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Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39

International Conference on Food, Agriculture and Natural Resources, IC-FANRes 2015

Physiological Characters of Sugarcane after Flooding Stress

Sholeh Avivi*, Sigit Soeparjono, Slameto and Rizky Arieza Ramadhan
Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jember
Jl. Kalimantan 37, Kampus Tegal Boto, Jember 68121

Abstract

The sugarcane varieties with tolerance to flooding stress are not available in Indonesia. Therefore, this research was aimed to the
development of flooding tolerant sugarcane. The research was conducted using Split Plot Design that consists of 2 factors with 3
replications. The main plot was 12 varieties of sugarcane. The sub plot was the level of flooding stress. After flooding treatment, the
tolerance sugarcane plant showed a decrease in chlorophyll content, increase stomatal density, enhance brix content, decrease in
protein content, and increase of root density. Varieties that tolerant to the flooding stress were PS 881 and PS 862.
© 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IC-FANRes 2015.
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IC-FANRes 2015
Keywords: chlorophyll, stomatal density, brix, water stress

1. Introduction

The sugarcane plantation has some problems such as the excess water which can inhibit growth and production.
VanToai et al. (2001) explained that the excess water stress on crops divided into two conditions. The first, the
condition is flooding or waterlogging in which only root crops flooded. The second is submergence or complete
submergence, where the part of plant or whole plants completely flooded. The excess water stress can be caused by a
couple of things such as the rain continuously, that were accompanied by bad conditions of land drainage so that made
the land flooded (Islam et al., 2011).
Some destructive conditions that can be experienced by flooding plants is due to the decline of gas interchange
between the ground and air, resulting in the decline in the availability of oxygen for roots and decrease the rate of air
diffusion. Moreover the flooding stress influence on the physiological process such as respiration, roots

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 0628121751700; fax: 062331337828.

E-mail address: [email protected]

2210-7843 © 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of IC-FANRes 2015
doi:10.1016/j.aaspro.2016.02.119
32 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39

permeability, the absorption of water and nutrition. Varieties that can grow in the flooding land also adapt to develop
some adjustments morphology (Winkel et al., 2014). One of them by increasing the number of a root with the aim
increasing the absorbing of water and nutrition elements then distribute to plant leaves. Because of that plant able to
run the photosynthesis process (Miro & Ismail, 2013). The flooding stress also stimulate the formation of adventitious
roots in the near the surface of the ground.
The decline of plant growth which treat with flooding stress depending on the phases of the growth of plants when
plants flooded and length of flooding duration. Flooding stress can decrease the physiology process in susceptible
plant, both in vegetative and generative phase (Ezint et al., 2010).
The efforts to be done to overcome the flooding land by conducted a study of physiology character changes that
shown by sugarcane varieties after flooding treatment. Next, the verities with good physiology character in flooding
condition were selected as sugarcane flooding tolerant. The physiology character which appear in flooding tolerant
plant can be used as tool selection of many sugar cane verities in the next research.

2. Method

Research was carried out in Agrotechnopark University of Jember, Jubung, Sukorambi, Kabupaten Jember, start in
June 2014 - November 2014, in split a plot design factorials consisting of 2 factors with 3 remedial. Main plot were
varieties which consists of 12 varieties, namely Bululawang, Kentung, Kidang Kencana, PS 851, PS 862, PS 864, PS
865, PS 881, PS 882, 922 PSJK, VMC 76-16, PSJT 941. While the sub plot was high flooding which used namely 0
cm, - 10cm , - 20cm , -30cm under surface media. The Seeds derived from P3GI in the form of healthy, pure, and
vigorous single bud set. Bud sett were planted in polybag measuring 40×60 cm with a standing position and shoots
facing side and closed by media ± 1 cm. Composition media consisting of land, sand, and cow manure by comparison
1: 1: 1 (P3GI, 2011). Watering done every day, when moisture media sufficient then watering no need to do.

One month after planted, start given flooding treatment as assigned, that give of water as high as -10 cm, -20 cm,
-30 cm from the surface of media, and treatment without water flooding. Variable observation used in this experiment
consists of brix content (%) with a hand refractometer, stomata conductivity with leaf porometer. The chlorophyll
content using chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502 Minolta), stomata density with a microscope, and the protein total on
leaves by using the Bradford method.

