships) .............. S, Ht 74
- Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 7
Puyo,C.
Stieglitz, Alfred
-NT (two women talking in
- The Old Mill ............. S, Ht 5
boudoir) .............. S, Ht 69
- Portrait of Mr. R ......... F, Pg Insert
Vol. 1 No. 4, April 1898
Vol. 1 No.2, October 1897 Annan, J. Craig
Collins, W. H. -Lombardy Pastoral ....... F, Pg Insert
- NT (nude on rock) ........ S, Ht 29 Berg, Charles I.
Day, F. Holland - Coquette ......... F, Pg Frontispiece
-An Ethiopian Chief ....... F, Pg Insert Ben-Yusuf, Zaida
Gloeden, Count Von -NT (woman and mirror) ..... S, Ht 93
- NT (young boys) .......... S, Ht 27 Engle, F. A.
Greger, Karl -NT (sun on fisherman) ...... S, Ht 101
- NT (herding sheep) ........ S, Ht 31 Eickemeyer, Rudolf
Henneberg, Hugo -NT (flowers in marsh) ...... S, Ht 39
- At the Rushy Pool. . . F, Pg Frontispiece - Photograph of William D.
Puyo,C. Murphy .............. S, Ht 105
-:- NT (sleeping girl) .........S, HT 33 ~Photographs of Officers and

Stieglitz, Alfred Trustees of CC .......... S, Ht 104

-NT (mountain goats) ....... S, Ht 39 Post, W. B.
-A Bit of Venice .......... F, Pg Insert -NT (cow in pasture) ........ S, Ht 91
Stoiber, A. H.
-NT (ships) .............. S, Ht 95
Vol. 1 No.3, January 1898
Troth, Henry
Demachy, Robert -NT (bird's eye view of lily
- Rouen ................ F, Pg Insert pads) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 99

237
VoL 2 No. ],July 1898 Troth, Henry
-NT (dead trees) ........... S, Ht 43
Beasley, H. A.
- NT (sheep grazing) ........ S, Ht 17
Ben-Yusuf, Zaida VoL 2 No. 3,January 1899
- NT (woman reading) ....... S, Ht 7
Berg, Charles I.
Clarkson, E. V.
- Magdalen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
- NT (couple sitting at table) ... S, Ht 6
Bright, Tom
Day, F. Holland
- Returning from the
- NT (nude boy with twig) .... S, Ht 3
Pasture ......... F, Pg Frontispiece
- NY (head of young Indian) ... S, Ht 5
Day, F. Holland
-Ebony and Ivory ......... F, Pg Insert
-NT (woman holding glass) ....S, HT 85
Demachy, Robert
Fraser, W. A.
- Study in Red . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
- A Wet Night, Columbus
Ferguson, E. Lee
Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
-NT (pastoral) . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 9
Hollinger, W.
Gloeden, Count Von
Portrait ofW. M. Murray ...... S, Ht 87
-NT (two boys and cactus) .... S, Ht 13
Johnston, Francis B.
Greger, Karl
-NT (head of woman in hat) ... S. Ht 81
-NT (two girls in field) ...... S, Ht 9
Stieglitz, Alfred
Post, W. B.
- three illustrations showing lantern
- A Pasadena Landscape ..... F, Pg Insert
slide, compensating cover glass and
Stieglitz, Alfred
the combination (carriage and wet
-NT (two girls mailing letter) .. S, Ht 11
night scene) ............ S, Ht 90
- NT (hooded woman walking down
- Mending Nets . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
stairs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 12
Paintings Reproduced
- Holbein, "Sir John Godsalve" . S, Ht 73
Vol. 2 No.2, October 1898 - Tizian (sic), "Man with the
Ashton, Ernest R. Glove" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 75
-Evening Near the
Pyramids ........ F, Pg Frontispiece
Vol. 2 No.4, April 1899
Carlin, W. E.
- Franklin Grouse .......... S, Ht 50 Carlin, W. E.
- Little Chief Hare .......... S, Ht 51 -NT (owl) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 177
- Water Moccasin ........... S, Ht 51 Dumont, John E.
- Mt. Chipmunk ........... S, Ht 52 - Clarionet Player ......... F, Pg Insert
-Canadian Lynx ........... S, Ht 52 Hollinger, W. M.
Clarkson, E. V. - Portrait of W. D. Murphy ... F, Ht Insert
- Spinning . . . . . ......... F. Pg Insert Johnston, Francis B.
Day, F. Holland - Gainsborough Girl. ....... F, Pg Insert
-NT (boy and pot) ......... S, Ht 43 Kiisebier, Gertrude
Eickemeyer, Rudolf -NT (Indian) ............. S, Ht 135
-Who's Dat'! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 41 -NT (girl with violin) ........ S, Ht 141
- A Ranchman ........... F, Pg Insert -NT (profile of woman) ...... S, Ht 142
Johnston, Francis -NT (man with cane) ........ S,Ht 145
-NT (woman with flowers in - Mother and Child . . . . . ... F, Ht Insert
hair) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 45 Keiley, Joseph T.
- NT (head of woman) ....... S, Ht 49 - Study of an Indian Girl .... F, Ht Insert

