Physics Assignment

Based on

Faraday’s Law of
Electromagnet
Induction.
Prepared By:
Iyad Imtiyaz Coil
Magnet
xii-h
51965

Galvanometer
 CERTIFICATE

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE PHYSICS PROJECT

TITLED ‘FARADAY ’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNET
INDUCTION ” HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED BY
IYAD IMTIYAZ OF CLASS XII H IN PARTIAL
FULFILLMENT OF CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION (CBSE ) LEADING TO THE
AWARD OF ANNUAL EXAMINATION OF THE YEAR
2023-24.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I WISH TO EXPRESS MY SINCERE
GRATITUDE TO MRS. MANJU MA’AM,
FOR THEIR GUIDANCE &
ENCOURAGEMENT IN CARRYING OUT
THIS PROJECT WORK AND PROVIDING
ME THE OPPORTUNITY TO EMBARK ON
THIS PROJECT .
 INDEX
I. Certification
II. Acknowledgment
III. Introduction
IV. Theory
V. Mutual Inductance
VI. Applications
VII. Conclusion
VIII. Bibliography
 Introduction
1. Faraday’s Law: Faraday's law of
induction (or simply Faraday's
law) is a basic law of
electromagnetism predicting how a
magnetic field will interact with an
electric circuit to produce an
electromotive force (emf)—a
phenomenon known as
electromagnetic induction. It is the
fundamental operating principle of
transformers, inductors, and many
types of electric motors, generators
and solenoids.
Faraday's experiment showing induction between
coils of wire: The liquid battery (right) provides a
current which flows through the small coil (A),
creating a magnetic field. When the coils are
stationary, no current is induced. But when the
small coil is moved in or out of the large coil (B),
2. Electromagnet Induction: The
Phenomenon of generating an
EMF in a circuit by change in
strength, position or orientation of
external magnetic field is called
electromagnet induction.

3. Equation of Faraday’s Law:

Φb
ε =−d
dt

where e.m.f. is denoted by letter ε .

Magnetic flux is denoted by “Φ b”.
 (The negative sign shows induced
e.m.f. in coil opposes the change in
magnetic flux.)

Theory
Electromagnetic induction was discovered
independently by Michael Faraday in 1831
and Joseph Henry in 1832. Faraday was the
first to publish the results of his experiments.
In Faraday's first experimental demonstration
of electromagnetic induction (August 29,
1831), he wrapped two wires around opposite
sides of an iron ring (torus) (an arrangement
similar to a modern toroidal transformer).
Based on his assessment of recently
discovered properties of electromagnets, he
expected that when current started to flow in
one wire, a sort of wave would travel through
the ring and cause some electrical effect on the
opposite side. He plugged one wire into a
galvanometer, and watched it as he connected
the other wire to a battery. Indeed, he saw a
transient current (which he called a "wave of
electricity") when he connected the wire to the
battery, and another when he disconnected it.
This induction was due to the change in
magnetic flux that occurred when the battery
was connected and disconnected. Within two
months, Faraday had found several other
manifestations of electromagnetic induction.
For example, he saw transient currents when
he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a
coil of wires, and he generated a steady (DC)
current by rotating a copper disk near the bar
magnet with a sliding electrical lead
("Faraday's disk").

Michael Faraday
explained
electromagnetic
induction using a
concept he called
lines of force. However, scientists at the time
widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly
because they were not formulated
mathematically. An exception was James
Clerk Maxwell, who in 1861–62 used
Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative
electromagnetic theory. In Maxwell's papers,
the time-varying aspect of electromagnetic
induction is expressed as a differential
equation which Oliver Heaviside referred to as
Faraday's law even though it is different from
the original version of Faraday's law, and does
not describe motional emf. Heaviside's version
(see Maxwell–Faraday equation below) is the
form recognized today in the group of
equations known as Maxwell's equations.