3. Result and Discussion

Sugarcane was having different resistance response if it was seen from Physiological character. The resistance
responses could be seen in parameters observed as follows.
Stomata conductivity. It is capability of stomata to do gas exchange of CO 2 and H2O and other gas derived from the
atmosphere and from plants (Samanhudi, 2010). This ability is useful for plants in perform the process photosynthesis,
which take CO2 and H2O. Stomata conductivity is also a size of how many H 2O that is going out or CO 2 coming
through stomata. The influence of the use of different varieties to stomata conductivity was presented in the Figure 1.
Based on Figure 1 it can be seen that the highest value of stomata conductivity obtained from varieties PS 881 (V8) as
-2 -1 -2 -1
93,58 µmol/m s and varieties PSJK 922 (V10) as 75,3 µmol/m s , and the value stomata conductivity the lowest
-2 -1 -2 -1
obtained from varieties VMC 76-16 (V11) as 51,52 µmol/m s and varieties PSJT 941 (V12) as 51,6 µmol/ m s .
At the time of plant experienced flooding stress, plants do response with a means of roots transporting water to a
foliar part especially stomata, the process is called transpiration. When performing transpiration, plants tried to bring
out excess water that goes to the tissues of plants, then water out of leafs gaseous through the mouth stomata, so that
carbon dioxide from the atmosphere be able to enter into stomata without obstructed. The rate of passage of carbon
dioxide (CO2) entering stomata is called stomata conductivity.
Stomata conductivity always positively correlate by photosynthesis, because stomata as the site of entry of CO 2, so
that in the condition of flooding stress, the decline in photosynthesis always caused by decrease of stomata
conductivity, caused ability stomata to bind CO 2 decreased. The transpiration rate also increase significantly in
response flooding stress (Promkhambut et al., 2010). Plant experienced flooding stress shown increase the
number of
 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39 33

stomata. In addition the low level of oxygen can be lowered power stomata conductivity because permeability roots
obstructed. The decline in photosynthesis could cause by the closing of the stomata, the reduction of chlorophyll
content, the senescence of leaves and the space of leaves (Ashraf, 2012).

Figure 1.The influence of varieties against stomata conductivity of sugarcane

According to Dewi (2009), although so much water available in a flooding media the ability of plants to absorb
water in most species will decline, proven by the decline of osmotic potential. The decline of potential water not
caused by transpiration increase, because on flooded condition almost all species showed that the decrease in stomata
conductivity (stomata starts to close). At the flooding condition, hypoxia produced by water stress caused a decline in
the absorption of water by roots and the closed of stomata (Sibernsen & Mott, 2010). The rate of photosynthesis
decreased due to the relative changes in stomata to photosynthesis, an increase in water stress caused reduced
chlorophyll resulting in the growth and development plant decreased (Herrera, 2013) .
The chlorophyll content. The pigments chlorophyll play an important role in the process of photosynthesis by
changing light energy into the chemical energy. Solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll and used to decipher water
molecules, forming gaseous oxygen, and reduced molecules NADP to be NADPH. Light energy also used to form
molecules ATP, NADP and ATP used to reactions that produce glucose.
The chlorophyll content in flooding treatment tended to be smaller than treatment without flooding (Rachmawati &
Retnaningrum, 2013). The influence of varieties to the chlorophyll content was presented on Figure 2.

