mÙkj

d
he
vè;k; 1

pu T
is
1.1 (a)
re ER
1.2 (a)

1.3

1.4
(d)

(b) bl
be C

1.5 (c)

1.6 (a)
o N

1.7 (a)

1.8 (c), (d)

tt ©

1.9 (b), (d)

1.10 (b), (d)

1.11 (c), (d)

1.12 (a), (c).

1.13 (a), (b), (c) vkSj (d).

1.14 'kwU;
–Q Q
no

1.15 (i) 2 , (ii) 2

4π R1 4π R 2

1.16 fo|qr {ks=k ijek.kqvksa dks ck¡/dj mnklhu vfLrRo dj nsrs gSaA vkos'kksa osQ vkfèkD; osQ dkj.k
{ks=k mRiUu gksrs gSaA fdlh fo;qDr pkyd osQ vUrjki`"B ij vkos'k&vkf/D; ugha gks ldrkA
1.17 ugha] fo|qr {ks=k vfHkyEcor gks ldrk gSA rFkkfi] bldk foijhr lR; gSA

109
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1.18

d
'kh"kZ dk n`';
ik'oZ dk n`';

he
q q q q
1.19 (i) , (ii) , (iii) , (iv) .
8ε 0 4ε 0 2ε 0 2ε 0

pu T
is
1.20 Al osQ 1 eksyj nzO;eku M esa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k NA = 6.023 × 1023
re ER
m

bl
∴ m nzO;eku osQ Al osQ iSls osQ flDosQ esa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k N = N A M

vc Z Al = 13, MAl = 26.9815g

be C

0.75
vr%] N = 6.02 × 1023 ijek.kq/eksy ×
26.9815g/ eksy
o N

= 1.6733 × 1022 ijek.kq

∴ q = iSls esa èkukos'k = N Ze
22 –19
= (1.67 × 10 )(13) (1.60 × 10 C)
tt ©

= 3.48 × 104 C.
q = 34.8 kC èkukos'k
;g vkos'k dh ,d fo'kky ek=kk gSA
2 4
q  Nm 2  (3.48 × 10 C)
1.21 F1 = =  8.99 × 109 = 1.1× 1023 N
2 2  –4 2
4π ε r 
0 1 C  10 m

F2 r12 (10 –2m)2 –8 –8 15

= = = 10 ⇒ F2 = F1 × 10 = 1.1 ×10 N
F1 r22 (102 m)2
no

F3 r12 (10 –2 m )2
= 2 = 6 2
= 10 –16
F1 r3 (10 m)
F3 = 10–16 F1 = 1.1 × 107 N.

fu"d"kZ: fcUnq vkos'kksa esa i`Fkd djus ij ;s vkos'k fo'kky cy vkjksfir djrs gSaA oS|qr mnklhurk
dks fo{kqCèk djuk vklku ugha gSA

110
 mÙkj

1.22 (i) 'kwU;] lefefr lsA

(ii) ,d èkukRed Cs vk;u gVkuk ml vofLFkfr ls ,dy ½.kkRed Cs vk;u tksM+us osQ
rqY; gSA rc usV cy
e2
F = 2
4π ∈0 r

;gk¡ r = Cl vk;u vkSj fdlh Cs vk;u osQ chp nwjh

d
F = (0.20)2 +(0.20)2 +(0.20)2 ×10 –9 = 3(0.20)2 ×10–9

= 0.346 × 10–9 m

he
(8.99×109 )(1.6 ×10 –19 )2
vr%] F = –9 2
= 192 ×10 –11
(0.346×10 )

pu T
is
= 1.92 × 10–9 N
re ER
mÙkj% 1.92 × 10 –9 N, A ls Cl– dh vksj funsf'kr

1.23

2q 2 bl
fcUnq P ij fLFkr vkos'k
6q 2
2q ij q osQ dkj.k cy ck;ha vksj rFkk –3q osQ dkj.k nk;ha vksj gSA
be C

∴ =
4πε 0x 2 4πε 0(d + x )2
P q d
∴ (d + x)2 = 3x2
o N

2q x –3q
∴ 2x2 – 2dx – d2 = 0

d 3d
tt ©

x = ±
2 2

d 3d d
x = + = (1 + 3 )
2 2 2

(½.kkRed fpg~u ysus ij x dk eku q rFkk –3q osQ chp gksxk] vr% ;g ekU; ugha gSA)

1.24 (a) vkos'k A rFkk C èkukRed gSa D;ksafd {ks=k js[kk,¡ buls fudyrh gSaA
(b) vkos'k C dk ifjek.k vfèkdre gS D;ksafd blls vfèkdre {ks=k js[kk,¡ lac¼ gSaA
(c) (i) A osQ fudVA ½.kkos'k rFkk fdlh fLFkfr osQ chp dksbZ mnklhu fcUnq ugha gSA nks
ltkrh; vkos'kksa osQ dksbZ mnklhu fcUnq gks ldrs gSaA fp=k esa ge ;g ns[krs gSa fd vkos'kksa
no

A rFkk C osQ chp ,d mnklhu fcUnq gSA lkFk gh] nks ltkrh; vkos'kksa osQ chp mnklhu
fcUnq de ifjek.k osQ vkos'k osQ fudV gh gksrk gSA bl izdkj vkos'k A osQ fudV fo|qr
{ks=k 'kwU; gSA
1 q 1 2q
1.25 (a) (i) 'kwU; (ii) 2
osQ vuqfn'k (iii) 2
osQ vuqfn'k
4πε 0 r 4πε 0 r

(b) mÙkj (a) osQ leku

111
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1.26 (a) eku yhft, fo'o dh f=kT;k R gSA ;g ekfu, fd gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ,dleku :i ls
forfjr gSaA izR;sd gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ij vkos'k eH = – (1 + y) e + e = – ye = |ye|
izR;sd gkbMªkstu ijek.kq dk nzO;eku izksVkWu osQ nzO;eku ~ mp osQ rqY; gSA tc R ij]
fdlh gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ij ;fn owQykWe&izfrd"kZ.k xq#Roh; vkd"kZ.k ls vfèkd gks tk,
rks foLrkj vkjEHk gks tkrk gSA
eku yhft, R ij fo|qr {ks=k E gS] rc
4
4πR2 E = π R33 N ye (xkml fu;e)
3ε o

d
1 N ye
E (R) = R ˆr

he
3 εo
eku yhft, R ij xq#Roh; {ks=k GR gSA rc
4

pu T – 4πR 2 GR = 4 πG m p π R 3N

is
3
re ER
4
GR = – π Gm ρ NR

bl
3
4
GR (R ) = – π Gmρ N R rˆ
3
bl izdkj ij gkbMªkstu ijek.kq ij owQykWe&cy gS
be C

R
1 Ny2e2
yeE (R) = R rˆ
o N

3 εo
bl ijek.kq ij xq#Rokd"kZ.k cy gS
4π
m pG R ( R ) = – GNm p2 R rˆ
tt ©

3
ijek.kq ij usV cy gS
 1 Ny 2e 2 4π 
F= R– GNm 2p R  ˆr
 3 εo 3 
;g ozQ kafrd eku rc gS tc
2 2
1 Ny C e 4π
R= GNm 2pR
3 εo 3
2
m p
⇒ y 2c = 4 π ε o G
no

2
e

7 × 10–11 × 1.82 × 106 × 81 × 10–62

9 2 –38
9 × 10 ×1.6 × 10
63 × 10 – 38
∴ yC 8 × 10–19 10–18
(b) bl usV cy osQ dkj.k gkbMªkstu ijek.kq fdlh Roj.k dk vuqHko djrk gS tks bl izdkj
gksrk gS] fd

112
 mÙkj

d R  1 Ny e 
2 2 2
4p
mr 2
= R– GNm 2p R 
dt  3 e o 3 

d 2R 1  1 Ny 2 e 2 4p 
vFkok 2
= a 2R tgk¡ a2 =  – GNm 2p 
dt mp  3 e o
3 

bldk ,d gy R = Aea t + Be –at

pwafd ge dksbZ foLrkj [kkst jgs gSa] B = 0
∴ R = Ae α t

d
.
⇒ R = α Ae α t = α R

he
bl izdkj osx osQUnz ls nwjh osQ vuqozQekuqikrh gSA
1.27 (a) leL;k dh lefefr ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fo|qr {ks=k vjh; gSA r < R okys fcUnqvksa
osQ fy, fdlh xksyh; xkml&i`"B ij fopkj dhft,A rc ml i`"B ij

pu T
is
1
∫ E r .dS ε o ∫V
re ER
= ρ dv

bl
4π r 2 E r =
1
εo
r
4π k ∫ r′ 3dr ′
o
r
R

S
be C

r
1 4π k 4
= r
εo 4
S
o N

1
∴ Er = kr 2
4ε o

1
E (r ) = kr 2rˆ
tt ©

4ε o
r > R, okys fcUnqvksa osQ fy, fdlh r f=kT;k osQ xksyh; i`"B ij fopkj dhft,
1
∫ Er .dS = ε o ∫ ρ dv
V

R
4π k
4π r 2 E r = ∫r
3
dr
εo o

4π k R 4
no

=
εo 4

k R4
∴ Er =
4ε o r 2

E (r ) = (k / 4εo ) (R 4 / r 2 )rˆ

113
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

(b) nksuksa izksVkWu fdlh O;kl osQ vuqfn'k osQUnz osQ foijhr ik'oksZ ij gksus pkfg,A eku yhft,
izksVkWu osQUnz ls r nwjh ij gSa
R
bl izdkj] 4π ∫ kr ′3 dr = 2 e
o

4π k 4
∴ R = 2e
1 r 4

r 2e
∴k =
O π R4

d
izksVkWu 1 ij cyksa ij fopkj dhft,A vkos'k forj.k osQ dkj.k vkd"kZ.k cy gS
2

he
e 2e 2 r 2
– e Er = – kr 2 rˆ = – 4
rˆ
4ε o 4πε o R

pu T izfrd"kZ.k cy gS 4πε
e2 1
rˆ

is
o
( 2r ) 2
re ER
 e2 2e 2 r 2 

bl
usV cy gS  2
–  rˆ
 4 πε o 4 r 4 πε o R 4 
;g usV cy 'kwU; gS] blfy,
e2 2e 2 r 2
be C

2
= 4
16πε or 4πεo R
o N

4R 4 R 4
vFkok] r4 = =
32 8
R
⇒r =
tt ©

1/ 4
(8)

R
bl izdkj] izksVkWu osQUnz ls nwjh r = 4
ij gksuk pkfg,A
8
a b g
Q
1.28 (a) IysV α osQ dkj.k x ij fo|qr {ks=k gS – ˆ
x
S 2ε o

q
IysV β osQ dkj.k x ij fo|qr {ks=k gS ˆ
x
S 2ε o
bl izdkj] usV fo|qr {ks=k gS
no

d (Q – q )
-Q q Q E1 = ( – xˆ )
2ε o S
(b) Vdjkus osQ le; IysV β rFkk IysV γ ,d lkFk gSa] vr% leku foHko ij gSaA eku
yhft, β ij vkos'k q1 rFkk γ ij vkos'k q 2 gSA fdlh fcUnq O ij fopkj dhft,A ;gk¡
fo|qr {ks=k 'kwU; gksuk pkfg,A
Q
α osQ dkj.k 0 ij fo|qr {ks=k = – xˆ
2εo S

114
 mÙkj

q1
β osQ dkj.k 0 ij fo|qr {ks=k =– xˆ
2 εo S
b g
γ osQ dkj.k 0 ij fo|qr {ks=k = – q 2 xˆ
2εo S
°o
– (Q + q 2 ) q
∴ + 1 =0 q1 q2
2εo S 2ε o S
⇒ q1 – q2 = Q
lkFk gh] q1 + q2 = Q + q

d
⇒ q1 = Q + q /2

he
rFkk q 2 = q/2
bl izdkj β vkSj γ ij vkos'k ozQe'k% Q + q/2 vkSj q/2 gSAa
eku yhft, VDdj osQ i'pkr~ nwjh ij ossx v gSA ;fn IysV γ dk nzO;eku m gS] rc bl
(c)

pu T
is
isQjs esa vftZr xfrt mQtkZ fo|qr {ks=k }kjk fd, x, dk;Z osQ cjkcj gksuh pkfg,A VDdj
re ER
osQ i'pkr~ γ ij fo|qr {ks=k gS

bl
Q
ˆ+
( Q + q /2 ) ˆ q / 2 ˆ
E2 = – x x= x
2εo S 2ε o S 2εo S
IysV γ osQ eqDr gksus ls VDdj rd fd;k x;k dk;Z F1d gS] ;gk¡ F1 IysV γ ij cy gSA
be C

VDdj osQ i'pkr~ blosQ d rd igq¡pus rd fd;k x;k dk;Z F2 d, ;gk¡ F2 IysV γ ij
cy gSA
o N

(Q – q ) Q
F1 = E1Q =
2ε oS
2
( q / 2)
tt ©

rFkk F2 = E 2 q / 2 =
2εo S
∴ oqQy fd;k x;k dk;Z gS
1 1 2
 (Q – q ) Q + (q /2 )2  d = (Q – q / 2) d
2ε oS   2εo S

d 2
⇒ (1/ 2)mv 2 = ( Q – q /2 )
2ε o S
1 /2
 d 
∴ v = (Q – q /2)  
 m εo S 
no

Qq [1esu vko's k ]2
1.29 (i) F = 2
= 1 Mkbu =
r [1cm]2

vFkok
1 esu vkos'k = 1 (Mkbu) 1/2(cm)
vr% [1 esu vkos'k] = [F]1/2 L = [MLT–2]1/2 L = M 1/2 L3/2 T–1
[1 esu vkos'k] = M 1/2 L3/2 T–1

115
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

bl izdkj cgs ek=kdksa esa vkos'k dks M dh 1/2 rFkk L dh 3/2 dh fHkUukRed ?kkrksa
esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
(ii) nks vkos'kksa] ftuesa izR;sd dk ifjek.k 1 esu vkos'k rFkk ftuosQ chp i`Fkdu 1 cm
osQ chp cy ij fopkj dhft,A
rc cy 1 Mkbu = 10–5 N.
;g fLFkfr 10–2m i`Fkdu okys xC ifj.kke osQ nks vkos'kksa osQ rqY; gSA
blls izkIr gksrk gS%
1 x2

d
F= . –4
4π ∈0 10

he
tks gksuk pkfg, 1 Mkbu = 10–5 N
1 x2 1 10 –9 Nm2
bl izdkj 4πε .10–4 = 10–5 ⇒ = 2 2
4πε 0 x C

pu T
0

is
1
ftlosQ lkFk x = , blls izkIr gksrk gS
re ER
9
[3] × 10

bl 1
4πε 0
= 10–9 × [3]2 × 1018 = [3]2 × 109

ftlosQ lkFk [3] → 2.99792458,

Nm2
C
2

gesa izkIr gksrk gS

be C

1 9 Nm2
= 8.98755.... ×10 rF;r%
4πε 0 C2
o N

1.30 osQUnz O osQ vuqfn'k q ij oqQy cy F

q2 2q 2 x
tt ©

q
F =2 2 cosθ = – .
4πε 0r 4πε 0r 2 r
q x

–q d d –q
–2q 2 x
F = 2 2 3 /2
4πε 0 (d + x )

2q2
≈ x = –kxosQ fy, x << d
4πε0d 3
bl izdkj rhljs vkos'k q ij cy foLFkkiu osQ vuqozQekuqikrh gS rFkk og nks vU; vkos'kksa
osQ osQUnz dh vksj gSA vr% rhljs vkos'k dh xfr ljy vkorZ xfr gS ftldh vko`fÙk gS
no

2q 2 k
ω= 3 =
4πε0d m m

1 /2
vkSj bl izdkj 2π  8π 3 ε 0md 3 
T =
ω  q2



1.31 (a) NYys osQ v{k osQ vuqfn'k q dks /hjs ls fn;k x;k èkDdk fp=k (b) esa n'kkZ;h fLFkfr
mRiUu djsxkA NYys osQ O;kl osQ nks fljksa ij A rFkk B nks fcUnq gSaA

116
 mÙkj

–Q Z
A rFkk B ij js[kk vo;oksa 2π R osQ dkj.k q ij cy NYys dk v{k
–
––––– ––––––
oqQy vkos'k –Q
–Q 1 1 ––
FA +B = 2. .q . . 2 . cosθ R

––

–––
2π R 4πε 0 r q

–
––
––––– ––––––
–

–Q q 1 z
= . .
π R.4 πε 0 (z 2 + R 2 ) ( z 2 + R 2 )1/ 2 (a)

q ij NYys osQ dkj.k oqQy cy = (F A+B)(πR)

d
– Qq z
=
4 πε o ( z + R 2 )3 / 2
2

he
–Qq z
z << R osQ fy,
4 πε o

pu T
bl izdkj cy ½.kkRed foLFkkiu osQ vuqozQekuqikrh gSA ,sls cyksa osQ vèkhu xfr ljy NYys dk v{k

is
vkorZ xfr gksrh gSA
re ER
q
(b) iz'u osQ Hkkx (a) ls

bl q z
d 2z Qqz 2
m 2
= – 3
vFkok d z2 = – Qq 3 z
... A R B
dt 4πε 0 R dt 4 πε 0 R
NYys dk ry
be C

3 (b)
vFkkZr ω 2 =
Qq
3
. vr% T = 2π 4πε0mR
4 πε 0mR
o N

Qq

vè;k; 2
tt ©

2.1 (d)

2.2 (c)

2.3 (c)

2.4 (c)

2.5 (a)

2.6 (c)

2.7 (b), (c), (d)

no

2.8 (a), (b), (c)

2.9 (b), (c)

2.10 (b), (c)

2.11 (a), (d)

2.12 (a), (b)

117
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

2.13 (c) vkSj (d)

2.14 vfèkd
2.15 mPp foHko
2.16 gk¡] ;fn vkeki fHkUu gSaA
2.17 ugha
2.18 pw¡fd fo|qr {ks=k laj{kh gS] nksuksa izdj.kksa esa fd;k x;k dk;Z 'kwU; gksxkA

d
2.19 eku yhft, ;g lR; ugha gSA rc i`"B osQ rqjUr Hkhrj i`"B dh rqyuk esa foHko fHkUu gksuk pkfg,

he
ftlosQ iQyLo:i dksbZ foHko izo.krk gksuh pkfg,A bldk ;g vFkZ gqvk fd i`"B osQ vUreZ[q kh
vFkok cfgeqZ[kh {ks=k js[kk,¡ gksuh pkfg,A pw¡fd i`"B] lefoHko i`"B gS] nwljs fljs ij ;s js[kk,¡
nqckjk i`"B ij ugha gks ldrhaA bl izdkj ;g osQoy rHkh laHko gS tc {ks=k js[kkvksa osQ nwljs

pu T
is
fljs Hkhrj vkos'kksa ij gks]a tks vk/kj rF; osQ ijLij fojks/h gSAa vr% Hkhrj leLr vk;ru leku
re ER
foHko ij gksuk pkfg,A

bl 2.20 C de gks tk,xhA

1
lafpr mQtkZ = 2 CV 2 vkSj blfy, vf/d gks tk,xhA
be C

fo|qr {ks=k vf/d gks tk,xkA

lafpr vkos'k leku jgsxkA
o N

V de gks tk,xkA
2.21 fo|qr {ks=k osQ vuqfn'k vkosf'kr pkyd ls vukosf'kr pkyd dh vksj osQ fdlh Hkh iFk ij
U fopkj dhft,A bl iFk ij foHko fujUrj de gksxkA vukosf'kr pkyd ls vuUr dh vksj
tt ©

osQ vU; iFk ij foHko vkSj ?kVsxkA ;g visf{kr rF; dks fl¼ djrk gSA

2.22 −qQ
z U=
4π ε 0 R 1 + z 2 R 2

z osQ lkFk fLFkfrt mQtkZ esa ifjorZu dks fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
foLFkkfir vkos'k – q nksyu djsxkA ek=k xzkiQ dks ns[kdj ge dksbZ fu"d"kZ ugha fudky
P
z ldrsA
r
no

+ + + + 1 Q
+ + 2.23
Q V=
4πε 0
+ +

R + z2
2
+ +

R
+

+ +
+ + + + 2.24 js[kk ls nwjh r ij foHko Kkr djus osQ fy, fo|qr {ks=k ij fopkj dhft,A lefefr }kjk ge
;g ikrs gSa fd {ks=k js[kk,¡ cfgeZq[kh vjh; gksuh pkfg,A f=kT;k r rFkk yEckbZ l dk dksbZ xkmlh;
i`"B [khafp,A rc

118
 mÙkj

1
∫ E.dS = ε 0 λ l l
r
1
vFkok E r 2π rl = λl
ε0
λ
⇒ Er =
2πε 0r
vr%] ;fn f=kT;k r0 gS] rc

d
r
λ r
V (r ) – V (r0 ) = − ∫ E.dl = ln 0
2πε 0 r

he
r0

fdlh fn, x, V osQ fy,]

r 2πε 0
[V (r ) – V (r0 )]

pu T
ln =−
r0 λ

is
⇒ r = r0 e− 2πε 0V (r0 )/ λ .e+2 πε 0V (r ) / λ
re ER
lefoHko i`"B csyukdkj gSa ftudh f=kT;k gS

