NOTES

Unit-II

VIII) United Nations Organisations – Veto Powers Number of countries as its member principal
organs and their functions.

The principal organ of the UN System was the United Nations itself, and consists of six principal
organs established by the Charter of the United Nations.

1) The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA/GA) is one of the six principal organs of
the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation.
Its powers are to oversee the budget of the United Nations, appoint the non-permanent
members to the Security Council, receive reports from other parts of the United Nations and
make recommendations in the form of General Assembly Resolutions.[8] It has also
established a wide number of subsidiary organs.

2) The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the principal organs of the United
Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers,
outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations,
the establishment of international sanctions, and the authorization of military action. Its
powers are exercised through United Nations Security Council resolutions. The Security
Council held its first session on 17 January 1946 at Church House, Westminster, London.
Since its first meeting, the Council, which exists in continuous session, has travelled widely,
holding meetings in many cities, such as Paris and Addis Ababa, as well as at its current
permanent home at the United Nations Headquarters in New York City. There are 15
members of the Security Council, consisting of five veto-wielding permanent
members (China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States) and 10 elected
non-permanent members with two-year terms. This basic structure is set out in Chapter V of
the UN Charter. Security Council members must always be present at UN headquarters in
New York so that the Security Council can meet at any time. This requirement of the United
Nations Charter was adopted to address a weakness of the League of Nations since that
organization was often unable to respond quickly to a crisis.
3) The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) constitutes one of the six
principal organs (one is not active, as of 2011) of the United Nations. It is responsible for
coordinating the economic, social and related work of 14 UN specialized agencies, their
functional commissions and five regional commissions. ECOSOC has 54 members; it holds a
four-week session each year in July. Since 1998, it has also held a meeting each April with
finance ministers heading key committees of the World Bank and the International Monetary
Fund (IMF). The ECOSOC serves as the central forum for discussing international economic
and social issues, and for formulating policy recommendations addressed to member states
and the United Nations System.

4) The United Nations Secretariat is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations and
it is headed by the United Nations Secretary-General, assisted by a staff of international civil
servants worldwide. It provides studies, information, and facilities needed by United Nations
bodies for their meetings. It also carries out tasks as directed by the UN Security Council, the
UN General Assembly, the UN Economic and Social Council, and other U.N. bodies. The
United Nations Charter provides that the staff be chosen by application of the "highest
 standards of efficiency, competence, and integrity," with due regard for the importance of
recruiting on a wide geographical basis.The Charter provides that the staff shall not seek or
receive instructions from any authority other than the UN. Each UN member country is
enjoined to respect the international character of the Secretariat and not seek to influence its
staff. The Secretary-General alone is responsible for staff selection.
5) The International Court of Justice is the primary judicial organ of the United Nations. It is
based in the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. Its main functions are to settle legal
disputes submitted to it by states and to provide advisory opinions on legal questions
submitted to it by duly authorized international organs, agencies, and the UN General
Assembly.
6) The United Nations Trusteeship Council, one of the principal organs of the United Nations,
was established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of
their inhabitants and of international peace and security. The trust territories—most of them
former mandates of the League of Nations or territories taken from nations defeated at the end
of World War II—have all now attained self-government or independence, either as separate
nations or by joining neighbouring independent countries. The last was Palau, formerly part
of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, which became a member state of the United
Nations in December 1994.

IX) SAARC, ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a geo-political and economic

organisation of ten countries located in Southeast Asia, which was formed on 8 August 1967
by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.Since then, membership has
expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Its aims include
accelerating economic growth, social progress, cultural development among its members,
protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to discuss
differences peacefully.

Latest Summit:

No. date country host host leader

22nd 24-25 April 2013 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan

Hassanal Bolkiah
23rd 9-10 October 2013 Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan

SAARC

The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organisation of South
Asian nations, which was established on 8 December 1985 when the government
of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka formally adopted its
charter providing for the promotion of economic and social progress, cultural development within
 the South Asia region and also for friendship and co-operation with other developing countries. It
is dedicated to economic, technological, social, and cultural development emphasising collective
self-reliance. Its seven founding members are Sri
Lanka, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. Afghanistan joined the
organisation in 2007. Meetings of heads of state are usually scheduled annually; meetings of
foreign secretaries, twice annually. It is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal.

