JFE TECHNICAL REPORT

No. 14 (Dec. 2009)

High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes

for Building Structures†
SUEISHI Nobuyuki*1   ARAKAWA Takekazu*2   OHMORI Akio*3   MATSUI Tokumi*4

Abstract: of φ600–800 mm and wall thicknesses of 20–40 mm.

In recent years higher tensile strength and heavier As manufacturing methods, the UOE method is widely
section of steel pipes have been required for building adopted. Recently, however, unprecedented large sec-
structures. JFE Steel has developed a series of steel tion pipes with outer diameters of around φ2 000 mm
pipes from 550 to 780 N/mm2 tensile strength class (from and wall thicknesses of >40 mm to 100 mm have been
385 to 630 N/mm2 yield strength class) by applying high adopted in designs at a rate of several projects per year.
performance steel plates. Mechanical properties of the JFE Steel has developed a series of high strength, heavy
pipes, particularly yield strength (YS) and yield ratio section round steel pipes from tensile strength (TS) class
(YR), are focused in order to achieve high performance 490 N/mm2 to 780 N/mm2 (yield strength (YS) class
for the building frames. Both low YR and high YR (high 385 N/mm2 to 630 N/mm2) which suitable for these
YS) types of pipes, which are required according to vari- special projects, and has confirmed that these products
ous design requests, can be produced through control- satisfy the performance requirements of building con-
ling the mechanical properties of applied plates and the struction applications. This paper presents the results of
manufacturing processes of the pipes.

1. Introduction

The main application of round steel pipes for building

construction is column materials. In particular, concrete
filled tubes (CFT) have frequently been widely used in
recent years. The structural superiority of round CFTs
in comparison with square steel pipes is widely recog-
nized, and includes features such the confining effect in
concrete filling and a sectional profile which is free of
directionality. With regard to the building scale, the fact
that round pipes are frequently used in comparatively
large-scale structures in the mid- to high-rise range is
a distinctive feature of this type (Photo 1). The most
widely used sectional sizes, according the records of
projects using round steel pipes cited by JFE Steel from
2000 to 2006 (Fig. 1), are outer diameters in the range Photo 1  Example of building using circular columns

†
 Originally published in JFE GIHO No. 21 (Aug. 2008), p. 8–14

*1
 Staff Manager, *3
 Dr. Eng.,
Construction Engineering Services Dept., Senior Researcher Manager,
Construction Materials & Services Center, Plate & Shapes Res. Dept.,
JFE Steel Steel Res. Lab.,
JFE Steel

*2
 Staff General Manager, *4
 Staff Deputy Manager,
Tubular Products Business Planning Dept., Welded Pipe Sec., Products Design & Quality Control
JFE Steel for Steel Products Dept.,
West Japan Works,
JFE Steel


 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

2 000 design. Thus, from the legal viewpoint, while setting

Number of
1 800 columns certain limits, design with a comparatively high degree
1 600 :500 of freedom, suited to the performance requirements of
:300
1 400 individual buildings, has become possible for designers.
Diameter (mm)