2.25 bl
r = r0 e − 2πε 0 [ V ( r )–V ( r0 )] λ

eku yhft, ry ewy fcUnq ls nwjh x gSA rc fcUnq P ij foHko gSA

be C

1 q 1 q
1/ 2
− 1/2
4πε 0  ( x + d / 2) 2 + h 2  4πε 0  ( x − d /2 )2 + h 2 
   
o N

;fn ;g foHko 'kwU; gS] rks

1 1
=
tt ©

1/2 1/2
2
 (x + d /2 ) + h  2
 ( x − d / 2)2 + h 2 

vFkok (x-d/2) 2 + h2 = (x+d/2)2 + h2

⇒ x 2 − dx + d 2 / 4 = x 2 + dx + d 2 /4
Or, 2dx = 0
⇒x=0
;g ry x = 0 dk lehdj.k gSA
2.26 eku yhft, ;g U dh vafre oksYVrk gSA ;fn laèkkfj=k dh ijkoS|qr osQ fcuk èkkfjrk C rc
laèkkfj=k ij vkos'k gS
Q1 = CU
no

ijkoS|qr gksus ij laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk εC gksrh gSA blfy, laèkkfj=k ij vkos'k gS

Q 2 = ε CU = α CU 2
tks laèkkfj=k vkosf'kr Fkk ml ij vkjfEHkd vkos'k gS
Q0 = CU0
vkos'kksa osQ laj{k.k ls
Q0 = Q1 + Q 2
vFkok CU0 = CU + ε CU2

119
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

⇒ α U 2 + U − u0 = 0

−1 ± 1 + 4αU 0
∴U =
2α

−1 ± 1 + 624
= oksYV
4

−1 ± 625
=
4

d
pwfa d U èkukRed gS
625 − 1 24

he
U = = = 6V
4 4
2.27 tc pfozQdk ryh dks Li'kZ dj jgh gS rc leLr ifêðdk lefoHko ifêðdk gSA dksbZ vkos'k

pu T q′ pfozQdk dks LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gSA

is
pfozQdk ij fo|qr {ks=k
re ER
bl
V
=
d
V 2
∴ q′ = −ε0 πr
d
be C

pfozQdk ij dk;Zjr cy gS
V2
o N

V
− × q′ = ε 0 2 π r 2
d d
;fn pfozQdk dks mQij mBkuk gS] rc
V2 2
tt ©

ε0 2
πr = mg
d

mgd 2
⇒V =
πε 0r 2

1  qdq d q u qd qu qd 
2.28 U=  – – 
4πε 0  r r r 

9×109 2
=8
10
–15 (
1.6 ×10–19 ) {(1 3 ) 2
}
– ( 2 3 ) (1 3 ) – ( 2 3 )(1 3 )
no

1 4  –14
= 2.304 × 10 –13  –  = –7.68×10 J
9 9 

= 4.8 × 105 eV = 0.48 MeV = 5.11 × 10–4 (m nc 2)

2.29 lEioZQ ls iwoZ %

Q1 = σ.4π R2

120
 mÙkj

Q2 = σ .4π (2R 2 ) = 4 (σ .4π R 2 ) = 4Q

lEioZQ osQ i'pkr~

Q1′ + Q2 ′ = Q1 + Q 2 = 5Q1 ,

=5(σ .4π R 2 )

d
leku foHko ij gksaxs

he
Q1′ Q 2 ′
=
R 2R

∴Q2 ′ = 2Q′ .

pu T
is
re ER
(
∴ 3Q1′ = 5 σ.4π R2 )

∴ Q1′ =
5
3
(
bl
σ.4π R 2 ) 10
vkSj Q′2 = 3 (σ .4π R2 )
be C

5
∴ σ1 = 5 3 σ vkSj ∴ σ 2 = 6 σ
o N

C1 K1 K2
() ()

2.30 vkjEHk esa : vkSj V ∝ 1 ,V1 + V2 = E E = 9V C3 C2

C
tt ©

⇒ V1 =3 V vkSj V 2 = 6V

∴ Q1 = C1 V1 = 6C × 3 =18 µ C

Q2 = 9 µ C vkSj Q3 = 0

ckn esa% Q2 = Q′2 + Q3

Q2
lkFk gh% C2 V + C3V = Q 2 ⇒V = = (3 2) V
C2 +C3
no

Q2 ′ = 9 2 µ C vkSj Q3 ′ = 9 2 µ C Q

Q
2.31 σ= r
πR 2
R

121
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1 σ .2 πr dr
dU =
4 πε 0 r2 + z2

R
πσ 2rdr
∴U=
4πε 0
∫ 2
r +z
2
O

2πσ  2 R
2πσ 
=  r + z 2  = R 2 +z 2 – z 
4πε 0   O 4πε 0  

d
2Q 

he
= R 2 +z 2 – z 
4πε 0R  
2

pu T q1 q2

is
+ =0
2.32 2 2 2 2 2 2
x + y +(z – d ) x +y +(z + d)
re ER
z
bl ∴
2 2
x + y +(z – d )
q1
2
=
2
–q 2
2
x + y +(z + d )
2
be C

bl izdkj] oqQy foHko 'kwU; gksus osQ fy, q1 rFkk q 2 osQ fpg~u foijhr gksus pkfg,A oxZ vkSj
q1 d
ljy djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk gS
o N

O ( q q ) 2 + 1 
x 2 + y2 + z 2 +  1 2 2  (2zd )+ d 2 = 0
 ( q1 q2 ) – 1
q2
tt ©

–d

  q12 + q12  
;g ml xksys dk lehdj.k gS ftldk osQUnz  0,0, –2d  2 2  ij gSA
  q1 – q1  

è;ku nhft, ;fn q1 = –q 2 ⇒ rc z = 0, eè; fcUnq ls xqtjus okyk ry gSA

U 1  –q 2 –q 2 
2.33 U=  + 
4πε 0  (d – x ) d – x 

O
no

–q 2 2d
U=
U0 =
2q2 4πε 0 (
d – x2 2
)
4πε0 d
dU –q 2.2d 2x
= . 2
dx 4π ∈0 d –x2
2
( )

122
 mÙkj

x=0 ij dU = 0
dx

x = 0 dksbZ larqyu fcUnq gSA

d2U  –2dq 2  2 8x 2 
=  2 2
– 2 2 3 
dx
2
( 2
) (d – x ) 
 4π ∈0   d – x 

d
 –2dq 2  1 2
 2 2
( ) – 8x 2 
2 3 2 d –x
=  2
 4 π ∈0  ( d – x )  

he
x=0 ij

pu T
d U  –2 dq 2   1

is
 2
=   (2 d ) , tks < 0.
d x 2  4π ∈0   d 6 
re ER
bl
vr% ;g vLFkk;h larqyu gSA

vè;k; 3
be C

3.1 (b)
o N

3.2 (a)

3.3 (c)

(b)
tt ©

3.4

3.5 (a)

3.6 (a)

3.7 (b), (d)

3.8 (a), (d)

3.9 (a), (b)

3.10 (b), (c)

(a), (c)
no

3.11

3.12 tc dksbZ bysDVªkWu fdlh lafèk dh vksj xeu djrk gS rks ,dleku E osQ vfrfjDr og
lekU;r% lafèk osQ rkjksa osQ i`"B ij lafpr vkos'kksa (tks viokg osx v d dks fu;r j[krs gSaA)
dk lkeuk Hkh djrk gSA ;s fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu djrs gSaA ;s {ks=k laosx dh fn'kk ifjofrZr dj
nsrs gSaA
3.13 foJkfUr dky bysDVªkWuksa ,oa vk;uksa osQ osxksa ij fuHkZj gksus osQ fy, ckè; gSaA vuqizLFk fo|qr
cy bysDVªkuW osQ osx dks 1mm/s dksfV dh pkyksa }kjk izHkkfor djrs gS] tks dksbZ lkFkZd izHkko

123
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

ugha gSA blosQ foijhr] T esa ifjofrZr osxksa esa 102 m/s dksfV osQ izHkko mRiUu djrk gSA ;g
τ esa lkFkZd izHkko yk ldrk gSA [ρ = ρ(E,T ) gS ftlesa E ij fuHkZjrk mis{k.kh; gS] lkekU;
vuqiz;qDr oksYVrkvksa osQ fy, ]A
3.14 OghVLVksu lsrq esa 'kwU; fo{ksi fof/ dk ;g ykHk gS fd xSYosuksehVj dk izfrjksèk larqyu fcUnq
dks izHkkfor ugha djrk rFkk izfrjksèkksa ,oa xSYosuksehVj esa izokfgr èkkjk rFkk xSYosuksehVj osQ
vkUrfjd izfrjksèk dks Kkr djus dh dksbZ vko';drk ugha gksrh vkSj fdj[kksiQ fu;e dk
ifjiFk ij vuqiz;ksx djosQ vKkr izfrjksèk] RvKkr] ifjdfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vU;
fofèk;ksa esa ges izfrjksèkksa rFkk xSYosuksehVj esa izokfgr lHkh èkkjkvksa rFkk xSYosuksehVj osQ

d
vkUrfjd izfrjksèk dh ifj'kq¼ ekiksa dh vko';drk gksxhA

he
3.15 èkkrq dh eksVh ifêð;ksa dk fuEu izfrjksèk gksrk gS ftls 'kqU;&fo{ksi fcUnq ij foHkoekih rkj
dh yEckbZ esa lfEefyr djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA gesa osQoy lhèks [k.Mksa (izR;sd
1 yEck) osQ vuqfn'k rkjksa dh yEckbZ ekiuh gksrh gS ftls ehVj LosQy }kjk vklkuh ls ekik

pu T tk ldrk gSA vkSj ;g eki ifj'kq¼ gksrh gSA

is
re ER
3.16 nks ckrks ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gS% (i) èkkrq dk ewY;] rFkk (ii) èkkrq dh vPNh

bl
pkydrkA vfèkd ewY; gksus osQ dkj.k ge pk¡nh dk mi;ksx ugha djrsA blosQ i'pkr vPNs
pkydksa esa rk¡ck o ,syqfefu;e mi;ksx gksrs gSaA
3.17 feJkrqvksa osQ izfrjksèk dk rki xq.kkad fuEu (fuEu rki lqxzkg~;rk) rFkk izfrjksèkdrk mPp
be C

gksrh gSA
'kfDr {k; PC = I2RC
o N

3.18

;gka] RC la;kstd rkjksa dk izfrjksèk gS

P2
tt ©

PC = 2
RC
V
'kfDr {k; PC de djus osQ fy, 'kfDr lapj.k mPp oksYVrk ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
3.19 ;fn R esa o`f¼ dj nsa] rks rkj ls izokfgr èkkjk de gks tk,xh vkSj bl izdkj foHko izo.krk
Hkh de gks tk,xh] ftlosQ dkj.k larqyu yEckbZ vfèkd gks tk,xhA vr% 'kwU; fo{ksi fcUnq
J fcUnq B dh vksj LFkkukUrfjr gks tk,xkA

3.20 (a) E1 dk èkukRed VfeZuy X ls la;ksftr gS rFkk E1 > E

(b) E1 dk Í.kkRed VfeZuy X ls la;ksftr gSA

V
no

3.21
E

124
 mÙkj

E E
3.22 I= ; = 10I
R + nR R
R+
n

1+ n 1+n
= 10 = n=n
1 n +1
1+
n
n = 10.

d
1 1 1 RU; wUre R U; Uwre RU; Uwre RU; Uwre
3.23 = + ....... + , = + + ....... + >1
R p R1 Rn RP R1 R2 Rn

he
vkSj RS = R1 + ...... + Rn ≥ Rvfèkdre.
fp=k (b) esa Rmin fp=k (a) esa èkkjk dks iznku fd, tSlk gh rqY; ekxZ iznku djrk gSA ijUrq blosQ

pu T
lkFk&lkFk 'ks"k (n – 1) izfrjksèkdksa osQ }kjk (n – 1) ekxZ iznku fd, x, gSaA fp=k (b) esa fo|qr

is
èkkjk > fp=k (a) esa fo|qr èkkjkA fp=k (b) esa izHkkoh izfrjksèk < RminA Li"V :i ls nwljk ifjiFk
re ER
vfèkd izfrjksèk ogu djus ;ksX; gSA vki fp=k (c) rFkk fp=k (d) dk mi;ksx djosQ Rs > Rmax

bl
fl¼ dj ldrs gSaA
be C
o N

Rmin Rmax Rmax

Rmin
tt ©

V V V

V
(a) (b) (c) (d)

6–4 A B
3.24 I = = 0.2A
2+8
E1 E2
E1 osQ fljksa ij foHkokUrj = 6 – 0.2 × 2 = 5.6 V
E2 osQ fljksa ij foHkokUrj = VAB = 4 + .2 × 8 = 5.6 V
no

fcUnq B fcUnq A ls mPp foHko ij gSA

E +E
3.25 I =
R + r1 + r2

V1 = E – Ir1 = E –
2E
r =0
r1 + r2 + R 1

125
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

2 Er1
vFkok E =
r1 + r2 + R
2 r1
1=
r1 + r2 + R
r1 + r2 + R = 2r1
R = r1 – r2
ρl
3.26 RA =

d
π (10 × 0.5)2
–3

he
ρl
RB =
π [(10 –3 )2 – (0.5 × 10–3 )2 ]
RA (10–3 )2 – (0.5 × 10–3 )2

pu T RB
=
(.5 × 10–3 )2
=3:1

is
re ER
3.27 fp=k esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ge fdlh Hkh 'kk[kk R osQ leLr usVooZQ dks ,d ljy ifjiFk esa ifj.kr

bl
djus dh lksp ldrs gSaA
Vi Hzkkoh
R rc R ls izokfgr èkkjk I =
R i zHkkoh + R
be C

foeh; :i esa VizHkkoh = VizHkkoh (V1 , V 2, ...... V n) dh foek oskYVrk dh gS rFkk RizHkkoh = RizHkkoh
I Veff (R 1, R 2 , ....... R m) dh foek izfrjksèk dh gSA
o N

Reff
vr% ;fn lc esa n-xquh o`f¼ gks tkrh gS] rc
u;k u;k
V izHkkoh = nV izHkkoh , R izH kkoh = n RizHk koh
vkSj R izHkkoh
= nR.
tt ©

bl izdkj èkkjk leku jgrh gSA

3.28 fdj[kksiQ osQ lafèk fu;e dk vuqiz;ksx djus ij
I 1 = I + I2
fdj[kksiQ osQ ik'k fu;e ls izkIr gksrk gS
10 = IR + 10I1....(i)
2 = 5I2 – RI = 5 (I1 – I) – RI
4 = 10I1 – 10I – 2RI ..... (ii)

 10 
(i) – (ii) ⇒ 6 = 3RI + 10I vFkok 2 = I  R+ 
 3
no

R R

2V
I1
I2 I
5W

I2 10W Reff
10V Veff

126
 mÙkj

2 = (R+ R izHkkoh)I dh VizHkkoh = (R + RizHkkoh)I

vkSj VizHkkoh = 2V

10
R izHkkoh = Ω
3
3.29 mi;qDr 'kfDr = 2ek=kd/ ?kaVk = 2kW = 2000J/s

P 2000
I = = ; 9A
V 220

d
rkj esa 'kfDr {k; = RI2 J/s
l 2 –8 10

he
= ρ I = 1.7 × 10 × × 81 J/s
A π × 10–6
4 J/s
= 0.2%

pu T
is
ρ Al
Al rkj esa 'kfDr {k; = 4 = 1.6 × 4 = 6.4 J/s = 0.32%
re ER
ρ Cu
3.30

10 × R ′
50 + R ′ bl
eku yhft, foHkoekih osQ rkj dk izfrjksèk

< 8 ⇒ 10R ′ < 400 + 8 R′

R′ gS] rc
be C

2R ′ < 400 vFkok R′ < 200Ω

10 × R ′
o N

> 8 ⇒ 2R ′ > 80 ⇒ R ′ > 40

10 + R ′

3
10 × R′
4
tt ©

< 8 ⇒ 7.5R′ < 80 + 8R′

10 + R ′
R′ > 160 ⇒ 160 < R′ < 200
bldh 400 cm ij foHkoikr > 8V
bldh 300 cm ij foHkoikr < 8V
φ × 400 > 8V (φ → foHkokUrj )
φ × 300 < 8V
φ > 2V/m
2
< 2 V/m
3
6
no

3.31 (a) I = = 1 A = nevd A

6

1 1
vd = 29 –19 –6
= ×10 –4 m/s
10 × 1.6 × 10 ×10 1.6

1
xfrt mQtkZ = m e vd2 × nAl
2
1 1
= × 9.1 × 10–31 × × 10–8 × 1029 × 10–6 × 10 –1 ; 2 × 10–17 J
2 2.56

127
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

(b) vkseh {k; = RI2 = 6 × 12 = 6 J/s

2 ×10–17
s 10–17 s esa bysDVªkWu dh leLr xfrt mQtkZ u"V gks tk,xhA
6

vè;k; 4
4.1 (d)

d
4.2 (a)

he
4.3 (a)

4.4 (d)

pu T 4.5 (a)

is
(d)
re ER
4.6

bl
4.7 (a), (b)

4.8 (b), (d)

4.9 (b), (c)

be C

4.10 (b), (c), (d)

o N

4.11 (a), (b), (d)

mv 2
4.12 pqEcdh; {ks=k osQ yEcor xeu djus okys vkosf'kr d.k osQ fy,% = qvB
tt ©

qB v
∴ = =ω
m R

 qB   v 
∴ [ω ] =  = = [T ]–1
 m   R 

4.13 dW=F .d l = 0

⇒ F.v dt = 0

⇒ F.v = 0
no

F, osx fuHkZj gksuk pkfg, ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd F rFkk v osQ chp dks.k 90° dk gSA ;fn
v ifjofrZr gksrk gS (fn'kk esa) rks F Hkh (fn'kk esa) bl izdkj ifjo£rr gksxk ftlls mijksDr
'krZ iwjh gks tk,A
4.14 pqEcdh; cy funsZ'k izsQe ij fuHkZj gS rFkkfi blls mRiUu usV Roj.k tM+Roh; funsZ'k izsQeksa osQ
fy, funsZ'k izsQe ij fuHkZj ugha djrk (vukisf{kdh; HkkSfrdh)A

128
 mÙkj

4.15 d.k ,dkUrjr% Rofjr ,oa eafnr gksxkA vr% nksuksa Mh esa iFk dh f=kT;k vifjofrZr jgsxhA
4.16 O 2 ij I1 osQ dkj.k pqEcdh; {ks=k y-v{k osQ vuqfn'k gSA nwljk rkj y-v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS] vr%
cy 'kwU; gSA
1 ˆ ˆ ˆ µ 0I
4.17 B= (i+ j+ k)
4 2R

 eB 
4.18 dksbZ foekghu jkf'k ughaA [T ]–1 = [ω ] = 
 m 

d
4.19 E = E0 ˆi, E 0 > 0, B = B0 k
ˆ

he
4.20 d l1 ij d l2 osQ dkj.k cy 'kwU; gSA

d l2 ij

pu T
d l1 osQ dkj.k cy 'kwU;srj gSA

is
re ER
4.21 i G (G + R1 ) = 2 (0 – 2V) ifjlj osQ fy,

bl
ifjlj osQ fy,
i G (G + R 1+ R2 ) = 20, (0 – 2V)
rFkk iG (G + R1+ R2 + R3) = 200, 200V ifjlj osQ fy,
izkIr gksrk gS R 1 = 1990Ω
be C

R 2 = 18 kΩ
rFkk R 3 = 180 kΩ
o N

4.22 F = BIl sin θ = BIl

µo I
B=
2π h
Q
tt ©

P
µ I 2l
F = mg = o
2π h h

µo I 2l 4π ×10 –7 × 250 × 25 × 1
h= =
2π mg 2π × 2.5 ×10 –3 × 9.8
= 51 × 10–4 m
h = 0.51 cm

4.23 tc pqEcdh; {ks=k dk;Zjr ugha gS] rc ∑τ = 0

Mgl = WoqQ.Myh l
500 g l = WoqQ.Myh l
no

WoqQ.Myh = 500 × 9.8 N

tc pqEcdh; {ks=k yxk fn;k tkrk gS] rc
Mgl + mgl = WoqQ.Myh l + IBL sin 90°l
mgl = BILl
BIL 0.2 × 4.9 × 1 × 10–2
m= = = 10–3 kg
g 9.8
=1g

129
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

V0 d V ldB
4.24 F1 = i1lB = lB , τ1 = F1 = 0
R 2 2 2 2R

V0 d V ldB
F2 = i2lB = lB τ2 = F2 = 0
2R 2 2 4 2R

usV cy vk?kw.kZ τ = τ 1 – τ 2

1 V 0 AB
τ=
4 2 R

d
he
B
n̂
B
i1
F1 d

pu T n̂ F1

is 45°
l
re ER
F2 F2

bl V0
Front view
be C

vxz n`f"V i'p n`f"V

o N

4.25 pwafd B x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k gS] o`Ùkh; d{kk osQ fy, nks d.kksa osQ laosx y - z ry esa gSaA eku
yhft, bysDVªkWu rFkk izksVkWu osQ laosx ozQe'k% p1 rFkk p2 gSaA ;s nksuks R f=kT;k osQ o`Ùk dks
fu:fir djrs gSaA ;s nksuks foijhr fn'kk osQ o`Ùkksa dk fu:i.k djrs gSaA eku yhft, p1 y
tt ©

Z
v{k ls θ dks.k cukrk rks p 2 dks Hkh bruk gh dks.k cukuk pkfg,A buosQ vius futh osQUnzksa
dks laosxksa osQ yEcor rFkk R nwjh ij gksuk pkfg,A eku yhft, bysDVªkWu dk osQUnz Ce ry
ikWthVªkWu dk osQUnz Cp ij gSA
1.5 R Ce osQ funsZ'kkad gSa

