Thermodynamics

S K Mondal’s
Thermodynamics
GATE, IES & IAS 20 Years Question Answers
Contents
Chapter – 1: Basic Concepts
Chapter - 2 : First Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter - 3 : Second Law of Thermodynamics
Chapter - 4 : Entropy
Chapter - 5 : Availability, Irreversibility
Chapter - 6 : Thermodynamic Relations
Chapter - 7 : Pure Substances
Chapter - 8 : Properties of Gasses & Gas Mix
Er. S K Mondal
IES Officer (Railway), GATE topper, NTPC ET-2003 batch, 12 years teaching
experienced, Author of Hydro Power Familiarization (NTPC Ltd)
Page 1 of 121
Note
If you think there should be a change in
option, don’t change it by yourself send me a
mail at [email protected]
I will send you complete explanation.
Copyright © 2007 S K Mondal
Every effort has been made to see that there are no errors (typographical or otherwise) in the
material presented. However, it is still possible that there are a few errors (serious or
otherwise). I would be thankful to the readers if they are brought to my attention at the
following e-mail address: [email protected]
S K Mondal
Page 2 of 121
Basic Concepts
S K Mondal’s Chapter 1
1. Basic Concepts
ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)
Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

GATE-1. List-I List II [GATE-1998]
A. Heat to work 1. Nozzle
B. Heat to lift weight 2. Endothermic chemical reaction
C. Heat to strain energy 3. Heat engine
D. Heat to electromagnetic energy 4. Hot air balloon/evaporation
5. Thermal radiation
6. Bimetallic strips
Codes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 6 5 (b) 3 4 5 6
(c) 3 6 4 2 (d) 1 2 3 4
Open and Closed systems

GATE-2. An isolated thermodynamic system executes a process, choose the correct
statement(s) form the following [GATE-1999]
(a) No heat is transferred
(b) No work is done
(c) No mass flows across the boundary of the system
(d) No chemical reaction takes place within the system
Quasi-Static Process
GATE-3. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and
0.015 m3. It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume
of 0.030 m3. The work output (in kJ/kg) during this process will be: [GATE-2009]
(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00 (c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00
Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

GATE-4. A balloon containing an ideal gas is initially kept in an evacuated and
insulated room. The balloon ruptures and the gas fills up the entire room.
Which one of the following statements is TRUE at the end of above process?
(a) The internal energy of the gas decreases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant [GATE-2008]
(b) The internal energy of the gas increases from its initial value, but the enthalpy
remains constant
Page 3 of 121
Basic Concepts
(c) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas remain constant
(d) Both internal energy and enthalpy of the gas increase
GATE-5. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change
in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[GATE-1996, IAS-2000]
(a) –∫Pdv (b) +∫Pdv (c) –∫vdp (d) +∫vdp
pdV-work or Displacement Work

GATE-6. In a steady state steady flow process taking place in a device with a single inlet
and a single outlet, the work done per unit mass flow rate is given by
outlet
ω=− ∫
inlet
vdp , where v is the specific volume and p is the pressure. The
expression for w given above: [GATE-2008]

(a) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and adiabatic
(b) Is valid only if the process is both reversible and isothermal
(c) Is valid for any reversible process
outlet
(d) Is incorrect; it must be ω = − ∫
inlet
vdp
GATE-7. A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion

process is very slow, and is resisted by an ambient pressure of 100 kPa. During
the expansion process, the pressure of the system (gas) remains constant at 300
kPa. The change in volume of the gas is 0.01 m3. The maximum amount of work
that could be utilized from the above process is: [GATE-2008]
(a) 0kJ (b) 1kJ (c) 2kJ (d) 3kJ
GATE-8. For reversible adiabatic compression in a steady flow process, the work
transfer per unit mass is: [GATE-1996]
(a ) ∫ pdv (b) ∫ vdp (c) ∫ Tds (d ) ∫ sdT
Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-1. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2005]
1. Kinetic Energy 2. Specific Enthalpy
3. Pressure 4. Entropy
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1, 3 and 4 (d) 2 and 4
IES-2. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]

1. Temperature 2. Viscosity
3. Specific entropy 4. Thermal conductivity
Which of the above properties of a system is/are intensive?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Page 4 of 121
Basic Concepts
IES-3. Which one of the following is the extensive property of a thermodynamic
system? [IES-1999]
(a) Volume (b) Pressure (c) Temperature (d) Density
IES-4. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]
1. Entropy 2. Viscosity
3. Temperature 4. Specific heat at constant volume
Which of the above properties of a system is/are extensive?
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 4
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

IES-5. Assertion (A): A thermodynamic system may be considered as a quantity of
working substance with which interactions of heat and work are studied.
Reason (R): Energy in the form of work and heat are mutually convertible.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false [IES-2000]
(d) A is false but R is true
Open and Closed systems

IES-6. A closed thermodynamic system is one in which [IES-1999]
(a) There is no energy or mass transfer across the boundary
(b) There is no mass transfer, but energy transfer exists
(c) There is no energy transfer, but mass transfer exists
(d) Both energy and mass transfer take place across the boundary, but the mass transfer
is controlled by valves
IES-7. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2007]

1. Kinetic energy 2. Thermal conductivity
3. Pressure 4. Entropy
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 3 and 4
IES-8. Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)? [IES-2005]

1. Isentropic expansion
2. Slow heating of water from a hot source
3. Constant pressure heating of an ideal gas from a constant temperature
source
4. Evaporation of a liquid at constant temperature
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) 1 and 4
IES-9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

reversible process is the most efficient process. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process
as always identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the
reversal or the process.
Page 5 of 121
Basic Concepts
(c) A is true but R is false
IES-10. Ice kept in a well insulated thermo flask is an example of which system?
(a) Closed system (b) Isolated systems [IES-2009]
(c) Open system (d) Non-flow adiabatic system
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IES-11. Measurement of temperature is based on which law of thermodynamics?
[IES-2009]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Third law of thermodynamics
IES-12. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is related to temperature
2. Entropy is related to first law of thermodynamics
3. Internal energy of an ideal gas is a function of temperature and pressure
4. Van der Waals' equation is related to an ideal gas
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
IES-13. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that [IES-1996]

(a) Two thermodynamic systems are always in thermal equilibrium with each other.
(b) If two systems are in thermal equilibrium, then the third system will also be in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
(c) Two systems not in thermal equilibrium with a third system are also not in thermal
equilibrium with each other.
(d) When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in
thermal equilibrium with each other.
International Temperature Scale

IES-14. Which one of the following correctly defines 1 K, as per the internationally
accepted definition of temperature scale? [IES-2004]
(a) 1/100 of the difference between normal boiling point and normal freezing point of
th
water
(b) 1/273.15th of the normal freezing point of water
(c) 100 times the difference between the triple point of water and the normal freezing
point of water
(d) 1/273.15th of the triple point of water
IES-15. In a new temperature scale say °ρ, the boiling and freezing points of water at
one atmosphere are 100°ρ and 300°ρ respectively. Correlate this scale with the
Centigrade scale. The reading of 0°ρ on the Centigrade scale is: [IES-2001]
(a) 0°C (b) 50°C (c) 100°C (d) 150°C
Page 6 of 121
Basic Concepts
IES-16. Assertion (a): If an alcohol and a mercury thermometer read exactly 0°C at the
ice point and 100°C at the steam point and the distance between the two points
is divided into 100 equal parts in both thermometers, the two thermometers
will give exactly the same reading at 50°C. [IES-1995]
Reason (R): Temperature scales are arbitrary.
IES-17. Match List-I (Type of Thermometer) with List-II (Thermometric Property) and
select the correct answer using the code given below the [IES 2007]
List-I List-II
A. Mercury-in-glass 1. Pressure
B. Thermocouple 2. Electrical resistant
C. Thermistor 3. Volume
D. Constant volume gas 4. Induced electric voltage
(a) 1 4 2 3 (b) 3 2 4 1
(c) 1 2 4 3 (d) 3 4 2 1
IES-18. Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero [IES-2002]

(a) At a temperature of – 273 K
(b) Under vacuum condition
(c) At the earth's centre
(d) When molecular momentum of system becomes zero
IES-19. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

(a) The final value to he measured [IES-1997]
(b) 50% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(c) 63.2% of the value of the initial temperature difference
(d) 98.8% of the value of the initial temperature difference
Work a Path Function

IES-20. Assertion (A): Thermodynamic work is path-dependent except for an adiabatic
process. [IES-2005]
Reason(R): It is always possible to take a system from a given initial state to
any final state by performing adiabatic work only.

IES-21. Match items in List-I (Process) with those in List-II (Characteristic) and select
the correct answer using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II [IES-2001]
Page 7 of 121
Basic Concepts
A. Throttling process 1. No work done
B. Isentropic process 2. No change in entropy
C. Free expansion 3. Constant internal energy
D. Isothermal process 4. Constant enthalpy
(a) 4 2 1 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 1 3 4 2
IES-22. The heat transfer, Q, the work done W and the change in internal energy U are
all zero in the case of [IES-1996]
(a) A rigid vessel containing steam at 150°C left in the atmosphere which is at 25°C.
(b) 1 kg of gas contained in an insulated cylinder expanding as the piston moves slowly
outwards.
(c) A rigid vessel containing ammonia gas connected through a valve to an evacuated
rigid vessel, the vessel, the valve and the connecting pipes being well insulated and
the valve being opened and after a time, conditions through the two vessels becoming
uniform.
(d) 1 kg of air flowing adiabatically from the atmosphere into a previously evacuated
bottle.

IES-23. One kg of ice at 0°C is completely melted into water at 0°C at 1 bar pressure.
The latent heat of fusion of water is 333 kJ/kg and the densities of water and
ice at 0°C are 999.0 kg/m3 and 916.0 kg/m3, respectively. What are the
approximate values of the work done and energy transferred as heat for the
process, respectively? [IES-2007]
(a) –9.4 J and 333.0 kJ (b) 9.4 J and 333.0 kJ
(c) –333.0 kJ and –9.4 J (d) None of the above
IES-24. Which one of the following is the

correct sequence of the three
processes A, B and C in the
increasing order of the amount of
work done by a gas following ideal-
gas expansions by these processes?
[IES-2006]
(a) A – B – C (b) B – A – C (c) A – C – B (d) C – A – B
Page 8 of 121
Basic Concepts
IES-25. An ideal gas undergoes an
isothermal expansion from
state R to state S in a turbine
as shown in the diagram given
below:
The area of shaded region is
1000 Nm. What is the amount is
turbine work done during the
process?
(a) 14,000 Nm (b) 12,000 Nm
(c) 11,000 Nm (d) 10,000 Nm [IES-2004]
IES-26. Assertion (A): The area 'under' curve on pv plane, ∫ pdv represents the work of
reversible non-flow process. [IES-1992]
Reason (R): The area 'under' the curve T–s plane ∫ Tds represents heat of any
reversible process.
IES-27. If ∫ pdv ∫
and − vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is: [IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal
IES-28. Which one of the following expresses the reversible work done by the system
(steady flow) between states 1 and 2? [IES-2008]
2 2 2 2
(a) ∫ pdv
1
(b) − ∫ vdp
1
(c) − ∫ pdv
1
(d) ∫ vdp
1
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IES-29. Assertion (A): The change in heat and work cannot be expressed as difference
between the end states. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): Heat and work are both exact differentials.
Page 9 of 121
Basic Concepts
Previous 20-Years IAS Questions
Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

IAS-1. The following are examples of some intensive and extensive properties:
1. Pressure 2. Temperature [IAS-1995]
3. Volume 4. Velocity
5. Electric charge 6. Magnetisation
7. Viscosity 8. Potential energy
Which one of the following sets gives the correct combination of intensive and
extensive properties?
Intensive Extensive
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 5, 6, 7, 8
(b) 1, 3, 5, 7 2, 4, 6, 8
(c) 1, 2, 4, 7 3, 5, 6, 8
(d) 2, 3, 6, 8 1, 4, 5, 7
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IAS-2. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Reversible cycle 1. Measurement of temperature
B. Mechanical work 2. Clapeyron equation
C. Zeroth Law 3. Clausius Theorem
D. Heat 4. High grade energy
5. 3rd law of thermodynamics
6. Inexact differential
(a) 3 4 1 6 (b) 2 6 1 3
(c) 3 1 5 6 (d) 1 4 5 2
IAS-3. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer: [IAS-2000]
List-I List-II
A. The entropy of a pure crystalline 1. First law of thermodynamics
substance is zero at absolute zero
temperature
B. Spontaneous processes occur 2. Second law of thermodynamics
in a certain direction
C. If two bodies are in thermal 3. Third law of thermodynamics
equilibrium with a third body,
then they are also in thermal
equilibrium with each other
D. The law of conservation of energy 4. Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
(a) 2 3 4 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 3 2 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
Page 10 of 121
Basic Concepts
International Temperature Scale

IAS-4. A new temperature scale in degrees N is to be defined. The boiling and
freezing on this scale are 400°N and 100°N respectively. What will be the
reading on new scale corresponding to 60°C? [IAS-1995]
(a) 120°N (b) 180°N (c) 220°N (d) 280°N

IAS-5. In free expansion of a gas between two equilibrium states, the work transfer
involved [IAS-2001]
(a) Can be calculated by joining the two states on p-v coordinates by any path and
estimating the area below
(b) Can be calculated by joining the two states by a quasi-static path and then finding
the area below
(c) Is zero
(d) Is equal to heat generated by friction during expansion.
IAS-6. Work done in a free expansion process is: [IAS-2002]

(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Maximum
IAS-7. In the temperature-entropy diagram

of a vapour shown in the given figure,
the thermodynamic process shown by
the dotted line AB represents
(a) Hyperbolic expansion
(b) Free expansion
(c) Constant volume expansion
(d) Polytropic expansion
[IAS-1995]
IAS-8. If ∫ pdv ∫
and − vdp for a thermodynamic system of an Ideal gas on valuation
give same quantity (positive/negative) during a process, then the process
undergone by the system is: [IAS-1997, IES-2003]
(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal
IAS-9. For the expression ∫ pdv to represent the work, which of the following
conditions should apply? [IAS-2002]
(a) The system is closed one and process takes place in non-flow system
(b) The process is non-quasi static
(c) The boundary of the system should not move in order that work may be transferred
(d) If the system is open one, it should be non-reversible
IAS-10. Air is compressed adiabatically in a steady flow process with negligible change
in potential and kinetic energy. The Work done in the process is given by:
[IAS-2000, GATE-1996]
(a) –∫pdv (b) +∫pdv (c) –∫vdp (d) +∫vdp
Page 11 of 121
Basic Concepts
below the lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute Zero Temperature
B. Nernst simon Statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson Effect 3. Quasi-Static Path
D. ∫pdv 4. Isentropic Process
5. Dissipative Effect
6. Low grade energy
7. Process and temperature during phase
change.
(a) 6 5 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 5 7 4 (d) 6 1 7 4

IAS-13. Thermodynamic work is the product of [IAS-1998]
(a) Two intensive properties
(b) Two extensive properties
(c) An intensive property and change in an extensive property
(d) An extensive property and change in an intensive property
Heat Transfer-A Path Function

IAS-14. Match List-I (Parameter) with List-II (Property) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the lists:
List-I List-II [IAS-1999]
A. Volume 1. Path function
B. Density 2. Intensive property
C. Pressure 3. Extensive property
D. Work 4. Point function
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 3 2 1 4
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 2 3 1 4
Page 12 of 121
Basic Concepts
Answers with Explanation (Objective)
Previous 20-Years GATE Answers

GATE-1. Ans. (a)
GATE-2. Ans. (a, b, c) For an isolated system no mass and energy transfer through the system.
dQ = 0, dW = 0, ∴ dE = 0 or E = Constant
⎛ V2 ⎞
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Iso-thermal work done (W) = RT1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛V ⎞
= P1V1 ln ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛ 0.030 ⎞
= 800 × 0.015 × ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.015 ⎠
= 8.32 kJ/kg
GATE-4. Ans. (c) It is free expansion. Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work
transfer involved in free expansion.
2
Here, ∫ δω = 0
1
and Q1-2=0 therefore Q1-2 = ΔU + W1-2 so, ΔU = 0
∫
GATE-5. Ans. (c) For closed system W = + pdv , for steady flow W = − vdp ∫
GATE-6. (c)
GATE-7. Ans. (b) W = Resistance pressure. Δ V = 1 × Δ V = 100 × 0.1 kJ = 1kJ
GATE-8. Ans. (b) W = − ∫ vdp
Previous 20-Years IES Answers

IES-1. Ans. (b)
IES-2. Ans. (d) Intensive property: Whose value is independent of the size or extent i.e. mass of
the system.
Specific property: It is a special case of an intensive property. It is the value of an
extensive property per unit mass of system (Lower case letters as symbols) e.g., specific
volume, density (v, ρ).
IES-3. Ans. (a) Extensive property is dependent on mass of system. Thus volume is extensive
property.
IES-4. Ans. (a) Extensive property: Whose value depends on the size or extent i.e. mass of the
system (upper case letters as the symbols) e.g., Volume, Mass (V, M). If mass is
increased, the value of extensive property also increases.
IES-5. Ans. (d)
Page 13 of 121
Basic Concepts
• But remember 100% heat can’t be convertible to work but 100% work can be
converted to heat. It depends on second law of thermodynamics.
• A thermodynamic system is defined as a definite quantity of matter or a region in
space upon which attention is focused in the analysis of a problem.
• The system is a macroscopically identifiable collection of matter on which we focus
our attention
IES-6. Ans. (b) In closed thermodynamic system, there is no mass transfer but energy transfer
exists.
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (d) Isentropic means reversible adiabatic. Heat transfer in any finite temp difference is
irreversible.
IES-9. Ans. (a) The energy transfer as heat and work during the forward process as always
identically equal to the energy transfer is heat and work during the reversal or the
process is the correct reason for maximum efficiency because it is conservative system.
IES-10. Ans. (b) Isolated System - in which there is no interaction between system and the
surroundings. It is of fixed mass and energy, and hence there is no mass and energy
transfer across the system boundary.
IES-11. Ans. (a) All temperature measurements are based on Zeroth law of thermodynamics.
IES-12. Ans. (a) Entropy - related to second law of thermodynamics.
Internal Energy (u) = f (T) only (for an ideal gas)
Van der Wall's equation related to => real gas.
IES-13. Ans. (d)
IES-14. Ans. (d)
0 − 300 C −0
IES-15.Ans. (d) = ⇒ C = 150°C
100 − 300 100 − 0
IES-16. Ans. (b) Both A and R are correct but R is not correct explanation for A. Temperature is
independent of thermometric property of fluid.
IES-17. Ans. (d)
IES-18. Ans. (d) But it will occur at absolute zero temperature.
IES-19. Ans. (c) Time Constants: The time constant is the amount of time required for a
thermocouple to indicated 63.2% of step change in temperature of a surrounding media.
Some of the factors influencing the measured time constant are sheath wall thickness,
degree of insulation compaction, and distance of junction from the welded cap on an
ungrounded thermocouple. In addition, the velocity of a gas past the thermocouple probe
greatly influences the time constant measurement. In general, time constants for
measurement of gas can be estimated to be ten times as long as those for measurement
of liquid. The time constant also varies inversely proportional to the square root of the
velocity of the media.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (c) In example of (c), it is a case of free expansion heat transfer, work done, and
changes in internal energy are all zero.
Page 14 of 121
Basic Concepts
⎛m m⎞
IES-23. Ans. (a) Work done (W) = P Δ V = 100 × (V2 – V1) = 100 × ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ ρ2 ρ1 ⎠
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
= 100 kPa × ⎜ − ⎟ = –9.1 J
⎝ 999 916 ⎠
IES-24. Ans. (d) WA = ∫ pdV = 4 × (2 − 1) = 4 kJ
1
WB = ∫ pdV = × 3 × (7 − 4) = 4.5 kJ
2
WC = ∫ pdV = 1× (12 − 9) = 3kJ
IES-25. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve R–S
= ∫ pdv = 1 bar × ( 0.2 − 0.1 ) m3 + 1000 Nm
= 105 × ( 0.2 − 0.1 ) Nm + 1000Nm = 11000 Nm
IES-26. Ans. (b)
IES-27. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
pv = mRT
pdv + vdp = 0[ ∵ T is constant]
∫ pdv = − ∫ vdp
2
IES-28. Ans. (b) For steady flow process, reversible work given by − vdp .∫
1
IES-29. Ans. (c) A is true because change in heat and work are path functions and thus can't be
expressed simply as difference between the end states. R is false because both work and
heat are inexact differentials.
Previous 20-Years IAS Answers

IAS-1. Ans. (c) Intensive properties, i.e. independent of mass are pressure, temperature, velocity
and viscosity. Extensive properties, i.e. dependent on mass of system are volume, electric
charge, magnetisation, and potential energy. Thus correct choice is (c).
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Ans. (c)
IAS-4. Ans. (d) The boiling and freezing points on new scale are 400° N and 100°N i.e. range is
300°N corresponding to 100°C. Thus conversion equation is
°N = 100 + 3 × °C = 100+ 3 × 60 = 100 + 180 = 280 °N
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Since vacuum does not offer any resistance, there is no work transfer involved in
free expansion.
IAS-7. Ans. (b)
IAS-8. Ans. (d) Isothermal work is minimum of any process.
IAS-9. Ans. (a)
∫
IAS-10. Ans. (c) For closed system W = + pdv , for steady flow W = − vdp ∫
Page 15 of 121
Basic Concepts
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Start with D. ∫PdV only valid for quasi-static path so choice (c) & (d) out.
Automatically C-4 then eye on A and B. Bottle filling of gas is variable flow so A-2.
IAS-13. Ans. (c) W = ∫ pdv where pressure (p) is an intensive property and volume (v) is an
extensive property
IAS-14. Ans. (a) Pressure is intensive property but such option is not there.
Page 16 of 121
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Chaapter 2
2. Firstt Law
w of T herm
modyn
namic
cs
ASKED
D OBJEC
CTIVE QUESTIONS (G
GATE, IES, IAS)
P
Previou
us 20-Y
Years GATE
E Ques
stions
A
Applicatiion of First
F Law
w to Ste
eady Flo
ow Proc
cess S.F
F.E.E
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions Q1
Q and Q2
2: [GA
ATE-2009]
Th
he inlet and
d the outle
et conditions of
ste
eam for an
n adiabatic
c steam tur
rbine
are as indic
cated in the
t figure. The
no
otations are as usually followed.
ATE-1.
GA If mass
m flow rate
r of steam through the turbine is 20 kg/ss the power
r output of
thee turbine (in
n MW) is: [GA
ATE-2009]
(a) 12.157 (b) 12.941 (cc) 168.001 (d) 168.785
GA
ATE-2. Asssume the abbove turbin ne to be parrt of a simpple Rankine e cycle. The density of
water at the inlet to the e pump is 1000 kg/m . Ignoring kinetic
3 k andd potential
eneergy effects
s, the specifi
fic work (in kJ/kg) supp plied to the pump is:
[G
GATE-2009]
(a) 0.293 (b) 0.35 1 (c)) 2.930 (d) 3.510
3
GA
ATE-3. The
e following
g four figures have been dra awn to re
epresent a fictitious
the
ermodynammic cycle, on
n the p-v and
d T-s planess. [G
GATE-2005]
Page 17 of 121
First Law of Thermodynamics
According to the first law of thermodynamics, equal areas are enclosed by
(a) Figures 1and 2 (b) Figures 1and 3 (c) Figures 1and 4 (d) Figures 2 and 3
Internal Energy – A Property of System

GATE-4. A gas contained in a cylinder is compressed, the work required for
compression being 5000 kJ. During the process, heat interaction of 2000 kJ
causes the surroundings to the heated. The change in internal energy of the
gas during the process is: [GATE-2004]
(a) – 7000 kJ (b) – 3000 kJ (c) + 3000 kJ (d) + 7000 kJ
Discharging and Charging a Tank

GATE-5. A rigid, insulated tank is initially
evacuated. The tank is connected with a
supply line through which air (assumed to
be ideal gas with constant specific heats)
passes at I MPa, 350°C. A valve connected
with the supply line is opened and the tank
is charged with air until the final pressure
inside the tank reaches I MPa. The final
temperature inside the tank
(A) Is greater than 350°C
(B) Is less than 350°C
(C) Is equal to 350°C
(D) May be greater than, less than, or equal to
350°C, depending on the volume of the tank

