Design of compression members

5. Determine Sx, ry, D and T from steel tables 300 Yield stress p y = 275 N mm−2
(Appendix B). F

Strength of strut pc (N mm−2)

6. Calculate the slenderness value, λ = (β)0.5L E /ry. 250
7. Determine the bending strength, pb, from Table Euler buckling stress p E
4.7 using λ and D/T. 200 Table 24(a)
8. Calculate the buckling resistance moment, M b, Table 24(b)
150 Table 24(c)
via equation 4.18 or 4.19. Table 24(d)
9. Check M x ≤ M b. If unsatisfactory return to (2). 100

Rigorous method 50
1. Steps (1)–(4) as for conservative method.
2. Determine Sx and ry from steel tables; deter- 0 F
50 100 150 200 250 300 350
mine x and u from either steel tables or for UB Slenderness ratio λ
and UCs assuming x = D/T and u = 0.9.
3. Calculate slenderness ratio, λ = L E /ry. Fig. 4.23
4. Determine ν from Table 4.8 using λ/x and
N = 0.5. Slender struts will fail by buckling. For elastic
5. Calculate equivalent slenderness ratio, λ LT = slender struts pinned at each end, the ‘Euler load’,
uνλ√βw. at which a perfect strut buckles elastically is given by
6. Determine p b from Table 4.9 using λ LT. π 2 EI π 2 E Ag r y2 π 2 EAg
7. Calculate M b via equations 4.22–4.25. PE = = = (4.28)
L2 L2 λ2
8. Obtain the equivalent uniform moment factor,
m LT, from Table 4.10.
I L
9. Check M x ≤ M b /m LT. If unsatisfactory return to using r = and λ= .
(2). A r
If the compressive strength, pc, which is given by
pc = Ps /Ag (for stocky struts) (4.29)
4.9 Design of compression
and
members
pc = PE /Ag (for slender struts) (4.30)
4.9.1 STRUTS are plotted against λ (Fig. 4.23), the area above
Steel compression members, commonly referred to the two dotted lines represents an impossible situ-
as stanchions, include struts and columns. A strut ation in respect of these struts. In this area, the
is a member subject to direct compression only. strut has either buckled or squashed. Struts which
A column, on the other hand, refers to members fall below the dotted lines are theoretically able to
subject to a combination of compressive loading withstand the applied load without either buckling
and bending. Although most columns in real struc- or squashing. In reality, however, this tends not to
tures resist compressive loading and bending, the be the case because of a combination of manufac-
strut is a convenient starting point. turing and practical considerations. For example,
Struts (and columns) differ fundamentally in their struts are never completely straight, or are subject
behaviour under axial load depending on whether to exactly concentric loading. During manufac-
they are slender or stocky. Most real struts and ture, stresses are locked into steel members which
columns can neither be regarded as slender nor effectively reduce their load-carrying capacities.
stocky, but as something in between, but let us look As a result of these factors, failure of a strut will
at the behaviour of stocky and slender struts first. not be completely due to buckling or squashing,
Stocky struts will fail by crushing or squashing but a combination, with partially plastic stresses
of the material. For stocky struts the ‘squash load’, appearing across the member section. These non-
Ps is given by the simple formula ideal factors or imperfections are found in practice,
P s = py A g (4.27) and laboratory tests have confirmed that in fact the
failure line for real struts lies along a series of lines
where such as a,b,c and d in Fig. 4.23. These are derived
py design strength of steel from the Perry-Robertson equation which includes
Ag gross cross sectional area of the section allowances for the various imperfections.
177

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Whichever of the lines a–d is used depends appropriate to the section used. (Tables 24(b) and
on the shape of section and the axis of buckling. (c) of BS 5950 have been reproduced as Tables 4.13
Table 23 of BS 5950, part of which is reproduced and 4.14 respectively.) Alternatively, Appendix C
as Table 4.12, specifies which of the lines is appro- of BS 5950 gives the actual Perry-Robertson equa-
priate for the shape of section, and Tables 24(a), tions which may be used in place of the tables if
(b), (c) and (d) enable values of pc to be read off considered necessary.

Table 4.12 Strut table selection (based on Table 23, BS 5950)

Type of section Thickness a Axis of buckling

x–x y–y

Hot-finished structural hollow section 24(a) 24(a)

Rolled I-section Up to 40 mm 24(a) 24(b)
Rolled H-section Up to 40 mm 24(b)b 24(c)c
Over 40 mm 24(c) 24(d)

Notes. a For thicknesses between 40 and 50 mm the value of pc may be taken as the
average of the values for thicknesses up to 40 mm and over 40 mm.
b
Reproduced as Table 4.13.
c
Reproduced as Table 4.14.

Table 4.13 Compressive strength, pc (N/mm2) with λ < 110 for strut curve b
(Table 24(b), BS 5950)

λ Steel grade and design strength py (N/mm2)

S275 S355 S460

235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 400 410 430 440 460

15 235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 399 409 428 438 457
20 234 243 253 263 272 310 320 330 339 349 391 401 420 429 448
25 229 239 248 258 267 304 314 323 332 342 384 393 411 421 439
30 225 234 243 253 262 298 307 316 325 335 375 384 402 411 429
35 220 229 238 247 256 291 300 309 318 327 366 374 392 400 417
40 216 224 233 241 250 284 293 301 310 318 355 364 380 388 404
42 213 222 231 239 248 281 289 298 306 314 351 359 375 383 399
44 211 220 228 237 245 278 286 294 302 310 346 354 369 377 392
46 209 218 226 234 242 275 283 291 298 306 341 349 364 371 386
48 207 215 223 231 239 271 279 287 294 302 336 343 358 365 379
50 205 213 221 229 237 267 275 283 290 298 330 337 351 358 372
52 203 210 218 226 234 264 271 278 286 293 324 331 344 351 364
54 200 208 215 223 230 260 267 274 281 288 318 325 337 344 356
56 198 205 213 220 227 256 263 269 276 283 312 318 330 336 347
58 195 202 210 217 224 252 258 265 271 278 305 311 322 328 339
60 193 200 207 214 221 247 254 260 266 272 298 304 314 320 330
62 190 197 204 210 217 243 249 255 261 266 291 296 306 311 320
64 187 194 200 207 213 238 244 249 255 261 284 289 298 302 311
66 184 191 197 203 210 233 239 244 249 255 276 281 289 294 301
68 181 188 194 200 206 228 233 239 244 249 269 273 281 285 292
70 178 185 190 196 202 223 228 233 238 242 261 265 272 276 282
72 175 181 187 193 198 218 223 227 232 236 254 257 264 267 273
74 172 178 183 189 194 213 217 222 226 230 246 249 255 258 264
76 169 175 180 185 190 208 212 216 220 223 238 241 247 250 255
78 166 171 176 181 186 203 206 210 214 217 231 234 239 241 246