R
Ce ≡ (0,–R sinθ , R cosθ )
Ce Cp osQ funsZ'kkad gSa
Cp
3
y Cp ≡ (0, –R sin θ, R–R cosθ )
q 2

B
;fn nksuksa osQ osQUnzksa osQ chp dh nwjh 2R ls vfèkd gS] rks bu nksuksa osQ o`Ùk ijLij O;kiu
no

ugha djsaxsA
eku yhft, Cp rFkk Ce osQ chp dh nwjh d gS] rc
x
2
3 
d 2 = (2Rsinθ )2 +  R – 2R cosθ 
2 
2
9
= 4R 2sin 2θ + R – 6R 2 cosθ + 4R 2 cos2 θ
4

130
 mÙkj

9 2
= 4 R2 + R – 6R 2 cosθ
4
pw¡fdd dks 2R ls vfèkd gksuk pkfg,
d2 > 4R 2
9 2
⇒ 4R 2 + R – 6 R 2 cosθ > 4R 2
4
9
⇒ > 6cosθ
4

d
3
vFkok cosθ <
8

he
3 2 3 3 2
4.26 {ks=kiQy A= a , A = a2, A = a
4 4

pu T
is
fo|qr èkkjk I lcosQ fy, leku gS
re ER
pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ m = n I A

bl
3a2 I 3 3a 2 I n=4 n=3 n=2
∴ m =Ia 2 3
(è;ku nhft,% m xq.kksÙkj Js.kh esa gSA)
4.27 (a) B (z) z - v{k ij leku fn'kk esa laosQr djrk gS] blhfy, J (L), L dk ,d :ih o`f¼
be C

iQyu gSA
(b) J(L) + ifjjs[kk C ij cM+h nwfj;ksa ls ;ksxnku = µ 0I
o N

∴ tSls&tSls L → ∞
cM+h nwfj;ksa ls ;ksxnku → 0 D;ksafd (B 1/r 3 )
tt ©

J ( ∞) − µ0 I
2
µ 0 IR
(c) B z =
2( z2 + R 2 )3 / 2

∞ ∞ µ IR 2
∫–∞ Bz dz = ∫– ∞ 2( z2 +0 R 2 )3 /2 dz
;fn z = R tan θ dz = R sec2 θ d θ
∞ µ0 I π /2
∴ ∫ Bz dz = ∫– π /2 cosθ dθ = µ0I
–∞
2
(d) B(z)oxZ < B (z)o`Ùkh; oqQ.Myh
no

∴ ℑ ( L ) oxZ < ℑ ( L ) oÙ` kh; oQq. Myh

ijUrq (b) esa fn, x, rdks± dk mi;ksx djus ij

ℑ ( ∞)oxZ = ℑ (∞)o`Ùkh; oqQ .Myh

4.28 i G .G = (i 1 – iG) (S1 + S2+ S3 ) tc i1 = 10mA

i G (G + S1) = (i 2 –i G) (S2+ S 3) tc i2 = 100mA
–L O –L
rFkk iG (G + S1 +S2) = (i3 – iG) (S3) tc i3 = 1A
ls izkIr gksrk gS S1 = 1Ω, S2 = 0.1Ω rFkk S3 = 0.01Ω

131
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

4.29 (a) 'kwU;

µ0 i
(b) AO osQ yEcor~ ckb± fn'kk esa
2π R
µ0 i
(c) AO osQ yEcor~ ckb± fn'kk esa
π R

vè;k; 5

d
(c)

he
5.1
5.2 (a)
5.3 (c)

pu T
is
5.4 (b)
re ER
5.5 (b)

bl
5.6 (a), (d)
5.7 (a), (d)
5.8 (a), (d)
be C

5.9 (a), (c), (d)

5.10 (b), (c), (d)
o N

eh eh h
µp ≈ µ ≈ ,h =
5.11 2m p vkSj e 2m e 2π
tt ©

µe >> µ p D;ksafd mp >> me

5.12 Bl = µ0 M l = µ0 ( I + I M ) vkSj H = 0 = I
Ml = IM = 106 × 0.1 = 105 A

ρN 28g/ 22.4Lt 3.5

5.13 χ α ?kuRo ρ A vc = = × 10–3 = 1.6 × 10–4
ρC u 8g/ cc 22.4

χN
= 5 ×10 –4
χCu
no

vr% ;gk¡ izeq[k vUrj ?kuRo osQ dkj.k gSA

5.14 izfr pqEcdRo bysDVªkWuksa dh d{kh; xfr osQ dkj.k gksrk gS tks vuqiz;qDr {ks=k osQ foijhr
pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ mRiUu djrk gSA blfy, ;g rki ls vfèkd izHkkfor ugha gksrkA

N S

132
 mÙkj

vuqpEq cdRo vkSj yksg pqEcdRo ijek.oh; pqEcdh; vk?kw.kksaZ osQ vuqi;z Dq r {ks=k dh fn'kk esa
laj[s k.k osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA rki o`f¼ gksus ij ;g laj[s k.k fo{kksfHkr gks tkrk gS ftlosQ iQyLo:i
nksuksa dh pqEcd'khyrk rki o`f¼ osQ lkFk ?kV tkrh gSA
5.15 (i) pqEcd ls nwj z

(ii) pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ ck,a ls nk,a ds

r̂
µ 3m .rˆ
5.16 B= 0 3
,m = mkˆ q
4π r m

d
y
r r 2sinθ dθ dφ
ds = ˆ.

he
0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,0 ≤ φ ≤ π f
µ 0m 3cos θ 2
∫ B .ds =
Ñ 4π ∫ r3
r si nθ d θ d φ
x
= 0 (θ lekdyu

pu T osQ dkj.k)

is
N
re ER
5.17 usV m = 0 . ek=k laHkor% fp=k (b) esa n'kkZ;h xbZ gSA

bl
S S
m
5.18 E (r) = c B (r), p = . f}èkzqoksa osQ nzO;eku vkSj tM+Ro vk?kw.kZ leku gSaA
c
be C

I 1 1 1
5.19 T = 2π I′ = × I rFkk m ′ = m . T′ = T
mB 2 4 2 2 N N
o N

5.20 NM+ ls xqtjus okyh B dh fdlh js[kk ij fopkj dhft,A ;g cUn gksuh pkfg,A eku yhft,
S
C ,sfEi;jh&ik'k gSA
tt ©

P P
B
∫ H.dl = ∫ µ
.dl > 0 C
Q Q 0

∫ H.dl = 0
Ñ P Q
PQP

∫p H.dl < 0 S N

P→Q NM+ osQ Hkhrj gSA

vr% H vkSj dl osQ chp dk dks.k vfèkd dks.k gSA
no

5.21 (i) z-v{k osQ vuqfn'k

µ 0 2m
B=
4π r 3
R R
µ0 dz µ 0m  1   1 1 
∫ B.d l = 4π 2m ∫a z 3
a
=  –  – 
2π  2   R 2 a 2 
(ii) f=kT;k R osQ pkSFkkbZ o`Ùk osQ vuqfn'k

133
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

µ0 –m.θˆ – µ0 m
3 – sinθ
B0/ = 3
= ( )
4π R 4π R

µ 0m
B.dl = sin θ d θ
4π R2
z
π
2 ur uur µm
∫ B.dl = 4π0R2
0

d
R (iii) x-v{k osQ vuqfn'k

he
a1
µ0  –m 
B=  3 
4π x 
O a R x

pu T x

is
∫ B.d l = 0
re ER
f=kT;k osQ pkSFkkbZ o`Ùk osQ vuqfn'k

bl
(iv) a

–µ 0m – µ 0m 2 – µ 0m
B.d l = sin θ dθ , ∫ B.d l = – 2 ∫
sinθ dθ =
be C

2
4π a
2
4 π a 0
4π a
o N

∫ B .d l = 0
lHkh dks tksM+us ij] Ñ
C

5.22 χ foekghu gSA

tt ©

χ ml pqEcdh; vk?kw.kZ ij fuHkZj djrk gS tks H ijek.oh; bysDVªkWuksa ls buosQ vkos'kksa e

}kjk la;ksftr gksrk gSA m ij bldk izHkko èkkjk I ls gksdj gksrk gS ftlesa ‘e’ dk nwljk dkjd
lfEefyr gksrk gSA la;kstu " µ0 e2 " “vkos'k” Q dh foek ij fuHkZj ugha djrkA

χ = µ 0 e 2m αv β R γ

2
1 e 1 e2 mQtkZ foLrkj
µ0c 2 = 2
~ 2
.R ~
c ε0 c 0ε R c2
no

β
ML 3 T –2 α  L  γ 0
[ χ ] = M0L 0 T0Q0 = 2 –2
M   LQ
LT T 

α = –1, β = 0,γ = –1

µ0 e 2 10–6 × 10–38
χ= ~ –30 –10
~ 10–4
mR 10 × 10

134
 mÙkj

µ0 m 2 2 1/2
5.23 (i) B = (4cos θ + sin θ )
4π R3
2
B π
2
= 3 cos2 θ + 1 , θ = ij U;wureA
 µ0  m2 2
 
 4π R 3 
B pqEcdh; fuj{k ij U;wure gSA
BV
(ii) tan (ufr dks.k) = = 2 cot θ

d
BH

he
θ = ij ufr dks.k 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA iqu% fcanqiFk] pqEcdh; fuj{k gSA
2
B
tc B V = 1 rc ufr dks.k gSA
(iii)

pu T ± 45°

is
H
2 cot θ = 1
re ER
fcUnqiFk gSA
θ = tan–12

bl
layXu fp=k ij è;ku nhft,A
5.24 w
N

1. fcUnq P ry S esa gS (lqbZ mÙkj dh vksj laosQr djsxh)

be C

fnDikr dks.k = 0; 11.3°

P
P Hkh ,d pqEcdh; fuj{k gSA
o N

GE

∴ ufr dks.k =0
Q
2. Q pqEcdh; fuj{k ij gS
tt ©

ME

∴ ufr dks.k =0

ijUrq fnDikr dks.k = 11.3° S

L L
5.25 n1 = n2 =
2π R 4a

m 1 = n1 IA 1 m 2 = n 2 IA 2
no

L L 2 L
= IπR = Ia = Ia
2π R 4a 4

MR 2
I1 = (O;kl ls xqtjus okys fdlh v{k osQ ifjr% tM+Ùo vk?kw.kZ)
2

Ma 2
I2 =
12

135
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

m1 B m 2B
ω12 = ω 22 =
I1 I2

m1 m 2
=
I1 I2

L
LR I Ia 3π
× = 4 ⇒a = R
2 2
2 π MR Ma 4

d
2 12

he
vè;k; 6
6.1 (c)

pu T 6.2 (b)

is
(a)
re ER
6.3

bl
6.4 (d)

6.5 (a)

6.6 (b)
be C

6.7 (a), (b), (d)

o N

6.8 (a), (b), (c)

6.9 (a), (d)

6.10 (b), (c)

tt ©

6.11 rkj dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx xfre; ugha gS vr% xfrd fo|qr okgd cy 'kwU; gSA pqEcd fLFkj gS
vr% le; osQ lkFk pqEcdh; {ks=k ifjofrZr ugha gksrkA bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd dksbZ fo|qr okgd
cy mRiUu ugha gksrk vr% ifjiFk esa dksbZ èkkjk izokfgr ugha gksxhA
6.12 èkkjk c<+ tk,xhA tSls gh rkjksa dks ,d nwljs ls nwj [khapk tkrk gS fjDr LFkkuksa ls ÝyDl dk
{kj.k gksrk gSA ysat+ osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy bl deh dk fojksèk djrk
gS ftls fo|qr èkkjk esa o`f¼ }kjk iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
6.13 èkkjk ?kV tk,xhA ifjukfydk esa yksg ozQksM j[kus ij pqEcdh; {ks=k esa o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj ÝyDl
c<+ tkrk gSA ysat+ osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy dks bl o`f¼ dk fojksèk djuk
no

pkfg, ftls èkkjk esa deh }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
6.14 vkjEHk esa èkkrq osQ oy; ls dksbZ ÝyDl ugha xqtj jgk FkkA èkkjk izokfgr gksrs gh oy; ls ÝyDl
xqtjus yxrk gSA ysat+ osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj izsfjr fo|qr okgd cy bl o`f¼ dk fojksèk djsxk
vkSj ;g rc gks ldrk gS tc oy; ifjukfydk ls nwj tk,A bldk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k fd;k tk
ldrk gS (fp=k 6.5)A ;fn ifjukfydk esa èkkjk n'kkZ, vuqlkj gS rks ÝyDl (vèkkseq[kh) esa
o`f¼ gksrh gS vkSj blls okekorZ (oy; osQ 'kh"kZ ls ns[kus ij) xfr mRiUu gksxhA tSls gh èkkjk

136
 mÙkj

dk izokg ifjukfydk esa izokfgr èkkjk osQ foijhr gksrk gS] ;s ,d nwljs dks izfrdf"kZr djsaxs rFkk
oy; mQij dh vksj xfr djsxkA
6.15 tc ifjukfydk esa izokfgr fo|qr èkkjk esa deh gksrh gS] rks oy; esa èkkjk dh fn'kk] ifjukfydk
osQ leku gh gksrh gSA bl izdkj ;gk¡ ,d vèkkseq[kh cy yxsxkA bldk ;g vFkZ gS fd oy;
dkMZ cksMZ ij gh jgsxkA dkMZ cksMZ dh oy; ij mifjeq[kh izfrfozQ;k c<+ tk,xhA
6.16 pqEcd osQ fy,] èkkrq osQ ikbi esa Hkaoj èkkjk,¡ mRiUu gksrh gSaA ;s èkkjk,¡ pqEcd dh xfr dk
fojksèk djsxa hA blhfy,] pqEcd dk vèkkse[q kh Roj.k] xq#Roh; Roj.k ls de gksxkA blosQ foijhr]
pqEcfdr yksgs dh NM+ esa Hkaoj èkkjk,¡ mRiUu ugha gksaxh vkSj og xq#Roh; Roj.k ls uhps fxjsxkA

d
vr% pqEcd fxjus esa vfèkd le; yxsxkA

he
6.17 oy; ls xqtjus okyk ÝyDl
φ = Bo ( πa 2 )cos ωt

pu T y

is
ε = B ( πa 2 )ω sin ωt k̂
re ER
I = B (πa 2 )ω sin ω t / R

bl
x
(0,0,0) (a,0,0)
fofHkUu le;ksa ij èkkjk dk ifjek.k
π B ( πa 2 ) ω
; I = , ĵ osQ vuqfn'k
be C

t =
2ω R

π
o N

t = ; I =0
ω

3π B ( πa2 ) ω , ˆ osQ vuqfn'k

; I = –j
tt ©

t=
2ω R
6.18 gesa ÝyDl osQ fy, leku mÙkj izkIr gksxkA ÝyDl dks fdlh i`"B (ge fdlh {ks=kiQy S2

∆ A ⊥ ls B rd dN = B ∆ A js[kk,¡ [khprs gSa) ls xqtjus okyh pqEcdh; {ks=k js[kkvksa dh

S1
la[;k ekuk tk ldrk gSA ftl izdkj B dh js[kk,¡ fnDdky esa u rks vkjEHk gksrh gSa vkSj u
gh var gksrh gSa (os cUn ik'k cukrh gSa)A i`"B S1 ls xqtjus okyh js[kkvksa dh la[;k i`"B S 2 c
ls xqtjus okyh js[kkvksa dh la[;k osQ leku gksuh pkfg,A
6.19 fcUnqfdr js[kk CD osQ vuqfn'k xfrd fo|qr {ks=k (v rFkk B nksuksa osQ yEcor~ rFkk v×B osQ
vuqfn'k) = vB B D B
P
PQ osQ vuqfn'k E.M.F. = (yEckbZ PQ)×(PQ osQ vuqfn'k {ks=k)
no

R B
BC v
d
= × vB cos θ = dvB
cos θ q
Q B B
vr%
dvB
I = vkSj ;g θ ij fuHkZj ugha gSA
R

137
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

6.20 èkkjk esa vfèkdre ifjorZu dh nj AB esa gSA vr% vfèkdre fojksèkh fo|qr fojksèkh cy izkIr
gksus dk le; 5 s < t <10 s osQ chp gSA

 dI
= 1/5  = e
;fn u = –L 1/5 t = 3 s, ij
 dt 
3 3
5 s < t < 10 s ij u 1 = – L 5 = – 5 L = 3e
bl izdkj t = 7 s, ij u2 = –3 e

d
10s < t < 30s ij
2 L 1

he
u3 = L = = e
20 10 2
t > 30s ij u3 = 0

pu T 10 –2

is
6.21 vU;ksU; izsjdRo = = 5mH
2
re ER
bl
ÝyDl = 5 ×10 –3 × 1 = 5 × 10 –3 Wb
6.22 eku yhft,] lekUrj rkj y = 0 rFkk y = d gSaA le; t = 0 ij AB dh fLFkfr x=0 gS vkSj
;g osx viˆ ls xfr djrk gSA
be C

y le; t ij] rkj dh fLFkfr gS x (t) = vt

( Bo sin ω t ) vd ( –ˆj )
o N

xfrd e.m.f =
OBAC osQ vuqfn'k {ks=k esa ifjorZu osQ dkj.k e.m.f
A
C = – B o ω cos ω t x (t )d
tt ©

v
oqQy e.m.f = – B o d [ ωx cos ( ωt ) + v sin ( ωt )]

o B d
O B x OBAC osQ vuqfn'k èkkjk (nf{k.kkorhZ) = R ( ωx cos ωt + v sin ωt )

î osQ vuqfn'k vko';d cy = Bo d ( ωx cos ωt + v sin ωt ) × d × B o sin ω t

R

B o 2d 2
= ( ωx cos ωt + v sin ωt ) sin ωt
R
6.23 (i) eku yhft, le; t ij rkj dh fLFkfr x = x (t) gSA
no

y
ÝyDl = B (t) l x (t)
A X B dφ dB (t )
E=– =– l x (t ) – B (t )l .v ( t )
B dt dt
R l
B (nwljk in xfrd fo|qr okgd cy ls gS)
Y x
C x (t) D 1
I = E
R

138
 mÙkj

l B (t )  dB 
cy =  – l x (t ) – B (t ) l v (t )  ˆi
R  dt 

d 2x l 2 B dB l 2 B2 dx
m 2
= – x (t ) –
dt R dt R dt
dB d 2 x l 2 B2 dx
(ii) = 0, 2
+ =0
dt dt mR dt
dv l 2B 2
+ v =0

d
dt mR

he
 –l 2 B 2t 
v = A exp  
 mR 
t = 0 ij, v = u

pu T
v (t) = u exp (–l 2B2 t/mR)

is
re ER
B 2l 2v 2 (t ) B 2l 2 2

bl
(iii) I 2R = 2
×R = u exp(–2l 2 B 2t / mR )
R R

B2 l 2 2 mR
t
'kfDr {k; = ∫ I 2 R dt = u 
2 2 1 – e
–(l B t/mR ) 
2 2

R 2l B
be C

m 2 m 2
= u – v (t)
2 2
o N

= xfrt mQtkZ esa deh

π
6.24 le; t = 0 vkSj t = osQ chp NM+ OP Hkqtk BD ls lEioZQ cuk,xhA eku yhft, NM+
tt ©

4ω

 π 
dh lEioZQ dh yEckbZ OQ fdlh le; t 0 < t <  ij x gSA {ks=kiQy ODQ ls
 4ω 
1 1
xqtjus okyk ÝyDl gS φ =B QD×OD= B l tan θ × l
2 2

1 A 2l B
2
= B l ;gk¡t θa =nω t
2 P
l
no

dφ 1 2 ε x Q
bl izdkj mRiUu emf dk ifjek.k gS ε = = Bl ω sec2 ωt izokfgr èkkjk gS I=
dt 2 R
q
;gk¡ R NM+ dh lEioZQ okyh yEckbZ dk izfrjksèk gS C O l D

λl
R = λx =
cos ωt

139
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1 B l2ω Bl ω
∴ I = sec2 ωt cosω t =
2 λl 2λ cos ωt
P
A 2l B π 3π
Q vUrjky 4ω < t < ω esa NM+ Hkqtk AB osQ lEioZQ esa gSA eku yhft, NM+ osQ lEioZQ okys
Hkkx dh yEckbZ (OQ) x gSA rc OQBD ls xqtjus okyh ÝyDl gS&
l x
l
 2 
q φ = l2 + 1 l  B ;gk¡ θ = ωt

d
C O R D
 2 tan θ 

he
d φ 1 2 sec 2ω t
bl izdkj mRiUu emf dk ifjek.k gS ε = = Bl ω
dt 2 tan2 ωt

pu T ε sin ωt 1 Bl ω

is
ε ε
izokfgr èkkjk gS I = R = λx = =
λl 2 λ sin ωt
re ER
A 2l B

l
x bl l
3π


π
vUrjky ω < t < ω ij NM+ Hkqtk

l2 
OC dks Li'kZ djsxhA rc OQABD ls xqtjus okyk
be C

ÝyDl gS φ =  2l 2 – B
q  2 tan ω t 
C O l D
o N

bl izdkj emf dk ifjek.k gS

dφ Bωl 2 sec 2 ωt
ε = =
tt ©

s
dt 2 tan ωt

ε ε 1 Blω
I= = =
R λ x 2 λ sin ωt

6.25 rkj ls nwjh r ij

A l B
µo I
{ks=k B (r ) = (dkxt+ osQ cfgeqZ[kh)
2 πr
no

dr
x rkj ls nwjh r ij pkSM+kbZ dr dh fdlh ifêðdk ij fopkj dhft,
D xo
r C ywi ls oqQy ÝyDl gS%

