Contents

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 3

1.1 AIMS OF THIS PROJECT ........................................................................................................... 3
1.2 DEFINATION OF PUMPS .......................................................................................................... 3
1.3 APPLICATION OF PUMPS ........................................................................................................ 3
1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS ............................................................................................ 4
1.4.1 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS ......................................................................... 4
1.3.1.1 REASON FOR NOT SELECTING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS .................... 5
1.3.1.2 TYPES OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS .......................................................... 5
1.3.2 ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS.................................................................................................... 5
1.3.2.1 TYPES OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS ............................................................................. 6
1.3.3 OTHER TYPES OF PUMPS ................................................................................................. 6
1.4 COMPARISION BETWEEN THREE TYPES OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS ................... 6
2.0 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION ........................................................................ 7
2.2 GENERAL COMPONENTS ........................................................................................................ 7
2.3 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ....................................................... 9
2.3.1 GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE ..................................................................... 9
2.3.2 CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY TO PRESSURE ENERGY ............................... 10
2.4 APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS ......................................................................... 11
3.0 DIMENSION ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................... 11
3.1 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR POWER COEFFICIENT ......................................... 11
3.2 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR FLOW COEFFICIENT ............................................ 12
3.3 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR HEAD COEFFICIENT ............................................ 13
3.4 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR SPECIFIC SPEED Ns .............................................. 13
4.0 MATCHING PUMPS TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ........................................................ 15
5.0 SELECTING PUMP SIZE........................................................................................................ 16
5.1 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION (PUMP SIZE AND SPEED) ................ 16
6.0 RUNNING WITH WRONG SIZE ................................................................................................. 18
6.1 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION ............................................................... 19
7.0 DEDUCE FORMULAE FOR POWER, EFFICIENCY AND HEAD ........................................... 21
7.1 POWER....................................................................................................................................... 21

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 DIAGRAM POWER .................................................................................................................... 21
WATER POWER ......................................................................................................................... 21
7.2 EFFICIENCY ............................................................................................................................. 21
7.3 MANOMETRIC HEAD ............................................................................................................. 22
7.4 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION ............................................................... 22
8.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 23
9.0 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 23
10.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................. 24

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

The requirement of this assignment is to design a centrifugal pump. This requirement is

achieved by fulfilling the all the criteria that satisfies the aims of this project. To be precise
the author has mentioned all the aims, technical background and basic theory in the following
topics that will help the reader to understand the entire assignment in detail.

1.1 AIMS OF THIS PROJECT

 To explain the general principles of centrifugal pump
 Derive the dimensionless parameters of the pump

---Flow Coefficient

---Head Coefficient

---Power Coefficient

---Specific Speed

 Explain how to match a pump to system requirements

 Deduce Formulae for power, efficiency and head.

TECHNICAL BACKGROUND & BASIC THEORY

1.2 DEFINATION OF PUMPS

Pumps are mechanical devices which transform mechanical work into fluid energy. As fluid
flows through a piping system some of its static pressure is lost due to friction (i.e., flow
energy continuously decreases). Pumps increase static fluid pressure (increase flow energy)
so that steady flow can be maintained. (Samiuddin, 2000)

1.3 APPLICATION OF PUMPS

Pumps are used in a wide range of industrial and residential applications. Pumping equipment
is extremely diverse, varying in type, size, and materials of construction. There have been
significant new developments in the area of pumping equipment. They are used to transfer
liquids from low-pressure to high pressure in this system, the liquid would move in the
opposite direction because of the pressure difference. (Thin, Khaing & Aye, 2008)

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1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS

To understand this topic an overview is provided in the figure 1.

Figure 1: Classification of Pumps, Nyangasi (2012) Selection of Pump Type and Pump
[Online] Available from http://cae.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/cae/4-
SELECTION%20OF%20PUMP%20TYPE%20AND%20PUMP2.pdf

There are three main types of pumps that are used in the pumping of liquids, including water.
They are mentioned below:-

i. Positive displacement pumps

ii. Rotodynamic pumps.
iii. Others

Now the following subheadings will give a brief idea about the above mentioned topics

1.4.1 POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

The primary character of positive displacement pumps is that an element of the pump
displaces a fixed volume of fluid. Increasing the fluid compartment to suck in fluid, and
thereafter reducing the fluid compartment to expel the fluid, achieves this positive
displacement function.