178

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 Table 4.13 (cont’d )

λ Steel grade and design strength py (N/mm2)

S275 S355 S460

235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 400 410 430 440 460

80 163 168 172 177 181 197 201 204 208 211 224 226 231 233 237
82 160 164 169 173 177 192 196 199 202 205 217 219 223 225 229
84 156 161 165 169 173 187 190 193 196 199 210 212 216 218 221
86 153 157 161 165 169 182 185 188 190 193 203 205 208 210 213
88 150 154 158 161 165 177 180 182 185 187 196 198 201 203 206
90 146 150 154 157 161 172 175 177 179 181 190 192 195 196 199
92 143 147 150 153 156 167 170 172 174 176 184 185 188 189 192
94 140 143 147 150 152 162 165 167 169 171 178 179 182 183 185
96 137 140 143 146 148 158 160 162 164 165 172 173 176 177 179
98 134 137 139 142 145 153 155 157 159 160 167 168 170 171 173
100 130 133 136 138 141 149 151 152 154 155 161 162 164 165 167
102 127 130 132 135 137 145 146 148 149 151 156 157 159 160 162
104 124 127 129 131 133 141 142 144 145 146 151 152 154 155 156
106 121 124 126 128 130 137 138 139 141 142 147 148 149 150 151
108 118 121 123 125 126 133 134 135 137 138 142 143 144 145 147
110 115 118 120 121 123 129 130 131 133 134 138 139 140 141 142
112 113 115 117 118 120 125 127 128 129 130 134 134 136 136 138
114 110 112 114 115 117 122 123 124 125 126 130 130 132 132 133
116 107 109 111 112 114 119 120 121 122 122 126 126 128 128 129
118 105 106 108 109 111 115 116 117 118 119 122 123 124 124 125
120 102 104 105 107 108 112 113 114 115 116 119 119 120 121 122
122 100 101 103 104 105 109 110 111 112 112 115 116 117 117 118
124 97 99 100 101 102 106 107 108 109 109 112 112 113 114 115
126 95 96 98 99 100 103 104 105 106 106 109 109 110 111 111
128 93 94 95 96 97 101 101 102 103 103 106 106 107 107 108
130 90 92 93 94 95 98 99 99 100 101 103 103 104 105 105
135 85 86 87 88 89 92 93 93 94 94 96 97 97 98 98
140 80 81 82 83 84 86 87 87 88 88 90 90 91 91 92
145 76 77 78 78 79 81 82 82 83 83 84 85 85 86 86
150 72 72 73 74 74 76 77 77 78 78 79 80 80 80 81
155 68 69 69 70 70 72 72 73 73 73 75 75 75 76 76
160 64 65 65 66 66 68 68 69 69 69 70 71 71 71 72
165 61 62 62 62 63 64 65 65 65 65 66 67 67 67 68
170 58 58 59 59 60 61 61 61 62 62 63 63 63 64 64
175 55 55 56 56 57 58 58 58 59 59 60 60 60 60 60
180 52 53 53 53 54 55 55 55 56 56 56 57 57 57 57
185 50 50 51 51 51 52 52 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54
190 48 48 48 48 49 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 51 51 52
195 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 49 49 49
200 43 44 44 44 44 45 45 45 46 46 46 46 47 47 47
210 40 40 40 40 41 41 41 41 42 42 42 42 42 43 43
220 36 37 37 37 37 38 38 38 38 38 39 39 39 39 39
230 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36
240 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 33
250 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
260 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
270 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26
280 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
290 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23
300 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
310 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 –
320 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
330 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18
340 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
350 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16

179

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Table 4.14 Compressive strength, pc (N/mm2) for strut curve c (Table 24(c), BS 5950)

λ Steel grade and design strength py (N/mm2)

S275 S355 S460

235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 400 410 430 440 460

15 235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 398 408 427 436 455
20 233 242 252 261 271 308 317 326 336 345 387 396 414 424 442
25 226 235 245 254 263 299 308 317 326 335 375 384 402 410 428
30 220 228 237 246 255 289 298 307 315 324 363 371 388 396 413
35 213 221 230 238 247 280 288 296 305 313 349 357 374 382 397
40 206 214 222 230 238 270 278 285 293 301 335 343 358 365 380
42 203 211 219 227 235 266 273 281 288 296 329 337 351 358 373
44 200 208 216 224 231 261 269 276 284 291 323 330 344 351 365
46 197 205 213 220 228 257 264 271 279 286 317 324 337 344 357
48 195 202 209 217 224 253 260 267 274 280 311 317 330 337 349
50 192 199 206 213 220 248 255 262 268 275 304 310 323 329 341
52 189 196 203 210 217 244 250 257 263 270 297 303 315 321 333
54 186 193 199 206 213 239 245 252 258 264 291 296 308 313 324
56 183 189 196 202 209 234 240 246 252 258 284 289 300 305 315
58 179 186 192 199 205 229 235 241 247 252 277 282 292 297 306
60 176 183 189 195 201 225 230 236 241 247 270 274 284 289 298
62 173 179 185 191 197 220 225 230 236 241 262 267 276 280 289
64 170 176 182 188 193 215 220 225 230 235 255 260 268 272 280
66 167 173 178 184 189 210 215 220 224 229 248 252 260 264 271
68 164 169 175 180 185 205 210 214 219 223 241 245 252 256 262
70 161 166 171 176 181 200 204 209 213 217 234 238 244 248 254
72 157 163 168 172 177 195 199 203 207 211 227 231 237 240 246
74 154 159 164 169 173 190 194 198 202 205 220 223 229 232 238
76 151 156 160 165 169 185 189 193 196 200 214 217 222 225 230
78 148 152 157 161 165 180 184 187 191 194 207 210 215 217 222
80 145 149 153 157 161 176 179 182 185 188 201 203 208 210 215
82 142 146 150 154 157 171 174 177 180 183 195 197 201 203 207
84 139 142 146 150 154 167 169 172 175 178 189 191 195 197 201
86 135 139 143 146 150 162 165 168 170 173 183 185 189 190 194
88 132 136 139 143 146 158 160 163 165 168 177 179 183 184 187
90 129 133 136 139 142 153 156 158 161 163 172 173 177 178 181
92 126 130 133 136 139 149 152 154 156 158 166 168 171 173 175
94 124 127 130 133 135 145 147 149 151 153 161 163 166 167 170
96 121 124 127 129 132 141 143 145 147 149 156 158 160 162 164
98 118 121 123 126 129 137 139 141 143 145 151 153 155 157 159
100 115 118 120 123 125 134 135 137 139 140 147 148 151 152 154
102 113 115 118 120 122 130 132 133 135 136 143 144 146 147 149
104 110 112 115 117 119 126 128 130 131 133 138 139 142 142 144
106 107 110 112 114 116 123 125 126 127 129 134 135 137 138 140
108 105 107 109 111 113 120 121 123 124 125 130 131 133 134 136
110 102 104 106 108 110 116 118 119 120 122 126 127 129 130 132
112 100 102 104 106 107 113 115 116 117 118 123 124 125 126 128
114 98 100 101 103 105 110 112 113 114 115 119 120 122 123 124
116 95 97 99 101 102 108 109 110 111 112 116 117 118 119 120
118 93 95 97 98 100 105 106 107 108 109 113 114 115 116 117
120 91 93 94 96 97 102 103 104 105 106 110 110 112 112 113