I (t)
µ o I x dr µo I x
ÝyDl = l∫ = ln
2π x r 2π xo
o

140
 mÙkj

1 dI ε µl λ x
= =I = o ln
R dt R 2 R x0
π

6.26 ;fn ik'k esa izokfgr èkkjk I (t) gS] rc

1 dφ
I (t ) =
R dt
A L1 B
;fn le; t esa izokfgr vkos'k Q gS] rc

d
L2 + x
dQ dQ 1 d φ

he
I (t ) = or =
dt dt R dt D C
x

1 I (t)

pu T
lekdyu djus ij Q (t 1 ) – Q (t 2 ) = φ (t ) – φ ( t 2 ) 
R 1

is
re ER
L2 + x
µo dx ′

bl ∫
φ (t 1 ) = L1 I ( t1 )
2π x
x′
be C

µ o L1 L +x
= I (t 1 ) ln 2
2π x
o N

vkos'k dk ifjek.k
tt ©

µo L1 L +x
Q = ln 2 [I o – 0]
2π x

µ oL1 I1  L2 + x 
= ln  
2π  x 

B.π a 2 ;gk¡ E ik'k osQ pkjksa vksj mRiUu fo|qr {ks=k gSA
6.27 2π bE = E.M.F =
∆t

 B πa 2 
cy vk?kw.kZ = b × cy = Q E b = Q  b
no

 2 πb ∆ t 

Ba 2
=Q
2 ∆t

;fn dks.kh; laosx esa ifjorZu ∆L gS] rc

Ba 2
∆L = cy vk?kw.kZ × ∆t = Q
2
141
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

vafre dks.kh; laosx =0

QBa 2
vafre dks.kh; laosx = mb 2 ω =
2

QBa 2
ω=
2mb 2
2
d x B cos θ d  dx 
6.28 m = mg sin θ –   × ( Bd ) cos θ
dt 2 R  dt 

d
dv B2d 2
(cos θ)2 v

he
= g sinθ –
dt mR

dv B 2 d 2
+ (cos θ)2 v = g sinθ

pu T dt mR

is
re ER
g sin θ  B 2d 2 
v = + A exp  – (cos2 θ)t 

bl
2 2 2
 B d cos θ   mR 
 
 mR 

[tgk¡ A ,d fLFkjkad gS ftldk eku vkjafHkd voLFkkvksa ls fu/kZfjr gksrk gSA]

be C

mgR sin θ   B 2d 2 
2 1 – exp  – (cos2 θ)t  
o N

= 2 2
B d cos θ   mR 

6.29 ;fn laèkkfj=k ij vkos'k Q (t) gS (è;ku nhft,] èkkjk izokg A ls B dh vksj gS)] rc
tt ©

vBd Q
I = –
R RC

X A Q dQ vBd
S ⇒ + =
R C dt R
B v
C d
B
Q = vBdC + Ae – t / RC
Y B
∴ ⇒ Q = vBdC [1 – e – t / RC ] (le; t = 0 ij Q = 0 = A = –vBdc)
no

vBd –t / RC
I = e
R

dI
6.30 –L + vBd = IR
dt

dI
L + IR = vBd
dt

142
 mÙkj

vBd
I = + A e – Rt / 2 X A
R S B
B
vBd v d
t=0 ij I = 0⇒ A = – L
R B B

vBd B
I = (1 – e – Rt / L ) B B
R

d
dφ dz
6.31 = ÝyDl esa ifjorZu dh nj = (π l2 ) Bo l = IR
dt dt

he
π l 2Bo λ
I = v
R

pu T (π l 2λ) 2 Bo 2v 2

is
izfr lsd.M mQtkZ {k; = I2 R =
R
re ER
dz

bl
;g fLFkfrt mQtkZ esa ifjorZu dh nj ls izkIr gksuk pkfg, = m g = mgv
dt
(v= fu;r gksus osQ dkj.k xfrt mQtkZ fu;r gS)
(π l 2 λB 0 ) 2 v 2
be C

bl izdkj mgv =
R
o N

mgR
vFkok v=
( πl 2 λ Bo )2

6.32 fdlh ifjukfydk osQ dkj.k pqEcdh; {ks=k B = µ0nI

tt ©

NksVh oqQ.Myh esa pqEcdh; ÝyDl φ = NBA

;gk¡ A = πb 2

vr% e = – dφ = – d (NBA ) e
dt dt
d (B ) d
= – N πb 2 = – N π b2 ( µ nI )
dt dt 0
no

dI t
= – N πb 2 µ0n
dt

d
= – Nnπµ 0b 2 (mt 2 + C) = –µ 0Nn πb 2 2mt
dt

e = –µ 0Nn πb 2 2 mt
½.kkRed fpg~u izsfjr emf dk ifjek.k fp=k esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj le; osQ lkFk ifjofrZr gksrk
gSA
143
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

vè;k; 7
7.1 (d)

7.2 (c)

7.3 (c)

7.4 (b)

d
7.5 (c)

he
7.6 (c)

7.7 (a)

pu T
is
7.8 (a), (d)
re ER
(c), (d)

bl
7.9

7.10 (a), (b), (d)

be C

7.11 (a), (b), (c)

7.12 (c), (d)

o N

7.13 (a), (d)

7.14 pqEcdh; mQtkZ xfrt mQtkZ osQ ln`'k rFkk oS|qr mQtkZ fLFkfrt mQtkZ osQ ln`'kA
tt ©

7.15 mPp vko`fÙk ij] la/kfj=k ≈ y?kq iFk (fuEu izfr?kkr) rFkk izsjd [kqyk ifjiFk (mPp izfr?kkr)
Z ≈ R1 + R 3 tSlk rqY; ifjiFk esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

⇒
no

7.16 (a) gk¡] ;fn nksuksa ifjiFkksa esa rms oksYVrk leku gS rks vuqukn fLFkfr esa LCR esa rms èkkjk
mruh gh gksxh ftruh R ifjiFk esaA

(b) ugha] D;ksafd R ≤ Z , vr% I a ≥ I b

7.17 gk¡] ugha

144
 mÙkj

7.18 cSaM pkSM+kbZ mu vko`fÙk;ksa osQ laxr gS ftu ij

1 1.0
Im = Imax ≈ 0.7Im ax
2 Im (A)
0.5
Dw
;g fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gS
0
∆ω = 1.2 – 0.8 = 0.4 rad/s .5 1.0 1.5 2.0
w(rad/s)
7.19 Irms = 1.6 A fp=k esa fcUnqfdr js[kk }kjk fu:firA

d
3

he
2
1
I (A)

0 2T

pu T
T
–1

is
–2 t
re ER
–3

7.20

7.21 (a) A bl
½.kkRed ls 'kwU; fiQj èkukRed] vuqukn vko`fÙk ij 'kwU;A
be C

(b) 'kwU;
o N

(c) L vFkok C vFkok LC

7.22 a.c. èkkjk dh fn'kk lzkrs dh vko`fÙk osQ lkFk cnyrh gS rFkk vkd"kZ.k cy dk vkSlr eku 'kwU;
gks tkrk gS] vr% a.c. osQ lanHkZ esa ,fEi;j dks fdlh ,sls xq.k osQ inksa esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk
tt ©

pkfg, tks èkkjk dh fn'kk ij fuHkZj u djrk gksA twy dk mQ"eu izHkko ,d ,slk gh xq.k gS
vr% bldk mi;ksx a.c. osQ rms eku dks ifjHkkf"kr djus osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA
7.23 X L = ωL = 2pfL

= 3.14Ω

Z = R 2 + L2

= (3.14)2 + (1)2 = 10.86

; 3.3Ω
no

ωL
tan φ = = 3.14
R

φ = tan –1(3.14)

; 72°
72 × π
; rad.
180

145
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

le;i'prk ∆t = φ
ω
72 × π 1
= = s
180 × 2π × 50 250

7.24 P L = 60W, IL = 0.54A

60
VL = = 110 V
0.54

d
VªkaliQkWeZj vipk;h gS rFkk fuxZr oksYVrk fuos'k oksYVrk dh vkèkh gS] vr%]

he
1
ip = × I2 = 0.27 A
2

pu T laèkkfj=k dh IysVksa osQ chp osQ vUrjky dk izfrjksèk vuUr gksus osQ dkj.k blls gksdj fn"Vèkkjk

is
7.25
izokfgr ugha gks ldrhA laèkkfj=k dh IysVksa osQ chp tc izR;korhZ èkkjk yxkbZ tkrh gS rks bldh
re ER
IysVsa ckjh&ckjh ls vkosf'kr vkSj vukosf'kr gksrh gSaA laèkkfj=k ls gksdj izokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk

bl blh ifjorhZ oksYVrk (;k vkos'k) dk ifj.kke gSA vr% ;fn oksYVrk vfèkd nzrq xfr ls ifjofrZr
gksrh gS rks laèkkfj=k ls vfèkd èkkjk izokfgr gksxhA bldk fufgrkFkZ ;g gS fd laèkkfj=k }kjk izLrqr
izfr?kkr vko`fÙk c<+kus ls de gksrk gS% bldk eku gksrk gS 1/ω C
be C

7.26 izsjd vius fljksa osQ chp ysUt osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj fojksèkh fo|qr okgd cy fodflr djosQ
vius esa ls izokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk dk fojksèk djrk gSA izsfjr oksYVrk dh èkzqork bl izdkj
o N

gksrh gS fd fo|eku èkkjk dk Lrj cuk jg losQA ;fn èkkjk de gksrh gS rks izsfjr emf dh èkzoq rk
bl izdkj gksxh fd èkkjk c<+ losQ vkSj ;fn èkkjk c<+rh gS rks izfs jr emf dh èkzoq rk blosQ foijhr
gksxhA D;ksafd izsfjr oksYVrk èkkjk ifjorZu dh nj osQ lekuqikrh gksrh gSA èkkjk ifjorZu dh nj
tt ©

vfèkd gksus ij vFkkZr vko`fÙk vfèkd gksus ij èkkjk izokg osQ izfr izsjd dk izfr?kkr vfèkd
gks tk,xkA vr% izsjd dk izfr?kkr vko`fÙk osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gS vkSj bldk eku ω L. }kjk
O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

V2 50, 000
7.27 'kfDr P = ⇒ = 25 = Z
Z 2000

Z 2 = R 2 + (XC – X L)2 = 625

XC – X L 3
no

tan φ = =–
R 4

2
3 25 2
625 = R 2 +  – R  = R
 4  16

R 2 = 400 ⇒ R = 20Ω

146
 mÙkj

X C– XL = –15Ω

V 223
I = = 9A
Z 25

I M = 2 × 9=12.6 A

;fn R, XC, XL lHkh dks nksxquk dj fn;k tk, rks tan φ esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gksrkA
Z dks nksxquk djsa rks èkkjk vkèkh gks tkrh gSA

d
7.28 (i) Cu osQ rkjksa dk izfrjksèk] R

he
l 1.7×10 –8 ×20000
=ρ = 2
= 4Ω
A  1 –4
π ×  × 10
 2

pu T
is
10 6
re ER
220 V ij I : VI = 106 W ; I = = 0.45 × 10 4 A
220
RI2 = {kfr {k;
bl
= 4 × (0.45)2 × 108 W
be C

> 106 W
o N

;g fofèk lapj.k osQ fy, mi;ksx esa ugha ykbZ tk ldrhA

(ii) V ′I′ = 106 W = 11000 I′
tt ©

1
I′ = ×10 2
1.1

2 1 4 4
RI ′ = × 4 × 10 =3.3×10 W
1.21

izfr'kfDr {k; 3.3 × 104

= 6
=3.3%
10

vm sin ωt
7.29 Ri1 = vm sin ωt i1 =
no

q2 dq 2
+ L 22 = vm sin ωt
C dt

Let q2 = qm sin (ωt + φ)

q 
qm  m – L ω2  sin( ωt + φ ) = vm sin ωt
 C 

147
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

vm 1
qm = , φ = 0; – ω2 L > 0
1 C
– L ω2
C

vm 1
vR = , φ = π L ω2 – >0
1 C
Lw 2 –
C

d
dq 2
i2 = = ωq m cos( ωt + φ )
dt

he
1
i1 ,oa i 2 leku dyk esa ugha gSaA ekuk fd – ω2L > 0
C

pu T
is
vm sin ωt vm
re ER
i1 + i2 = + cos ωt
R 1
Lω –

bl
cω

tgk¡ A sin ωt + B cos ωt = C sin ( ωt + φ )

be C

C cos φ = A, C sin φ = B; C = A 2 + B 2
o N

1
v 2 vm 2 2
vr%] i 1 + i 2 =  m2 + 2
sin(ωt + φ )
R [ω l – 1/ ωC ] 
tt ©

R
φ = tan –1
XL – XC

1/ 2
1 1 1 
=  2+ 
Z R (L ω – 1/ ω C )2 

di qi di d 1 2
7.30 Li + Ri 2 + = vi ; Li =  Li  = izsjd esa laxzghr mQtkZ ifjorZu dh nj
dt c dt dt  2 

Ri 2 = twy mQ"eu {k;

no

q d  q2 
i=   laèkkfj=k esa laxzghr mQtkZ ifjorZu dh nj
C dt  2C 

vi = izpkyd cy }kjk mQtkZ laHkj.k dh njA ;g mQtkZ iz;qDr gksrh gS (i) vkseh; {k; (ii)
laxzghr mQtkZ o`f¼ esaA

148
 mÙkj

T T T
d 1 q 2  + Ri 2 dt = vidt
∫ d t dt  2 i 2 + C  ∫
 0
∫
0 0

T
0 + (+ve ) = ∫ vidt
0

∫ vidt > 0 ;g rHkh vkSj osQoy rHkh laHko gS tc dyk&vUrj] tks vpj gksrk gS]

d
0

he
U;wudks.k gksA

d 2q dq q
(i) + = vm sin ωt

pu T
7.31 L 2 +R
dt dt C

is
re ER
ekuk q = qm sin (ω t + φ) = – qm cos (ωt + φ )

vm bl
i = imsin ( ω t + φ ) = qm ω sin (wt + φ )

vm  X – XL 
be C

im = = ;φ = tan –1  C 
Z 2
R + ( XC – X L )
2  R 
o N

2
1 1  vm 
(ii) U L = Li 2 = L  2 2
2
 sin (ω t0 + φ )
2 2  R + X C – X L ) 0 
tt ©

2
1 q2 1  vm  1 2
UC = =  2 2 2 cos (ω t 0 + φ )
2C 2C  R + ( X C – X L )  ω

(iii) Lora=k NksM nsus ij ;g ,d LC nksfy=k gSA laèkkfj=k vukosf'kr gksrk tk,xk vkSj lEiw.kZ
mQtkZ L esa pyh tk,xhA ;g ozQe myVk gksxk vkSj ckj&ckj ;g izfozQ;k nksgjkbZ tkrh jgsxhA

vè;k; 8
8.1 (c)
no

8.2 (b)

8.3 (b)

8.4 (d)

8.5 (d)

8.6 (c)

149
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

8.7 (c)

8.8 (a), (d)

8.9 (a), (b), (c)

8.10 (b), (d)

8.11 (a), (c), (d)

8.12 (b), (d)

d
8.13 (a), (c), (d)

D;ksfa d oS|rq pqca dh; rjaxas lery /zfq or gksrh gS]a blfy, vfHkxzkgh ,sUVsuk rjax osQ oS|rq @pqca dh;

he
8.14
Hkkx osQ lekarj gksuk pkfg,A
8.15 ekbozQksoso dh vko`fÙk ty osQ v.kqvksa dh vuqukn vko`fÙk ls esy [kkrh gSA

pu T
is
dq
re ER
8.16 iC = iD = = –2π q 0ν sin2πν t
dt

bl 8.17 vko`fÙk ?kVkus ij izfr?kkr Xc =

1
ωC
vr% foLFkkiu /kjk de gks tk,xhA
c<+sxk tks pkyu /kjk dks ?kVk,xkA bl fLFkfr esa
be C

iD = i C;

1 B20 1 3 × 108 × (12 × 10 –8 )2

o N

8.18 I av = c = × = 1.71W / m 2
2 µ0 2 1.26 × 10 –6

T=2p/w
tt ©

8.19
S

BZ t
Ey

8.20 fo|qrpqacdh; rjaxsa fofdj.k nkc yxkrh gSaA /weosQrq dh iw¡N lkSj fofdj.k osQ dkj.k gSA

µ 0 2I D µ1 µ dφ
8.21 B= = 0 = 0 ε0 E
no

i
4πr 4 πr 2πr dt

µ 0ε0 d
= (E πr 2 )
2πr dt

µ0 ε0r dE
=
2 dt

150
 mÙkj

8.22 (a) λ1 → ekbozQksoso (lw{e rjaxsa)

λ2 → ijkcSaxuh rjaxsa
λ3 → X - fdj.ksa
λ4 → vojDr rjaxsa
(b) λ3 < λ2 < λ4 < λ1
(c) lw{e rjaxsa (ekbozQksoso) - jMkj

d
ijkcSaxuh rjaxsa & ykfld us=k 'kY;rk
X-fdj.ksa - vfLFkHkax ozQeoh{k.k

he
vojDr rjaxsa - izdk'kh; lapkj
T
1
D;ksafd

pu T
S av = c 2ε 0 E 0 × B 0 S = c 2ε0 (E × B)
2
8.23 ∫ cos (kx – ωt )dt

is
T 0
re ER
1 T

bl
= c 2ε 0 E 0 B0 ×
T 2

E  1  E0 
= c 2ε 0 E 0  0  × Q c = B 
be C

 c  2  0 
o N

1
= ε 0 E 02 c
2

 1 
tt ©

E 02
=
2µ 0c
D;ksafd  c = µ0ε 0 


dV
8.24 iD = C
dt

–3 –6 dV
1× 10 = 2 ×10
dt

dV 1
= × 10 3 = 5 ×10V / s
no

dt 2
vr% 5 × 102 V/s dk ifjorhZ foHkokUrj yxk dj yf{kr eku dh foLFkkiu èkkjk mRiUu dh
tk ldrh gSA
8.25 nkc

cy F 1 ∆p ∆p
P = = = (F = = lo
a xs ifjoruZ dh nj )
{ks= kiQy A A ∆t ∆t

151
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1 U
= . ( ∆pc = U = ∆t le; e sa rjax }kjk iznku dh xbZ mQtkZ )
A ∆ tc

I U 
=  rhozrk I = 
c A ∆t 

8.26 rhozrk ?kVdj ,d pkSFkkbZ jg tkrh gSA bldk dkj.k gS fd xksyh; {ks=k osQ {ks=kiQy 4π r2 esa
lapfjr gksus ij izdk'k iqat dk foLrkj gksrk gS ysfdu ys”kj esa foLrkj ugha gksrk vkSj blfy,
rhozrk fLFkj jgrh gSA

d
oS|qrpqacdh; rjax dk fo|qr {ks=k nksyk;eku {ks=k gS vkSj fdlh vkosf'kr d.k ij blosQ }kjk

he
8.27
mRiUu fo|qr cy Hkh ,slk gh gksrk gSA iw.kZlkaf[;d pozQksa esa vkSlr ysus ij ;g fo|qr cy
'kwU; gS D;ksafd bldh fn'kk izR;sd vk/s pozQ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA vr% fo|qr {ks=k

pu T fofdj.k nkc esa ;ksxnku ugha djrkA

is
re ER
λ eˆs ˆ
8.28 E= j
2 πε oa

bl B=
µ oi ˆ
2π a
i
be C

µo λ v ˆ
= i
2π a
o N

1 1  λ ˆjs ˆ µo λv 
S= (E × B) =  j× iˆ
µo µ o  2πεo a 2π a 
tt ©

– λ 2v ˆ
= 2 2
k
4π ε 0 a

Vo
8.29 eku yhft, IysVksa osQ chp esa nwjh d gSA rc fo|qr {ks=k gksxk E = sin(2πν t )A pkyu èkkjk
d
1
?kuRo vkse osQ fu;e }kjk izkIr gksxh& J c = sE = ρ E
no

1 Vo V0
⇒ Jc = sin (2πν t ) = sin(2πν t )
ρ d ρd

= J co sin 2πν t

V0
tgk¡ ij J c0 =
ρd

152
 mÙkj

d
foLFkkiu /kjk ?kuRo izkIr gksxk J = ε dt = ε dt
∂E ∂
{ Vo
d }
sin (2 π ν t )

ε 2πνVo
= cos(2 πvt )
d

Jd = ε
∂E
dt
=ε
∂
dt { Vo
d
sin(2π νt ) }

d
ε 2πν Vo
= cos (2πν t )

he
d

2πνε V 0
= J do cos(2πν t ) , tgk¡ J d0 =

pu T d

is
re ER
J do 2πνεV o ρ d
= . = 2πνερ = 2π × 80ε oν × 0.25 = 4πε oν ×10

bl
Joc d Vo

10 ν 4
= 9 =
be C

9×10 9

8.30 (i) foLFkkiu /kjk ?kuRo fuEu laca/ ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS
o N

dE
JD = ε0
dt
tt ©

∂
cos (2πν t). ln   kˆ
s
= ε0 µ 0 I0
∂t a 

1 s ˆ
= I 2πν 2 ( – sin ( 2πν t )) ln 
2 0 k
c a 

2
ν  a ˆ
=   2π I 0 sin (2πν t ) ln  k
c  s 
no

2π a  ˆ
= I 0 ln   sin (2πνt ) k
λ2 s

(ii) Id = ∫ J Ds dsdθ

a
2π a 
=
λ 2
I 0 2π ∫ ln   .sds sin ( 2πνt )
s
s =0

153
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

2 a
2π  1 2
=  a
 I0 ∫ ds l n 

.sin (2 πνt )
 λ  s =0
2 s 

2 2 a 2 2
a  2π  s a 
=   I 0 ∫ d   ln   .sin ( 2 πνt )
4  λ  s =0
 a  s

2 2 1
a  2π 
=–   I 0 ∫ ln ξ d ξ . sin ( 2πν t )

d
4  λ  0

he
2 2
 a   2π 
= +    I 0 sin2πν t (lekdy dk eku –1 gS)
2   λ 

pu T
is
(iii) foLFkkiu èkkjk
re ER
bl
2
 a 2π 
Id =  .  I 0 sin 2πνt = I 0 sin 2πν t
d