IES-1. Which one of the following sets of thermodynamic laws/relations is directly
involved in determining the final properties during an adiabatic mixing
process? [IES-2000]
(a) The first and second laws of thermodynamics
(b) The second law of thermodynamics and steady flow relations
(c) Perfect gas relationship and steady flow relations
(d) The first law of thermodynamics and perfect gas relationship
IES-2. Two blocks which are at different states are brought into contact with each
other and allowed to reach a final state of thermal equilibrium. The final
temperature attained is specified by the [IES-1998]
(a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics (b) First law of thermodynamics
(c) Second law of thermodynamics (d) Third law of thermodynamics
Page 18 of 121
IES-3. For a closed system, the difference between the heat added to the system and
the work done by the system is equal to the change in [IES-1992]
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy
(c) Temperature (d) Internal energy
IES-4. An ideal cycle is shown in the figure. Its

thermal efficiency is given by
⎛ v3 ⎞ ⎛ v3 ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ − 1⎟
(a)1 − ⎝ 1 ⎠
v 1 ⎝ v1 ⎠
(b) 1 −
⎛ p2 ⎞ γ ⎛ p2 ⎞
⎜ − 1⎟ ⎜ − 1⎟
⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ p1 ⎠
(c)1 − γ
( v3 − v1 ) p1 (b) 1 −
1 ( v3 − v1 ) p1
( p2 − p1 ) v1 γ ( p2 − p1 ) v1
[IES-1998]
IES-5. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2007]

The cyclic integral of (δQ − δW ) for a process is:
(a) Positive (b) Negative (c) Zero (d) Unpredictable
IES-6. A closed system undergoes a process 1-2 for which the values of Q1-2 and W1-2 are
+20 kJ and +50 kJ, respectively. If the system is returned to state, 1, and Q2-1 is -
10 kJ, what is the value of the work W2-1? [IES-2005]
(a) + 20 kJ (b) –40 kJ (c) –80 kJ (d) +40 kJ
IES-7. A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one-half of

its original volume. During the process, 300 kJ heat left the gas and the
internal energy remained same. What is the work done on the gas? [IES-2005]
(a) 100kNm (b) 150 kNm (c) 200 kNm (d) 300 kNm
IES-8. In a steady-flow adiabatic turbine, the changes in the internal energy,

enthalpy, kinetic energy and potential energy of the working fluid, from inlet
to exit, are -100 kJ/kg, -140 kJ/kg, -10 kJ/kg and 0 kJ/kg respectively. Which one
of the following gives the amount of work developed by the turbine? [IES-2004]
(a) 100 kJ/kg (b) 110 kJ/kg (c) 140 kJ/kg (d) 150 kJ/kg
IES-9. Gas contained in a closed system consisting of piston cylinder arrangement is

expanded. Work done by the gas during expansion is 50 kJ. Decrease in
internal energy of the gas during expansion is 30 kJ. Heat transfer during the
process is equal to: [IES-2003]
(a) –20 kJ (b) +20 kJ (c) –80 kJ (d) +80 kJ
IES-10. A system while undergoing a cycle [IES-2001]

A – B – C – D – A has the values of heat and work transfers as given in the Table:
Page 19 of 121
Process Q kJ/min W kJ/min
A–B +687 +474
B–C -269 0
C–D -199 -180
D–A +75 0
The power developed in kW is, nearly,
(a) 4.9 (b) 24.5 (c) 49 (d) 98
IES-11. The values of heat transfer and work transfer for four processes of a
thermodynamic cycle are given below: [IES-1994]
Process Heat Transfer (kJ) Work Transfer (kJ)
1 300 300
2 Zero 250
3 -100 -100
4 Zero -250
The thermal efficiency and work ratio for the cycle will be respectively.
(a) 33% and 0.66 (b) 66% and 0.36. (c) 36% and 0.66 (d) 33% and 0.36.
IES-12. A tank containing air is stirred by a paddle wheel. The work input to the
paddle wheel is 9000 kJ and the heat transferred to the surroundings from the
tank is 3000 kJ. The external work done by the system is: [IES-1999]
(a) Zero (b) 3000 kJ (c) 6000 kJ (d) 9000 kJ

IES-13. For a simple closed system of constant composition, the difference between the
net heat and work interactions is identifiable as the change in [IES-2003]
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy (c) Flow energy (d) Internal energy
IES-14. Assertion (A): The internal energy depends on the internal state of a body, as
determined by its temperature, pressure and composition. [IES-2006]
Reason (R): Internal energy of a substance does not include any energy that it
may possess as a result of its macroscopic position or movement.
IES-15. Change in internal energy in a reversible process occurring in a closed system

is equal to the heat transferred if the process occurs at constant: [IES-2005]
(a) Pressure (b) Volume (c) Temperature (d) Enthalpy
IES-16. 170 kJ of heat is supplied to a system at constant volume. Then the system
rejects 180 kJ of heat at constant pressure and 40 kJ of work is done on it. The
system is finally brought to its original state by adiabatic process. If the initial
value of internal energy is 100 kJ, then which one of the following statements
is correct? [IES-2004]
(a) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of the constant volume process
Page 20 of 121
(b) The highest value of internal energy occurs at the end of constant pressure process.
(c) The highest value of internal energy occurs after adiabatic expansion
(d) Internal energy is equal at all points
IES-17. 85 kJ of heat is supplied to a closed system at constant volume. During the next
process, the system rejects 90 kJ of heat at constant pressure while 20 kJ of
work is done on it. The system is brought to the original state by an adiabatic
process. The initial internal energy is 100 kJ. Then what is the quantity of
work transfer during the process? [IES-2009]
(a) 30 kJ (b) 25 kJ (c) 20 kJ (d) 15 kJ
IES-18. A system undergoes a process during which the heat transfer to the system per
degree increase in temperature is given by the equation: [IES-2004]
dQ/dT = 2 kJ/°C The work done by the system per degree increase in
temperature is given by the equation dW/dT = 2 – 0.1 T, where T is in °C. If
during the process, the temperature of water varies from 100°C to 150°C, what
will be the change in internal energy?
(a) 125 kJ (b) –250 kJ (c) 625 kJ (d) –1250 kJ
IES-19. When a system is taken from state A to

state B along the path A-C-B, 180 kJ of
heat flows into the system and it does 130
kJ of work (see figure given):
How much heat will flow into the system
along the path A-D-B if the work done by
it along the path is 40 kJ?
(a) 40 kJ (b) 60 kJ
(c) 90 kJ (d) 135 kJ [IES-1997]
IES-20. The internal energy of a certain system is a function of temperature alone and
is given by the formula E = 25 + 0.25t kJ. If this system executes a process for
which the work done by it per degree temperature increase is 0.75 kJ/K, then
the heat interaction per degree temperature increase, in kJ, is: [IES-1995]
(a) –1.00 (b) –0.50 (c) 0.50 (d ) 1.00
IES-21. When a gas is heated at constant pressure, the percentage of the energy
supplied, which goes as the internal energy of the gas is: [IES-1992]
(a) More for a diatomic gas than for triatomic gas
(b) Same for monatomic, diatomic and triatomic gases but less than 100%
(c) 100% for all gases
(d) Less for triatomic gas than for a diatomic gas
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind-PMM1

1. The first law of thermodynamics is a law of conservation of energy.
2. Perpetual motion machine of the first kind converts energy into equivalent
work.
3. A closed system does not exchange work or energy with its surroundings.
Page 21 of 121
4. The second law of thermodynamics stipulates the law of conservation of
energy and entropy.
Which of the statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 4 (c) 2, 3 and 4 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Enthalpy
IES-23. Assertion (A): If the enthalpy of a closed system decreases by 25 kJ while the
system receives 30 kJ of energy by heat transfer, the work done by the system
is 55 kJ. [IES-2001]
Reason (R): The first law energy balance for a closed system is (notations have
their usual meaning) ΔE = Q − W
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E

IES-24. Which one of the following is the steady flow energy equation for a boiler?
v12 v2
(a) h1 + = h2 + 2 (b) Q = (h2 − h1 ) [IES-2005]
2 gJ 2 gJ
v12 v2
(c) h1 + + Q = h2 + 2 (d) Ws = (h2 − h1 ) + Q
2 gJ 2 gJ
IES-25. A 4 kW, 20 litre water heater is switched on for 10 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, what is the increase of the water temperature? [IES-2008]
(a) 15°C (b) 20°C (c) 26°C (d) 30°C
Discharging and Charging a Tank

IES-26. An insulated tank initially contains 0.25 kg of a gas with an internal energy of
200 kJ/kg .Additional gas with an internal energy of 300 kJ/kg and an enthalpy
of 400 kJ/kg enters the tank until the total mass of gas contained is 1 kg. What
is the final internal energy(in kJ/kg) of the gas in the tank? [IES-2007]
(a) 250 (b) 275 (c) 350 (d) None of the above

IAS-1. A system executes a cycle during which there are four heat transfers: Q12 = 220
kJ, Q23 = -25kJ, Q34 = -180 kJ, Q41 = 50 kJ. The work during three of the
processes is W12 = 15kJ, W23 = -10 kJ, W34 = 60kJ. The work during the process 4 -
1 is: [IAS-2003]
(a) - 230 kJ (b) 0 kJ (c) 230 kJ (d) 130 kJ
Page 22 of 121
IAS-2. Two ideal heat engine cycles
are represented in the given
figure. Assume VQ = QR, PQ =
QS and UP =PR =RT. If the
work interaction for the
rectangular cycle (WVUR) is
48 Nm, then the work
interaction for the other cycle
PST is:
(a) 12Nm (b) 18 Nm
IAS-2001]
(c) 24 Nm (d) 36 Nm
IAS-3. A reversible heat engine operating between hot and cold reservoirs delivers a
work output of 54 kJ while it rejects a heat of 66 kJ. The efficiency of this
engine is: [IAS-1998]
(a) 0.45 (b) 0.66 (c) 0.75 (d) 0.82
IAS-4. If a heat engine gives an output of 3 kW when the input is 10,000 J/s, then the
thermal efficiency of the engine will be: [IAS-1995]
(a) 20% (b) 30% (c) 70% (d) 76.7%
IAS-5. In an adiabatic process, 5000J of work is performed on a system. The system

returns to its original state while 1000J of heat is added. The work done during
the non-adiabatic process is: [IAS-1997]
(a) + 4000J (b) - 4000J (c) + 6000J (d) - 6000J
IAS-6. In a thermodynamic cycle consisting of four processes, the heat and work are
as follows: [IAS-1996]
Q: + 30, - 10, -20, + 5
W: + 3, 10, - 8, 0
The thermal efficiency of the cycle will be:
(a) Zero (b) 7.15% (c) 14.33% (d) 28.6%
IAS-7. Match List-I (Devices) with List-II (Thermodynamic equations) and select the
correct answer using the codes below the lists: [IAS-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Turbine 1. W = h2 – h1
B. Nozzle 2. h1 = h2
C. Valve 3. h1 = h2 + V2/2
D. Compressor 4. W = h1 – h2
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 2 3 1 4
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 4 1
Page 23 of 121
IAS-8. Given that the path 1-2-3, a system
absorbs 100kJ as heat and does
60kJ work while along the path 1-
4-3 it does 20kJ work (see figure
given). The heat absorbed during
the cycle 1-4-3 is:
(a) - 140 Kj (b) - 80 kJ
(c) - 40kJ (d) + 60 kJ
[IAS 1994]
IAS-9. The given figure shows the

variation of force in an
elementary system which
undergoes a process during
which the plunger position
changes from 0 to 3 m. lf the
internal energy of the system at
the end of the process is 2.5 J
higher, then the heat absorbed
during the process is: [IAS-1994]
(a) 15 J (b) 20 J (c) 25 J (d) 30 J
IAS-10. The efficiency of a reversible

cyclic process undergone by a
substance as shown in the given
diagram is:
(a) 0.40 (b) 0.55
(c) 0.60 (d) 0.80
[IAS 1994]

IAS-11. Which one of the following is the correct expression for change in the internal
energy for a small temperature change Δ T for an ideal gas? [IAS-2007]
(a) ΔU = Cv × ΔT (b) ΔU = C p × ΔT
Cp
(c) ΔU =
Cv
× ΔT ( )
(d) ΔU = C p − Cv × ΔT
IAS-12. The heat transferred in a thermodynamic cycle of a system consisting of four

processes is successively 0, 8, 6 and -4 units. The net change in the internal
energy of the system will be: [IAS-1999]
(a) – 8 (b) Zero (c) 10 (d) –10
IAS-13. During a process with heat and work interactions, the internal energy of a
system increases by 30 kJ. The amounts of heat and work interactions are
respectively [IAS-1999]
Page 24 of 121
(a) - 50 kJ and - 80 kJ (b) -50 kJ and 80 kJ
(c) 50 kJ and 80 kJ (d) 50 kJ and - 80 kJ
IAS-14. A mixture of gases expands from 0.03 m3 to 0.06 m3 at a constant pressure of 1

MPa and absorbs 84 kJ of heat during the process. The change in internal
energy of the mixture is: [IAS 1994]
(a) 30 kJ (b) 54 kJ (c) 84 kJ (d) 114 kJ
IAS-15. In an adiabatic process 6000 J of work is performed on a system. In the non-

adiabatic process by which the system returns to its original state 1000J of
heat is added to the system. What is the work done during non-adiabatic
process? [IAS-2004]
(a) + 7000 J (b) - 7000 J (c) + 5000 J (d) - 5000 J
Enthalpy
IAS-16. The fundamental unit of enthalpy is: [IAS 1994]
(a) MLT-2 (b) ML-2T-1 (c) ML2T-2 (d) ML3T-2
Application of First Law to Steady Flow Process S.F.E.E

IAS-17. In a test of a water-jacketed compressor, the shaft work required is 90 kN-m/kg
of air compressed. During compression, increase in enthalpy of air is 30 kJ/kg
of air and increase in enthalpy of circulating cooling water is 40 kJ/ kg of air.
The change is velocity is negligible. The amount of heat lost to the atmosphere
from the compressor per kg of air is: [IAS-2000]
(a) 20kJ (b) 60kJ (c) 80 kJ (d) 120kJ
IAS-18. When air is compressed, the enthalpy is increased from 100 to 200 kJ/kg. Heat
lost during this compression is 50 kJ/kg. Neglecting kinetic and potential
energies, the power required for a mass flow of 2 kg/s of air through the
compressor will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 300 kW (b) 200 kW (c) 100 kW (d) 50 kW
Variable Flow Processes

below Lists: [IAS-2004]
List-I List-II
A. Bottle filling of gas 1. Absolute zero temperature
B. Nernst Simon statement 2. Variable flow
C. Joule Thomson effect 3. Quasistatic path
D. ∫ pdv 4. Isenthalpic process
5. Dissipative effect
6. Low grade energy
Page 25 of 121
7. Process and temperature during phase
change
(a) 6 5 4 3 (b) 2 1 4 3
(c) 2 5 7 4 (d) 6 1 7 4
IAS-20. A gas chamber is divided into two parts by means of a partition wall. On one
side, nitrogen gas at 2 bar pressure and 20°C is present. On the other side,
nitrogen gas at 3.5 bar pressure and 35°C is present. The chamber is rigid and
thermally insulated from the surroundings. Now, if the partition is removed,
(a) High pressure nitrogen will get throttled [IAS-1997]
(b) Mechanical work, will be done at the expense of internal energy
(c) Work will be done on low pressure nitrogen
(d) Internal energy of nitrogen will be conserved
Page 26 of 121

C12 gZ1 dQ C2 gZ2 dW
GATE-1. Ans. (a) h1 + + + = h2 + 1 + +
2000 1000 dm 2000 1000 dm
160 2
9.81× 10 100 2 9.81× 6 dW
3200 + + = 2600 + + +
2000 1000 2000 1000 dm
dW
600 + 7.8 + 0.04 = +
dm
GATE-2. Ans. (c)
1
W = ν (P2 − P1 ) = ( 3000 − 70 ) × kJ/kg = 2.93
1000
GATE-3. Ans. (a) Fig-1 & 2 both are power cycle, so equal areas but fig-3 & 4 are reverse power
cycle, so area is not meant something.
GATE-4. Ans. (c)
dQ = du + dw
Q = u2 − u1 + W or − 2000 = u2 − u1 − 5000 or u2 − u1 = 3000kJ
GATE-5. Ans (a) The final Temp. (T2)= γT1

IES-1. Ans. (a) If we adiabatically mix two liquid then perfect gas law is not necessary. But entropy
change in the universe must be calculated by Second law of thermodynamics. Final
entropy of then system is also a property. That so why we need second law.
IES-2. Ans. (b) Using conservation of energy law we may find final temperature.
IES-3. Ans. (d) From First law of thermodynamics, for a closed system the net energy transferred
as heat Q and as work W is equal to the change in internal energy, U, i.e. Q – W = U
IES-4. Ans. (c) Total heat addition is constant volume heat addition, Q12 = cv (T2 − T1)
Total heat rejection is constant pressure heat rejection, Q31 = c p (T3 − T1)
Now from equation of state
P1 P2 P
= (∵ v = const.) or T2 = 2 × T1
T1 T2 P1
v1 v 3 v
and = (∵ p = const.) or T3 = 3 × T1
T1 T3 v1
Q31 c (T − T ) (T − T )
Efficiency, η = 1 − = 1− p 3 1 = 1− γ 3 1
Q12 cv (T2 − T1) (T2 − T1)
Page 27 of 121
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Chaapter 2
⎛ v3 ⎞
⎜ × T1 − T1 ⎟
or η = 1 − γ ⎝ 1
v ⎠ = 1 − γ (v3 − v1) p1
⎛ P2 ⎞ ( p2 − p1) v1
⎜ × T1 − T1 ⎟
⎝ P1 ⎠
IES-5. Ans. (c
c) It is du = đQ
đ – đW, as u is a thermoodynamic prooperty and itts cyclic integ
gral must be
zeroo.
IES-6. Ans. (b) ΣdQ = ΣdW W or Q1− 2 + Q2 −1 = W1− 2 + W2 −1
or 20 + ( −10 ) = 50 + W2 −1 or W2 −1 = −40kJ
IES-7. Ans. (d) dQ = du + dw as u = const.
Theerefore du = 0 or dQ = d dw = 300kNm
m
IES-8. Ans. (d)
⎛ V2 ⎞
Q − Wx = Δ ⎜ h + + gz ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠
O − Wx = −140 − 10 + 0
or Wx = 150 kJ / kg
Cha ange of internal energy = -100 kJ/kg is superfluous data.
IES-9. Ans. (b) Q = Δ E+ Δ W
Δ E = –30 kJ (ddecrease in in
nternal energ
gy)
Δ W = + 50 kJ (work
( done by the systemm)
Q = –30 + 50 = + 20 kJ
IES-10. Ans. (a
a) Net work = ∑
dW =47 74 – 180 kJ/m
min = 294 kJ
J/min = 294/6
60 kJ/s = 4.9 kW
Work done 3000 − 100
b) ηth =
IES-11. Ans. (b = = 0..66
heaat added 300
Woork ratio =
∑ ( + w) − ∑ ( −w) = 550 − 350 = 0.366
∑ ( + w) 5
550
IES-12. Ans. (a) This iss a case of constant voolume
process or an n is isochooric process.. By
perrforming worrk on the sysstem temperaature
cann be raised. In an irrev versible constant
voluume process, the systemm doesn't perrform
worrk on the surrrounding at the expense of its
inteernal energy.
IES-13. Ans. (d
d)
IES-14. Ans. (a)
( The interrnal energy depends
d only
y upon the in nal states of the system.
nitial and fin
Inteernal energyy of a substa
ance does noot include an
ny energy th hat it may possess
p as a
resuult of its ma
acroscopic position or movement.
m T
That so why in SFEE v2/2 / and gz is
there.
Page 28 of 121
Fir
rst Law
w of Therm
T odyna
amics
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Chaapter 2
If in
nternal energgy include poosition or movement then n why this v2/2
/ and gz term
ms is there.
Bur Remembe er:
Miccroscopic view of a gas is a collectioon of particlles in randoom motion. Energy E of a
parrticle consists of transla ational energy, rotatio onal energy y, vibrationnal energy
andd specific ellectronic en nergy. All thhese energies summed oveer all the parrticles of the
gass, form the sp
pecific internaal energy, e , of the gas.
b) dQ = dU + pdV
IES-15. Ans. (b if V is cons tan t ( dQ )v = ( dU)v
IES-16. Ans. (a
a)
Q2 = 180
0kJ = Δu + ΔW = Δu + ( −40))
∴U1 = 100kJ, U2 = 100 + 170 = 270
0 kJ,
U3 = 270 − 180 + 40 = 130 kJ
IES-17. Ans. (d
d) For the process
p 1-2
dQ = +85 , dW = 0
For the process
p 2-3
dQ = -90 kJ, dW = -20kJ
For the process
p 3-1
dQ = 0, dW = ?
For a cycclic process
∑ dQ = ∑ dW
⇒ 85-90+
+0 = 0-20+ dWW
⇒ -5 = -20+ dW
⇒ dW = -20+55 = +15kJ
IES-18. Ans. (c
c)
dQ = du + dw
2.dt = du + ( 2 − 0.1T
0 ) dT
0.1 150 0.1
or ∫ du = ∫ 0.1TddT =
2
× ⎡⎣T 2 ⎤⎦ =
100 2 ⎣
⎡150
02 − 1002 ⎤⎦ = 625kJ
6
IES-19. Ans. (c)

( Change of internal en nergy from A to B along path p ACB = 180
1 - 130 = 50
5 kJ. It will
be same
s even allong path AD DB. ∴ Heat flowfl along AD DB = 40 + 50 = 90 kJ.
dQ dE dW
d d
d) dQ = dE + dW
IES-20. Ans. (d or = +
d
dt dt dt
d
Page 29 of 121
dW
Given: E = 25 + 0.25t kJ and = 0.75 kJ / k
dt
dE
then = 0.25 kJ / K
dt
dQ dE dW
Therefore = + = 0.25 + 0.75 kJ / K = 1.00 kJ / K
dt dt dt
IES-21. Ans. (a)
IES-22. Ans. (a) A closed system does exchange work or energy with its surroundings. option ‘3’ is
wrong. 4. “The law of conservation of entropy” is imaginary so option ‘4’ is also wrong.
IES-23. Ans. (a)
v2 dQ v2 dw
IES-24. Ans. (b) h1 + 1 + gz1 + = h2 + 2 + gz2 + =0
2 dm 2 dm
dw
For boiler v1, v2 is negligible and z1 = z2 and =0
dm
dQ
or = ( h2 − h1 )
dm
IES-25. Ans. (d)
mCP ΔT = ( 4 × 10 × 60 )
⇒ 20 × 4 × ΔT = 2400
⇒ ΔT = 30C°
IES-26. Ans. (c) Enthalpy of additional gas will be converted to internal energy.
Uf= miui+(mf-mi)hp = 0.25x200+(1-0.25)x400 = 350 kJ
As total mass = 1kg, uf=350 kJ/kg
Note: You cannot simply use adiabatic mixing law here because it is not closed system.
This is a problem of variable flow process. If you calculate in following way it will be
wrong.
Final internal energy of gas(mixture) is
m u + m 2 u2
u= 1 1
m1 + m2
⎛ kJ ⎞ ⎛ kJ ⎞
(0.25kg) ⎜ 200 ⎟ + (0.75kg) ⎜ 300
⎝ kg ⎠ ⎝ kg ⎟⎠
u=
(0.25 + 0.75)kG
kJ
u = 275
kg
It is valid for closed system only.

