Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics
Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics
Unit 2. Discourse of Mathematics
1. Suggested readings:
Apreutesei, N., Vasile Moroșanu, 2000, Ecuații diferențiale neliniare de ordinul al
doilea în spațiul Hilbert, București: Matrix Rom
Corduneanu, A., Pletea, A., 1999, Noțiuni de teoria ecuațiilor diferențiale, București:
Matrix Rom
Vernescu, A., 2011, Exemple și contraexemple în analiza matematică, București:
Matrix Rom
3. Recommended dictionaries:
1. Clapham, C., Nicholson, J., 2009, Oxford Concise Dictionary of Mathematics,
Oxford University Press
2. Răileanu, B., 2013, Dicționar englez-român de termeni tehnici și matematici,
Contemporary Literature Press, București (downloadable from the internet)
3. Previato, Emma, (ed.), 2003, Dictionary of applied math for engineers and
scientists, CRC Press, London
17
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
2. Write a lexical card for each of the following words, to include all those
which may be derived from symbol, function and theory.
18
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 2.
Our sources of information on the history of Greek geometry before Euclid
consist merely of scattered notices in ancient writers. The early
mathematicians, Thales and Pythagoras, left behind no written records of
their discoveries. A full history of Greek geometry and astronomy during
this period, written by Eudemus, a pupil of Aristotle, has been lost. It was
well known to Proclus, who, in his commentaries on Euclid, gives a brief
account of it. This abstract constitutes our most reliable information. We
shall quote it frequently under the name of Eudemian Summary.
Text 3.
To Thales of Miletus (640-546 B.C.), one of the “seven wise men”, and the
founder of the Ionic school, falls the honour of having introduced the study
of geometry into Greece. During middle life he engaged in commercial
pursuits, which took him to Egypt. He is said to have resided there, and to
have studied the physical sciences and mathematics with the Egyptian
priests.
Plutarch declares that Thales soon excelled his masters, and
amazed King Amasis by measuring the heights of the pyramids from their
shadows. According to Plutarch, this was done by considering that the
shadow cast by a vertical staff of known length bears the same ratio to the
shadow of the pyramid as the height of the staff bears to the height of the
pyramid. This solution presupposes a knowledge of proportion, and the
Ahmes papyrus actually shows that the rudiments of proportion were
known to the Egyptians. According to Diogenes Laertius, the pyramids
were measured by Thales in a different way; viz. by finding the length of
the shadow of the pyramid at the moment when the shadow of a staff was
equal to its own length.
5. Write a lexical card for each of the following words, to include all the
meanings and words derived from equal, staff, excel and amaze.
19
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 4.
Thales may be said to have created the geometry of lines, essentially
abstract in its character, while the Egyptians studied only the geometry of
surfaces and the rudiments of solid geometry, empirical in their character.
With Thales begins also the study of scientific astronomy. He acquired
great celebrity by the prediction of a solar eclipse in 585 B.C. Whether he
predicted the day of the occurrence, or simply the year, is not known. It is
told of him that while contemplating the stars during an evening walk, he
fell into a ditch. The good old woman – attending him exclaimed, “How
canst thou know what is doing in the heavens, when thou seest not what is
at thy feet?"
(Excerpt from Cajori, Florian, 1909, A History of Mathematics, downloadable from
www.ForgottenBooks.org)
Text 5.
We will model derivations algebraically by using the so-called Ore
polynomials. These have first been considered by Øystein Ore in [Ore33].
They are a generalisation of ordinary polynomials which offers a unified
way of describing linear differential and difference operators. They share
many properties with the ordinary polynomials but since they model
operators, their multiplication is not commutative. We will introduce Ore
polynomials in Section 2.1 and summarise those properties there that are
important for the rest of this report.
We will introduce matrices over Ore polynomials in Section 2.2.
That section contains all the basic definitions and notations that will be
used later. As in the commutative theory, normal forms are an important
tool for the analysis of matrices and the systems they represent.
7. Read all the four preceding texts and draw a list of syntagms consisting
of a personal name + common noun. Give the Romanian equivalents of
your findings.
20
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 6.