2 λ 
be C

2
I d0  a π 
=  .
I0  λ 
o N

x
8.31 (i)
tt ©

4 E 3 2 3 4 1
E=Ex î
dl ∫ E.dl = ∫ E.dl + ∫ E.dl + ∫ E.dl + ∫ E.dl
Ñ
1 2 3 4
h dl E E dl
2 3 4 1

1 E 2 = ∫ E.dl cos 90° + ∫ E.dl cos 0 +∫ E.dl cos 90° + ∫ E.dl cos 180°
z1 z2 Z 1 2 3 4
dl
B=B0 ˆj = E 0h[sin(kz2 – ωt ) – sin (kz1 – ω t )] (1)
y
x
(ii) ∫ B.ds dk ewY;koaQu djus osQ fy, izR;sd dk {ks=kiQy ds = h dz dh ifg;ksa
ls cus vk;r 1234 ij fopkj djsaA
no

4 3
Z2

B h dl ∫ B .d s = ∫ Bds cos 0 = ∫ Bds = ∫ B 0sin (kz – ωt )hdz

Z1

1 ds 2
z1
dz
z2 z – Boh
= [cos(kz 2 – ωt ) – cos(kz1 – ωt )] (2)
k
B=By ˆj

y
154
 mÙkj

–dφB
(iii) ∫ E.dl =
Ñ dt x

lehdj.kksa (1) rFkk (2) esa izkIr lac/ksa dk mi;ksx djosQ rFkk ljyhdj.k }kjk gesa izkIr
gksxk
E=Ex î
B h
E 0h [sin (kz 2 – ωt ) – sin (kz1 – ωt )] = o ω[sin (kz 2 – ωt ) – sin (kz1 – ωt )]
k

1 dl 4

d
ω
E 0 = B0 B=By ˆj z
k dl B
B B dl

he
2 B 3
E0 dl
=c y
B0

pu T
is
(iv) ∫ B.dl osQ ewY;koaQu osQ fy, ywi 1234 ij yz ry esa fp=k }kjk n'kkZ, vuqlkj
re ER
fopkj djsa

bl 3

∫ B.dl = ∫ B.dl + ∫ B.dl + ∫ B.dl +∫ B.dl

Ñ
1 2
4

3
1

4
be C

x
2 3 4 1
= ∫ B dl cos 0 + ∫ B dl cos 90° + ∫ B dl cos 180° +∫ B dl cos 90°
o N

1 2 3 4

E=Exî
= B0h [sin (kz1 – ωt ) – sin (kz2 – ωt )] (3)
tt ©

φE = ∫ E.ds dk ewY;koaQu djus osQ fy,] izR;sd {ks=kiQy dh ifg;ksa ls cus vk;r 1 z1 dz z2
4 z
1234 ij fopkj djsaA B=By ˆj h
ds dl
Z2 2 3
φ E = ∫ E.ds = ∫ Eds cos0 = ∫ Eds = ∫ E 0sin (kz1 – ωt )hdz y
Z1

– E 0h
= [cos(kz 2 – ωt ) – cos(kz 1 – ωt )]
k
no

d φE E hω
∴ = 0 [sin (kz 1 – ωt ) – sin (kz 2 – ωt )] (4)
dt k

 d φ E  , I = pkyu /kjk
∫ B.dl = µ0  I + ε 0
Ñ dt 


= 0 fuokZr esa

155
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

dφE
∫ B.dl = µ0 ε0
∴Ñ
dt

lehdj.kksa (3) rFkk (4) esa izkIr lac/ksa dk mi;ksx djosQ rFkk ljy djus ij gesa izkIr gksrk
gS&

ω
B0 = E 0 .µ0 ε 0
k

d
E0 ω 1
= ysfdu E0 /B0 = c, rFkk w = ck
B0 k µ0 ε0

he
;k c.c = 1 vr%, c = 1 .

pu T µ0 ε0 µ0 ε0

is
re ER
bl 8.32 (i) E - {ks=k dk ;ksxnku gS uE = 1 ε 0 E 2
2
be C

2
B- {ks=k dk ;ksxnku gS u B = 1 B
+1 2 µ0
o N

2
oqQy mQtkZ ?kuRo u = u E + uB = 1 ε 0E2 + 1 B (1)
2 2 µ0
0 p 2p
tt ©

E2 rFkk B2 osQ
eku izR;sd fcUnq rFkk izR;sd {k.k ij ifjofrZr gksrs gSaA vr% E2 rFkk B2 osQ
izHkkoh eku muosQ dkfyd eku gSaA

(E 2 ) av= E 02 [sin 2 (kz – ω t )]av

2 2
(B 2)av = (B 2 )av = B 0 [sin ( kz – ωt )]a v

rFkk cos2θ osQ xzkiQ vko`Qfr esa le:i gSa ysfdu π /2 ls LFkkukUrfjr gSa] vr%
sin2θ sin2θ
rFkk cos2θ osQ vkSlr eku Hkh π osQ fdlh Hkh iw.kZlkaf[;d xq.kt osQ fy, leku gSaA
no

rFkk sin2θ + cos2θ =1

1
vr% lefefr ls sin2θ dk vkSlr = cos2 θ dk vkSlr =
2

2 1 2 2 1 2
∴ (E )av = E 0 and ( B )av = B0
2 2

156
 mÙkj

lehdj.k 1 esa izLFkkiu djus ij

1 1 B02
u = ε 0E 2 +
4 4 µ

E0 1 1 B20 E 02 / c 2 E2 1
(ii) gesa Kkr gS = c rFkk c = ∴ = = 0 µ ε 0 = ε 0 E 02
B0 µ 0 ε0 4 µ0 4µ 0 4µ 0 0
4

1 1 1 1

d
u av = ε 0 E 02 + ε0 E 02 = ε 0 E 02 , rFkk I av = u avc = ε 0 E 02
4 4 2 2

he
Chapter 9

9.1 (a)

pu T
is
re ER
9.2 (d)

bl
9.3 (c)

9.4 (b)

9.5 (c)
be C

9.6 (c)
o N

9.7 (b)

9.8 (b)

(b)
tt ©

9.9

9.10 (c)

9.11 (a)

9.12 (a), (b), (c)

9.13 (d)

9.14 (a), (d)

9.15 (a), (b)

(a), (b), (c)

no

9.16

9.17 D;ksafd yky izdk'k osQ fy, viorZukad uhys osQ fy, viorZukad ls de gS] blfy, ysal
ij vkifrr lekUrj izdk'k iqat yky izdk'k dh vis{kk uhys izdk'k dh fLFkfr esa v{k dh
vksj vf/d eqM+sxkA blfy, yky izdk'k dh vis{kk uhys izdk'k osQ fy, iQksdl nwjh de
gksxhA

157
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

9.18 lkekU; O;fDr dh fudV n`f"V 25 cm gSA fdlh fcac dks 10 xquk vkof/Zr ns[kus osQ fy,

D D 25
m= ⇒ f = = = 2.5 = 0.025m
f m 10

1 MkbvkWIVj
P = = 40
0.025

9.19 ughaA ysal dks myVk djus ij izfrfcac dh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu ugha gksxkA (izdk'k dh

d
mRozQe.kh;rk)

he
9.20 eku yhft, µ2 ls fcac dks ns[kus ij vkHkklh xgjkbZ O1 gSA

µ2 h
O1 =

pu T µ1 3

is
re ER
µ 3 ls ns[kus ij vkHkklh xgjkbZ O 2 gSA

h/3 m3

bl O3
O2 =
µ3  h  µ3
 + O1  =
µ2  3  µ2
 h µ2 h  h  µ3 µ3 
3 + µ 3 =  µ + µ 
 1  3 2 1 
be C

h/3 m2 O2 ckgj ls ns[kus ij vkHkklh mQ¡pkbZ

o N

1 h  1  h h  µ3 µ 3  
m1 O3 =  +O 2  =  + + 
h/3 O1 µ3  3  µ3  3 3  µ2 µ1  

O
tt ©

h1 1 1 
=  + + 
3  µ1 µ 2 µ 3 

9.21 U;wure fopyu ij

 (A + Dm ) 
sin  
µ=  2
sin  
A
2 

fn;k gS Dm = A
no

A A
2 sin cos
sin A 2 2 = 2 cos A
∴ µ= =
A A 2
sin sin
2 2

A 3 A
∴ cos = vFkok 2 = 30° ∴ A = 60°
2 2
158
 mÙkj

9.22 eku yhft, fcac osQ nks fljs ozQe'k% fcac nwjh u1= u – L/2 rFkk u2 = u + L/2 ij gSa] ftlls
|u1 –u2 |= LA eku yhft, nks fljkas osQ izfrfcac v1 rFkk v 2 ij curs gSa] bl izdkj izfrfcac
1 1 1 fu
dh yEckbZ gksxh D;ksafd + = ;k v =
L ′ = v1 – v2 . u v f u – f , nks fljksa dk izfrfcac
f (u – L / 2) f (u + L /2 )
gksxk v1 = ij v 2 = ij
u – f – L/2 u – f + L /2
vr%
f 2L
L ′ =| v1 – v 2 |=

d
2
(u – f ) × L 2 / 4
D;ksafd fcac NksVk gS rFkk iQksdl ls nwj j[kk x;k gS blfy, ge ik,¡xs

he
L2 /4 << (u –f )2
vr% vfUrer%
f2

pu T
is
L′ = 2 L.
(u – f )
re ER
fp=k osQ lanHkZ esa] nzo Hkjus ls igys vkifrr fdj.k dh fn'kk AM gSA nzo Hkjus osQ i'pkr

bl
9.23
vkifrr fdj.k dh fn'kk BM gSA nksuksa fLFkfr;ksa esa viofrZr fdj.k AM osQ vuqfn'k ,d gh
gSA
be C

1 sin i sin i
= =
µ sin r sin α a
a O a M
a
o N

a –R a +R d
sin i = rFkk sin α = cos(90 – α ) =
a
2 2 i
d + (a – R ) 2
d + (a – R )
2 a -a
90
A R C R B
tt ©

2 2
µ (a – R )
izfrLFkkfir djus ij gesa izkIr gksxk d =
2 2
(a + R ) – µ (a – R )

50.0
9.24
0.5
O O¢
no

;fn dkVk u tkrk rks fcac eq[; v{k 00′ ls 0.5 cm dh mQ¡pkbZ ij gksrkA
1 1 1
– =
v u f
1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ = + = + =
v u f –50 25 50
∴ v = 50 cm

159
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

v 50
vko/Zu m= =– = –1
u 50
vr% izfrfcac izdkf'kd osQUnz ls 50 cm nwj rFkk eq[; v{k ls 0.5 cm uhps cusxkA
bl izdkj dVs gq, ysal dh dksj ls xq”kjus okyh X v{k osQ lkis{k izfrfcac osQ funsZ'kkad
(50 cm, –1 cm) gSaA

9.25 ysal lw=k

1 1 1
= –

d
f v u
dks ns[kus ij u rFkk v dh mRozQe.kh;rk ls ;g Li"V gSA ,slh nks fLFkfr;k¡ gSa ftuosQ fy, ijns

he
ij izfrfcac cusxkA
eku yhft, igyh fLFkfr og gS tc ysal O ij gSA
fn;k gS –u + v = D

pu T ⇒ u = –(D – v)

is
bls ysal lw=k esa j[kus ij
re ER
1 1 1

bl
+ =
D –v v f
u O v
v + D –v 1
⇒ =
be C

(D – v )v f

⇒ v 2 – Dv + Df = 0
o N

D D2 – 4 Df
⇒v= ±
2 2
tt ©

D D 2 – 4Df 
u = –(D – v) = –  ± 
2 2 

2 2
gS rks izfrfcac D + D – 4Df ij gksxkA
D D – 4Df
bl izdkj ;fn fcac nwjh –
2 2 2 2

2 2
;fn fcac nwjh D + D – 4 Df gS rks izfrfcac D – D – 4Df .ij gksxkA
2 2 2 2

bu nks fcac nwfj;ksa osQ fy, izdkf'kd osQUnzksa osQ chp dh nwjh gS
no

D D 2 – 4 Df  D 2 
+ –  – D – 4Df  = D 2 – 4 Df
2 2 2 2 

ekuk d= D 2 – 4 Df

D d D d
;fn u= + rc izfrfcac gksxk v= – ij
2 2 2 2

160
 mÙkj

D– d
∴ vko/Zu m 1 =
D +d

D–d D +d
;fn u = rc v=
2 2

2
D+ d m 2  D+ d 
∴ vko/Zu m2 = vr% =
D–d m1  D – d 

d
d
9.26 eku yhft, fMLd dk O;kl d gSA fcanq vn`'; gks tk,xk ;fn fcanq ls i`"B ij vkifrr fdj.ksa
2

he
ozQkafrd dks.k ij gksaA eku yhft, vkiru dks.k i gS

1
rc sin i =

pu T
µ

is
re ER
vc d /2 = tan i

bl
h

d –1
⇒ = h tan i = h  µ 2 – 1 
2
be C

2h
∴d =
µ2 – 1
o N

9.27 (i) eku yhft, lkekU; foJkUr us=k osQ fy, nwj fcanq ij {kerk Pf gSA
1 1 1
rc Pf = = 60 MkbvkWIVj
tt ©

= +
f 0 .1 0.02
la'kks/d ysal osQ lkFk nwj fcanq ij fcac nwjh ∞ gSA
1 1 1
P′f = = + = 50D
f ′ ∞ 0.02
p'es osQ lkFk foJkar us=k dh izHkkoh {kerk us=k rFkk p'es osQ ysalksa P g dk ;ksx gSA
∴ P ′f = Pf + Pg
∴ Pg = – 10 D

(ii) lkekU;
us=k osQ fy, mldh leatu {kerk 4 MkbvkWIVj gSA eku yhft, fd lkekU; us=k
dh fudV n`f"V dh {kerk Pn gS
no

rc 4 = Pn – Pf or Pn = 64 D
eku yhft, mldk fudV fcanq xn gks] rc
1 1 1
+ = 64 vFkok + 50 = 64
x n 0.02 xn

1
= 14
xn

161
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1
∴ xn = ; 0.07m
14

(iii) p'es osQ lkFk Pn′ = P f′ + 4 = 54

1 1 1
54 = + = + 50
x ′n 0.02 x n′
1
=4
x ′n

d
1
∴ x ′n = = 0.25m

he
4

9.28 dksbZ fdj.k tks dks.k i ls izos'k djrh gS] AC osQ vuqfn'k funsZf'kr gksxh ;fn iQyd AC

pu T ls cuk;k x;k dks.k (φ ) ozQkafrd dks.k ls vf/d gSA

is
1
re ER
⇒ sin ≥
µ

A
f
bl C ⇒ cos r ≥ µ
1
be C

r
vFkok 1 – cos2r ≤ 1 – 12
i
µ
o N

i.e. sin2r ≤ 1 –
1
µ2
B D
D;ksafd sin i = µ sin r
tt ©

1 1
sin2 i ≤ 1 –
µ2 µ2
;k sin 2i ≤ µ 2 – 1
π
tc i= rks φ NksVs ls NksVk dks.k gksxkA ;fn ;g ozQkafrd dks.k ls cM+k gS rc lHkh nwljs
2
vkiru dks.k ozQkafrd dks.k ls vf/d gksaxsA
vr% 1 ≤ µ 2 –1
;k µ 2 ≥ 2
⇒µ ≥ 2
no

9.29 nzo osQ vUnj x rFkk x + dx osQ chp ,d fdj.k osQ fdlh Hkkx ij fopkj dhft,A eku yhft,
x ij vkiru dks.k θ gS vkSj eku yhft, ;g irys LraHk esa y mQ¡pkbZ ij izos'k djrh gSA cadu
osQ dkj.k ;g dks.k θ + dθ ls y + dy mQ¡pkbZ ij rFkk x + dx fuxZr gksxhA LuSy osQ fu;e
ls&
µ(y) sin θ = m(y+dy) sin (θ+dθ)
 dµ 
;k µ(y) sinθ ;  µ (y ) + dy  (sinθ cosdθ + cos θ sin dθ )
 dy 

162
 mÙkj

dµ
; µ (y )sin θ + µ (y) cosθ dθ + dy sin θ
dy y q
dy
–d µ q + dq
vFkok µ(y) cosθdθ ; dy sin θ (y + dy)
dy

–1 d µ
dθ ; dy tan θ
µ dy
dx

d
dx
ysfdu tanθ = (fp=k ls)
dy

he
–1 d µ
∴ dθ = dx
µ dy

pu T
is
d
–1 d µ –1 d µ
∴θ= ∫ dx = d
re ER
µ dy o µ dy

9.30 r

bl
rFkk r + dr ij nks ryksa ij fopkj djsaA eku yhft, ry r ij izdk'k θ dks.k ls vkifrr
gksrk gS rFkk r + dr ls θ +dθ dks.k ls ckgj fudyrk gSA
rc Lusy osQ fu;e ls
be C

n(r) sinθ = n(r + dr) sin (θ + dθ )

o N

 dn 
⇒ n(r) sinθ ;  n(r ) + dr  (sinθ cos dθ + cosθ sin dθ )
 dr 

 dn 
tt ©

;  n( r ) + dr  (sin θ + cos θ dθ )
 dr 

vody xq.ku iQyksa dks NksM+us ij

q + dq
dn
n (r )sinθ ; n(r )sinθ + dr sinθ + n(r) cosθdθ
dr

dn dθ
⇒ – tan θ = n (r )
dr dr
dr R
2GM 2GM
⇒ tan θ = 1 +  dθ ≈ d θ q r M
no


r 2c 2  rc 2  dr dr

θo ∞
2GM tan θ dr
∴ ∫ dθ = c2 ∫ r2 r
0 –∞ r + dr

R
vc r2 = x2 +R 2 rFkk tanθ =
x

163
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

2rdr = 2xdx

θo ∞
2GM R xdx
∫ dθ = 2 ∫
c –∞ x
3
0
(x 2 + R 2 )2

x = R tan φ jf[k,
x = R tan φ

dx = R Sec2 φ d φ

d
π /2
2GMR R sec2 φ dφ

he
∴ θ0 =
c2 ∫ R3 sec3 φ
– π /2

pu T
π/2
2 GM 4GM
= ∫ cosφ d φ =

is
2 2
Rc –π /2
Rc
re ER
bl
9.31 D;ksfa d inkFkZ –1 viorZukad dk gS] θr ½.kkRed gS rFkk θr′ /ukRed gSA vc θi = θr = θr′
ckgj fudyus okyh fdj.k dk vUnj vkus okyh fdj.k ls oqQy fopyu 4θi gSA fdj.ksa xzkgh
IysV rd ugha igq¡psaxh ;fn
be C

π 3π
≤ 4θi ≤ (dks.k y &v{k ls nf{k.kkorZ ekis x, gSa)
2 2
o N

π 3π
≤ θi ≤
8 8
tt ©

x
vc sin θi =
R
π –1 x 3π
≤ sin ≤
8 R 8
π x 3π
vFkok 8 ≤ R ≤ 8

vr% Rπ ≤ x ≤ R 3π osQ fy, lzksr ls mRlftZr izdk'k xzkgh IysV rd ugha igq¡psxkA
8 8
no

9.32 (i) S ls P1 rd ikjxeu dk le; gS

2 2
SP1 u +b u 1 b2 
t1 = = ; 1 +  eku yhft, b << u0
c c c 2 u2 
P1 ls O rd ikjxeu dk le; gS
2 2
P1O v +b v 1 b2 
t2 = = ; 1 + 
c c c 2 v2 

164
 mÙkj

ysal ls ikjxeu dk le; gS

(n – 1)w (b )
tl = tgk¡ n viorZukad gSA
c
vr% oqQy le; gS
1 1 2 1 1  1 1 1
t= u + v + b  +  + (n – 1)w (b ) . = + jf[k,
c 2 u v   D u v P1

1 1 b2  b 2  b
rc t= u + v + + (n – 1) w 0 +  S O

d
c 2 D  α  u v

iQjeSV osQ fl¼kUr ls

he
dt b 2(n – 1)b
=0= –
db CD cα
α = 2(n –1)D

pu T
is
vr% ;fn α = 2(n –1)D rks vfHklj.kdkjh ysal cusxkA ;g b ls LorU=k gS vkSj blfy, S
re ER
ls vkus okyh lHkh mik{kh; fdj.ksa O ij vfHklfjr gksaxh (vFkkZr b << n rFkk b << v

bl
fdj.kksa osQ fy,)A
D;ksafd 1 1 1 iQksdl nwjh gSA
= + ,
D u v
be C

(ii) bl fLFkfr esa

2
1 1b k 
o N

t= u + v + + (n − 1) k 1ln  2  
c 2 D  b 

dt b k
= 0 = – (n – 1) 1
tt ©

db D b
⇒ b2 = (n – 1) k 1D
∴b= (n – 1)k1 D
vr% mQ¡pkbZ ls xqtjus okyh lHkh fdj.ksa izfrfcac cukus esa ;ksxnku nsaxhA fdj.k iFk }kjk cuk;k
x;k dks.k
b (n – 1)k1 D (n – 1)k1uv (n – 1)k 1u
β; = 2
= 2
=
v v v (u + v ) (u + v )v

vè;k; 10
no

10.1 (c)