IAS-1. Ans. (b) ∑ dQ = ∑ dW or 220 -25 -180 +50 = 15 -10 +60 +W4-1
IAS-2. Ans. (c) Area under p-v diagram is represent work.
Page 30 of 121
1 1
Areas Δ PTS= Area (WVUR) ∴ Work PTS= × 48 =24 Nm
2 2
work output work out put 54
IAS-3. Ans. (a) η = = = = 0.45
Heat input work output + heat rejection 54 + 66
W 3 × 103 watts
IAS-4. Ans. (b) Thermal efficiency = = = 0.3 = 30%
Q 10.000 J/s
IAS-5. Ans. (c)
Q1− 2 = (U2 − U1 ) + W1−2
or 0 = (U2 − U1 ) + ( −5000 ) or (U2 − U1 ) = 5000 J
Q2−1 = (U1 − U2 ) + W2−1
or W2−1 = Q2−1 − (U1 − U2 ) = Q2−1 + (U2 − U1 ) = 1000 + 5000 = 6000 J
IAS-6. Ans. (c) Net work output = 3 + 10 – 8 = 5 unit and Heat added = 30 + 5 = 35 unit
5
Therefore efficiency, η = × 100% = 14.33%
35
IAS-7. Ans. (a)
IAS-8. Ans. (d) Q123 = U13 + W123 or, 100 = U13 + 60 or, U13 = 40 kJ
And Q143 = U13 + W143 = 40+20 = 60 kJ
1
IAS-9.Ans. (b) Total work = 5 × 3 + × 5 × 1 = 17.5 J or δW = du + δW = 2.5 + 17.5 = 20 J
2
Area under 500 and 1500
IAS-10. Ans. (c) Efficiency =
Area under 0 and 1500
1
× {(5 − 1) + (4 − 2)} × (1500 − 500)
2 3000
= = = 0.6
1 5000
× {(5 − 1) + (4 − 2)} × (1500 − 500) + (5 − 1) × 500
2
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
IAS-12. Ans. (b) Internal energy is a property of a system so ∫ du = 0
IAS-13. Ans. (a) dQ = du + dW if du = +30kJ then dQ = −50kJ and dW = −80kJ
IAS-14. Ans. (b) δW = du + δW = du + pdV
or 84 × 103J = du + 1 × 106 × (0.06 – 0.03) = du +30 kJ or du = 83 – 30 = 54 kJ
IAS-15. Ans. (a) Q1-2 = U2 –U1 +W1-2
Or 0 = U2 –U1 - 6000
or U2 –U1 = +6000
Q2-1 = U1-U2+W2-1
or W2-1 = Q2-1 - (U1-U2)
=1000+6000=7000J
IAS-16. Ans. (c)
Page 31 of 121
IAS-17. Ans. (a) Energy balance gives as
dW dQ
= ( Δh )air + ( Δh ) water +
dm dm
dQ
or = 90 − 30 − 40
dm
= 20kJ / kg of air compressed.
IAS-18. Ans. (a)

dQ dw
m ( h1 ) + = m ( h2 ) +
dt dt
dw dQ
or = m ( h1 − h2 ) + = 2 × (100 − 200 ) − 50 × 2 = −300kW
dt dt
i.e. 300kW work have to given to the system.
IAS-19. Ans. (b)
IAS-20. Ans. (a)
Page 32 of 121
Second Law of Thermodynamics
3. Second Law of Thermodynamics

IES-1. Which one of the following is correct on basis of the second law of
thermodynamics? [IES 2007]
(a) For any spontaneous process, the entropy of the universe increases
(b) ∆S =qrev/T at constant temperature
(c) Efficiency of the Stirling cycle is more than that of a Carnot cycle
(d) ∆E=q+w
(The symbols have their usual meaning)
IES-2. Assertion (A): Second law of thermodynamics is called the law of degradation
of energy. [IES-1999]
Reason (R): Energy does not degrade each time it flows through a finite
temperature difference.
IES-3. Heat transfer takes place according to [IES-1996]

(a) Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (b) First Law of Thermodynamics
(c) Second Law of Thermodynamics (d) Third Law of Thermodynamics.
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law

The definition of
1. Temperature is due to Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics.
2. Entropy is due to First Law of Thermodynamics.
3. Internal energy is due to Second Law of Thermodynamics.
4. Reversibility is due to Kelvin-Planck's statement.
Of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 1 alone is correct (d) 2 alone is correct
Page 33 of 121
Clausius' Statement of the Second Law
IES-5. Assertion (A): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter
system without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
Reason (R): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be
transferred from a cold to a hot body. [IES-1999]
Clausius' Theorem
IES-6. A steam power plant is shown in
figure,
(a) The cycle violates first and
second laws of thermodynamics.
(b) The cycle does not satisfy the
condition of Clausius inequality.
(c) The cycle only violates the second
laws of thermodynamics
(d) The cycle satisfies the Clausius
inequality
[IES-1992]
IES-7. An inventor says that his new concept of an engine, while working between
temperature limits of 27°C and 327°C rejects 45% of heat absorbed from the
source. His engine is then equivalent to which one of the following engines?
(a) Carnot engine (b) Diesel engine [IES-2009]
(c) An impossible engine (d) Ericsson engine
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements

IES-8. Assertion (A): Efficiency of a reversible engine operating between temperature
limits T1 and T2 is maximum. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Efficiency of a reversible engine is greater than that of an
irreversible engine.
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output

IES-9. A reversible engine operates between temperatures T1, and T2, The energy
rejected by this engine is received by a second reversible engine at
Page 34 of 121
temperature T2 and rejected to a reservoir at temperature T3. If the efficiencies
of the engines are same then the relationship between T1, T2 and T3 is given by:
[IES-2002]
(T1 + T3 ) (T1 + 2T3 )
(a) T2 =
2
(b) T2 = (T
1
2
+ T32 ) (c) T2 = T1T3 (d) T2 =
2
IES-10. A reversible engine operates between temperatures 900 K & T2 (T2 < 900 K), &
another reversible engine between T2 & 400 K (T2 > 400 K) in series. What is the
value of T2 if work outputs of both the engines are equal? [IES-2005]
(a) 600 K (b) 625 K (c) 650 K (d) 675 K
IES-11. Two reversible engine operate between thermal reservoirs at 1200 K, T2K and
300 K such that 1st engine receives heat from 1200 K reservoir and rejects heat
to thermal reservoir at T2K, while the 2nd engine receives heat from thermal
reservoir at T2K and rejects heat to the thermal reservoir at 300 K. The
efficiency of both the engines is equal. [IES-2004]
What is the value of temperature T2?
(a) 400 K (b) 500 K (c) 600 K (d) 700 K
IES-12. A series combination of two Carnot’s engines operate between the

temperatures of 180°C and 20°C. If the engines produce equal amount of work,
then what is the intermediate temperature? [IES-2009]
(a) 80°C (b) 90°C (c) 100°C (d) 110°C
IES-13. An engine working on Carnot cycle rejects 40% of absorbed heat from the
source, while the sink temperature is maintained at 27°C, then what is the
source temperature? [IES-2009]
(a) 750°C (b) 477°C (c) 203°C (d) 67.5°C
IES-14. A reversible heat engine rejects 50 percent of the heat supplied during a cycle
of operation. If this engine is reversed and operates as a heat pump, then what
is its coefficient of performance? [IES-2009]
(a) 1.0 (b) 1.5 (c) 2.0 (d) 2.5
IES-15. A heat engine is supplied with 250 kJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature of
227°C; the heat is rejected at 27°C, the cycle is reversible, then what amount of
heat is rejected? [IES-2009]
(a) 250 kJ/s (b) 200 kJ/s (c) 180 kJ/s (d) 150 kJ/s
IES-16. One reversible heat engine operates between 1600 K and T2 K, and another
reversible heat engine operates between T2K and 400 K. If both the engines
have the same heat input and output, then the temperature T2 must be equal
to: [IES-1993]
(a) 1000 (b) 1200 (c) 1400 (d) 800
Page 35 of 121
Kelvin-Planck Statement of Second Law
IAS-1. Assertion (A): No machine would continuously supply work without
expenditure of some other form of energy. [IAS-2001]
Reason (R): Energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can only be
transformed from one form into another.
Equivalence of Kelvin-Planck and Clausius Statements

IAS-2. A heat engine is supplied with 250 KJ/s of heat at a constant fixed temperature
of 227°C. The heat is rejected at 27°C. The cycle is reversible, if the amount of
heat rejected is: [IAS-1995]
(a) 273 KJ/s (b) 200 KJ/s (c) 180 KJ/s (d) 150 KJ/s.
IAS-3. A reversible engine En as shown

in the given figure draws 300
kcal from 200 K reservoir and
does 50 kcal of work during a
cycle. The sum of heat
interactions with the other two
reservoir is given by:
(a) Q1 + Q2 = + 250 kcal
(b) Q1 + Q2 = –250 kcal
(c) Q1 + Q2 = + 350 kcal
[IAS-1996]
(d) Q1 + Q2 = –350 kcal
Carnot Engine with same efficiency or same work output

IAS-4. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2007]
1. Amount of work from cascaded Carnot engines corresponding to fixed
temperature difference falls as one goes to lower absolute level of
temperature.
2. On the enthalpy-entropy diagram, constant pressure lines diverge as the
entropy increases.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
IAS-5. In a cyclic heat engine operating between a source temperature of 600°C and a
sink temperature of 20°C, the least rate of heat rejection per kW net output of
the engine is: [IAS 1994]
(a) 0.460 kW (b) 0.505 kW (c) 0.588 kW (d) 0.650 kW
Page 36 of 121

IES-1. Ans. (a)
IES-2. Ans. (c) A is true but R is false.
IES-3. Ans. (c) Heat transfer takes place according to second law of thermodynamics as it tells
about the direction and amount of heat flow that is possible between two reservoirs.
IES-4. Ans. (c) Out of 4 definitions given, only first definition is correct and balance three are
wrong.
IES-5. Ans. (b) A and R are true. A is the Clausius statement of second law of thermodynamics.
Spontaneously means without change in surroundings.
If question comes like following then answer will be (a).
Assertion (A): External work must be put into heat pump so that heat can be transferred
from a cold to a hot body.
Reason (R): Heat cannot spontaneously pass from a colder system to a hotter system
without simultaneously producing other effects in the surroundings.
IES-6. Ans. (d)
T 300
IES-7. Ans. (c) Carnot efficiency of engine = η = 1 − 2 = 1 − = 0.5
T1 600
But according to the inventor’s Claim
Efficiency of engine = 1-0.45 = 0.55
∵ Efficiency of Actual Engine cannot be greater then Carnot efficiency. So this is an
impossible engine.
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c)
IES-10. Ans. (c) Figure from another question
W1 = W2
T1 + T3 900 + 400
or Q1 − Q 2 = Q2 − Q3 or T1 − T2 = T2 − T3 or T2 = = = 650K
2 2
IES-11. Ans. (c)
η1 = η2
T2 300
or 1 − = 1−
1200 T2
or T2 = 1200 × 300 = 600K
Page 37 of 121
Seco
ond La
aw of Therm
modyn
namicss
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 3
IES-12. Ans. (c
c)
Sou ature = T1,
urce Tempera
ermediate Temperature = T
Inte
Sin
nk Temperatuure = T2
∵ W1 = W2
⎛ T⎞ ⎛ T ⎞
Q1 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = Q2 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ T⎠
T1 ⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ T2 ⎞ T1 T2
⇒ ⎜1− ⎟ = 1− ⎟ ⇒ − 1 = 1−
T ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎜⎝ T⎠ T T
T1 + T2 T + T2 180 + 20
0
⇒ =2 ⇒T = 1 = = 100°C
T 2 2
IES-13. Ans. (b
b) Sink temp perature = 277°C = 27 + 2773 = 300K
It is given that engine rejeccts 40% of ab bsorbed heat from the
souurce
Q Q
Forr a carnot cyccle engine 1 = 2
T1 T2
Q 0.44Q 30
00
= ⇒T= = 750K = 477°C
T 30
00 0..4
Q1 Q2
IES-14. Ans. (c
c) =
T1 T2
Q 0.5 Q1 T2
⇒ 1 = ⇒ = 0.5
T1 T2 T1
If the engine is reversed an nd operated as
a the Heat
Pummp.
Theen COP coeffficient of perfformance
T1 1 1
= = = =2
T1 − T2 T2 1 − 0.5
5
1−
T1
IES-15. Ans. (d
d) Heat supp
plied by the Heat
H Engine = Q1 = 250 kJ/sec
k
Souurce temperaature = 227°C = 500 K
Sinnk temperatuure = 27°C = 300K
3
2500 Q
= 2 ⇒ Q 2 = 250 × 0.6 = 150kJ / sec
5000 300
IES-16. Ans. (d
d) Two reverrsible heat en
ngines operatte between liimits of
16000K and T2; T2 and 40
00K
Botth have the same heat inp put and output,
T1 − T2 1600 − T2 T2 − 4000
i.e.. is same for booth or = or T2 = 8000 K
T1 16000 T2
Page 38 of 121
IAS-1. Ans. (a)
Q1 Q2
IAS-2. Ans. (d) =
T1 T2
IAS-3. Ans. (b) ∑Q = ∑W
300 + Q1 + Q2 = 50
IAS-4. Ans. (b) For reversible cycle
T1 T2 T3
= =
Q1 Q2 T3
T1 − T2 Q1 − Q2
or =
T2 Q2
T2
or T1 − T2 = (Q1 − Q2 ) ×
Q2
T3
Similarly T2 − T3 = ( Q2 − Q3 ) ×
Q3
If T1 − T2 = T2 − T3 then Q1 − Q2 = Q2 − Q3
or W1 = W2
Q1 Q2 Q1 − Q2 W
IAS-5. Ans. (b) Reversible engine has maximum efficiency where = = =
T1 T2 T1 − T2 T1 − T2
Therefore least heat rejection per kW net output,

W 1
Q2 = × T2 = × 293 = 0.505kW
T1 − T2 873 − 293
Page 39 of 121
Entropy
4. Entropy
Applications of Entropy Principle

GATE-1. A 1500 W electrical heater is used to heat 20 kg of water (Cp = 4186 J/kg K) in an
insulated bucket, from a temperature of 30°C to 80°C. If the heater temperature
is only infinitesimally larger than the water temperature during the process,
the change in entropy for heater is….. J/k and for water ............. J/K.
[GATE-1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System

Data for Q2 and Q3 are given below. Solve the problems and choose
correct answers.
Nitrogen gas (molecular weight 28) is enclosed in a cylinder by a piston, at the initial
condition of 2 bar, 298 K and 1 m3. In a particular process, the gas slowly expands under
isothermal condition, until the volume becomes 2m3. Heat exchange occurs with the
atmosphere at 298 K during this process.
GATE-2. The work interaction for the Nitrogen gas is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 200 kJ (b) 138.6 kJ (c) 2 kJ (d) –200 kJ
GATE-3. The entropy change for the Universe during the process in kJ/K is: [GATE-2003]
(a) 0.4652 (b) 0.0067 (c) 0 (d) –0.6711
GATE-4. If a closed system is undergoing an irreversible process, the entropy of the

system [GATE-2009]
(a) Must increase (b) Always remains constant
(c) Must decrease (d) Can increase, decrease or remain constant
Entropy and Direction: The Second Law a Directional

law of Nature
GATE-5. One kilogram of water at room temperature is brought into contact with a high
temperature thermal reservoir. The entropy change of the universe is:
(a) Equal to entropy change of the reservoir [GATE-2010]
(b) Equal to entropy change of water
Page 40 of 121
Entropy
(c) Equal to zero
(d) Always positive

Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other
dQ
IES-1. The relation ds = , where s represents entropy, Q represents heat and T
T
represents temperature (absolute), holds good in which one of the following
processes? [IES-2009]
(a) Reversible processes only (b) Irreversible processes only
(c) Both reversible and irreversible processes (d) All real processes
IES-2. Which of the following statement is correct? [IES-2008]

(a) The increase in entropy is obtained from a given quantity of heat transfer at a low
temperature.
(b) The change in entropy may be regarded as a measure of the rate of the availability of
heat for transformation into work.
(c) The entropy represents the maximum amount of work obtainable per degree drop in
temperature
(d) All of the above
Q6. A heat engine receives 1000 kW of heat at a constant temperature of 285°C

and rejects 492 kW of heat at 5°C. Consider the following thermodynamic
cycles in this regard:
1. Carnot cycle 2. Reversible cycle 3. Irreversible cycle [IES-2000]
Which of these cycles could possible be executed by the engine?
(a) 1 alone (b) 3 alone (c) 1 and 2 (d) None of 1, 2 and 3
1000 492
Q6. Ans. (b) S gen = − + = −0.02233 kW / K
(285 + 273) (5 + 273)
So cycle is impossible Cycle
See in both the case Carnot Cycle and Reversible cycle entropy change of the
Universe will be zero.
Irreversible cycle entropy change will be positive.
The Property of Entropy

IES-3. Assigning the basic dimensions to mass, length, time and temperature
respectively as M, L, T and θ (Temperature), what are the dimensions of
entropy? [IES-2007]
(a) M LT-2 θ (b) M L2 T-1 θ-1 (c) M L2 T-2θ-1 (d) M L3T-2 θ -1
IES-4. A Carnot engine operates between 327°C and 27°C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of work, what is the entropy change during heat addition? [IES-2008]
(a) 0.5 kJ/K (b) 1.0 kJ/K (c) 1.5 kJ/K (d) 2.0 kJ/K
Page 41 of 121
Entropy
Temperature-Entropy Plot
IES-5. A system comprising of a pure
substance executes reversibly a
cycle 1 -2 -3 -4 -1 consisting of two
isentropic and two isochoric
processes as shown in the Fig. 1.
Which one of the following is the

correct representation of this cycle
on the temperature – entropy
coordinates?
[IES-2002]
IES-6. A cycle of pressure – volume

diagram is shown in the given
Fig. I, Same cycle on
temperature-entropy diagram
will be represented by:
Page 42 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
[IES-1995]
IES-7. An ideal air standard cycle

c is
sho
own in the given
tem
mperature-e
entropy diagram.
[IES-1997]
Thee same cyc
cle, when re
epresented on the pre
essure-volum
me coordin
nates takes
the
e form
IES-8. Maatch figuress of Colum

mn-I with th
hose given in Column n-II and se
elect given
bellow the colu
umns: [IES-1994]
Collumn-I (p-v diagram) Colummn-II (T-s diagram)
Page 43 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
Cod
des: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 1 2 (d) 3 2 1
IES-9. A cyclic
c proce
ess ABCD shown
s in
the
e V-T diagra
am perform
med with
a constant
c ma
ass of an id
deal gas.
The
e process of
o p-V diagr
ram will
be as shown in
n
[IES-1992]
IES-10. Thr ree process

ses are reprresented onn the p-v an
nd T-s diagr
rams in the
e following
figu
ures. Matchh processess in the twwo diagramss and selecct the corre
ect answer
usiing the code
es given bellow the diag
grams: [IES-1994]
Page 44 of 121
Entropy
Codes: A B C A B C
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 3 1
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 1 3 2
IES-11. Two polytropic processes undergone by a perfect gas are shown below in the
pressure-volume co-ordinates. [IES-2008]
Which representation shows correctly the above processes on the temperature–

entropy co-ordinates?
IES-12. Assertion (A): If a graph is plotted for absolute temperature as a function of

entropy, the area under the curve would give the amount of heat supplied.
Reason (R): Entropy represents the maximum fraction of work obtainable from
heat per degree drop in temperature. [IES-1998]
The Inequality of Clausius

IES-13. For real thermodynamic cycle: [IES-2005]
dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) ∫ T
> 0 but < ∞ (b) ∫ T
<0 (c) ∫ T
=0 (d) ∫ T
=∞
Page 45 of 121
Entropy
IES-14. For a thermodynamic cycle to be irreversible, it is necessary that [IES-1998]
δQ δQ δQ δQ
(a) ∫ =0 (b) ∫ <0 (c) ∫ >0 (d) ∫ ≥0
T T T T
IES-15. For an irreversible cycle: [IES-1994]

dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) ∫ T
≤0 (b) ∫ T
>0 (c) ∫ T
<0 (d) ∫ T
≥0
IES-16. If a system undergoes an irreversible adiabatic process, then (symbols have

usual meanings) [IES-1997]
dQ dQ
(a) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS > 0 (b) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS = 0
dQ dQ
(c) ∫ > 0 and ΔS = 0 (d) ∫ < 0 and ΔS < 0
T T
Entropy Change in an Irreversible Process

In an irreversible process
1. Entropy always increases.
2. The sum of the entropy of all the bodies taking part in a process always
increases.
3. Once created, entropy cannot be destroyed.
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 2 are correct (b) 1 and 3 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 3 are correct

When a perfect gas enclosed in a cylinder piston device executes a reversible
adiabatic expansion process,
1. Its entropy will increase
2. Its entropy change will be zero
3. The entropy change of the surroundings will be zero
Of these statements
(a) 1 and 3 are correct (b) 2 alone is correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1 alone is correct
IES-19. A system of 100 kg mass undergoes a process in which its specific entropy
increases from 0.3 kJ/kg-K to 0.4 kJ/kg-K. At the same time, the entropy of the
surroundings decreases from 80 kJ/K to 75 kJ/K. The process is: [IES-1997]
(a) Reversible and isothermal (b) Irreversible
(c) Reversible (d) Impossible
IES-20. Which one of the following temperature entropy diagrams of steam shows the
reversible and irreversible processes correctly? [IES-1996]
Page 46 of 121
Entropy
Applications of Entropy Principle

IES-21. A Carnot engine operates between 27°C and 327°C. If the engine produces 300
kJ of Work, What is the entropy change during heat addition? [IES-2005]
IES-22. The entropy of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of the entropies of
constituents evaluated at: [IES-2005]
(a) Temperature and pressure of the mixture
(b) Temperature of the mixture and the partial pressure of the constituents
(c) Temperature and volume of the mixture
(d) Pressure and volume of the mixture
IES-23. The heat added to a closed system during a reversible process is given by
Q = α T + β T 2 , where α and β are constants. The entropy change of the system
as its temperature changes from T1 to T2 is equal to: [IES-2000]
⎡ β 2 ⎤
(a ) α + β (T2 − T1 ) (b) ⎢α (T2 − T1 ) +
⎣ 2
( )
T2 − T12 ⎥ / T1
⎦
⎡α β 3 ⎤ ⎛ T2 ⎞
(
(c) ⎢ T22 − T12 +
⎣2
) ( )
T2 − T13 ⎥ / T12
⎦
( d ) α ln ⎜ ⎟ + 2β (T2 − T1 )
2 ⎝ T1 ⎠
IES-24. One kg of air is subjected to the following processes: [IES-2004]

1. Air expands isothermally from 6 bar to 3 bar.
2. Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
3. Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three
fold
In which of the above processes, the change in entropy will be positive?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-25. A reversible heat engine receives 6 kJ of heat from thermal reservoir at
temperature 800 K, and 8 kJ of heat from another thermal reservoir at
temperature 600 K. If it rejects heat to a third thermal reservoir at
Page 47 of 121
Entropy
temperature 100 K, then the thermal efficiency of the engine is approximately
equal to: [IES-2002]
(a) 65% (b) 75% (c) 80% (d) 85%
IES-26. A reversible engine exceeding 630 cycles per minute drawn heat from two
constant temperature reservoirs at 1200 K and 800 K rejects heat to constant
temperature at 400 K. The engine develops work 100kW and rejects 3200 KJ
Q1200
heat per minute. The ratio of heat drawn from two reservoirs is nearly.
Q800
[IES-1992]
(a) 1 (b) 1.5 (c) 3 (d) 10.5
IES-27. In which one of the following situations the entropy change will be negative
(a) Air expands isothermally from 6 bars to 3 bars [IES-2000]
(b) Air is compressed to half the volume at constant pressure
(c) Heat is supplied to air at constant volume till the pressure becomes three folds
(d) Air expands isentropically from 6 bars to 3 bars

law of Nature
IES-28. A mass M of a fluid at temperature T1 is mixed with an equal mass of the same
fluid at temperature T2. The resultant change in entropy of the universe is:
[IES-1992]
(a) Zero (b) Negligible (c) Always negative (d) Always positive
Two Reversible Adiabatic Paths cannot Intersect Each Other

IAS-1. Which one of the following is the correct statement? [IAS-2007]
Two adiabatic will:
(a) Intersect at absolute zero temperature
(b) Never intersect
(c) Become orthogonal at absolute zero temperature
(d) Become parallel at absolute zero temperature
The Property of Entropy