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Positive displacement pumps are capable of generating high pressures, limited only by the
regulating or safety features installed on the delivery or discharge pipe. They are however
only capable of low discharge flows, limited by the volume swept by the displacement
element, and the speed of the element.

1.3.1.1 REASON FOR NOT SELECTING POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

Positive displacement pumps are more complex mechanically, and therefore tend to be more
expensive. For this reason, they are a second choice when Rotodynamic machines can
accomplish the job.

1.3.1.2 TYPES OF POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT PUMPS

These types of pumps are built as

i. Reciprocating,
ii. Rotary machines

a) The main designs of reciprocating are mentioned below:

1) Piston or plunger types such as those used in piston-type water pumps for shallow
wells, and plunger types used in fuel injection pumps for internal combustion engines;

2) Membrane type pumps such as those used in fuel lift pumps in petrol engines or as
chemical dosing pumps for water treatment works.

b) The main designs of Rotary positive displacement pumps are mentioned below:

1) Gear wheel pumps commonly used in lubricating oil pumping in internal

combustion engines;

2) Worm pumps;

3) Partition or vane pumps;

4) Mono pumps commonly used in the pumping mixtures of water and solids such as
sewage sludge

1.3.2 ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS

Rotodynamic pumps are types of pumps where mechanical energy is first applied to an
impeller in the form of rotary motion. This kinetic energy of a rotating wheel and blade is
then transferred to the fluid to be pumped as fluid velocity. Thereafter, the kinetic energy

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represented by the fluid velocity is reconverted into fluid pressure by the stationary parts of
the pump machine.

1.3.2.1 TYPES OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS

There are three types of Rotodynamic pumps that are mentioned below:-

1) Axial flow pump

2) Mixed radial and axial flow pump

3) Centrifugal or radial flow pump

The explanation and comparison of above mentioned pumps is given in table 1.

1.3.3 OTHER TYPES OF PUMPS

Other types of pumps are:

1) Positive displacement types

2) 2) PUMPS with Free water surface

Positive displacement types

These are characterised by low discharge flow rates but can attain high pressures. Pressure
relief valves that are usually fitted to the delivery side of the pump to provide safety
protection against high pressures also limit maximum pressures possible.

However, when built into multi-stage pumps, centrifugal or mixed flow pumps are also
capable of delivering high pressures which would otherwise require positive displacement
pumps.

Pumps with Free water surface

These are capable of low lifts only. Examples include Water wheels & Archimedean screws.
(Nyangasi, 2012)

1.4 COMPARISION BETWEEN THREE TYPES OF ROTODYNAMIC PUMPS

The assignment focuses on the design and analysis of centrifugal pump that falls in the
category of Rotodynamic pumps. Hence the table 1 will highlight the difference between the
three types of Rotodynamic pumps.

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 Axial Flow Pumps Mixed Radial and Centrifugal or Radial Flow Pump
Axial flow Pumps

Propeller or axial flow Mixed flow pumps are Centrifugal or radial flow pumps are those
pumps are those in those in which the fluid in which the fluid leaves the impeller in a
which the fluid leaves leaves the impeller with radial direction.
the impeller in an axial a combination of radial
direction and axial velocity

Pressure generated up Pressure generated up Pressure generated Up to 100 Mwh

to 10 mWH; to 30 mWH;

Discharge flow rate Up Discharge flow rate Up Discharge flow rate Up to 6 cubic metres
to 20 cubic metres per to 8 cubic metres per per second.
second second

Table 1:- Comparison between Axial flow pump, Mixed radial and axial flow and Centrifugal
or radial flow pump, Taken from Nyangasi (2012) Selection of Pump Type and Pump
[Online] Available from http://cae.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/cae/4-SELECTION%20AND%20PUMP2.pdf