Figure 2. The chlorophyll content on varieties tested

34 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39
Table 1. Stomata density after flooding treatment

Varieties Flooding Treatment Means

0 cm -10 cm -20 cm -30 cm
Bululawang 154,56 203,82 188,37 188,54 183,82
Kentung 181,74 214,01 163,06 174,95 183,44
Kidang Kencana 244,59 236,09 217,41 215,68 228,44
PS 851 203,82 193,63 193,63 197,03 197,03
PS 862 236,09 208,92 202,12 237,79 221,23
PS 864 217,41 222,5 207,22 168,15 203,82
PS 865 217,41 225,9 210,74 188,54 210,65
PS 881 227,6 246,29 224,2 186,84 221,23
PS 882 207,22 161,36 188,54 229,3 196,6
PSJK 922 176,65 164,75 180,04 186,84 177,07
VMC 76-16 212,31 207,22 197,03 167,45 196
PSJT 941 174,95 188,8 166,46 166,45 174,17

Based on Figure 2 it can be seen that varieties ps881 (V8) and varieties kentung (V2) and varieties ps864 (V6)
-2 -1 -2 -1 -2 -1
having the highest chlorophyll content that is 215,99 µmol/m s dan 199,12 µmol/m s serta 192,46 µmol/m s
respectively. While varieties VMC 76-16 (V11) and varieties PS 851 (V4) having the lowest chlorophyll content that is
-2 -1 -2 -1
each 144,41 µmol/m s and 157,52 µmol/m s respectively.

Figure 3. The Stomatal density of several varieties after flooding stress; 1treatment A (0 cm); B (-10 cm); C
(-20 cm); D (-30 cm)
 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39 35

The formation of chlorophyll influenced by several factors such is light, by which a condition is surroundings
having the excessive sun light detrimental to the chlorophyll pigments so that leaves a will pale. Water shortage can
resulted in a decreased the ability leaves to form chlorophyll because leaves will start yellowing, while the excess
water caused depreciation size leaves so the formation of chlorophyll will decline.
According to Maryam & Nasreen (2012), the water stress in plants causing a decline in the chlorophyll content
followed to the decrease the process photosynthesis. Response has been increased when duration water stress be
increased. Large colored leaves become pale. In addition response shown that is the depreciation a size leaves in plants.
The provision of water stress lasting several months causes deficiency oxygen in plants. In defense of condition
flooded, of paddy for example have to do escape as an effort to defense from water stress, conducts e.g. lengthening
cells. Rice plants can increase the height of plant about 25 cm per day. Lengthening cells rapid it allows leaf tips to
growing out the surface of water and so that the can do photosynthesis efficient and gas exchange for respiration
(Nishiuchi et al., 2012).
The water stress treatment significantly could reduce chlorophyll content on leaves because during the roots
experienced water stress, ability to absorb the roots in riot gear especially nitrogen declined, and roots pore used to
perform the process transpiration and water be found at about rooting can be expelled. In addition, the water stress
cause nitrogen used in the formation of chlorophyll being dissolved and settles on one side of media planting so they
could not reach of rooting.
The decline in the womb chlorophyll that occur is not cause a big change to plant cane who have been given water
stress for eight weeks, expected physiological state plants cane start to change and adapt to environmental conditions.
Will in the formation of chlorophyll being dissolved and settles on one side of media planting so they could not reach
of rooting. The growth of plants cane still had continued although in the seized condition, that means the
photosynthesis is still taking place although not perfect as on sugarcane, which not be water stressed treatment.
Stomata Density. Based on the data that has been obtained be seen that there has been increasing density stomata on
some varieties due to water stress, shown in Table 1. Varieties Kidang Kencana, PS 862, and PS 881 have a value of
2
the density stomata most compared with others varieties, that is in each varieties 228,44 mm (Kidang Kencana),
2
221,23 mm (ps 862 and PS 881). While, varieties of PSJT 941 with the density stomata most lower than the other
2
varieties 174,17 mm . Density stomata on some varieties due to water stress, presented in Table 1.
According to Zhang et al. (2014) the mostly water in plants diffused through stomata, so that stomata plays an
important role in keep status hydration on the leaves. The size and density of stomata affect high low conductivity of
stomata. An increase in density stomata gives the impact of an increase in the rate of photosynthesis. In general, leaves
that experienced the rate of gas exchange high stomata having the measure of a smaller.
Table 2. The content of brix every varieties after flooding treatment.