IAS-2. Heat flows between two reservoirs having temperatures 1000 K and 500 K,
respectively. If the entropy change of the cold reservoir is 10 kJ/K, then what is
the entropy change for the hot reservoir? [IAS-2004]
(a) –10 kJ/K (b) –5 kJ/K (c) 5 kJ/K (d) 10 kJ/K
Page 48 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
Te
empera
ature-Entropy Plot
IA
AS-3. An ideal cyclle is shownn in the
giv
ven pressure
e-volume diiagram:
[IAS-1997]
The
e same cyclle on temperature-entr
ropy diagram will be re
epresented as:
AS-4.
IA The e thermaal efficien
ncy of t
the
hyp pothetical heat
h engine
e cycle show
wn
in the
t given figure is:
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.45
(c) 0.35
0 (d) 0.25
[IAS-2000]
AS-5.
IA Wh hich one of the followiing pairs be
est expresses a relatio onship similar to that
exppressed in the pair r “pressure e-volume” for a the ermodynam mic system
und dergoing a process? [IAS-1995]
(a) Enthalpy-enntropy (b) Pressu
ure-enthalpy
(c) Pressure-tem
P mperature (d) Tempeerature-entroopy
IA
AS-6. An ideal gas contained
c in
n a rigid ta
ank
is cooled
c suchh that T2 < and P2 <P1 In
thee given temperatu ure entro
opy
diaagram, th
his processs path is
reppresented by the line la
abelled.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
[IAS-1999]
Page 49 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
AS-7.
IA In the T-S diiagram shown in the
ure, which one of the
figu e following
is represented
r d by the area
a under
thee curve?
(a) Total work done
d during the process
(b) Total heat absorbed during the
process
(c) Total heatt rejected during
d the
process
(d) Degree of irreversibility
[IAS-2004]
The Ineq
quality of Clau
usius
IA
AS-8. Cla
ausius inequ
uality is sta
ated as [IAS-2001]
Q Q
(a) ∫ δQ < 0 (b) ∫ δQ = 0 (c)) ∫ δ >0 (d) ∫δ T ≤0
T
IA
AS-9. For
r real therm
modynamic cycle: [IAS-2003]
dQ dQ dQ dQ
(a) ∫ T
> 0 butt < ∞ (b) ∫ T
<0 (c)) ∫ T
=0 (d) ∫ T
=∞
IA
AS-10(i). If a system undergoes an
a irreversiible adiabatic processs, then (sym
mbols have
usuual meaning
gs) [IAS-1999]
dQ dQ
(a) ∫T
= 0 an
nd ΔS > 0 (b) ∫T
= 0 and ΔS = 0
dQ dQ
(c) ∫ > 0 an
nd ΔS = 0 (d) ∫ < 0 and ΔS < 0
T T
IA
AS-10(ii). A cyclic
c heat engine rece
eives 600 kJ of heat fr
rom a 1000 K source and
a rejects
dQ
450
0 kJ to a 300
3 K sink. The quanttity ∫ T
a
and efficien
ncy of the engine
e are
resspectively [IAS-2001]
(a) 2.1 kJ/K andd 70% (b)) –0.9 kJ/K and
a 25%
(c) + 0.9 kJ/K an
nd 70% (d)) –2.1 kJ/K and
a 25%
A
Applicattions off Entrop
py Prin
nciple
IA
AS-11. Wh hich one of the
t followinng statemen nts is not co orrect? [IAS-2003]
(a) Change in entropy
e durin
ng a reversiblle adiabatic process
p is zerro
(b) Entropy increases with the
t addition of heat
(c) Throttling is a constant entropy expa ansion processs
(d) Change in entropy wh hen a gas is heated under u consta ant pressure given by
T2
s2 − s1 = mC
C p log e
T1
Page 50 of 121
Entropy
IAS-12. Assertion (A): Entropy change for a reversible adiabatic process is zero.
Reason (R): There is no heat transfer in an adiabatic process. [IAS 1994]
Entropy Generation in a Closed System

IAS-13. 1600 kJ of energy is transferred from a heat reservoir at 800 K to another heat
reservoir at 400 K. The amount of entropy generated during the process would
be: [IAS-2000]
(a) 6 kJ/k (b) 4 kJ/k (c) 2kJ/k (d) Zero
IAS-14. An electric motor of 5 kW is subjected to a braking test for 1 hour. The heat
generated by the frictional forces in the process is transferred to the
surroundings at 20°C. The resulting entropy change will be: [IAS-1998]

law of Nature
IAS-15. M1 kg of water at T1 is isobarically and adiabatically mixed with M2 kg of water
at T2 (T1 > T2). The entropy change of the universe is: [IAS-2004]
(a) Necessarily positive (b) Necessarily negative
(c) Always zero (d) Negative or positive but not zero
IAS-16. In which one of the following processes is there an increase in entropy with no
degradation of energy? [IAS-1996]
(a) Polytropic expansion (b) Isothermal expansion
(c) Isochoric heat addition (d) Isobaric heat addition
Page 51 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
Answ
wers with Expla
anatio
on (Ob
bjectiv
ve)
Previo
ous 20-Years
s GATE
E Answ
wers
GA
ATE-1. Ans. –11858 J/K, 12787 J/K.
⎛υ ⎞ ⎛υ ⎞ ⎛2⎞
ATE-2. Ans. (b) w1− 2 = mRT
GA m In ⎜ 2 ⎟ = pυ In ⎜ 2 ⎟ = 200 × 1× In ⎜ ⎟ kJ = 138.6 kJ
k
⎝ υ1 ⎠ ⎝ υ1 ⎠ ⎝ 1⎠
GA ersible processs so ( ΔS )univerrse = 0
ATE-3. Ans. (c) It is reve
GA
ATE-4. Ans. (d)
GA
ATE-5. Ans.. (d) It is a case of spoontaneous prrocess i.e. irrrepressibility
y involved that
t so why
entropy change of the univerrse is positiv
ve.
Previious 20-Yearrs IES Answ

wers
⎛ dQ ⎞
IES-1. Ans. (a)) Remember ds = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ T ⎠Rev
R
IES-2. Ans. (bb) The chang ge of entropy y may be regarded as a measure
m of th
he rate of av
vailability of
hea at for transformation intoo work.
IES-3. Ans. (c))
IES-4. Ans. (b)
Q1 Q1 Q1 − Q2 W
= = =
T1 T1 T1 − T2 T1 − T2
Q1 = 600kJ
Thee entropy ch
hange during heat addiition
Q1 600
= = = 1 kJ / K
T1 600
IES-5. Ans. (c))

IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (b)
IES-8. Ans. (c))
IES-9. Ans. (d) AB constannt pressure heat
h addition.
IES-10. Ans. (c) XA consstant pressu ure heat rejeection. XB = const. temp
p. heat rejecction. XC =
isenntropic heat rejection.
r
IES-11. Ans. (bb)
Page 52 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
IES-12. Ans. (b
b)
IES-13. Ans. (b
b)
IES-14. Ans. (b
b)
IES-15. Ans. (c
c)
dQ
IES-16. Ans. (a
a) ∫ T
= 0 does not neccessarily meaans reversiblle process. If dQ = 0 .
IES-17. Ans. (c) In irreversible
i heat
rejeection process enttropy
deccreases. In an irreverrsible
process entropy
y of the univverse
ways increasses i.e. sum
alw m of
systtem + su urroundings will
incrreases.
Con nsider the prrocess 3–4 iff it is
irreeversible prrocess then also
entropy will deccrease.
IES-18. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible adiabaticc expansion, entropy chan nge is zero and no changee in entropy
of surroundings
s s.
IES-19. Ans. (b
b) Entropy inncrease in prrocess = 100 (0.4 – 0.3) = 10 kJ/kg
Enttropy change e of surround
dings = 5 kJ/K K
Thu us net entrop
py increases and
a the proceess is irreverrsible.
IES-20. Ans. (c)
( In reversiible process entropy
e channge is zero an
nd in four figuures it is rep
presented by
straaight vertical line. Howevver, in irreveersible processs, entropy in
ncreases in all
a processes
(exppansion as well
w as compression).
IES-21. Ans. (b
b)
( T1 − T2 ) ΔS = W
300
or ΔS = = 1 kJ / k
600 − 300
IES-22. Ans. (c
c)
dQ 1 α + 2 β T ⎛ T2 ⎞
T1 T
IES-23. Ans. (d
d) ∫T T T∫ T
= T
dT = α ln ⎜ ⎟ + 2 β (T2 − T1 )
⎝ T1 ⎠
1 1
Page 53 of 121
Entropy
IES-24. Ans. (c)
IES-25. Ans. (d)

6 Q
= 2
800 100
8 Q
= 4
600 100
Q + Q4
η = 1− 2
Q1 + Q3
3 4
+
= 1− 4 3 = 0.85
6+8
IES-26. Ans. (d) Refer to given figure, as given
Engine work developed = 100 kW
= 100 × 1000 × 60
= 6 × 106 J/min.
Thus, Qs = total heat supplied
= 6 × 106 +3.2 × 106
= 9.2 × 106 J/min.
Let reservoir at 1200 K supply Qs1 J/min.
Therefore reservoir at 800o K will supply. Qs2 = 9.2 × 106 – Qs1
Also, by data the engine is a reversible heat engine completing 600 cycles/min. and
therefore entropy change after every complete cycle is zero.
Qs1 Qs2 QR
Thus, + − =0
1200 800 400
Qs1 9.2 × 106 − Q 6 × 3.2 × 106
or + − =0
1200 800 400
2Qs1 + 3(9.2 × 106 − Qs1 ) − 6 × 3.2 × 106
=0
2400
or Qs1 = 3 × 9.3 × 106 − 6 × 3.2 × 106
= 8.4 × 106 J/min
Qs2 = 9.2 × 106 − 8.4 × 106
= 0.8 × 106 J/min
Page 54 of 121
Enttropy
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 4
8.4
He
ence ratio = =10.5
0.8
b) It is isoba
IES-27. Ans. (b aric compresssion.
IES-28. Ans. (d
d)
Previious 20
0-Yearrs IAS Answ
wers
IA
AS-1. Ans. (b)
IA
AS-2. Ans. (b)
+Q
S2 = = 10
0
500
or Q = 5000 kJJ
−Q −5000
S1 = = = −5kJ / k
1000 1000
1
⎡∴Heat added tot thesystemm is +ive ⎤
⎢ Heat rejecteed from the syystem is -ive ⎥
⎣ ⎦
IA
AS-3. Ans. (d)
1
× ( 5 − 1) × ( 800 − 40
00 )
Work done
d area1 − 2 − 3 2
AS-4. Ans. (d) η =
IA = = = 0.25
dded areaunder curve 2 − 3
Heat ad ( 5 − 1) × 800
IA
AS-5. Ans. (d) That so wh
hy we are usin
ng p–v or T–
–s diagram.
IA
AS-6. Ans. (a))
IA
AS-7. Ans. (b
b)
IA
AS-8. Ans. (d)
IA
AS-9. Ans. (b)
Page 55 of 121
Entropy
dQ
IAS-10(i). Ans. (a) ∫
T
= 0 does not necessarily means reversible process. If dQ = 0 .
Q − Q2 Q 450
IAS-10(ii). Ans. (b) η = 1 = 1− 2 = 1− = 0.25 = 25%
Q1 Q1 600
IAS-11. Ans. (c) Throttling is a constant enthalpy expansion process.
IAS-12. Ans. (b)
dQ dQ 1600 1600
IAS-13. Ans. (c) Entropy generated = dsat 400K − dsat 800K = − = − = 2kJ / K
400 800 400 800
ΔQ 5 × 3600
IAS-14. Ans. (c) ΔS = = kJ / K = 61.4kJ / K
T 293
IAS-15. Ans. (a)
IAS-16. Ans. (b)
Page 56 of 121
Availability, Irreversibility
5. Availability, Irreversibility

GATE-1. A steel billet of 2000 kg mass is to be cooled from 1250 K to 450 K. The heat
released during this process is to be used as a source of energy. The ambient
temperature is 303 K and specific heat of steel is 0.5 kJ/kg K. The available
energy of this billet is: [GATE-2004]
(a) 490.44 MJ (b) 30.95 MJ (c) 10.35 MJ (d) 0.10 MJ
Availability
GATE-2. Availability of a system at any given state is: [GATE-2000]
(a) A property of the system
(b) The maximum work obtainable as the system goes to dead state
(c) The total energy of the system
(d) The maximum useful work obtainable as the system goes to dead state
GATE-3. A heat reservoir at 900 K is brought into contact with the ambient at 300 K for
a short time. During this period 9000 kJ of heat is lost by the heat reservoir.
The total loss in availability due to this process is: [GATE-1995]
(a) 18000 kJ (b) 9000 kJ (c) 6000 kJ (d) None of the above
Irreversibility
GATE-4. Consider the following two processes: [GATE-2010]
a. A heat source at 1200 K loses 2500 kJ of heat to sink at 800 K
b. A heat source at 800 K loses 2000 kJ of heat to sink at 500 K
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
(a) Process I is more irreversible than Process II
(b) Process II is more irreversible than Process I
(c) Irreversibility associated in both the processes is equal
(d) Both the processes are reversible
Page 57 of 121
Available Energy
IES-1. What will be the loss of available energy associated with the transfer of 1000 kJ
of heat from constant temperature system at 600 K to another at 400 K when
the environment temperature is 300 K? [IES-2004]
(a) 150 kJ (b) 250 kJ (c) 500 kJ (d) 700 kJ
IES-2. What is the loss of available energy associated with the transfer of 1000 kJ of
heat from a constant temperature system at 600 K to another at 400 K when the
environmental temperature is 300 K? [IES-2008]
(a) 150 kJ (b) 250 kJ (c) 166·67 kJ (d) 180kJ
Available Energy Referred to a Cycle

IES-3. A heat source H1 can supply 6000kJ/min. at 300°C and another heat source H2
can supply 60000 kJ/min. at 100°C. Which one of the following statements is
correct if the surroundings are at 27°C? [IES-2006]
(a) Both the heat sources have the same efficiency
(b) The first heat source has lower efficiency
(c) The second heat source has lower efficiency
(d) The first heat source produces higher power
Availability
IES-4. Assertion (A): The change in availability of a system is equal to the change in
the Gibbs function of the system at constant temperature and pressure.
Reason (R): The Gibbs function is useful when evaluating the availability of
systems in which chemical reactions occur. [IES-2006]
IES-5. For a steady flow process from state 1 to 2, enthalpy changes from h1 = 400
kJ/kg to h2 = 100 kJ/kg and entropy changes from s1 = 1.1 kJ/kg-K to s2 = 0.7
kJ/kg-K. Surrounding environmental temperature is 300 K. Neglect changes in
kinetic and potential energy. The change in availability of the system is:
[IES-2003]
IES-6. Availability function for a closed system is expressed as: [IES-2002]

(a) φ = u + po v − To S (b) φ = du + po dv − To ds
(c) φ = du + po dv + To ds (d) φ = u + po v + To S

1. Availability is the maximum theoretical work obtainable.
Page 58 of 121
2. Clapeyron's equation for dry saturated steam is given by
dTs ⎡ hg − hf ⎤
(V g − Vf ) = ⎢
dQ ⎣ Ts ⎦
⎥
3. A gas can have any temperature at a given pressure unlike a vapour which
has a fixed temperature at a given pressure.
⎡ ∂s ⎤
4. Joule Thomson coefficient is expressed as μ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∂p ⎦ h
Of these statements
(a) 1, 2 and 3 are correct (b) 1, 3 and 4 are correct
(c) 2 and 3 are correct (d) 1, 2 and 4 are correct
IES-8. 10kg of water is heated from 300 K to 350 K in an insulated tank due to
churning action by a stirrer. The ambient temperature is 300 K. In this context,
match List-I and List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given
below the Lists: [IES-2000]
List-I List-II
A. Enthalpy change 1. 12.2 kJ/kg
B. Entropy change/kg 2. 1968 kJ
C. Availability/kg 3. 2090 kJ
D. Loss of availability 4. 656 J/kg-k
(a) 3 1 4 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 2 1 4 3
IES-9. Neglecting changes in kinetic energy and potential energy, for unit mass the
availability in a non-flow process becomes a = ɸ - ɸo, where ɸ is the availability
function of the [IES-1998]
(a) Open system (b) Closed system
(c) Isolated system (d) Steady flow process

1. Availability is generally conserved
2. Availability can either be negative or positive
3. Availability is the maximum theoretical work obtainable
4. Availability can be destroyed in irreversibility
Of these correct statements are:
(a) 3 and 4 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
Irreversibility
IES-11. The irreversibility is defined as the difference of the maximum useful work
and actual work: I = Wmax,useful- Wactual. How can this be alternatively expressed?
(a) I = To ( ΔS system + ΔS surrounding ) (b) I = To ( ΔS system − ΔS surrounding ) [IES-2005]
(c) I = To ( ΔS system + ΔS surrounding ) (d) I = To ( ΔS system − ΔS surrounding )
IES-12. Assertion (A): All constant entropy processes are adiabatic, but all adiabatic
processes are not isentropic. [IES-2006]
Page 59 of 121
Reason (R): An adiabatic process which resists the exchange of energy to the
surroundings may have irreversibility due to friction and heat conduction.
IES-13. Which of the following statement is incorrect? [IES-1992]

(a) The greater the pressure difference in throttling the lesser the irreversibility
(b) The primary source of internal irreversibility in power is fluid friction in rotary
machines.
(c) The greater the irreversibility, the greater the increase in adiabatic process
(d) The entropy of the universe is continually on the increase.
IES-13. Ans. (a)
Available Energy
IAS-1. What will be the loss of available energy associated with the transfer of 1000 kJ
of heat from constant temperature system at 600 K to another at 400 K when
the environment temperature is 300 K? [IAS-1995]
(a) 150 kJ (b) 250 kJ (c) 500 kJ (d) 700 kJ
IAS-2. An inventor claims that heat engine has the following specifications: [IAS-2002]
Power developed = 50 kW; Fuel burned per hour = 3 kg
Heating value of fuel =75,000 kJ per kg; Temperature limits = 627°C and 27°C
Cost of fuel = Rs. 30/kg; Value of power = Rs. 5/kWh
(a) Possible (b) Not possible (c) Economical (d) Uneconomical
IAS-3. For a reversible power cycle, the operating temperature limits are 800 K and
300 K. It takes 400 kJ of heat. The unavailable work will be: [IAS-1997]
(a) 250 kJ (b) 150 kJ (c) 120 kJ (d) 100 kJ
Quality of Energy
IAS-4. Increase in entropy of a system represents [IAS-1994]
(a) Increase in availability of energy (b) Increase in temperature
(c) Decrease in pressure (d) Degradation of energy
Availability
IAS-5. If u, T, v, s, hand p refer to internal energy, temperature, volume, entropy,
enthalpy and pressure respectively; and subscript 0 refers to environmental
conditions, availability function for a closed system is given by: [IAS-2003]
(a) u + Po v – To s (b) u – Po v+ To s (c) h + Po v – Tos (d) h – Po v + To s
below the lists:
List-I List-II
Page 60 of 121
A. Irreversibility 1. Mechanical equivalent
B. Joule Thomson experiment 2. Thermodynamic temperature scale
C. Joule's experiment 3. Throttling process
D. Reversible engines 4. Loss of availability
(a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 3 2 1 (d) 4 3 1 2
Irreversibility
IAS-7. The loss due to irreversibility
in the expansion valve of a
refrigeration cycle shown in
the given figure is
represented by the area
under the line.
(a) GB (b) AG
(c) AH (d) BH
[IAS-1999]
IAS-8. Assertion (A): When a gas is forced steadily through an insulated pipe
containing a porous plug, the enthalpy of gas is the same on both sides of the
plug. [IAS-1997]
Reason (R): The gas undergoes an isentropic expansion through the porous
plug.
Second Law efficiency

IAS-9. Assertion (A): The first-law efficiency evaluates the energy quantity utilization,
whereas the second-law efficiency evaluates the energy quality utilization.
Reason (R): The second-law efficiency for a process is defined as the ratio of
change of available energy of the source to the change of available energy of
the system. [IAS-1998]
Page 61 of 121

2 T
⎛ T ⎞
T2
⎡ ⎛ T ⎞⎤
GATE-1. Ans. (a) A.E = ∫ mc p ⎜ 1 − o ⎟ dT = ∫ mc p ⎢( T2 − T1 ) − To ln ⎜ 2 ⎟ ⎥
T1 ⎝ T ⎠ T1 ⎣⎢ ⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎦⎥
⎡ ⎛ 1250 ⎞ ⎤
= 2000 × 0.5 ⎢(1250 − 450 ) − 303ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 490MJ
⎣ ⎝ 450 ⎠ ⎦
GATE-2. Ans. (d) Maximum useful work, i.e. total work minus pdv work. Not maximum work.
GATE-3. Ans. (d) The availability of a thermal reservoir is equivalent to the work output of a
Carnot heat engine operating between the reservoir and the environment. Here as there
is no change in the temperatures of source (reservoir) or the sink (atmosphere), the
initial and final availabilities are same. Hence, there is no loss in availability.
GATE-4. Ans. (b)

⎧1000 1000 ⎫
IES-1. Ans. (b) Loss of available energy = To × ( ΔS )univ. = 300 ⎨ − ⎬ kJ = 250kJ
⎩ 400 600 ⎭
IES-2. Ans. (b) Loss of Availability = T0 ΔS
T0 = 300K
Q Q
ΔS = −
T1 T2
⎛ 1000 1000 ⎞
∴ Loss of Availability = 300 ⎜ − = 250 kJ
⎝ 400 600 ⎟⎠
Tource
IES-3. Ans. (c) η = 1− ∴η1 >η2
Tsurroundings
IES-4. Ans. (b)
IES-5. Ans. (c) U.E. = To (s1 − s 2 ) = 300 × (1.1 − 0.7) = 120 kJ/kg
Change in availability = (h1 − h 2 ) − (U.E.) = (400 − 100) − 120 = 180 kJ/kg
IES-6. Ans. (a)
IES-7. Ans. (c) The availability of a given system is defined as the maximum useful work that can
be obtained in a process in which the system comes to equilibrium with the surroundings
or attains a dead state. Clearly, the availability of a system depends on the condition of
the system as well as those of the surroundings.
Page 62 of 121
IES-8. Ans. (c)

IES-9. Ans. (a)
IES-10. Ans. (a) Availability is the maximum theoretical work obtainable and it can be destroyed in
irreversibility.
IES-11. Ans. (a) I = To × ( ΔS )universe = To × ⎡⎣ ΔSsystem + ΔSsurrounding ⎤⎦
IES-12. Ans. (d) A is false, For a
process due to
irreversibility entropy will
increase and actual process
may be 1–2' but due to heat
loss to the surroundings,
may 2' coincide with 2 but
the process not adiabatic.
So, all isentropic process is
not adiabatic.
IES-13. Ans. (a)

⎧1000 1000 ⎫
IAS-1. Ans. (b) Loss of available energy = To × ( ΔS )univ. = 300 ⎨ − ⎬ kJ = 250kJ
⎩ 400 600 ⎭
T2 300 2
IAS-2. Ans. (b) Maximum possible efficiency (ηmax) = 1 − = 1− =
T1 900 3
Maximum possible Power output with this machine
3 × 75000 2
(Wmax) = Q ×ηmax = × kW 41. 67 KW
3600 3
So above demand is impossible.
⎛ T ⎞ ⎛ 300 ⎞
IAS-3. Ans. (b) Available part of the heat (WE) = Q ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ = 400 ⎜ 1 − ⎟ = 250 kJ
⎝ T1 ⎠ ⎝ 800 ⎠
Unavailable work (Wu) = 400 – 250 = 150 kJ
⎡ ⎛ 1250 ⎞ ⎤
= 2000 × 0.5 ⎢(1250 − 450 ) − 303ln ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ = 490MJ s
⎣ ⎝ 450 ⎠ ⎦
IAS-4. Ans. (d)
IAS-5. Ans. (a)
IAS-6. Ans. (d)
Page 63 of 121
IAS-7. Ans. (d) Entropy will increase in the process AH is BH.
Therefore Irreversibility (I) = To × ΔS i.e. area under the line BH.
IAS-8. Ans. (c) Expansion through the porous plug is adiabatic as no heat added or rejected to the
system. It is not reversible, due to large irreversibility entropy increases so it is not an
isentropic process.
mimimum energy int ake to perform the given task
IAS-9. Ans. (c) ηII =
actual energy int ake to perform the same task
Page 64 of 121
Thermodynamic Relations
6. Thermodynamic Relations
Maxwell's Equations
GATE-1. Which of the following relationships is valid only for reversible processes
undergone by a closed system of simple compressible substance (neglect
changes in kinetic and potential energy? [GATE-2007]
(a) δQ = dU + δW (b) TdS = dU + pdV (c) TdS = dU + δW (d) δQ = dU + pdV
GATE-2. Considering the relationship TdS = dU + pdV between the entropy (S), internal
energy (U), pressure (p), temperature (T) and volume (V), which of the
following statements is correct? [GATE-2003]
(a) It is applicable only for a reversible process
(b) For an irreversible process, TdS > dU + pdV
(c) It is valid only for an ideal gas
(d) It is equivalent to 1 law, for a reversible process
Difference in Heat Capacities and Ratio of Heat Capacities

