Particulate Fillers For Polymers

Particulate Fillers for
Polymers
Professor R.N. Rothon

(Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University)
ISBN: 1-85957-310-X
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Item 1
Source of
Macromolecules
original article
33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83
Title EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANES
Authors and
Pil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae Han affiliation
Akron,University
The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- and
ether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714
from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injection
moulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on the
variations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with time
observed during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicated
that variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealing Abstract
very much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with time
during isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiments
indicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in the
heating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphase
separation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs could
not be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.
The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus varied
with temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs. Companies or
GOODRICH B.F. organisations
Location USA mentioned
Accession no.771897
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Particulate Fillers for
Polymers
Professor R.N. Rothon

(Rothon Consultants and Manchester Metropolitan University)
ISBN: 1-85957-310-X
Particulate Fillers for Polymers
Contents
1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 3
2. Filler Characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 3

2.1 Cost ................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 Chemical Composition ................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Specific Gravity .............................................................................................................................. 4
2.4 Hardness .......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.5 Thermal Properties .......................................................................................................................... 5
2.5.1 Specific Heat ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity ......................................................................................................... 5
2.5.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion ..................................................................................... 5
2.5.4 Thermal Stability ................................................................................................................ 5
2.6 Optical Properties ........................................................................................................................... 5
2.7 Morphology (Particle Size and Shape) ........................................................................................... 6
2.7.1 Particle Size ........................................................................................................................ 7
2.7.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA) .............................................................................................. 8
2.7.3 Particle Shape ..................................................................................................................... 9
2.7.4 Oil Absorption and Particle Packing .................................................................................. 9
3. Principal Filler Types ............................................................................................................................ 10
3.1 Mineral Fillers Produced Directly from Natural Sources ............................................................ 10
3.1.1 Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3 ................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.1.2 Dolomite, CaCO3.MgCO3 .................................................................................................................................................... 10
3.1.3 Clay ....................................................................................................................................11
3.1.4 Nano-Clays ........................................................................................................................11
3.1.5 Talc, Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2 .......................................................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.6 Mica .................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1.7 Wollastonite ...................................................................................................................... 12
3.1.8 Crystalline Silicas ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.9 Calcium Sulphate ............................................................................................................. 13
3.1.10 Huntite/Hydromagnesite Mixtures ................................................................................... 13
3.2 Synthetic Fillers ............................................................................................................................ 13
3.2.1 Carbon Black .................................................................................................................... 13
3.2.2 Synthetic Silicas ............................................................................................................... 15
3.2.3 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) ........................................................................... 16
3.2.4 Calcium Sulphate ............................................................................................................. 16
3.2.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH) ............................................................................................... 16
3.2.6 Magnesium Hydroxide ..................................................................................................... 17
4. Filler Surface Modification ................................................................................................................... 17
4.1 Principal Reasons for Using Surface Modifiers ........................................................................... 17
4.1.1 Improved Filler Production .............................................................................................. 17
4.1.2 Protection of the Filler ...................................................................................................... 17
4.1.3 Improved Powder Flow .................................................................................................... 17
4.1.4 Improved Compounding ................................................................................................... 17
1
4.1.5 Reduction in the Adsorption of Expensive Ingredients ................................................... 17

4.1.6 Improved Composite Properties ....................................................................................... 18
4.2 The Main Types of Modifier ......................................................................................................... 18
4.2.1 Non-Coupling Modifiers .................................................................................................. 18
4.2.2 Coupling Modifiers (Coupling Agents) ........................................................................... 19
4.3 Other Approaches ......................................................................................................................... 20
4.4 Methods of Using Surface Modifiers ........................................................................................... 20
4.5 Treatment Levels .......................................................................................................................... 21
4.6 The Crossover Effect .................................................................................................................... 21
5. The Use of Fillers in Polymers .............................................................................................................. 21

5.1 Molecular Weight .......................................................................................................................... 22
5.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) ............................................................................................... 22
5.3 Crystallinity .................................................................................................................................. 22
5.4 Second Phase Toughening ............................................................................................................ 22
5.5 Other Changes in the Polymer Due to the Presence of Filler ....................................................... 22
5.6 Other Filler Effects ....................................................................................................................... 23
6. Use of Fillers in Different Polymer Types ........................................................................................... 23

6.1 Elastomers ..................................................................................................................................... 23
6.2 Thermoplastics .............................................................................................................................. 26
6.2.1 PVC .................................................................................................................................. 26
6.2.2 Polyethylene (PE) ............................................................................................................. 27
6.2.3 Polypropylene (PP)........................................................................................................... 27
6.2.4 Polyamides (Nylons) ........................................................................................................ 28
6.3 Thermosets .................................................................................................................................... 30
7. Nanocomposites ..................................................................................................................................... 31
Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 32
Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 32
References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................................ 33
Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 141
The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those of
Rapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility or
liability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with any
utilisation in any form of any material contained therein.
2
1 Introduction 2 Filler Characteristics
From the earliest days, particulate fillers have played This section covers the main characteristics that are
a vital role in the development of commercial uses important in choosing fillers for use in polymer
for polymers. Originally, they were mainly seen as applications.
cheap diluents, hence the name filler. However, their
ability to beneficially modify many properties soon
began to be realised, and they are used for many 2.1 Cost
purposes today. The term functional filler is often
used to describe materials that do more than provide The cost of fillers varies enormously, with the crudest
cost reduction. Examples of functional fillers include clays and carbonates costing under 50 Euro/tonne,
carbon black and precipitated silica reinforcements while specialist types may well cost over 100 times as
in tyre treads, aluminium and magnesium hydroxide much. Large price variations can also be expected
flame retardant additives for many polymer types, within one filler type, such as calcium carbonate,
and calcined clay and wollastonite reinforcement of depending on factors such as colour, purity, particle
some thermoplastics. size and shape and surface treatment. With the lower
cost fillers, transport costs can also be very significant
Some of the main reasons for using particulate and may well determine the choice of filler type and
fillers are: supplier.
• Cost reduction In considering potential cost savings from use of fillers,

one must bear in mind that they are generally
• Improved processing considerably denser (2-3 fold) than the host polymer.
• Density control Filler prices are generally quoted on a weight basis,
but most applications are based on volume and hence
• Optical effects, such as translucency a significant correction has to be performed for a fair
• Thermal conductivity comparison to be made. A simplified view of the
relative volume costs of fillers and polymers is
• Control of thermal expansion
presented in Table 1.
• Electrical properties, e.g., antistatic
Factors other than the raw material cost also have to be
• Magnetic properties
taken into account in assessing whether cost savings will
• Flame retardancy be obtained. Some of the important considerations are:
• Improved mechanical properties, notably hardness,
stiffness, abrasion and tear resistance. (1) Effects on processing. In general the use of fillers
increases processing costs, due to the need for
different equipment and higher energy costs and/
Of course, no single filler provides all of these benefits.
or lower throughput. Against this, their use can give
Each type improves some properties while having no,
better heat transfer, speeding up cooling and
or even a detrimental, effect on others. The magnitude
reducing cycle times.
and even the direction of the effects observed are not
only a function of the filler composition; they are
(2) Effects on other ingredients. Some of these, notably
strongly influenced by particle size and shape and by
antioxidants and curatives, are a significant part
surface chemistry. of the raw material cost. One would generally
expect a reduction in the use of these per unit
Thus, a great deal of care has to go into optimising volume when filler is replacing some polymer. On
filler performance for a particular application and a the other hand, some fillers can negatively impact
multidisciplinary approach is required if one is to on polymer stability and also deactivate
master the subject. antioxidants and curatives, leading to the opposite
effect. As with so much in this field, one has to
It is the aim of this review to provide an introduction consider each case on its own merits.
to this fascinating area, including the latest views on
the main scientific principles and current trends in filler Despite the above, there are still significant areas
technology and applications. where fillers are used principally because they give
3
Table 1. Approximate relative volume costs of some common fillers and polymers
Filler or Polymer Approximate relative volume cost
Ground calcium carbonates (GCC) 0.15-0.30
Coated GCC 0.25-0.50
General purpose clays 0.25-0.50
Polymer grade talcs 1.0-1.4
Calcined clays 1.2-1.6
Coated calcined clays 2.2-2.6
Precipitated calcium carbonates 1.7-2.0
Precipitated silicas 2.0-3.0
Common carbon blacks 1.6-2.2
Polyolefins 0.9-1.1
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) 1.3-1.6
Common elastomers (styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR)) 0.9-1.2
Common thermosets (unsaturated polyester, epoxy) 1.4-2.6
Engineering thermoplastics 3.0-5.0
Note: Commodity polymer and carbon black prices are very much influenced by oil prices and can be very volatile,
so the above relationships must be treated with caution.
useful cost savings. These will particularly be where • An adverse effect on composite appearance. An
suitable compounding is already taking place to example is the presence of coloured organic
introduce other additives, as is the case with polyvinyl residues in aluminium hydroxide.
chloride (PVC), elastomers and most thermosets, and
where relatively expensive polymers, such as • Increased abrasiveness. Quartz is a common hard
polyamides, are being used. particle contaminant in mineral fillers.
• Increased water adsorption and reduction in