Lenz's law, formulated by Emil Lenz in 1834,

describes "flux through the circuit", and gives
the direction of the induced emf and current
resulting from electromagnetic induction
(elaborated upon in the examples below).
According to Albert Einstein, much of the
groundwork and discovery of his special
relativity theory was presented by this law of
induction by Faraday in 1834.

P.T.O.

Mutual inductance
When two coils are brought in proximity to
each other, the magnetic field in one of the
coils tends to link with the other. This further
leads to the generation of voltage in the
second coil. This property of a coil which
affects or changes the current and voltage in a
secondary coil is called mutual inductance.
When a variable current passes through the
coil, a variable magnetic flux is induced in it.
Due to this variable magnetic flux inside the
coil, it will induce its own emf inside it. But
apart from this, the magnetic flux from coil 1
is linked with coil 2 also. Hence, just like coil
1, a variable magnetic flux is also present in
coil 2. Thus, coil 2 will also induce its own
emf in the direction which opposes the
changing magnetic flux in it. Due to this emf,
a current is produced in it, and hence, we have
induced electrical energy from one coil to
another without making any physical contact.

Applications
1. Alternating Current Generator (AC
Generator):
a.What is an A.C. Generator?
A.C. Generator means Alternating current
generator. It is a device which is used to
convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy. A.C. generator forces electric
current to flow through an external circuit.
The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine,
water falling through a turbine or
waterwheel, an internal combustion
engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank,
compressed air, or any other source of
mechanical energy.
b. Principal: It is based on the principle of
electromagnetic induction, i.e., whenever
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil
change, an e.m.f. is induced in the coil.
The direction of current induced is given
by Fleming's right-hand rule.
c.Working of AC Generator: The coil is
rotated in anti-clock wise direction. In the
first half rotation the arm AB is moving
outward and CD is moving inward. So, the
 e.m.f. is induced in the arm AB from A to
B. And in the arm CD from C to D. After
half rotation (in the second half). The arm
CD is moving outward and AB is moving
inward. In this time current is induced in
arm CD from D to C. And in arm AB from
B to A. In the second half rotation the
current direction is changing so in this
generator AC is produced.

2. Eddy Current
a.Eddy currents are fields of alternating
magnetic current that are created when
an alternating electric current is passed
through one or more coils in a probe
assembly. When the probe is placed
close to the part under inspection, the
alternating magnetic field induces eddy
currents in the test part. Discontinuities
or property variations in the test part
change the flow of the eddy current and
are detected by the inspection probe,
enabling material thickness
measurements or the detection of
defects such as cracks and corrosion.
Over the years, probe technology and
data processing have advanced to the
point where eddy current testing is
recognized as being fast, simple, and
accurate. The technology is now widely
used in the aerospace, automotive,
petrochemical, and power generation
industries for the detection of surface or
near-surface defects in materials such as
aluminum, stainless steel, copper,
titanium, brass, Inconel alloys, and even
carbon steel (surface defects only). The
first person to observe eddy currents
was François Arago (1786–1853), the
25th Prime Minister of France, who was
also a mathematician, physicist and
astronomer. In 1824 he observed what
has been called rotatory magnetism,
and that most conductive bodies could
be magnetized; these discoveries were
completed and explained by Michael
Faraday (1791–1867).
 Conclusion
In this report, we discussed the nature of
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnet Induction.
To summarize,
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnet Induction
states that it’s the phenomenon of generating
an e.m.f induced in a circuit by change in
strength, position or orientation of external
magnetic field is known as E.M.I.
Mutual Inductance is the process of inducing
an e.m.f. due to change in the strength of
current in the nearby coil.
AC Generator is a device which converts
mechanical energy to electrical energy.
Eddy currents are fields of alternating magnetic
current that are created when an alternating
electric current is passed through one or more
coils in a probe assembly.
 BilioGraphy
I have gathered diverse information on
various topics with the assistance of these
sources.
1. www.wikipedia.com
2. www.byjus.com
3. www.olympus-ims.com
4. www.geeksforgeeks.org
5. www.embibe.com
6. www.daenotes.com
7. www.khanacademy.org
Thank you