GATE-3. The specific heats of an ideal gas depend on its [GATE-1996]
(a) Temperature (b) Pressure
(c) Volume (d) Molecular weight and structure
GATE-4. The specific heats of an ideal gas depends on its [GATE-1996]

(a) Temperature (b) Pressure (c) Volume (d) Molecular weight and structure
⎡ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎤
GATE-5. For an ideal gas the expression ⎢T ⎜ ⎟ −T ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ is always equal to:
⎢⎣ ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎥⎦
[GATE-1997]
cp
(a) zero (b) (c ) R (d ) RT
cv
GATE-6. A 2 kW, 40 litre water heater is switched on for 20 minutes. The heat capacity
Cp for water is 4.2 kJ/kg K. Assuming all the electrical energy has gone into
heating the water, increase of the water temperature in degree centigrade is:
[GATE-2003]
Page 65 of 121
(a) 2.7 (b) 4.0 (c) 14.3 (d) 25.25
Joule-Kelvin Effect or Joule-Thomson coefficient

GATE-7. Which combination of the following statements is correct? [GATE-2007]
P: A gas cools upon expansion only when its Joule-Thomson coefficient is
positive in the temperature range of expansion.
Q: For a system undergoing a process, its entropy remains constant only when
the process is reversible.
R: The work done by a closed system in an adiabatic process is a point
function.
S: A liquid expands upon freezing when the slop of its fusion curve on
Pressure Temperature diagram is negative.
(a) R and S (b) P and Q (c) Q, R and S (d) P, Q and R
GATE-8. A positive value to Joule-Thomson coefficient of a fluid means [GATE-2002]

(a) Temperature drops during throttling
(b) Temperature remains constant during throttling
(c) Temperature rises during throttling
(d) None of these
GATE-9. A gas having a negative Joule-Thompson coefficient (µ < 0), when throttled,
will: [GATE-2001]
(a) Become cooler
(b) Become warmer
(c) Remain at the same temperature
(d) Either be cooler or warmer depending on the type of gas
GATE-10. Match 4 correct pairs between List-I and List-II for the questions [GATE-1994]
For a perfect gas:
List-I List-II
(a) Isobaric thermal expansion coefficient 1. 0
(b) Isothermal compressibility 2. ∞
(c) Isentropic compressibility 3. 1/v
(d) Joule – Thomson coefficient 4. 1/T
5. 1/p
6. 1/ γ p

Some Mathematical Theorems
IES-1. Given: [IES-1993]
p = pressure, T = Temperature, v = specific volume
Which one of the following can be considered as property of a system?
⎛ dT p.dv ⎞ ⎛ dT v.dp ⎞
(a ) ∫ pdv (b) ∫ vdp (c ) ∫ ⎜ + ⎟ (d ) ∫ ⎜ − ⎟
⎝ T v ⎠ ⎝ T T ⎠
Page 66 of 121
Maxwell's Equations
IES-2. Which thermodynamic property is evaluated with the help of Maxwell
equations from the data of other measurable properties of a system? [IES 2007]
(a) Enthalpy (b) Entropy (c) Latent heat (d) Specific heat
IES-3. Consider the following statements pertaining to the Clapeyron equation:

1. It is useful to estimate properties like enthalpy from other measurable
properties. [IES-2006]
2. At a change of phase, it can be used to find the latent heat at a given
pressure.
⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
3. It is derived from the relationship ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂T ⎠V
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1,2 and 3 (b) Only 1 and 2 (c) Only 1 and 3 (d) Only 2 and 3
TdS Equations
IES-4. T ds equation can be expressed as: [IES-2002]
T β dv Tdv
(a) Tds = Cv dT + (b) Tds = Cv dT +
k k
Tk Tβ
(c) Tds = Cv dT + dv (d) Tds = Cv dT + dp
β k
IES-5. Which one of the following statements applicable to a perfect gas will also be
true for an irreversible process? (Symbols have the usual meanings). [IES-1996]
(a) dQ = du + pdV (b) dQ = Tds (c) Tds = du + pdV (d) None of the above
IES-6. Consider the following thermodynamic relations: [IES-2000]

1.Tds = du + pdv 2.Tds = du − pdv
3.Tds = dh + vdp 4.Tds = dh − vdp
Which of these thermodynamic relations are correct?

IES-7. Match List-l (Terms) with List-II (Relations) and select the correct answer
using the codes given below the Lists: [IES-2003]
List-I (Terms) List-II (Relations)
A. Specific heat at constant volume, Cv 1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞
1. ⎜ ⎟
v ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
B. Isothermal compressibility kT ⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎛ ∂v ⎞
2. −T ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
C. Volume expansivity β ⎛ ∂s ⎞
3. T⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠v
Page 67 of 121
D. Difference between specific heats at constant 1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞
pressure and at constant Cp – Cv 4. − ⎜ ⎟
v ⎝ ∂p ⎠T
(a) 3 4 2 1 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 4 1 2 3
IES-8. Assertion (A): Specific heat at constant pressure for an ideal gas is always
greater than the specific heat at constant volume. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): Heat added at constant volume is not utilized for doing any
external work.
IES-9. An insulated box containing 0.5 kg of a gas having Cv = 0.98 kJ/kgK falls from a
balloon 4 km above the earth’s surface. What will be the temperature rise of the
gas when the box hits the ground? [IES-2004]
(a) 0 K (b) 20 K (c) 40 K (d) 60 K
IES-10. As compared to air standard cycle, in actual working, the effect of variations in
specific heats is to: [IES-1994]
(a) Increase maximum pressure and maximum temperature
(b) Reduce maximum pressure and maximum temperature
(c) Increase maximum pressure and decrease maximum temperature
(d) Decrease maximum pressure and increase maximum temperature
IES-11. The number of degrees of freedom for a diatomic molecule [IES-1992]

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Cp
IES-12. The ratio for a gas with n degrees of freedom is equal to: [IES-1992]
Cv
2 2
(a) n + I (b) n – I (c) −1 (d) 1 +
n n
IES-13. Assertion (A): Specific heat at constant pressure for an ideal gas is always
greater than the specific heat at constant volume. [IES-2002]
external work.
Cp
IES-14. Assertion (A): Ratio of specific heats decreases with increase in
Cv
temperature. [IES-1996]
Reason (R): With increase in temperature, C p decreases at a higher rate than
C v.
Page 68 of 121
IES-15. It can be shown that for a simple compressible substance, the relationship
⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
2
Cp – Cv = – T ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ exists. [IES-1998]
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂v ⎠T
Where C p and C v are specific heats at constant pressure and constant volume
respectively. T is the temperature V is volume and P is pressure.
Which one of the following statements is NOT true?
(a) C p is always greater than C v.
(b) The right side of the equation reduces to R for ideal gas.
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂V ⎞
2
(c) Since ⎜ ⎟ can be either positive or negative, and ⎜ ⎟ must be positive, T

⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
⎛ ∂P ⎞
must have a sign that is opposite to that of ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂v ⎠T
(d) Is very nearly equal to for liquid water.

IES-16. Joule-Thomson coefficient is defined as: [IES-1995]
⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ⎛ ∂h ⎞ ⎛ ∂p ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ (c) ⎜ ⎟ (d) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂p ⎠ h ⎝ ∂p ⎠T ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠ h
IES-17. The throttling of certain gasses may be used for getting the refrigeration effect.
What is the value of Joule – Thomson coefficient (µ) for such a throttling
process? [IES-2007]
(a) µ = 0 (b) µ = 1 (c) µ < 1 (d) µ > 1
IES-18. Which one of the following is correct? [IES 2007]

When a real gas undergoes Joule-Thomson expansion, the temperature
(a) May remain constant (b) Always increases
(c) May increase or decrease (d) Always decreases
IES-19. Assertion (A): Throttling process for real gases at initial temperature higher
than maximum inversion temperature is accompanied by decrease in
temperature of the gas. [IES-2003]
Reason (R): Joule-Kelvin coefficient μj is given ( ∂T / ∂p ) h and should have a
positive value for decrease in temperature during throttling process.
IES-20. Match List-I (Name of entity) with List-II (Definition) and select the correct
answer using the codes given below the lists: [IES-2001]
List-I (Name of entity) List-II (Definition)
Page 69 of 121
1 ⎛ ∂v ⎞
A. Compressibility factor 1. − ⎜ ⎟
v ⎝ ∂p ⎠T
⎛ ∂h ⎞
B. Joule – Thomson coefficient 2. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
⎛ ∂T ⎞
C. Constant pressure specific heat 3. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂p ⎠ h
⎛ pv ⎞
D. Isothermal compressibility 4. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ RT ⎠
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 4 1 2 3
IES-21. Joule – Thomson coefficient is the ratio of [IES-1999]

(a) Pressure change to temperature change occurring when a gas undergoes the process
of adiabatic throttling
(b) Temperature change to pressure change occurring when a gas undergoes the process
of adiabatic throttling
(c) Temperature change to pressure change occurring when a gas undergoes the process
of adiabatic compression
(d) Pressure change to temperature change occurring when a gas undergoes the process
of adiabatic compression
IES-22. The Joule – Thomson coefficient is the [IES-1996]

⎛ ∂T ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ of pressure-temperature curve of real gases
⎝ ∂p ⎠ h
⎛ ∂T ⎞
(b) ⎜ ⎟ of temperature-entropy curve of real gases
⎝ ∂p ⎠v
⎛ ∂h ⎞
(c) ⎜ ⎟ of enthalpy-entropy curve of real gases
⎝ ∂s ⎠T
⎛ ∂V ⎞
(d) ⎜ ⎟ of pressure-volume curve of real gases
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p
IES-23. Match the following: [IES-1992]

List-I List-II
A. Work 1. Point function
B. Heat 2. ∫ Tds
⎛ ∂u ⎞
C. Internal energy 3. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠ h
D. Joule Thomson Coefficient 4. ∫ pdv
Code: A B C D A B C D
Page 70 of 121
(a) 4 2 1 3 (b) 1 2 4 3
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 2 1 4 3
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
IES-24. Consider the following statements in respect of the Clausius – Clapeyron
equation: [IES-2007]
1. It points to one possible way of measuring thermodynamic temperature.
2. It permits latent heat of vaporization to be estimated from measurements of
specific volumes of saturated liquid, saturated vapour and the saturation
temperatures at two nearby pressures.
3. It does not apply to changes from solid to the liquid phase and from solid to
the Vapour phase.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
IES-25. The equation relating the following measurable properties: [IES-2005]

(i) The slope of saturation pressure temperature line
(ii) The latent heat, and
(iii) The change in volume during phase transformation; is known as:
(a) Maxwell relation (b) Joules equation
(c) Clapeyron equation (d) None of the above
IES-26. The variation of saturation pressure with saturation temperature for a liquid
is 0.1 bar/K at 400 K. The specific volume of saturated liquid and dry saturated
vapour at 400 K are 0.251 and 0.001 m3/kg What will be the value of latent heat
of vaporization using Clausius Clapeyron equation? [IES-2004]
IES-27. If h, p, T and v refer to enthalpy, pressure, temperature and specific volume
respectively and subscripts g and f refer to saturation conditions of vapour and
liquid respectively then Clausius-Clapeyron equation applied to change of
phase from liquid to vapour states is: [IES-1996, 2006]
dp (hg − h f ) dp (hg − h f )
(a) = (b) =
dt (vg − v f ) dt T (vg − v f )
dp (hg − h f ) dp (vg − v f )T
(c) = (d) =
dt T dt (hg − h f )
IES-28. Which one of the following functions represents the Clapeyron equation
pertaining to the change of phase of a pure substance? [IES-2002]
(a) f (T, p, hfg) (b) f (T, p, hfg, vfg) (c) f (T, p, hfg, sfg) (d) f (T, p, hfg, sfg, vfg)
IES-29. The Clapeyron equation with usual notations is given by: [IES-2000]
⎛ dT ⎞ h fg ⎛ dP ⎞ h fg ⎛ dT ⎞ Th fg ⎛ dP ⎞ Th fg
(a) ⎜ ⎟ = (b) ⎜ ⎟ = (c ) ⎜ ⎟ = (d ) ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dP ⎠sat Tv fg ⎝ dT ⎠ sat Tv fg ⎝ dP ⎠ sat v fg ⎝ dT ⎠ sat v fg
IES-30. Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the 'slope' of a curve in [IES-1999]

(a) p–v diagram (b) p–h diagram (c) p–T diagram (d) T–S diagram
Page 71 of 121
IES-31. The thermodynamic parameters are: [IES-1997]
I. Temperature II. Specific Volume III. Pressure IV. Enthalpy V. Entropy
The Clapeyron Equation of state provides relationship between:
(a) I and II (b) II, III and V (c) III, IV and V (d) I, II, III and IV
Gibbs Phase Rule

IES-32. Number of components (C), phase (P) and degrees of freedom (F) are related by
Gibbs-phase rule as: [IES-2001]
(a) C – P – F = 2 (b) F – C – P = 2 (c) C + F – P = 2 (d) P + F – C = 2
IES-33. As per Gibb's phase rule, if number of components is equal to 2 then the
number of phases will be: [IES-2002]
(a) ≤ 2 (b) ≤ 3 (c) ≤ 4 (d) ≤ 5
IES-34. Gibb's phase rule is given by: [IES-1999]

(F = number of degrees of freedom; C = number of components; P = number of
phases)
(a) F = C + P (b) F = C + P – 2 (c) F = C – P – 2 (d) F = C – P + 2
IES-35. Gibb's free energy 'c' is defined as: [IES-1999]

(a) G = H – TS (b) G = U – TS (c) G = U + pV (d) G = H + TS
IES-36. Which one of the following relationships defines the Helmholtz function F?
[IES-2007]
(a) F = H + TS (b) F = H – TS (c) F = U – TS (d) F = U +TS
IES-37. Assertion (A): For a mixture of solid, liquid and vapour phases of a pure
substance in equilibrium, the number of independent intrinsic properties
needed is equal to one. [IES-2005]
Reason(R): The Three phases can coexist only at one particular pressure.

1. Azeotropes are the mixtures of refrigerants and behave like pure
substances.
2. Isomers refrigerants are compounds with the same chemical formula but
have different molecular structures.
3. The formula n + p + q = 2m is used for unsaturated chlorofluorocarbon
compounds (m, n, p and q are the numbers atoms of carbon, hydrogen,
fluorine and chlorine respectively).
Which of these statements are correct?
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 2 and 3 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 2 and 3
Page 72 of 121
Maxwell's Equations
IAS-1. According to the Maxwell relation, which of the following is/are correct?
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂P ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ = −⎜ ⎟ (b) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ [IAS-2007]
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂P ⎠T ⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂T ⎠v
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
(c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ (d) All of the above
⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎝ ∂v ⎠T
TdS Equations
IAS-2. Which one of the following expressions for T ds is true for a simple
compressible substance? (Notations have the usual meaning) [IAS-1998]
(a) dh – vdp (b) dh + vdp (c) dh – pdv (d) dh + pdv

IAS-3. The specific heat Cp is given by: [IAS-2000]
⎛ ∂v ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
(a) T ⎜ ⎟ (b) T ⎜ ⎟ (c) T ⎜ ⎟ (d) T ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂s ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂v ⎠ p
⎡ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞ ⎤
IAS-4. For an ideal gas the expression ⎢T ⎜ ⎟ −T ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ is always equal to:
⎣⎢ ⎝ ∂T ⎠ p ⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎦⎥
cp
(a) zero (b) (c ) R (d ) RT [IAS-2003]
cv
IAS-5. Assertion (A): Specific heat at constant pressure for an ideal gas is always
greater than the specific heat at constant volume. [IAS-2000]
external work.
IAS-6. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answers using the codes given
below the lists. [IAS-2002]
List-I List-II
5
A. Joule Thomson co-efficient 1. R
2
B. Cp for monatomic gas 2. Cv
Page 73 of 121
C. Cp – Cv for diatomic gas 3. R
⎛ ∂U ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
D. ⎜ ⎟ 4. ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎝ ∂P ⎠ h
(a) 3 2 4 1 (b) 4 1 3 2
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 2 3 1
IAS-7. Ratio of specific heats for an ideal gas is given by (symbols have the usual
meanings) [IAS-1999]
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R C C R
1− 1− p 1+ p 1+
Cp R R Cp

IAS-8. Which one of the following properties remains unchanged for a real gas during
Joule-Thomson process? [IAS-2000]
(a) Temperature (b) Enthalpy (c) Entropy (d) Pressure
Clausius-Clapeyron Equation
IAS-9. If h, p, T and v refer to enthalpy, pressure, temperature and specific volume
respectively and subscripts g and f refer to saturation conditions of vapour and
liquid respectively then Clausius-Clapeyron equation applied to change of
phase from liquid to vapour states is: [IAS-2003]
dp (hg − h f ) dp (hg − h f )
(a) = (b) =
dt (vg − v f ) dt T (vg − v f )
dp (hg − h f ) dp (vg − v f )T
(c) = (d) =
dt T dt (hg − h f )
IAS-10. Which one of the following is the correct statement? [IAS-2007]
Clapeyron equation is used for:
(a) Finding specific volume of vapour (b) Finding specific volume of liquid
(c) Finding latent heat of vaporization (c) Finding sensible heat
IAS-11. Assertion (A): Water will freeze at a higher temperature if the pressure is
increased. [IAS-2003]
Reason (R): Water expands on freezing which by Clapeyron's equation gives
negative slope for the melting curve.
Page 74 of 121
below the lists [IAS-1994]
List-I List-II
A. Mechanical work 1. Clausius-Clapeyron equation
dQ
B. ∫ T
≤0 2. Gibb's equation
C. Zeroth Law 3. High grade energy

D. H–TS 4. Concept of temperature
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 3 – 2 4
(c) – 2 3 1 (d) 3 – 4 2
Gibbs Phase Rule

IAS-13. Which one of the following relationships defines Gibb's free energy G?
[IAS-2007]
(a) G = H + TS (b) G = H – TS (c) G = U + TS (d) G = U – TS
IAS-14. The Gibbs free-energy function is a property comprising [IAS-1998]

(a) Pressure, volume and temperature (b) Ethalpy, temperature and entropy
(c) Temperature, pressure and enthalpy (d) Volume, ethalpy and entropy
Page 75 of 121

GATE-1. Ans. (d)
GATE-2. Ans. (d)
GATE-3. Ans. (a)
GATE-4. Ans. (d)
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ T∂S ⎞ ⎛ dQ ⎞
GATE-5. Ans. (c) T ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = CP
⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ∂T ⎠P
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ T∂S ⎞ ⎛ dQ ⎞
T⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = CV
⎝ ∂T ⎠ V ⎝ ∂T ⎠ V ⎝ ∂T ⎠ V
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ ∂S ⎞
∴T⎜ ⎟ − T ⎜ ∂T ⎟ = CP − C V = R
⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ⎠V
GATE-6. Ans. (c) Heat absorbed by water = Heat supplied by heater.
mw c pw ( ΔT ) w = P × t or 40 × 4.2 × ( ΔT ) w = 2 × 20 × 60 or ( ΔT )w = 14.3o C
GATE-7. Ans. (b)
⎛ ∂T ⎞
GATE-8. Ans. (a) μ = ⎜ ⎟ i,e. μ > o, ∂P is ( −ive ) so ∂T must be − ive.
⎝ ∂P ⎠h
⎛ ∂T ⎞ ⎛ ∂T ⎞
GATE-9. Ans. (b) Joule-Thomson co-efficient ⎜ ⎟ . Here, ∂p, − ive and ⎜ ⎟ , -ive so ∂T must be
⎝ ∂P ⎠h ⎝ ∂P ⎠h
+ive so gas will be warmer.
GATE-10. Ans. (a) – 4, (b) –5, (c) –6, (d) – 1