electrical properties. This is often the result of the
2.2 Chemical Composition presence of traces of soluble salts.
While the bulk chemical composition of fillers • Reduction in the heat and light stability of the
determines many of their physical properties (density, polymer matrix. Trace levels of certain transition
refractive index, thermal conductivity, etc.), it is elements, notably copper, nickel and iron, can cause
usually of little direct importance for the final this sort of problem.
composite properties, which are more affected by
particle size and shape. The main considerations are • Health hazards. Examples are the concern over the
that the filler should be insoluble and inert to the possible presence of traces of asbestos or crystalline
conditions met with in use, and not cause degradation silica in fillers of mineral origin.
of the polymer matrix.
Indeed, while generally desirable, high purity is not 2.3 Specific Gravity
always essential, or achieved, in many filler
applications. Some impurities can, however, be Most polymers have specific gravities in the range 0.9-
detrimental, even at trace levels. Possible impurity 1.4. Most particulate fillers have considerably higher
problems include: specific gravities in the range 2.3-2.8 and their
4
incorporation at typical levels can increase the specific 2.5.3 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
gravity of the composite quite considerably. This is
often a disadvantage, but there are some instances The coefficients of thermal expansion of most mineral
where fillers are used to control density. Typical fillers are considerably less than those of polymers.
examples are the use of high density fillers in sound Thus their incorporation can significantly reduce the
deadening compositions and of lightweight fillers (e.g., coefficient of expansion of a composite material, an
hollow glass beads) in buoyancy aids. effect that is usually beneficial. Some speciality fillers
have been designed to have very low coefficients of
expansion (509).
2.4 Hardness
On the other hand, high aspect ratio (the ratio of length
to diameter) fillers, especially when aligned by
The hardness of mineral fillers is of considerable
processing, will often give rise to anisotropic effects,
importance in polymer applications. In general soft
leading to problems of warpage (364).
fillers are preferred, as the harder ones tend to cause
wear of compounding machinery and can lead to
degradation of fibre length when used in conjunction
with glass fibre reinforcements. Hard fillers, such as 2.5.4 Thermal Stability
crystalline silicas, are often used when high abrasion
resistance is required, particularly in thermosets. It is Particulate fillers need to be stable at the temperatures
also believed that fillers that are too soft can themselves experienced in processing polymers, which can be as
fracture or delaminate under stress and can act as high as 350 °C. As most fillers are stable at much higher
critical flaws in some cases, notably in rigid thermosets. temperatures this is not usually an issue.
Hardness is generally measured according to the Moh The main exception is with flame retardant fillers.
scale, as used in mineralogy. The scale goes from talc These function by decomposing endothermically,
(softest) with a hardness of 1, to diamond with a releasing inert gasses such as water and carbon dioxide,
hardness of 10. In using this scale it must be at or near to the temperature at which the polymer itself
remembered that it is approximately logarithmic. Most begins to decompose and release flammable volatiles.
fillers have a Moh hardness below 4. Both the filler endotherm and the accompanying inert
gasses contribute to the flame retardant effect (366,
400). Such fillers decompose at temperatures in the
range 200-350 °C and therefore they must be carefully
2.5 Thermal Properties selected to avoid problems during compounding. The
two most commonly used fire retardant fillers are
The principal thermal properties of importance in the aluminium and magnesium hydroxides. As shown in
present context are specific heat, thermal conductivity, Figure 1, magnesium hydroxide has the higher
coefficient of expansion and stability. decomposition temperature and this is important for
many thermoplastics applications.
2.5.1 Specific Heat

2.6 Optical Properties
On a volume basis, the specific heat of most fillers and
polymers is similar and there is little effect on this
Colour and refractive index are the most important
property of composites.
optical properties for fillers. Most fillers are chosen to
be colourless, or white, but traces of impurities can
have significant deleterious effects on this. Colour
2.5.2 Thermal Conductivity problems may not be picked up in the filler powder,
and may only become apparent in the final composite.
The thermal conductivity of most mineral fillers is This may be due to the high refractive index difference
about one order of magnitude higher than that of between filler and air maximising scattering and hiding
polymers. Their incorporation can thus considerably absorption effects. Some impurities (notably organics)
increase the conductivity of a composite and this can may also only become obvious as a result of thermal
have a beneficial effect on processing, through reduced decomposition during polymer processing, while others
cycle times (364). may induce degradation in the polymer itself.
5
Figure 1
An illustration of the relative thermal stabilities of aluminium and magnesium hydroxides
The refractive indices of most common fillers and There are several terms that need to be defined in
polymers are similar and, as the light scattering power relation to morphology. Perhaps the most confusion
of a filler depends mainly on the refractive index arises with primary particles, aggregates and
difference between itself and the surrounding medium, agglomerates. The term, primary particle, normally
they frequently have only a small pigmentary effect, refers to the smallest unit that the filler can be sensibly
which is sometimes used to produce translucent articles. thought to be composed of. Assemblies of these primary
As a result of the low scattering, deleterious colour particles are referred to as aggregates or agglomerates,
effects are often enhanced. Many fillers have more than depending on the strength of interaction. In filler
one refractive index and this can also give rise to technology, it is usual to call very strong assemblies
complex and undesirable interference effects (a.1). (usually with some intergrowth) aggregates, and
Such effects are absent with amorphous fillers, such weaker ones, agglomerates, although care must be
as glass and precipitated silica. The scattering power taken, as the reverse terminology sometimes occurs.
also depends on the filler particle size, with the position These concepts are illustrated in Figure 2. It is
of maximum scattering moving to larger particle sizes important to realise that, depending on the severity of
as the difference in refractive index between filler and the processing conditions, aggregates (sometimes even
polymer decreases. agglomerates) may not be fully broken down and
dispersed. Carbon black provides a good example, with
the actual particle (for most purposes) being a very
strong aggregate formed by fusion of primary particles.
2.7 Morphology (Particle Size and Shape) On the other hand, primary particles themselves may
be broken down, as in the case of hollow glass spheres.
Particle size and shape are key factors determining the
performance of particulate fillers in all polymers types. The concept of the effective particle is also a very
Although these seem to be simple concepts, their important one. Most measurements are made on the
adequate measurement and description provides powdered filler before use, but composite properties
significant challenges. depend on the particle morphology in the final
composite when the compounding and moulding
This mainly arises because, except for rare instances, procedures frequently give rise to changes in size and
such as monomodal glass spheres, one is dealing with shape. The amount of particle modification that occurs
a complex distribution of both size and shape. will depend on the filler itself and on the processing
6
Figure 3
Two particles of different shape, but similar
equivalent spherical diameters
means that a single number cannot accurately

describe size. In order to overcome this, most sizing
methods use the concept of equivalent spherical
diameter (esd), which is the diameter of a sphere
having the same volume as that of the particle. As
shown in Figure 3, very different particles can have
the same esd. To add to the complexity, the
information given in data sheets and many technical
publications is often just an average value. This
average value is usually defined on a mass or weight
basis, but can sometimes be on a number of particles
basis, in which case a very different value will be
obtained. In the first case 50% of particles by mass
will be above and below the average, while in the
second case this will be 50% by number of particles.
These two cases are very different, with small
particles being more important in the number case
than in the mass one. In consequence, and depending
Figure 2
on the particle size distribution, number average
Primary particles, aggregates and agglomerates sizes can be much smaller than mass averages. As
shown in Figure 4, two very different size
distributions can give rise to the same average value
conditions, which will vary from system to system. for particle size. Sometimes some idea of the size
Ideally, morphology determination should use distribution is also given, generally by providing a
measuring conditions that give an answer appropriate top and bottom size value.
to the application, but this is not usually attempted and
caution should be used with published values. This is Very small amounts of certain sized particles
especially true for the finer synthetic fillers and for (generally, but not always, on the high side) can be
acicular (needle-shaped) fillers, where the problem particularly important in some applications and they
tends to be most acute. As discussed later, the use of are not always detected by the standard sizing
crushed, oil absorption values in the carbon black methods. Where these are important they can be
industry is an attempt to address this issue. measured and specified separately, and phrases such
as ‘less than 0.05% w/w above 50 microns’, are
The measurement and application of the parameters frequently used.
most often used by the filler industry are discussed in
more detail below. The results presented in Table 2 provide a good
example of how the apparent particle size of
precipitated calcium carbonate can vary with the
2.7.1 Particle Size measuring method. This filler is described as having
a particle size of 0.07 micron, but this will only
This is the most widely used parameter for filler usually be reached after extensive, very high shear,
morphology. The irregular shape of most particles processing.
7
Figure 4
Two different particle size distributions with the same average particle diameter
Table 2. The effect of measuring conditions on the apparent particle size of a coated precipitated
calcium carbonate
Average particle
Measuring method Comments
size (microns)
Laser diffraction of liquid 20 Detecting agglomerate dispersion using very
weak ultrasonics
As above, but stronger ultrasonics 4 Detecting the basic aggregates
As above, but with very strong ultrasonics 0.2 Detecting some very strong aggregates
Electron microscopy 0.07 Detecting primary crystallites
X-ray line broadening 0.07 Detecting primary aggregates
2.7.2 Specific Surface Area (SSA) be more useful. The carbon black industry uses a
surfactant (CTAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)
SSA is the area of surface present in unit weight of the for this purpose.
filler and is frequently used as a measure of filler
particle size. In some cases this information is The SSA is determined before compounding and, as
calculated from the particle size information, assuming mentioned earlier, it must be remembered that particle
a particular particle shape (usually spherical), but today breakdown, generating additional surface, may occur
it is more usually measured by techniques such as gas during processing. Precipitated calcium carbonates
adsorption (a.2) or dye adsorption (a.3). The most provide a good example of this. A rubber grade
rigorous method is the BET procedure, using nitrogen, product will disperse to an ultimate size of about 0.07
as the adsorbing molecule. This is a very reproducible microns, the calculated SSA of which is about twice
procedure, but requires relatively expensive equipment that which can be measured on the filler before
not always possessed by filler producers. As nitrogen compounding (20 m2/g).
is a very small molecule, it can access surface present
in small pores and crevices that may not be accessible The specific surface area is obviously related to the
to larger molecules. Thus it may give an overestimate particle size distribution of the filler and with materials
of the area accessible to polymers. This is where larger of the same density and shape, a higher specific surface
molecules, such as dyes, absorbed from solution can area means a smaller particle size.
8
2.7.3 Particle Shape by the filler industry, especially for carbon blacks (a.5)
and may ultimately allow particle shape to be measured
Shape is an important factor in the use of fillers in and specified in a more useful way.
polymers, affecting processing and composite
properties. Typical particulate filler shapes are
illustrated in Figure 5. Anisotropy, or aspect ratio, is 2.7.4 Oil Absorption and Particle Packing
particularly important, being valuable in improving
factors such as stiffness and heat distortion temperature. The ability of particles to fill space by packing together
Despite this, shape is poorly described in the literature is obviously related to their morphology and plays a
and specifications. This is due to the difficulty of very important role in determining the properties of
carrying out meaningful measurements, especially as filled polymers, especially at high filler loadings.
aspect ratio is often significantly affected (reduced) by
processing conditions.
The concept of maximum packing fraction (MPF or
Pf) is most important, being the maximum amount of
filler particles that can be incorporated into a system
before particle to particle contact becomes inevitable.
While there is a theoretical MPF for any system based
on geometric considerations, this is rarely achieved
in real systems where dispersion and randomisation
factors come into play. This is most easily exemplified
for monomodal spherical particles. By careful
placement of these, an MPF of 74% can be achieved.
This will not be reached by pouring them into a
container, however, when randomisation effects will
give a maximum result of 60%-65%.
Oil absorption is a very simple technique which, when

carefully applied, can give a useful guide to the
packing ability of fillers (a.6). This determines the
amount of a selected oil that is needed to just form a
continuous phase between the filler particles when
they are subjected to a certain mixing procedure. It is
a good guide to the maximum packing fraction of filler
that is likely to be achievable in a polymer matrix,
especially if the oil used is chosen to have a similar
polarity to that of the polymer to be used.
In practice, many composite properties start to