:100
1 200 As part of this trend, moves to adopt not only the con-
ventional elasto-plastic design, but also elastic design,
1 000
have also begun. As merits of adopting elastic design, in
800
contrast to elasto-plastic design, in which it is necessary
600
to consider the behavior of members as far as their plas-
400 tic properties after complex yielding, the elastic design
200 method is structurally clear, and above all, continuing
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Wall thickness (mm) use of all or part of buildings designed by the elastic
N34 906 method without damage is possible, even after an earth-
Fig. 1  Distribution of column size quake or other disaster. Because it is sufficient if ade-
quate yield strength can be secured in the main members
trial manufacture for confirmation of the performance of used in buildings of this type, use of high YR materials
these pipes. has become possible.
As outlined above, in steel materials for building
2. Performance Requirements for Steel Pipes structures, low YR steel pipes are required in elasto-
for Building Structures plastic design, and high YR steel pipes (high YS pipes)
are used in elastic design. JFE Steel has developed high
strength, heavy section steel pipes which respond to
2.1 Mechanical Properties
these respective requirements. In particular, in high YR
The current building design concept in Japan incor- pipes, the company has held tensile strength to the level
porates the concept of elasto-plasticity. Under this of the conventional steel grades and set YS at a high
concept, it is thought that building collapse can be level in consideration of economy.
prevented by plasticization of the structural members Where toughness is concerned, there has been height-
and the resultant absorption of energy during a major ened interest in this type of performance in the construc-
earthquake, as assumed in the design. The concept of tion field due to the earthquake disasters of recent years.
elasto-plastic design utilizes the performance of steel With steel pipes, there is a tendency to reduce the tough-
materials, which have a high plastic deformation capac- ness value in comparison with the steel plate before
ity. Because it is possible to reduce the necessary cross processing because pipes are subject to plastic working
section in comparison with elastic design, elasto-plastic in the manufacturing process. However, it is desirable
design offers superior economy. Therefore, in the main to secure a toughness value on the same level as general
members used in building structures, not limited to steel plates after pipemaking.
round steel pipes, standard values have been set with an
2.2 Weldability
awareness of allowing plasticization by setting the upper
limit of yield strength (YS) and specifying the ratio Welding of high strength steels generally involves
(yield ratio YR = YS/TS) of yield strength (YS) and a high degree of difficulty, including a high preheating
tensile strength (TS). The same concept has been incor- temperature and strict control of the inter-pass tem-
porated in the STKN standard in Japanese Industrial perature. Therefore, steel materials which enable sound
Standards (JIS), which is the general standard for steel welding with a low preheating temperature have been
pipes used in column material applications. In the STKN desired. The development reported here responded to
standard, both the YS range and the TS range are speci- that need by adopting steel plates which holds weld
fied as 105 N/mm2, and YR is specified as 85% or less crack sensitivity composition (PCM) to a low value.
(welded steel pipes). For high strength steels which are
2.3 Dimensional Accuracy
not designated in the Building Standard Law of Japan,
the approval of the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and In steel building frames, JASS6 (Japanese Architec-
Transport (MLIT) is necessary. However, in many cases, tural Standard Specification – Steel Work1)) is generally
the specified values for steel pipes also follow the STKN used as the standard for dimensional accuracy. As a stan-
standard in this case. dard for round steel pipes for use in building structures,
On the other hand, in recent years, there have been the JIS STKN standard is generally adopted. However,
moves to change design practice from the specification in this standard, precision of diameter is specified in
code design used up to the present to performance code terms of the diameter as converted from the circumfer-

10  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)

 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

Table 1  Targets for mechanical properties and chemical compositions of steel pipes

Mechanical properties Chemical composition

Steel pipe
YS (N/mm ) TS (N/mm ) YR=YS/TS VE0 (J) Pcm*2 (%)
2 2 *1

P-385B 385–535 550–700 ≤85% (Low YR) ≥70 ≤0.27

TS490-550
P-400T 400–600 490–640 ≤95% (High YR) ≥70 ≤0.27
P-440B 440–590 590–740 ≤85% (Low YR) ≥47 ≤0.30
TS570-590
P-500T 500–700 570–740 ≤95% (High YR) ≥70 ≤0.30
TS780 P-630T 630–880 780–930 ≤95% (High YR) ≥47 ≤0.30
 1/4t trom surface
*1

 Pcm: C+Si/30+Mn/20+Cu/20+Ni/60+Cr/20+Mo/15+V/10+5B
*2

ence of the tube, and both the measurement method

and tolerances are different from those for circularity in
JASS6, in which the provisions consider the linear mis-
alignment which occurs in welds at pipe joints.
This difference becomes particularly large in large-
diameter pipes. For example, in JIS, the tolerance for
φ2 000 mm is ±10 mm by conversion of the outer
diameter from the circumference, but in contrast, in
JASS6, the tolerance is ±3 mm specified as circularity.
Thus, in building frames, consideration of JASS6, which
requires relatively strict accuracy control, is demanded.