180

9780415467193_C04 180 9/3/09, 1:29 PM

 Design of compression members

Table 4.14 (cont’d )

λ Steel grade and design strength py (N/mm2)

S275 S355 S460

235 245 255 265 275 315 325 335 345 355 400 410 430 440 460

122 89 90 92 93 95 99 100 101 102 103 107 107 109 109 110
124 87 88 90 91 92 97 98 99 100 100 104 104 106 106 107
126 85 86 88 89 90 94 95 96 97 98 101 102 103 103 104
128 83 84 86 87 88 92 93 94 95 95 98 99 100 100 101
130 81 82 84 85 86 90 91 91 92 93 96 96 97 98 99
135 77 78 79 80 81 84 85 86 87 87 90 90 91 92 92
140 72 74 75 76 76 79 80 81 81 82 84 85 85 86 87
145 69 70 71 71 72 75 76 76 77 77 79 80 80 81 81
150 65 66 67 68 68 71 71 72 72 73 75 75 76 76 76
155 62 63 63 64 65 67 67 68 68 69 70 71 71 72 72
160 59 59 60 61 61 63 64 64 65 65 66 67 67 67 68
165 56 56 57 58 58 60 60 61 61 61 63 63 64 64 64
170 53 54 54 55 55 57 57 58 58 58 60 60 60 60 61
175 51 51 52 52 53 54 54 55 55 55 56 57 57 57 58
180 48 49 49 50 50 51 52 52 52 53 54 54 54 54 55
185 46 46 47 47 48 49 49 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 52
190 44 44 45 45 45 47 47 47 47 48 49 49 49 49 49
195 42 42 43 43 43 45 45 45 45 45 46 46 47 47 47
200 40 41 41 41 42 43 43 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 45
210 37 37 38 38 38 39 39 39 40 40 40 40 41 41 41
220 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 37 37 37 37 38
230 31 32 32 32 32 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 35
240 29 29 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32
250 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 29 29 29 29
260 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27
270 23 24 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25
280 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24
290 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
300 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21
310 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20
320 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
330 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17
340 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
350 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15

4.9.2 EFFECTIVE LENGTH The concept of effective length was discussed in

As mentioned in section 4.9.1, the compressive section 4.8.11.1, in the context of lateral torsional
strength of struts is primarily related to their slen- buckling, and is similarly applicable to the design of
derness ratio. The slenderness ratio, λ, is given by struts and columns. The effective length is simply
a function of the actual length of the member and
L
λ= E (4.31) the restraint at the member ends.
r The formulae in Appendix C of BS 5950 and the
where graph in Fig. 4.23 relate to standard restraint con-
L E effective length of the member ditions in which each end is pinned. In reality each
r radius of gyration obtained from steel tables. end of the strut may be free, pinned, partially fixed,
181

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

L E = (0.7) 0.85L

L E = (1.0) 1.0L
L E = (0.5) 0.7L

L E = 0.85L

L E = (1.0) 1.2L

L E = (2.0) 2.0L
L E = 1.5L
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Fig. 4.24

Table 4.15 Nominal effective length, L E, for a compression member (Table 22, BS 5950)

a) non-sway mode

Restraint (in the plane under consideration) by other parts of the structure LE

Effectively held in position at both ends Effectively restrained in direction at both ends (1) 0.7L
Partially restrained in direction at both ends (2) 0.85L
Restrained in direction at one end (3) 0.85L
Not restrained in direction at either end (4) 1.0L

b) sway mode

One end Other end

Effectively held in position and restrained Not held Effectively restrained in direction (5) 1.2L
in direction in position Partially restrained in direction (6) 1.5L
Not restrained in direction (7) 2.0L

or fully fixed (rotationally). Also, whether or not the that the design effective lengths are greater than
top of the strut is allowed to move laterally with the theoretical values where one or both ends of the
respect to the bottom end is important i.e. whether member are partially or wholly restrained. This is
the structure is braced or unbraced. Figure 4.24 because, in practice, it is difficult if not impossible
summarises these restraints, and Table 22 of BS to guarantee that some rotation of the member will
5950, reproduced above as Table 4.15 stipulates not take place. Furthermore, the effective lengths are
conservative assumptions of effective length L E from always less than the actual length of the compres-
which the slenderness λ can be calculated. Note sion member except when the structure is unbraced.
182

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 Design of compression members

Example 4.10 Design of an axially loaded column (BS 5950)

A proposed 5 metre long internal column in a ‘rigid’ jointed steel structure is to be loaded concentrically with 1000 kN
dead and 1000 kN imposed load (Fig. 4.25 ). Assuming that fixity at the top and bottom of the column gives effective
rotational restraints, design column sections assuming the structure will be (a) braced and (b) unbraced.

1000 kN dead load

1000 kN imposed load

Floors
Columns

Fig. 4.25

BRACED COLUMN
Design axial loading
Factored loading, Fc = (1.4 × 1000) + (1.6 × 1000) = 3000 kN

Effective length
For the braced case the column is assumed to be effectively held in position at both ends, and restrained in direction
at both ends. It will buckle about the weak (y–y) axis. From Table 4.15 therefore, the effective length, L E, is
L E = 0.7L = 0.7 × 5 = 3.5 m

Section selection
This column design can only really be done by trial and error.
Initial trial. Try 254 × 254 × 107 UC:
py = 265 N/mm2 ry = 65.7 mm Ag = 13 700 mm2 b/T = 6.3 d/t = 15.4
λ = L E /ry = 3500/65.7 = 53
From Table 4.12, use Table 24(c) of BS 5950 (i.e. Table 4.14 ), from which pc = 208 N/mm2. UC section is not slender
since b/T < 15ε = 15 × (275/265)0.5 = 15.28 and d/t < 40ε = 40.74 (Table 4.4). From clause 4.7.4 of BS 5950,
compression resistance of column, Pc , is
Pc = Ag pc = 13700 × 208/103 = 2850 kN < 3000 kN Not OK
Second trial. Try 305 × 305 × 118 UC:
p y = 265 N/mm2 r y = 77.5 mm Ag = 15 000 mm2 b/T = 8.20 d/t = 20.7
λ = L E /ry = 3500/77.5 = 45
Then from Table 24(c) of BS 5950 (i.e. Table 4.14 ), pc = 222 N/mm2. UC section is not slender then
Pc = Ag pc = 15000 × 222/103 = 3330 kN > 3000 kN OK
183