deteriorate before the actual MPF is reached, and it is
generally reckoned that the practical limit for most
purposes is about 90% of the MPF. One particular
Figure 5
exception is for electrical conductivity, where particle
Idealised shapes of typical fillers to particle interaction is needed. The MPF is
incorporated into many of the predictive equations
for the effect of fillers on composite properties.
The difference in the measured SSA from that
calculated from the size distribution, assuming a Where high filler loadings are needed, the filler shape
spherical shape, can sometimes be used as an indication and size can be controlled to facilitate this. This is
of anisotropy or porosity. usually done by having a size distribution with just
enough of the correctly sized fine particles to fit into
It is reported that some light scattering methods the interstitial spaces between the larger ones. A
currently used for particle size measurement can be simple example of this is given in Figure 6. An
adapted to give shape information directly (a.4). The excellent description of particle packing theory has
use of fractal analysis is now beginning to be explored been given by German (a.7).
9
the work by Katz and Milewski (a.9). It should be

pointed out that, while these types of fillers are
discussed here as if they were pure materials, the
commercial forms may still contain significant
quantities of other minerals. These other constituents
are often not deleterious to the intended application.
3.1.1 Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3
Calcium carbonate occurs widely in nature and,

having many suitable properties, is extensively used
Figure 6 as a filler. It is often referred to as ground calcium
carbonate (GCC). The main applications for GCC are
An illustration of particle packing principles in PVC, polypropylene (PP), elastomers and
unsaturated polyesters. Filler grade GCC is frequently
surface treated with fatty acids.
3 Principal Filler Types
There are three crystal forms of calcium carbonate,
A very wide variety of particulate material is used as but only the commonest, calcite, is used to any
fillers in polymer applications, ranging from extent. Calcite has a specific gravity of 2.7, Moh
apparently simple clays, chalks and limestones, to rare hardness of 3 and is birefringent, with refractive
earth magnetic powders. The production, properties indices of 1.65 and 1.48. Calcitic fillers can be
and uses of the main types are discussed in this produced from three distinctly different mineral
section. Some of the lower cost products are mainly sources; chalk, limestone and marble and this has a
restricted to certain geographic areas, close to where significant bearing on their properties.
they are found, rather than being in widespread use
throughout the world. Chalk deposits are usually the purest of the three, and
are the sedimentary remains of the shells and skeletons
of marine organisms. These deposits are relatively soft
3.1 Mineral Fillers Produced Directly from and consist of loosely bonded, fairly uniform, crystals
about 3 microns in size. Milling readily breaks chalk
Natural Sources
down into the basic crystals, but further size reduction
requires the breaking of the crystals themselves and
A mineral is a pure, usually crystalline, naturally
considerably more energy. Fillers produced from
occurring material, with a definite chemical
chalk are often known as whiting.
composition. Minerals are generally found in nature
as rocks or ores, which can vary from relatively pure
minerals to complex mixtures. Limestone can be thought of as chalk deposits which
have been modified by consolidation effects. This
Several minerals fulfil the requirements for use in results in considerable modification of the crystal
polymer applications, i.e., they are abundant, low cost, structure and increased hardness. More energy is
colourless, inert and readily produced with the required required to mill limestone.
particle sizes and shapes. Fillers are produced from
these natural mineral sources by mining, followed by Marble is limestone which has been recrystallised into
a variety of processes such as comminution (dry or a coarse grained rock and is the hardest form of the
wet), purification (beneficiation), classification, three, requiring even more milling energy.
calcination, surface treatment and drying. The
various processes used have been well described by
Wills (a.8). 3.1.2 Dolomite, CaCO3.MgCO3
The main mineral fillers of natural origin used by the This mineral is also widespread in nature. It has a
polymer industry are briefly described below. Further specific gravity of 2.85 and Moh hardness of 3.5,
details can be found on these and other minerals in with refractive indices of 1.5 and 1.68. Although
10
used in polymers, it is not as popular as GCC. This Much of the present interest in this area is directed at
is probably because it is generally harder to mill and so-called nano-clays (44). These are clays in which the
tends to be less white. silicate stacks have been deliberately separated down to
extremely thin crystal sheets, with a thickness of a few
angstroms, and aspect ratios of several hundred. Such
3.1.3 Clay fillers can produce composites with high stiffness and
heat distortion temperature at loadings of only a few
Clay is a rather loose term, which is used to describe percent. Gas barrier properties are also much improved,
a variety of widely occurring hydrous alumino- and there are reports that high levels of flame retardancy
silicate minerals produced by the weathering of can be obtained (128).
granite. These all have sheet structures with
variously arranged layers of alumina and silica, and Delamination of the crystal stacks is generally
are found as stacks of these layers. carried out by chemical means. The most suitable
clays for this purpose are the 2:1 layered clays, such
The main clay mineral used in the polymer industry as montmorillonite. This type of clay has an
is kaolinite (Al2O3.2SiO 2.2H2O), usually known as octahedrally arranged alumina sheet, sandwiched
kaolin or china clay. The specific gravity is 2.6, Moh between two tetrahedral silica sheets. There is some
hardness is between 2.5 and 3 and the refractive substitution of the aluminium by divalent cations
index is 1.56. Kaolinite is what is known as a 1:1
such as magnesium. This gives the layers a net
clay, with alternate layers of alumina and silica. Its
negative charge, which is balanced by hydrated
main uses are in elastomers, with more restricted use
mono and divalent cations sitting in the spaces
in other types of polymer. For elastomer applications
(known as galleries) between the layers.
it is classed as hard or soft. This refers to its effect
on rubber hardness, which results from its particle
size and hence reinforcing ability. These gallery cations can be ion exchanged, and if
this is done using suitable large cations, then the
While kaolinite is the main constituent of filler clays, layer spacing can be increased to a point where the
significant quantities of other minerals can often be layers can be separated by some physical method
present, particularly in the cheaper grades. The (e.g., milling). Long chain, quaternary ammonium
particle shape is the most important characteristic salts are especially useful for this purpose.
of kaolinite for polymer applications. It exists in
stacks, or books of thin, hexagonal, plates. The platy Extensive processing is usually involved in
nature means that clay fillers have a greater effect producing these clays, as a high degree of
on properties such as viscosity, stiffness and strength, purification as well as delamination has to be
than do more isotropic fillers like calcium carbonate. achieved.
The aspect ratio of the clay filler grades is very much
dependent on the conditions used in extraction and Nanocomposites are formed by dispersing the nano-
processing. clays in appropriate polymers, and two forms of
structure can be distinguished, intercalated and
For some applications the clay is converted into exfoliated. With the intercalated structures, the
special forms by heating. The main types for the polymer chains penetrate into the gallery spaces, but
polymer industry are metakaolin and calcined kaolin. the stacking of the sheets is preserved to some extent.
Intermediate temperatures lead to the metakaolin, In the exfoliated form, the thin sheets are completely
which is more chemically reactive than the starting dispersed in the polymer. These different structures
material. Metakaolin has an especially beneficial are shown schematically in Figure 7.
effect on the electrical resistivity of plasticised PVC
and is mainly used in PVC cable insulation
The nature of the chains on the quaternary additives is
formulations. Fully calcined kaolin is very inert and
important in achieving good dispersion and
used in a variety of polymer applications.
compatibility with the host polymer. The specific
surface area of these clays is very high (hundreds of
3.1.4 Nano-Clays m2/g) and large quantities of the modifiers are needed.
There is growing interest in nanocomposites, in which a There is a more general discussion of nanocomposites
nanosized filler is dispersed in a suitable polymer matrix. in Section 7.
11
achieving a fine size and a high aspect ratio. The largest

use for talcs is as a semi-reinforcing filler in
thermoplastics, especially PP. In addition to
morphology, colour and the presence of prodegradant
impurities are important considerations.
It is generally held that the talc surface (except for plate

edges) is very inert and that it does not respond well to
surface modifiers, especially organosilanes. Some
additives, such as maleated PP, are reported as giving
useful effects, however.
3.1.6 Mica
The term mica is used to describe a group of silicate

minerals, with the general formula: KM(AlSi3O10) (OH)2,
where M = Al, Fe or Mg. Micas have a layered crystal
structure, but with stronger bonding between the layers
than with talc. Their main uses in polymers are based
on their ability to produce high aspect ratio plates,
which leads to good reinforcement and on their
excellent electrical properties. Micas have specific
gravities in the range 2.7-2.9, Moh hardness of 2.0-2.5
and are strongly birefringent, with refractive indices
of 1.56-1.57 and 1.60-1.62.
The production processes are aimed at achieving

purification and size reduction, while generating high
Figure 7 aspect ratio particles. Surface modification is widely used,
Idealised structures for different clay-polymer with organosilanes being used in many applications.
composites
3.1.7 Wollastonite
3.1.5 Talc, Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2
Wollastonite is a form of calcium silicate, and is a white,
While talc is a specific mineral, the term is also used needle-like mineral with a specific gravity of 2.9 and a
generically to cover a variety of similar minerals and Moh hardness of 4.5. The refractive index is in the range
also for mixed products. The pure mineral consists of 1.63-1.67. Although it is widely distributed in nature, only
magnesium hydroxide sheets sandwiched between two a few deposits are pure and large enough for economic
silica sheets. There is only weak bonding between the working and so it tends to be more commonly utilised in
resulting three sheet layers and hence pure talc is the certain regions of the world, such as the United States.
softest known mineral with a value of 1 on the Moh
scale (where it is used as the standard). The specific The main polymer applications are based on the
gravity is 2.8 and there are three indices of refraction acicularity (needle-shape), and low water adsorption,
(two equal) of 1.54, 1.59 and 1.59. allowing it to be used as a partial substitute for glass
fibre. The needles are quite fragile, and great care has
Some of the properties of talc vary widely, according to be taken in production and use, if a useful degree of
to the nature of the deposit from which it is obtained, acicularity is to be retained. The aspect ratio of
and on the processing that is used. Thus the crystal commercial products for the polymer industries ranges
form can be lamellar, foliated, fibrous or massive. from about 8:1, up to about 20:1, with the higher ratio
products being the more reinforcing and expensive. The
Platy talcs are the form most exploited for filler main uses are in PP and polyamides and in thermosets
applications and processing is usually geared to such as unsaturated polyesters, epoxies and phenolics.
12
It appears to respond well to conventional surface polymers is as a fire retardant filler, with a mechanism
treatments, especially silanes, which is important in of endothermic decomposition with the release of water
realising the benefits of the acicular shape. and carbon dioxide. The hydromagnesite is probably a
more effective flame retardant than the huntite and grades
richest in this phase would be expected to be most
3.1.8 Crystalline Silicas effective in this respect.
Crystalline silica is the most ubiquitous mineral on

