CAPITOLUL 7

1. The Israeli Kibbutz failed because __________. (c) (a) men were overcome with jealousy over having
to share their wives (b) women were jealous of their husbands’ involvement with other women (c)
women demanded to raise their own children (d) children demanded to be with their parents

2. If Mexican free-tailed bats fed the infants for the good of the species, then they __________. (c) (a)
would not move their newly hatched chicks’ broken egg shells (b) would not live in crèches of thousands
or millions of bats (c) would feed their own young just as often as the offspring of their peers (d) would
feed their own young at greater rates than their competitor’s young

3. Tinbergen experimented with nesting birds and found that their laborious efforts in removing broken
eggshells from their nests functioned to __________. (a) (a) make the nest less attractive to predators
that might prey on their young chicks (b) keep the nest free of germs and disease that might fester on
the broken shells (c) protect the young chicks from injury on the sharp edges of the broken shells (d)
make the nest more comfortable for the parents to perch on for prolonged periods of time

4. Paternity uncertainty implies __________. (b) (a) that a male suspects that a child is not his own (b)
that there is always some probability that another male has fertilized the female’s egg(s) (c) the
existence of female strategy to secure paternal investment from multiple males (d) the uncertainty of
fathering offspring in the future

5. Paternity uncertainty makes it _________ for males, compared with females, to invest in offspring.
(c) (a) more profitable (b) more difficult (c) less profitable (d) less difficult

6. The mating opportunity cost hypothesis states that __________. (d) (a) the costs associated with
greater parental investment are greater for the physically larger sex (b) because males have uncertainty
in their genetic relatedness to offspring, they should seek additional mating opportunities (c) the costs
of missed reproductive opportunities as a result of investment in offspring are greater for females than
for males (d) the costs of missed mating opportunities as a result of investment in offspring are greater
for males than for females

7. When the sex ratio is high (a surplus of men), men are ___________ their children than when there is
a surplus of women. (b) (a) less social towards (b) more investing in (c) less investing in (d) more social
towards

8. Men who are more attractive __________. (a) (a) reduce their parental effort (b) increase their
parental effort (c) reduce their mating effort (d) experience greater paternity uncertainty

9. Evolved mechanisms of parental care should be sensitive to all of the following EXCEPT __________.
(c) (a) alternative uses of the resources available to invest in offspring (b) ability of the offspring to
convert parental care into fitness (c) likelihood that offspring are full siblings (d)gGenetic relatedness of
parent to offspring
10. Flinn found that stepfathers’ interactions with stepchildren were __________ and _________ than
genetic fathers’ interactions with their children. (c) (a) less violent; less aggressive (b) more placid; less
aggressive (c) less frequent; more aggressive (d) more frequent; more aggressive

11. Which of the following sources of information is most relevant for men’s assessments of their
relatedness to offspring? (c) (a) information about his sexual fidelity to his partner during the period that
she conceived (b) the child’s resemblance to siblings

12. A woman’s successful promotion of a man’s belief that he is the father of her offspring should _____
his willingness to invest in that child. (b) (a) decrease (b) increase (c) detract from (d) mediate

13. Daly and Wilson found that mother’s remarks about a baby’s resemblance to the father were
_______as frequent as her remarks about the baby’s resemblance to her. (d) (a) one-third (b) one-half
(c) two times (d) four times

15. The _________ showed a particular bias for asserting a resemblance between the father and the
baby. (c) (a) father’s kin (b) father’s friends (c) mother’s kin (d) mother’s friends

16. When viewing infant faces that had been morphed together with their own face, _____ indicated
____________. (d) (a) women; lower maternal certainty (b) women; interest in meeting the child’s
father(c) men; interest in meeting the child’s mother (d) men; they would be least resentful paying child
support to that child

17. fMRI studies have revealed that ______’s brains show increased activation of the brain regions
linked to _____________ when viewing children’s faces that resemble their own (a) (a) men; inhibiting
negative responses (b) men; reward centers (c) women; inhibiting negative responses (d) women;
reward centers

18. Men who rate their wives high on trustworthiness tend to __________. (b) (a) invest less in their
children (b) invest more in their children (c) spend more time away from home (d) experience greater
paternity uncertainty