238
Montant, Alphonse VoL 3 No.2, October 1899
-NT (trees and snow) ....... S, Ht 152
Annan, J. Craig
Murphy, W. D.
- The Little Princess.... F, Pg Frontispiece
-Niagara Falls . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Beeby, J.
Scott, Arthur
- Wet, Foggy Day on Fourteenth
-NT (cow) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 147
Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 81
Stieglitz, Alfred
Berg, Charles I.
- Gossip on Beach .......... S, Ht 139
- Le Bain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 81
Watzek, Hans
Bull, E. J.
- Michel. . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
- Old Mill, East Hampton ..... S, Ht 82
Well, Mathilde
Cassard, W. J.
-NT (head of girl) .......... S, Ht 137
- Fruit Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 80
- NT (girl with flowers in
Day, F. Holland
hair) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S,Ht 151
-NT (boy with pipe) ........ S, Ht 57
-NT (boy with urn on shoulder) S, Ht 58
Eickemeyer, Rudolf
Vol. 3 No. 1, July 1899
-NT (water and weeds) ...... S, Ht 85
Begue, R. L. Gloeden, Count Von
-Decorative Figure ........ F, Pg Insert -NT (boy leaning against pillar). S, Ht 45
Ben-Yusuf, Zaida Hinton, A. Horsley
-Portrait of Sadakichi -NT (coastline and.sunrise) .... S, Ht 49
Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 8 -NT (hill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 52
Breese and Eickemeyer -NT (landscape) . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 55
- Portrait of Yvette Guilbert .... S, Ht 17 Keiley, Joseph T.
Cox, G. - Arabian Nobleman ....... F, Pg Insert
- Portrait of Walt Whitman. . . . . S, Ht 16 Murphy, W. D.
Eickemeyer and Breese - On the Beach . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 79
-Portrait of Yvette Guilbert ... S, Ht 17 Ronalds, George L.
Eugene, Frank - Snow Storm . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 82
- NT (woman and girl, Slade, Elizabeth A.
Misses H.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 14 - A Dutch Family .......... S, Ht 82
Hinton, A. Horsley Stark, Ferdinand
- Day's Decline ...... F, Pg Frontispiece - NT (ship). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 47
Kasebier, Gertrude - On the Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 80
- NT (bust of young girl) ..... S, Ht 9 Stieglitz, Alfred
-NT (mother and child) ...... S, Ht 15 - Scurrying Home ......... F, Pg Insert
-Portrait Study .......... F, Pg Insert White, Clarence
-Portrait ofF. H. Day ...... F, Pg Insert - Spring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Paintings Reproduced Wiggins, Myra A.
- Bastien-Lepage, "Portrait of Sarah - Hunger ist der bester Koch ... S, Ht 79
Bernhardt" S, Ht 7
- Watts, "Portrait of Burne-
Jones" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 3
Vol. 3 No. 3,/anuary 1900
-Whistler, "Whistler's Mother" . S, Ht 5
White, Clarence Berg, Charles I.
- Mrs. H. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 9 - Odalisque . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert

239
Calland, Eustace - Decorative Panel .........F, Ht Insert
- The Mall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -Portrait of Sadakichi Hartmann S, Ht 193
Declercq, Desire -Nirvana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 197
-NT (woman at cradle) ...... S, Ht 97 - La Cigale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Demachy, Robert -Song of the Uly .......... S, Ht 201
- A Street in Mentone . F, Pg Frontispiece - A Portrait ............. F, Pg Insert
Dubreuil, P. Fuguet, Dallett
- NT (Old woman going through -NT (park with trees) ....... S, Ht 183
stile) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 133 Kasebier, Gertrude
Eickemeyer, Rudolf -Portrait of J. T. Keiley ...... S, Ht 195
- NT (woman at piano with three -Portrait of the Photographer .. S, Ht 246
girls) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 96 Keiley, J. T.
Fernsworth, E. J. - A North Carolina Landscape .F, Ht Insert
- La Cigale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert - four of the same print showing range
Henneberg, Hugo of controlling tone, drawing and
-NT (villa in Italy) ......... S, Ht Ill composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht
Herbert, Sidney Stieglitz, Alfred
- NT (head of woman) ....... S, Ht 157 - Experiment in Mercury and
Hinton, A. Horsley Oxalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F, Ht Insert
- On Suffolk Meadows ......F, Ht Insert - A Vignette in Platinum in Two
- Fleeting Shadows ........F, Ht Insert Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert
Kelley, Joseph T. - A Sketch in Platinum ... F, Ht Insert (2)
-NT (hill and trees) ......... S, Ht 91
-NT (wounded cavalier) ...... S, Ht 95 Vol. 4 No. 1,July 1900
-NT (cavalier with helmet) .... S, Ht 101 Baker, Frank C.
-NT (Indian brave) ......... S, Ht 104 -NT (sun over river) ........ S, Ht 15
Kuhn, Heinrich Eickemeyer, Rudolf
-NT (ship) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 93 -NT (head of horse) ........ S, Ht 3
Misonne, Leonhard Henneberg, Hugo
-NT (horses and cart) ....... S, Ht 107 - Italian Landscape ........F, Ht Insert
Norris, Dr. Hofmeister, F. and 0.
- NT (hill with wheat piles) .... S, Ht 106 -NT (peasant girl with rake) ... S, Ht 4
Quinn,J. H. Kasebier, Gertrude
-NT (shepherd with sheep) .... S, Ht 122 -The Manger ....... F, Pg Frontispiece
Watson, Eva L. - Blessed Art Thou Among
- Silhouette portraits of Philadelphia Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Salon Jury ............. S, Ht 135 - A Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
-NT (woman holding flower) .. S, Ht 148 Keiley, Joseph T.
Weil, Mathilde - An Indian Girl ........... S, Ht 7
- Beatrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert - NT (hill and clouds)........ S, Ht 9
White, Clarence - Twilight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht lO
- Lady with the Venus ......F, Ht Insert -I'll Have The Heart Of Him ... S, Ht 13
-NT (road and lake) ........ S, Ht 17
-Winter Landscape ........ F, Ht Insert
Vol. 3 No.4, Apri/1900
Ufshey
Eugene, Frank -Portrait of G. Kasebier ...... S, Ht 72
- Lady of Charlotte ... F, Pg Frontispiece Maurer, Oscar
-Master Keirn . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 187 -NT (traveler with loaded
-NT (nude profile of woman) .. S, Ht 189 donkeys) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 69
240
Robinson, R. W. Wiggins, Myra A.
- Old Cronies . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -The Gathering Mist ........ S, Ht 107
Wright, J. Dunbar
-On the Indian River ........ S, Ht 109
Vol. 4 No. 2, October 1900
Allison, J. Wesley
Vol. 4No. ],January 1901
- Architectural Study ........ S, Ht 104
Bennett, Lionel C. Annan, J. Craig
-A Stormy Evening ........ F, Pg Insert - Janet Burnet . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Carlin, W. E. -NT (Dutch boy pulling boat) .. S, Ht 162
-Young White-Bellied - Lombardy Ploughing Team .. F, Pg Insert
Nuthatchers . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 103 Eugene, Frank
-On the Dutch Dunes ....... S, Ht 107 - Portrait of Alfred Stieglitz .. F, Pg Insert
Champney, J. Wells Kiisebier, Gertrude
- A Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert - NT (bust of young girl} ..... S, Ht 133
Clarke, Frederick Colburn Kuhn, Heinrich
- Lois . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 110 - Sicilian Bark . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert
- Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 111 Redfield, Robert S.
Craigie, A. Walpole - NT (sailboats) . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 131
- Dolores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 108 Steichen, Eduard J.
Eickemeyer, Rudolf -NT (woman in black} ....... S, Ht 135
-The Dance ........ F, Pg Frontispiece - Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
-By the Wayside .......... F, Pg Insert - Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 145
Fuguet, Dallett - Self-portrait. . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht 147
- The Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 108 - Lady in the Doorway ....... S, Ht 153
Greger, Karl Stieglitz, Alfred
-NT (sheep). . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 83 - NT (horse and carriage in snow
Kasebier, Gertrude storm). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 146
-Portrait of Miss S ......... S, Ht 109 -Snow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S,Ht 149
Scott, A. Wentworth Watson, Eva L.
-Eunice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 103 -A Study Head . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
- The Reaper . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 108 Watzek, Hans
Sloane, T. O'Conor -Poplars and Clouds .......F, Ht Insert
- Long Island Meadows....... S, Ht 104 White, Clarence
Smith, S. A. - NT (four women putting up
- The Harbor Road ......... S, Ht 111 decorations) . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 137
Stieglitz, Alfred
- Landing of the Boats ......F, Ht Insert
Vol 4 No. 4, Apri11901
Stoiber, A. H.
- Under the Arch of Titus ..... S, Ht 110 Ashton, Ernest R.
Strauss, John Francis - A Cairene Cafe .......... F, Pg Insert
-A Winter Torrent ......... S, Ht 107 Clark, Rose and Elizabeth Wade
Watson, Eva L. - Portrait of Miss M ........ F, Pg Insert
- NT (Head of woman in lace Ottolengui, Rodrigues
cap) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 78 -A Misty Morning .......... S, Ht 256
-NT (close-up of flowers) ..... S, Ht 81 Redfield, RobertS.
-NT (mother and baby) ...... S, Ht 89 - Hillside . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 245
White, Clarence Stanberry, Mary R.
- NT (industrial river) ........ S, Ht 79 - The Bar-Maid . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 257
241
 Stieglitz, Alfred Darling, Charles A.
- At Anchor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 242 -Sheep by Roadside ........ S, Ht 147
Troth, Henry Dimock, Julian A.
-In the Fold . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 247 -Girl and Guitar. .......... S, Ht 145
Wade, Elizabeth and Rose Clark Eugene Frank
- Portrait of Miss M . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -Music . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 139
White, Clarence Ferguson, E. Lee
- Telegraph Poles ..... F, Pg Frontispiece -Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 144
-At the Edge of the Woods- Gould, A.C.
Evening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -On the Skirmish Line ....... S, Ht 148
- The Spider Web ......... F, Ht Insert Hadaway, Tom and F .H. Hoge
-Portrait of Cyril Scott ...... S, Ht 144
Vol 5 No. 1, July 1901 Harris, W. C.
-They'll Soon Be Home ...... S, Ht 159
Adamson, Prescott
Hoge, F. H. and Tom Hadaway
- Midst Steam and
-Portrait of Cyril Scott ...... S, Ht 144
Smoke . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
Kasebier, Gertrude
Clarke, Frederick Colburn
- Fruits of the Earth .. F, Pg Fronstispiece
- NT (head of woman) ....... S, Ht 19
Kelley, Joseph T.
-NT (sailor) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 20
- Cornfield Vista in Afterglow of
- The Indian Princess ...... S, Ht 24 (2)
Autumnal Sunset ........ S, Ht 141
-NT (cavalier) . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 25
Ladd, Sarah L.
- NT (grey day with three
- Messengers of Spring ....... F, Ht 143
figures) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 26
Latimer, H. A.
- NT (head of woman) ....... S, Ht 26
-Testing Fruit ............ S, Ht 140
Dyer, William B.
Loeber, Charles H.
- Clytie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
-A Winter's Day on East River . S, Ht 147
Hill, D. 0.
McCormick, L. M.
- Dr. Gardner . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 6
-The Yampa ............. S, Ht 149
- Newhaven Fishwives ........ S, Ht 9
Moore, J. Ridgway
Keiley, Joseph T.
-Lake lamonia ............ S, Ht 145
-A Bit of Paris ........... F, Ht Insert
Mullins, William J.
- Zitkala-Sa . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
-Decorative Landscape ...... S, Ht 147
-Shylock-A Study ......... F, Pg Insert
Renwick, William W.
Misonne, Leonard
-Nude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
- Evening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Scott, A. W.
Post, William B.
-A Summer Landscape ...... S, Ht 148
- Intervale, Winter ......... F, Pg Insert
Sharp, Benjamin
Sutcliffe, F. M.
- Citadel - Wurzburg ....... F, Ht Insert
-NT (fisherman and family) ... S, Ht 13
Steichen, Eduard
-NT (two fishermen) ........ S, Ht 14
-The Judgment of Paris-
- NT(three women knitting) ... S, Ht 17
A Landscape Arrangement .F, Ht Insert
-NT (three nude boys and ship). S, Ht 15
Stieglitz, Alfred
-NT (children on beach with
- An Icy Night . . . . . . ..... F, Pg Insert
baskets) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 16
- September ............. F, Ht Insert
Stevens, Charles W.
Vol. 5 No. 2, October 1901
-Mme. Duse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 146
Breese, James L. Stoiber, A. H.
- Portrait . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 142 -Off the Beach at Cannes ..... S, Ht 148