This report will concentrate on two normal forms, namely the Hermite
form and the Popov form. Both are normal forms for left equivalence, i. e.,
for matrix M there are unimodular matrices U and V such that the product
UM is in Hermite form and VM is in Popov form. (This will be made precise
later).
The Hermite normal form was first introduced and proved to exist
by Charles Hermite, for non-singular square matrices over the integers. It
was later extended to more general matrices. Its main application is solving
of Diophantine equations. We will introduce the Hermite form in Definition
12 in Section 2.3.
Text 7.
The Popov normal form was first described by Vasile Mihai Popov in
[Pop72]. Together with similar concepts like row-reduction that is
sometimes also called row-properness it is widely used in control theory—
see for example [Zer07]. We will treat the Popov normal form in Definition
13. Gröbner bases have been first mentioned in [Buc65]. Devised originally
for ideals of (commutative) multivariate polynomials they have since then
been extended to non-commutative domains and also to (free) modules
over them. See for example [CS98] for a treatise and an application of
Gröbner bases for Ore polynomials. An introduction to extensions of
Gröbner bases to modules may be found in the textbooks [AL94] for the
commutative case and similarly in [BGTV03] for non-commutative
domains. We will use the latter book extensively in this report.
Text 8.
Gröbner bases are important in modern day computational algebra
because they provide two useful features: First, they solve the ideal
membership problem. That is, they provide an algorithmic way to check
whether a given polynomial is contained in a given ideal. Second, Gröbner
bases have an elimination property which makes them useful for solving
systems of polynomial equations. The same properties carry over to the
non-commutative and to the module case. In [KRT07] it was shown that
Popov and Hermite normal forms of matrices with (univariate) polynomial
entries are actually Gröbner bases for their row span. This result can easily
be generalized to Ore polynomial rings. We do this in Theorems 25 and 27.
21
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 9.
The FGLM algorithm is an efficient method to convert Gröbner bases of
zero-dimensional ideals from one admissible ordering to another. It was
presented in [FGLM93] for ideals of commutative polynomials. The main
reason for its efficiency is that it manages to translate the problem from
polynomial to linear algebra. The FGLM algorithm may lead to a speed-up
of Gröbner basis computations for slow orderings like the lexicographic
ordering by first computing a Gröbner basis with respect to a faster
ordering like a degree ordering and then converting it to the desired
ordering.
We will translate the original algorithm from the case of
commutative ideals to modules over non-commutative domains in Section
3.3.4. There, we will in particular deal with the problem that the modules
we consider are not “zero-dimensional”, i. e. that their quotient spaces can
be of infinite dimension.
(Extracted from Popov to Hermite via FLGM J. Midekke 2010.pdf)
9. Fill in the columns of the table below with your own examples:
10. Write a lexical card for each of the following words, to include all those
which may be derived from similar, dimension and norm. Now use two
of your newly found examples into sentences of your own.
11. Read the preceding text and provide four adjectives derived from
nouns, by applying the rule n + -al, as in example: dimension-
dimensional
12. Google for Popov and Hermite and write lexical cards to preserve the
information related to these two ‘words’.
22
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 10.
Artless innocents and ivory-tower sophisticates: Some personalities on
the Indian mathematical scene*1
At the beginning of the 20th century, science was still an esoteric pursuit of
reclusive intellectuals. The quiet revolution in the academic worlds of
Göttingen, Copenhagen, Cambridge and Paris of the early decades
exploded into global awareness of science with Hiroshima. [……………….]
Physicists dominated this celebrity parade, but there were chemists
and biologists in fair number. Many great names in mathematics are
entirely unfamiliar to people outside the scientific community. This article
is about some mathematicians who have contributed significantly to
mathematics in the 20th century. [………….]
His work on what is now called the Ramanujan tau function, which
evoked only a moderate response at that time, later proved to be profound
and central to what is called the Theory of Modular Forms. Hecke, a great
German mathematician who was one of the architects of the theory was
born in the same year – 1887 – as Ramanujan; it does seem a great pity
that the two never met. A conjecture of Ramanujan on the tau function
was settled in 1974 by Pierre Deligne, a leading mathematician of our era.