earth, being found as a component in most other mineral 3.2 Synthetic Fillers
deposits. There are many crystal phases, but only a few
have commercial significance in the polymer industry, Several fillers are produced by chemical synthesis. This
the main ones being quartz, novacite and crystobalite. is generally used where the desired mineral is not
Quartz is the most common and has a specific gravity readily available in nature and/or when high purity,
of 2.6, Moh hardness of 7 and refractive index of 1.54- special shapes, or finer sizes than obtainable from
1.55. Values for novacite and crystobalite are similar. comminution are required. The main synthetic
processes used involve precipitation from a solution
Polymer uses are based on the high hardness, chemical or gas phase. In a few cases the filler may be a by-
inertness, heat resistance, low coefficient of thermal product from another process.
expansion and good electrical insulation properties.
Crystalline silicas also respond well to silane coupling
agents. The main uses are in thermosets such as epoxies,
3.2.1 Carbon Black
unsaturated polyesters and polymethylmethacrylate.
Some forms can also be used as semi-reinforcing fillers
Carbon blacks are very important fillers, especially in
in silicone elastomers. There are toxicity concerns
the rubber industry. A brief description of their
surrounding crystalline silicas and this tends to limit
preparation and properties follows. More details can
their usefulness.
be found in the excellent book by Donnet, Bansal and
Wang (a.10) and (220, 456).
3.1.9 Calcium Sulphate Carbon blacks are, essentially, soots produced by

incomplete combustion of volatile organic materials,
Calcium sulphate occurs naturally as the dihydrate generally oil and gas, and have been made and used as
(gypsum, CaSO4.2H2O). Gypsum can also be a by- pigments for centuries. Their ready availability, fine
product of various manufacturing processes. By particle size and compatibility with organic materials
controlled calcination it is possible to produce a hemi- made them obvious candidates for use as fillers when
hydrate and an anhydrous form. The dihydrate is the polymer development began. Indeed they are the most
most widely used form for polymer applications, where widely used filler for elastomer applications, having
it is mainly used in unsaturated polyesters. The developed with this technology. They have achieved their
dihydrate has a specific gravity of 2.32, Moh hardness strong position because they are chemically inert, have
of 2 and refractive index of 1.52-1.53. a relatively low cost and are easy to prepare in the fine
sizes and shapes required. Most importantly, they
naturally possess a surface that is able to form acceptably
3.1.10 Huntite/Hydromagnesite Mixtures strong attachments to elastomer molecules, without the
need for expensive coupling agent treatments.
The minerals huntite (CaCO 3 .3MgCO 3 ) and
hydromagnesite (3MgCO3. Mg(OH)2.3H2O) tend to occur The very fine size of carbon blacks makes them ideal
together in workable deposits in certain parts of the world for elastomer applications, but is one factor limiting
and these mixtures have some useful filler properties. Most their use in other polymer types, cost and colour being
commercial products have approximately equal amounts others. Their main non-elastomer polymer uses are as
of the two minerals present. pigments and to impart electrical conductivity.
Suitable deposits have a high whiteness and are readily A number of different manufacturing routes were used
milled to sizes suitable for polymer use. The huntite in the past, notably furnace, channel, thermal and lamp
phase tends to be quite platy, while the hydromagnesite processes. These all give rise to products with different
is of relatively low aspect ratio. The main application in characteristics.
13
The furnace process predominates today, accounting This process naturally produces fluffy, low bulk density
for well over 90% of all carbon black production. This powders that are difficult to transport and handle. They
is based on the partial combustion of gas or oil in a are thus commonly formed into high bulk density, but
special furnace. The ratio of air to fuel is carefully still free flowing, powders using a wet pelletising process.
controlled and this, plus the turbulence in the furnace, This is a critical process and must be controlled so that
largely controls the product morphology (size and the pellets are strong enough to survive transport and
shape). Additives can also be introduced into the flame handling, but weak enough to break down easily in their
to help with morphology control. The type of fuel also final application. Binders, especially ones that are soluble
plays a role, with natural gas giving smaller particles in the final matrix, may be used to help with this.
than oil. Residence time in the chamber is short. The
off gases are cooled by a water spray and the carbon The main other type of process still in use is the thermal
black particles are isolated by various procedures, black one. This is a batch process in which methane, or a
including electrostatic precipitation and the use of similar gaseous fuel, is decomposed to carbon and
cyclones and filters. hydrogen in a special furnace at about 1,300 °C. This
process is less economic than the furnace black one, but
gives larger, less structured particles, which have important
The mechanism by which furnace blacks are formed is
niche applications. The reinforcing ability of the thermal
complex, but can be briefly described as the initial
blacks is much lower than the furnace ones, but they can
formation, by gas phase nucleation, of tiny liquid
be incorporated at higher levels.
droplets, which get more viscous as pyrolysis
continues, until they reach the final largely The use of modern analytical techniques, especially atomic
carbonaceous form. While they are undergoing these force microscopy, has led to significant advances in
changes, the droplets collide with each other and can understanding the details of carbon black growth and
partially fuse together to form larger particles. This structure. In particular, there is strong evidence that carbon
process is illustrated in Figure 8. The term primary cage structures, known as fullerenes, play a significant role.
particles is used to refer to the basic building block
droplets and the term aggregate is used for the
collections of fused particles, which can contain tens 3.2.1.1 Size and Shape
(or even hundreds) of primary particles. The amount
of coalescence between primary particles, and hence Carbon black primary particle size can be determined
the strength of the aggregates can vary markedly. by electron microscopy. Specific surface area
measurement is also widely used, but carbon blacks can
have considerable porosity. Hence the BET specific
surface area value using nitrogen adsorption can be
misleading. The CTAB value is more commonly used,
because CTAB is a larger adsorbent molecule and thus
gives a much better indication of the area available for
contact with the polymer.
Oil absorption is widely used as a measure of persistent

structure with dibutyl phthalate (DBP) used as the oil. A
crushed value can be used as a guide to the likely value
once the filler is incorporated into the elastomer.
Typical properties of furnace and thermal blacks for use

as polymer fillers are presented in Table 3.
Table 3. Typical properties of filler grade

carbon blacks
Furnace Thermal
Primary particle size (nm) 20-65 200-300
Figure 8 BET SSA (m2/g) 40-155 10-20
Schematic of the steps in carbon black production DBP absorption (ml/100 g) 50-150 30-40
14
3.2.1.2 Surface Chemistry technology has recently received a boost, with growing
importance of this type of filler in what is known as
The question of surface reactivity is very complex and green tyre technology (432).
can only be treated in outline here. The important fact
is that, due to the manufacturing process, carbon black Precipitated silicas are generally made by acidifying
particle surfaces are far from inert and can form solutions of sodium silicate, which can be readily
relatively strong interactions with elastomer molecules. obtained by methods such as digesting sand with
The surface is very heterogeneous and contains sites sodium hydroxide. The product is isolated by filtration,
covering a wide spectrum of interaction ability. The washing, drying and de-agglomeration. For various
full details of the origins of the surface activity are still reasons, complete drying is not achieved and
being unravelled, but it is thought that it comes from a commercial products usually contain several percent
combination of the presence of reactive chemical of strongly adsorbed water.
groups, and from physical effects due to exposed edges
of crystallite planes. In the early days the chemical Like all precipitation processes, the production of
contributions were thought to dominate, but the precipitated silica is complex, but the conditions can
physical ones are thought to be more important today. be controlled to encourage the formation of very small
primary particles and to encourage these to grow into
Many attempts have been made to beneficially alter each other to form aggregates in a similar fashion to
the surface chemistry of carbon blacks by the use of the way carbon black aggregates form. Thus,
modifiers. Historically these have been largely precipitated silicas can have similar morphological
unsuccessful, but have received recent impetus by the features to carbon blacks. Traditionally silica aggregate
competition from silica in some tyre formulations. structure has not been as well controlled as that of the
Progress has now been reported, including polymer carbon blacks, and this has resulted in poorer dispersion
grafting of the surface. A related development is the characteristics. Considerable improvements have
dual phase blacks where silica has been introduced into recently been made in this respect (121). Typical ranges
the structure (54, 109). for the properties of rubber grade products are presented
in Table 4.
More success has been achieved in increasing the extent
and strength of physical adsorption. This has been
achieved by modifying the production process to Table 4. Typical property ranges for
increase the surface roughness and the amount of precipitated silicas
exposed crystallite edges. These blacks are known as
nanostructure blacks (164). Primary particle size (nm) 15-30
BET SSA (m2/g) 100-250
3.2.2 Synthetic Silicas DBP absorption (ml/100 g) 150-250
Synthetic silica can be made with many of the

morphological features of carbon blacks and two forms The surface of precipitated silica is highly
are widely used in elastomer technology, these are hydroxylated, and thus very reactive. Unfortunately,
fumed or pyrolytic silica and precipitated silica. A unlike carbon black, this surface is not very compatible
detailed description of their production and properties with hydrocarbon polymers and the reactivity is also
can be found in the work by Katz and Milewski (a.9). not suitable for coupling into such polymers. The
surface also has a tendency to retard cure, by adsorbing
Fumed silica is made by controlled combustion of a accelerators. In elastomers, the solution for the second
volatile silica containing compound, such as silicon problem is to use an additive, such as a glycol, which
tetrachloride. This process is very similar to the carbon will preferentially adsorb on the surface and prevent
black techniques and it is easy to see how similar particle adsorption of accelerators.
morphologies can arise. The products are, however,
significantly more expensive than carbon blacks or The solution for the lack of strong bonding is to use a
precipitated silicas, and their use in polymers is largely chemical treatment, or coupling agent, to alter the
restricted to the special area of silicone elastomers. reactivity. Organosilanes are ideal for this purpose. The
alkoxy silane functionality readily reacts with the
Precipitated silicas are less expensive and have been surface silanols to form a bound layer of silane
used in rubber applications for many years. Their containing suitably reactive groups to participate in
15
crosslinking reactions. The main difficulty with this 3.2.4 Calcium Sulphate
technology is cost. Prices of carbon blacks and
precipitated silicas are competitive, but the high As well as occurring naturally, calcium sulphate in all
specific surface areas involved means that significant its hydrated forms can be readily produced
amounts of organosilane are required to completely synthetically. This allows more control of purity and
treat the silicas (5%-10%) and thus maximise their particle form. A needle-like form (also known as
performance. At this level of treatment, the cost of the Franklin Fibre) has been of some interest as a
silane approaches that of the silica, and makes their reinforcing filler (510, 511).
use significantly more costly than carbon blacks.
Recent developments in precipitated silica technology 3.2.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)