2.0 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

2.1 DEFINITION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION

By definition, a centrifugal pump is a machine. More Specifically, it is a machine that imparts
energy to a fluid. This energy infusion can cause a liquid to flow, rise to a higher level, or
both. (Evas, 2012)

2.2 GENERAL COMPONENTS

The centrifugal pump is an extremely simple machine. It is a member if a family known as
rotary machines and consists of two basic parts:

1) The rotary component comprised of an impeller and a shaft

2) The stationary component comprised of a casing, casing cover, and bearings. casing
(volute)

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The figure below is cross section of a centrifugal pump and shows the two basic parts:-

Figure 2:- Explanation of the basic parts of a centrifugal pump, Taken from Joe Evas (2012)
A Brief Introduction to Centrifugal Pumps [Online] Available from
http://www.pacificliquid.com/pumpintro.pdf

Now, the next figure i.e. figure 3 will show all the general components of a centrifugal pump

Figure 3:- All the general Components of a centrifugal pump, Taken from Mukesh Sachdev
(2011) Centrifugal Pumps: Basics Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting,
Part I [Online] Available from http://freedownloadb.com/pdf/bcentrifugal-b-bpumps-b-basic-
concepts-of-operation-maintenance-4863343.html

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Now the next figure will try to show all the components of a centrifugal pump with the help
of a snapshot.

Figure 4:- All the general Components of a centrifugal pump shown with the help of a
snapshot

2.3 WORKING MECHANISM OF A CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

A centrifugal pump is one of the simplest pieces of equipment in any process plant. Its
purpose is to convert energy of a prime mover (i.e. an electric motor or turbine) first into
velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being pumped. The
energy changes occur by virtue of two main parts of the pump, the impeller and the volute or
diffuser. The impeller is the rotating part that converts driver energy into the kinetic energy.
The volute or diffuser is the stationary part that converts the kinetic energy into pressure
energy.

2.3.1 GENERATION OF CENTRIFUGAL FORCE

The process liquid enters the suction nozzle and then into eye (centre) of a revolving device
known as an impeller. When the impeller rotates, it spins the liquid sitting in the cavities
between the vanes outward and provides centrifugal acceleration and as the liquid leaves the
eye of the impeller a low-pressure area is created that causes more liquid to flow towards the
inlet. Because the impeller blades are curved, the fluid is pushed in a tangential and radial
direction by the centrifugal force. This force acting inside the pump is the same one that

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keeps water inside a bucket that is rotating at the end of a string. Figure 3 below depicts a the
movement of the liquid.

Figure 5:- Liquid Flow Path inside a centrifugal pump, Taken from Mukesh Sachdev (2011)
Centrifugal Pumps: Basics Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and Troubleshooting, Part I
[Online] Available from http://freedownloadb.com/pdf/bcentrifugal-b-bpumps-b-basic-
concepts-of-operation-maintenance-4863343.html

2.3.2 CONVERSION OF KINETIC ENERGY TO PRESSURE ENERGY

The key idea is that the energy created by the centrifugal force is kinetic energy. The amount
of energy given to the liquid is proportional to the velocity at the edge or vane tip of the
impeller. The faster the impeller revolves or the bigger the impeller is, then the higher will be
the velocity of the liquid at the vane tip and the greater the energy imparted to the liquid.

This kinetic energy of a liquid coming out of an impeller is harnessed by creating a resistance
to the flow. The first resistance is created by the pump volute (casing) that catches the liquid
and slows it down. In the discharge nozzle, the liquid further decelerates and its velocity is
converted to pressure according to Bernoulli’s principle.