242
White, Clarence Demachy, Robert
- A Decorative Panel ....... F, Ht Insert - Cigarette Girl - A Poster
Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert
Vol 5 No.3, January 1902 Devens, Mary
- Charcoal Effect. ......... F, Pg Insert
Abbott, Yarnell Eickemeyer, Rudolf
- Decorative Landscape ..... F, Pg Insert - Winter Landscape ........ F, Pg Insert
Annan, J. Craig Fichte, Albert
- Return from the Pasture .... F, Ht Insert - Toil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Cadby, W. A. Fuguet, Dallett
- Path up the Hill ......... F, Ht Insert - The Street . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Kiihn, Heinrich Inston, Charles F.
- Before the Storm ........ F, Ht Insert - Before the Wind ......... F, Ht Insert
Ottolengui, Rodrigues Kiisebier, Gertrude
-Cloud Composition ...... S, Ht 190 (2) - Indian Chief . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Stieglitz, Alfred Maurer, Oscar
- Spring .......... F, Pg Frontispiece - Approaching Storm ....... F, Pg Insert
- Spring Flowers - The - Photograph of the Photo-
Coach . . . . . . . . . . . . ... F, Pg Insert Secession at the Arts Club F, Ht 47-49
- Spring Flowers - The Stieglitz, Alfred
Sweeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -Gossip- Venice ......... F, Ht Insert
White, Clarence
Vol. 5 No.4, Apri/1902 - Portrait .......... F, Pg Frontispiece
Bullock, John G.
- The White Wall .......... F, Ht Insert Vol 6 No.2, October 1902
Davison, George Clarke, Frederick Colburn
- The Part of the Day ....... F, Pg Insert -NT (man's proflle w/Napoleonic
Detlefsen, F. hat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 95 (2)
- The Chrysanthemum ....... S, Ht 257 - NT (General seated) ........ S, Ht 96
Henneberg, Hugo -NT (portrait of a man in ruff) . S, Ht 97
-NT (landscape) . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 232 - NT (portrait) . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 98
- Ploughing . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert - Maude Adams in L 'A iglon .. F, Ht Insert
- Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert Coutant, Harry
Kiihn, Heinrich -An Even Start ........... F, Ht Insert
-Portrait ofKiihn by the Artist . S, Ht 244 - A Close Finish .......... F, Ht Insert
- NT (boats in Holland) .... ·.. S, Ht 245 Keck, Edward W.
- NT (Dutch women by the - The Short Cut Home . . . .. F, Pg Insert
water) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 249 Latimer, H. A.
- Italian Landscape ........ F, Ht Insert - A Water Carrier -
- Sirocco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .F, Ht Insert Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
- Sunset. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert Moses, Will H.
Redfield, Robert - Brother Carroll .......... F, Pg Insert
-A New England Landscape .. F, Ht Insert Murphy, William D.
Stirling, Edmund - On the Beach . . . . . . ..... F, Pg Insert
- Bad News . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece Wiggins, Myra
- The Babe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert
Vol. 6 No. 1, July 1902
Yellott, Osborne
Becher, Arthur E. -A Pinhole Landscape ....... S, Ht 105
- When the Hills are Mown ... F, Pg Insert - A Pinhole Landscape ....... S, Ht 108
243
Vol. 6 No.3, February 1903 VoL 6 No.4, December 1903
Berg, Charles I. Abel, J. C.
- Sweet Childhood - Early Morning in the
Days. . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece Catskills . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
- Twilight on the Canal - Boon, E.G.
Leyden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -A Venetian Highway ....... S, Pg 190
Brownell, L. W. Detlefsen, F.
-Red-eyed Vireo . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert -A Head Study . . . . . . . . . . . F, Ht Insert
-NT (two birds) . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 137 Eickemeyer, Rudolf
- NT (four birds) . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 139 - Portrait of Mrs. R. and
Heim, Ed. and E. C. Son . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Frontispiece
- Series of illustrations of Harris, Walter C.
Jewtown, N.Y ....... S, Ht 144-145 -Portrait of J. W.
(12 photos) Champney . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 195
MacDonald, Pirie McCormick, L. M.
- Richard Le Gallienne ...... F, Pg Insert - Evening on the Marshes . . . . F, Pg Insert
Patrick, James Stoiber, A. H.
- The End of the Day ....... F, Pg Insert - A Quiet Port . . . . . . . . . . . F, Pg Insert
Simpson, Charles Vail, J. C.
- NT (three women at street - After the Storm ......... F, Ht Insert
market) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S, Ht 143
-NT (street market) ........ S, Ht 145

244
 SUBJECT INDEX

Under each category are listed related articles in alphabetical order, location of which is represented by
volume/issue number, and page- in that order.