One of the most fruitful techniques applied successfully to diverse
problems in Number Theory is known as the Circle Method. Ramanujan’s
notebooks are a treasure house of beautiful formulae and identities, set
down without details. Providing proper proofs to these has been a
challenge and at the same time, a public service to the mathematical
community. Experience indicates that there is likely to be much more to
many of these results than the formal beauty which by itself makes them
attractive. It has been said that in the matter of formal manipulations
Ramanujan has no equals in the history of mathematics, other than Euler
and Jacobi.
A partition of a positive integer n is an expression of n as a sum n =
n1 + n2 + … + nr, each ni a positive integer with 0 < n1 £ n2 £ ¼ £ nr. The
number of different ways of writing n as a sum of other positive integers is
denoted by p(n). Clearly, p(n) is a function of n. This function on the set of
positive integers is called the partition function.
1
Based on a public lecture delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences, held
at Chandigarh in 2002.
23
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
14. Fill in a table in your notes with four examples from the preceding text,
as follows:
15. Write a lexical card for each of the following words, to distinguish
between:
(a) difference – differential
(b) quotient –quotation
(c) inclusive – reclusive
(d) cite – quote
16. Match the following English proverbs with their Romanian equivalents:
A B
1. He who laughs last laughs a) La necaz ai nevoie de prieteni.
longest.
2. He who gives a duck expects a b) Cine fură azi un ou mâine va fura
goose. un bou.
3. He who greases his wheels c) Astăzi dă un ou să capete mâine
helps his oxen. un bou.
4. He who excuses himself, d) Cine unge osia carului își ajută
accuses himself. boii.
5. Misery loves company. e) Cine râde la urmă râde mai bine.
6. f) Cine se scuză se acuză.
1. 2. 3. 4.
17. Write a lexical card for each of the following words, to include all those
which may be derived from commute, analysis, algebra and polynomial.
24
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 11.
The partition function
Hardy is much less of an enigma even to us in India, than
Ramanujan himself. He was, of course, one of the major mathematical
figures of the twentieth century and, as the Ramanujan story shows, he
was a wonderful human being. He was also exceptionally articulate and a
gifted writer of English prose. His little book, A Mathematician’s Apology,
giving his view of his profession, makes delightful reading. Hardy was very
much the ivory-tower intellectual and the book is not so much an ‘apology’
as an emphatic affirmation of his belief in the irrelevance of social
relevance in the pursuit of pure science. He has also written an account of
the Bertrand Russell affair – the turmoil in Cambridge caused by Russell’s
unorthodox views and conduct during the war years 1914–18.
Hardy was an ardent cricket fan; so ardent indeed that he
calibrated excellence in any field by cricketing greats: the highest accolade
was to be in the ‘Bradman class’! Interesting people were people who had
‘spin’ in them. Hardy was an outstanding analyst as well as a number
theorist; his work in analysis has in some ways been more influential than
that in number theory.
Text 12.
It is in the thirties at Annamalai University that Pillai’s talents were
in full bloom and he cracked a problem that was engaging some of the
finest minds. David Hilbert had shown that for every integer k > 0, there is
a smallest integer g(k) > 0, such that every positive integer can be
expressed as a sum of g(k) kth powers. Pillai’s work centred on the exact
determination of g(k). He achieved the complete determination for k ³ 7, a
superb achievement by any reckoning. He went on a little later to tackle
the even more difficult case k = 6. However, a controversy over priorities
involving the American mathematician L. E. Dickson was a cause for some
distress to Pillai and his Indian colleagues. Pillai published his great papers
in Indian journals which did not have a wide circulation; nevertheless,
recognition did come eventually for these outstanding contributions, but
tragedy struck once more before he could savour his success. On 31 August
1950, Pillai died in an air-crash over Egypt; he was on his way to the US –
his first trip abroad – to spend a year at the Institute for Advanced Study in
Princeton, where he had been invited. The news was received with great
shock by the many mathematicians assembled at Harvard, where Pillai was
to participate in the International Congress of Mathematicians before
25
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 13.
There is little doubt that Pillai would have achieved a great deal
more if his life had not been cut short so abruptly.
26
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 14.