Therefore, the head (pressure in terms of height of liquid) developed is approximately equal
to the velocity energy at the periphery of the impeller expressed by a very well-known
𝑣2
formula i.e. H=
2𝑔

Where

 H= Total head developed in feet

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  𝑣 = Velocity at periphery of impeller in ft/sec
𝑁𝑥𝐷
A handy formula for peripheral velocity is 𝑣 =
229

Where

 𝑣 = Velocity at periphery of impeller in ft/sec

 𝑁 = The impeller RPM (revolutions per minute)
 𝐷 = Impeller diameter in inches

It is important to know that a pump does not create pressure, it only provides flow. Pressure
is a just an indication of amount of resistance to flow. (Sachdev, 2011)

2.4 APPLICATION OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS

Centrifugal pumps are widely used for irrigation, water supply plants, stream power plants,
sewage, oil refineries, chemical plants, hydraulic power service, food processing factories
and mines. Moreover, they are also used extensively in the chemical industry because of their
suitability in practically any service and are mostly used in many applications such as water
pumping project, domestic water raising, industrial waste water removal, raising water from
tube wells to the fields.

3.0 DIMENSION ANALYSIS

The requirement of this section is to derive the dimensionless parameters of the centrifugal
pump in team of Flow Coefficient, Head Coefficient, Power Coefficient and Specific Speed.

The power ‘P’ of any rotary hydraulic pump depends upon the density ‘ρ’, the speen ‘N’, the
characteristic diameter ‘D’, the head change ‘∆H’, the volume rate ‘Q’ and the gravitational
constant ‘g’. The general equation is:

P = f (ρ, N, D, ∆H, Q, g)

It is normal to consider g∆H as one quantity. P = {ρ, N, D, (g∆H), Q}

There are 6 quantities and 3 dimensions so there are three dimensionless groups 𝛱1 , 𝛱2 , 𝛱3

3.1 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR POWER COEFFICIENT

Firstly, form a group with P and ρND

P = ϕ(ρND)

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P = Π1 ρa Nb Dc ------------------------------------------------------Equation 1

M1 L2 T-3= (ML-3)a (T-1)b (D1)c

Mass 1= a

Time -3 = -b

... b = 3

Length 2 = -3a + c (Substituting the value of a in this equation)

... c = 5

Substituting the above values of in the main equation i.e. equation 1

P = Π1 ρ1 N3 D5

P
Π1 = = Power Coefficient (Dunn, n.d)
𝜌1 𝑁3 𝐷5

P
Hence, the Power Coefficient Π1 is
𝜌1 𝑁3 𝐷5

3.2 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR FLOW COEFFICIENT

Now, repeating the process between Q and ρND

Q = ϕ (ρND)

Q= Π2 ρa Nb Dc ------------------------------------------------------Equation 2

M3 T-1= (ML-3)a (T-1)b (D1)c

Time -1 = - b

... b = 1

Mass 0=a

Length 3 = -3a + c

... c = 3

Substituting the above values of in the main equation i.e. equation 2

Q= Π2 ρa Nb Dc ------------------------------------------------------Equation 2

𝑄
Π2 = = Flow Coefficient (Dunn, n.d)
𝑁𝐷3

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 𝑄
Hence, the Flow Coefficient Π2 is
𝑁𝐷3
3.3 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR HEAD COEFFICIENT
Now, repeating the process between g∆H and ρND

(g∆H) = ϕ (ρND)

(g∆H) = Π3 ρa Nb Dc ------------------------------------------------------Equation 3

M0 L2 T-2= (ML-3)a (T-1)b (D1)c

Mass 0=a

Time -2 = -b

... b = 2

Length 2 = -3a + c

... c = 2

Substituting the above values of in the main equation i.e. equation 3

Q= Π3 ρa N2 D2 ------------------------------------------------------Equation 3

𝑄
Π3 =
𝑁2 𝐷2
𝑄
Hence, the Flow Coefficient Π3 is (Dunn, n.d)
𝑁2 𝐷2

P 𝑄 g∆H
Finally the complete equation is = ( )( )
𝜌1 𝑁3 𝐷5 𝑁𝐷3 𝑁2 𝐷2

3.4 DIMENSIONLESS PARAMETER FOR SPECIFIC SPEED Ns

The specific speed is a parameter used for pumps and turbines to determine the best design to
match a given pumped system. The formula may be derived from consideration of the pump
P 𝑄 g∆H
geometry or dimensional analysis. The latter will be used here. = ( 3) ( 2 2)
𝜌1 𝑁 3 𝐷 5 𝑁𝐷 𝑁 𝐷