19. Burch and Gallup found that men who rated their children as _____________inflicted
_____________. (c) (a) looking like them; more physical injuries on their partners (b) looking like them;
more severe physical injuries on their partners (c) not looking like them; more severe physical injuries on
their partners (d) not looking like them; fewer physical injuries on their partners

20. Anderson, Kaplan, and Lancaster found that genetic offspring were ___________ than stepchildren
to receive parental funding for college. (d) (a) 2 times less likely (b) 2 times more likely (c) 5.5 times less
likely (d) 5.5 times more likely
21. Daly and Wilson found that children living with one genetic parent and one stepparent were about
___ times more likely to be physically abused than children living with both genetic parents. (d) (a) five
(b) ten (c) twenty (d) forty

22. The risk of being murdered by a genetic parent or stepparent ____________ with the age of the
child. (c) (a) increases slightly (b) does not change (c) decreases (d) increases

23. The primary caretaker hypothesis states that __________. (d) (a) whichever parent engages in most
of the caretaking will also be the one more likely to engage in extra-pair mating (b) women’s
psychological mechanisms for caretaking remain dormant until the birth of their first child (c) men have
adaptations that increase the chances of their children’s survival (d) women have adaptations that
increase the chances of their children’s survival

24. Which hypothesis predicts that women will be better than men at decoding all facial expressions of
emotion? (b) (a) fitness threat hypothesis (b) attachment promotion hypothesis (c) tend-and-befriend
hypothesis (d) alloparenting hypothesis

25. Which hypothesis states that women possess adaptations which allow them to protect children from
danger as well as maintain social ties that can provide protection? (c) (a) fitness threat hypothesis (b)
attachment promotion hypothesis (c) tend-and-befriend hypothesis (d) alloparenting hypothesis

26. Under ___________ parents should invest more in an ill child than in a healthy child, because
____________. (a) (a) some conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the
healthy child (b) all conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy
child (c) most conditions; the same unit of investment benefits the ill child more than the healthy child
(d) some conditions; the same unit of investment does not benefit the ill child more than the healthy
child

27. Discriminative parental solicitude describes __________. (a) (a) a suite of parental mechanisms
designed to channel investment towards children better able to convert investment into reproductive
success (b) a suite of parental mechanisms designed to channel investment towards children less able to
convert parental investment into inclusive fitness (c) both (a) and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)

28. In one twin study, by eight months after giving birth, every single mother had directed more positive
maternal behavior toward __________. (d) (a) the first-born twin (b) the last-born twin (c) the twin with
more health problems (d) the healthier twin

29. The Trivers-Willard hypothesis predicts that __________. (b) (a) in polyandrous mating systems,
parents will bias investment toward daughters in better conditions (b) parents will invest more in sons
when the parents are in good condition (c) in polyandrous mating systems, parents will bias investment
toward sons in poor conditions (d) parents will invest more in sons when the parents are in poor
conditions

30. ___________ women are more likely than ___________ to commit infanticide. (b) (a) Older; younger
(b) Younger; older (c) Married; single (d) Married; younger
31. Aka fathers hold their children more than fathers in any other culture, but __________. (c) (a) they
have the highest rates of paternity certainty (b) they have the highest rates of paternity uncertainty (c)
they hold their children significantly less than Aka mothers (d) fathers resent their time spent holding
because they claim that they would rather be hunting

32. Aka men of higher status devote___________ effort holding their infants than do men of lower
status. (c) (a) more than double the (b) more than five times the (c) less than half of the (d) five times
less

33. When viewing pictures of babies, _________________; when viewing pictures of babies with their
mothers, _____________________. (b) (a) women’s eyes dilated less than men’s; women’s eyes dilated
less than men’s (b) women’s eyes dilated more than men’s; women’s eyes dilated more than men’s (c)
women’s eyes dilated less than men’s; women’s eyes dilated more than men’s (d) women’s eyes dilated
more than men’s; women’s eyes dilated less than men’s

34. Men __________ with a woman’s child before they are married than after, suggesting that men
channel investment toward the child in an effort to ___________. (a) (a) interact more; attract the
woman (b) interact less; reduce his fitness costs (c) interact more; win the child’s affections (d) interact
less; increase his fitness