Varieties Flooding Level

0 cm -10 cm -20 cm -30 cm
BL 17,21 17,55 18,57 17,17
K 15,83 18,91 18,71 18,49
KK 15,58 17,93 18,31 18,52
PS 851 15,83 17,80 18,31 17,38
PS 862 18,32 18,85 19,15 18,98
PS 864 15,55 17,90 18,61 17,12
PS 865 16,32 18,23 17,82 17,30
PS 881 15,85 18,16 18,54 18,88
PS 882 14,33 18,38 16,92 17,01
PSJK 922 14,70 18,02 17,65 19,00
VMC 76-16 18,06 18,51 17,68 17,29
PSJT 941 17,10 17,34 18,67 18,31
36 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39

The content of brix. Sugar is the result of plant-processed sugarcane. Before done purification nira to sugar, the
quality of nira of plant cane is necessary testing in roomy first to see the suitability cane ready to harvest. One way to
analyze the quality of nira cane is through testing the brix content. Brix is a solid substance dissolved every 100 grams
a solution is found in a solution of nira sugar cane, where a solid substance it can be in the form of sucrose or salt. For
example the value of brix an aqueous solution of nira = 16, that means that of 100 grams nira, 16 grams of a solid
substance is dissolved and 84 grams is water (Filianty et al., 2006).
Based on the study of Islam et al. (2013), show that plants the given treatment water stress for a few days produce
brix content high namely 20.8 % so that the sugar cane the it can be said still tolerant of water stress given. The
influence of high water stress against the womb brix can be presented in the charts on Table 2. The value of high brix
content on treatment T1 (-10 cm) and T2 (and 20 cm) was supposedly associated with the density stoma that tends to be
high too (see Table 1). The high density of stomata causing the entry of more carbon dioxide into the plant that the rate
of photosynthesis will increase that resulting in deposits of the brix will be increased as well. Based on table 1 seen that
varieties of PS 862 is one of the variety that has high density of stomata, then supported from the result of the
observation brix content in Table 2 that varieties of PS 862 has any brix highest namely 18, 82 % in effect on all high
water stress.
Sugarcane varieties that having high brix content enough although in the condition of undergoing flooding stress,
alleged to have resistance to water stress because on high water stress - 20 cm under the surface of the ground, plants
cane was not difficult in producing sucrose. But, to know yield of varieties of the tolerant cane was necessary grinding
at the harvest time to see the difference in value yield crystalline sugar and value brix in roomy, if they do not differ
much so that varieties has been meet yield desired.
The Plant cane that experienced water stress has high brix content enough because when plants to be inundated by
water causing organic element that was found in a media cropping of being dissolved and not wasted from the media so
that the planting more easily absorb organic element then used of plants in conducting the process of photosynthesis,
compared with a plant sugarcane was not provided with treatment water stress, organic element in which it is dissolved
in water can not be absorbed in an optimum manner because some wasted with water that splashed into the media
cropping.
Besides the plane cane’s age was young where be in vegetative phase, so that production sucrose produced is still
high and will transport into an organ plants that is growing up, but the excess sucrose will be stored on the part of the
rod of a plant cane.
Total protein content. Protein in the tissues of plants had some functions that were carrying electrons for
photosynthesis and respiration. Protein formed from an element nutrition absorbed by plants especially nitrogen.
Nitrogen is element building blocks of chlorophyll, protein and other amino acid that are useful for plant (Parman,
2007).

Figure 4. The effect of variety to leaf protein content of sugarcane varieties.

 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39 37

Based on the charts on Figure 4 it can be seen that v12 (PSJT 941) with water stress treatment t1 (-10 cm) and v5
(PS 862) with high water treatment t1 (-10 cm) had content that was protein the highest number, namely mg / g for
(PSJT 941) and 1.98 mg/g for (PS 862). While v9 (PS 882) with water stress treatment t1 (-10 cm) had the lowest
protein content namely 0,37 mg/g.
The high protein content on water stress treatment T1 (-10 cm) than water stress treatment T0 (0 cm), predicted that
Bululawang varieties, PS 851, PS 864, PS 865 which not be water stress treatment having condition of being scant
good caused by the genetic for example the condition of seeds unhealthy or environmental factors for example
preventing disturbances pest and disease.
Observation in the roomy shows that variety PS 865 having a growth delays and size plants a dwarf, then to variety
of Bululawang, PS 851, and PS 864 the possibility of the process of transport nutrient goes more slowly compared
many other varieties so that the formation of protein is held up. The variety that has low total protein content believed
to be due to the plans ability in absorbing element nitrogen decreased caused by water stress that interferes with roots
in the process of the absorption of nitrogen.