17th 10–11 November 2011 Maldives Addu Mohammed Nasheed

18th 2013 Nepal Kathmandu Khil Raj Regmi

XV) Democratic institutions

Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens participate equally—either

directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of laws. It
encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice
of political self-determination.

Democratic institutions have been crated in varying degrees to meet the following goals:

To enable participation either directly or through elections; to avoid tyranny both by autocratic
rules and (in democratic systems) by the majority; to assure open and fair competition for power
on the basis of popular vote, and thus the accountability of governments and the circulation of
elites; to provide a forum for rational discussion of political problems and optimum settlement of
different and potentially conflicting social interests.

XVI) Forms of govt:

Anarchy Anarchy is a form of government where there is no central governing authority; in anarchy
there is no government and each individual has absolute liberty. It is important to note, however, that
the lack of a government to enforce laws does not automatically imply that there are no laws; anarcho-
capitalism in particular posits a form of anarchy with a body of explicit laws.
Aristocracy A form of government in which a select few rule based on inherited hereditary right.
Autocracy A form of government in which the political power is held by a single, self-appointed
ruler. Communist state a hypothetical entity to which communists can refer when approached with
the inconvenient realities of the socialist "republics" run by communist parties. It is notable however
that even under Marxist theory communism is supposed to be stateless.
Corporatocracy a form of government where a corporation, a group of corporations, or government
entities with private components, control the direction and governance of a country.
Demarchy a hypothetical political system run by randomly selected decision makers who have been
selected by sortition. Think selecting a legislature or executive in the same manner that a jury is
presently selected.
Democracy Refers to a broad range of types of government based upon the "consent of the
governed." In its purest form it is the same thing as mobocracy, but it is usually practiced in the form
of a republic, which provides checks and balances and an establishment that is able to tap an unruly
mob on its collective head.
Epistemocracy a utopian type of society and government in which people of rank, including those
holding political office, are those who possess epistemic humility.
Ethnocracy a form of government where representatives of a particular ethnic group hold a number
of government posts disproportionately large to the percentage of the total population that the
particular ethnic group(s) represents and use them to advance the position of their particular ethnic
group(s) to the detriment of others. In Nazi Germany ethnic groups Hitler supported held all the
power. Neo-Nazis often accuse Jews of possessing an ethnocracy in the person of the U.S.
government, which they call the Zionist Occupation Government.
Exilarchy a form of government, usually theocratic or monarchic, that is established and constituted
for rule over an ethnic or religious diaspora rather than over the place of origin whence the diaspora
originates.
FascismThe country is ruled by a totalitarian and corporatist government. It has also gone by the
names Nazism, Baathism, Corporatism, and Falangism.
Futarchy System of government proposed by Economist Robin Hanson based on the idea of voting
on a certain outcome and then figuring out how to achieve it.
Geniocracy a system of government which was first proposed by Rael (leader of the International
Raëlian Movement) in 1977 and which advocates problem-solving and creative intelligence as criteria
for regional governance.
Gerontocracy a form of oligarchical rule in which an entity is ruled by leaders who are significantly
older than most of the adult population.
Kakistocracy Government by the least qualified or most unprincipled citizens, "Government by the
worst."
Kleptocracy a term applied to a government that extends the personal wealth and political power of
government officials and the ruling class (collectively, kleptocrats) at the expense of the population.
Kratocracy government by those who are strong enough to seize power through force or cunning.
Kritocracy or Krytocracy a government ruled by judges.
Kritarchya form of order springing from judgments made from principles of natural rights.
Logocracy government by words.
Meritocracy a government or other organization wherein appointments are made and responsibilities
are given based on demonstrated talent and ability.
Minarchya political ideology which maintains that the state's only legitimate function is the
protection of individuals from aggression.
Mobocracy or Ochlocracygovernment by mob or a mass of people, or the intimidation of
constitutional authorities.
Monarchy a form of government in which supreme power is absolutely or nominally lodged with an
individual, who is the head of state, often for life or until abdication. A monarchy usually possesses
more checks and balances than an autocracy or dictatorship.
Noocracy a social and political system that is based on the priority of human mind.
Oligarchya form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society
distinguished by royal, wealth, intellectual, family, military or religious hegemony.
Panarchracya political philosophy emphasizing each individual's right to freely join and leave the
jurisdiction of any governments they choose, without being forced to move from their current locale.
Plutocracy rule by the wealthy, or power provided by wealth.
Socialist republic or people's republic a state run by a communist party that pretends to be
following the progression from capitalism to socialism to communism hypothesized by Karl Marx.
Strangely enough, all of them get stuck in the socialist phase and never actually get on to the
communism part.
Sociocracy a system of governance using consent-based decision making among equivalent
individuals and an organizational structure based on cybernetic principles.
Stratocracya system of government in which there is no distinction between the military and the civil
power.
Technocracy a form of government in which engineers, scientists, and other technical experts are in
control of decision making in their respective fields.
Theocracy a form of government in which a god or deity is recognized as the state's supreme civil
ruler. Since said god or deity is usually absent from decision making, a church sponsored leader or
leaders will rule instead.
Theodemocracy a political system theorized by Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint
movement (Mormons). As the name implies, theodemocracy was meant to be a fusion of traditional
republican democractic rights under the United States Constitution combined with theocratic
elements.
Timocracy either:a state where only property owners may participate in government; or a government
where rulers are selected and perpetuated based on the degree of honor they hold relative to others in
their society, peer group or class.

