Introduction To Biotechnology Bioprocesses: Adamson University College of Engineering Chemical Engineering Department

ADAMSON UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
Introduction to Biotechnology
Bioprocesses
201413528 Arciaga, Tristan Jedidiah A
201410721 Bacolcol, Irene Cheska
201620033 Bidua, Kurt B.
201310664 Fabic, Caitlyn Doyle S.
Instructor:
Engr. Jerry G. Olay
February 12, 018

I. DNA REPLICATION
DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from
one original DNA molecule. This process occurs in all living organisms and is the basis
for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes
replication of DNA essential.
DNA is made up of a double helix of two complementary strands. During replication, these
strands are separated. Each strand of the original DNA molecule then serves as a template for the
production of its counterpart, a process referred to as semiconservative replication.
Cellular proofreading and error-checking mechanisms ensure near perfect fidelity for DNA
replication.
In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in

the genome. Unwinding of DNA at the origin and synthesis of new strands, accommodated by an
enzyme known as ligase, results in replication forks growing bi-directionally from the origin. A
number of proteins are associated with the replication fork to help in the initiation and continuation
of DNA synthesis. Most prominently, DNA polymerase synthesizes the new strands by
adding nucleotides that complement each (template) strand. DNA replication occurs during the S-
stage of interphase.
Learning Insight (Bidua)
There are various fields of study whereto my attention gets focused on, for most of
the time; however, amongst those, molecular biology is one that tickles my imagination really
hard. Aside from the abstract nature of the subject, terminologies are far harder to memorize than
the phone numbers of my acquaintances. However, although initially hard to grasp, concepts such
as DNA replication, transcription and translation, can easily be understood with the aid
visualizations – internet. Thereafter, one would get the gist of how internal bioprocesses within
humans actually proceed.
What would surprise them is that, as one gets a more in-depth knowledge of how useful
macromolecules, specifically, proteins, inside the body are made via the process of duplication,
transcription and translation, the more one is able to determine the causes of the most enigmatic
predicaments mankind has encountered: cancer. One would not even think that one of the main
causes of the most detrimental illness comes from the tiniest of faults: under-maintained replicated
DNAs and opened telomeric gaps.
Concepts such as these would prove quite useful in expanding the current chemical
engineering program horizon. One can delve into pharmaceuticals, research and development
industries targeted on preventing or, in an even better way, totally eliminating cancer: this I find
interesting.
II. CARBON CATABOLISM
The breakdown of carbohydrates to yield an energy rich compound called ATP. The
production of ATP is achieved through the oxidation of glucose molecules. In oxidation, the
electrons are stripped from a glucose molecule to reduce NAD+ and FAD. NAD+ and FAD
possess a high energy potential to drive the production of ATP in the electron transport chain.
Learning Insights (Arciaga)
Biological processes has its own application in real life. It may seem very
complicated, but understanding these processes fully may give you an advantage among
others.
These processes has applications in the field of Biochemical Engineering.

Glycolysis as a whole is a pathway for energy production. We need energy to perform our
daily tasks. Also, this process provides ATP in our skeletal muscles even without oxygen.
Host strain engineering via gene knockouts of competing pathway or repressors is

one of the major strategies in metabolic engineering. Blocking the unnecessary competing
genes enhanced the availability of precursor pools and redirect carbon flux to target
products via designed pathways. It is easy to manipulate, and the engineered strains are in
most cases genetically stable and highly efficient. Metabolic engineering of pyruvate
production exemplified the feasibility of systematic gene knockouts for improving
pyruvate production and accumulation (Wang, 2014).
Glycolysis pathway in E. coli has been served as a working horse converting carbon
source to metabolite intermediates, which enabled E. coli to be a versatile microbial factory
for chemical synthesis (Wang, 2014). From this experiment, humans can now develop
different strains in combatting several diseases. Maybe years from now, there are already
cure for the diseases that have not been cured all this time.
III. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis, the first step in cellular respiration, is a sequence of reactions that constitute
the first phase of most carbohydrate catabolism. It occurs in the cytosol of the cell in most
organisms. In glycolysis, glucose is converted to pyruvate. The pyruvate, the end product of
glycolysis, can be used in either anaerobic respiration (if no oxygen is available) or in aerobic
respiration via the TCA cycle which yields much more usable energy for the cell.
Learning Insights (Fabic)
Through this course, I have a deeper understanding about the processes that occur
inside our body. The food that we eat plays the major role in order to make these processes happen.
I compared our body to a huge industrial site. An example is the first step in cellular respiration
which is the glycolysis. Just like in an industrial site, everything is systematic and organize. Our
body is busy in doing their responsibilities just to make it normal and healthy. What I admired
most is they can finish their tasks immediately. I also learned about the different enzymes and how
they work in each processes of glycolysis
IV. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
A process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that
can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities (energy transformation). This chemical
energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon
dioxide and water
Photosynthesis is largely responsible for producing and maintaining the oxygen content of the
Earth's atmosphere, and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary
for life on Earth.
Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always

begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain
green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts,
which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma
membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable
substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. The hydrogen freed by the splitting of water is
used in the creation of two further compounds that serve as short-term stores of energy, enabling
its transfer to drive other reactions: these compounds are reduced nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the "energy currency" of
cells.
Learning Insights (Bacolcol)
After doing the flowchart for the bioprocesses, I've learned that it will ease the way we understand
a certain bioprocess. This sums up the whole process by breaking down specific reactions. As for
photosynthesis, it is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into
chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organism's activities. Generally, this process
is divided into two stages: Light dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. For light-
dependent reaction, which happens in thylakoid membrane, it depends on light and converts light
energy to chemical energy stored in bonds of two molecules, ATP and NADPH. While in light-
independent reaction, which happens in stoma, this uses the products in the first stage which are
ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.

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ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

201413528 Arciaga, Tristan Jedidiah A

201410721 Bacolcol, Irene Cheska

201620033 Bidua, Kurt B.

201310664 Fabic, Caitlyn Doyle S.

Engr. Jerry G. Olay

February 12, 018

In a cell, DNA replication begins at specific locations, or origins of replication, in

Learning Insight (Bidua)

Learning Insights (Arciaga)

These processes has applications in the field of Biochemical Engineering.

Host strain engineering via gene knockouts of competing pathway or repressors is

Learning Insights (Fabic)

Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always

Learning Insights (Bacolcol)

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