10.2 (a)

10.3 (a)

10.4 (c)

10.5 (d)

165
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

10.6 (a), (b), (d)

10.7 (b), (d)

10.8 (a), (b)

10.9 (a), (b)

10.10 gk¡
10.11 xksyh;

d
10.12 xksyh;] i`Foh dh f=kT;k dh rqyuk esa fo'kky f=kT;k ftlls fd ;g yxHkx lery gSA

he
10.13 èofu rjaxksa dh vko`fÙk;k¡ 20 Hz ls 20 kHz gksrh gSaA laxr rjaxnS?;Z ozQe'k% 15m rFkk
15mm gSA foorZu izHkko fn[kkbZ nsxk ;fn f>fj;ksa dh pkSM+kbZ a ,slh gks fd

pu T a λ

is
izdk'k rjaxksa osQ fy, rjaxnS?;Z 10–7mA vr% foorZu izHkko fn[kkbZ nsxk tc
re ER
a 10 –7 m

bl tcfd èofu rjaxksas osQ fy, ;s fn[kkbZ nsaxs

15mm < a < 15m

nks fcanqvksa osQ chp jSf[kd nwjh 2.54

gSA nwjh ij ;g
be C

10.14 l= cm ; 0.84 × 10–2 cm Z cm

300

l 0.84 ×10 –2 cm
o N

dks.k φ : l/z ∴ z = = –4
: 14.5 cm
φ 5.8 ×10

10.15 osQoy fo'ks"k fLFkfr;ksa esa tc (III) dh ikfjr v{k (I) ;k (II) osQ lekUrj gS rks dksbZ izdk'k
tt ©

fuxZr ugha gksxkA nwljh lHkh fLFkfr;ksa esa izdk'k fuxZr gksxk D;ksafd (II) dh ikfjr v{k (III)
osQ yacor ugha gSA
10.16 ijkorZu }kjk èzkqo.k rc gksrk gS tc vkiru dks.k czwLVj dks.k osQ cjkcj gks vFkkZr~
n2
tan θB = tgk¡ n2 < n1
n1

n2
tc ,sls ekè;e esa izdk'k xeu djrk gS rks ozQkafrd dks.k gS sin θc = tgk¡ n2 < n1.
n1

D;ksafd cM+s dks.kksa osQ fy, |tan θB|>|sin θc| θB < θC

blfy, ijkorZu }kjk fuf'pr :i ls èkzqo.k gksxkA
no

1.22λ
10.17 d min =
2 sin β

tgk¡ β vfHkn`';d }kjk fcac ij varfjr dks.k gSA

5500 Å osQ izdk'k osQ fy,

166
 mÙkj

1.22 × 5.5 × 10–7

d min = m
2 sin β

100V ls Rofjr bysDVªkWuksa osQ fy, ns czkXyh rjaxnS?;Z gS

h 1.227
λ= = = 0.13nm = 0.13 ×10 –9 m
p 100

1.22 ×1.3 ×10 –10

d
∴ d 'min =
2sin β

he
d ' min 1.3 × 10–10
∴ = –7
: 0.2 ×10–3
d min 5.5 × 10

pu T
is
10.18 T2P = D + x, T1 P = D – x
re ER
S1P = (S1 T1 )2 + (PT1 )2

bl
= [D 2 + (D – x)2]1/2

S2 P = [D 2 + (D + x)2]1/2
be C

fufEu"B izkIr gksxk tc

o N

λ
[D 2 + (D + x)2]1/2 – [D2 + (D – x)2 ]1/2 =
2
tt ©

;fn x =D

λ
(D2 + 4 D2)1/2 =
2

λ
(5D2)1/2 =
2

λ .
∴D =
2 5
no

10.19 cxSj P osQ

A = A ⊥ + A11

A ⊥ = A 1⊥ + A 2⊥ = A 0⊥sin(kx –ωt )+A 0⊥sin(kx – ωt + φ )

(1) (2)
A 11 = A 11 + A11

167
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

0
A 11 = A 11[sin(kx – wt ) + sin(kx – ωt + φ ]

tgk¡ A 0⊥ , A 101 fdlh Hkh fdj.k iaqt osQ ⊥ rFkk 11 èkzqo.kksa esa vk;ke gSaA

∴ rhozrk

= {A 0 2
⊥
0
+ A 11
2
} [sin 2
(kx – wt ) (1+cos2φ + 2 sin φ )+sin 2 (kx –ωt ) sin 2 φ] vklSr

{
= A 0⊥ + A11
0
2 2
} 12 .2(1+cosφ )

d
he
2
= 2 A 0⊥ .(1 + cos φ )since A 0⊥ vkSlr = A 011 vkSlr

P osQ lkFk%

pu T
is
ekuk A12 vo#¼ gS
re ER
⊥

bl rhozrk = =

2
(A 111 + A11

= A 0⊥ (1 + cos φ ) + A ⊥0 .
2 2
) + (A 1⊥ )2

2 1
be C

2
o N

fn;k gS: I0 = 4 A 0⊥ = cxSj iksysjkbtj osQ eq[; mfPp"B rhozrk

iksysjkbtj osQ lkFk eq[; mfPp"B ij rhozrk

tt ©

2  1
= A 0⊥  2 + 
 2

5
= I0
8

iksysjkbtj osQ lkFk eq[; mfPp"B ij rhozrk

2
0
2 A 0⊥
= A ⊥
(1 – 1) +
2
no

I0
=
8

10.20 iFkkarj = 2d sinθ + (µ – 1)l

∴ eq[; mfPp"B osQ fy,

2d sinθ + 0.5l = 0

168
 mÙkj

–l –1  d
sin θ0 = = Ql = 
4d 16  4

D
∴ OP = D tan θ0 ≈ –
16

izFke fufEu"B osQ fy,

d
∴ 2d sinθ1 +0.5l = ±
2

he
± λ / 2 – 0.5l ±λ /2 – λ / 8 1 1
sin θ1 = = =± –
2d 2λ 4 16

pu T
is
3
èkukRed fn'kk esa: sin θ + =
16
re ER
bl
½.kkRed fn'kk esa: sin θ – = –

èkukRed fn'kk esa izFke eq[; mfPp"B dh nwjh

5
16
be C

sin θ + 3
D tan θ + = D
o N

=D O osQ mQij
2 2 2
1 – sin θ 16 – 3

5
½.kkRed fn'kk esa nwjh gksxh D tan θ – = O osQ uhps
tt ©

16 – 52
2

10.21 (i) R 1 tks A ls d nwjh ij gS] ij fo{kksHkksa osQ ckjs esa fopkj djsaA eku yhft, A osQ dkj.k
R 1 ij rjax gS YA = a cos ωt A A ls laosQr dk B ls iFkkUrj λ/2 gS rFkk bl izdkj
dykUrj π gSA
R2
bl izdkj B osQ dkj.k R 1 ij rjax gS

y B = a cos(ω t – π ) = –a cos ωt

C ls laosQr dk A ls iFkkUrj π gS vkSj bl izdkj dykUrj 2π gSA

no

vr% C osQ dkj.k R1 ij rjax gS y c = a cos ωt A D rFkk A ls l/2 l/2

laosQr osQ chp iFkkUrj gS R1 A B C

2
λ 
d 2 +   − ( d − λ /2 ) l/2
2 
D

169
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1 /2
 λ  λ
= d 1 + 2 −d +
 4d  2

1/ 2

= d 1 +
λ2  −d +
λ
2 
 8d  2

λ
iFkkUrj : vkSj blfy, dykUrj π gSA
2

d
∴ y D = −a cos ω t

he
R 1 ij izkIr gksus okyk laosQr gS
y A + yB + yC + yD = 0

pu T
is
eku yhft, B ls R2 ij izkIr gksus okyk laosQr gS yB = a1 cos ω tA B rFkk D ij
re ER
laosQrksa osQ chp iFkkUrj λ/2 gS

bl ∴ y D = –a1 cos ω t
be C

A rFkk B ij laosQr osQ chp iFkkUrj gS

o N

2 1 /2
 λ  λ2  1 λ2
(d )2 +   − d = d  1 + 2 
−d : 2
 2  4d  8d
tt ©

2π λ 2 πλ
∴ dykUrj gS 8 λ . d 2 = 4d = φ : 0

vr% yA = a1 cos (ω t-φ)

blh izdkj yC = a1 cos (ω t-φ)
∴ R2 }kjk p;fur laosQr gS
y A + yB + yC + yD = y = 2a1 cos (ω t-φ)
∴| y |2 = 4a12 cos2 (ωt – φ )

∴ I = 2a12
no

vr% R1 o`gr laosQr p;u djrk gSA

(ii) ;fn B dks cUn dj fn;k tk,
R 1 p;u djrk gS y = a cos ω t
1 2
∴ I R1 = a
2
R 2 p;u djrk gS y = a cos ω t
1 2
∴ I R2 = a1
2

170
 mÙkj

bl izdkj R1 rFkk R2 leku laosQr p;u djrs gSaA

(iii);fn D dks cUn dj fn;k tk,
R 1 p;u djrk gS y = a cos ω t
1 2
∴ I R1 = a
2
R 2 p;u djrk gS y = 3a cos ω t
1 2
∴ I R2 = 9a
2

d
bl izdkj R2, R1 rqyuk esa o`gr laosQr p;u djrk gSA
(iv) bl izdkj R1 ij laosQr n'kkZrk gS fd B cUn dj fn;k x;k gS rFkk R2 ij ,d o`gr

he
laosQr n'kkZrk gS D dks cUn dj fn;k x;k gSA
10.22 (i) eku yhft, fd vfHkèkkj.kk lgh gS] rc nks lekUrj fdj.ksa fp=k esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj vxzlj

pu T
gksrh gSaA eku yhft, ED rjaxkxz dks n'kkZrk gS rks bl ij reke fcanq leku dyk esa

is
gksus pkfg,A leku izdkf'kd iFk yEckbZ osQ lHkh fcanq leku dyk esa gksus
re ER
pkfg,A

bl
qi qi
vr% – εr µr AE = BC – ε r µr CD ok;q
B
E A C
;k BC = εr µr (CD − AE ) D ekè;e
be C

qr
pwafd BC > 0, CD > AE qi
;g n'kkZrk gS fd vfHkèkkj.kk ;qfDrlaxr gSA rFkkfi] ;fn izdk'k mlh izdkj fp=k 1
vxzflr gksrk gS tSls ;g lkèkkj.k inkFkksZa esa gksrk gS (vFkkZr] pkSFks prqFkkZa'k
o N

esa fp=k 2)
B ok;q
rc – εr µr AE = BC – ε r µr CD
A C
tt ©

;k] BC = ε r µ r ( CD − AE ) D ekè;e
D;ksafd AE > CD, BC < O E
;g n'kkZrs gq, fd ,slk lEHko ugha gSA vr% vfHkèkkj.kk lgh gSA
(ii) fp=k 1 ls fp=k 2
BC = AC sin θi rFkk CD-AE = AC sin θr :

D;ksafd − ε r µr ( AE − CD ) = BC
–n sin θr = sin θi.
10.23 dks.k i ij vkifrr ,d fdj.k ij fopkj djsAa bl fdj.k dk ,d Hkkx ok;q&fiQYe vUrjki`"B
ls ijkofrZr gksrk gS rFkk ,d Hkkx vUnj viofrZr gksrk gSA ;g fiQYe&dk¡p vUrjki`"B ij
no

va'kr% ijkofrZr rFkk va'kr% ikjxr gksrh gSA ijkofrZr fdj.k dk ,d Hkkx fiQYe&ok;q
vUrjki`"B ij ijkofrZr gksrk gS rFkk ,d Hkkx r2 dh rjg ikjxr r1 osQ lekUrj ikjxr gksrk
gSA okLro esa ozQfed ijkorZu rFkk ikjxeu rjax osQ vk;ke dks ?kVkrs jgsaxsA vr% r1 rFkk r2
fdj.ksa O;ogkj ij NkbZ jgsaxhA ;fn vkifrr izdk'k ysal }kjk ikjxfer gks rks r1 rFkk r2 esa
fouk'kh O;frdj.k gksuk pkfg,A A rFkk D nksauksa ij ijkorZu fuEu ls mPp viorZukad
dh vksj gksaxs vr% ijkorZu ij dksbZ dyk ifjorZu ugha gksxkA r2 rFkk r1 osQ chp izdkf'kd
iFkkUrj gS

171
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

n (AD + CD) – AB

;fn d fiQYe dh eksVkbZ gS rks

d
AD = CD =
cos r

AB = AC sin i

AC

d
= d tan r
2

he
∴ AC = 2d tan r

vr% AB = 2d tanr sin i

pu T
is
vr% iFkkUrj gS
re ER
bl
d
2n − 2d tan r sin i
cosr

sin i d sin r
be C

= 2. − 2d sin i
sin r cosr cosr
o N

 1 − sin2 r 
= 2d sin  
 sin r cos r 

= 2nd cos r
tt ©

bu rjaxksa osQ fouk'kh O;frdj.k osQ fy, ;g λ/2 osQ cjkcj gksuk pkfg,A

λ
⇒ 2nd cos r =
2

;k nd cos r = λ/4

oSQejs osQ ysal osQ fy,] lzksr mQèokZèkj ry esa gS vkSj blfy,
no

i r 0

λ
∴ nd ; .
4

o
5500 A o
⇒d = ; 1000 A
1.38 × 4

172
 mÙkj

vè;k; 11
11.1 (d)

11.2 (b)

11.3 (d)

11.4 (c)

11.5 (b)

d
11.6 (a)

he
11.7 (a)

11.8 (c)

pu T
is
11.9 (c), (d)
re ER
11.10 (a), (c)

11.11

11.12
(b), (c)

(a), (b), (c)

bl
be C

11.13 (b), (d)

2m α Eα
o N

11.14 λp /λd = p x / p p = = 8 :1
2m p E p

11.15 (i) Emax = 2hν – φ

tt ©

(ii) ,d gh bysDVªkWu }kjk nks iQksVkWu vo'kksf"kr djus dh izkf;drk vR;Ur fuEu gSA vr%
bl izdkj osQ mRltZu ux.; gSaA
11.16 igyh fLFkfr esa iznÙk (ckgj fudyh) mQtkZ laHkfjr mQtkZ ls de gSA nwljh fLFkfr esa D;ksafd
mRlftZr iQksVkWu esa vf/d mQtkZ gksrh gS blfy, inkFkZ dks mQtkZ vkiwfrZ djuh iM+rh gSA LFkk;h
inkFkksZa osQ fy, ,slk gksuk laHko ugha gSA
11.17 ugha] vf/dak'k bysDVªkWu èkkrq esa izdh.kZ gks tkrs gSaA osQoy oqQN gh èkkrq osQ i`"B ls ckgj vkrs
gSAa
oqQy E fu;r gSA
no

11.18

eku yhft, n1 rFkk n2 X-fdj.kksa rFkk n`'; {ks=k osQ iQksVkWu dh la[;k gSA
n1E 1 = n2 E2

hc hc
n1 = n2
λ1 λ2

173
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

n1 λ
= 1
n2 λ2
n1 1
=
n 2 500

11.19 laosx èkkrq dks LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gSA lw{e Lrj ij] ijek.kq iQksVkWu dks vo'kksf"kr djrs gSa
rFkk bldk laosx eq[; :i ls ukfHkd rFkk bysDVªkWuksa dks LFkkukarfjr gks tkrk gSA mÙksftr
bysDVªkWu mRlftZr gksrk gSA laosx laj{k.k ukfHkd rFkk bysDVªkWuks dks laosx LFkkukarfjr djus
osQ fy, laosx laj{k.k osQ ifjdyu dh vko';drk gSA

d
11.20 vfèkdre mQtkZ = hν –φ

he
 1230  1  1230 
 – φ =  – φ
 600  2  400 

pu T
is
1230
re ER
φ= = 1.02eV
1200

bl 11.21 ∆x ∆p ; h

h 1.05 × 10–34 Js
be C

∆p ; ; –9
= 1.05 ×10–25
∆x 10 m
o N

p2 (1.05 × 10–25 )2 1.052 1.052

E= = –31
= ×10 –19 J= eV
2m 2 × 9.1 × 10 18.2 18.2 × 1.6

= 3.8 × 10–2eV
tt ©

11.22 I = n A n A = n BνB

nA ν
=2= B
nB νA

iqat B dh vko`fÙk A ls nqxuh gSA

h h h h
11.23 pc = p A + p B = + = = if pA, pB > 0 or pA, pB < 0
λA λB λc λc
λ λ
no

vFkok λc = A B
λ A + λB
;fn pA > 0, pB < 0 vFkok p A < 0, p B > 0
λB – λA h
pc = h =
λA .λB λc

λ B .λ A
λc =
λ A – λB

174
 mÙkj

11.24 2d sinθ = λ = d =10–10 m

h 6.6 × 10–34
p= –10
= –10
= 6.6 × 10–21 kg m /s
10 10

(6.6 × 10–24 )2 6.62

E= –27
× 1.6 × 10–19 = × 1.6 × 10–2 eV
2 × (1.7 × 10 ) 2 × 1.7

= 20.5 × 10–2eV = 0.21eV

d
11.25 Na osQ 6 × 1026 ijek.kqvksa dk Hkkj = 23 kg

he
y{; dk vk;ru = (10 –4 × 10–3 ) = 10–7m3

lksfM;e dk ?kuRo = (d) = 0.97 kg/m3

pu T
is
23
6 × 1026 Na ijek.kqvksa dk vk;ru = m 3 = 23.7 m3
0.97
re ER
23
1 Na ijek.kq

y{; esa Na bldk vk;ru = 0.97 × 6 × 1026 m 3

ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k =
10–7
= 3.95 × 10–26 m3

–26 = 2.53 × 10
18
be C

3.95 ×10

iQksVkWu dh la[;k izfr lsoaQM rFkk 10–4 m2 = n

o N

mQtkZ izfr lsoaQM rFkk nhν = 10–4 J × 100 = 10–2 W

1234.5
hν (λ = 660nm osQ fy,) =
tt ©

600

= 2.05eV = 2.05 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 3.28 × 10–19J

10 –2 16
n= –19 = 3.05 × 10 / s
3.28 × 10

1
n= × 1017 = 3.1× 1016
3.2

;fn izfr ijek.kq mRltZu dh izkf;drk P gS] izfr iQksVkWu] iQksVksbysDVªkWu dh izfr lsoaQM
mRltZZu dh la[;k
no

= P × 3.1 ×1016 × 2.53 × 1018

èkkjk = P × 3.1 × 10+16 × 2.53 × 1018 × 1.6 × 10–19 A

= P × 1.25 × 10+16 A

;g 100µA osQ cjkcj gksuh pkfg, vFkok

175
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

100 × 10–6
P= +16
1.25 ×10

∴ P = 8 × 10–21

bl izdkj ,dy ijek.kq ij ,dy iQksVkWu }kjk iQksVks mRltZu dh izkf;drk 1 ls cgqr de
gSA (blfy, ,d ijek.kq }kjk nks iQksVkWu dk vo'kks"k.k ux.; gSA)

∞
1 1 q2 1 q2

d
11.26 cká ,tsalh }kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z = +
4πε 0
. ∫ 2
4d x
dx = .
4 4πε 0d

he
(1.6 × 10– 19 ) × 9 ×109
d = 0.1nm ls] mQtkZ = –10 –19 eV
4(10 ) ×1.6 × 10

pu T
is
1.6 × 9
= eV = 3.6 eV
4
re ER
bl
11.27 (i) B osQ fy, mPp vko`fÙk ij fujks/h foHko =0

vr% bldk dk;ZiQyu mPp gS

be C

h 2
(ii) <ky = = 14 A osQ fy,
e (10 – 5) × 10
o N

2.5
= 14 B osQ fy,
(15 – 10) × 10
tt ©

1.6 × 10–19
h = × 2 × 10–14 = 6.04 ×10 –34 Js oQs fy, A
5

1.6 × 10–19 × 2.5 ×10 –14

= = 8 × 10–34 Js osQ fy, B
5

D;ksafd h dk eku vyx&vyx vkrk gS blfy, iz;ksx fl¼kUr osQ laxr ugha gSA
11.28 m Av = mAv1 + mBv2

1 2 1 2 1 2
m Av = m A v1 + m Bv 2
no

2 2 2

1/ 1
/
∴ m A (v – v1 )(vA + v1 ) = m B vB2
2
/ 2
/

∴ v + v1 = v2

vFkok v = v2 – v1

176
 mÙkj

 m – mB   2m A 
∴ v1 =  A  v, rFkk v2 =  v
 m A + mB   mA + mB 

h
∴ λikzjfaEHkd =
m Av

h h( m A + m B )
λvaf re = =
m Av m A (m A – m B )v

d
h  m A +m B) 

he
∴ ∆λ =  – 1
m Av  m A – m B 

11.29 (i)
dN

pu T
=
P
= 5 × 1019 / sec

is
dt (hc / λ )
re ER
hc

bl
(ii) = 2.49eV > W0 : gk¡
λ

π r2
(iii) P . ∆ t = W0 , ∆t = 28.4s
be C

d
4π d 2
2 r
 dN  × πr × ∆t = 2
o N

(iv) N =   2
 dt  4 πd
tt ©

vè;k; 12
12.1 (c)