2.4 Development Targets

Fig. 2 Relationship between yield strength (YS) and yield ratio
The object of this development was round steel pipes (YR) of steel plates
for column material applications in high rise buildings
or structures. The target strength levels were divided
into three classes, TS490 to 550 N/mm2 class (YS385,
400 N/mm2), TS570 to 590 N/mm2 class (YS440, 500 N/mm2), Controlled- CR
rolling (CR) Super-OLAC Super-OLAC
and TS780 N/mm2 class (YS630 N/mm2), and low YR Inter-critical reheating
Ac3
Accelerated- and quenching
and high YR specifications were set for the respective rolling (ACC) Direct Tempering Ac1
strength levels. However, in the TS780 N/mm2 class, the quenching
object of development was limited to high YR steel pipe.
The toughness value and value of PCM were set to val-
ues which secure a steel plate specification of the same (a) TMCP (CR+ACC) (b) Multiple heat treatment
(DQ-Q’-T)
strength class as that adopted in the building frame. The
respective development target specifications are shown
in Table 1. CR Super-OLAC
HOP Ac1
ACC
3. Development Tasks and Concepts

3.1 Control of Mechanical Properties

of Steel Plates (c) HOP (CR+ACC+HOP)

3.1.1 Yield ratio (YR) Fig. 3 Manufacturing processes for low yield ratio (YR) steel
plates
As shown in Fig. 2, the YR of heavy steel plates
generally increases with strength in steels. The aver- plates with a YR controlled through the chemical com-
age YR of the conventional TS570 to 610 N/mm2 class position and manufacturing process. Figure 3 shows
steel plates exceeds 80%, and that of 780 N/mm2 class a schematic diagram of the manufacturing process for
plates exceeds 85%. In the steel plates with the high achieving low YR using JFE Steel’s Super-OLAC (On-
YR specification shown in Table 1, there are cases in line Accelerated Cooling) technology. At the strength
which the conventional high YR plates can be applied levels of 550 N/mm2 class steel (HBL3852)) and below,
without modification, but as steel pipe material for the low YR of 80% or less can be achieved by optimiz-
low YR specification, it is necessary to apply low YR ing the thermo-mechanical control process (TMCP) as

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)  11

 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

100

Yield ratio (%) 90 Specimen

direction
Pre-strain Pre-strain

Rolling
80

70
TS780 class (High YR)
900
Tensile strength
(N/mm2)

TS570 class (High YR)

800 TS780 class (Low YR)
TS590 class (Low YR)
700 TS550 class (Low YR)
600

(˚C)
Charpy fracture appearance transition
500 0
900
Yield strength
(N/mm2)

800
50
700

temperature, vTrs
600 100
500
400 150
0 5 10 0 5 10
Pre-strain (%) Pre-strain (%)

(a) Tensile properties (b) Charpy impact property

Fig. 4  Effects of strain aging on tensile and Charpy impact properties of steel plates

shown in Fig. 3(a). In higher strength steels, low YR of and back sides of the pipe. At maximum, this strain is
80% or less can be achieved with 590 N/mm2 class steel on the order of the ratio (t/D) of the plate thickness t
(SA440), and 85% or less can be achieved 780 N/mm2 and pipe diameter D. This causes changes in mechani-
class steel (low YR-HT780; JFE-HITEN780T) by apply- cal properties, including work hardening, embrittlement,
ing a complex multi-stage heat treatment process that etc. Thus, it is necessary to set the target properties of
includes inter-critical reheated quenching (Q’), as shown the steel plates which are to be applied as material for
in Fig. 3(b). JFE Steel has obtained certification from steel pipes considering the changes in mechanical prop-
the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport for its erties before and after pipemaking.
low YR steel lineup with tensile strengths in the range Figure 4 shows the results of an evaluation of
from 490 to 780 N/mm2.* mechanical properties after aging heat treatment at
Recently, JFE Steel established an on-line heat 250°C × 1 h when 5% or 10% tensile prestrain was
treatment technology that realizes fine dispersed micro- applied in the cold condition to prestrained test samples
structural control of the hard martensite phase, which (parallel part: 18 t × 80 w × 180 L) taken in the plate
could only be achieved with the off-line Q’ heat treat- transverse direction (C direction) from various types
ment process in the past, by applying the HOP® (Heat- of steel plates (thickness: 40–60 mm) in the TS550 to
treatment On-line Process)3) using an on-line induction 780 N/mm2 classes. In order to simulate a tensile test
heating device which was introduced by JFE Steel for of the pipe axial direction, round bar tensile test pieces
the first time in the world. As a result, JFE developed a and Charpy impact test pieces were taken in the roll-
low YR-HT780 steel by a non-heat treated process with ing direction, which was perpendicular to the prestrain
HOP4). direction. Because the amount of plastic strain intro-
duced by bending forming will differ depending on
3.1.2 Change of mechanical properties
the plate thickness position, this type of simple tensile
due to bending forming
prestrain test does not faithfully reproduce forming in
Bending forming in the pipemaking process intro- actual pipemaking. However, it can be used to obtain
duces tensile or compressive plastic strain at the front systematic basic data on the changes in mechanical
properties due to plastic working.
*TMCP steel materials for building structures (HBL325, HBL355, According to the tensile test results shown in
HBL385; Numerical values indicate yield point or proof stress), Fig. 4(a), YS, TS, and YR increase accompanying
High performance 590 N/mm2 steel material (SA440; YS440 N/mm2 increases in prestrain, but the increment of YR is larger
class), Low YR-HT780 steel (JFE-HITEN780T; YS630 N/mm2 class). in low YR steel plates than in high YR plates. Thus, in