The three dimensionless numbers represent the power coefficient, the flow coefficient, and
the head coefficient respectively. Now consider a family of geometrically similar machines
operating at dynamically similar conditions. For this to be the case the coefficients must have
the same values for each size. Let the 3 coefficients be Π1, Π2 and Π3 such that

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 P
Π1 =
𝜌 1 𝑁3 𝐷 5

𝑄
Π2 = ( ) --------------------------------------- (From here deriving the value of D)
𝑁𝐷3
1
. 𝑄 3
..D= ( )
𝑁 𝛱2

g∆H
Π3 = ----------------------------------------- (From here deriving the value of D)
𝑁2 𝐷2
1
. g∆H 2
..D= ( )
𝑁 2 𝛱3

1 1
𝑄 3 g∆H 2
Now equating ( ) = ( )
𝑁 𝛱2 𝑁 2 𝛱3

1 1
1 g∆H 2 𝑄3
( ) = 1 1
𝑁 𝛱3
𝛱2 3 𝑁 3

1 1
1 (∆H )2 𝛱3 2
( 1 2 )= 1 1 = Constant
𝑁
𝑄3 𝑁3 𝛱2 3 𝑔2

1
2
(∆𝐻 )2
1 =𝑁 3
𝐾𝑄 3
3
1 2
3
(∆H )2 (∆𝐻 )4
( 1 ) =N= 1 1
𝐾𝑄3 𝑄 3 𝑄3
1
1
𝑁 𝑄2
3 = 𝐾 = constant
2
(∆𝐻 )4

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 1
𝑁 𝑄2
This constant is called the Specific Speed Ns = 3
(∆𝐻 )4

𝑚3
Ns is a dimensionless parameter and the units used are normally rev/min for speed, for
𝑠
flow rate and meters for head. Other units are often used and care should be taken when
quoting Ns values.

It follows that for a given speed, the specific speed is large for large flows and low heads and
small for small flows and large heads. The important value is the one that corresponds to the
conditions that produce the greatest efficiency. (Dunn, n.d)

4.0 MATCHING PUMPS TO SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

The diagram shows a typical relationship between the head and flow of a given CF pump at a
given speed.

Figure 6:- Graphical representation, Taken from D.J Dunn,n.d, Fluid Mechanics, [Online]
Available from http://www.freestudy.co.uk/fluid%20mechanics/t8b203.pdf [Accessed on
11/10/2012]

The Ns value may be calculated using the flow and head corresponding to the maximum
efficiency at point A.

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5.0 SELECTING PUMP SIZE

The problem is that the optimal point of any given pump is unlikely to correspond to the
system requirements for example at point B. Now the next ideal step is to find a
geometrically similar pump that will produce the required head and flow at the optimal point.

The geometrically similar pump will run under dynamically similar conditions so it follows
that the specific speed Ns is the same for pumps at the optimal point. The procedure is to first
calculate the specific speed of the pump using the flow and head at the optimal conditions.

1
𝑁𝐴 𝑄𝐴 2
Ns = 3
(∆𝐻𝐴 )4

Now, suppose point B is the required operating point defined by the system

1
𝑁𝐵 𝑄𝐵 2
Ns = 3
(∆𝐻𝐵 )4

Now by equating these two equations, 𝑁𝐵 can be calculated i.e. the speed of the geometrically

similar pump.

But till now the size of the pump that will produce the head and flow at B is still unknown.
Since, the head and flow coefficients are the same then:-
1
𝑄𝐵 𝑁𝐴 3
By equating Flow Coefficients we get DB = DA [ ]
𝑄𝐴 𝑁𝐵

𝑁𝐴 𝐻
Now by equating the head coefficients DB can be solved. DB =
𝑁𝐵
√𝐻𝐵 (Dunn, n.d)
𝐴

If the forgoing is correct then both will give the same answer.