IES-1. Ans. (d) P is a function of v and both are connected by a line path on p and v coordinates.
Thus ∫ pdv and ∫ vdp are not exact differentials and thus not properties.
If X and Y are two properties of a system, then dx and dy are exact differentials. If the
⎡ ∂M ⎤ ⎡ ∂N ⎤
differential is of the form Mdx + Ndy, then the test for exactness is ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ∂y ⎦ x ⎣ ∂x ⎦ y
Now applying above test for
⎛ dT p.dv ⎞ ⎡ ∂ (1/ T ) ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ( p / v) ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ( RT / v ) ⎤
2
R
∫ ⎜⎝ T + v ⎟⎠ , ⎢⎣ ∂v ⎥⎦
T
= ⎢⎣ ∂T ⎥⎦
v
= ⎢
⎣ ∂T ⎥
⎦v
or 0 =
v2
This differential is not exact and hence is not a point function and hence
⎛ dT p.dv ⎞
∫ ⎜⎝ T +
v ⎠
⎟ is not a point function and hence not a property.
Page 76 of 121
⎛ dT v.dp ⎞ ⎡ ∂ (1/ T ) ⎤ ⎡ ∂ ( −v / T ) ⎤ ⎡ ∂ (− R / P) ⎤
And for ∫ ⎜⎝ T −
T ⎠
⎟ ⎢ ∂p ⎥ = ⎢ ∂T ⎥ = ⎢ ∂T
⎣ ⎦T ⎣ ⎦P ⎣ ⎥⎦ or 0 = 0
P
⎛ dT v.dp ⎞
Thus ∫ ⎜⎝ T −
T ⎠
⎟ is exact and may be written as ds, where s is a point function and
hence a property
IES-2. Ans. (a) From Maxwell relation Clapeyron equation comes.
⎛ ∂p ⎞ ⎛ ∂s ⎞
IES-3. Ans. (b) 3 is false. It is derived from the Maxwell’s 3rd relationship ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂T ⎠v ⎝ ∂v ⎠T
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. Ans. (c) The relations in (a) and (b) are applicable for a reversible processes and (c) Tds = du
+ pdV is a relation among properties which are independent of the path.
IES-6. Ans. (b)
IES-7. Ans. (c)
IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (c) Potential energy will converted to heat energy.
gh 980 × 4000
mgh = mc v ΔT or ΔT = = = 40K
cv 980
IES-10. Ans. (b)
IES-11. Ans. (d) A diatomic gas (such as that of oxygen) has six degrees of freedom in all-three
corresponding to translator motion, two corresponding to rotatory motion and one
corresponding to vibratory motion. Experiments have shown that at ordinary
temperatures, the vibratory motion does not occur. Hence, at 27°C, an oxygen molecule
has just five degrees of freedom.
IES-12. Ans. (d)
IES-13. Ans. (a) Both A and R correct and R is the correct explanation of A
IES-14. Ans. (c). A is correct but R is false.
We know that C p = a+KT+K1T2+K2T3
C v = b+ KT+K1T2+K2T3
See Cp and C v both increase with temperature and by same amount. As Cp > C v then
C
percentage increase of Cp is less than C v. So p decreases with temperature.
Cv
⎛ ∂P ⎞
IES-15. Ans. (c) Sign of T must be positive ⎜ ⎟ is always negative.
⎝ ∂v ⎠T
IES-16. Ans. (a)
IES-17. Ans. (d) Actually Joule – Thomson coefficient will be positive.
IES-18. Ans. (c) For ideal gas µ = 0 and for real gas µ may be positive (N2, O2, CO2 etc.) or negative
(H2).
Page 77 of 121
Therm
T modyna
amic Relatio
R ons
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 6
IES-19. Ans. (d) When a real gas
whiich is initia
ally at a
tem
mperature lower than
the maximum inversion
mperature is throttled,
tem
its mperature
tem
deccreases.
IES-20. Ans. (b
b)
IES-21. Ans. (b)
( Joule Thhomson coeffiicient is the ratio of temperature cha
ange to presssure change
wheen a gas und
dergoes adiab
batic throttlin
ng.
IES-22. Ans. (a) The slope of the issenthalpic cu urve at any point is kn nown as Jouule-Thomson
⎛ ∂T ⎞
coeffficient and is
i expressed as,
a μ =⎜ ⎟
⎝ ∂p ⎠h
IES-23. Ans. (a
a)
IES-24. Ans. (b
b)
IES-25. Ans. (c
c)
⎛ dP ⎞ hfg
IES-26. Ans. (c
c) ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ dT ⎠sat T ( Vg − Vf )
⎛ dP ⎞
or hfg = T ( Vg − Vf ) × ⎜ ⎟ = 400 × ( 0251 − 0.001) × 0.1× 10 J / kg = 1000kJ / kg
5
⎝ dT ⎠ sat
IES-27. Ans. (b
b)
IES-28. Ans. (b
b)
IES-29. Ans. (b
b)
IES-30. Ans. (c
c)
IES-31. Ans. (d) Clapeyrron equation n state proviides relation
nship betweeen temperatu ure, specific
voluume, pressurre and enthallpy.
IES-32. Ans. (d
d)
IES-33. Ans. (c
c)
IES-34. Ans. (d
d) F = C – P + 2
IES-35. Ans. (a)
( Gibb's fre ee energy 'G' is defined ass G = H – TS..
IES-36. Ans. (c
c)
IES-37. Ans. (d
d) F = C – P + 2
C = 1, P = 3 or F = 1 – 3 + 2 = 0
IES-38. Ans. (d) Isomers:: Compounds with the same s chemiccal formula but differen nt molecular
struucture.
Page 78 of 121
⎛ ∂P ⎞ ⎛ ∂S ⎞
IAS-1. Ans. (c) ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ to memorize Maxwell’s relation remember T V P S, –ive and S S V
⎝ ∂T ⎠V ⎝ ∂V ⎠T
P see highlights.
IAS-2. Ans. (a) dQ = dh – Vdp or Tds = dh – Vdp
dQp ⎛ ∂s ⎞
IAS-3. Ans. (c) Cp = = T⎜ ⎟ [∵ dQ = TdS]
∂T ⎝ ∂T ⎠p
IAS-4. Ans. (c)
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ T∂S ⎞ ⎛ dQ ⎞
T⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = CP
⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ∂T ⎠P
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ T∂S ⎞ ⎛ dQ ⎞
T⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = CV
⎝ ∂T ⎠ V ⎝ ∂T ⎠ V ⎝ ∂T ⎠ V
⎛ ∂S ⎞ ⎛ ∂S ⎞
∴T⎜ ⎟ − T ⎜ ∂T ⎟ = CP − CV = R
⎝ ∂T ⎠P ⎝ ⎠V
IAS-5. Ans. (a) Both A and R correct and R is the correct explanation of A
IAS-6. Ans. (b) Cp – Cv for all ideal gas is R, So C-3, (a) & (c) out. A automatically match 4, and
γ 5 5
Cp = R for monatomic gas γ = . So, γ = R.
γ −1 3 2
Cp Cp 1
IAS-7. Ans. (a) Cp − Cv = R and γ = = =
Cv Cp − R R
1−
Cp
IAS-8. Ans. (b)
IAS-9. Ans. (b)
IAS-10. Ans. (c)
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
IAS-12. Ans. (d)
IAS-13. Ans. (b)
IAS-14. Ans. (b)
Page 79 of 121
Pure Substances
7. Pure Substances

Common data for Question Q1 – Q3
In the figure shown, the system is a pure substance
kept in a piston-cylinder arrangement. The system is
initially a two-phase mixture containing 1 kg of liquid
and 0.03 kg of vapour at a pressure of 100 kPa.
Initially, the piston rests on a set of stops, as shown in
the figure. A pressure of 200 kPa is required to
exactly balance the weight of the piston and the
outside atmospheric pressure. Heat transfer takes
place into the system until its volume increases by
50%. Heat transfer to the system occurs in such a
manner that the piston, when allowed to move, does
so in a very slow (quasi-static I quasi-equilibrium)
process. The thermal reservoir from which heat is
transferred to the system has a temperature of 400°C.
Average temperature of the system boundary can be
taken as 17°C. The heat transfer to the system is I kJ,
during which its entropy increases by 10 J/K.
Atmospheric pressure.
Specific volumes of liquid (vf) and vapour (vg) phases, as well as values of saturation
temperatures, are given in the table below.
Pressure (kPa) Saturation temperature, vf(m3/kg) vg(m3/kg)
Tsat (°C)
100 100 0.001 0.1
200 200 0.0015 0.002
GATE-1. At the end of the process, which one of the following situations will be true?
(a) Superheated vapour will be left in the system [GATE-2008]
(b) No vapour will be left in the system
(c) A liquid + vapour mixture will be left in the system
(d) The mixture will exist at a dry saturated vapour state
GATE-2. The work done by the system during the process is: [GATE-2008]
(a) 0.1 kJ (b) 0.2 kJ (c) 0.3 kJ (d) 0.4kJ
Page 80 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
GA
ATE-3. The e net entropy generatiion (considering the syystem and the
t thermal reservoir
tog
gether) duriing the proc
cess is close
est to: GATE-2008]
[G
(a) 7.5 J/K (b) 7.7 J/K (c)) 8.5 J/K (d) 10 J/K
T-
T-s Diagram for a Pure
e Substance
Co
ommon Data for Qu
uestions GATE-4
G - GA
ATE-5
A tthermodyna
amic cycle with
w an ideal gas as wo
orking fluid
d is shown below.
b
ATE-4.
GA The
e above cyc
cle is repressented on T--S plane by ATE-2007]
[GA
ATE-5.
GA If the
t specific heats of th he working fluid are coonstant and d the value of specific
heaat ratio γ is 1.4, the the
ermal efficie
ency (%) of the cycle iss: [G
GATE-2007]
Page 81 of 121
Pure Substances
(a) 21 (b) 40.9 (c) 42.6 (d) 59.7
GATE-6. The slopes of constant volume and constant pressure lines in the T-s diagram
are….. and….. respectively. [GATE-1994]
h-s Diagram or Mollier Diagram for a Pure Substance

GATE-7. Constant pressure lines in the superheated region of the Mollier diagram have
what type of slope? [GATE-1995]
(a) A positive slope (b) A negative slope
(c) Zero slope (d) May have either positive or negative slopes
Quality or Dryness Fraction

GATE-8. Consider a Rankine cycle with superheat. If the maximum pressure in tile cycle
is increased without changing the maximum temperature and the minimum
pressure, the dryness fraction of steam after the isentropic expansion will
increase. [GATE-1995]
Throttling
Statement for Linked Answer Questions Q9 & Q10:
The following table of properties was printed out for saturated liquid and saturated
vapour of ammonia. The titles for only the first two columns are available. All that we
know is that the other columns (columns 3 to 8) contain data on specific properties,
namely, internal energy (kJ/kg), enthalpy (kJ/kg) and entropy (kJ/kgK) [GATE-2005]
GATE-9. The specific enthalpy data are in columns [GATE-2005]

GATE-10. When saturated liquid at 40°C is throttled to -20°C, the quality at exit will be
[GATE-2005]
(a) 0.189 (b) 0.212 (c) 0.231 (d) 0.788
GATE-11. When wet steam flows through a throttle valve and remains wet at exit
(a) its temperature and quality increases [GATE-1996]
(b) its temperature decreases but quality increases
(c) its temperature increases but quality decreases
(d) its temperature and quality decreases
GATE-12. When an ideal gas with constant specific heats is throttled adiabatically, with
negligible changes in kinetic and potential energies [GATE-2000]
(a ) Δh = 0, ΔT = 0 (b) Δh > 0, ΔT = 0 (c) Δh > 0, ΔS > 0 (d ) Δh = 0, ΔS > 0
Page 82 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
Whhere h, T and
a S reprresent respeectively, entthalpy, temp
perature an
nd entropy,
tem
mperature an
nd entropy
ATE-13. One kilomole of an ideal gas is thro

GA ottled from an initial pressure
p of 0.5 MPa to
0.1 MPa. The initial temp
perature is 300 K. The e entropy ch hange of thhe universe
is: [G
GATE-1995]
(a) 13.38 kJ/K (b)401.3 kJ/K
K (c)) 0.0446 kJ/K
K (d) -0.04446 kJ/K
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IES Questi
Q ions
IES-1. Asssertion (A): Water is no ot a pure suubstance. [IES-1999]
Reaason (R): The term pure subsstance dessignates a substance which is
hommogeneous and has the e same chem mical composition in all
a phases.
(a) Both A and R are individ dually true and
a R is the correct
c explan
nation of A
(b) Both A and R are individ dually true but
b R is NOTT the correct explanation
e o A
of
(c) A is true buut R is false
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
IES-2. Thee given diaggram showss an isomettric

coooling proc cess 1–2 of a pu ure
subbstance. Thhe ordinate and abscisssa
aree respective
ely
(a) Pressure an
nd volume
(b) Enthalpy an
nd entropy
(c) Temperaturre and entrop
py
(d) Pressure an
nd enthalpy
[IES-1998]
IES-3. The e ordinate and absc cissa in the

givven figure showing
s th
he saturated
d
liquuid and vappour regionns of a pur
re
subbstance represent:
(a) Temperaturre and pressu
ure
(b) Enthalpy an
nd entropy
(c) Pressure an
nd volume
(d) Pressure an
nd enthalpy
[IES-1997]
IES-4. The e given diaagram show ws the thro ottling

proocess of a pu
ure substannce.
The e ordina
ate and abscissa are
resspectively
(a) Pressure an
nd volume
(b) Enthalpy annd entropy
(c) Temperaturre and entrop
py
(d) Pressure an
nd enthalpy [IES-1995]
Page 83 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
IES-5. Whhich one of the following systems can be con
nsidered to be contain
ning a pure
sub
bstance? [IES-1993]
IES-6. Con nsider the following:

f [IES-2009]
1. Air
A 2. Gaseoous combusstion produc cts 3. Steam
Whhich of these e are pure substances,
s assuming there
t is no phase
p changge?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 1 and
d 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-7. Asssertion (A): At a given n temperatu ure, the enthalpy of super-heate

s d steam is
thee same as th hat of satura ated steam. [IES-1998]
Reaason (R): The T enthallpy of vapour at low wer pressur res is depe endent on
temmperature alone.
a
a R is the correct
c explannation of A
b R is NOT T the correct explanation
e o A
of
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
IES-8. Con nsiders the following properties

p o vapour:
of [IES-2009]
1. Pressure
P 2. Tempeerature
3. Dryness
D fraction 4. Specifiic volume
Whhich of these two prope erties alone
e are not suufficient to specify thee condition
of a vapour?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 3 (c)) 2 and 3 (d) 3 and 4
IES-9. Wh hich one of the

t followin
ng is correct? [IES-2008]
The e specific voolume of wa ater when heated
h from
m 0°C
(a) First increasses and then decreases (b) First decreases
d andd then increa
ases
(c) Increases
I ste
eadily (d) Decreaases steadily
p–
–v Diag
gram fo
or a Purre Subs
stance
IES-10. Wh
hich p–v diiagram for steam illu ustrates co e isothermal process
orrectly the
und
dergone by wet steam till it becom
mes superhe
eated? [IES 1995, 2007]
Page 84 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
p–
–T Diag
gram fo
or a Purre Subs
stance
IES-11. Connsider the e phase diagram off a
cer
rtain substtance as shown in the t
giv
ven figure. Match List-I (Proce ess)
witth List-II (Curves/linees) and select
the
e correct answer
a usin
ng the cod
des
giv
ven below thhe lists:
Lisst-I List--II
(Prrocess) (Currves/lines)
A. Vaporization
n 1. EF
F
B. Fusion 2. EG
G
n
C. Sublimation 3. ED
D
[
[IES-2001]
des:
Cod A B C A B C
(a) 1 3 2 (b) 1 2 3
(c) 3 2 1 (d) 3 1 2
Page 85 of 121
Pure Substances
p-v-T Surface
IES-12. The p-v-T surface of a pure
substance is shown in the
given p figure. The two-phase
regions are labelled as:
(a) R, T and X
(b) S, U and W
(c) S, W and V
(d) R, T and V
[IES-1999]
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance

IES-13. The conversion of water from 40°C to steam at 200°C pressure of 1 bar is best
represented as [IES-1994]
Page 86 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
IES-14. The e followin ng figure shows th he T-s
dia
agram for steam.
s With h respect tot this
figuure, match List I with List II and select
thee correct annswer using g the codess given
bellow the Listts:
Lisst-I List-II
A. Curve
C I 1. Satu urated liquid line
B. Curve
C II 2. Satu urated vapourr line
C. Curve
C III 3. Consstant pressurre line
D. Curve
C IV 4. Consstant volume line [IES-1994]
Cod des: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 1 2 3 4 (d) 1 2 4 3
C
Critical Point
P
t followin
ng is correct? [
[IES-2008]
At critical point the enthalpy of vapoorization iss
n temperaturre only
(a) dependent on (b)) maximum
(c) minimum
m (d)) zero
IES-16. Con nsider the following

f sttatements about
a critica
al point of water:
w [
[IES-1993]
1. The
T latent heat
h is zero..
2. The
T liquid is denser tha an its vapou ur.
3. Steam
S gener rators can operate
o aboove this poin
nt.
Of these statem ments
(a) 1, 2 and 3 arre correct (b) 1 and
a 2 are corrrect
(c) 2 and 3 are correct
c (d) 1 and
a 3 are corrrect

t followinng statemennts is correc
ct when satturation pre
essure of a
vappour increa ases? [IES 2007]
(a) Saturation temperature decreases
d
(b) Enthalpy of evaporation decreases
(c) Enthalpy
E of evaporation
e i
increases
(d) Specific volu
ume change of
o phase increeases
IES-18. Maatch List I with

w List III and selec
ct the corre ect answer using the code c given
bellow the Listts: [IES-2005]
List-I List-III
nt
A. Critical poin 1. All thee three pha ases - solid, liquid and
vapourr co-exists in equilibrium
B. Sublimation n 2. Phase change
c form solid to liquiid
C. Triple pointt 3. Properties of saturated liquid and
saturatted vapour are identical
D. Melting 4. Heatin ng process where
w solid gets
g directly
transfoormed to gaseeous phase
Coddes: A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 1 4 3 (b) 3 4 1 2
(c) 2 4 1 3 (d) 3 1 4 2
Page 87 of 121
Pure Substances
IES-19. With increase of pressure, the latent heat of steam [IES-2002]
(a) Remains same (b) Increases (c) Decreases (d) Behaves unpredictably
IES-20. List-I gives some processes of steam whereas List-II gives the effects due to the
processes. Match List I with List II, and select the correct answer using the
codes given below the lists: [IES-1995]
List-I List-II
A. As saturation pressure increases 1. Entropy increases.
B. As saturation temperature increases 2. Specific volume increases.
C. As saturation pressure decreases 3. Enthalpy of evaporation decreases.
D. As dryness fraction increases 4. Saturation temperature increases.
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 4 3 2 1
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 2 4 3 1

IES-21. Which one of the following represents the condensation of a mixture of
saturated liquid and saturated vapour on the enthalpy-entropy diagram?
[IES-2004]
(a) A horizontal line (b) An inclined line of constant slope
(c) A vertical line (d) A curved line
Measurement of Steam Quality

IES-22. Saturated liquid at a high pressure P1 having enthalpy of saturated liquid 1000
kJ/kg is throttled to a lower pressure P2. At pressure p2 enthalpy of saturated
liquid and that of the saturated vapour are 800 and 2800 kJ/kg respectively.
The dryness fraction of vapour after throttling process is: [IES-2003]
(a) 0.1 (b) 0.5 (c) 18/28 (d) 0.8
IES-23. Consider the following statements regarding the throttling process of wet
steam: [IES-2002]
1. The steam pressure and temperature decrease but enthalpy remains
constant.
2. The steam pressure decreases, the temperature increases but enthalpy
remains constant.
3. The entropy, specific volume, and dryness fraction increase.
4. The entropy increases but the volume and dryness fraction decrease.
Which of the above statements are correct?
IES-24. Match List-I (Apparatus) with List-II (Thermodynamic process) and select the
correct answer using the code given below the Lists: [IES-2006]
List-I List-II
A. Separating calorimeter 1. Adiabatic process
B. Throttling calorimeter 2. Isobaric process
C. Sling psychrometer 3. Isochoric process
D. Gas thermometer 4. Isenthalpic process
Page 88 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
(a) 1 3 2 4 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 2 3 1 4
IES-25. Sellect the corrrect answerr using the codes given n below the Lists: [IES-1998]
List-I List-III
A. Bomb caloriimeter 1. Pressure
B. Exhaust gass calorimeterr 2. Enthallpy
C. Junker gas calorimeter 3. Volumee
D. Throttling calorimeter
c 4. Specific heats
Codde: A B C D A B C D
(a) 3 4 1 2 (b) 2 4 1 3
(c) 3 1 4 2 (d) 4 3 2 1
Throttlin
ng
IES-26. In a throttlinng processs, which on ne of the following parameterrs remains
connstant? [IES-2009]
(a) Temperature
e (b) Pressure (c)) Enthalpy (d) Entropy
E
IES-27. Con nsider the following

f sttatements: [IES-2000]
Whhen dry satturated ste eam is thro ottled from m a higher pressure to t a lower
preessure, the
1. Pressure decreases
d annd the volum
me increase es
2. Temperatu ure decreases and the steam
s becommes superh
heated
3. Temperatu ure and the dryness fra action incre ease
4. Entropy in ncreases witthout any change in en nthalpy
Whhich of thesee statementts are correct?
(a) 1and 4 (b) 1, 2 and
a 4 (c) 1 and 3 (d) 2 and 4
IES-28. The e process 1--2 for steam

m shown in the
t
givven figure iss
(a) Isobaric (b) Isentrop
pic
(c) Issenthalpic (d) Isotherm
mal
[IIES-2000]
IES-29. A fluid
fl flowing
g along a piipe line und
dergoes a th hrottling process from 10 bar to 1
Bar r in passing through a partially open valve e. Before th hrottling, th
he specific
vollume of the fluid is 0.5 m3 /kg and after throtttling is 2.0 m3 /kg. Whatt is the
Change in spe ecific internnal energy during
d the throttling
t process? [IES 2007]
(a) Zero (b) 100
0 kJ/kg (c) 200 kJ//kg kg
(d) 300 kJ/k
Page 89 of 121
Pure Substances
IES-30. The throttling process undergone
by a gas across an orifice is shown
by its states in the following figure:
[IES-1996]
IES-31. In the figure shown,

throttling process is
represented by
(a) a e (b) a d
(c) a c (d) a b
[IES-1992]
IES-32. Match List-l with List-Il and select the correct answer using the code given
below the lists: [IES-2009]
List-l List-lI
A. Isolated system 1. Energy is always constant
B. Nozzle 2. Increase in velocity at the expense of its
C. Throttling device pressure drop
D. Centrifugal compressor 3. Appreciable drop in pressure without any
change in energy
4. Enthalpy of the fluid increases by the amount
of work input
(a) 4 3 2 1 (b) 1 3 2 4
(c) 4 2 3 1 (d) 1 2 3 4
Page 90 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
Previo
ous 20
0-Years
s IAS Quest
Q ions
IA
AS-1. Whhich one of the following systems can be con
nsidered to be contain
ning a pure
sub
bstance? [IAS 1998]
AS-2.
IA Asssertion (A): On the enthalpy-en
e ntropy diag gram of a pure subsstance the
connstant dryn ness fraction n lines startt from the critical
c poinnt. [IAS-2001]
Reaason (R): Alll the three phases co-e exist at the critical point.
a R is the correct
c explannation of A
e o A
of
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
AS-3.
IA Asssertion (A): Air, a mixtu ure of O2 annd N2, is a pure substan nce. [IAS-2000]
Reaason(R): Air is homo ogeneous in composition and uniform u in
n chemical
agggregation.
a R is the correct
c explannation of A
e o A
of
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
AS-4.
IA If a pure substance conta ained in a rigid
r vessel passes throough the critical state
on heating, itss initial statte should be
e: [IAS-1998]
(a) Subcooled water (b) Saturated
d water (c)) Wet steam (d) Saturateed steam
AS-5.
IA Asssertion (A): Air is a pu ure substan nce but a mixture
m of air
a and liqu uid air in a
cylinder is nott a pure sub bstance. [IAS-1996]
Reaason (R): Aiir is homog geneous in composition
c n but a mix xture of air and liquid
air is heteroge eneous.
a R is the correct
c explan
nation of A
e o A
of
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
Page 91 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
IA
AS-6. Asssertion (A): Temperatu ure and pressure are sufficient to o fix the statte of a two
phaase system. [IAS-1995]
Reaason(R): Tw wo indepen ndent and intensive properties are requiired to be
knoown to defin ne the state e of a pure substance.
s
a R is the correct
c explan
nation of A
e o A
of
(d) A is false bu
ut R is true
p–
–v Diag
gram fo
or a Purre Subs
stance
IA
AS-7. Twwo-phase regions
r in
n the given
g
preessure-volumme diagraam of a pure
subbstance are represente
ed by
(a) A,
A E and F
(b) B, C and D
(c) B,
B D and F
(d) A, C and E
[IAS-1999]
AS-8.
IA A cyclic
c proce
ess ABC is shown
s on a V–T
dia
agram in fig
gure.
Thee same proc
cess on a P––V diagram
m will
be represent as:
a
[
[IAS-1996]
Page 92 of 121
Pure Substances
IAS-9. The network done for the
closed shown in the given
pressure-volume diagram, is
(a) 600kN-m (b) 700kN-m
(c) 900kN-m (d) 1000kN-m
[IAS-1995]
Triple point
IAS-10. Triple point temperature of water is: [IAS-2000]
(a) 273 K (b) 273.14 K (c) 273.15K (d) 273.16 K
p–T Diagram for a Pure Substance

IAS-11. In the following P-T diagram of water
showing phase equilibrium lines, the
sublimation line is:
(a) p (b) q
(c) r (d) S
[IAS-1998]
T-s Diagram for a Pure Substance

IAS-12. Entropy of a saturated liquid at 227°C is 2.6 kJ/kgK. Its latent heat of
vaporization is 1800 kJ/kg; then the entropy of saturated vapour at 227°C
would be: [IAS-2001]
(a) 2.88 kJ/kg K (b) 6.2 kJ/kg K (c) 7.93 kJ/kg K (d) 10.53 kJ/kg K
Page 93 of 121
Pure Substances
IAS-13. Two heat engine cycles (l - 2 -
3 - 1 and l' - 2' - 3' - l’) are
shown on T-s co-ordinates in
[IAS-1999]
IAS-14. The mean effective pressure

of the thermodynamic cycle
shown in the given pressure-
volume diagram is:
(a) 3.0 bar (b) 3.5 bar
(c) 4.0 bar (d) 4.5 bar
[IAS-1999]
Page 94 of 121
Pure Substances
IAS-15. The given figure shows a thermodynamic
cycle on T-s diagram. All the processes
are straight times. The efficiency of the
cycle is given by
(a) (0.5 Th – Te)/ Th
(b) 0.5 (Th – Te)/ Th
(c) (Th – Te)/ 0.5 Th
(d) (Th – 0.5 Te)/ Th
[IAS-1996]

IAS-16. Constant pressure lines in the superheated region of the Mollier diagram have
what type of slope? [IAS-2007]
(a) A positive slope (b) A negative slope
(c) Zero slope (d) May have either positive or negative slopes
IAS-17. Assertion (A): In Mollier chart for steam, the constant pressure lines are
straight lines in wet region.
Reason (R): The slope of constant pressure lines in wet region is equal to T.
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false [IAS-1995]
Quality or Dryness Fraction

IAS-18. Dryness fraction of steam means the mass ratio of [IAS-2001]
(a) Wet steam, to dry steam (b) Dry steam to water particles in steam
(c) Water particles to total steam (d) Dry steam to total steam
Throttling
IAS-19. Assertion (A): Throttle governing is thermodynamically more efficient than
nozzle control governing for steam turbines. [IAS-2000]
Reason (R): Throttling process conserves the total enthalpy.
Page 95 of 121
Pu
ure Su
ubstan
nces
S K Mo
ondal’s
s Cha
apter 7
Answ
wers with Expla
anatio
on (Ob
bjectiv
ve)
Previo
ous 20-Years
s GATE
E Answ
wers
GA
ATE-1. Ans. (a) Initial Volume
V 3 × 0.1 m3 = 0.004
(V1) = 0.001 + 0.03 0 m3
Lett dryness fracction = x
Theerefore 0.0044 × 1.5 = (1 – x) × 0.0015 × 1.03 + x × 0.002 × 1.003
Thaat gives an absurd value of x = 8.65 (IIt must be leess than equa
al to unity). So
S vapour is
sup
perheated.
ATE-2. Ans. (d) Work do
GA one = first con
nstant volum
me heating + ∫ pdv
= 0 + P (V2-V1) = 200 × (0.006-0.004) = 0.4 kJ
10000
ATE-3. Ans. (c) ( ΔS = (Δ
GA ΔS ) syatem + ( ΔS ) surroundings = 10 – = 8.51 J/K
(273 + 400)
GA
ATE-4. Ans. (c)
GA
ATE-5. Ans. (b)
GA
ATE-6. Ans.. Higher, Lowwer
GA
ATE-7. Ans. (a) Mollier diagram
d is a h-s plot.
⎛ ∂h ⎞
= T = slope
Tdss= dh - υ dp orr ⎜⎝ ∂s ⎟⎠ P
N only this if T ↑ then sllope ↑

T iss always + ive so slope allways +ive. Not
GA
ATE-8. Ans. False
GA
ATE-9. Ans. (d)
ATE-10. Anss. (b)

GA
h 40 = h−20 = (1 − x ) hf − 20 + xhg
or 371.43
3 = (1 − x ) 89.05 + x × 1418.0 or x = 0.212
GA
ATE-11. Anss. (b)
Page 96 of 121
Pure Substances
GATE-12. Ans. (d)
Δh = o
Δs > 0
ΔT < 0
T2 P
GATE-13. Ans. (a) S2 − S1 = C pav ln − Ru ln 2
T1 P1
P2
Change in entropy of the universe = − Ru ln
P1
0.1 kJ
= −8.314 ln = 13.38
0.5 K
For an ideal gas change in enthalpy is a function of temperature alone and change in
enthalpy of a throttling process is zero.