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.10 continued

UNBRACED COLUMN
For the unbraced case, L E = 1.2L = 6.0 metres from Table 4.15, and the most economic member would appear to be
305 × 305 × 158 UC:
py = 265 N/mm2 r y = 78.9 mm Ag = 20 100 mm2 b/T = 6.21 d/t = 15.7
λ = L E /r y = 6000/78.9 = 76
Then from Table 4.14, pc = 165 N/mm2. Section is not slender
Pc = Ag pc = 20 100 × 165/103 = 3317 kN > 3000 kN OK
Hence, it can immediately be seen that for a given axial load, a bigger steel section will be required if the column is
unbraced.

4.9.3 COLUMNS WITH BENDING MOMENTS 4.9.3.2 Buckling resistance check

As noted earlier, most columns in steel structures Buckling due to imposed axial load, lateral tor-
are subject to both axial load and bending. Ac- sional buckling due to imposed moment, or a com-
cording to clause 4.8.3.1 of BS 5950, such members bination of buckling and lateral torsional buckling
should be checked (for yielding or local buckling) are additional possible modes of failure in most
at the points of greatest bending moment and axial practical columns in steel structures.
load, which usually occur at the member ends. In Clause 4.8.3.3.1 of BS 5950 gives a simplified
addition, the buckling resistance of the member as approach for calculating the buckling resistance of
a whole should be checked. columns which involves checking that the follow-
ing relationships are both satisfied:
4.9.3.1 Cross-section capacity check Fc m M m M
The purpose of this check is to ensure that + x x + y y ≤1 (4.33)
nowhere across the section does the steel stress Pc py Z x py Z y
exceed yield. Generally, except for class 4 slender Fc m M m M
cross-sections, clause 4.8.3.2 states that the follow- + LT LT + y y ≤ 1 (4.34)
Pcy Mb py Z y
ing relationship should be satisfied:
where
Fc Mx My Pc smaller of Pcx and Pcy
+ + ≤1 (4.32) Pcx compression resistance of member
Ag py Mcx Mcy considering buckling about the major axis
where Pcy compression resistance of member
Fc axial compression load considering buckling about the minor axis
Ag gross cross-sectional area of section mx equivalent uniform moment factor for
py design strength of steel major axis flexural buckling obtained
M x applied major axis moment from Table 26 of BS 5950, reproduced
Mcx moment capacity about the major axis in as Table 4.16
the absence of axial load my equivalent uniform moment factor for minor
M y applied minor axis moment axis flexural buckling obtained from Table
Mcy moment capacity about the minor axis in 26 of BS 5950, reproduced as Table 4.16
the absence of axial load m LT equivalent uniform moment factor for lateral
torsional buckling obtained from Table 18
When the section is slender the expression in of BS 5950, reproduced as Table 4.10
clause 4.8.3.2 (c) should be used. Note that M LT maximum major axis moment in the
paragraph (b) of this clause gives an alternative segment length L x governing Pcx
expression for calculating the (local) capacity of M b buckling resistance moment
compression members of class 1 plastic or class 2 Zx elastic modulus about the major axis
compact cross-section, which yields a more exact Zy elastic modulus about the minor axis and
estimate of member strength. the other symbols are as above.
184

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 Design of compression members

Table 4.16 Equivalent uniform moment factor m for flexural buckling

(Table 26, BS 5950)

Segments with end moments only β m

β positive β negative 1.0 1.00

0.9 0.96
0.8 0.92
0.7 0.88
M 0.6 0.84
M x x 0.5 0.80
x 0.4 0.76
0.3 0.72
0.2 0.68
0.1 0.64
L L 0.0 0.60
−0.1 0.58
−0.2 0.56
−0.3 0.54
x x −0.4 0.52
x βM −0.5 0.50
βM
−0.6 0.48
−0.7 0.46
−0.8 0.44
−0.9 0.42
−1.0 0.40

Segments between intermediate lateral restraints

Specific cases

x x x x x x x x
L L L L

m = 0.90 m = 0.95 m = 0.95 m = 0.80

Example 4.11 Column resisting an axial load and bending (BS 5950)
Select a suitable column section in grade S275 steel to support a factored axial concentric load of 2000 kN and
factored bending moments of 100 kN m about the major axis, and 20 kN m about the minor axis (Fig. 4.26), applied
at both ends of the column. The column is 10 m long and is fully fixed against rotation at top and bottom, and the
floors it supports are braced against sway.

INITIAL SECTION SELECTION

305 × 305 × 118 UC:
py = 265 N/mm2, plastic Sx = 1950 cm3 Z x = 1760 cm3
Ag = 150 cm2 Sy = 892 cm3 Z y = 587 cm3
t = 11.9 mm x = D/T = 314.5/18.7 u = 0.9
d = 246.6 mm = 16.8
ry = 7.75 cm
Note: In this case the classification procedure is slightly different in respect of web classification. From Table 11 of
BS 5950 r1 = Fc /dtpy but −1 < r1 ≤ 1
= 2 × 106/246.6 × 11.9 × 265 = 2.87
80
Therefore, r1 = 1. Limiting d /t = 80ε/1 + r1 = ε = 40(276/265)1/2 = 40.75
1+1
185

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.11 continued

2000 kN

100 kN m 20 kN m

10 m

Fig. 4.26

Actual d /t = 20.7, hence web is plastic.

b/T = 8.20 < 9ε = 9(275/265)1/2 = 9.17, hence flange is plastic.
Mcx = py Sx = 265 × 1 950 × 10−3 = 516.75 kN m
Mcy = py Sy = 265 × 892 × 10−3 = 236.38 kN m

CROSS-SECTION CAPACITY CHECK

Fc M M
Substituting into + x + y gives
A gp y M cx M cy
2000 × 103 100 20
+ + = 0.503 + 0.193 + 0.085 = 0.781 < 1 OK
150 × 102 × 265 516.75 236.38

BUCKLING RESISTANCE CHECK

In-plane buckling
From Table 4.15, effective length L E = 0.7L = 7 m
λ = L E /r y = 7000/77.5 = 90
From Table 4.12, for buckling about the x–x axis and y–y axis use, respectively, Table 24( b) of BS 5950 (Table 4.13)
from which pcx = 157 N/mm2, and Table 24(c) of BS 5950 (Table 4.14) from which pcy = 139 N/mm2. Then
Pcx = Ag pcx = 150 × 102 × 157 × 10−3 = 2355 kN
Pcy = Ag pcy = 150 × 102 × 139 × 10−3 = 2085 kN = Pc
Ratio of end moments about both x–x and y–y axes, β = 1. Hence from Table 4.16, m x = m y = 1
F mM mM
Substituting into c + x x + y y gives
Pc pyZ x pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.96 + 0.21 + 0.13 = 1.30 > 1 Not OK
2085 265 × 1760 × 10 −3 265 × 587 × 10 −3
186

