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    Heat and Mass Transfer

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    Allyzon Mejia
    Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer during a process, while heat transfer focuses on the rate of heat transfer. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. Engineering heat transfer problems involve determining heat exchanger sizes and equipment ratings through experimental testing or analytical calculations. The first law of thermodynamics requires that the net energy transferred into or out of a system equals its change in internal energy.

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    Heat and Mass Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Allyzon Mejia
    40 views29 pages
    Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer during a process, while heat transfer focuses on the rate of heat transfer. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. Engineering heat transfer problems involve determining heat exchanger sizes and equipment ratings through experimental testing or analytical calculations. The first law of thermodynamics requires that the net energy transferred into or out of a system equals its change in internal energy.

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    Heat and mass 2

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    Introduction

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    Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer during a process, while heat transfer focuses on the rate of heat transfer. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. Engineering heat transfer problems involve determining heat exchanger sizes and equipment ratings through experimental testing or analytical calculations. The first law of thermodynamics requires that the net energy transferred into or out of a system equals its change in internal energy.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    40 views29 pages

    Heat and Mass Transfer

    Uploaded by

    Allyzon Mejia
    Thermodynamics deals with the amount of heat transfer during a process, while heat transfer focuses on the rate of heat transfer. Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between systems due to a temperature difference. Engineering heat transfer problems involve determining heat exchanger sizes and equipment ratings through experimental testing or analytical calculations. The first law of thermodynamics requires that the net energy transferred into or out of a system equals its change in internal energy.

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    Introduction

    Heat and Mass Transfer


    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

    Ice
    Heat
    -4 0C
    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
    • In THERMODYNAMICS,
    • It can determine the AMOUNT of heat transfer for any system
    undergoing any process using a thermodynamic analysis alone.
    • It is concerned with the AMOUNT of heat transfer as a system
    undergoes a process from one equilibrium state to another.
    • But, it does not give an indication on HOW LONG the process will
    take.
    Heat and Heat Transfer
    • Heat
    • Form of energy that can be transferred from one system to
    another as a result of TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE.
    • Heat Transfer
    • Science that deals with the determination of the RATES of
    such energy transfers.
    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
    𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 = 1 𝑘𝑔

    𝑇𝑜 = 250 𝐶

    𝑇𝑓 = 1000 𝐶

    𝐴𝑀𝑂𝑈𝑁𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌?
    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
    𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 = 1 𝑘𝑔

    𝑇𝑜 = 250 𝐶

    𝑇𝑓 = 1000 𝐶

    𝐴𝑀𝑂𝑈𝑁𝑇 𝑂𝐹 𝐸𝑁𝐸𝑅𝐺𝑌? 𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶𝑝 ∆𝑇


    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
    𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 = 1 𝑘𝑔

    𝑇𝑜 = 250 𝐶

    𝑇𝑓 = 1000 𝐶

    𝑯𝑶𝑾 𝑳𝑶𝑵𝑮 𝑾𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑰𝑻 𝑻𝑨𝑲𝑬?


    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
    𝑚𝐻2 𝑂 = 1 𝑘𝑔 • Material

    𝑇𝑜 = 250 𝐶

    𝑇𝑓 = 1000 𝐶

    𝑯𝑶𝑾 𝑳𝑶𝑵𝑮 𝑾𝑰𝑳𝑳 𝑰𝑻 𝑻𝑨𝑲𝑬?


    Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer

    𝑇𝑜 = 900 𝐶

    𝑇𝑓 = 800 𝐶
    Application of Heat Transfer
    ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
    • Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers,
    condensers, radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar
    collectors are designed primarily on the basis of HEAT TRANSFER
    ANALYSIS.
    ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
    • Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers,
    condensers, radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar
    collectors are designed primarily on the basis of HEAT TRANSFER
    ANALYSIS.
    • The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered
    in two groups.
    • RATING PROBLEMS
    • SIZING PROBLEMS
    ENGINEERING HEAT TRANSFER
    • Heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers, boilers,
    condensers, radiators, heaters, furnaces, refrigerators, and solar
    collectors are designed primarily on the basis of HEAT TRANSFER
    ANALYSIS.
    • The heat transfer problems encountered in practice can be considered
    in two groups.
    • RATING PROBLEMS
    • SIZING PROBLEMS
    • A heat transfer process or equipment can be studied either
    • EXPERIMENTALLY (testing and taking measurements)
    • ANALYTICALLY (by analysis or calculations)
    Heat and Other Forms of Energy
    Heat and Other Forms of Energy
    • Internal Energy (U) – sum of all microscopic forms of energy.
    • Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy of the Molecules
    • Intermolecular forces between the molecules of a system
    • Units of Energy:
    • Joule (J)
    • BTU (British Thermal Unit) - defined as the energy needed to raise the
    temperature of 1 lbm of water at 60°F by 1°F.
    • 1 calorie - defined as the energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of
    water at 14.5°C by 1°C.
    • 1 BTU = 1.055 kJ
    • 1 cal = 4.1868 J
    Enthalpy
    Specific Heat
    • Specific Heat. Defined as the energy required to raise the
    temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree.
    • Specific Heat at Constant Volume 𝐶𝑣
    • Specific Heat at Constant Pressure 𝐶𝑃
    Energy Transfer
    • Energy can be transferred to or
    from a given mass by two
    mechanisms: heat Q and work
    W.
    • An energy interaction is heat
    transfer if its driving force is a
    temperature difference.
    Otherwise, it is work.
    • Work done per unit time is
    called power.
    • Units of Power: W,hp, lb-ft/min
    Specific Heat
    • The specific heats of a substance, in
    general, depend on two independent
    properties such as temperature and
    pressure.
    • Ideal Gases
    • Specific heat depends on temperature
    Incompressible Substance
    • A substance whose specific volume (or
    density) does not change with temperature
    or pressure is called an incompressible
    substance.
    Energy Transfer
    • Heat – Thermal Energy
    • Heat Transfer – Transfer of Thermal Energy
    • Heat Transfer Rate (𝑄) – Amount of heat
    transferred per unit time.

    • Heat Flux - The rate of heat transfer per unit


    area normal to the direction of heat transfer
    Example 1: Heating of a Copper Ball
    • A 10-cm diameter copper ball is to be heated
    from 100°C to an average temperature of 150°C
    in 30 minutes (Fig. 1–12). Taking the average
    density and specific heat of copper in this
    temperature range to be 𝜌 = 8950 𝑘𝑔/
    𝑚3 and 𝐶𝑝 = 0.395 𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔 · °𝐶, respectively,
    determine
    • (a) the total amount of heat transfer to the
    copper ball,
    • (b) the average rate of heat transfer to the ball,
    • (c) the average heat flux.
    First Law of Thermodynamics
    Energy Balance for a Closed System
    (Fixed Mass)
    Energy Balance for Steady-Flow Systems
    • A large number of engineering devices
    such as water heaters and car radiators
    involve mass flow in and out of a
    system, and are modeled as control
    volumes.
    Mass and Volume Flow Rates
    • The amount of mass flowing through a cross
    section of a flow device per unit time is called the
    mass flow rate, and is denoted by 𝑚.

    • The volume of a fluid flowing through a pipe or


    duct per unit time is called the volume flow rate 𝑉
    Rate of Heat Transfer for Steady Flow System
    Example 2: Heating of Water in an Electric
    Teapot
    • 1.2 kg of liquid water initially at 15°C
    is to be heated to 95°C in a teapot
    equipped with a 1200-W electric
    heating element inside. The teapot is
    0.5 kg and has an average specific
    heat of 0.7 kJ/kg · °C. Taking the
    specific heat of water to be 4.18 kJ/kg
    · °C and disregarding any heat loss
    from the teapot, determine how long
    it will take for the water to be heated.
    Example 3: Heat Loss from Heating Ducts in a
    Basement
    • A 5-m-long section of an air heating
    system of a house passes through an
    unheated space in the basement (Fig. 1–
    19). The cross section of the rectangular
    duct of the heating system is 20 cm x 25
    cm. Hot air enters the duct at 100 kPa and
    60°C at an average velocity of 5 m/s. The
    temperature of the air in the duct drops
    to 54°C as a result of heat loss to the cool
    space in the basement. Determine the
    rate of heat loss from the air in the duct to
    the basement under steady conditions.
    Also, determine the cost of this heat loss The constant pressure specific heat of
    per hour if the house is heated by a
    natural gas furnace that has an efficiency air at the average temperature
    of 80 percent, and the cost of the natural of (54+60)/2 = 57°C is 1.007 kJ/kg · °C
    gas in that area is $0.60/therm (1 therm
    100,000 Btu=105,500 kJ).

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