THE AMERICAN NEW SCHOOL OF - The Element of Chance

PHOTOGRAPHY J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 63
- The American New School of - A Few Reflections on Amateur
Photography and Artistic Photography
Robert Demachy ........... V/1 33 S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 41
-The Issue - From Another Point of View
Osborne I. Yellott .......... V/4 272 J. E. Bull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 38
- Grandpa's Lesson in Artistic
Photography
ART
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 67
-Aller guten Dinge sind Drei - How a Picture Was Made
J. W. Champney . . . . . . .... VI/3 134 R. Eickemeyer . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 63
- The Amateur Photographer as a - The Ideal in Art
Philanthropist unsigned . . . . . .......... VI/4 189
William D' Murphy. . . . . . . . . . I/2 30 - Impressions in Photography
- American Pictorial Photography R. Ottolengui . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 251
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 56 -Impressionism; What Is It?
- The American School C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 131
E. Steichen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 22 - Influences
-And!? A. H. Hinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 84
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 57 - Linear Perspective of the Camera
- Art and the Camera J. W. M'Kecknie ........... 1/2 41
F. H. Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 27 - Maxims for Artistic Beginners
- Art and the Camera D. Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 187
F. H. Day . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II/I 3 - Motion in Art
- The Art Education of the C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 98
Photographer - The Music of Colors, the Colors of
0. W. Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 3 Music
- Art Education of the Photographer W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 67
0. W. Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 82 - A New Power of Artistic Expression
- The Art in Photography F. C. Clarke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 19
W.I. Lincoln Adams ........... V/4 247 -On Originality
- Art in the Foreground D. Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 Ill
C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 17 - The Other Side - A Communication
-Both Sides D. K. Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 46
A. H. Hinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 77 -Painters on Photographic Juries
- Catchwords and Cants A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 27
J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 247 -Parallel Paths to Pictorial
- Choice of Subject and Exposure Paradise
D. L. Elmendorf . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 116 F. D. Todd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/4 263
- The Concentration of Interest - The Past, the Present, and the Future
F. C. Clarke ............. VI/2 95 J. Nicol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 5
- Diffusion and Simplification -The Philosophy of Laughter
W. A. Cadby . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 17 D. Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 6

245
- A Photographic Enquete -Tonality
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/4 233 J. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 136
- On Pictorial and lllustrative -Tones and Values
Qualities J. T. Kelley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 101
S. Allan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. VI/4 181 -Too Easily Satisfied
-The Pictorial Movement in A. H. Hint"n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 165
Photography - Too Well Done
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 18 W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 92
- Pictorial Photography - Truth in Art
H. M. Reichenbach ......... VI/2 115 D. Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 183
-On Plagiarism and Imitation -What Difference is There Between
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 105 a Good Photograph and an Artistic
- A Plea for the Picturesqueness of Photograph?
New York R. Demachy . . . . . . . . . . . . . lll/2 45
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 91 - What is Permissible in the
- Plein-Air Photography Legitimate Artistic Photograph?
D. Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 58 W. B. Dyer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 112
-The Portfolio of American Pictorial -Whither?
Photography D. Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 242
J. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 86
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 286 ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOGRAPHY
- Random Thoughts on Criticism
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 101 -Notes on Professor G. W. Ritchey's
- Relation of Photography to Art Lecture
J. W. Champney . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 93 C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 162
- Save Us from Our Friends
C. Caffm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 55 BEN-YUSUF
-Self-Culture and Photography
-Miss Zaida Ben-Yusurs Exhibition
W. M. Murray .. ; .......... 11/2 39
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 168
- Snapshot Fables for Developing
Photographers
D. Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 45 BERG
- Some Distinctions
- Reviews of the Exhibition of
A. H. Hinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 91
Photographic Studies by
- Some Photographic Maxims
Charles I. Berg
W. E. Woodbury . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 71
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . IVI 1 37
- Some thoughts on Landscape
and Nature
C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 3 BROMIDE PAPER
- A Study of Studies - Some Notes on Bromide Paper
D. Fuguet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 133 W. F. Hapgood . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 147
- In the Style of the Masters -Uranium Toning on Bromide
J. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 61 Paper
- Subject and Treatment W. F. Hapgood . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 113
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 177
- Suggestion
BOOK REVIEWS (Author of review)
F. D. Todd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/2 86
-Symbolism -The American Animals
J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 27 W. E. Carlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 174