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 Design of compression members

Example 4.11 continued

Lateral torsional buckling
LE 7000
(βw )0.5 = (1.0)0.5 = 90 and D/T = 16.8
ry 77.5
From Table 4.7, p b = 196 N/mm2
M b = pbSx = 196 × 1950 × 10−3 = 382.2 kN m
Ratio of end moments about both major axes, β = 1. Hence from Table 4.10, m LT = 1
F m M mM
Substituting into c + LT LT + y y gives
Pcy Mb pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.96 + 0.26 + 0.13 = 1.35 > 1 Not OK
2085 382.2 265 × 587 × 10 −3
Hence, a bigger section should be selected.

SECOND SECTION SELECTION

Try 356 × 368 × 177 UC:
py = 265 N/mm2, plastic Sx = 3460 cm3 Z x = 3100 cm3
Ag = 226 cm2 Sy = 1670 cm3 Zy = 1100 cm3
ry = 9.52 cm3 x = D/T = 368.3/23.8 u = 0.9
= 15.5
Mcx = py Sx = 265 × 3460 × 10−3 = 916.9 kN m
Mcy = py Sy = 265 × 1670 × 10−3 = 442.55 kN m

CROSS-SECTION CAPACITY CHECK

Fc M M
Again using + x + y gives
A gp y M cx M cy
2000 × 103 100 20
+ + = 0.33 + 0.11 + 0.05 = 0.49 < 1 OK
226 × 102 × 265 916.9 442.55

BUCKLING RESISTANCE CHECK

In-plane buckling
From Table 4.15, effective length L E = 0.7L = 7 m
λ = L E /ry = 7000/95.2 = 73.5
From Table 4.12, for buckling about the x–x axis and y–y axis use, respectively, Table 24( b) of BS 5950 (Table 4.13)
from which pcx = 190 N/mm2, and Table 24(c) of BS 5950 (Table 4.14 ) from which pcy = 169 N/mm2. Then
Pcx = Ag pcx = 226 × 102 × 190 × 10−3 = 4294 kN
Pcy = Ag pcy = 226 × 102 × 169 × 10−3 = 3819.4 kN = Pc
Ratio of end moments about both x–x and y–y axes, β = 1. Hence from Table 4.16, m x = m y = 1
F mM mM
Substituting into c + x x + y y gives
Pc pyZ x pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.52 + 0.12 + 0.07 = 0.71 < 1 OK
3819.4 265 × 3100 × 10 −3 265 × 1100 × 10 −3
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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.11 continued

Lateral torsional buckling
LE 7000
(βw )0.5 = (1.0)0.5 = 73.5 and D/T = 15.5
ry 95.2
From Table 4.7, p b = 220 N/mm2
Mb = pbSx = 220 × 3460 × 10−3 = 761.2 kN m
Ratio of end moments about both major axes, β = 1. Hence from Table 4.10, m LT = 1
F m M mM
Substituting into c + LT LT + y y ≤ 1 gives
Pcy Mb pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.52 + 0.13 + 0.07 = 0.72 < 1 OK
3819.4 761.2 265 × 1100 × 10 −3
Hence a 356 × 368 × 177 UC section is satisfactory.

Clause 4.8.3.3.2 of BS 5950 gives a more exact in most cases there is a bending moment due to
approach, but as in practice most designers tend to the eccentricity of the shear load from the beam.
use the simplified approach, the more exact method This is summarised in Clause 4.7.7 of BS 5950
is not discussed here. and illustrated in Fig. 4.27. Note that where a
beam sits on a column cap plate, for example at A
(Fig. 4.27(c)), it can be assumed that the reaction
4.9.4 COLUMN DESIGN IN ‘SIMPLE’ from the beam acts at the face of the column. How-
CONSTRUCTION ever, where the beam is connected to a column
At first sight it would appear that columns in by means of a ‘simple’ connection, e.g. using web
so-called ‘simple construction’ are not subject to cleats, the reaction from the beam can be assumed
moments, as the beams are all joined at connec- to act 100 mm from the column (web or flange)
tions which allow no moment to develop. In fact, face as illustrated in Fig. 4.27( b).

Beam R

Beam S Loading at column edge

due to beam on cap plate
Section L–L

(a)
L L
x ex
D/2 100
B
100 t /2

y
x Fx

Fy
Load from
Load from beam R
beam S D

(b) (c)

Fig. 4.27 Load eccentricity for columns in simple construction.

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 Design of compression members

F where
Roof truss Fc axial compressive load
Pc = Ag pc – for all classes except class 4 (clause
4.7.4 of BS 5950) – in which A g is the gross
cross-sectional area of the section and pc is
the compressive strength, see section 4.9.1
Cap plate Column M x nominal major axis moment
M y nominal minor axis moment
M bs buckling resistance moment for ‘simple’
Fig. 4.28 Column supporting a roof truss. columns
py design strength of steel
Zy elastic modulus about the minor axis.
Note that this expression is similar to that used
When a roof truss is supported on a column cap for checking the buckling resistance of columns in
plate (Fig. 4.28), and the connection is unable to continuous structures (equation 4.34), but with all
develop significant moments, it can be assumed equivalent moment factors taken as 1.0. For I- and
that the load from the truss is transmitted concen- H-sections M bs = M b determined as discussed in
trically to the column. section 4.8.11.3 but using the equivalent slender-
Columns in simple construction will not need ness of the column, λ LT, given by
to be checked for local capacity but it will still
be necessary to check for buckling, which involves λ LT = 0.5L /ry (4.36)
satisfying the following relationship: where
L is the distance between levels at which the
Fc Mx My column is laterally restrained in both directions
+ + ≤1 (4.35)
Pc M bs py Z y r y is the radius of gyration about the minor axis.

Example 4.12 Design of a steel column in ‘simple’ construction (BS 5950)

Select a suitable column section in S275 steel to support the ultimate loads from beams A and B shown in Fig. 4.29.
Assume the column is 7 m long and is effectively held in position at both ends but only restrained in direction at the
bottom.
Effectively held in position
but not restrained in
direction, i.e. pinned
F

Ultimate load due

to self-weight 5 kN
Plan on cap
L E = 0.85L
Ultimate L=7m
reaction from
Ultimate Beam A – 200 kN
reaction from
Beam B – 75 kN

Effectively held in position

and direction, i.e. fixed

Fig. 4.29

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.12 continued

SECTION SELECTION
This can only really be done by trial and error. Therefore, try a: 203 × 203 × 52 UC: Sx = 568 cm3, plastic.