Never more zealously and successfully has mathematics been cultivated
than in this century. Nor has progress, as in previous periods, been
confined to one or two countries. While the French and Swiss, who alone
during the preceding epoch carried the torch of progress, have continued
to develop mathematics with great success, from other countries whole
armies of enthusiastic workers have wheeled into the front rank. Germany
awoke from her lethargy by bringing forward Gauss, Jacobi, and hosts of
more recent men; Great Britain produced her De Morgan, Boole, Hamilton,
besides champions who are still living; Russia entered the arena with her
Lobatchewsky; Norway with Abel; Italy with Cremona; Hungary with her
two Bolyais; the United States with Benjamin Peirce. The productiveness of
modern writers has been enormous.
“It is difficult," says Professor Cayley, “to give an idea of the vast
extent of modern mathematics. This word 'extent' is not the right one: I
mean extent crowded with beautiful detail," not an extent of mere
uniformity such as an objectless plain, but of a tract of beautiful country
seen at first in the distance, but which will bear to be rambled through and
studied in every detail of hillside and valley, stream, rock, wood, and
flower." It is pleasant to the mathematician to think that in his, as in no
other science, the achievements of every age remain possessions forever;
new discoveries seldom disprove older tenets; seldom is anything lost or
wasted.
Text 15.
If it be asked wherein the utility of some modern extensions of
mathematics lies, it must be acknowledged that it is at present difficult to
see how they are ever to become applicable to questions of common life
or physical science. But our inability to do this should not be urged as an
argument against the pursuit of such studies. In the first place, we know
neither the day nor the hour when these abstract developments will find
application in the mechanic arts, in physical science, or in other branches
of mathematics. For example, the whole subject of graphical statics, so
useful to the practical engineer, was made to rest upon von Staudt's
Geometrie der Lage; Hamilton's "principle of varying action" has its use in
astronomy; complex quantities, general integrals, and general theorems in
integration offer advantages in the study of electricity and magnetism.
Who, for instance, would have supposed that the calculus of forms or the
theory of substitutions would have thrown much light upon ordinary
27
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
18. Find all the meanings of the following words: determination, genuine,
promise, wheel. Now use two of these words in sentences of your own.
19. Match the following English proverbs with their Romanian equivalents:
A B
a) He who has an art has 1. Cine ridică sabia de sabie va
everywhere a part. pieri.
b) He whose belly is full believes 2. Cine n-are datorii poate deveni
not him who is fasting. bogat.
c) He who pays his debts begins to 3. Cine sapă groapa altuia cade
make a stock. singur în ea.
d) He who wants a mule without a 4. Sătulul nu crede celui flămând.
fault, must walk on foot.
e) He who digs a pit for others falls 5. Cine spune ce vrea, va auzi
in it himself. ceea ce nu-i place.
f) He who lives by the sword dies 6. Cine se îngrașă în prosperitate
by the sword. va slăbi în adversitate.
g) He who swells in prosperity will 7. Cine caută un măgar fără cusur,
shrink in adversity. trebuie să meargă pe jos.
8. Cine are carte are parte.
a) b) c) d) e) f) g)
20. Distinguish between each of the words in the pairs below, by using
them in sentences of your own:
(a) bloom-blossom
(b) determination-resolution
(c) poetry-poetics
21. Translate the following article titles into Romanian: Improved Finsler-
Hadwiger inequality revisited, A refinement of the Finsler-Hadwiger
reverse inequality, A problem suggested by the Aityah conjecture.
28
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
REVISION EXERCISES
22. Revise the texts in the foregoing with a view to:
a) providing four examples of noun groups made up of (noun+) noun +
noun;
b) using each of the examples in sentences of your own;
c) finding four affixes (both suffixes and prefixes) to suggest a negative
meaning; fill in the table in your exercise book with your findings and
their Romanian equivalents:
Prefixes Suffixes
English Romanian English Romanian
non-commutative non-comutativ
29
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
26. Fill in the table below with words expressing nationalities, and then
create your own examples to use two of them as nouns and two as
adjectives
……………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………….
30
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 17.