include (121):
ATH is a relatively white, soft, material with a specific
• Better dispersing silicas gravity of 2.4. It is relatively soft with Moh hardness
of 3. It has a refractive index of 1.58. Although
• Improved balance between particle size/surface generally known as alumina trihydrate, this material is
area and structure. chemically aluminium hydroxide, Al(OH)3. It is widely
used in elastomers, thermosets and thermoplastics. Its
main uses are as an environmentally friendly, flame
3.2.3 Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) retardant, but it also has significant application because
of its ability to produce refurbishable, stain resistant,
Reducing the particle size of calcium carbonate by composites with desirable aesthetics. The flame
grinding becomes more and more energy intensive as retardant effect arises from its ability to undergo
the ultimate size decreases. Eventually, a point is endothermic decomposition with the release of water
reached where it is more practical to achieve the very at about 200 °C.
fine sizes by precipitation, and this is widely used to
produce products for the PVC and elastomer industries. Although ATH is widely distributed in nature as the
mineral gibbsite, there is little or no use of the natural
The commonest process in use today is precipitation form, virtually all of the commercial products being
by carbonation of a calcium hydroxide slurry (milk of produced synthetically from gibbsite containing rocks,
lime). The process starts with limestone, which is mainly bauxite.
calcined to produce lime and carbon dioxide. The lime
is hydrated in water to obtain the slurry and then reacted ATH fillers are generally divided into two types, milled,
with the recovered carbon dioxide to bring about the ground Bayer hydrate and precipitated hydrate. In
precipitation. The reaction scheme is summed up in reality all the grades are of precipitate origin.
the following equations. Overall there is no apparent
change, but chemical processes are being used to obtain Products of the first type are all derived from the
purification and morphology control. Bayer process used to produce alumina and aluminium
from bauxite. This process is carried out on a vast
CaCO3 CaO + CO2 scale in which ATH is precipitated as an intermediate
product and hence it is economically attractive to use
CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 as a source of filler material. In the Bayer process
Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O bauxite is digested with sodium hydroxide to form a
hot solution of sodium aluminate. This is then seeded
OVERALL CaCO3 CaCO3 with crystals of gibbsite and cooled, the ATH crystals
precipitate as aggregates of 60-80 micron in diameter
Crystal phase, particle size and shape can all be and can be filtered off. These aggregates are too large
controlled by the reaction conditions and by the use of for most polymer applications and they are milled to
additives. The most common products for polymer finer sizes, a process which usually results in platy
applications contain rhombic calcite crystals with an particles. Products derived from the Bayer process
ultimate size of 0.05-0.10 micron and a specific surface tend to have a significant sodium content, which can
area in the range 10-30 m2/g. A significant portion is affect the water pick up and electrical and dimensional
fatty acid treated during production. This helps to reduce stability of composites. They also tend to have quite
the formation of hard, poorly dispersing lumps on drying, a significant organic content, which can affect
as well as improving compatibility with polymers. properties such as colour.
16
The second type consists of products which are been used to alleviate these problems and is a very
specially precipitated to produce a higher quality important weapon in the formulator’s armoury. A brief
product for polymer applications. While the chemical description of this topic follows, more detail can be found
steps are similar to the Bayer process, purer reagents in references (367, a.11).
are used and the precipitation conditions are adjusted
to control particle size and shape. This removes the
need for milling in most instances, with the retention 4.1 Principal Reasons for Using Surface
of more rounded shapes.
Modifiers
ATH is amphoteric and thus can respond as both a base Fillers are surface treated for a variety of reasons, the
and as an acid. This means that a wide range of surface main ones being:
treatments are effective. Organosilanes and fatty acids
are most commonly used.
4.1.1 Improved Filler Production
More details can be found in the work by Hancock and
Rothon (368).
Surface modifiers are sometimes used to improve
grinding efficiency, improve filtration and most
importantly, to prevent the formation of hard, poorly
3.2.6 Magnesium Hydroxide dispersing lumps on drying. One example of the latter
is the use of fatty acids to treat precipitated calcium
This is another flame retardant filler. Magnesium carbonate.
hydroxide’s main advantage over ATH is that the
decomposition temperature is about 100 °C higher,
allowing use in polymers such as PP and polyamides, 4.1.2 Protection of the Filler
which are processed at temperatures where ATH
decomposition could be a problem. Many fillers are hydrophilic and will pick up water
while others, such as magnesium hydroxide, can react
Magnesium hydroxide occurs in nature as the mineral with atmospheric carbon dioxide, and metallic fillers
brucite and there are workable deposits, which are can rust. The appropriate surface modifier can
starting to be commercially exploited. overcome these problems, which can occur both prior
to use and in the final composite.
Until recently, most filler grade product was produced
synthetically and this is still the main production
method. The synthetic processes generally go through 4.1.3 Improved Powder Flow
a solution stage, which allows purification to be carried
out. The purified solution is then treated by a variety Surface modifiers usually affect filler bulk density,
of methods to precipitate and grow magnesium dustiness and flow properties. These effects can be both
hydroxide particles of controlled shape and size. beneficial and detrimental, but are sometimes exploited.
Various surface treatments are used including fatty

acids and organosilanes. 4.1.4 Improved Compounding
More information can be found in reference (368). One of the key uses of modifiers is to improve
processing by reducing incorporation time, reducing
power consumption and improving the rate of
dispersion. Fatty acid treatments are widely used for
4 Filler Surface Modification this purpose.
Most particulate fillers are inorganic and polar in nature.

As a result, their surfaces have poor compatibility with 4.1.5 Reduction in the Adsorption of Expensive
hydrocarbon polymers. Among other effects, this can Ingredients
result in processing problems such as long wetting times
and high viscosities, and poor dispersion and poor Particulate fillers, especially those with high surface
mechanical properties. Surface modification has long areas, or particularly active surfaces, can adsorb and
17
deactivate significant amounts of curatives, stabilisers,

lubricants and antioxidants. Surface modifiers can limit
this, a particular example being the use of glycols with
precipitated silicas in elastomer applications.
4.1.6 Improved Composite Properties
The appropriate surface modifier can have a profound

effect on composite properties. This can arise from
improved dispersion, or from control of the filler-
polymer interaction. Some of the properties that can
be affected are:
• Stiffness and heat distortion temperature

• Tensile and flex strength
• Hardness
• Abrasion and tear resistance
• Impact strength
• Flame retardancy
• Electrical
• Optical.
Figure 9
While these properties can be changed by the use of a
modifier, they will not always all change in the desired The two main types of filler surface modifier
direction. The challenge for the formulator is to find a
modifier that gives the best balance of properties for
the application. 4.2.1 Non-Coupling Modifiers
Many modifiers can also improve property stability, Non-coupling modifiers are widely used, as they are
especially in adverse environmental conditions and this, generally low cost and can provide many desirable
as much as their effect on initial properties, is a key benefits. Saturated fatty acids are the predominant
reason for their use. materials used for this purpose. Their carboxylic acid
group is capable of forming a strong attachment to the
surface of many fillers, through the formation of a metal
salt, while the hydrocarbon tail provides compatibility
4.2 The Main Types of Modifier with many organic polymers.
Two main classes of filler surface modifier can be Fatty acids can improve filler production and stability,
recognised, non-coupling and coupling. These are aid compounding and dispersion and reduce the
illustrated in Figure 9. adsorption of other compounding ingredients.
Composite mechanical properties are generally aided
The non-coupling type has a strong interaction with by the improved dispersion. On the other hand, the
the filler surface but, although compatible with the relatively weak filler to polymer bond tends to decrease
polymer matrix, has no strong bond to it. Fatty acid strength, but can increase toughness.
treatments are typical of this class of modifier.
Being natural products, the cheapest sources of fatty
The coupling type has a strong interaction with both acids are blends of various components, rather than
the filler surface and the polymer matrix. pure compounds, and these are what are used by the
Organosilanes and functionalised polymers are filler industry. The commonest blends in use have a
examples of this class. composition approximating to stearic acid (C18H36O2).
18
The properties of the non-stearic acid constituents, Reactive group Main polymer applications
such as chain length and the presence of unsaturation
Mercapto Sulphur cured elastomers
can be important in some applications.
Polysulphide Sulphur cured elastomers
Fatty acids are mainly used with basic or amphoteric
Vinyl Most peroxide cured systems
fillers, where they can form strong surface
attachments. These include calcium carbonates and Methacryloxy Used in peroxide cures, where a
aluminium and magnesium hydroxides. They can be more reactive group than vinyl is
applied to fillers by dry coating with the acid or from required. Also in polyolefins.
aqueous solution of a salt.
Primary amine Polyamides, ethylene-vinyl
acetate copolymer (EVA)
Fatty acids do not form strong bonds with most
siliceous fillers, including clays, glass and silicas. Glycidoxy Epoxy
For this purpose hydrocarbon tailed organosilanes
are available, but are considerably more expensive. The organosilanes react successfully with the surface
of most acidic and amphoteric fillers and are widely
used with glass, silica, silicates (including mica and
wollastonite), ATH and magnesium hydroxide. They
4.2.2 Coupling Modifiers (Coupling Agents) do not work well with fillers like carbon black and
calcium carbonate, but there are reports that the latter
4.2.2.1 Organosilanes filler can be successfully treated by using a physical
encapsulation approach (261, 287, 508).
Organosilanes are the classic coupling agents for use
with glass fibres and many particulate fillers. They have Pre-treatment of particulate fillers is usually carried
the generic formula: out in a high speed mixer, with precautions being taken
due to the evolution of significant quantities of
flammable alcohol.
X (CH2)n Si (OR) 3
where X is a reactive group capable of providing 4.2.2.2 Functionalised Polymers

bonding to the host polymer and OR is an alkoxy
group which, through hydrolysis and condensation, In some cases a group reactive to filler surfaces can be
usefully pre-reacted onto molecules similar to the
provides bonding to the filler.
intended matrix polymer, producing what is known as
a functionalised polymer. Typical backbone polymers
The alkoxy silane group provides the means of are polybutadienes, polypropylenes and polyethylenes
bonding to the filler surface by hydrolysing to a (PE). By far the most common filler reactive groups
silanol group and then condensing with surface metal are carboxylic acids and anhydrides, although alkoxy
hydroxyls. The organic tail carries a reactive group silanes are used with polybutadienes. The filler reactive
X, which can provide bonding with the polymer groups can be introduced by copolymerisation or
matrix. Silanols can also condense with those on grafting. Where the filler does not respond to the acid
adjacent silane molecules leading to complex three group, it can be pretreated with an aminosilane, which
dimensional surface structures. can then form an amide linkage with the acid
functionality (508). Indeed this is reported to be state
The nature of the alkoxy group should not be of the art for coupling glass fibre to PP.
overlooked, as it is important in determining
volatility and flash point, rate of surface reaction and Important features of these additives are their
toxicity. molecular weight, the level of functionalisation and
the presence of any monomers. In favourable
instances the functionalised polymer can co-cure with
There are scores of functional organosilanes
the matrix, although in most cases it has to rely on
available today. The polymer reactive group is entanglement, pinning and possibly co-crystallisation
chosen to match the polymer matrix and any cure for bonding with the matrix polymer. Typical
system, for example: commercial products are presented in Table 5.
19
Table 5. Properties of the most commonly used functionalised polymer additives