DESIGN LOADING AND MOMENTS

Ultimate reaction from beam A, RA = 200 kN; ultimate reaction from beam B, R B = 75 kN; assume self-weight of
column = 5 kN. Ultimate axial load, F, is
F = RA + RB + self-weight of column
= 200 + 75 + 5 = 280 kN
Load eccentricity for beam A,
ex = D/2 + 100 = 206.2/2 + 100 = 203.1 mm
Load eccentricity for beam B,
e y = t /2 + 100 = 8/2 + 100 = 104 mm
Moment due to beam A,
M x = RA e x = 200 × 103 × 203.1 = 40.62 × 106 N mm
Moment due to beam B,
M y = R B e y = 75 × 103 × 104 = 7.8 × 106 N mm

EFFECTIVE LENGTH
From Table 4.15, effective length coefficient = 0.85. Hence, effective length is
L E = 0.85L = 0.85 × 7000 = 5950 mm

BENDING STRENGTH
From Table 4.12, relevant compressive strength values for buckling about the x–x axis are obtained from Table 24( b)
(Table 4.13) and from Table 24(c) (Table 4.14 ) for bending about the y–y axis.
λ x = L E /rx = 5950/89 = 66.8
From Table 4.13, pc = 208 N/mm . 2

λ y = L E /ry = 5950/51.6 = 115.3

From Table 4.14, pc = 103 N/mm2. Hence critical compressive strength of column is 103 N/mm2.

BUCKLING RESISTANCE
λ LT = 0.5L /ry = 0.5 × 7000/51.6 = 67.8
From Table 4.9, p b = 193 N/mm2. Buckling resistance moment capacity of column, M bs, is given by
M bs = M b = p b Sx = 193 × 568 × 103 = 109.6 × 106 N mm
Hence for stability,
Fc M My
+ x + ≤1
Pc M bs p y Z y
280 × 103 40.6 × 106 7.8 × 106
+ + = 0.41 + 0.37 + 0.16 = 0.94 < 1
66.4 × 10 × 103 109.6 × 10
2 6
275 × 174 × 103
Therefore, the 203 × 203 × 52 UC section is suitable.
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 Design of compression members

4.9.5 SUMMARY OF DESIGN PROCEDURES FOR 6. Select suitable strut curves from Table 4.12.
COMPRESSION MEMBERS 7. Determine compressive strength, pc, using Table
4.13, 4.14 or similar.
Axially loaded members 8. Calculate compression resistance, Pc = Ag pc . If
1. Determine ultimate axial load Fc. Pc < Fc return to 2.
2. Select trial section and check it is non-slender. 9. Calculate effective slenderness ratio, λ LT =
3. Determine r x, r y and Ag from steel tables. 0.5L/ry .
4. Determine effective lengths, L EX and L EY, using 10. Calculate buckling resistance of section, M bs =
Table 4.15. M b = p bSx .
5. Calculate slenderness ratios, λ EX (= L EX /r x) and 11. Check buckling resistance of member using
λ EY (= L EY /r y). equation (4.35). If unsatisfactory return to (2).
6. Select suitable strut curves from Table 4.12.
7. Determine compressive strength, pc, using Table 4.9.6 DESIGN OF CASED COLUMNS
4.13, 4.14 or similar. As discussed in section 4.5, steel columns are some-
8. Calculate compression resistance of member, times cased in concrete for fire protection. How-
Pc = Ag pc. ever, the concrete also increases the strength of the
9. Check Fc ≤ Pc. If unsatisfactory return to 2. section, a fact which can be used to advantage in
design provided that the conditions stated in Clause
4.14.1 of BS 5950 are met. Some of these condi-
Members subject to axial load and bending tions are illustrated in Fig. 4.30.
1. Determine ultimate axial load, Fc, and bend- BS 5950 gives guidance on the design of UC
ing moments, M x and M y. sections encased in concrete for the following load-
2. Select and classify trial section. ing conditions which are discussed below.
3. Calculate moment capacities of section, Mcx
and Mcy. If either M x > Mcx or M y > M cy return (i) axially loaded columns
to 2. (ii) columns subject to axial load and bending.
4. Check cross-section capacity of section via
equation 4.32. If unsatisfactory return to 2.
5. Determine effective lengths, L EX and L EY, using
Table 4.15.
6. Calculate slenderness ratios, λ EX (= L EX /rx) and
λ EY (= L EY /ry).
7. Select suitable strut curves from Table 4.12. Longitudinal 50 min
8. Determine the major and minor axes com- bars
=
=

75 max
pressive strengths, pcx and pcy, using Table 4.13, B
4.14 or similar.
9. Calculate compressive resistances, Pcx (= pcx Ag)
and Pcy (= pcy A g). 50 min
10. Evaluate buckling resistance of section, M b. 75 max
11. Determine equivalent uniform moment factors
for flexural buckling, m x and m y, using Table dc D
4.16.
12. Check buckling resistance of member using =
equations (4.33) and (4.34). If unsatisfactory =
return to 2.
bc Reinforcement
Compression members in simple construction
1. Determine ultimate axial load, Fc, and bend- Characteristic
ing moments, M x and M y. strength of concrete  20 N/mm2
2. Select and classify trial section.
3. Determine effective lengths, L EX and L EY, using Reinforcement: steel fabric type D98
(BS 4483) or  5 mm diameter longitudinal
Table 4.15. bars and links at a maximum spacing of 200 mm
4. Calculate slenderness ratios, λ EX (= L EX /rx ) and
λ EY (= L EY /ry). Fig. 4.30 Cased UC section.