XX) Role of Mathematics in Economics:

Mathematical economics is the application of mathematical methods to represent theories and
analyze problems in economics. By convention, theapplied methods refer to those beyond simple
geometry, such as differential and integral calculus, difference and differential equations, matrix
algebra,mathematical programming, and other computational methods. An advantage claimed for the
approach is its allowing formulation of theoretical relationships with rigor, generality, and simplicity.

XXI) Agriculture in economic development, industrialization and economic development

India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and
fishing accounted for 18.6% of the GDP in 2005, employed 60% of the total workforce[6] and despite
a steady decline of its share in the GDP, is still the largest economic sector and plays a significant role
in the overall socio-economic development of India. Yields per unit area of all crops have grown since
1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady
improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of
agricultural credit and subsidies since the green revolution
Industrialisation is the process of manufacturing consumer goods and capital goods and of building
infrastructure in order to provide goods and services to both individuals and businesses. As such
Industrialisation plays a major role in the economic development of underdeveloped countries
like India with vast manpower and varied resources. India is tenth in the world in factory
output. Manufacturing sector in addition to mining, quarrying, electricity and gas together account for
27.6% of the GDP and employ 17% of the total workforce. Economic reforms introduced after 1991
brought foreign competition, led to privatisation of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors
hitherto reserved for the public sector and led to an expansion in the production of fast-
moving consumer goods.[14]In recent years, Indian cities have continued to liberalise, but excessive
and burdensome business regulations remain a problem in some cities, like Kochi and Kolkata.
XXII) Indian Foreign Trade
Foreign trade in India includes all imports and exports to and from India. At the level of Central
Government it is administered by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.Prior to the
1991 economic liberalisation,India was a closed economy due to the average tariffs exceeding
200 percent and the extensive quantitative restrictions on imports. Foreign investment was
strictly restricted to only allow Indian ownership of businesses. Since the liberalisation, India's
economy has improved mainly due to increased foreign trade.
XXIII)
The economic liberalisation in India refers to ongoing economic reforms in India that started on 24
July 1991. The government of P. V. Narasimha Rao and his finance minister Manmohan
Singh (currently the Prime Minister of India) started breakthrough reforms. The new neo-
liberal policies included opening for international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation
of privatisation, tax reforms, and inflation-controlling measures. The fruits of liberalisation reached
their peak in 2007, when India recorded its highest GDP growth rate of 9%.[7] With this, India became
the second fastest growing major economy in the world, next only to China. [8] The growth rate has
slowed significantly in the first half of 2012.The new neo-liberal policies included opening for
international trade and investment, deregulation, initiation of privatisation, tax reforms, and inflation-
controlling measures. The impact of these reforms may be gauged from the fact that total foreign
investment (including foreign direct investment, portfolio investment, and investment raised
on international capital markets) in India grew from a minuscule US$132 million in 1991–92 to
$5.3 billion in 1995–96.