Functionalised polymer Description
Acid functional polybutadiene Molecular weight usually 3,000-25,000. Functionality usually grafted acid
anhydride at up to 25% w/w. The high grafting level allows water solubility if
needed for coating purposes. Can co-cure with various elastomers and also with
polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate. Mainly used with calcium carbonates.
Alkoxysilylated polybutadiene Generally similar to the acid functional polybutadienes, but no water solubility.
To be used with silane responsive fillers, notably glass, clays and silicas.
Acid functional polypropylene Acid and anhydride functionality possible. Functionality levels normally under
1%, but levels up to 6% are possible. Homopolymer and copolymer forms
available for PP. Used directly with acid responsive fillers and in conjunction
with amino silanes with other filler types.
Acid functional polyethylene Similar to the acid functional PP, but for use in PE composites. EVA forms are
available for use in that copolymer.
4.2.2.3 Titanates and Zirconates coupling agent into these systems. The possible
encapsulation of calcium carbonate by some
These interesting materials are included in this section organosilanes has been referred to above.
as they are often referred to as coupling agents. There
is a great deal of controversy over how they function This encapsulation approach is very dependent for
and whether they are true coupling agents, but there is success on tight control of the processing conditions
no doubt that they can give valuable effects in the right to ensure that the additives reach and cure at the filler/
circumstances. polymer interface and that the filler is properly
dispersed before encapsulation.
The original concept seems to have been to produce
products analogous to organosilanes, but with titanium
replacing silicon. Problems with stably attaching 4.4 Methods of Using Surface Modifiers
organic groups to titanium and due to the activity of
the titanium itself, have led to a considerable departure Two distinct approaches can be distinguished, filler pre-
from such a simple approach. The zirconates have been coating and the in situ process in which the matrix
introduced for application where the activity of the polymer is in essence used as the coating solvent and
titanium is a problem. coating takes place during compounding. Various pre-
coating methods can be used, including:
More details can be found in manufacturer’s literature
(e.g., a.12, (14)). • Addition during comminution
• Addition to a filler slurry before filtration

4.3 Other Approaches
• Addition during drying
The main other approach to improving the performance
of particulate filled polymers can be loosely described • Addition to the filler dispersed in a high speed
as encapsulation. In essence this relies on forming a mixer.
thin shell of toughened polymer around filler particles
without any strong bond between this shell and the The appropriate method will vary with the physical
particle. This approach has been mainly pursued with and chemical nature of the additive and the filler
thermoplastics such as polyolefins, where processing methods being used. The additive may be
polyfunctional low molecular weight additives such as used in neat form, diluted with a suitable solvent, or as
polyacrylates have been reportedly used, often in an aqueous solution. With some additives, heating may
conjunction with peroxides. It would appear however be necessary to melt them and/or to drive off reaction
that better results can be obtained by incorporating a products such as moisture.
20
Table 6. A comparison of the pre-coating and in situ methods of filler treatment

Pre-coating In situ
Usually requires an expensive additional step, but is Usually less expensive, but may require higher additive
claimed to give more efficient use of the additive levels
Volatile by-products such as alcohols are easily dealt with Volatile by-products can be a problem
Essential where improved filler processing and stability
are sought
Surface reaction and coverage can be strictly controlled Surface reaction is very much at the mercy of processing
conditions, including competition from other additives
No interference from other compounding additives Residual, unreacted, additive more likely to be present
and may cause problems
Unable to treat fresh surface generated during Opportunity to treat fresh surface generated during
compounding. compounding
Interpenetration of coating and matrix may be limited Greater opportunity for coating/matrix interpenetration
Limited flexibility for adjusting the formulation Greater formulation freedom
Both pre-coating and the in situ methods are widely used

in industry. They both have advantages and limitations
as set out in Table 6. In some cases, a combination of
the two methods can give optimum results.
4.5 Treatment Levels
Controlling the amount of additive can be very

important for a number of reasons. Cost is the most
obvious, with some additives adding 100% or more to
the cost of the filler. Excess additive can also cause
detrimental effects, such as blooming, poor heat ageing
and mould sticking and fouling.
For most purposes, an additive level that just allows Figure 10

for complete coverage of the filler surface, is seen as
adequate, and lower levels are sometimes sufficient. A simplified view of the crossover effect
This level, often referred to as the monolayer level,
can be determined by theoretical methods (providing
the accessible surface area of the filler and the covering crossing over as the filler loading increases (a.13). This
power of the additive are known), or by a number of is illustrated in Figure 10 and is thought to be due to the
relatively easy laboratory tests. In all cases final product interphase becoming the continuous phase, as the filler
trials are necessary to confirm the optimum level, which approaches its maximum packing fraction.
can be influenced by a number of factors, including
loss of additive during filler treatment or processing.
5 The Use of Fillers in Polymers

4.6 The Crossover Effect
The incorporation of particulate fillers alters most
There is some evidence that the optimum filler treatment properties of polymers, some beneficially, others
for any given system may depend on the filler loading, detrimentally. Some of the properties, such as density,
with the relative performance of different treatments can be predicted from the simple laws of mixing, and
21
(with rare exceptions) do not depend on particle shape have Tgs above room temperature. Plasticisers will reduce
or surface chemistry. There are predictive equations for the Tg, generally favouring filler incorporation.
many of the others, such as modulus, strength, etc. These Polyamides are a special case, as water is a good plasticiser
are most accurate for well-dispersed, spherical particles for them. It is readily picked up from the atmosphere and
at loadings where there is no particle to particle can reduce the Tg from above to below room temperature.
interaction. Various modifications are introduced into For this reason filled polyamides should be tested both
these equations to allow for the effects of particle size, equilibrated with water vapour and dry.
shape and surface activity and also for particle to particle
interactions at higher filler loadings. Even with these
modifications the equations are not always exact. 5.3 Crystallinity
In considering the overall effects of fillers, it is not Some polymers, notably polyolefins and polyamides,
sufficient just to think of the polymer in general terms are semi-crystalline in nature. Others, such as natural
(e.g., PP, PE, etc.). There are many differentiating aspects rubber, crystallise on extension. Fillers will
of the polymer matrix, which need to be taken into account. predominantly be located in the amorphous phase and
These include the molecular weight, glass transition so effective loadings and particle to particle interaction
temperature (Tg), crystallinity, crosslink density, the can be much higher than anticipated. The level and type
presence of second phases and the strength of interaction of crystallinity can be influenced by both the filler
with the filler surface. Some of these are discussed below. particles and their surface chemistry, with knock on
effects on composite properties.
5.1 Molecular Weight

5.4 Second Phase Toughening
It is generally found that properties such as impact
strength are less degraded when the polymer molecular
Rubbery phases are often used to improve the toughness
weight is high, providing this does not lead to
of thermoplastics and thermosets, especially at low
compounding problems. Filled composites made with
temperatures. This rubbery phase can be significantly
very high molecular weight polyolefins by the
modified by the presence of fillers, with consequent
‘polymerisation filling’ process are a good example
effects on properties.
(320). It is also important to recognise that fillers can
lead to molecular weight reduction during processing,
due to mechanochemical means, or cure inhibition, and
this can distort their effect. 5.5 Other Changes in the Polymer Due to the
Presence of Filler
5.2 Glass Transition Temperature (Tg) It has been well documented that fillers can change
the nature of the polymer close to their surface. The
Below their Tg polymers are usually brittle and respond main effect is to lead to immobilisation of the polymer,
differently to fillers than they do when above their Tg. making it stiffer and less soluble. Overall this can be
Some common polymers, such as PVC and polystyrene thought of as increasing the effective volume of filler
Table 7. The calculated effect of surface layers on the apparent volume of various sized cubic particles
Particle size % Volume increase for a layer thickness of

(microns) 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1000 nm
0.1 6 73 2600 -
0.5 1.2 12 174 -
1.0 0.6 6 73 2600
5.0 < 0.1 1.2 12 174
10.0 < 0.1 0.6 6 73
22
present, by an amount dependent on the thickness of The main uses for fillers are for cost reduction, or for
this layer. Such a layer is usually only a few nanometers increasing properties such as modulus, tensile and tear
thick, so the effect only becomes noticeable at quite strength, and abrasion resistance. Because elastomers
high filler loadings and with very small particles that are frequently used in dynamic applications, properties
have a relatively large surface area. This is illustrated such as hysteresis and fatigue resistance are also often
in Table 7. The effect is most noticeable in polymers of great importance. Fillers are generally divided into
that are themselves very flexible, such as elastomers, two types, reinforcing and non-reinforcing. Reinforcing
and least so in rigid ones. types are those that increase stiffness and increase, or
at least maintain, strength.
5.6 Other Filler Effects The structure of the rubber is a very important factor in
determining the effects of particulate fillers. First, there
is the presence of the crosslinks, which can be crudely
Poorly dispersed filler agglomerates can act as flaws
thought of as forming a cage structure, the size of which
in the structure, especially in the more brittle matrices.
will vary with the crosslink density. It is thought that
Some fillers, notably ATH and mica, readily cleave and
filler particles have to be smaller than this cage size, if
can also act as flaws under certain conditions. Finally,
they are to have reinforcing qualities and not disrupt the
the distribution and orientation of fillers may not be
network. Secondly, there is the question of rubber
uniform throughout a composite. The most often
crystallisation. Some rubbers, notably natural rubber,
encountered consequence of this is the presence of a
reversibly form polymer crystallites on elongation, and
filler depleted surface layer, or skin, an effect that
these act as extra crosslinks, giving rise to a significant
increases with filler size. The surface layers have a
increase in strength. Most bulk synthetic rubbers such
major influence on some properties, especially flexural
as styrene-butadiene (SBR) do not undergo such
ones, and this can result in an unexpected particle size
crystallisation and are inherently much weaker. The role
effect on these properties.
of fillers in the two types of rubber is somewhat different.
The strain crystallising rubbers are inherently strong,
and it is important that the filler does not interfere with
the crystallisation processes. The other rubbers are
6 Use of Fillers in Different Polymer inherently much weaker, and here correctly chosen fillers
(most importantly those with strong filler to rubber
Types attachment) can act in place of the crystallites and
provide a major increase in strength. These concepts are
The reasons for using fillers, the types used, and their illustrated further by the idealised stress-strain curves
effects differ quite significantly between the various presented in Figure 11.
polymer types. A brief summary of the main features
of each polymer class is set out in this section, although
each would need a review of its own. The extensive
literature section should be consulted for more details.
6.1 Elastomers
Fillers and filler surface modifiers are very important

in the field of elastomers. Overall the market is
dominated by tyre applications, which mainly use
carbon blacks and silicas, but fillers are widely used in
all types of application. The main fillers in use are:
• Carbon blacks
• Precipitated silicas
• Clays
• Natural calcium carbonates Figure 11
• Precipitated calcium carbonates. Idealised stress-strain curves for elastomer systems
23
Table 8. A comparison of the reinforcing effects of an uncoated precipitated calcium carbonate