246
 -The American Annual of -Photograms of '98
Photography and Photographic W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 II2
Times Almanac for 1898 - Photograms of '99
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 86 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 I72
- The American Annual of - Photograms of 1900
Photography and Photographic A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 229
Times Almanac for 1899 - Photograms of 1901
W. M. Murray ., . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 I83 A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . , ..... V/3 222
-The American Annual of - Photograms of 1902
Photography and Photographic Joseph T. Kelley . . . . . . . . . . .VI/3 I68
Times Almanac for 1901 -Photographic Apparatus Making
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 I27 and Adapting
-The American Annual of L. M. McCormick . . . . . . . . . . Vl/3 I73
Photography and Photographic -Photographic Mosaics; An
Times Almanac for 1902 . . . . . . . Vl/3 I72 Annual Record ofPhotographic
-Bromide Enlargements and Progress
How to Make Them W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 I84
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 86 - Sunlight and Shadow
- The Ency/opedic Dictionary W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 85
of Photography
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 62 CAMERA CLUB OF NEW YORK
-Finishing the Negative - Annual Dinner. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 83
L. M. McCormick . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 I72 11/4 I77
-A Handbook of Photography III/4 206
in Colors N/4 285
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 229 V/4 3I2
- The International Annual of VI/4 2I2
Anthony's Photographic - Camera Club certificate to
Bulletin Vol 11 A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/2 102
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 I84 -Camera Club Map of Rooms ...... 11/2 64
-The Lens 11/3
C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 I73 III/I
- Nach der Natur - Catalogue of the Photographic
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 85 Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 83
-Naturalistic Photography - Catalogue of the Members'
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 88 Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 139
-Nature and the Camera - Catalogue of the Print and Slide
W. E. Carlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 I76 Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 49
-Nature Studies in Berkshire - The Club and Its Official Organ
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 I72 J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 I 53
-In Nature's Image - Club Criticism
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 II2 W. F. Hapgood . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 202
- Penrose 's Pic to rial A nnua/, 1898 -The Club Ubrary . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 62
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 62 V/I 57
-Picture Taking and Picture V/2 I 57
Making V/3 227
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 I83 - Club Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . • . 1/ I 9
-Picturesque Bits of New York 1/2 52
(Stieglitz) 1/3 76
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 84 1/4 I22
247
CAMERA CLUB OF NEW YORK (cont.) - Loan Exhibition
-Club Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/1 24 J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 214
11/3 99 - Members' Annual Exhibition of
11/4 166 Prints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/2 51
III/1 27 11/2 55
111/3 125 11/2 59
111/4 204 III/2 78
IV/I 24 IV/2 103
IV/2 121 IV/2 109
IV/3 183 V/2 139
IV/4 283 V/2 154
V/1 67 - List of Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/1
V/2 151 1/2
V/3 223 11/3
V/4 309 111/3
Vl/1 69 IV/3
Vl/2 117 VI/4
VI/3 155 - A Month in the Camera Club
Vl/4 199 W. D. Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 73
- Honors Awarded to Members . . . . . I/ I 21 - Notes from the Secretary's Desk . . . 1/1 22
1/3 75 1/2 52
II/ 1 31 1/3 70
11/3 100 l/4 121
111/1 39 11/1 28
III/3 108 11/2 56
111/3 126 11/3 106
111/4 241 11/4 185
V/1 64 111/1 24
- Lectures Presented . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 106 111/2 88
111/4 205 III/3 126
IV/2 121 III/4 241
V/1 78 IV/1 55
V/2 158 IV/3 184
V/4 311 - The Nucleus of a Club Museum
VI/1 81 unsigned (call for photographic
Vl/3 159 history) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 228
Vl/4 212 - Object Lessons
- List of Officers, Trustees and C. I. Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 65
Committees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/1 - Objectives of the Camera Club . . . . 1/2 55
1/2 11/3
11/3 III/3
III/1 IV/3
III/3 - Our New Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II/ 1 15
IV/1 - Our Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4-· 180
IV/3 IV/4 271
V/1 Vl/4 212
V/2 - President's Annual Report
V/4 D. H. Walker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/1 13
Vl/1 W. D. Murphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/1 25
Vl/4 III/I 28
248
-President's Annual Report (cont.) - Portfolios of Gravures in Camera
W. D. Murphy. . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 24 Notes (sales offer) . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 I46
V/I 68 - Reviews of Camera Notes . . . . . . . 1/2 53
J. Aspinwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 7I 1/2 60
-Resignation ofW. E. Johnson 11/4 I62
(secretary) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 40 IV/I 55
- W. E. Woodbury engaged as V/I 58
Curator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV /2 I02 -Valedictory (farewell notice)
A. Stieglitz, J. T. Kelley,
CAMERA NOTES D. Fuguet, J. Strauss, and
J. C. Abel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 3
- The Club and its Official Organ
J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 I 53
CARBON PRINTING
- Free Speech
Publication Committee ........ III/I 23 - A Few Words on Carbon Printing
- The Greek Influence in Photography F. Stark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 I4I
J. B. Kerfoot. . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I I2
-Last Word CASSARO
J. C. Abel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl/4 I79 -The William J. Cassard Exhibition
-Notes (technical offerings) W. F. Hapgood . . . . . . . . . . . III/ I 37
Charles W. Stevens ........ III/2 83
III/3 I27 CHAMPNEY
III/4 239 - J. Wells Champney
IV/I 65 C. I. Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/4 I96
IV/2 IOI - Euology to J. Well Champney
IV/3 228 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl/4 I95
V/I 51
V/I 65 CLARK
V/2 104
159 - Exhibition of Prints by Miss Rose Clark
V/2
220 C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 I86
V/3
V/4 274
CWUDS
(Renamed Progress) . . . . . . . . VI/2 123
VI/3 165 - Cloud Compositions
VI/4 214 R. Ottolengui . . . . . . . . . . ... V/3 188
-Our Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/I 22 - Clouds in Landscape Photography
1/2 40 W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . II/3 81
1/3 87 - On Saving Clouds in a Negative
1/4 105 L. M. McCormick . . . . . . . . . . . II/2 54
II/ I 18
COLOR
11/2 40
11/3 96 - The Chassagne-Dansac Natural
11/4 146 Color Photography
III/I 24 A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 70
III/2 75 - Color and Texture in Photography
III/3 114 S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . IVI 1 9
- Objectives of Camera Notes ...... I/I 3 - Is the Latest Process of Color
1/4 96 Photography Genuine?
Vl/2 85 W. E. Woodbury . . . . . . . . . . . 1/1 4