5.1 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION (PUMP SIZE AND SPEED)
A centrifugal pump is required to produce a flow of water at a rate of 0.0160 m3/s against a
total head of 30.5m. The operating characteristic of a pump at a speed of 1430 rev/min and a
rotor diameter of 125 mm is as follows

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 Efficiency 0 48 66 66 45 %
QA 0 0.0148 0.0295 0.0441 0.059 m3/s
HA 68 72 68.6 53.4 22.8 M
Table 1:- Operating characteristic of a pump at the mentioned dimensions

So, now determine the correct size of the pump and its speed to produce the required head
and flow.

Solution:-

So, now solving the according to the given details and using the dimensionless equations of
topic 3

Firstly, plot the data for the pump and determine that the optimal head and flow are 65m and
0.036m3/s

Figure 6:- Graphical representation

1 1
𝑁𝐴 𝑄𝐴 2 1430 𝑋 0.0362
Calculate Ns at point A Ns = 3 = 3 = 11.85
(∆𝐻𝐴 )4 654

Now, calculating the speed for a geometrically similar pump at the required conditions

3 3
𝐻𝐵 11.85 𝑋 30.54
4
NB = Ns 1 = 1 = 1216 rev/min
𝑄𝐵 0.0162
2

Now, the next step is calculate the diameter this pump

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 1 1
𝑄𝐵 𝑁𝐴 3 0.016 𝑋 1430 3
DB = DA ( ) = (0.036 𝑋 1216) = 101mm OR
𝑄𝐴 𝑁𝐵
1
𝑁𝐴 3 𝐻 1430 30.5
DB = DA (
𝑁𝐵
) = √𝐻𝐵 = 125 x 1216 √ 65 = 101mm (Dunn,n,d)
𝐴

Note: - The main motto behind using both the equation is to verify the answers with the help
of different equations of dimensionless parameters derived in topic 3

Thus, the pump is of 101mm diameter running at speed of 1216 rev/min

6.0 RUNNING WITH WRONG SIZE

In reality, it is very difficult to find a pump exactly of the right size so we are forced to use
the nearest we can get and adjust the speed to obtain the required flow and head.

So, let B be the required operating point and A the optimal point for the wrong size
pump.
No making the flow and head coefficients the same for B and some other point C on
the operating curve. The diameters cancel because they are the same. (The diameters
cancel because they are the same)
𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐶
=𝑁 3
𝑁𝐵 𝐷𝐵 𝐶 𝐷𝐶

𝑁𝐵
... 𝑄𝐵 = QC
𝑁𝐶
𝑔 𝐻𝐶 𝑔 𝐻𝐴
Now,
𝑁𝐶 2 𝐷𝐶 2 = 𝑁𝐶 2 𝐷𝐶 2

. 𝑁𝐵 2
. . HB = Hc
𝑁𝐶 2
𝑁𝐵 𝑄𝐵
Substitute = to eliminate the speed
𝑁𝐴 𝑄𝐴

𝑄𝐵 2
HC = HB
𝑄𝐶 2

This is a family of parabolic curves starting at the origin. If we take the operating point B we
can determine point C as the point where it intersects the operating curve at speed A. The

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important point is that the efficiency curve is unaffected so at point B the efficiency is not
optimal.

Figure 7:- Graphical representation, Taken from D.J Dunn,n.d, Fluid Mechanics, [Online]
Available from http://www.freestudy.co.uk/fluid%20mechanics/t8b203.pdf [Accessed on
11/10/2012]

6.1 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION

A pump draws water from a tank and delivers it to another with the surface 8 m above that of
the lower tank, the delivery pipe is 30 m long, 100 bore diameter and has a friction co-
efficient of 0.003. the pump impeller is 500 mm diameter and revolves at 600 rev/min. the
pump is geometrically similar to another pump with an impeller 550 mm diameter which
gave the data below when running at 900 rev /min.

∆H (m) 37 41 44 45 42 36 28
Q(m3/s) 0 0.016 0.32 0.48 0.0064 0.08 0.096
Table 2:- Given data

Determine the flow rate and developed head for the pump used.

SOLUTION

First determine the head flow characteristic for the system

∆H = Developed head of the pump = 8fLu2 /2gd + minor losses

No details are provided about minor losses so only the loss at exit may be found.