IES-1. Ans. (d) Water for all practical purpose can be considered as pure substance because it is
homogeneous and has same chemical composition under all phases.
IES-2. Ans. (d)
IES-3. Ans. (d) The ordinate and abscissa in given figure are pressure and enthalpy. Such diagram
is common in vapour compression refrigeration systems.
IES-4. Ans. (d) The throttling process given in figure is on pressure-enthalpy diagram.
IES-5. Ans. (d)
IES-6. Ans. (b) A pure substance is one whose chemical composition does not change during
thermodynamic processes.
• Pure Substance is one with uniform and invariant chemical composition.
• Eg: Elements and chemical compounds are pure substances. (water, stainless steel)
• Mixtures are not pure substances. (eg: Humid air)
• Exception!! Air is treated as a pure substance though it is a mixture of gases.
Gaseous combustion products are a mixture of gases and not a pure substance.
IES-7. Ans. (d)

IES-8. Ans. (a)
IES-9. Ans. (b) The largest density of water near atmospheric pressure is at 4°c.
IES-10. Ans. (c) Up to saturation point pressure must be constant. After saturation its slope will be
dp p
–ive, as pv = RT or pv = const. or vdp + pdv = 0 or =−
dv v
IES-11. Ans. (c)
Page 97 of 121
Pure Substances
IES-12. Ans. (c)
IES-13. Ans. (a)
IES-14. Ans. (c)
IES-15.Ans.(d) Characteristics of the critical point
1. It is the highest temperature at which the liquid and vapour phases can coexist.
2. At the critical point hfg, ufg and vfg are zero.
3. Liquid vapour meniscus will disappear.
4. Specific heat at constant pressure is infinite.
IES-16. Ans. (d) At critical point, the latent heat in zero and steam generators can operate above
this point as in the case of once through boilers.
The density of liquid and its vapour is however same and thus statement 2 is wrong.
IES-17. Ans. (b)
IES-18. Ans. (b)
IES-19. Ans. (c)
IES-20. Ans. (c)
IES-21. Ans. (b) ⎛ ∂h ⎞
Tds = dh – Vdp or ⎜ ∂s ⎟ = T
⎝ ⎠P
The slope of the isobar on the h–s diagram is
equal to the absolute temp, for condensation
T is cost so slope is const, but not zero so it is
inclined line.
IES-22. Ans. (a) For throttling process (1 − 2), h1 = h2

h1 = hf = 1000 kJ/kg at pressure P1
h2 = hf + x (hg − hf ) at pressure P2
∴ 1000 = 800 + x (2800 − 800)
or x = 0.1
IES-23. Ans. (c)
IES-24. Ans. (c)
IES-25. Ans. (a)
IES-26. Ans. (c) Consider a throttling process (also referred to as wire drawing process)
There is no work done (rising a weight) W=0

If there is no heat transfer Q=0
Conservation of mass requires that C1 = C2
Since 1 and 2 are at the same level Z1 = Z2
From SFEE it follows that h1 = h2
Conclusion: Throttling is a constant enthalpy process (isenthalpic process)
Page 98 of 121
Pure Substances
IES-27. Ans. (b) Temperature decreases and the
steam becomes superheated.
IES-28. Ans. (d)

IES-29. Ans. (d) Throttling is a isenthalpic process
h1 = h2 or u1 + p1v1 = u2 + p2v2 or u2 – u1 = p1v1 – p2v2 = 1000 × 0.5 – 100 × 2 = 300 kJ/kg
IES-30. Ans. (d) The throttling process takes places with enthalpy remaining constant. This process
on T–S diagram is represented by a line starting diagonally from top to bottom.
IES-31. Ans. (b)
IES-32. Ans. (d)

IAS-1. Ans. (d)
IAS-2. Ans. (c) Only two phase liquid-vapour is co-exists at the critical point, but at triple point-all
three phase are co-exists.
IAS-3. Ans. (a) A pure substance is a substance of constant chemical composition throughout its
mass.
IAS-4. Ans. (c)
IAS-5. Ans. (a)

IAS-6. Ans. (d) A is false but R is true.
IAS-7. Ans. (c)
IAS-8. Ans. (d)
IAS-9. Ans. (d) Network done is area of closed loop ABCD = Area of trapezium AB32 + Area BC63 –
Area CD56 – Area AD52
⎛4+6⎞ ⎛6+4⎞ ⎛1 + 4 ⎞ ⎛1 + 4 ⎞
=⎜
2 ⎟ × (3 − 2) + ⎜ 2 ⎟ × ( 6 − 3) − ⎜ 2 ⎟ × ( 6 − 5) + ⎜ 2 ⎟ × (5 − 2)
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
= 5 × 1 + 5 × 3 − 2.5 × 1 − 2.5 × 3 = 10 bar m3
N
= 10 × 105
× m3 = 106 Nm = 1000 kNm
m2
IAS-10. Ans. (d) Remember: Triple point temperature of water = 273.16 K = 0.01°C
IAS-11. Ans. (a)
Page 99 of 121
Pure Substances
h fg 1800
IAS-12. Ans. Sg = S f + = 2.6 + = 6.2 kJ / kgK
Tsat 500
IAS-13. Ans. (d)
1
IAS-14. Ans. (a) Work (W) = ( 0.03 − 0.01) × ( 400 − 200 ) + × ( 600 − 400 ) × ( 0.03 − 0.01) = 6kJ
2
W 6
W = pm × ΔV or pm = = kPa = 3bar
ΔV ( 0.03 − 0.01)
1
IAS-15. Ans. (b) Work output = Area 123 = × ( Th − Tc ) × ( S2 − S1 )
2
Heat added = Area under 1 − 2 = Th ( S2 − S1 )
1
( Th − Tc )( S2 − S1 )
∴η = 2 = 0.5 ( Th − Tc ) / Th
Th ( S2 − S1 )
IAS-16. Ans. (a) Mollier diagram is a h-s plot.
⎛ ∂h ⎞
Tds= dh – υ dp or ⎜ ⎟ = T = slope
⎝ ∂s ⎠ P
T is always + ive so slope always +ive. Not only this if T ↑ then slope ↑
IAS-17. Ans. (a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
IAS-18. Ans. (d)
IAS-19. Ans. (d) If throttle governing is done at low loads, the turbine efficiency is considerably
reduced. The nozzle control may then be a better method of governing.
Page 100 of 121

Properties of Gasses & Gas Mix.
8. Properties of Gasses and Gas

Mixture
Equation of State of a Gas

GATE-1. Nitrogen at an initial stage of 10 bar, 1 m3 and 300K is expanded isothermally
⎛ a ⎞
to a final volume of 2 m3. The P-V-T relation is ⎜ P + ⎟ v = RT , where a > 0.
⎜
v ⎟⎠
2
⎝
The final pressure will be: [GATE-2005]
(a) Slightly less than 5 bar (b) Slightly more than 5 bar
(c) Exactly 5 bar (d) Cannot be ascertained.
Adiabatic Process
GATE-2. A mono-atomic ideal l gas (γ = 1.67, molecular weight = 40) is compressed
adiabatically from 0.1 MPa, 300 K to 0.2 MPa. The universal gas constant is
8.314 kJ kmol-1K-1. The work of compression of the gas (in kJ kg-1) is:
[GATE-2010]
(a) 29.7 (b) 19.9 (c) 13.3 (d) 0
Statement for Linked Answer Questions Q3 & Q4:

A football was inflated to a gauge pressure of 1 bar when the ambient temperature was
15°C. When the game started next day, the air temperature at the stadium was 5°C.
Assume that the volume of the football remains constant at 2500 cm3.
GATE-3. The amount of heat lost by the air in the football and the gauge pressure of air
in the football at the stadium respectively equal [GATE-2006]
(a) 30.6 J, 1.94 bar (b) 21.8 J, 0.93 bar (c) 61.1 J, 1.94 bar (d) 43.7 J, 0.93 bar
GATE-4. Gauge pressure of air to which the ball must have been originally inflated so
that it would equal 1 bar gauge at the stadium is: [GATE-2006]
(a) 2.23 bar (b) 1.94 bar (c) 1.07 bar (d) 1.00 bar
Page 101 of 121

GATE-5. A 100 W electric bulb was switched on in a 2.5 m × 3 m × 3 m size thermally
insulated room having a temperature of 20°C. The room temperature at the end
of 24 hours will be [GATE-2006]
(a) 321°C (b) 341°C (c) 450°C (d) 470°C
Isothermal Process
GATE-6. A frictionless piston-cylinder device contains a gas initially at 0.8 MPa and
0.015 m3. It expands quasi-statically at constant temperature to a final volume
of 0.030 m3. The work output (in id) during this process will be: [GATE-2009]
(a) 8.32 (b) 12.00 (c) 554.67 (d) 8320.00
Properties of Mixtures of Gases

GATE-7. 2 moles of oxygen are mixed adiabatically with another 2 moles of oxygen in a
mixing chamber, so that the final total pressure and temperature of the
mixture become same as those of the individual constituents at their initial
states. The universal gas constant is given as R. The change in entropy due to
mixing, per mole of oxygen, is given by [GATE-2008]
(A) –Rln2 (B) 0 (C) Rln2 (D) Rln4
Avogadro's Law
IES-1. Assertion (A): The mass flow rate through a compressor for various
refrigerants at same temperature and pressure, is proportional to their
molecular weights. [IES-2002]
Reason (R): According to Avogardo’s Law all gases have same number of moles
in a given volume of same pressure and temperature.
Ideal Gas
IES-2. Assertion (A): A perfect gas is one that satisfies the equation of state and whose
specific heats are constant. [IES-1993]
Reason (R): The enthalpy and internal energy of a perfect gas are functions of
temperature only.
Page 102 of 121

IES-3. In a reversible isothermal expansion process, the fluid expands from 10 bar
and 2 m3 to 2 bar and 10m3, during the process the heat supplied is 100 kW.
What is the work done during the process? [IES-2009]
(a) 33.3 kW (b) 100 kW (c) 80 kW (d) 20 kW
IES-4. Consider an ideal gas contained in vessel. If intermolecular interaction
suddenly begins to act, which of the following happens? [IES-1992]
(a) The pressure increase (b) The pressure remains unchanged
(c) The pressure increase (d) The gas collapses
IES-5. Which of the following statement is correct? [IES-1992]

(a) Boilers are occasionally scrubbed by rapidly and artificially circulating water inside
them to remove any thin water film may have formed on their inside
(b) A sphere, a cube and a thin circular plate of the same mass are made of the same
material. If all of them are heated to the same high temperature, the rate of cooling
is maximum for the plate and minimum for the sphere.
(c) One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is mixed with one mole of diatomic ideal gas.
The molar specific heat of the mixture a constant volume is 2R, where R is the molar
gas constant.
(d) The average kinetic energy of 1 kg of all ideal gases, at the same temperature, is the
same.

A real gas obeys perfect gas law at a very
1. High temperature 2. High-pressure 3. Low pressure
Which of the following statements is/are correct?
(a) 1 alone (b) 1 and 3 (c) 2 alone (d) 3 alone

IES-7. The correct sequence of the decreasing order of the value of characteristic gas
constants of the given gases is: [IES-1995]
(a) Hydrogen, nitrogen, air, carbon dioxide
(b) Carbon dioxide, hydrogen, nitrogen, air
(c) Air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
(d) Nitrogen, air, hydrogen, carbon dioxide
IES-8. If a real gas obeys the Clausius equation of state p(v – b) = RT then, [IES-1992]
⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ ⎛ ∂u ⎞ 1
(a) ⎜ ⎟ ≠0 (b) ⎜ ⎟ =0 (c) ⎜ ⎟ = 1 (d) ⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂v ⎠T ⎝ ∂v ⎠T p
IES-9. Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero [IES-2002]

(a) At a temperature of -273K
(b) Under vacuum condition
(c) At the earth’s centre
Page 103 of 121

(d) When molecular momentum of system becomes zero
Van der Waals equation

IES-10. Which one of the following is the characteristic equation of a real gas?
[IES-2006]
⎛ a⎞ ⎛ a⎞
(a) ⎜ p + ⎟ ( v − b ) = RT (b) ⎜ p − ⎟ ( v + b ) = RT
⎝ v2 ⎠ ⎝ v2 ⎠
(c) pv = RT (d) pv = nRT
IES-11. Which of the following statement about Van der waal's equation i valid?
(a) It is valid for all pressure and temperatures [IES-1992]
(b) It represents a straight line on pv versus v plot
(c) It has three roots of identical value at the critical point
(d) The equation is valid for diatomic gases only.
IES-12. The internal energy of a gas obeying Van der Waal’s equation
⎛ a⎞
⎜ P + 2 ⎟ ( v − b ) = RT , depends on [IES-2000]
⎝ v ⎠
(a) Temperature (b) Temperature and pressure
(c) Temperature and specific volume (d) Pressure and specific volume
⎛ a⎞
IES-13. Van der Waal’s equation of state is given by ⎜ P + 2 ⎟ ( v − b ) = RT . The constant
⎝ v ⎠
‘b’ in the equation in terms of specific volume at critical point Vc is equal to:
[IES-2003]
8a
(a) Vc/3 (b) 2 Vc (c) 3 Vc (d)
27VcR
Compressibility
1. A gas with a compressibility factor more than 1 is more compressible than a
perfect gas.
2. The x and y axes of the compressibility chart are compressibility factor on
y-axis and reduced pressure on x-axis.
3. The first and second derivatives of the pressure with respect to volume at
critical points are zero.
(a) 2 and 3 only (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 1 and 2 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
IES-15. Which one of the following statements is correct? [IES-2007]

(a) Compressibility factor is unity for ideal gases
(b) Compressibility factor is zero for ideal gases
(c) Compressibility factor is lesser than unity for ideal gases
Page 104 of 121

(d) Compressibility factor is more than unity for ideal gases
IES-16. Assertion (A): At very high densities, compressibility of a real gas is less than
one. [IES-2006]
Reason (R): As the temperature is considerably reduced, the molecules are
brought closer together and thermonuclear attractive forces become greater at
pressures around 4 MPa.
IES-17. The value of compressibility factor for an ideal gas may be: [IES-2002]
1. less or more than one 2. equal to one 3. zero 4. less than zero
The correct value(s) is/are given by:
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 1 and 4 (c) 2 only (d) 1 only
IES-18. Assertion (A): The value of compressibility factor, Z approaches zero of all
isotherms as pressure p approaches zero. [IES-1992]
Reason (R): The value of Z at the critical points is about 0.29.
Adiabatic Process
IES-19. Assertion (A): An adiabatic process is always a constant entropy process.
Reason(R): In an adiabatic process there is no heat transfer. [IES-2005]
IES-20. A control mass undergoes a

process from state 1 to state 2 as
shown in the given figure. During
this process, the heat transfer to
the system is 200 KJ. IF the control
mass returned adiabatically. From
state 2 to state 1 by another
process, then the work interaction
during the return process (in kNm)
would be:
(a) –400 (b) –200
(c) 200 (d) 400 [IES-1998]
IES-21. A gas expands from pressure P1 to pressure P2 (P2 = p1/10). If the process of
expansion is isothermal, the volume at the end of expansion is 0.55 m3. If the
process of expansion is adiabatic, the volume at the end of expansion will be
closer to: [IES-1997]
Page 105 of 121

(a) 0.45 m3 (b) 0.55 m3 (c) 0.65 m3 (d) 0.75 m3
IES-22. A balloon which is initially collapsed and flat is slowly filled with a gas at 100
kPa so as to form it into a sphere of 1 m radius. What is the work done by the
gas in the balloon during the filling process? [IES-2008]
(a) 428·9 kJ (b) 418·9 kJ (c) 420·9 kJ (d) 416·9 kJ
Isothermal Process
IES-23. An ideal gas undergoes
an isothermal
expansion from state R
to state S in a turbine
as shown in the
diagram given below:
The area of shaded
region is 1000 Nm. What
is the amount is turbine
work done during the
process? [IES-2004]
(a) 14,000 Nm (b) 12,000 Nm (c) 11,000Nm (d) 10,000Nm
IES-24. The work done in compressing a gas isothermally is given by [IES-1997]

γ −1
⎡ ⎤
γ ⎛p ⎞ γ ⎛p ⎞
(a) p1v1 ⎢⎜ 2 ⎟ − 1⎥ (b) mRT1 log e ⎜ 2 ⎟
γ −1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎝ p1 ⎠
p
⎥⎦
⎛ T ⎞
(c) mc p (T2 − T1 ) kJ (d ) mRT1 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ kJ
⎝ T1 ⎠
IES-25. The slope of log P-log V graph for a gas for isothermal change is m1 and for
adiabatic changes is m2. If the gas is diatomic gas, then [IES-1992]
(a) m1<m2 (b) m1>m2 (c) m1 + m2 = 1.0 (d) m1 = m2
IES-26. The work done during expansion of a gas is independent of pressure if the
expansion takes place [IES-1992]
(a) Isothermally (b) Adiabatically
(c) In both the above cases (d) In none of the above cases
IES-27. Three moles of an ideal gas are compressed to half the initial volume at a
constant temperature of 300k. The work done in the process is [IES-1992]
(a) 5188 J (b) 2500 J (c) –2500 J (d) –5188 J
IES-28. The change in specific entropy of a system undergoing a reversible process is

given by s2 − s1 = ( c p − cv ) ln ( v2 / v1 ) . This is valid for which one of the following?
(a) Adiabatic process undergone by an ideal gas [IES-2008]
(b) Isothermal process undergone by an ideal gas
(c) Polytropic process undergone by a real gas
(d) Isobaric phase change from liquid to vapour
Page 106 of 121

Polytropic Process
IES-29. Assertion (A): Though head is added during a polytropic expansion process for
which γ > n> 1, the temperature of the gas decreases during the process.
Reason (R): The work done by the system exceeds the heat added to the system.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A [IES 2007]
⎛ γ − n ⎞ ⎧ p1v1 − p2v2 ⎫
IES-30. In a polytropic process, the term ⎜ ⎟⎨ ⎬ is equal to: [IES-2005]
⎝ γ − 1 ⎠ ⎩ (n − 1) ⎭
(a) Heat absorbed or rejected (b) Change in internal energy
(c) Ratio of T1/T2 (d) Work done during polytropic expansion
IES-31. The heat absorbed or rejected during a polytropic process is equal to:
1/2
⎛γ −n⎞ ⎛γ −n⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ x work done (b) ⎜ ⎟ x work done [IES-2002]
⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ n −1 ⎠
⎛γ −n⎞
2
⎛γ −n⎞
(c) ⎜ ⎟ x work done (d ) ⎜ ⎟ x work done
⎝ γ −1 ⎠ ⎝ γ −1 ⎠
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process

IES-32. Change in enthalpy in a closed system is equal to the heat transferred, if the
reversible process takes place at [IES-2005]
(a) Temperature (b) Internal energy (c) Pressure (d) Entropy
IES-33. Which one of the following phenomena occurs when gas in a piston-in-cylinder
assembly expands reversibly at constant pressure? [IES-2003]
(a) Heat is added to the gas
(b) Heat is removed from the gas
(c) Gas does work from its own stored energy
(d) Gas undergoes adiabatic expansion
IES-34. A saturated vapour is compressed to half its volume without changing its
temperature. The result is that: [IES-1997]
(a) All the vapour condenses to liquid
(b) Some of the liquid evaporates and the pressure does not change
(c) The pressure is double its initial value
(d) Some of the vapour condenses and the pressure does not change
IES-35. An ideal gas at 27°C is heated at constant pressure till its volume becomes
three times. [IES-2008]
What would be then the temperature of gas?
(a) 81° C (b) 627° C (c) 543° C (d) 327° C
Page 107 of 121

Constant Volume or Isochoric Process
IES-36. In which one of the following processes, in a closed system the thermal energy
transferred to a gas is completely converted to internal energy resulting in an
increase in gas temperature? [IES-2008]
(a) Isochoric process (b) Adiabatic process
(c) Isothermal process (d) Free expansion
IES-37. Which one of the following thermodynamic processes approximates the

steaming of food in a pressure cooker? [IES-2007]
(a) Isenthalpic (b) Isobaric
(c) Isochoric (d) Isothermal
IES-38. Consider the four processes A, B,

C and D shown in the graph
given above:
Match List-I (Processes shown in
the graph) with List-II (Index ‘n’
in the equation pvn = Const) and
select the correct answer using
the code given below the lists:
[IES-2007]
List-I List-II
A. A 1. 0
B. B 2. 1
C. C 3. 1.4
D. D 4. ∞
(a) 4 2 3 1 (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 1 3 2 4 (d) 4 3 2 1
IES-39. Match List-I (process) with List-II (index n in PVn = constant) and select the
correct answers using the codes given below the lists. [IES-1999]
List-I List-II
A. Adiabatic 1. n = infinity
B. Isothermal 2. n = C p
Cv
C. Constant pressure 3. n = 1
D. Constant volume 4. n = C p -1
Cv
5. n = zero
(a) 2 3 5 4 (b) 3 2 1 5
(c) 2 3 5 1 (d) 2 5 3 1
IES-40. A system at a given state undergoes change through the following expansion
processes to reach the same final volume [IES-1994]
1. Isothermal 2. Isobaric
3. Adiabatic ( γ = 1.4) 4. Polytropic(n =1.3)
The correct ascending order of the work output in these four processes is
Page 108 of 121