12  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)

 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

Table 2  Results of y-groove weld cracking tests

Steel plate Preheating temperature
Welding conditions Crack ratio
Grade PCM Thickness (mm) (˚C)
75˚C 0%
0.27   60 GMAW (CO2)
Welding consumable: 50˚C 0%
780 N/mm2 class
MG-80, φ1.2 50˚C 0%
0.24   40 Heat input: 1.1 kJ/mm
25˚C 0%
25˚C 0%
590 N/mm2 class (SA440-U) 0.21   80 GMAW (CO2)
Welding consumable:   0˚C 0%
MG-60(YGW-21), φ1.2 50˚C 0%
550 N/mm2 class (HBL385) 0.17 100 Heat input: 1.1 kJ/mm
25˚C 0%
Atmosphere: 20˚C, 60%

order to satisfy the low YR specification for steel pipes,

the target YR of the plate used as the base material is
decreased further, or a process which reduces work
hardening is applied, such as warm bending forming or
heat treatment after pipemaking, as described in Section
3.2.
Figure 4(b) shows the effect of the amount of pre-
strain on the Charpy fracture transition temperature
(vTrs). All of the steel plates showed embrittlement as
a result of strain aging, and vTrs increased by 30–50°C.
Thus, with heavy steel plates which are to be applied as
material for pipemaking, it is necessary to optimize the
composition design and manufacturing conditions con- Photo 2  Press bending process
sidering the reduction of toughness caused by bending
forming. press bend method (Photo 2). In the press bend method,
the steel plate material is subjected to 3-point bend-
3.1.3 Weldability (Lowering PCM)
ing at equal intervals with a press machine, and the
JFE Steel has developed high strength, high per- required curvature is then obtained using a straightener.
formance steel plates which secure excellent weldability The restriction on this method is the capacity of the
by reducing the carbon equivalent Ceq and weld crack press. High press power is necessary in plastic bending
sensitivity composition PCM using high accuracy TMCP, forming through the full thickness of heavy gauge steel
taking advantage of its advanced accelerated cooling plates. In cases which exceed the capacity of the press
device, the Super-OLAC. As an example, Table 2 shows machine, it is necessary to perform warm forming by
the results of y-groove weld crack tests of the main low heating the material before forming in order to reduce
YR steel plates for building construction (550 N/mm2 its deformation resistance. In this method, deforma-
class steel (HBL385), high weldability type 590 N/mm2 tion resistance is reduced as the heating temperature
steel (SA440-U)5), and low YR-780 N/mm2 class steel). increases, but work hardening also changes. Therefore,
With steel with under 590 N/mm2 low, the preheating it is necessary to determine the press bend conditions
temperature for preventing cracking in CO2 gas shield considering changes in mechanical properties.
arc welding was room temperature or lower, showing Furthermore, in order to secure dimensional accuracy
that these steels possess weldability of a level at which after pipemaking, control of the dimensional accuracy
preheating is generally unnecessary. of the material plate, a grasp of the press capacity, and
an understanding of the amount of deformation caused
3.2 Pipemaking
by seam welding, become issues. Particularly in heavy-
walled pipes, due to the large amount of welding and
3.2.1 Bending forming
wide width of the seam bead, welding conditions such as
Among the steel pipes for building structures groove size and welding heat input during welding are
produced by JFE Steel, with high strength, heavy wall controlled from the viewpoint of securing dimensional
thickness products such as those which were the object accuracy.
of this development, pipemaking is performed by the