Figure 5. Rooting plants cane after the provision of water stress.

Pores roots that experienced water stress filled by the water in excess capacity, plants respond by conducting
transpiration, nitrogen of ions soluble in water not capable of being absorbed by a plant so the process of forming
protein and chlorophyll is held up. in plants that experienced water stress, the yellowing leaves because a decrease in
nitrogen absorbed by plants , fixation N and production substance poisonous like nitrites and sulfides which moves
from in the ground to the root to leaves if carried away in large quantities (Kumar et al., 2013). Roots cane after
flooding. Based on observation at land, after plants given water stress treatment for 12 weeks, dismantling to look at
the rooting of a plant cane, be seen that all varieties changed morphology.
38 Sholeh Avivi et al. / Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia 9 (2016) 31 – 39

Many adventitious roots appear, as the effect of water stress because those plants avoid of condition hypoxia
(deficiency of oxygen) so that its adventitious roots appear to be expected to absorb oxygen optimally where oxygen
used of plants to do the process of respiration. On varieties ps 862 (see Figure 5) note that high water stress-10 cm, - 20
centimeters and -30 cm having rooting more than plants that do not experience. Rooting many signifying plants
respond to the water stress by forming adventitious roots much aimed at to keep oxygen intake and nutrient could still
absorbed by plants.
In Table 3 it can be seen that variety PS 862 having density stomata, brix and high protein, high protein content
cause root adventitious formed more. On The Variety of PS 881 (see Figure 5) known that all high water stress rooting
having a more bushy and long, which means the plants capable of enduring water stress by forming adventitious roots
in large numbers. Rooting that many plants respond to signify the presence of water stress by forming adventitious
roots otherwise, which aims to keep oxygen intake and disturbances, fixed element can be absorbed by plants. In table
3 can be seen that PS 881 varieties having conductivity stomata, chlorophyll content, density stomata, brix high
enough.
On variety Kidang Kencana (see Figure 5) note that a seen most prominent at high water stress treatment -10 cm,
rooting plant thicker than other treatment, on rooting 0 cm treatment, -20 cm, -30 cm also quite thick. The number of
its adventitious roots formed in addition to avoid the condition due to lack of oxygen caused by flooding, but also to
prop up the upper part of a plant where variety Kidang Kencana having the measure of the stems which are large
enough so that the sugar cane was not collapsed.
On variety PS 882 (see Figure 5) note that high water stress treatment -10 centimeters and -20 cm exert rooting
more than controlling treatment of rooting that tends to have fewer. It was because puddle causing a plant to set up
more adventitious roots as a response from the stress. But from the result of observation be seen that variety has brix
content more lowly when compared to PS 881 variety. On variety PS 864 (see Figure 5) out that rooting plants cane on
all water stress treatment, its adventitious roots formed just a little. It was because the varieties having roots that is not
bushy so as to water stress treatment led to the formation of adventitious roots not too much, but that variety has the
womb chlorophyll and protein in a high enough.
On variety PS 865 (see Figure 5) note that water stress treatment -10 cm, -20 cm give a fairly significant effect on
rooting plant cane compared to controlling treatment which rooting tend to be slightly. Many adventitious roots formed
because nutrient intake more easily absorbed applied to the process of the growth of plants. The variety has
chlorophyll, density stomata and protein which is high enough.

Conclusions
Based on the observation has been done, so we can take some conclusions, there were: Varieties that tolerant to the
flooding stress were PS 881 and PS 862, whereas Bululawang and PS 882 showed medium tolerant. Moreover, PS 851
and VMC 76-16 were identified as the flooding stress sensitive varieties.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by grant from the Directorate General of Higher Education Indonesia (contract no
UN25 3.1/LT.6/2013) to Dr. Ir. Sholeh Avivi MSi.

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