Collective Trauma

Collective trauma
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A collective trauma is a traumatic psychological effect shared by a group of people of any size, up
to and including an entire society. Traumatic events witnessed by an entire society can stir up
collective sentiment, often resulting in a shift in that society's culture and mass actions.[1][2]
Well known collective traumas include: The Holocaust,[3] the Armenian Genocide, Slavery in the
United States,[4] the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,[5] the Trail of
Tears,[6] the Assassination of John F. Kennedy in the United States, the MS Estonia in Sweden,
the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, and various others.
Collective traumas have been shown to play a key role in group identity formation (see: Law of
Common Fate). During World War II, a US submarine, the USS Puffer (SS-268), came under
several hours of depth charge attack by a Japanese surface vessel until the ship became convinced
the submarine had somehow escaped. Psychological studies later showed that crewmen transferred
to the submarine after the event were never accepted as part of the team. Later, US naval policy
was changed so that after events of such psychological trauma, the crew would be dispersed to new
assignments.
Rehabilitation of survivors becomes extremely difficult when entire nation has experienced such
severe traumas as war, genocide, torture, massacre, etc. Treatment is hardly effective when
everybody is traumatized. Trauma remains chronic and would reproduce itself as long as social
causes are not addressed and perpetrators continue to enjoy impunity. The whole society may suffer
from an everlasting culture of pain. (1)
During liberation war in Algeria, Frantz Omar Fanon found his practice of treatment of native
Algerians ineffective due to the continuation of the horror of a colonial war. He emphasized about the
social origin of traumas, joined the liberation movement and urged oppressed people to purge
themselves of their degrading traumas through their collective liberation struggle. He made the
following remarks in his letter of resignation, as the Head of the Psychiatry Department at the Blida-
Joinville Hospital in Algeria:
"If psychiatry is the medical technique that aims to enable man no longer to be a stranger to his
environment, I owe it to myself to affirm that the Arab, permanently an alien in his own country, lives
in a state of absolute depersonalization." (2) Inculcation of horror and anxiety, through widespread
torture, massacre, genocide and similar coercive measures has happened frequently in human
history. There are plenty of examples in our modern history. Tyrants have always used their
technique of "psychological artillery" in an attempt to cause havoc and confusion in the minds of
people and hypnotize them with intimidation and cynicism. The result is a collective trauma that
will pass through generations. There is no magic formula of rehabilitation. Collective trauma can be
alleviated through cohesive and collective efforts such as recognition, remembrance, solidarity,
communal therapy and massive cooperation.
See also[edit]
 Historical trauma
 Post Traumatic Slave Syndrome
 Transgenerational trauma
 National trauma
References[edit]
1. Jump up^ Lisa Gale Garrigues, "Slave and Slave Holders Break Free
of History's Trauma", Yes Magazine, August 2, 2013
2. Jump up^ Updegraff, Silvler, Holman, "Searching for and Finding
Meaning in Collective Trauma, Journal of Personal and Social
Psychology, September 2008
3. Jump up^ Kellermann, N. (2009) Holocaust trauma. New York:
iUniverse.
4. Jump up^ Joy De Gruy, Post-Traumatic Slave Syndrome, Uptone
Press; 1st edition (2005)
5. Jump up^ Saito, H. (2006). Reiterated Commemoration: Hiroshima as
National Trauma*. Sociological Theory, 24(4), 353-376.
6. Jump up^ Lambert, C. (2008). Trails of Tears, and Hope, Harvard
Magazine, 110(4), 39.
 Mossallanejad, E. (2005). Torture in the Age of Fear. Hamilton,

Canada: Seraphim Editions
 Frantz Fanon, Toward the African Revolution, New York, 1967.
Reprint of Pour la revolution africaine. Paris, 1964, p. 53.
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 Group processes
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Collective trauma

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 Mossallanejad, E. (2005). Torture in the Age of Fear. Hamilton,

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