HL = 4fLu2 + 2gd + u2/2g

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u = 4QΠd2 = 127.3Q

∆ H = 8 + 4x 0.003 x 30 000(127.3Q)2/ (2g x 0.1) + (127.3Q)2/ 2G

∆ H = 8 + 3800Q2

Now, a table is produced and the plotting of ∆H against Q for the system.

∆ H(m) 8 3.38 14.08 32.3 46

Q(m3 /s) 0 0.01 0.04 0.08 0.1

Table 3:- Plotting of ∆H against Q for the system.

Next step is to plot the system head and pump head against flow and find the matching point.

So, at this point H = 34.5 and Q = 0.084m3/s

And the succeeding step is to determine the head – flow characteristic for the pump actually
used by assuming by dynamic and geometric similarity.

Flow co-efficient Q/ND3 = constant

Q2 = Q2 (N1/N2) (D13/ D23)

Q2 = (600/900) (500/550)3 = 0.5 Q1

∆H/(ND)2 = constant

∆H2 = ∆H1 (N2D2/ N1D1)2

∆H2 = ∆H1 (600 x 500/900 x 550)2 = 0.367 ∆H1

Now, producing a table for the pump using the coefficients and data for the first pump

∆H2(m) 13.58 15.05 16.15 16.51 15.41 13.21 10.28

Q(m3 /s) 0 0.08 0.016 0.024 0.032 0.04 0.048

Table 4:- Table for the pump using the coefficients and data for the first pump

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Finally this graph will be plotted along with the system graph and pick off the matching
point.

Figure 8:- Graphical representation, Taken from D.J Dunn,n.d, Fluid Mechanics, [Online]
Available from http://www.freestudy.co.uk/fluid%20mechanics/t8b203.pdf [Accessed on
11/10/2012]

Thus, Head is 13.5 m and flow rate is 38 dm3/s

7.0 DEDUCE FORMULAE FOR POWER, EFFICIENCY AND HEAD

7.1 POWER

DIAGRAM POWER
Since usually VW1 is zero this becomes  D.P = m∆uvw and D.P = mu2vw2

WATER POWER
∆h is the pressure head rise over the pump. So, W.P = mg∆h

7.2 EFFICIENCY

MANOMATRIC EFFICIENCY ɳm
Water Power mg∆h ∆ℎ
ɳm = Diagram Power = 𝑚𝑢 =
∆ℎ𝑚
2𝑣𝑤2

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 OVERALL EFFICIENCY
Water Power
ɳ𝑂⁄𝛼 = Shaft Power
[Where Shaft Power = 2πNT]

mg∆h
So, overall efficiency ɳ𝑂⁄𝛼 =
2πNT

7.3 MANOMETRIC HEAD

This is the head that would result if all the energy given to the water is converted into
pressure head. It is found by equating the diagram power and water power.

mu2vw2 = mg∆gm
𝑚𝑢2 𝑉𝑤2 𝑢2 𝑄
∆hm = = {𝑢2 − }
𝑔 𝑔 𝐴2 𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼2 )

7.4 EXAMPLE WITH THE HELP OF CALCULATION

If only the 125 mm pump in WE 1 is available, what speed must it be run at to obtain the
required head and flow? What is the efficiency and input power to the pump?

SOLUTION

B is the operating point so we must calculate HC and QC

𝑄𝐶 2 𝑄𝐶 2
HC = HB ( ) = 30.5 ( ) = 119141Qc2
𝑄𝐵 0.016

This must be plotted to determine QC

So, from plot HC = 74m

QC = 0.025 m3/s

Equate flow coefficients to find the speed at B

𝑄𝐵 𝑄𝐶
3 = [Now substitute the respective values and find the value of NB]
𝑁 𝐵 𝐷𝐵 𝑁 𝐶 𝐷𝐶 3