XXIV) Inflation:
In economics, inflation is a persistent increase in the general price level of goods and services in
an economy over a period of time.[1] When the general price level rises, each unit of currency buys
fewer goods and services. Consequently, inflation reflects a reduction in the purchasing power per
unit of money – a loss of real value in the medium of exchange and unit of account within the
economy. Inflation's effects on an economy are various and can be
simultaneously positive and negative. Negative effects of inflation include an increase in the
opportunity cost of holding money, uncertainty over future inflation which may discourage
investment and savings, and if inflation is rapid enough, shortages of goods as consumers
begin hoarding out of concern that prices will increase in the future. Positive effects include ensuring
that central banks can adjust real interest rates (to mitigate recessions),[5] and encouraging investment
in non-monetary capital projects.
Some economists maintain that high rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive
growth of the money supply,[6] while others take the view that under the conditions of a liquidity trap,
large injections are "pushing on a string" and cannot cause significantly higher inflation.[7][8]Views on
which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation
may be attributed to fluctuations in real demand for goods and services, or changes in available
supplies such as during scarcities, as well as to changes in the velocity of money supply measures; in
particular the MZM ("Money Zero Maturity") supply velocity.[9][10] However, the consensus view is
that a long sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of
economic growth.[11][12]
Today, most economists favor a low and steady rate of inflation.[13] Low (as opposed to zero
or negative) inflation reduces the severity of economic recessions by enabling the labor market to
adjust more quickly in a downturn, and reduces the risk that a liquidity trap prevents monetary
policy from stabilizing the economy.[14] The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is
usually given to monetary authorities. Generally, these monetary authorities are the central banks that
control monetary policy through the setting of interest rates, through open market operations, and
through the setting of banking reserve requirements.[15
TYPES of Inflation
Demand pull inflation: This type of inflation results due to the increase in aggregate demand in the
economy. Cost push inflation: Increase in cost of production will result in cost push inflation. As the
cost of production increases, the firms will reduce supply.

UNIT-III
II) Constituion of J&K-
Article 370 of the Indian constitution, which is of a temporary nature, grants special status
to Jammu and Kashmir. Under Part XXI of the Constitution of India, which deals with “Temporary,
Transitional and Special provisions”, the State of Jammu and Kashmir has been accorded special
status under Article 370. Even though included in 1st Schedule as 15th state, all the provisions of the
Constitution which are applicable to other states are not applicable to J&K.
Fundamental duties, directive principles and fundamental rights:
Part IV (Directive Principles of the State Policy) and Part IVA (Fundamental Duties) of the Constitution
are not applicable to J&K. In addition to other fundamental rights, Articles 19(1)(f) and 31(2) of the
Constitution are still applicable to J&K; hence the Fundamental Right to property is still guaranteed in
this state.It is the only state which does not have to give a detailed record on the money flowing in the
state and where is it used and how. In the Indian Constitutional history only one Fundamental Right
has been added so far and that is Right to Education. this right too is not extending to J&K.