Thales din Milet a devenit celebru pentru că a prezis cu multă exactitate
eclipsa de Soare din 8 mai 585 i.Hr., folosindu-se de cunoștințele pe care și
le-a însușit de la babilonieni. A descoperit “Carul Mic”. Thales din Milet a
fost numit de greci “Sophos”, adică înțelept, pentru că a dat multe sfaturi,
iar cel mai cunoscut este cel gravat pe fațada din Oracolul lui Apolo din
Delphi: “Cunoaște-te pe tine însuți !”. Negustor de profesie, Thales a făcut
multe călătorii în Egipt, Creta și Asia, călătorii care i-au permis să-și
îmbogățească cunoștințele din diferite domenii. Thales a fost unul din cei
mai importanți oameni din Antichitate și atunci când s-a întocmit lista cu
cei “Șapte Înțelepți” din Grecia Antică, Thales a fost trecut primul pe acea
listă. A ajutat foarte mult la dezvoltarea matematicii, astronomiei și
filozofiei. A făcut multe descoperiri în domeniul matematicii – a formulat
mai multe teoreme geometrice care îi poartă numele.
Marele filozof grec Thales din Milet a folosit teorema care îi poartă
numele la calcularea înălțimii piramidelor din Egipt, măsurând umbra
acestora când umbra unui om este egală cu înălțimea sa. Deci s-a folosit de
relația dintre umbră și dimensiunea corpului care o proiectează. Tot cu
ajutorul teoremelor sale, Thales a calculat și distanța unei nave față de
țărmul mării.
(Din http://www.artacunoasterii.ro/stiati-ca/cei-sapte-intelepti-ai-greciei-antice,
Oct. 18, 2014)
Text 18.
Oamenii îi criticau adesea pe filozofi, reproșându-le sărăcia și spunându-
le că filozofia este o îndeletnicire nefolositoare. Odată, ieșind noaptea din
casă însoțit de o bătrană, pentru a urmări stelele, Thales a căzut într-o
groapă, iar bătrâna i-a reproșat: “Cum vrei să știi ce-i în cer, Thales, când nu
ești în stare să vezi ce-i la picioarele tale?“. Pentru a le demonstra
concetățenilor săi cât de utilă este filozofia în viața de zi cu zi, Thales a
previzionat, pe baza calculelor sale astronomice, că va fi o recoltă bună de
măsline în anul următor și, dispunând de o sumă mare de bani, chiar din
timpul iernii, Thales a închiriat toate presele de ulei din Milet și din Chios.
Previziunea sa s-a dovedit corectă și, când a sosit vremea recoltei și lumea
căuta de zor prese, Thales a închiriat presele în condițiile stabilite de el
(Thales a realizat astfel primul contract cu opțiuni din istorie). A câștigat
astfel o sumă importantă de bani, dovedind că filozofii se pot îmbogăți
ușor, dacă asta vor, dar nu acesta este țelul urmărit de ei.
Thales avea cunoștințe de orientare maritimă și a adus unele
31
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
If she had been in her mother’s shoes she wouldn’t have chosen those
jewels.
Had...
If you should miss the train do not despair, there are plenty of buses to
take you to București.
Should ...
The Swedish rarely have hot days in summer.
Rarely ...
It seldom snows in Portugal.
Seldom ...
32
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 19.
Una dintre cele mai interesante figuri ale matematicii secolului al
20-lea a fost Aiyangar Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920), un autodidact
indian care a conjecturat sau demonstrat peste 3000 de teoreme,
incluzând proprietăţi ale numerelor compuse foarte mari, funcţia de
partiţie şi asimptotele sale, cât şi funcţiile mock theta. El a făcut, de
asemenea, cercetări majore asupra funcţiilor gamma, formelor modulare,
seriilor divergente, seriilor hipergeometrice şi în teoria numerelor prime.
În secolul al 20-lea matematica a devenit o profesie. În fiecare an,
mii de noi doctorate sunt acordate în matematică, iar locurile de muncă
sunt disponibile atât în predare, cât și în industrie. În nici unul dintre
secolele anterioare nu au existat atât de mulți matematicieni prolifici.
Într-un discurs din 1900 la Congresul Internaţional al Mate-
maticienilor, David Hilbert a stabilit o listă de 23 probleme nerezolvate în
matematică. Aceste probleme, care acoperă multe ramuri ale matematicii,
au constituit un interes major pentru o mare parte din matematicienii
secolului al 20-lea. Până astăzi, 10 au fost rezolvate, 7 sunt rezolvate parţial
şi 2 sunt încă deschise. Restul de 4 sunt prea vag formulate pentru a fi
declarate ca rezolvate sau nerezolvate.