(0.07 micron) at 100 phr in a sulphur cured emulsion SBR and a similar solution SBR with
two levels of added stearic acid
Solution SBR with 1 phr Solution SBR with 6 phr
Property Emulsion SBR
stearic acid stearic acid
Tensile strength (MPa) 6.2 7.3 4.2
300% Modulus (MPa) 2.4 6.7 1.5
Tear strength (N/mm) 17 27 13
Bound SBR (%) Nil 24 Nil
Particle size, shape and ability to bond with the polymer

matrix are all important factors in determining filler
performance. Reinforcement is only exhibited with
particles significantly less than a micron in size and
preferably less than 0.1 micron. Thus fine particles
dominate in this industry. The high elongations
involved makes strong filler to polymer attachment
vital for maximum reinforcement. The strength of
interaction of many mineral fillers with rubbers can be
markedly influenced by the presence of non-rubber
species. A good example is the presence of surfactants
from the manufacturing process, which can lead to Figure 12
significantly lower interaction in emulsion polymerised A schematic illustration of the concept of filler
rubbers than in solution polymerised ones. Stearic acid, structure
often added with sulphur cures, can also significantly
reduce interaction. Some of these effects are illustrated
in Table 8.
This is particularly true for the non-crystallising
rubbers, where the filler particle must remain attached
Particle shape is another very important factor, but has
to the polymer at high elongations, if it is to fulfil the
some special considerations, not so prominent in other
same role as a crystallite. Carbon blacks have a
polymer applications. The main shape descriptor of
naturally reactive surface and so readily form such
interest, structure, has developed from the carbon black strong attachments. Mineral fillers generally need some
industry. In this context, structure refers to shape factors form of coupling agent if they are to achieve the same
which allow a particle to partially shield some of the effect. Organosilanes are very effective for this purpose
polymer matrix from deformation forces. This allows when used with fillers such as silicas and clays. Special
the filler to behave as though it has a higher loading sulphur functional silanes such as the mercapto- and
under some circumstances and this can improve the tetrasulphide have been developed for sulphur cures,
overall balance of properties. It is also believed that while vinyl silanes are commonly used in peroxide and
highly structured particles disperse more readily. The other cures. Carboxylated polybutadienes fulfil a
structure concept is further illustrated in Figure 12. similar coupling role with fillers such as calcium
carbonate, and appear to be suitable for both sulphur
Oil absorption is used as a convenient measure of structure. and radical cures.
High structure particles are particularly fragile and quite
a lot of degradation can occur in processing. A test has Bound rubber formation is often used as measure of
thus been developed in which the filler is subjected to the strength of filler to polymer interaction. This is
compression before measuring the oil absorption in order based on the observation that, after compounding with
to allow for this. This is known as the 24M4 test. a filler, but before vulcanisation, some of the rubber
becomes insoluble in a good solvent. Many factors,
The ability of a filler to form strong bonds with the other than actual bonding, can contribute to bound
polymer is also an important factor in reinforcement. rubber and so it should be used as an indicator only.
24
Crosslinking of rubber (curing) is a vital part of the

production process and plays a major role in determining
the final properties. It is a very complex subject, but it is
known that filler surfaces can have a detrimental effect
on the cure systems in use with elastomers. Basic
surfaces can retard sulphur cures, while acidic ones can
have the same effect on peroxide cures. The curing
system often has to be modified to correct for these
effects. In some instances additives can be introduced
which block the surface, without producing any
detrimental effects. An example is the use of glycols in
sulphur cures containing precipitated silicas. Obviously,
the filler surface modifiers themselves can also have
effects. A prime example is the mercapto-silane coupling
agent which can promote sulphur cures so much that it
can cause problems of scorch.
Figure 13
With the use of fine fillers, dispersion becomes a very
important factor in optimising filler performance. A great The stress softening, or Mullins, effect
deal of effort goes into producing fillers which disperse
easily, and significant advances in this area recently
occurred with precipitated silicas, prompted by the needs on the second cycle. This is shown in Figure 13. Stress
of the tyre industry. The fine fillers can also have problems softening is much enhanced by reinforcing fillers and
of low bulk density and dustiness. Pelletisation is often is believed to be due to a number of factors. Two
used to overcome this (particularly with carbon blacks), important ones are slippage of surface attachments and
but care must be taken to maintain ease of dispersion. disruption of filler to filler interactions.
A large number of properties are important in elastomer Finally, brief mention should be made about the use of
applications and they are all affected in different ways fillers in automotive tyre treads, as this is large market
by filler size, shape, interaction and dispersion. A very and is undergoing considerable change at present,
generalised description of the trends is presented in leading to some very significant advances in filler
Table 9. technology. Tread formulations have to achieve a
delicate balance between three factors; grip, abrasion
Because of the dynamic aspects of many applications, resistance (tread wear) and rolling resistance (fuel
filler network formation and the phenomenon of stress consumption). This is usually referred to as the magic
softening is important. Stress softening is also referred triangle. Until recently, specially developed carbon
to as the ‘Mullins effect’, it is the phenomenon whereby blacks dominated this market, but precipitated silicas
the stress needed to reach a given extension is lower are now making a very significant impact, especially
Table 9. Generalised effects of filler characteristics on the properties of elastomers

Particle size Structure Dispersion Interaction
Property
decrease increase increase increase
300% Modulus + ++ little ++
Tensile strength ++ little + +
Hardness ++ ++ - +
Elongation at break - - ++ -
Tear resistance ++ little little little
Hysteresis ++ + - -
Abrasion resistance ++ + ++ ++
25
in Europe. This is because they appear to be able, when for the widespread use of fillers is that this polymer
correctly formulated, to reduce rolling resistance, has to be compounded to introduce processing aids and
without compromising the other properties. These tyres stabilisers, and hence fillers can be incorporated
are usually referred to as green tyres or energy tyres. without much extra cost.
The Mullins effect is important in this context. Strong The nature of PVC has some important consequences.
filler to polymer bonding is necessary and high levels of It is relatively unstable, and hence cannot be fully
expensive sulphur functional silanes have to be used with melted for processing, a process of fusion being used
the silica. Dispersion is also very important. As a result instead. Shear forces also have to be limited. As a result
of the activity in this market, we are seeing the of the above, dispersion is not as readily achieved as
development of a much better understanding of the effects in some other polymers and the effect of the filler on
of fillers on the dynamic behaviour of elastomers and heat transfer and the fusion process is important.
significant advances in coupling agents, silica and carbon
black fillers. In particular, silicas have been developed Coupling agents are little used for fillers in PVC, but
which disperse more readily and which require less surface treatment with fatty acids is widely practiced,
coupling agent. Carbon black technology has responded as this aids fusion and dispersion. Fatty acids and their
with blacks which have a more reactive surface, and with salts are also widely used as additives for processing
dual structure blacks containing silica. Significant effort and other purposes. Thus uncoated fillers will
is also going into other fillers, notably clays, for this effectively become surface treated, but higher levels
application. Further details on the green tyre issue can be of additive are then needed to allow for filler adsorption.
found in a number of references (121, 123, 159, 187).
The two forms of PVC, plasticised (flexible) and
More details on the use of fillers in elastomers can be unplasticised (rigid), have different applications and
found in a number of works (365, 428, a.14, a.15). filler response.
Flexible PVC incorporates considerable amounts of

6.2 Thermoplastics plasticiser. In most applications this is a material like
dioctyl phthalate (DOP), but this increases the
While a lot of thermoplastics are used unfilled, the use flammability and thus more expensive phosphate
of fillers is still very considerable. There are a large plasticisers are used where this is important. In addition
number of filler/polymer combinations in use, but the to providing flexibility, the plasticiser aids in the fusion
main polymers using fillers are PVC, PE and PP. The process. It is possible to incorporate relatively high
main fillers in use are: filler levels (over 100 phr) into flexible PVC. Because
of the plasticiser, the filler has little effect on processing.
The mechanical properties are generally relatively
• Natural calcium carbonate
insensitive to particle size, within sensible limits,
• Precipitated calcium carbonate although some properties such as gloss, stress
whitening and scratch resistance are much improved
• Talc.
by the use of very fine grades, particularly precipitated
calcium carbonates (PCCs). The shape of the particles
Other fillers of significance include: wollastonite, mica,
is important, especially as it affects the plasticiser
ATH, brucite and magnesium hydroxide.
absorption of the filler. This effect is related to structure
in carbon blacks and is measured by oil absorption,
Useful works on the topic include those by Hancock using a common plasticiser, DOP, as the oil.
(364) and Jancar (a.16).
Cable sheathing and insulation are large volume
The applications and principles involved are too diverse applications for flexible PVC, and electrical and fire
to allow generalisation, and so each of the main properties are important here. There is growing use of
polymers has to be considered separately. ATH as a fire retardant/smoke suppressant in this type
of application. Metakaolinite is also often used as a
filler where better electrical stability is required.
6.2.1 PVC
The Tg of rigid PVC is above room temperature and
PVC is a large consumer of fillers, predominantly lower filler levels (normally up to 20 phr) are generally
natural and synthetic calcium carbonates. One reason used, although levels as high as 100 phr are found in
26
Figure 14
Illustration of the effects of a coated calcium carbonate on the properties of unplasticised PVC
some applications. There is more effect of the filler on 20% for a variety of purposes, with ground calcium
processing behaviour and on mechanical properties than carbonate dominating. Cost reduction is a primary
in flexible PVC. The presence of a filler and its surface consideration, but the filler can also improve properties
treatment affects the fusion processes in a complex way such as cooling rate, level of fusion, printability,
and there is a strong link between the efficiency of fusion pigment dispersion and surface hardness as well as
and mechanical properties, especially impact strength. acting as an anti-block.
The best mechanical properties, especially impact
strength, are given by relatively fine filler particles. Fatty Agricultural film is a major application for calcined
acid coated products with a top cut of 10 micron and an clay, making use of its strong near infrared absorption
average particle size of 1 micron are most common. properties.
Colour stability is very important in many of the bulk
applications, such as window and door profiles and
cladding. This a complex issue, but can be very much 6.2.3 Polypropylene (PP)
affected by the quality of the fatty acid and by impurity
levels. Typical effects for a stearate coated filler in Large quantities of fillers are used in PP compounds
unplasticised PVC are presented in Figure 14. for a wide number of applications, the main fillers in
use are natural calcium carbonate and talc.
6.2.2 Polyethylene (PE) The structure of PP has some important consequences