(a) 3, 4, 1, 2 (b) 1, 4, 3, 2 (c) 4, 1, 3, 2 (d) 4, 1, 2, 3
IES-41. Match the curves in Diagram-I with the curves in Diagram-II and select the
correct answer. [IES-1996]
Diagram-I (Process on p-V plane) Diagram-II (Process on T-s plane)
(a) 3 2 4 5 (b) 2 3 4 5
(c) 2 3 4 1 (d) 1 4 2 3
IES-42.
Four processes of a thermodynamic cycle are shown above in Fig.I on the T-s
plane in the sequence 1-2-3-4. The corresponding correct sequence of these
processes in the p- V plane as shown above in Fig. II will be [IES-1998]
(a) C–D–A–B (b) D–A–B–C (c) A–B–C–D (d) B–C–D–A
IES-43. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer [IES-1996]
List-I List-II
A. Work done in a polytropic process 1. − ∫ vdp
B. Work done in a steady flow process 2. Zero
p1V1 − p2V2
C. Heat transfer in a reversible adiabatic process 3.
γ −1
p1V1 − p2V2
D. Work done in an isentropic process 4.
n −1
(a) 4 1 3 2 (b) 1 4 2 3
(c) 4 1 2 3 (d) 1 2 3 4
IES-44. A perfect gas at 27°C was heated until its volume was doubled using the
following three different processes separately [IES-2004]
Page 109 of 121

1. Constant pressure process 2 Isothermal process 3. Isentropic process
Which one of the following is the correct sequence in the order of increasing
value of the final temperature of the gas reached by using the above three
different processes?
(a) 1 – 2 – 3 (b) 2 – 3 – 1 (c) 3 – 2 – 1 (d) 3 – 1 – 2
Ideal Gas
IAS-1. Variation of pressure and volume at constant temperature are correlated
through [IAS-2002]
(a) Charles law (b) Boyle’s law (c) Joule’s Law (d) Gay Lussac’s Law
IAS-2. Assertion (A): For a perfect gas, hyperbolic expansion is an isothermal

expansion. [IAS-2007]
Pv
Reason (R): For a perfect gas, = constant.
T
IAS-3. Variation of pressure and volume at constant temperature are correlated

through [IAS-2002]
(a) Charle’s law (b) Boyle’s law (c) Joule’s law (d)Gay Lussac’s law
IAS-4. An ideal gas with initial volume, pressure and temperature of 0.1 m3, 1bar and
27°C respectively is compressed in a cylinder by a piston such that its final
volume and pressure are 0.04 m3 and 5 bars respectively, then its final
temperature will be: [IAS-2001]
(a) –123°C (b) 54°C (c) 327°C (d) 600°C

IAS-5. The volumetric air content of a tyre at 27°C and at 2 bars is 30 litres. If one
morning, the temperature dips to -3°C then the air pressure in the tyre would
be: [IAS-2000]
(a) 1.8 bars (b) 1.1 bars (c) 0.8 bars (d) The same as at 27°C
IAS-6. An Ideal gas with initial volume, pressure and temperature of 0.1m3, 1 bar and
27°C respectively is compressed in a cylinder by piston such that its final
volume and pressure 0.04 m3 and 5 bar respectively, then its final temperature
will be: [IAS-2001]
(a) –123°C (b) 54°C (c) 327°C (d)600°C
IAS-7. Which one of the following PV-T diagrams correctly represents the properties
of an ideal gas? [IAS-1995]
Page 110 of 121

Van der Waals Equation

RTc
IAS-8. If a gas obeys van der Waals' equation at the critical point, then is equal
pc vc
to which one of the following [IAS-2004; 2007]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1·5 (d) 2·67
⎛ a⎞
IAS-9. In Van der Waal’s gas equation ⎜ P + 2 ⎟ ( v − b ) = RT (R = Universal gas
⎝ v ⎠
constant) the unit of ‘b’ is: [IAS-1997]
(a) Liter/mole°C (b) m3/mole (c) kg-liter/mole (d) Dimensionless
IAS-10. A higher value of Van der waal’s constant for a gas indicates that the [IAS-2003]
(a) Molecules of the gas have smaller diameter
(b) Gas can be easily liquefied
(c) Gas has higher molecular weight
(d) Gas has lower molecular weight
Critical Properties
IAS-11. The mathematical conditions at the critical point for a pure substance are
represented by: [IAS-1999]
δp δ2p δ3p δp δ2p δ3p
(a) < 0, 2 = 0 and 3 = 0 (b) = 0, 2 < 0 and 3 = 0
δv δv δv δv δv δv
δp δ p
2
δ3p δp δ p
2
δ3p
(c) = 0, 2 = 0 and 3 < 0 (d) = 0, 2 = 0 and 3 = 0
δv δv δv δv δv δv
Page 111 of 121

IAS-12. In the above figure, yc
corresponds to the critical
point of a pure substance
under study. Which of the
following mathematical
conditions applies/apply
at the critical point?
⎛ ∂P ⎞
(a) ⎜ ⎟ =0
⎝ ∂v ⎠Tc
⎛ ∂2P ⎞
(b) ⎜ 2 ⎟
=0
⎝ ∂v ⎠T
c [IAS-2007]
⎛∂ P⎞3
(c) ⎜ 3 ⎟
<0 (d) All of the above
⎝ ∂v ⎠T c
Adiabatic Process
IAS-13. Consider the following statements: [IAS-2007]
1. During a reversible non-flow process, for the same expansion ratio, work
done by a gas diminishes as the value of n in pvn = C increases.
2. Adiabatic mixing process is a reversible process.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Isothermal Process
IAS-14. Identify the process of change of a close system in which the work transfer is
maximum. [IAS-2003]
(a) Isothermal (b) Isochoric (c) Isentropic (d) Polytrop
IAS-15. In a reversible isothermal expansion process, the fluid expands from 10 bar
and 2 m3 to 2 bar and 10 m3. During the process the heat supplied is at the rate
of 100 kW. What is the rate of work done during the process? [IAS-2007]
(a) 20 kW (b) 35 kW (c) 80 kW (d) 100 kW
IAS-16. In respect of a closed system, when an ideal gas undergoes a reversible

isothermal process, the [IAS-2000]
(a) Heat transfer is zero (b) Change in internal energy is equal to work transfer
(c) Work transfer is zero (d) Heat transfer is equal to work transfer
Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process

IAS-17. For a non-flow constant pressure process the heat exchange is equal to:
(a) Zero (b) The work done [IAS-2003]
(c) The change in internal energy (d) The change in enthalpy
Page 112 of 121

Constant Volume or Isochoric Process
IAS-18. An ideal gas is heated (i) at constant volume and (ii) at constant pressure from
the initial state 1. Which one of the following diagrams shows the two
processes correctly? [IAS-1996]
IAS-19. One kg of a perfect gas is compressed from pressure P1 to pressure P2 by

1. Isothermal process 2. Adiabatic process 3. The law pv1.4 = constant
The correct sequence of these processes in increasing order of their work
requirement is: [IAS-2000]
(a) 1, 2, 3 (b) 1, 3, 2 (c) 2, 3, 1 (d) 3, 1, 2
below the Lists: [IAS-1997]
List-I List- II
dP P
A. Constant volume process 1. =−
dV V
dP γP
B. Constant pressure process 2. =−
dV V
dT T
C. Constant temperature process 3. =−
ds Cv
dT T
D. Constant entropy process 4. =−
ds CP
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 2 4 3 1
(c) 3 4 1 2 (d) 1 3 4 2
Properties of Mixtures of Gases

IAS-21. If M1, M2, M3, be molecular weight of constituent gases and m1, m2, m3… their
corresponding mass fractions, then what is the molecular weight M of the
mixture equal to? [IAS-2007]
1
(a) m1M 1 + m2 M 2 + m3 M 3 + ........... (b)
m1M 1 + m2 M 2 + m3 M 3 + ...........
1 1 1 1
(c) + + + ........... (d)
m1M 1 m2 M 2 m3 M 3 ⎛ m1 ⎞ ⎛ m2 ⎞ ⎛ m3 ⎞
⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟+⎜ ⎟ + ...............
⎝ 1⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 3⎠
M M M
Page 113 of 121

IAS-22. The entropy of a mixture of pure gases is the sum of the entropies of
constituents evaluated at [IAS-1998]
(a) Temperature and pressure for the mixture
(b) Temperature of the mixture and the partical pressure of the constituents
(c) Temperature and volume of the mixture
(d) Pressure and volume of the mixture
Page 114 of 121


GATE-1. (b). Let no of mole = n
Initial P1 = 10 bar Final P2 =?
1 3 2 3
V1 = ( ) m /mole V2 = ( ) m /mole
n n
T1 = 300K T2 = 300K = T1=T (say)
∴ (P1+a/v12) v1 =(P2+a/v22) v2
⇒ (10 + an2) x (1/n)= (P2 + an2/4) x (2/n)
⇒ 2P2 = 10 + an2-an2/2 = 10 + an2/2 ⇒ P2 = 5 + an2/4
As a>0 ∴P2 is slightly more than 5 bar.
1
GATE-2. Ans. (a) w.d = ( p2 v2 − p1v1 )
γ −1
W .K .T
PV = mRT
R
∴ PV
1 1 = T1 ⎡⎣ R = 8.314kJ kmol −1 K −1 ⎤⎦
m
8.314
0.1× 10 × V1 =
3
× 300
40
∴V1 = 0.623 m3
1
⎛ P1 ⎞ γ V2
⎜ ⎟ = ⇒ V2 = 0.41m3
⎝ 2⎠
P V 1
(.2 × 0.41 − 0.1× 0.623) ×103

∴W .d = = 29.7
0.67
GATE-3. Ans. (d) Heat lost = n Cv d T
GATE-4. Ans. (c)
GATE-5. Ans. (c) Heat produced by electric bulb in 24 hr. = 100 × 24 × 60 × 60 J = 8640kJ
Volume of air = 2.5 × 3 × 3 = 22.5m3
Density (ρ) = 1.24 kg/m3
ΔQ 8640
ΔQ = mCv Δt or Δt = = = 430 o C ∴t = 430 + 20 = 450 o C
mCv 22.5 × 1.24 × 0.716
⎛ V2 ⎞
GATE-6. Ans. (a) Iso-thermal work done (W) = RT1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
Page 115 of 121

⎛ V2 ⎞
= PV
1 1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛ 0.030 ⎞
= 800 × 0.015 × ln ⎜ ⎟ = 8.32kJ/Kg
⎝ 0.015 ⎠
GATE-7. Ans. (b) Remember if we mix 2 mole of oxygen with another 2 mole of other gas the
Vtotal
volume will be doubled for first and second constituents ΔS = nR ln = 2 R ln 2 ∴
Vinitial
Total Entropy change = 4Rln2 So, Entropy change per mole=Rln2. And it is due to
diffusion of one gas into another.

IES-1. Ans. (a) Both A and R correct and R is the correct explanation of A
IES-2. Ans. (b) For perfect gas, both the assertion A and reason R are true. However R is not the
explanation for A. A provides definition of perfect gas. R provides further relationship for
enthalpy and internal energy but can't be reason for definition of perfect gas.
IES-3. Ans. (b) As internal energy is a function of temperature only. In isothermal expansion
process no temperature change therefore no internal energy change. A Reversible
isothermal expansion process is constant internal energy process i.e. dU = 0
∵ dQ = dU + dW
∴ dQ = dW (∵ dU = 0 )
∴ Work done during the process = 100kW
IES-4. Ans. (a)
IES-5. Ans. (d) (a) True. A water film, if formed, will act as a very poor conductor of heat and will
not easily let the heat of the furnace pass into the boiler. An oil film if present, is even
worse than water film and the formation of such films inside the boiler must be avoided.
(b) Since the mass and material are the same, the volumes must also be the same. For
the same volume, the surface area of the plate is the greatest and that of the sphere is
the least. The rate of loss of heat by radiation being proportional to the surface area, the
plate cools the fastest and the sphere the slowest.
3 5
(c) True, for a monoatomic gas, C1 = R and for a diatomic gas, C1 = R.
2 2
1⎛3 5 ⎞
Since the mixture has two moles, the value of C1 for the mixture = ⎜ R + R ⎟ = 2 R
2⎝2 2 ⎠
3 RT
(d) False, The average kinetic energy of 1 g of an ideal gas =
2 M
Where M is the molecular weight of the gas and it is different gases, as the value of M
will be different.
IES-6. Ans (b) In Perfect gas intermolecular attraction is zero. It will be only possible when
intermolecular distance will be too high. High temperature or low pressure or both cause
high intermolecular distance so choice 1 and 3.
IES-7. Ans. (a) The correct sequence for decreasing order of the value of characteristic gas constants
is hydrogen, nitrogen, air and carbon dioxide.
IES-8. Ans. (b)
Page 116 of 121

1
IES-9. Ans. (d) we know that P = ρ C 2 If momentum is zero then C must be zero. Hence P
3
would be zero. That will occur at absolute zero temperature. But note here choice (a) has
in defined temp. –273K which is imaginary temp.
IES-10. Ans. (a)
IES-11. Ans. (c)
IES-12. Ans. (b) Joule’s law states that for an Ideal gas internal energy is a function of temperature
only. u = ƒ(T). But this is not Ideal gas it is real gas.
IES-13. Ans. (a) We know that at critical point
8 PcVc
a = 3PcVc2 ; b = Vc/3 and R =
3Tc
IES-14. Ans. (a) 1 is false. At very low pressure, all the gases shown have z ≈ 1 and behave nearly
perfectly. At high pressure all the gases have z > 1, signifying that they are more difficult
to compress than a perfect gas (for a given molar volume, the product pv is greater than
RT). Repulsive forces are now dominant. At intermediate pressure, must gasses have
Z < 1, including that the attractive forces are dominant and favour compression.
IES-15. Ans. (a)
IES-16. Ans. (d)
IES-17. Ans. (c)
IES-18. Ans. (d)
IES-19. Ans. (d)
IES-20. Ans. (b) During adiabatic process, work
done = change in internal energy.
Since control man (so case of closed
system). Intercept of path on X-axis
is the work done by the process.
W = area of ∆A12 + area of □A2CB
1
W= х (3 - 1) х 200 + 100 х (3 - 1)
2
= 200 + 200 = 400 kJ
1
W= (300 - 100) х 2 + 100 х 2
2
= 200 + 200 = 400 kJ
∴ From 1 → 2.
U1 + Q = U 2 + W.
U1 – U 2 = W – Q = 400 – 200 = 200 kJ.
From 2 → 1
Work done will be same
Since adiabatic So Q = 0
U 2 + Q = U1 + W
W = U 2 – U1 = – ( U1 – U 2 ) = – 200 kJ.
p1
IES-21. Ans. (a) For isothermal process, p1v1 = p2 v2 , or p1v1 = × 0.55, v1 = 0.055 m3
10
For adiabatic process
p1 1.4
2 , or p1 ( 0.055 )
p1v11.4 = p2 v1.4 = × v2 or v2 = 0.0551.4 10 = 0.45 m3
1.4
10
Page 117 of 121

IES-22. Ans. (b) Work done by the gas during filling process = − ∫ vdp
( )
= 4 π13 (100 ) = 418.9 kJ
3
IES-23. Ans. (c) Turbine work = area under curve R–S = ∫ P dv
= 1 bar × ( 0.2 − 0.1) m3 + 1000 Nm
= 105 × ( 0.2 − 0.1) Nm + 1000Nm = 11000Nm
IES-24. Ans. (b)
IES-25. Ans. (a) PV = constant, C
⇒ log P + log V = log C
m1 = -1
Pv 4 = C
⇒ log P + q log V = log C
m2 = -q = - 1.4
∴ m2 > m1
IES-26. Ans. (d)
IES-27. Ans. (d) Since the temperature remains constant, the process is isothemal.
⎛V ⎞
∴ Work-done in the process, W = 2.303 nRT log ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ V1 ⎠
⎛1 ⎞
= 2.303 х 3 х 8.315 х 8.315 х 300 log ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠
= – 5188 J.
The negative sign indicates that work is done on the gas.
IES-28. Ans. (b) Tds = du + pdv
⇒ Τds = C V dT + pdv
dT P
⇒ ds = CV + dv
T T
dT R
⇒ ds = CV + dv
T V
Integrating the above expression
T2 V
⇒ S2 − S1 = C V In + RIn 2
T1 V1
For isothermal process undergone by ideal gas.
V2
⇒ S2 − S1 = ( CP − CV ) In
V1
IES-29. Ans. (a)
IES-30. Ans. (a)
IES-31. Ans. (c)
IES-32. Ans. (c) dQ = du + pdυ + υ pd − υ dp = d ( u + pυ ) − υ dp = dh − υ dp
if dp = 0 or p = const. these for ( dQ )p = ( dh )p
Page 118 of 121

IES-33. Ans. (a)
IES-34. Ans. (d) By compressing a saturated vapour, its vapours condense and pressure remains
unchanged. Remember it is not gas.
V V V1 3V1
IES-35. Ans. (b) 1 = 2 ⇒ =
T1 T2 ( 273 + 27 ) T2
⇒ T2 = 300 × 3 = 900 K = 627°C
IES-36. Ans. (a) Constant volume (isochoric) process: An example of this process is the heating
or cooling of a gas stored in a rigid cylinder. Since the volume of the gas does not change,
no external work is done, and work transferred ΔW is zero. Therefore from 1st law of
thermodynamics for a constant volume process:
W2 = 0
1
2
1Q 2 = ∫ dU = U2 − U1
1
IES-37. (c) In a pressure cooker, the volume of the cooker is fixed so constant volume process but for
safety some of steam goes out to maintain a maximum pressure. But it occurs after
proper steaming.
IES-38. Ans. (b)
IES-39. Ans. (c)
IES-40. Ans. (a)
IES-41. Ans. (b)

IES-42. Ans. (d)
IES-43. Ans. (c)
IES-44. Ans. (c) Perfect gas
T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 k
V1 = initial volume
V2 = final volume, V2 = 2V1
T2 = ?
(i) Constant Pressure Process
Vα T
Page 119 of 121

V1 V2
=
T1 T2
V1 2V1
=
T1 T2
⇒ T2 = 2T1 = 600 k
(ii) Isothermal Process
T = Constant
T1 = T2 = 300 k
(iii) Isentropic Process
T1 V1r −1 = T2 V2r −1
r −1 1.4 −1
⎛V ⎞ ⎛ V ⎞
T2 = T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟ = T1 ⎜ 1 ⎟
V
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2V2 ⎠
T2 = 0.757 T1 = 227.35K

IAS-1. Ans. (b) Boyle’s law: It states that volume of a given mass of a perfect gas varies inversely
as the absolute pressure when temperature is constant.
IAS-2. Ans. (a)
IAS-3. Ans. (b)
PV PV PV 5 × 0.04
IAS-4. Ans. (c) 1 1
= 2 2 or T2 = 2 2
× T1 = × (300) = 600 K = 327°C
T1 T2 PV
1 1 1× 0.1
IAS-5. Ans. (a) Apply equation of states
P1V1 P2 V2 T ( 273 − 3 )
= [∵V1 = V2 ] or P2 = P1 × 2 = 2 × = 1.8bar
T1 T2 T1 ( 273 + 27 )
P1V1 P2V2 PV
IAS-6. Ans. (c ) Apply equation of states = or T2 = 2 2 xT1
T1 T2 P1V1
5 0.04
∴T2 = ( )×( ) × (273 + 27) = 600K = 327°C
1 0.1
IAS-7. Ans. (c) For an ideal gas PV = MRT i.e. P and T follow direct straight line relationship,
which is depicted in figure (c).
Vc 8 PV
IAS-8. Ans. (d) a = 3 pc Vc2, b = , R= c c
3 3 Tc
IAS-9. Ans. (b) According to dimensional homogeneity law unit of molar-volume and ‘b’ must be
same. i.e. m3/mole
IAS-10. Ans. (b)
IAS-11. Ans. (c)
IAS-12. Ans. (d) Van der Waals equation
⎛ a ⎞ RT a
⎜ P + 2 ⎟ (υ − b ) = RT or P = − 2
⎝ υ ⎠ υ −b υ
Page 120 of 121

Vc 8 PV
At critical point a= 3pcVc2, b= , R= c c
3 3 Tc
⎛ ∂P ⎞ − RTc 2a
⎜ ⎟ = + 3 =0
⎝ ∂V ⎠T =Tc (Vc − b ) Vc
2
⎛ ∂2 P ⎞ 2.RTc 6a
⎜ 2⎟ = − 4 =0
⎝ ∂V ⎠T =Tc (Vc − b ) Vc
3
⎛ ∂3 P ⎞ 6 RTc 24a
And ⎜ 3⎟ =− − 5 = −9 pc i.e.-ive
⎝ ∂V ⎠T =T
c
( vc − b ) vc
IAS-13. Ans. (a) In adiabatic mixing there is always
increase in entropy so large amount of
irreversibility is these.
IAS-14. Ans. (c)

IAS-15. Ans. (d) For reversible isothermal expansion heat supplied is equal to work done during the
⎛ v2 ⎞
process and equal to Q = W = mRT1 ln ⎜ ⎟
⎝ v1 ⎠
∵ Temperature constant so no change in internal energy dQ = dU + dW; dU = 0
Therefore dQ = dW.
IAS-16. Ans. (d) In reversible isothermal process temperature constant. No change in internal
energy. So internal energy constant dQ = δ u + δ W as δ u = 0, dQ = dW
IAS-17. Ans. (d)
IAS-18. Ans. (d)
IAS-19. Ans. (b) Work requirement
1. Isothermal – area under
121B1A
2. Adiabatic – area under 122B2A
3. pv1.1 = c – area under 123B3A
IAS-20. Ans. (c)

IAS-21. Ans. (a)
IAS-22. Ans. (b)
Page 121 of 121

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S K Mondal’s

Chapter - 2 : First Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter - 3 : Second Law of Thermodynamics

Chapter - 5 : Availability, Irreversibility

Chapter - 6 : Thermodynamic Relations

Chapter - 7 : Pure Substances

Chapter - 8 : Properties of Gasses & Gas Mix

Copyright © 2007 S K Mondal

ASKED OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (GATE, IES, IAS)

Previous 20-Years GATE Questions

Open and Closed systems

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

pdV-work or Displacement Work

expression for w given above: [GATE-2008]

GATE-7. A gas expands in a frictionless piston-cylinder arrangement. The expansion

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

IES-2. Consider the following properties: [IES-2009]

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

Open and Closed systems

IES-7. Which of the following are intensive properties? [IES-2007]

IES-8. Which of the following is/are reversible process(es)? [IES-2005]

IES-9. Assertion (A): In thermodynamic analysis, the concept of reversibility is that, a

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

IES-12. Consider the following statements: [IES-2003]

IES-13. Zeroth Law of thermodynamics states that [IES-1996]

International Temperature Scale

IES-18. Pressure reaches a value of absolute zero [IES-2002]

IES-19. The time constant of a thermocouple is the time taken to attain:

Work a Path Function

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

pdV-work or Displacement Work

IES-24. Which one of the following is the

(a) Isomeric (b) Isentropic (c) Isobaric (d) Isothermal

Heat Transfer-A Path Function

Previous 20-Years IAS Questions

Thermodynamic System and Control Volume

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

International Temperature Scale

Free Expansion with Zero Work Transfer

IAS-6. Work done in a free expansion process is: [IAS-2002]

IAS-7. In the temperature-entropy diagram

pdV-work or Displacement Work

Heat Transfer-A Path Function

Answers with Explanation (Objective)

Previous 20-Years GATE Answers

Previous 20-Years IES Answers

Previous 20-Years IAS Answers

Internal Energy – A Property of System

Discharging and Charging a Tank

Previous 20-Years IES Questions

First Law of Thermodynamics

IES-4. An ideal cycle is shown in the figure. Its

IES-5. Which one of the following is correct? [IES-2007]

IES-7. A gas is compressed in a cylinder by a movable piston to a volume one-half of

IES-8. In a steady-flow adiabatic turbine, the changes in the internal energy,

IES-9. Gas contained in a closed system consisting of piston cylinder arrangement is