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)  13

 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

100 4. Results of Pipe Manufacturing

: UOE
: Cold PB TS490 N/mm class
2

90 : Cold PBTemper 4.1 Types of Pipes Manufactured and

: Warm PB Results of Mechanical Tests

80 Steel pipes were manufactured in a wide range of

YR (%)

sizes, including outer diameters of 800 to 2 100 mm,

wall thicknesses of 40 to 100 mm, and t/D values from
70
4.2 to 7.8% in the strength range from tensile strength
(TS) 490 N/mm2 to 780 N/mm2. Typical chemical com-
60 positions of these products are shown in Table 3, and
the pipe sizes, corresponding pipemaking conditions,
50 and mechanical properties are shown in Table 4. For
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 mechanical properties, the data are shown for both the
(Wall thickness)/(Diameter of steel pipe), t/D steel plates and the product pipes. As tensile test pieces,
Fig. 5 Effects of warm bending and tempering on yield ratio (YR) full thickness specimens were used. For pipes, samples
of 490 N/mm2 class pipes were taken from the pipe axial direction, and for plates,
from the same direction before pipemaking. As an
3.2.2 Heat treatment impact test, the Chapry impact test was performed. The
test piece sampling position for pipes was the pipe axial
In steel pipes with cross sections having a large direction at the 1/4 thickness position from the outer
t/D value, work hardening due to the effect of plastic surface of the pipe; for plates, the same position and
strain during cold bending forming may be excessive. direction before pipemaking were used.
In such cases, Excessive increases in YS, TS, and YR
4.2 Discussion
and reduction in toughness are alleviated by heat treat-
ment during or after benging forming, such as warm Table 3 shows that the values of PCM of the sampled
bending or tempering so as to control the mechanical plates were capable of satisfying the target specifica-
properties to within the required target range. Figure 5 tions. In particular, with steel pipes with TS490 to
shows the reduction of YR by warm bending or temper- 550 N/mm2 and TS570 to 590 N/mm2, the values are
ing for 490 N/mm2 class pipe as an example. Because substantially lower than the target specifications, dem-
the changes in mechanical properties due to warm bend- onstrating that a low PCM composition which enables
ing or heat treatment after bending forming will differ welding without preheating can be achieved by applying
depending on the chemical composition and microstruc- TMCP technology.
ture of the base steel plate and t/D, the forming tempera- In the results of the tensile test shown in Table 4, the
ture and heat treatment conditions are determined for values of YS, TS, and YR all increase due to bending
each composition, strength level, plate manufacturing forming of the plates, but it can be confirmed that all tar-
method, and size. get specifications are satisfied in the product pipes. From
the results of the impact test, the toughness value after
pipemaking tends to decreases somewhat in comparison
with the plates. However, because values exceeding
100 J were secured in all of the pipes, it can be under-
stood that the target specifications could be satisfied

Table 3  Chemical compositions of steel plates

(mass%)
Chemical composition
Steel pipe Plate thickness (mm)
C Si Mn P S N Ceq Pcm
P-385B   50 0.13 0.35 1.34 0.006 0.002 0.003 0.38 0.21
TS490-550
P-400T  95 0.06 0.20 1.48 0.008 0.002 0.005 0.42 0.17
P-440B   80 0.09 0.26 1.50 0.008 0.002 0.003 0.46 0.20
TS570-590
P-500T 100 0.08 0.24 1.45 0.016 0.003 0.004 0.41 0.19
P-630T   40 0.06 0.19 2.00 0.012 0.001 0.004 0.55 0.25
TS780
P-630T   60 0.12 0.27 0.97 0.003 0.001 0.005 0.55 0.28
Ceq: C+Si/24+Mn/6+Ni/40+Cr/5+Mo/4+V/14   Pcm: C+Si/30+Mn/20+Cu/20+Ni/60+Cr/20+Mo/15+V/14+5B

14  JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)

 High Strength and Heavy Wall Thickness Steel Pipes for Building Structures

Table 4  Mechanical properties of pipes

Steel pipe Tensile properties (Plate) Tensile properties (Pipe)