12.2 (c)

12.3 (a)

12.4 (a)

12.5 (a)

12.6 (a)
no

12.7 (a)

12.8 (a), (c)

12.9 (a), (b)

12.10 (a), (b)

12.11 (b), (d)

177
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

12.12 (b), (d)

12.13 (c), (d)

12.14 vkbaLVhu osQ nzO;eku&mQtkZ lacaèk ls gesa izkIr gksrk gS% E = mc2 . vr% gkbMªkstu osQ ,d
ijek.kq dk nzO;eku gS m p + me − B2 , tgk¡ B ≈ 13.6 eV caèku&mQtkZ gSA
c

12.15 D;ksafd bysDVªkWu osQ nzO;eku dh rqyuk esa nksuksa ukfHkd vR;fèkd Hkkjh gSaA

d
12.16 D;ksafd bysDVªkWu osQoy oS|qr pqEcdh; :i ls ikjLifjd fozQ;k djrs gSaA
gk¡] D;ksafd cksgj&lw=k esa osQoy vkos'kksa dk xq.kuiQy fufgr gSA

he
12.17

13.6
12.18 ugha] D;ksafd cksgj izfr:i osQ vuqlkj En = – 2
, vkSj fHkUu&fHkUu mQtkZ osQ bysDVªkWu

pu T n

is
fofHkUu n& eku okys Lrjksa ls lEc¼ gksrs gSa% vr% muosQ dks.kh;&laosx fHkUu gksaxs] D;ksafd
re ER
nh
mvr =

bl
2π

me 4
12.19 cksgj osQ lw=k En = – 2 2
esa 'm' lekuhr nzO;eku gSA H-ijek.kq osQ fy, m ≈ me
8ε0 n h
be C

iksftVªksfu;e osQ fy, m ≈ me /2 vr% ,d iksftVªksfu;e osQ fy, E1 ≈ – 6.8eV

o N

4me 4
12.20 2e vkos'k okys ukfHkd rFkk –e vkos'k okys bysDVªkuW ksa osQ fy,] Lrj gS&a En = – 8ε 2n 2h 2
0

fuEurj Lrj esa nks bysDVªkWu gksaxs] ftuesa izR;sd dh mQtkZ E rFkk fuEure Lrj dh oqQy
tt ©

mQtkZ –(4×13.6)eV gksxhA

12.21 v = bysDVªkWu dk osx
a0 = cksgj f=kT;k

2π a 0
∴ ,dkad le; esa pozQ.kksa dh la[;k =
v

2π a 0
∴ èkkjk = e
v
no

 1 1 
12.22 νU;wure = cRZ 2  2
− 2,
( n + p ) n 

tgk¡ m = n + p, (p = 1, 2, 3, ...) ,oa R fjM~cxZ fu;rkoaQ gSA

p << n osQ fy,

178
 mÙkj

1  p
–2
1
ν U; uwre = cRZ 2  2 1 +  − 2
n  n  n 

1 2p 1 
ν U; wure = cRZ 2  – −
 n 2 n 3 n 2 

2p  2cRZ 2 
ν U; uwre = cRZ 2 ;  p
n3  n 3 

d
bl izdkj νU;wure dk yxHkx ozQe gS& 1, 2, 3...........

he
12.23 ckej Js.kh esa H γ , n = 5 ls n = 2 osQ laozQe.k osQ laxr gSA vr% U;wure Lrj n = 1
osQ bysDVªkWu dks igys n = 5 esa j[kuk pkfg,A vko';d mQtkZ = E 1 – E5 = 13.6 – 0.54
= 13.06 eV

pu T
is
;fn dks.kh; laosx lajf{kr jgrk gS] rks iQksVku dk dks.kh; laosx = bysDVªkWu osQ dks.kh; laosx
re ER
esa ifjorZu = L 5 – L 2 = 5h – 2h = 3h = 3 × 1.06 × 10–34

bl
= 3.18 × 10–34 kg m2/s
be C

osQ fy, lekuhr nzO;eku me  m 

12.24 H = µH = ; m e 1 – e 
me  M 
1+
M
o N

 m   m  m 
D osQ fy, lekuhr nzO;eku = µ D ; m e  1 – e  = m e 1 – e  1 + e 
 2M   2M   2M 
tt ©

hνij = (E i – E j )α µ . vr%] λij α 1

µ

;fn gkbMªkstu@M~;wVhfj;e osQ fy, rjaxnS?;Z λH / λD gS

–1
λD µ H  m   1 
= ; 1 + e  ;  1 – 
λH µD  2M   2 × 1840 

λD = λH × (0.99973)
no

vr% js[kk,¡ gSa 1217.7 Å , 1027.7 Å, 974.04 Å, 951.143 Å

µ Z 2e 4  1 
12.25 ukfHkdh; xfr dks lfEefyr djrs gq,] fLFkj voLFkk esa mQtkZ,¡ gkaxs h& En = – 2 2  
8ε0 h  n 2 

eku fy;k µH gkbMªkstu dk rFkk µH M~;wVhfj;e dk lekuhr nzO;eku gSA rc gkbMªkstu

µH e 4  1  3 µ He 4
dh izFke ykbeu js[kk dh vko`fÙk gS hν H = 1–  = 2 2 . vr% laozQe.k
8ε 02h 2  4  4 8ε 0h

179
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

3 µ He 4
dh rjaxnS?;Z gS λH = A M~;wVhfj;e osQ fy, laozQe.k dh mlh js[kk dh
4 8ε 20h 3c

3 µ He 4
rjaxnS?;Z gS λD = 2 3
4 8ε 0 h c

∴ ∆λ = λD – λH

vr% vUrj&izfr'kr gS&

d
∆λ λD – λH µ – µH
100 × = × 100 = D × 100

he
λH λH µH

meM D meM H
–

pu T (m e + M D ) (m e + M H )

is
= ×100
m e M H /(m e + M H )
re ER
bl  m + M H  M D
=  e
m
 e

D;ksafd
+ M 
D  M H

– 1 ×100

be C

m e << M H < MD

∆λ M M 1 + m e / M H  
o N

×100 =  H × D   – 1 × 100
λH  D MH  1 + me / MD
M  

= (1 + m e / M H )(1 + me /M D )–1 –1 × 100

tt ©

 m m 
; (1 + e – e – 1 × 100
 MH M D 

 1 – 1 
≈ me   × 100
MH MD 

 1 1 
= 9.1× 10–31  – × 100
1.6725 × 10–27 3.3374 ×10–27 
no

= 9.1× 10–4 [0.5979 – 0.2996] × 100

= 2.714 × 10 –2 %

12.26 H- ijek.kq esa] ,d fcanq&ukfHkd osQ fy,

mv 2 e2 1
fuEure Lrj: mvr = h, =– 2.
rB rB 4πε 0

180
 mÙkj

2
h 1  e2  1
∴m 2 2
. = +  2
m rB rB  4 πε 0  r B

h 2 4 πε 0 °
∴ . = rB = 0.51 A
m e2

fLFkfrt mQtkZ

2 2
 e2  1

d
mv 1 h h
– . = –27.2 eV ; K .E = = m. 2 2 = 2
= +13.6eV
 4 πr 0 Br 2 2 m r B 2mr B

he
R f=kT;k osQ ,d xksyh; ukfHkd osQ fy, ;fn
R < rB, ogh ifj.kkeA

pu T
is
;fn R >> rB: bysDVªkWu rB′ ( rB′ = u;h cksgj f=kT;k) f=kT;k osQ xksys osQ Hkhrj xfreku gSA
re ER
bl
3
rB′ oQs Hkhrj vko'sk = e  rB′ 3 
R 
be C

h 2  4πε 0  R 3
∴ rB′ =   3
m  e 2  rB′
o N

°
r ′B4 = (0.51 A ).R 3.
°
R = 10 A
tt ©

°
= 510( A )4

°
∴ rB′ ≈ (510)1/ 4 A < R .

1 m h h 1
xfrt mQtkZ = mv 2 = . 2 2 = . 2
2 2 m rB′ 2m rB′

 h2   rB2  (0.51)2 3.54

=  . 2  = (13.6eV) = = 0.16eV
no

2 1/2
 2mrB r
 B ′ (510) 22.6

 e2   r ′ 2 – 3R 2 
fLFkfrt mQtkZ = +  . B 
 4πε0
3
  2R 

 e 2 1   rB (rB′ 2 – 3R 2 
= + . .  
 4 πε 0 rB   R3 

181
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

 0.51( 510 – 300) 

= +(27.2eV)  
 1000 

–141
= + (27.2eV). = –3.83eV
1000

12.27 D;ksafd ukfHkd Hkkjh gS] ijek.kq dk izfrf{kIr laosx ux.; gS rFkk laozQe.k dh oqQy mQtkZ dks
vksts&bysDVªkWu dks LFkkukUrfjr eku ldrs gSa D;ksafd Cr esa ,d la;ksth bysDVªkWu gS] mQtkZ
voLFkkvksa dks cksgj izfr:i }kjk iznÙk ekuk tk ldrk gSA noha voLFkk dh mQtkZ

d
2 1
En = –Z R tgk¡ fjM~cxZ fu;rkaoQ gS rFkk Z = 24

he
R
n2

 1 3 2
n=2 ls n = 1 osQ laozQe.k esa eqDr mQtkZ gS ∆E = Z 2 R  1 –

pu T   = Z R
4 4

is
re ER
1
n=4 bysDVªkWu dks mR{ksfir djus osQ fy, vko';d mQtkZ E 4 = Z 2R

bl
16

vr% vksts bysDVªkWu dh xfrt ÅtkZ gS&

be C

3 1  1 2
K.E = Z 2 R  –  = Z R
 4 16  16
o N

11
= × 24 × 24 × 13.6 eV
16
tt ©

= 5385.6 eV

12.28 m pc 2 = 10–6 × bysDVªkWu nzO;eku × c2

≈ 10 –6 × 0.5 MeV

≈ 10 – 6 × 0.5 × 1.6 × 10 –13

≈ 0.8 × 10–19 J

h hc 10 –34 × 3 × 10 8
= = –7 cksgj f=kT;k
0.8 × 10 –19 ≈ 4 × 10 m >>
no

m pc m pc2

e2  1 λ 
F = + exp(– λr )
4πε0  r 2 r 

h
tgk¡ λ –1 = ≈ 4 × 10 –7 m >> rB
m pc

182
 mÙkj

1
∴ λ << vFkkZr λrB << 1
rB

e2 exp(– λr )
U (r ) = – .
4πε 0 r

h
mvr = h ∴ v =
mr

d
2 2
;g Hkh : mv =≈  e   12 + λ 

he
r  4πε 0  r r

∴
h2
=

pu T
 e2  1 λ 
 2 + 

is
3
mr  4πε 0 r r
re ER
bl
h 2  e2  2
∴ =   [r + λr ]
m  4 πε 0 

4πε
be C

h
;fn λ = 0; r = r B = m . e 2 0
o N

h2 e2
= .rB
m 4πε0
tt ©

D;ksafd λ –1 >> rB ,r = rB + δ j[ksa

∴ r B = r B + δ + λ( r B2 + δ 2 + 2δ rB );δ 2 ux.; gSA

vFkok 0 = λrB2 + δ (1 + 2λrB )

δ = λ rB 2 (1 – 2λ rB ) = – λrB 2 D;ksafd λ rB << 1

e 2 exp(–λδ – λrB )
∴ V (r ) = – .
no

4πε 0 rB + δ

2
e 1  δ  
∴ V (r ) = –  1 – r  .(1 – λr B )
4 πε 0 r B  B  

≅ (–27.2eV ) vifjo£rr jgrk gSA

183
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1 1 h
2
h2 h2  2δ 
xfrt mQtkZ =– mv 2 = m . 2 = 2 = 1 – 
2 2 mr 2(rB + δ ) 2rB2  rB 

= (13.6eV )[1 + 2λ rB ]

e2 h2
oqQy mQtkZ = – + 2 [
1 + 2λrB ]
4πε 0rB 2rB

= –27.2 + 13.6 [1 + 2 λ rB ] eV

d
mQtkZ esa ifjorZu = 13.6 × 2λrBeV = 27.2λrB eV

he
12.29 ekuk ε = 2 + δ

pu T q1q2 R 0δ Rδ q1q2

is
F = . 2 + δ = ∧ 2 +0δ , tgk¡ = ∧, ∧ = (1.6 × 10–19 )2 × 9 × 109
4πε0 r r 4π 0 ε
re ER
= 23.04 ×10 –29

bl =
mv2
r
be C

∧ R δ0
v2 =
m r 1+ δ
o N

1/2
(i) nh nh  m 
mvr = n h , r = =  ∧Rδ  r1/2 + δ / 2
tt ©

mv m  0 

1
2 2
bls r osQ fy, gy djus ij rn =  n h δ 
1–δ

m ∧ R 0 

1
 h2 1– δ
n = 1 osQ fy,] rFkk fLFkjkad osQ eku j[kus ij] gesa izkIr gksrk gS r1 =  δ 
m ∧ R0 
no

1
2 –68
 1.05 × 10  2.9
r1 =  –31 –28 +19 
= 8 × 10 –11 = 0.08 nm
 9.1 ×10 × 2.3 × 10 × 10 
(< 0.1 nm)

1
nh  m ∧ R δ 1– δ h
(ii) v n = = nh 2 20  n = 1 osQ fy, , v1 = = 1.44 × 106 m/s
mrn  n h  m r1

184
 mÙkj

1
(iii) xfrt mQtkZ = 2 mv12 = 9.43 × 10– 19 J=5.9eV

∧
LFkfrt mQtkZ R0 rd =–
R0

r r
dr ∧R δ0  1 
R 0 ls r rd fLFkfrt mQtkZ = + ∧ R δ0 ∫ r 2 +δ =+
–1 – δ  r1 + δ  R0
R0

d
∧Rδ0  1 1  rd

he
=–
1+ δ r 1+δ – R 1+δ 
 0 

pu T
fLFkfrt mQtkZ = – ∧  R1+0 – 1 
δ

is
1 + δ r δ R0 
re ER
bl
∧  R 0δ 1 1 + δ 
= –  1+ δ – + 
1 + δ r R0 R0 
be C

∧ R 0
– 1 .9
1 .9 
= –  – 0 .9
– 
–0 .9  r R 0 
o N

2.3
= ×10 –18 [(0.8)0.9 – 1.9] J = – 17.3 eV
0.9
tt ©

oqQy mQtkZ gS (–17.3 + 5.9) = –11.4 eV

vè;k; 13
13.1 (c)

13.2 (b)

13.3 (b)

13.4 (a)
no

13.5 (a)

13.6 (b)

13.7 (b)

13.8 (a), (b)

13.9 (b), (d)

185
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

13.10 (c), (d)

13.11 ugha] He3 dh caèku ÅtkZ rqyukRed :i ls vfèkd gSA

dN
dt
N

d
13.12

he
pu T
is
13.13 B dh vkSlr vk;q de gS D;ksafd B osQ fy, λ dk eku vfèkd gSA
re ER
bl
13.14 mÙksftr bysDVªkWu] D;ksafd bysDVªkWfud ÅtkZ Lrjksa dh ÅtkZ dh ijkl eV esa gS] MeV esa ughaA
γ -fofdj.k dh ÅtkZ MeV gSA

13.15 nks iQksVku mRiUu gksrs gSa] tks ÅtkZ&laj{k.k gsrq foijhr fn'kkvksa esa xfr djrs gSaA
be C

13.16 izksVku èkukosf'kr gksrs gSa rFkk ,d nwljs dks fo|qrh; :i ls izfrdf"kZr djrsa gSaA 10 ls vfèkd
izksVkuksa okys ukfHkd esa ;g izfrd"kZ.k bruk vfèkd gks tkrk gS fd U;wVªkuksa dh vfèkdrk tks
o N

osQoy vkd"kZ.k cy mRiUu djrh gS] LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, vko';d gks tkrh gSA
tt ©

13.17
ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k

le;
no

t = 0 ij NA = NO tcfd NB = 0 tSls&tSls le; esa o`f¼ gksrh gS] NA dk pj ?kkrkadh :i

ls iru gksrk gS] B osQ ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k c<+rh gS] vfèkdre gksrh gS vkSj vUr esa
¥ ij 'kwU; gks tkrh gS (pj ?kkrkadh fo?kVu fu;ekuqlkj)

1 R0
13.18 t= ln
λ R

186
 mÙkj

5760 16 5760 4
= ln = ln
0.693 12 0.693 3

5760 4
= × 2.303 log = 2391.12 o"kZ
0.693 3

13.19 d nwjh ij i`FkDo`Qr nks oLrqvksa dks vyx djus gsrq vUos"kh flXuy dh rjaxnS?;Z λ, d ls de
gksuh pkfg,A vr% U;wfDy;ku osQ Hkhrj vyx&vyx Hkkxksa dk lalp w u djus osQ fy,] bysDVªkuW
dh rjaxnS?;Z 10–15 m ls de gksuh pkfg,A

d
h
λ= vkSj K ≈ pc ⇒ K ≈ pc = hc

he
p λ
6.63 × 1034 × 3 ×108
= –19 –15
eV
1.6 × 10 × 10

pu T
is
= 109 eV. = 1 GeV
re ER
bl
13.20 (a) 23
11 Na : Z 1 = 11, N1 = 12

∴ 23
11 Na dk niZ.k lEHkkjh = 23
12 Mg
be C

(b) D;ksafd Z2 > Z1 , Mg dh cUèku ÅtkZ Na ls vfèkd gSA

o N

38 38 38
13.21 S 
2.48 h
→ Cl 
0.62 h
→ Ar

ekuk t le; ij] 38

S osQ ikl N1 (t) lfozQ; ukfHkd rFkk Cl
38
osQ ikl N2(t ) lfozQ;
ukfHkd gSaA
tt ©

dN1 38
= –λ1N1 = Cl oQs cuus dh nj
dt
dN 2
= –λ1N 2 + λ1N1
dt
ysfdu N1 = N 0e –λ1t

dN 2
= –λ1 N0 e – λ1t –λ2 N2
dt

e λ2t dt ls xq.kk djosQ iqu% O;ofLFkr djus ij

no

e λ 2t dN 2 + λ2 N 2e λ 2t d t =λ1 N0e (λ2 – λ1 )t dt

nksuksa i{kksa dks lekdfyr djus ij
λ2t N 0λ1 (λ 2 –λ 1 )t
N 2e = e +C
λ 2 – λ1

D;ksafd t = 0, N2 = 0, N0 λ1
C=–
λ2 – λ1

187
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

N0 λ1 (λ 2 –λ 1 )t
∴ N2 e λ 2t = (e – 1)
λ2 – λ1

N 0 λ1
N2 = (e – λ ,t – e – λ2t )
λ2 – λ1

vfèkdre fxurh osQ fy, dN 2 = 0

dt

gy djus ij t =  ln λ 1  /(λ 1– λ 2)

d
λ  2 

he
2.48
= ln /(2.48 – 0.62)
0.62

pu T =
ln4 2.303 log 4
=

is
1.86 1.86
re ER
= 0.745 s.

bl 13.22 ÅtkZ lja{k.k ls]

pn 2 pp
2
be C

E − B = Kn + Kp = + (1)
2m 2m
o N

laosx lja{k.k ls]

E
pn + p p = (2)
c
tt ©

;fn E = B, izFke leh- ls izkIr gksrk gS pn = pp = 0 vkSj blfy, f}rh; leh- lUrq"V ugh
dh tk ldrh] rFkk izfozQ;k ?kfVr ugha gks ldrhA
izfozQ;k osQ ?kfVr gksus osQ fy, ekuk E = B + λ, tgk¡ λ <<B rc leh- (1) ls leh- (2)
esa pn dk eku j[kus ij

1 1
λ=
2m
2 2
(p p + p n ) =
2m
2
(
p p + ( pp − E /c )
2
)
2E
no

E2 
∴ 2 p 2p − p p +  2 − 2m λ  = 0
c c 

 2 
2E / c ± 4E 2 / c 2 − 8  E − 2m λ 
2
c 
∴ pp =
4

D;ksafd p p osQ okLrfod gksus osQ fy,] lkfjf.kd dks èkukRed gksuk pkfg,

188
 mÙkj

4E 2 E2 
2 – 8  2 − 2m λ  = 0
c c 

4E 2 E2 B2
vFkok] 16m λ = , ∴ λ = ≈ .
c2 4mc 2 4mc 2

me 4
13.23 H ijek.kq esa caèku ÅtkZ E = = 13.6 eV (1)
8ε 02h 2

d
;fn izkVs ku vkSj U;wVkª uW izR;sd ij vkos'k e ′ Fkk rFkk os ,dleku oS|rq LFkSfrd cyksa osQ vèkhu

he
Fks] rc mijksDr lehdj.k esa bysDVªkWfud nzO;eku m dks izksVku&U;wVªkWu osQ lekuhr nzO;eku
m ′ rFkk bysDVªkWfud vkos'k e dks e ′ ls izfrLFkkfir djus dh vko';drk gS%

pu T
M 1836m

is
m′ = = = 918m
2 2
re ER
bl
918m e′
∴ cUèku ÅtkZ = 2 2
= 2.2MeV (fn;k gS) (2)
8ε0 h