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Ag is the gross sectional area of the UC

select selection section
fcu is the characteristic strength of the
concrete which should not be greater than
40 N/mm2
calculate effective length*1, L E pc is the compressive strength of the UC
section determined as discussed for
uncased columns (section 4.9.1), but using
rx and ry for the cased section (see note 2)
calculate radii of gyration of cased section*2, r y and r x
and taking py ≤ 355 N/mm2
py design strength of the UC section which
should not exceed 355 N/mm2.

calculate compression resistance of column*3, Pc 4.9.6.1 Axially loaded columns

The design procedure for this case is shown in
Fig. 4.31.
Fig. 4.31 Design procedure for axially loaded cased columns.
4.9.6.2 Cased columns subject to axial load
and moment
Notes to Fig. 4.31 The design procedure here is similar to that when
1 The effective length, L E, should not exceed the the column is axially loaded but also involves check-
least of: ing the member’s cross-section capacity and buck-
(i) 40bc ling resistance using the following relationships:
100bc2 1. Cross-section capacity check
(ii)
dc
(iii) 250r Fc Mx My
+ + ≤1 (4.39)
where bc and dc are as indicated in Fig. 4.30 Pcs Mcx Mcy
and r is the minimum radius of gyration of the where
uncased UC section i.e. ry. Fc axial compression load
2 The radius of gyration of the cased section Pcs short strut capacity (equation 4.38)
about the y–y axis, ry, is taken as 0.2bc but not M x applied moment about major axis
more than 0.2(B + 150) mm and not less than Mcx major axis moment capacity of steel
that of the steel section alone. section
The radius of gyration of the cased section M y applied moment about minor axis
about the x–x axis, rx, is taken as that of the Mcy minor axis moment capacity of steel
steel section alone. section
3 The compression resistance of the cased section, 2. Buckling resistance check
Pc, is given by
Fc m M m M
 0.45 fcu Ac  Major axis + x x + y y ≤1 (4.40)
Pc =  Ag +  pc (4.37) Pc py Z x py Z y
 py 
Fc m LT M x my My
However, this should not be greater than the Minor axis + + ≤ 1 (4.41)
short strut capacity of the section, Pcs, which is Pcy Mb py Z y
given by: where
 0.25 fcu Ac  Fc maximum compressive axial force
Pcs =  Ag +  py (4.38) Pc smaller of Pcx and Pcy (equation 4.37)
 py  Pcx compression resistance of member
where considering buckling about the major
Ac is the gross sectional area of the concrete axis
but neglecting any casing in excess of Pcy compression resistance of member
75 mm from the overall dimensions of considering buckling about the
the UC section or any applied finish minor axis
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 Design of compression members

Example 4.13 Encased steel column resisting an axial load (BS 5950)
Calculate the compression resistance of a 305 × 305 × 118 kg/m UC column if it is encased in concrete of com-
pressive strength 20 N/mm2 in the manner shown below. Assume that the effective length of the column about both
axes is 3.5 m.

B = 306.8
59 59
305 × 305 × 118 kg m–1 UC

55

D = 314.5 dc = 425

55

bc = 425

PROPERTIES OF UC SECTION
Area of UC section (Ag) = 15000 mm2 (Appendix B)
Radius of gyration (rx ) = 136 mm
Radius of gyration (ry) = 77.5 mm
Design strength (py) = 265 N/mm2 (since T = 18.7 mm)
Effective length (L E ) = 3.5 m

EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Check that the effective length of column (= 3500 mm) does not exceed the least of:
(i) 40bc = 40 × 425 = 17 000 mm
100bc2 100 × 4252
(ii) = = 42 500 mm
dc 425
(iii) 250ry = 250 × 77.5 = 19 375 mm OK

RADII OF GYRATION FOR THE CASED SECTION

For the cased section r x is the same as for UC section = 136 mm
For the cased section r y = 0.2bc = 0.2 × 425 = 85 mm  0.2(B + 150) = 0.2(306.8 + 150) = 91.36 mm but not less
than that for the uncased section (= 77.5 mm)
Hence r y = 85 mm and r x = 136 mm

COMPRESSION RESISTANCE
Slenderness ratio
L E 3500
λx = = = 25.7
rx 136
L 3500
λy = E = = 41.2
ry 85

Compressive strength
From Table 4.12, relevant compressive strength values for buckling about the x–x axis are obtained from Table 24(b)
of BS 5950 (Table 4.13) and from Table 24(c) of BS 5950 (Table 4.14) for bending about the y–y axis.
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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.13 continued

For λ x = 25.7 and py = 265 N/mm2 compressive strength, pc = 257 N/mm2 (Table 4.13). For λ y = 41.2 and py =
265 N/mm2 compressive strength, pc = 228 N/mm2 (Table 4.14).
Hence, pc is equal to 228 N/mm2.

Compression resistance
A g = 15 000 mm2
Ac = dcbc = 425 × 425 = 180 625 mm2
py = 265 N/mm2 (since T = 18.7 mm)
pc = 228 N/mm2
fcu = 20 N/mm2
Compression resistance of encased column, Pc, is given by
 0.45fcuA c 
Pc =  A g + pc
 p y 

 0.45 × 20 × 180625 
Pc = 15000 +  228 = 4.81 × 10 N = 4810 kN
6
 265 
which should not be greater than the short strut capacity, P cs, given by
 0.25fcuA c 
Pcs =  A g + py
 p y 

 0.25 × 20 × 180625 
= 15000 +  265 = 4.878 × 10 N = 4878 kN OK
6
 265 
Hence the compression resistance of the encased column is 4878 kN. Comparing this with the compression resistance
of the uncased column (Example 4.10) shows that the load capacity of the column has been increased from 3300 kN
to 4878 kN, which represents an increase of approximately 45%.

m x, m y equivalent uniform moment factors Mb buckling resistance moment of the

for major axis and minor axis cased column = Sx pb ≤ 1.5Mb for the
buckling respectively obtained from uncased section. To determine pb, ry
Table 26 of BS 5950, reproduced as should be taken as the greater of ry
Table 4.16 of the uncased section or
m LT equivalent uniform moment factor 0.2(B + 100) mm (Fig. 4.30).
for lateral torsional buckling M x, M y maximum moment about the major
obtained from Table 18 of BS 5950, and minor axes respectively
reproduced as Table 4.10 Z x, Z y elastic modulus about the major and
minor axes respectively.

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 Design of compression members

Example 4.14 Encased steel column resisting an axial load and bending
(BS 5950)
In Example 4.11 it was found that a 305 × 305 × 118 kg/m UC column was incapable of resisting the design load and
moments below:
Design axial load = 2000 kN
Design moment about x–x axis = 100 kN m
Design moment about y–y axis = 20 kN m
Assuming that the same column is now encased in concrete as show below, determine its suitability. The effective
length of the column about both axes is 7 m.

B = 306.8
59 59
305 × 305 × 118 kg m–1 UC

55

D = 314.5 dc = 425

55

bc = 425

PROPERTIES OF UC SECTION
Area of UC section, A g = 15 000 mm2
Radius of gyration about x–x axis, r x = 136 mm
Radius of gyration about y–y axis, r y = 77.5 mm
Elastic modulus about x–x axis, Z x = 1760 × 103 mm3
Elastic modulus about y–y axis, Z y = 587 × 103 mm3
Plastic modulus about x–x axis, S x = 1950 × 103 mm3
Design strength, p y = 265 N/mm2 (since T = 18.7 mm)
Effective length, L E = 7m

LOCAL CAPACITY
Axial load, Fc = 2000 kN
Applied moment about x–x axis, M x = 100 kN m
Applied moment about y–y axis, M y = 20 kN m
Short strut capacity, Pcs, is given by

 0.25fcuA c 
P cs =  A g + py
 p y 

 0.25 × 20 × 4252 
= 15000 +  265 = 4.878 × 10 N = 4878 kN
6
 265 
Moment capacity of column about the x–x axis, Mcx, is given by
Mcx = py Z x = 265 × 1760 × 103 = 466.4 × 106 N mm = 466.4 kN m
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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

Example 4.14 continued

Moment capacity of column about the y–y axis, Mcy, is given by
Mcy = py Zy = 265 × 587 × 103 = 155.6 × 106 N mm = 155.6 kN m
Fc M M 2000 100 20
+ x + y = + + = 0.41 + 0.21 + 0.13 = 0.75 < 1
P cs M cx M cy 4878 466.4 155.6
Hence, the local capacity of the section is satisfactory.