249
- Kromskop Color Photography - Maker and Critic
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IVI I 35 D. Fuguet. .............. IV/2 77
- The M'Donough Process of - Random Thoughts on
Color Photography Criticism
J. Aspinwall . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 242 S. Hartmann ............. 111/3 101
- Some First Principles
COMPETITIONS J. W. Champney ........... V/2 91
-The Beginners' Competition ...... 1/1 24
- Berg Combination Prize ........ III/I 41 DAGUERREOTYPES
- Eastman Prize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/ 1 21 - An Historical Letter
1/2 51 L. E. Chittenden ........... 11/1 17
1/3 78
- Photos of Eastman Exhibition
of I898 ................... 1/4 97 DAY
-The 1902 Landscape Cup ....... Vl/2 120 - The American New School
VI/3 161 of Photography in Paris
- Lantern Slide Championship R. Demachy .............. V/1 33
Cup ...................... 1/1 20 -F. Holland Day's Exhibition
1/1 24 of Prints
1/2 53 W. M. Murray ............. II/I 21
1/3 78 -F. Holland Day in London
11/2 63 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 120
11/4 165
III/I 40
III/3 126 DEVELOPING
IV/1 48 - Developing, and a New Result
-A Novel and Interesting W. C. Harris .............. II/I 13
Suggestion - Diamido-Meta-Dioxybenzine and
H. H. Man .............. VI/I 82 its Use as a Developer
-Presidential Print Prize ......... 1/1 7 J. H. Stebbins ............. 1/4 106
1/1 23f - Metol and Quinol Developer
I/4 124 C. Manierre ................. V/1 49
11/4 165 - The New Club Developer
III/I 40 A. K. Boursault . . . . . . . . . . . VI/4 184
III/3 126 - On Development
IV/1 48 W. M. Murray ............. 11/1 32
IV/2 122 -Standards
Vl/2 120 unsigned ............... Vl/3 164
Vl/3 161
VI/4 212
DISTANCE
COMPOSITION - When Distance Lends
Enchantment
- On Composition 94
W. M. Murray ............. I/4
S. Hartmann ............. IV /4 257

CRITICISM DUMONT
-- Criticism on Photographs -The John E. Dumont Exhibition
R. Demachy ............. III/4 193 S. Hartmann ............. III/I 38
250
EICKEMEYER - The "Photo-Secession" at the
Arts Club . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/ 1 33
- Exhibition of Photographs by
- Newark (Ohio) Exhibition of
Rudolf Eickemeyer
Pictorial Photography
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 216
E. 0. Beck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 263
- On Exhibitions
EMERSON
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 105
- Naturalism in Photography -Our Lack of Exhibitions
A. H. Hinton ............. IV/2 83 E. L. Ferguson . . . . . . . . . . . . I/2 28
- Review of Naturalistic Photography - Exhibition of Prints by
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 88 Members of the Photographic
Society of Philadelphia
ENGLE J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 62
- The Postal Photographic
-The F. A. Engle Exhibition
Club Prints
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 120
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 173
- The St. Louis Exhibition
EUGENE
J. F. Strauss ............. VI/2 99
- Reviews of the Exhibition of - The Turin International
Prints by Frank Eugene Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 50
J. W. Champney .......... III/4 207 VI/3 133
VI/3 154
EXHIBITIONS VI/3 157
- The American Institute Exhibition - The Vienna Camera Oub
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 95 Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/4 110
- A Walk Through the Exhibition
of the Photographic Section of EXPOSURE
the American Institute
- Choice of Subject and
S. Hartmann .............. 11/3 86
Exposure
- The English Exhibitions and the
D. L. Elmendorf ........... I/4 116
American Invasion
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 162
- American Pictorial Photography FARNSWORTH
at Glasgow -The Emma J. Farnsworth
A. C. MacKenzie .......... V/3 196 Exhibition
IV/2 120 W. M. Murray ............. I/3 82
IV/4 273
V/3 196
FERGUSON
V/4 243
-Two Kodak Exhibitions -The Ferguson Print Exhibition
W. M. Murray ..•.......... I/4 97 W. M. Murray ............. 11/1 22
-Munich Exhibition ............ 11/4 165
- Catalogue of the National
FIGURE
Arts Club Exhibition .......... VI/ 1 40
- An Exhibition at the National - On Figure Photography
Arts Club, N.Y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/4 277 Frank Sutcliffe ............ V/1 13
- National Arts Oub - The Figure-Subject in Pictorial
Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 33 Photography
VI/I 40 C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 93
251
GENRE - Mrs. Kasebier's Prints
J. T. Kelley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/I 34
-Genre
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 150
-On Genre LANDSCAPE
S. Allan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 10
- Clouds in Landscape Photography
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 81
GLYCERINE PROCESS -Landscape
J. W. Champney . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 170
- The Camera Notes Improved Glycerine
- Some Thoughts on Landscape and Nature
Process for the Development of
C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 3
Platinum Prints
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111/4 221
LANTERN SLIDES
- The American Lantern Slide
GUM PRINTING Interchange
- The Gum Bichromate Process F. C. Beach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/2 92
W. E. Carlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111/2 66 -The Awards in the Lantern
- Gum Printing Slide Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 78
A. Stieglitz (in Notes) ........ 11/2 53 - The Camera Club and the Interchange
W.M.Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 101
- Club Criticism
HOLLINGER
W. F. Hapgood . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 202
-Mr. W. M. Hollinger on -Fin-de-Siecle Lantern Slide
Photographic Portraiture Competition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/ 1 42
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 160 III/4 218
- The Hollinger Portraits IV/1 48
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 103 - First Public Exhibition of
Lantern Slides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/ 1 8
JOHNSTON - A Lantern Slide Mat Cutter
C. H. Crosby . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl/2 121
-Miss Francis B. Johnston's Prints
- Lantern News . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I/ 1 20
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 167 l/2 52
1/3 77
KElLEY I/4 121
IV/3 !84
- Reviews of the Exhibition of
Prints by J. T. Keiley -Lantern Slide Prize Competition ... I/1 20
1/2 53
D. Fuguet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 42
- The Keely Cure - A Method of Toning Lantern Slides
A. Smiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/ 1 56 C. W. Piper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 14
- Through Semi-Japanese Eyes - The Modern Lantern Slide
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 46 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 179
- The Transcendentalists - Picturesque Tonality in
A. Srniler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 61 Photographic Work and How It
May be Obtained in Transparencies
and Lantern Slides
KASEBIER W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . II/I 6
- Mrs. Gertrude Kasebier's Portrait Photographs - In Re-Compensating Cover Glass
A. W. Dow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/1 22 A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 90