(Din http://www.math.uaic.ro/~leoreanu/depozit/Istoria%20matematicii.18.X.2014)
Text 20.
Din matematica babiloniană au rămas în scrierea cuneiformă un număr
mare de probleme de măsurători (teorema lui Pitagora). [...]
Matematica greacă s-a ocupat de probleme algebrice, adică prin
construcții grafice. Cum rădăcina pătrată poate fi construită cu linia și
compasul, matematicienii greci erau capabili să trateze o serie întreagă de
ecuații rezolvabile în domeniul numerelor reale. Aceste metode au fost
descrise în cartea lui Euclid (300 î.H.), având la bază lucrarea lui Theaitetus
(410-368 î.H.). Inginerul și matematicianul Heron a preluat tradiția
babiloniană și egipteană în ce privește tratarea ecuațiilor de gradul doi,
folosind pentru extragerea rădăcinii pătrate formule aproximative. Astfel
de aproximări se găsesc și la Arhimede. Cercetări privind extragerea
rădăcinii pătrate se datoresc matematicienilor indieni. Metodele lor au
pătruns în Europa prin intermediul scrierilor învățaților arabi, care au
contribuit,de asemenea, la perfecționarea acestor metode.
(Mică enciclopedie matematică, 1975: 109)
Text 21.
33
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Text 22.
Aproape fiecare mărime aleatoare care este de interes în statistică poate fi
considerată ca o sumă a unui mare număr de termeni, independenți între
ei, fiecare dintre aceștia fiind neînsemnat, în comparație cu întreaga sumă
și se poate considera că repatiția mărimii aleatoare date se deosebește
puțin de repartiția normal (potrivit teoremei limită centrală din teoria
posibilităților). Aceasta explică rolul determinant al repartiției în statistică,
unde aproape toate mărimile se consideră că se repatizează potrivit legii
normale. În afară de aceasta, aproape toate metodele din statistica
matematică practic elaborate cer să fie îndeplinită condiția de normalitate
pentru mărimile aleatoare care intervin în problemă. Pentru repartiția
normală unidimensională, valorile funcțiilor de densitate precum și valorile
funcțiilor de repartiție a probabilităților sunt tabulate în aproape toate
manualele de teoria probabilităților și de statistică matematică.
(Dicționar de matematică și cibernetică în economie, 1979: 547)
Text 23.
Teoria informației s-a dezvoltat la început exclusiv ca o teorie matematică a
comunicațiilor. În ultima vreme, s-a format ca disciplină științifică nouă,
complexă, având drept sarcină cercetarea multilaterală a proceselor de
transmitere și recepționare a unei informații semnificative, cu ajutorul
unor sisteme de semne, în societate precum și în comunitățile biologice.
Sub aspect teoretic, teoria generală a informației are legături cu teoria
cunoașterii, cu cibernetica teoretică, cu semiotica și cu lingvistica. Pentru
34
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
32. Fill in the blanks of the similes in column A with adjectives selected from
column B:
A B
... as ---- as Croesus wise
... as ---- as Matheuselah fit
... as ---- as Solomon old
... as ---- as a fiddle long
... as ---- as a Welsh pedigree rich
... as ---- as the hills
poarta şcolii. Puiul de ţăran intră într-un hohot de râs. Uniformele apretate
din bănci se hlizeau de opincile lui. Se opriră doar când directorul Gherda
îşi slobozi glasul către nou-venit: “Ce ştii tu din matematici, băiete !?”. “Ştiu
tot din cartea asta!”, îndrăzni Grigore, scoţând din traistă cărţulia de la
uncheş. Peste clasă se lăsă o tăcere curioasă. “Ia scrie-mi tu pe tablă trei
milionimi!”. Nou venitul apucă creta şi scrijeli cu zgomot ascuțit...
0,000.003. Gherda zâmbi, apăsă un buton şi-n câteva clipe pe uşă se iţi
capul contabilului şcolii. “Il iei pe ţărănoiul asta, îl îmbraci la magazinul
“Mireasa” şi-l pui la internat, o să fie elevul şcolii mele”.