35. Parent-offspring conflict theory was proposed by __________. (d) (a) Hamilton (b) Daly (c) Haig (d)
Trivers

36. Parent-offspring conflict theory identified the important arena of __________. (c) (a) genetic
conflicts between parent and child only when siblings are present (b) the greater importance of conflicts
between parent and child in early childhood (c) conflict between parents and child due to their sharing
fewer genes with each other than they do with themselves (d) parental benefits of conflicts between
siblings

37. In a study of adolescents, researchers found that suicide attempts __________. (a) (a) may be
strategies for extracting investment from parents (b) occur among adolescents with the highest mate
value to extract extra investment from their mates (c) may be used as a means for adolescents to leave
a romantic relationship without hard feelings (d) represent ways in which an adolescent can exert
control over his or her body

38. Parent-offspring conflict predicts that __________. (b) (a) selection will favor adaptations in parents
to manipulate children to accept greater levels of investment than they are willing to accept (b)
selection will favor adaptations in children to manipulate parents toward children’s optimum level of
investment (c) parents will wean children later than children prefer (d) parents will encourage
competition between siblings as a means of sizing up where the parents’ investment is best allocated
39. Production of human chorionic gonadotropin is an adaptation in fetuses designed to __________. (c)
(a) extract higher levels of nutrition from the mother (b) cause preeclampsia in the mother (c) both (a)
and (b) (d) neither (a) nor (b)
 40. As parents age, parents _____________ to children precisely when the children___________ to the
parents. (a) (a) are less and less valuable; are more and more valuable (b) are more important; are less
important (c) are more and more valuable; are less and less valuable (d) are less important; are less
important

41. Which of the following is true of how parents feel about their children based on their facial
similarity? (d) (a) Mothers and fathers feel equally emotionally close to all their children, regardless of
resemblance. (b) The more offspring resemble them, the more mothers and fathers feel emotionally
close to them. (c) Mothers feel more emotionally close to offspring who resemble them while fathers
feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of resemblance. (d) Fathers feel more emotionally close
to offspring who resemble them while mothers feel equally close to all their offspring regardless of
resemblance.

42. Which of the following supports the hypothesis that men’s mating and parenting efforts are traded
off against one another? (a) (a) Men’s self-perceived mate value is positively correlated with flirting
behavior and negatively correlated with attention paid to offspring. (b) Women prefer, as long-term
mates, men who are more paternal. (c) Men who are married with children report lower energy levels
than single men. (d) Children feel more emotionally close to men who are lower in mate value.

43. According to parent-offspring conflict theory, which of the following conditions should produce the
highest level of conflict between a mother and her child? (b) (a) presence of a younger sibling (b)
presence of a younger half-sibling (c) presence of a stepfather (d) father is of lower socioeconomic
status

44. Parents and offspring differ in the relative importance of certain mate traits. Parent-offspring
conflict theory predicts that this occurs because __________. (a) (a) parents and offspring do not share
100 percent of their genes (b) parents have more experience than offspring with mate choice (c)
children have evolved to always conflict with their parents until reaching adulthood (d) parents desire
grand-offspring, but the offspring are not as motivated to reproduce

45. Young women tend to pursue more of a short-term mating strategy than their parents report
preferring for their daughters. According to an evolutionary perspective, why do parents and daughters
disagree about this? (d) (a) Parents do not obtain the same degree of benefit from the “good genes”
daughters can obtain through short-term mating. (b) Parents may be forced to divert effort toward a
grandchild with no paternal investment. (c) Young women can obtain certain benefits from short-term
mating that do not equally benefit their parents, such as resources. (d) all of the above

46. Offspring tend to prefer ____________ in their mates more than parents who prefer ____________
more than offspring in the offspring’s mate. (c) (a) exciting personality; physical attractiveness (b) good
family background; religiosity (c) physical attractiveness; good family background (d) religiosity; exciting
personality

47. Perilloux and colleagues examined the phenomenon of daughter guarding from an evolutionary
perspective. Their results indicated that __________. (b) (a) parents guard sons and daughters equally in
social and mating contexts but guard daughters more from physical injury (b) parents guard sons and
daughters equally against physical injury but guard daughters more in social and mating contexts (c)
parents allow daughters to physically aggress against their brothers, but will not allow sons to physically
aggress against their sisters (d) parents report more fear of their daughters than their son