BUCKLING RESISTANCE
Radii of gyration for cased section
For the cased section rx is the same as for the UC section = 136 mm
For the cased section ry = 0.2bc = 0.2 × 425 = 85 mm ⬎ 0.2(B + 150) = 0.2(306.8 + 150) = 91.36 mm but not less
than that for the uncased section (= 77.5 mm)
Hence r y = 85 mm and rx = 136 mm.

Slenderness ratio
L E 7000 L E 7000
λx = = = 51.5 λy = = = 82.4
rx 136 ry 85
Compressive strength
For λ x = 51.5 and py = 265 N/mm2 compressive strength, pc = 226 N/mm2 (Table 4.13). For λ y = 82.4 and py =
265 N/mm2 compressive strength, pc = 153 N/mm2 (Table 4.14).
Hence, pc is equal to 153 N/mm2.

Compression resistance
Ag = 15 000 mm2
Ac = dcbc = 425 × 425 = 180 625 mm2
py = 265 N/mm2 (since T = 18.7 mm)
pc = 153 N/mm2
fcu = 20 N/mm2
Compression resistance of encased column, P c, is given by
 0.45fcu A c
Pc =  A g + pc
 p y 
 0.45 × 20 × 180625 
= 15000 +  153 = 3.233 × 10 N = 3233 kN
6
 265 
which is not greater than the short strut capacity, Pcs = 4878 kN (see above) OK
Buckling resistance
For the uncased section,
L E 7000
λy = = = 90
ry 77.5
λy 90
= = 5.4 ⇒ ν = 0.79 (Table 4.8)
x 314.5/18.7
λ LT = uνλ y βw = 0.851 × 0.79 × 90 1 = 61
From Table 4.9, p b = 205 N/mm 2

M b = Sx pb = 1950 × 103 × 205 × 10−6 = 400 kN m

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 Design of compression members

Example 4.14 continued

For the cased section,
L E 7000
λy = = = 82.4
ry 85
λy 82.4
= = 4.9 ⇒ ν = 0.82 (Table 4.8)
x 314.5/18.7

λ LT = uνλ y βw = 0.851 × 0.82 × 82.4 1 = 57.4

From Table 4.9, p b = 213 N/mm 2

M b = Sx p b = 1950 × 103 × 213 × 10−6 = 415 kN m

Hence, M b (for cased UC section = 415 kN m) < 1.5M b (for uncased UC section = 1.5 × 400 = 600 kN m).

Checking buckling resistance

Fc m xM x m y M y
+ +
Pc pyZ x pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.62 + 0.21 + 0.13 = 0.96 < 1 OK
3233 265 × 1760 × 10 −3 265 × 587 × 10 −3
Fc m M m yM y
+ LT x +
Pcy Mb pyZ y
2000 1 × 100 1 × 20
+ + = 0.62 + 0.24 + 0.13 = 0.99 < 1 OK
3233 415 265 × 587 × 10 −3
Hence, the section is now just adequate to resist the design axial load of 2000 kN and design moments about the
x–x and y–y axes of 100 kN m and 20 kN m respectively.

4.9.7 DESIGN OF COLUMN BASEPLATES For concrete foundations the bearing strength
Clause 4.13 gives guidance on the design of con- may be taken as 0.6 times the characteristic cube
centrically loaded column slab baseplates, which strength of the concrete base or the bedding mater-
covers most practical design situations. The plan ial (i.e. 0.6fcu ), whichever is the lesser. The effective
area of the baseplate is calculated by assuming area of the baseplate, A be, is then obtained from
a) the nominal bearing pressure between the axial load
baseplate and support is uniform and A be = (4.42)
bearing strength
b) the applied load acts over a portion of the
baseplate known as the effective area, the ex- In determining the overall plan area of the plate
tent of which for UB and UCs is as indicated allowance should be made for the presence of hold-
on Fig. 4.32. ing bolts.

2c + T
2c + t

Effective bearing area

Fig. 4.32

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 Design in structural steelwork to BS 5950

The required minimum baseplate thickness, t p, baseplate to the face of the column
is given by cross-section (Fig. 4.32)
ω pressure on the underside of the plate
tp = c[3ω/pyp]0.5 (4.43)
assuming a uniform distribution throughout
where the effective portion, but ≤ 0.6fcu
c is the largest perpendicular distance from pyp design strength of the baseplate which may
the edge of the effective portion of the be taken from Table 4.3

Example 4.15 Design of a steel column baseplate (BS 5950)

Design a baseplate for the axially loaded column shown below assuming it is supported on concrete of compression
characteristic strength 30 N/mm2.

Axial load = 3000 kN

T = 18.7 mm
305 × 305 × 118 kg m–1 UC

tp

D = 314.5 mm

b
a a
B = 306.8 mm

AREA OF BASEPLATE
Effective area
axial load 3000 × 103
A be ≥ = = 1.666 × 105 mm2
bearing strength 0.6 × 30
Actual area
A be = (B + 2c)(D + 2c) − 2{(D − 2[T + c])([B + 2c] − [t + 2c])}
1.666 × 105 = (306.8 + 2c)(314.5 + 2c) − 2{(314.5 − 2[18.7 + c])(306.8 − 11.9)} ⇒ c = 84.6 mm
Minimum length of baseplate = D + 2c = 314.5 + 2 × 84.6 = 483.7 mm
Minimum width of baseplate = B + 2c = 306.4 + 2 × 84.6 = 476 mm
Provide 500 × 500 mm baseplate in grade S275 steel.
BASEPLATE THICKNESS
Assuming a baseplate thickness of less than 40 mm the design strength pyp = 265 N/mm2. The actual baseplate
thickness, t p, is
t p = c[3ω /pyp]0.5 = 84.6[3 × (0.6 × 30)/265]0.5 = 34.9 mm
Hence, a 500 mm × 500 mm × 35 mm thick baseplate in grade S275 steel should be suitable.
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9780415467193_C04 198 9/3/09, 1:39 PM