(2) dks (1) ls Hkkx nsus ij

be C

4
 e′  2.2MeV
918   =
o N

e 13.6 eV

e′
⇒ ≈ 11
tt ©

13.24 β fo?kVu ls iwoZ] U;wVªkWu fojke esa gSa] vr% E n = mn c2, pn = 0

β fo?kVu osQ i'pkr laosx lja{k.k ls

pn = pp + pe

;k p p + p e = 0 ⇒ p p = p e = p
no

1
E p = (m p 2 c 4 + p p 2 c 2 )2 ,

1 1
E e = (m e 2 c 4 + p e2 c 2 )2 = (m e 2c 4 + p p c 2 )2

ÅtkZ laj{k.k ls
1 1
(m p 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 )2 + (m e 2c 4 + p 2 c 2 )2 = m n c 2

189
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

m pc 2 ≈ 936MeV,m n c 2 ≈ 938MeV,m ec 2 = 0.51MeV

D;ksfa d n rFkk p osQ eè; ÅtkZUrj U;wu gS] pc dk eku U;wu gksxkA pc << mp c2 , tcfd pc,
m ec2 ls vfèkd gks ldrh gSA

p 2c 2
⇒ m pc2 + ; m n c 2 – pc
2m p 2c 4

izFke ozQe rd pc ; m n c 2 – m pc 2 = 938MeV – 936MeV = 2MeV

d
blls laosx izkIr gksrk gSA

he
rc]

pu T 1
E p = (m p 2c 4 + p 2c 2 )2 = 9362 + 22 ; 936 MeV

is
re ER
1

bl
E e = (m e 2 c 4 + p 2 c 2 )2 = (0.51)2 + 22 ; 2.06 MeV

ln(R/R0)
13.25 (i) t 1/2 = 40 feuV (yxHkx)
be C

0 1 2 3 4
t(h) (ii) xzkiQ dk <ky = –λ
–1.04
 –4.1 6+3.1 1 
o N

vr% λ = –  = 1. 05h
–2.08  1 
–3.11
vr% t1 /2 = 0.693 = 0.66h = 39.6 feuV or 40 feuV (yxHkx)
tt ©

–4.16
1.05
13.26 (i) S pSn = (M119,70 + MH – M 120,70)c 2

= (118.9058 + 1.0078252 – 119.902199)c 2

= 0.0114362 c 2

S pSb = ( M120,70 + MH – M121,70)c 2

= (119.902199 + 1.0078252 – 120.903822)c2

= 0.0059912 c 2
no

pw¡fd SpSn > SpSb , Sn ukfHkd] Sb ukfHkd ls vfèkd LFkk;h gSA

(ii) ;g ukfHkd osQ fy, mlh izdkj dh dksf'k; lajpuk dks izn£'kr djrk gS tSlk fd ijek.kq
esa gksrk gSA ;g caèku mQtkZ rFkk U;wDyku la[;k osQ chp f[akps oozQ esa mifLFkr
f'k[kjksa dh Hkh O;k[;k djrk gSA

190
 mÙkj

vè;k; 14
14.1 (d)

14.2 (b)

14.3 (b)

14.4 (d)

d
14.5 (b)

14.6 (c)

he
14.7 (b)

14.8 (c)

pu T
is
14.9 (a), (c)
re ER
14.10 (a), (c)

14.11

14.12
(b), (c), (d)

(b), (c)
bl
be C

14.13 (a), (b), (d)

14.14 (b), (d)

o N

14.15 (a), (c), (d)

14.16 (a), (d)

tt ©

14.17 ekfnr fd, tkus okys ijek.kq dk lkbt ,slk gksuk pkfg, fd ;g 'kq¼ v¼Zpkyd osQ
fdLVy tkyd dh lajpuk dks rks foo`Qr u djs ijUrq Si ;k Ge osQ lkFk lg&la;ksth caèk
ljyrkiwoZd fufeZr dj ,d vkos'k okgd dk ;ksxnku dj losQA
14.18 ijek.kq lkbt osQ vuqlkj Sn osQ fy, mQtkZ vUrjky 0 eV, C osQ fy, 5.4 eV, Si osQ
fy, 1.1 eV rFkk Ge osQ fy, 0.7eV gSA
14.19 th ugha] D;ksafd lafèk&izfrjksèk dh rqyuk esa oksYVehVj dk izfrjksèk vR;qPp gksuk gh pkfg,]
tcfd lafèk izfrjksèk yxHkx vuUr gSA
no

+1V

14.20
0

14.21 (i) 10 × 20 × 30 × 10–3 = 6V

(ii) ;fn dc iznk; oksYVrk 5V gS rks vfèkdre fuxZe Vcc 5V ls vfèkd ugha gks ldrkA
vr%] V0 = 5V
191
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

14.22 ugha] vkofèkZr fuxZe osQ fy, okafNr vfrfjDr 'kfDr DC lzksr ls izkIr gksrh gSA
14.23 (i) tsuj lafèk Mk;ksM rFkk lkSj lsy
(ii) tsuj Haktd oksYVrk
(iii) Q- y?kq iFku èkkjk
P- [kqys ifjiFk dh oksYVrk
vkifrr izdk'k osQ iQksVkWu dh mQtkZ

d
14.24

he
6.6 × 10–34 × 3 × 108
hv = –7 –19
= 2.06eV
6 × 10 × 1.6 × 10

vkifrr fofdj.k] iQksVksMk;ksM }kjk lalfw pr gks losQ blosQ fy, vkifrr fofdj.k iQksVkWuksa dh

pu T
is
mQtkZ cSaM&vUrjky ls vfèkd gksuh pkfg,A ;g 'krZ osQoy D 2 }kjk iwjh gksrh gSA vr% osQoy
D 2 gh bu fofdj.kksa dks lalwfpr djsxkA
re ER
bl 14.25 IB =
VB B – V BE
R1

;fn R1 dk eku c<+k;k tk,xk rks IB dk eku de gksxkA D;ksafd Ic = βIb , ifj.kke ;g gksxk
be C

fd IC Hkh de gks tk,xk vFkkZr ,ehVj vkSj oksYVehVj osQ ikB~;kad de gks tk,¡xsA
o N
tt ©

14.26

OR }kj dk fuxZe uhps nh xbZ lR;eku lkj.kh osQ vuqlkj gksrk gS%
A B C
0 0 0
no

0 1 1
1 0 1

1 1 1

192
 mÙkj

14.27

fuos'k fuxZr
A A
0 1

1 0

14.28 rRoh; v¼Zpkydksa osQ mQtkZ&vUrjky ,sls gksrs gSa fd mRltZu IR {ks=k esa gksrk gSA

d
14.29 lR;eku lkj.kh

he
A B Y
0 0 0

pu T 0 1 0

is
1 0 0
re ER
1 1 1

Pbl AND }kj

be C

14.30 I Z ma x = = 0.2A = 200 mA

VZ
o N

Vs – V Z 2
RS = = = 10 Ω
I Z m ax 0.2

14.31 I3 'kwU; gS D;ksafd bl 'kk[kk esa yxk Mk;ksM i'p&ck;flr gSA AB ,oa EF esa ls izR;sd esa
tt ©

izfrjksèk (125 + 25) Ω = 150 Ω gSA

150
D;ksafd AB ,oa EF loZle lekUrj 'kk[kk,¡ gSa] budk izHkkoh izfrjksèk gS] = 75Ω
2

∴ ifjiFk esa oqQy izfrjksèk = (75 + 25) Ω = 100 Ω

5
∴ èkkjk I1 = = 0.05A
100

D;ksafd AB vkSj EF osQ izfrjksèk cjkcj gSa rFkk I1 =

no

I2 + I3 + I4, I5 = 0

0.05
∴ I 2 = I4 = = 0.025 A
2

14.32 D;ksafd Vbe = 0, R b ij foHkoikr 10V gSA

10
∴ Ib = 3
= 25µ A
400 × 10

193
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

D;ksafd Vce = 0, R c, ij foHkoikr Ic Rc 10V.

10
∴ Ic = 3
= 3.33 ×10 –3 = 3.33mA .
3 × 10

Ic 3.33 × 10–3 2
∴β = = = 1.33 × 10 = 133.
Ib 25 × 10 –6

d
A

he
0
14.33 1 2 3 4 5 t (s)
B

pu T
0 2
1 3 4 5

is
C1
re ER
0 2
1 3 4 5

bl
C2
0 2
1 3 4 5
be C

14.34 fuxZe vfHkyk{kf.kd oozQ osQ fcUnq Q ij] VCE = 8V & IC = 4mA
o N

V CC = I CR C + VCE

V CC – VCE
Rc =
IC
tt ©

16 – 8
Rc = –3
= 2KΩ
4 × 10

pw¡fd
V BB = IBR B + V BE

16 – 0.7
RB = –6 = 510KΩ
30 × 10

IC 4 ×10 –3
vc] β= = = 133
no

–6
I B 30 × 10

RC
oksYVrk yfCèk = AV = – β
RB

2 × 103
= –133 × 3
510 × 10

= 0.52

194
 mÙkj

'kfDr yfCèk = Ap = β × AV

RC
= – β2
RB

2 ×103
= (133)2 × 3 = 69
510 ×10

14.35 tc fuosf'kr oksYVrk 5V ls vfèkd gksrh gS rks Mk;ksM ls èkkjk

d
izokfgr gksrh gSA tc fuos'k 5V ls de gksrk gS rks Mk;ksM ,d

he
[kqyk ifjiFk gksrk gSA
14.36 (i) ‘n’ {ks=k esa As osQ dkj.k e– dh la[;k

pu T
ne = ND = 1 × 10–6 × 5 × 10 28 ijek.kq/ m3

is
re ER
ne = 5 × 1022/m3

bl
vYiak'k okgdksa (gksyksa) dh la[;k

ni2 (1.5 × 1016 )2 2.25 × 1032

be C

nh = = =
ne 5 × 1022 5 × 1022

nh = 0.45 × 10/m3
o N

blh izdkj tc cksjkWu dk vkjksi.k fd;k tkrk gS] rks ‘p’ izdkj fu£er gksrk gSA ftlesa
gksyksa dh la[;k
tt ©

nh = NA = 200 × 10–6 × 5 × 1028

= 1 × 1025/m3

;g ml n- izdkj dh ijr esa fo|eku e – dh la[;k dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd gS ftlesa
cksjkWu folfjr fd;k x;k FkkA

bl izdkj fu£er ‘p’ {ks=k esa vYika'k okgdksa dh la[;k

n i2 2.25 × 10 32
ne = =
no

nh 1 × 1 025

= 2.25 × 107 /m3

(ii) vr% i'p ck;flr djus ij n- {ks=k esa fo|eku 0.45 × 10 10/m3 gksy] p- {ks=k osQ
2.25 × 107/m3 vYika'k e– dh rqyuk esa i'p lar`fIr èkkjk osQ fy, vfèkd ;ksxnku
djsaxsA

195
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

A A AB
B
B
14.37 A.B+A.B

B B.A
A

d
he
1KW

14.38

pu T
is
re ER
B C

bl 14.39 I C ≈ IE ∴ IC (R C + RE) + V CE =12 V

be C

R E = 9 – RC = 1.2 KΩ
o N

∴ VE = 1.2 V
V B = V E + VBE =1.7 V
VB
tt ©

I= = 0.085 mA
20K

12–1.7 10.3
RB = = = 108 KΩ
I C / β + 0.085 0.01 + 1.085

14.40 I E = IC + IB I C = β IB (1)

I CR C + VCE + IERE = VCC (2)

RIB + VBE + IER E = V CC (3)

lehdj.k (3) ls Ie ≈ IC = β IB
no

VCC – V BE 11.5
(R + β R E)= V CC – V BE, I B = = mA
R + β RE 200

lehdj.k (2) ls
VC C – V CE V CC – V CE 2
RC + R E = = = (12 – 3)KΩ = 1.56KΩ
IC β IB 11.5
RC = 1.56 – 1 = 0.56KΩ

196
 mÙkj

vè;k; 15
15.1 (b)

15.2 (a)

15.3 (b)

15.4 (a)

(b)

d
15.5

15.6 (c)

he
15.7 (b)

15.8 (b)

pu T
is
15.9 (c)
re ER
15.10 (a), (b), (d)

15.11

15.12
(b), (d)

(b), (c), (d)

bl
be C

15.13 (a), (b), (c)

15.14 (b), (d)

o N

15.15 (i) vuq : i

(ii) vuq : i
tt ©

(iii) vadh;
(iv) vadh;
15.16 ugha] 30 MHz ls vfèkd vko``fÙk osQ flXuy] vk;ue.My }kjk ijkofrZr ugha gksaxs cfYd
varosZèku djsaxsA
15.17 viorZukad] vko`fÙk c<+us osQ lkFk&lkFk c<+rk gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS fd mPprj vko`fÙk
rjaxksa osQ fy, viorZu dks.k de gksrk gS] vFkkZr eqM+uk de gksrk gSA vr% iw.kZ vkUrfjd
ijkorZu dh n'kk vfèkd nwjh r; djus ij izkIr gksrh gSA
no

15.18 Ac + Am = 15, Ac – Am = 3

∴ 2Ac = 18, 2Am = 12

Am 2
∴ m = =
Ac 3

1
15.19 = 1MHz
2π LC

197
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1
LC =
2π ×106

15.20 vk;ke&ekMqyu esa] okgh rjaxksa dk rRdkfyd foHko ekMqyd rjax foHko }kjk ifjofrZr
gksrk gSA lEizs"k.k esa ukW;t flXuy Hkh tqM+ ldrs gSa vkSj xzkgh] ukW;t dks] ekMqysfVax
flXuy osQ ,d Hkkx dh Hkk¡fr O;ogkj djrk gSA ijUrq vko`fÙk ekMqyu esa] ekMqyd foHko
osQ rRdkfyd foHkokuqlkj okgh rjax vko`fÙk ifjofrZr dh tkrh gSA ;g osQoy feJ.k@ekMqyu
Lrj ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] flXuy osQ pSuy es lapj.k osQ nkSjku ughaA vr% ukW;t vko`fÙk
ekMqfyr flXuy dks izHkkfor ugha djrhA

d
15.21 lapj.k iFk esa gqbZ gkfu

he
= – 2 dB km –1 × 5 km = – 10 dB

izoèkZd dk oqQy ykHk = 10 dB + 20 dB

pu T
is
= 30 dB
re ER
flxuy dk lEiw.kZ ykHk = 30 dB – 10 dB

bl P 
10 log  o  = 12
= 20 dB

vFkok Po = Pi × 102
be C

 Pi 

= 1.01 mW × 100 = 101 mW

o N

15.22 (i) ijkl = 2 × 6.4 ×10 6 × 20 = 16 km

vkPNkfnr {ks=kiQy = 803.84 km2

tt ©

(ii) ijkl = 2 × 6.4 ×106 × 20 + 2 × 6.4 × 106 × 25

= (16 + 17.9) km = 33.9 km

vkPNkfnr {ks=kiQy = 3608.52 km2

(iii) {ks=kiQy esa izfr'kr o`f¼

(3608.52 – 803.84)
= × 100
803.84
no

= 348.9%

15.23 dm2 = 2( R + hT )2

8RhT = 2(R+hT)2 (Q dm = 2 2Rh T )

4Rh T = R 2 + h T 2 + 2 Rh T

198
 mÙkj

(R – hT)2 = 0
hT
R = hT dm
D;ksafd osQoy vkdk'k rjax vko`fÙk iz;qDr gqbZ gS l << hT vr% osQoy ehukj dh R
mQ¡pkbZ dk fopkj djsaA
f=kfoeh; vkdk'k esa] 6 ,UVsuk&ehukj iz;qDr gksaxsA hT = R R

15.24 F1 ijr osQ fy,

d
2
5 6 
5 × 106 = 9(Nmax)1/2 or Nmax =  × 10  = 3.086 × 1011 m–3
9 

he
F2 ijr osQ fy,
8 × 106 = 9 (Nmax)1/2 or

pu T
is
8 6 11 –3
Nmax =  × 10  = 7.9 × 10 m = 7.9 × 1011 m–3
9 
re ER
bl
15.25 ωc – ω m, ω c ,oa ωm + ωm esa ls osQoy ωc + ωm ;k ωc – ωm esa lwpuk fufgr gSA vr% ωc +
ωm, rFkk ω c – ω m, nksuksa dks lEizsf"kr djosQ ykxr de dh tk ldrh gSA ωc + ωm o
ωc – ωm
be C

1
= , vr% ln  1  = –α x
I
15.26 (i)
Io 4 4
o N

vFkok ln4 = ax vFkok  ln4 

x = 
 α 
tt ©

I
(ii) 10log10 = – α x tgk¡ 'a' es {kh.ku gS dB/km
Io

;gk¡ I 1
=
Io 2

vFkok 10log  1  = –50α vFkok log2 = 5α

2

log 2 0.3010
vFkok α = = = 0.0602dB / km
5 5
no

2x
15.27 = osx
le;
x
8
2x = 3 × 10 m/s × 4.04 × 10 s –3 hs

12.12 × 105
x= m
2
d

199
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

x = 6.06 × 105 m = 606 km

d 2 = x 2 – hs2 = (606)2 – (600)2

= 7236; d = 85.06 km

lzksr rFkk xzkgh osQ eè; nwjh

= 2d ≅170 km

d m = 2 2Rh T

d
2d = d m

he
4d 2 = 8 RhT

pu T d2
= hT =
7236
≈ 0.565 km

is
2R 2 × 6400
re ER
hT = 565m

bl 15.28 fp=k ls]

100 20
be C

V max = = 50V, V min = = 10 V

2 2

(i) izfr'kr ekMqyu

o N

V max – V min  50 – 10  40
µ (%) = × 100 =   ×100 = ×100 = 66.67%
V max + V min  50 + 10  60
tt ©

V ma x + Vmin
(ii) 'kh"kZ okgh foHko Vc =
2

50 + 10
= = 30 V
2

(iii) 'kh"kZ lwpuk foHko = V m = µVc

2
= × 30 = 20V
3
no

15.29 (i) v (t ) = A(A m sin ωm 1t + A m sin ωm 2 t + A c sin ω ct )

1 2

+ B(Am1 sin ωm 1t + Am 2 sin ωm 2t + Ac sin ωct )2

=A (Am sinωm t + Am 2 sin ωm 2t + A c sin ω ct )

1 1

+ B (( A m1 sin ω m1t + Am 2t )2 + A c2 sin2 ω ct

+2 A c ( Am1 sin ωm 1t + Am 2 sin ω c t )

200
 mÙkj

= A ( A1 sin ωm1 t + Am 2 sin ωm 2t + A c sin ω c t )

+ B [ Am 12 sin2 ω m 1t + A m 22 sin 2ω m2 t + 2 Am1 A m2 sin ω m1t sin ω m 2 t

+ A c2 sin 2 ω c t + 2 Ac ( Am1s in ω m1t sin ω c t + A m 2 sin ω m 2 + sin ω c t ]

= A ( Am sin ωm t + Am sin ωm 2 t + Ac sin ωct )

1 1 2

2
+ B [A m1 sin ωm t + Am 22s in 2ω m 2t + A c2 sin2 ωct
2
1

2 Am 1 A m 2
+ [cos(ω m 2 – ω m 1 )t – cos(ωm 1 + ωm 2 )t ]

d
2

2 A cA m

he
+ 2
[cos(ωc – ωm 1 )t – cos(ω c + ωm 1 )t ]
2

pu T
2 A cA m 1

is
+ [cos(ω c – ωm 2 )t – cos(ω c + ωm 2 )t ]
2
re ER
bl
∴ fo|eku vko`fÙk;k¡
ωm1 ,ωm 2 ,ω c
(ωm 2 – ωm1 ),(ω m1 + ωm 2 )
be C

(ωc – ωm1 ), (ω c + ωm1 )

o N

(ωc – ωm2 ),(ωc – ωm2 )

(i) vk;ke dk ω osQ lkFk oozQ fp=k esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
tt ©

ωm1 + ωm 2
ωm 2 – ωm1 ω c + ωm1
ω c – ω m1

ωm1 ωm2 ω c – ωm 2 ωc ω c + ωm 2

tSlk fd ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd vko`fÙk LisDVªe ωc ij lefer ugh gSA ω < ω c ij LisDVªe
no

(ii)
dk la?kuu fo|eku gSA
(iii) vfèkd ekMqyu flXuy osQ tqM+us ij ω < ωc esa vfèkd la?kuu gksrk gS vkSj flXuy osQ
fefJr gksus dh lEHkkouk c<+ tkrh gSA
(iv) vfèkd flXuyksa dks lfEefyr djus osQ fy, cS.M pkSM+kbZ rFkk ωc c<+kuh pkfg,A ;g
izn£'kr djrk gS fd cM+h okgh vko`fÙk vfèkd lwpuk (vfèkd ωm) dk ogu dj ldrh
gS vkSj tks ifj.kker% cS.M pkSM+kbZ dks c<+k,xkA

201
 iz'u izn£'kdk & HkkSfrdh

1
15.30 f m = 1.5kHz, = 0.7 ×10 –3 s
fm

1
fc = 20MHz, = 0.5 × 10–7 s
fc

(i) RC = 103 × 10–8 = 10–5 s

1 1

d
vr% << RC < larq"V gksrk gS
fc fm

he
vr% ;g foekMqfyr gks ldrh gSA
(ii) RC = 104 × 10–8 = 10–4 s

pu T
is
1 1
;gk¡ << RC <
re ER
fc fm

bl vr% ;g Hkh foekMqfyr gks ldrh gSA

(iii) RC = 104 × 10–12 = 10–8 s
be C

1
;gk¡ > RC , vr% ;g foekMqfyr ugha gks ldrhA
fc
o N
tt ©
no

202