252

--·
- Some Remarks on Lantern MODELS
Slides
- A Word About Models
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 32
C. I. Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 91
- The Stieglitz Lantern Slide
Exhibition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .
C. MOORE
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 78
- On Suitable Intensity of Light - Exhibition of Clarence B.
C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 61 Moore's Work
- The Test Room W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 81
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/3 88
J.MOORE
LENSES
- Exhibition of Prints by J. Ridgway
- Elementary Talk on Photo- Moore
graphic Lenses J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/4 275
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI 1 46 - In Memoriam
- How Lenses May Affect J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 221
Results
T. Bolas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 137 MURPHY
- Long and Short Focus Lenses
- William D. Murphy's Exhibition
C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 100
of Prints
- The Numbering of Lens
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/I 37
Diaphragms
W. E. Wallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/2 101
NATURALISM
- Testing Lenses
C. Manierre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 125 - Naturalism in Photography
A. H. Hinton . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 83
"LINKED RING"
NATURE PHOTOGRAPHY
- "Linked Ring" American Members III/4 196
IV/3 186 -The Carlin-Brownell Naturalistic
IV/4 286 Portraits of Animals, Birds and
V/3 199 Reptiles
-"The Linked Ring": Its Position W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/4 172
and Origin, and What it Stands - Natural History and Photography
for in the Photographic World W. E. Carlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/2 50
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 111 - Realism in Nature Photography
L. W. Brownell . . . . . . . . . . . VI/3 136
MC KECKNIE
NEGATIVES
-Print Exhibition by John W.
McKecknie -Standards
W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 120 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V.J/3 163

MAGAZINES NIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY

- Photographic Magazines - Night Photography
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/4 191 W. A. Fraser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 89

253
- In Re-Compensating Cover Glass - The Champs de Mars Salon
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 90 and Photography
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/I 50
THE ORANGE CAMERA CLUB . . . . 1/4 118 - Chicago Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 126
III/3 171 IV/1 69
V/I 78 V/2 122
Vl/1 51 V/3 200
- Detroit Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 126
REDFIELD - London Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/1 21
1/2 51,54
- Robert S. Redfield and the
1/3 75
Photographic Society of 105
11/3
Philadelphia
III/I 39
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 59 117
III/3
III/3 118
SALONS
IV/I 48
- As Some Others see Us IV/3 162
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/3 219 IV/3 175
- untitled (from The Artist) fV/3 179
C. Caffin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 122 IV/3 182
-The Influence of Juries of V/1 64
Selection Upon Photographic Art V/2 121
J. R. Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 149 V/3 199
- More Aftermath and the End V/3 205
J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/4 231 V/3 219
- On Exhibitions
S. Hartmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/2 105 - Philadelphia Photographic Salon ... II/I 23
- Painters on Photographic 11/2 54
Juries 11/3 I06
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 27 11/3 113
- The Past, the Present and 11/3 132
the Future III/I 39
J. Nicol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/I 5 III/2 87
-Photographic Salon Portfolios III/3 I21
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/2 54 III/3 135
- The Pictorial Movement in lll/4 215
Photography and the Significance IV/I 48
of the Modern Photographic Salon IV/2 121
J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/I 18 IV/3 189
- American Institute V/1 64
International Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 95 V/1 78
11/3 105 V/2 106
III/2 87 V/2 121
III/3 122 V/3 163
V/2 I22 V/3 207
V/3 217 V/3 216
-The Berlin Elite Salon ......... III/I 39 V/4 232

254
 SALONS (cont.) - Stieglitz replaced as vice-
- Philadelphia Photographic Salon .. V/4 279 president . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fV/1 42
V/4 300 lV/2 122
V/4 302 -Stieglitz' Resignation ......... IV/1 34
V/4 305 - The Stieglitz Exhibition . . . . . . . . III/2 76
V/4 307 - The Transcendentalists
- Paris Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11/3 107 A. Smiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/ 1 61
-Washington Salon . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 63
TAYLOR
STEICHEN - Exhibition of Prints by
- The Champs de Mars Salon Mrs. Isabel Taylor
and Photography A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/ 1 42
A. Stieglitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/ 1 50
TROTH
-Eduard J. Steichen, Painter-
Photographer - The Troth Exhibition
S. Allan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/1 15 W. M. Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1/4 119
-Eduard J. Steichen's Success
in Paris WADE
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V/1 57 - Exhibition of Prints by
Mrs. Elizabeth Wade
STIEGLITZ C. Caffm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 186
- American Pictorial Photography
unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI/ 1 56 WATSON
- Stieglitz - American Representative - Exhibition of Prints by Eva L. Watson
for Paris Congress. . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 241 J. T. Keiley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/2 122
- Camera Club certificate ... VI/2 102 (insert)
- The Club and its Official Organ WHITE
J. F. Strauss . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/3 153
-Inaugural - Exhibition of the Pictures
J. C. Abel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl/2 85 of Clarence H. White
- The Keely Cure J. T. Kelley. • . . . . . . . . . . . . III/3 123
A. Smiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV/1 56
WRIGHT
- The Stieglitz Lantern Slide
Exhibition - Exhibition of Photographic
J. T. Keiley. . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/2 78 Studies by J. D. Wright
-Stieglitz Awarded Loving Cup..... 11/1 18 unsigned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III/4 213

255
 ----···
THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN

DATE DUE

DEC 17 2008