0.016 0.016
=
𝑁𝐵 1430

Hence, NB = 915 rev/min

Checking the above result by repeating the process with the head co-efficient

𝑔𝐻𝐵 𝑔𝐻𝐴
=
𝑁 𝐵 2 𝐷𝐵 2 𝑁 𝐴 2 𝐷𝐴 2

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 𝐻𝐵 30.5
NB = NA√ = 1430 √ = 918 rev/min
𝐻𝐴 74

The efficiency at this point us 63%

Water Power = mgH = 16 x 9.81 x 30.5 = 4787 W

Power Input = WP/ɳ = 4787/0.063 =7598 W

8.0 DISCUSSION
It has been observed that required calculations were discovered correctly when they the
assumed dimensions were solved by substituting them in the main dimensionless parameters.
The calculation of the dimensions was done in a very methodological way. The initial step
was to select a required pump size and then calculate the specific speed of pump. The
operating characteristics were calculated and different values of efficiency of pump were
calculated at different values of Qa and Ha. The data of pump was plotted and it was
determined that the optimal head and flow are 65m and 0.036m3/s. After calculating Ns the
speed for a geometrically similar pump at the required conditions was deduced to be 1216
rev/min and the diameter was 101 mm. The next step is to plot the values of head and flow
rate of pump against system values and it is found that that head is 13.5 m and flow rate is 38
dm3/s.

Basically, the efficiency of a pump is the ratio of the pump’s fluid power to the pump shaft
horsepower. An important characteristic of the head/flow curve is the best efficiency point.
At the best efficiency point, the pump operates most cost-effectively both in terms of energy
efficiency and maintenance considerations. Thus, finally it was observed efficiency was
calculated to be 63%, water power and power input were 4787 W and 7598 W respectively.

The design can be made more effective if changes are made in design parameters such as
head, diameter, design flow rate, pump head and pump specific speed. This could lead to
further improvement in efficiency of the pump.

9.0 CONCLUSION
The main aim i.e. to design a centrifugal pump by fulfilling all the criteria was successfully
achieved. Various dimensionless parameters of pump viz. Flow Coefficient, Head
Coefficient, Power Coefficient and Specific Speed were calculated and reported. Centrifugal
pumps are fluid-kinetic machines designed for power increase within a rotating impeller. In
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centrifugal pumps, the delivery head depends on the flow rate. Thus, the calculations of the
head and flow rate are also discussed in detail in this report.

In today’s competitive and sophisticated technology, centrifugal pump is more widely used
than any other applications because the advantages of following factors are effect on the
centrifugal pump.

1. Its initial cost is low

2. Efficiency is high

3. Discharge is uniform and continuous flow

4. Installation and maintenance is easy.

5. It can run at high speeds without the risk of separation of flow.

The performance analysis of centrifugal pump was also predicted in this paper which
includes efficiency and power, the values for which have been discussed earlier in the report
by the author. The actual performance curve of centrifugal pump was also obtained. Hence,
overall the required task was achieved successfully by the author.

10.0 REFERENCES
1. D.J Dunn, n.d, Fluid Mechanics, [Online] Available from
http://www.freestudy.co.uk/fluid%20mechanics/t8b203.pdf [Accessed on 11/10/2012]

2. Khin Cho Thin, Mya Mya Khaing, and Khin Maung Aye, 2008, Design and Performance
Analysis of Centrifugal Pump, [Online] Available from
https://www.waset.org/journals/waset/v22/v22-71.pdf [Accessed on 14/10/2012]

3. Nyangasi (2012) Selection of Pump Type and Pump [Online] Available from
http://cae.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/cae/cae/4-SELECTION%20OF%20PUMP%20TYPE%20AND%20PUMP2.pdf

[Accessed on 14/10/2012]

4. Mukesh Sachdev (2011) Centrifugal Pumps: Basics Concepts of Operation, Maintenance,

and Troubleshooting, Part I [Online] Available from
http://freedownloadb.com/pdf/bcentrifugal-b-bpumps-b-basic-concepts-of-operation-
maintenance-4863343.html [Accessed on 14/10/2012]

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5. Joe Evas (2012) A Brief Introduction to Centrifugal Pumps [Online] Available from
http://www.pacificliquid.com/pumpintro.pdf [Accessed on 25/10/2012]

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