Condition
D t Heat YS TS YR VE0 YS TS YR VE0
t/D for
(mm) (mm) treatment (N/mm2) (N/mm2) YS/TS (J) (N/mm2) (N/mm2) YS/TS (J)
bending
P-385B   800   50 6.3 434 596 73% 280 499 607 82% 252
Cold
(Low YR) 1 000   50 5.0 434 596 73% 280 509 609 84% 243
TS490-550
P-400T 1 300  95 7.3 Warm 405 579 70% 343 564 627 90% 328
(High YR) 2 100  95 4.5 Cold Temper 407 586 69% 346 490 609 86% 316
  900   40 4.4 502 637 79% 263 535 652 82% 268
  800   45 5.6 479 631 76% 284 572 691 83% 279
P-440B   800   50 6.3 467 609 77% 305 550 665 83% 295
Cold
(Low YR)   800   60 7.5 Temper 490 645 76% 312 536 667 80% 275
TS570-590
  900   70 7.8 Temper 475 620 77% 298 513 652 79% 271
1 900   80 4.2 484 658 74% 320 542 672 81% 273
P-500T 1 300  90 6.9 Warm 561 706 79% 210 666 734 91% 150
(High YR) 2 100 100 4.8 Cold 546 698 78% 231 629 726 87% 223
  800   40 5.0 645 841 77% 202 759 833 91% 181
P-630T   800   40 5.0 669 823 81% 232 741 862 86% 222
TS780 Warm
(High YR) 1 000   50 5.0 662 859 77% 228 775 846 92% 126
1 000   60 6.0 737 825 89% 254 719 823 87% 250

t/D: Wall thickness/Diameter of steel pipe   Tensile test: JIS 2201 No. 12

Charpy impact test: JIS Z 2242 V-notch 1/4t from surface

100 structures in the high strength, heavy wall thickness

P-385B
High YR Low YR region of tensile strength (TS) from 490 N/mm2 to
90
P-400T 780 N/mm2 (YS385 N/mm2 to 630 N/mm2) and wall
High YR thicknesses of 40 to 100 mm, and confirmed that it is
80
YR (%)

Low YR
P-440B possible to manufacture pipes of the targeted specifica-
Low YR
70 tions. In particular, it is possible to produce low YR and
P-500T high YR specification steel pipes with the same strength
High YR
60 level in accordance with the customer’s requirements.
P-630T
High YR As a result, it is considered possible to supply steel pipes
50 which respond to more diverse design requirements than
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
in the past.
t/D (%)
Fig. 6  Relationship of t/D and Yield ratio (YR) for pipe data
References

irrespective of strength, thickness, or curvature.   1) Japanese Architectural Standard Specification JASS6 Steel
Work. Architectural Institute of Japan. 2007.
Figure 6 shows the distribution of the yield ratio   2) Hayashi, K.; Fujisawa, S.; Nakagawa, I. High Performance
(YR) of the pipes by t/D. In spite of the differences 550 MPa Class High Strength Steel Plates for Buildings
in strength, thickness, and curvature, it is possible to — Steel Plates with New Reference Design Standard Strength
“HBL385,” which Minimize the Construction Costs in Frame
control the value of YR to within the required range, Fabrication and Alleviate the Environmental Burden —. JFE
irrespective of t/D, by appropriately controlling the per- Giho. 2004, no. 5, p. 45.
formance of the material plates using the Super-OLAC,   3) Fujibayashi, A.; Omata, K. JFE Steel’s Advanced Manufactur-
ing Technologies of Leading High Performance Steel Plates.
HOP, and other technologies, and appropriately selecting JFE Giho. 2004, no. 5, p. 8.
plate heating during pipemaking or heat treatment after   4) Ueda, K.; Endo, S.; Ito, T. 780 MPa Grade Steel Plates with
pipemaking. Low Yield Ratio by Micro structural Control of Dual Phase.
JFE Giho. 2007, no. 18, p. 23.
5. Conclusion   5) Omata, K.; Yoshimura, H.; Yamamoto, S. The Leading High
Performance Steel Plates with Advanced Manufacturing Tech-
JFE Steel carried out development in order to secure nologies. NKK Technical Review. 2002, no. 179, p. 57.
the performance required in steel pipes for building

JFE TECHNICAL REPORT No. 14 (Dec. 2009)  15