IV) Important power projects and their impact on State economy:

Name of Power House Configuration Installed Capacity in MW

STATE SECTOR
Jhelum River Basin
Lower Jhelum 3 x 35 105
Upper Sindh-I 2x11.3 22.6
Ganderbal 2x3+2x4.5 15
Upper Sindh-II 3x35 105
Pahalgam 2 x 1.5 3
Karnah 2x1 2
Chenab Basin
Chenani-I 5x4.66 23.30
Chennai-II 2x1 2
Chenani-III 3x2.5 7.50
Bhaderwah 2 x 0.5 1
Baglihar 3x150 450
Ravi Basin
Sewa-III 3x3 9
Indus Basin
Iqbal 3x1.25 3.75
Hunder 2x0.20 0.40
 Sumoor 2x0.05 0.10
Igo-Mercellong 2x1.50 3
Haftal 2x0.50 1
Marpachoo 3x0.25 0.75
Bazgo 2x0.15 0.30
Stakna 2x2 4
Total 758.70
CENTRAL SECTOR
Salal HEP 6x115 690
Uri -I 4x120 480
Dul-Hasti 3x130 390
Total 1560

IX) RTI Act

Jammu and Kashmir Right to Information Act, 2009
The Jammu & Kashmir Right to Information Act, 2009 came into force on 20 March 2009,
repealing and replacing the erstwhile Jammu & Kashmir Right to Information Act, 2004 and
the Jammu & Kashmir Right to Information (Amendment) Act, 2008. The Act is based closely
upon the Central Right to Information Act, 2005. Like all RTI legislation, it is intended to provided
citizens a legally mandate mechanism for obtaining government records.
An Act to provide for setting out the regime of right to information for the people of the State to
secure access to information under the control of public authorities in order to promote transparency
and accountability in the working of every public authority, the constitution of a State Information
Commission and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
In December 2008, the National Conference party led by Omar Abdullah announced that a new RTI
Act was among their "election manifesto" goals. The National Conference was subsequently elected
to power and Omar Abdullah became the state's Chief Minister. A draft bill was tabled on 7 March
2009, and passed by the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council by 12 March 2009. The Act
was subsequently gazetted (came into force) on 20 March 2009. The Rules to the Act were gazetted
on 6 June 2009. The Government is presently in the process of appointing PIOs and APIOs.

X) Indus Water Treaty and its impact on State economy

On September 19, 1960, India and Pakistan has signed Indus Water Treaty (IWT) over the water
sharing of Indus basin. The water of Indus basin is divided between eastern and western rivers.
The Eastern Rivers, whose use was exclusively given to India, flows through well defined legal
territory which formed the part of the Indian Union created by the partition of the British-India.
While the western rivers flowing through the disputed territory of Jammu and Kashmir. But the
IWT gives exclusive rights to India over the use of waters from eastern rivers for any purposes;
however the scope of J&K over western rivers is guided by IWT, which has snatched J&K’s
inherent rights over water. Subsequently the State of Jammu and Kashmir, which is mainly
effected at the benefits of the two countries, could utilize through residual benefits of its
resources to the optimum and deficits caused by the two agreeing parties. Due to restrictions
imposed by IWT on tapping of water resources, the Jammu & Kashmir has been unable to grow
to the optimum potential of its agriculture and electricity sectors.
Impact:
The growth in power demand inadequate capacity addition has resulted in power shortages
which are affecting all the economic sectors. Furthermore a theses power shortage is becoming
a source of conflict and instability especially during winter season in the state. It is easy to
understand in 2012 January, when a young man has lost his life and two others injured when
CISF personnel opened fire on Monday to disperse the protesters agitated over power shortage
in Boniyar area of Baramulla district in the Kashmir Valley. Therefore, the core of the Kashmiri
discourse on the shortage of power is the distribution of water resources that was agreed to
between India and Pakistan through the instrumentality of the Indus Water Treaty (1960).
Albeit, three main river basins of the state include Indus and its tributaries, Jhelum and its
tributaries, Chenab and its tributaries offer great scope for generation of power through Hydro
electric plant. Since power and water has become an intensive need for industrialization and
hence development, if some kind of raw material is available for exploitation, it should to be
utilized fully. Then optimal exploitation of the available resources of the State would meet the
State’s demand and also will boost the overall economy of the state. Also estimated power
potential of the state is helpful to bring peace and stability in the ongoing crisis in J&K State. As
2002 report “Reshaping the Agenda in Kashmir” by Waslekar comments that the disputed
territory’s potential could help to transform it “from a valley of death and destruction to a
center of excellence in…engineering.