Lui Grigore i-au trebuit trei săptămâni să înveţe să meargă în
ghetele galbene cu toc de patru centimetri pe care le primise de la şcoală.
Text 28.
Dintre culegerile care l-au făcut faimos, pe cea dintâi a scris-o în
1958. Erau vremuri tulburi, când învăţământul românesc suferea de lipsa
profesorilor calificaţi de matematică. “Foarte mulți învăţători predau
matematica după manuale pe care nici ei nu le prea înţelegeau. ... în şcoli,
am constatat că profesorii necalificaţi făceau erori grosolane în rezolvarea
unor probleme din manualul de matematică.
La o astfel de vizită, facută chiar în comuna mea natală, profesorii
m-au rugat să le rezolv problemele din manual şi să le trimit prin poştă. Am
lucrat două luni împreuna cu soţia, le-am multiplicat în 50 de exemplare şi
le-am expediat la Râmnicu-Sarat. Primind apoi cereri din toată ţara, am
scos prima culegere în 350.000 de exemplare. S-au epuizat în câteva zile”.
Nici una dintre culegerile care au urmat nu dădea greş pentru că profesorul
proba toate exerciţiile cu elevii pe care ii avea acasă, la meditaţii. “Ţin
minte că, odată, la un concurs de matematică, din 18 câştigători, 16 erau
pregătiţi de mine. Aveam două serii pe zi, a câte 3-4 copii, nu acceptam
mai mulţi într-o serie pentru că nu era eficient. Mă sună şi acum din
America să-mi mulţumească foştii elevi.”
Text 30.
Alegerea structurilor de date pentru stocarea partițiilor întregi este
de o importanță crucială pentru eficiența algoritmilor de generare a
partițiilor. Metoda generării partițiilor îıntregi prin parcurgerea structurilor
arborescente utilizate pentru stocarea lor a fost introdusă de către Fenner
și Loizou [4,5,6]. În [8], am adaptat algoritmul general pentru parcurgerea
în ordine a arborilor binari la cazul particular al arborilor binari stricți
pentru stocarea partițiilor întregi și am obținut cel mai eficient algoritm
pentru generarea partițiilor întregi [8, Algorithm 6]. În [9], diagramele
binare pentru stocarea partițiilor ne-au permis să obținem o versiune ușor
îmbunătățită pentru acest algoritm.
(Extracted from http://ssmr.ro/gazeta/gma/2013/gma1-2-2013-continut.pdf)
39
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
REVISION EXERCISES
33. Translate into Romanian and find translational similarities in the texts
in Section B.
But Mowgli, as a man-cub, had to learn a great deal more than this.
But, as Baloo said to Bagheera, one day when Mowgli had been
cuffed and run off in a temper, ‘A man’s cub is a man’s cub, and he
must learn all the Law of the Jungle.’
(http://www.planetpublish.com/wp-
content/uploads/2011/11/The_Jungle_Book_T.pdf, p. 38)
ADDITIONAL EXERCISES
36. Translate into English and find translational similarities in the texts
in Section B.
http://www.observatorcultural.ro/Povestea-spatiilor-Barbilian-sau-ce-s-a-mai-
intimplat-dupa-Joc-secund*articleID_13917-articles_details.html
41
TRANSLATION OF SPECIALIST TEXTS
SCIENTIFIC DISCOURSE EXCERPTS.
Calcularea rădăcinilor reale ale unui The … (1) of the real roots of a
polinom într-o variabilă ce are polynomial in a variable which
coeficienții numere reale se has real numbers as … (2) is … (3)
realizează parcurgând mai multe in several steps. The first of them
etape. Prima dintre acestea constă în consists in the … (4) of the
găsirea unor intervale cât mai mici smallest intervals which contain
care să conțină aceste rădăcini. these… (5).
Pentru a atinge acest scop este To reach this aim, some … (6) of
necesară găsirea unor margini ale the … (7) must be found. To this
rădăcinilor. Pentru aceasta, un end, a process is that of
procedeu este acela de a calcula calculating … (8) for the complex
margini pentru modulele rădăcinilor … (9) modules of polynomials,
complexe ale polinoamelor, vezi [1], see [1], [2]. There also exist
[2]. Există însă și metode specifice methods which are … (10) to the
rădăcinilor reale. real … (11).
42