for incorporating fillers, particularly its semi-crystalline
A considerable amount of PE is used in film nature, the use of rubber toughening and the instability
applications, where filler usefulness is somewhat caused by the tertiary carbon. These can only be
different to that in bulk applications. Two types of filler discussed in general terms here, as the implications for
can be recognised for film use, anti-blocking and filled compounds are far from being fully resolved to
general purpose. True anti-blocking agents are used at date. These factors are often the cause for deviations
very low levels (0.1%-1.0%) and they act by providing from expected performance.
a rough surface to the film. Calcined clay is widely
used for this purpose, as it gives high transparency. PP is a semi-crystalline polymer, with the type of
General purpose fillers are used at levels up to about crystallinity having a major impact on many properties.
27
The level of crystallinity, the type of crystal structure certain loading level, there is a limit to the stiffness
and the size of the crystallites are all important factors that can be achieved with them. Although there will be
and are influenced by the melting and cooling some loss in toughness, the platy nature of talc allows
conditions during processing. Indeed they can go on higher modulus composites to be made and this
changing for some time after moulding, leading to explains its widespread use in PP compounds.
property drift. This property drift can be more
significant in highly filled systems. Fillers can also The most widely used type of surface treatment for
significantly affect the nature of the crystallinity due fillers in PP is probably the non-coupling fatty acid
to a variety of factors and some, such as fine talc, are type (see Section 4.2.1). This can significantly reduce
deliberately used because of their ability to act as viscosity and hence improve processing. It also
nucleating agents, leading to faster cycle times. promotes voiding due to filler/polymer separation under
deformation. This results in stress whitening, and a loss
Low temperature impact strength is a particular in tensile strength, but can also lead to significant
problem with PP, due to a relatively high Tg. The improvements in impact strength and elongation at
toughness of PP polymers can be much improved by break under the right circumstances.
copolymerisation with ethylene, or by incorporation
of a suitable rubber, such as ethylene-propylene. The Fatty acid treated natural calcium carbonate has a
toughening from these processes is generally due to special ability to increase the impact strength of PP
phase separated rubbery domains. The incorporation homopolymer, with the filler particle size, level of
of fillers can radically interfere with the phase coating and filler loading all being important. This
separation processes. Surface treatment of a filler can effect is believed to be due to a crack pinning
control its affinity for the two phases and it is claimed mechanism. The best results seem to be at about 1%
that least property degradation is observed when the coating level and a mean particle size of 1-2 micron.
rubbery phase encapsulates the filler. The optimum coating level appears to be close to
monolayer surface coverage (Figure 15).
The presence of the tertiary carbon in PP introduces
significant instability into the polymer chain and Coupling agent type surface modifiers (Section 4.2.2)
stabilisers are generally needed for most applications. are also widely used in PP, with maleinised
Fillers can both promote degradation (usually due to polypropylenes being the commonest of this type in
impurities) and absorb and deactivate stabilisers. use today. Aminosilanes are frequently used in
Considerable polymer chain scission and oxidation can conjunction with them, to promote bonding to fillers
occur during processing and the shear increase that that cannot directly bond with the acid anhydride
fillers cause can significantly enhance these processes. functionality.
Such effects can be used to give bonding with certain
unsaturated or basic surface modifiers, but are very Figure 16 illustrates the effects of particle size and
much influenced by the processing conditions and so coating level on a number of properties of calcium
are hard to control. carbonate filled PP. Further details on these systems
can be found in (384) and (396).
Apart from reducing costs, the main reasons for using
fillers in PP are to increase the modulus and heat
distortion temperature. Other benefits include reduced 6.2.4 Polyamides (Nylons)
shrinkage and increased thermal conductivity (thus
reducing cycle times). Impact strength, especially at low Nylons are expensive polymers and mineral fillers are
temperatures, is a very important consideration with PP widely used, often in conjunction with glass fibre. The
and fillers can have a very significant effect on this. main fillers in use are calcium carbonate, calcined clay,
Indeed, the balance between stiffness and toughness is wollastonite and talc. Organosilane coupling agents are
a very important consideration in many PP applications. frequently used on the silicate fillers. As mentioned
For instance, the use of a copolymer to increase earlier, the properties of nylons are very much affected
toughness will normally also reduce stiffness. by humidity and tests should be made on both dry and
conditioned samples.
Stiffness is little affected by filler particle size over
the normal range, and is largely controlled by filler It seems to be particularly easy to prepare clay based
loading and aspect ratio. Natural calcium carbonates nanocomposites based on polyamides (75, 87). As a
have a low aspect ratio and, although (as will be result, they were the first to be commercialised and
discussed later) they can increase toughness up to a remain the main nanocomposites in use today.
28
Figures 15
An illustration of the effect of stearate coating of filler on some properties of homopolymer PP containing 50%
w/w of a fine calcium carbonate
Figure 16
An illustration of the effect of filler particle size on some properties of homopolymer PP containing 50% w/w of
a stearate coated fine calcium carbonate
29
6.3 Thermosets Fillers are generally used in the uncoated form,

although various dispersants and coupling agents are
Although often overlooked, large quantities of fillers often dissolved in the resin.
are used in thermosetting polymers, particularly
unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) and certain forms Flexural properties are of particular interest in
of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA). A good thermosets. These are very much influenced by the
description of the scientific principles has been surface layers of the composite and, as noted earlier,
provided by Jackson and Orton (363). these layers can be filler deficient.
The main reasons for using fillers in these polymers are: As most thermosets are used below their Tg, they
are inherently brittle materials and the effect of fillers
• Cost savings on toughness can be very important, especially when
there is no glass fibre present. Factors such as filler
• Increased modulus
loading, particle size and shape, particle strength and
• Reduced coefficient of expansion bonding to the matrix all affect toughness. Contrary
to most people’s expectations, suitable rigid filler
• Exotherm reduction and shrinkage control during cure
particles can increase toughness, acting by a crack
• Improved surface hardness and abrasion pinning mechanism. This effect shows a maximum
resistance at a certain filler loading, after which it declines. It
has been found that fillers such as ATH, which can
• Improved aesthetics
cleave, do not give as much crack pinning and hence
• Fire retardancy. toughening, as stronger particles. Strong filler to
polymer bonding, such as obtained with coupling
In UPR, cost savings, modulus, hardness and fire agents, usually improves toughness, but can
retardancy are the main reasons for using fillers, sometimes reduce it. Various additives are often
the main ones in use are ground silica, ground incorporated to improve toughness (rubbers, soft
calcium carbonates, calcium sulphate and ATH. blocks, etc.) and these can have an effect on the
Fillers are often used in conjunction with glass fibre action of fillers.
reinforcement. However, there is considerable use
without glass fibre, important examples being: Because of their brittle nature, thermosets are more
ground silica in polymer concretes, where particle successfully treated by fracture mechanics
size is optimised for high loadings, ATH in approaches than are other polymers.
synthetic onyx and ground calcium carbonate in
synthetic marble. While impact strength measurements are still of great
importance, the concepts of fracture toughness and
The main applications for filled PMMA are in solid fracture energy are of more fundamental
surfaces and sinks for kitchens and bathrooms and significance. These describe the resistance of the
the main fillers in use are ATH and crystalline silica, composite to crack growth and the energy required
which are used without glass fibre. The crystalline to form new surfaces, respectively. Rigid particulate
silica is used where high abrasion resistance is fillers affect both of these properties. In general,
needed (e.g., kitchen sinks). ATH is used as much crack growth resistance increases with filler loading,
for its aesthetic, non-staining and refurbishable while fracture energy goes through a maximum and
qualities, as for its fire retardancy. then decreases. Overall toughness is determined by
a combination of these two properties, their relative
The liquid nature of the thermoset resins makes it contributions depending on the exact circumstances.
important to have easy filler dispersion and good The various impact tests have been devised to
control of the rheology of the filled resin. High filler measure toughness under conditions relevant to
loadings are frequently used, especially where high certain applications and hence can give widely
levels of fire retardancy are required. Control of differing results.
particle size distribution is often used to give
products with low viscosity and high loadings. Oil Some examples of the effect of fillers on the
absorption is again a good guide to this, with a low flexural properties of thermoset polymers are given
value indicating higher loading ability. in Figure 17.
30
Figure 17
An illustration of the effect of ATH filler loading on flexural modulus and strength of an unsaturated polyester
sheet moulding compound
7 Nanocomposites impression on the market place. Traditionally, the

main attraction of nanocomposites has been seen as
It is appropriate to end this overview with a brief their ability to achieve high levels of rigidity and
discussion of nanocomposite technology, as this is heat distortion at much lower loadings than is
currently receiving a great deal of attention, both possible with conventional particulate fillers. This
academically and commercially. can lead to composites with lower specific gravity
and better impact strength for a given stiffness or
Nanocomposites are composed of a very fine filler, heat distortion temperature. However, in many of
in which at least one dimension is a few nanometers these instances, the mechanical properties appear to
in size, dispersed in a polymer matrix. The filler is be similar to those obtainable with similar levels of
usually a very fine precipitate, especially silica, or a glass fibre. The choice then seems to come down to
delaminated layer mineral such as a clay. Clay based the relative cost in use of these two systems, although
products have already been referred to in Section there are claims that the nanoclays may still win out
3.1.4. In principle, all types of polymer can be used where density is the prime concern (a.17, a.18).
as the matrix material. The main problem in
preparing such composites is achieving good Some of the nanofillers, especially the platy clays,
dispersion of the fine filler, which is more readily have potentially unique effects on properties such
achieved in some polymers than in others. One as gas permeability and fire retardancy, and this is
approach is to precipitate, or delaminate the filler now becoming a more important aspect driving the
directly in the polymer, or its monomer. development of filler based nanocomposites.
Despite a great deal of interest and activity, filler Useful further reading includes (44, 47, 50, 58, 64,
based nanocomposites have still not made a great 74, 95, 96).
31
Additional References a.15 B.B. Boonstra in Rubber Technology and

Manufacture, Ed. C.M. Blow, Newnes-
Butterworth, London, 1975, Chapter 7.
a.1 T.H. Ferrigno in Handbook of Fillers for
Plastics, Eds., H.S. Katz and J.V. Milewski, a.16 J. Jancar, Mineral Fillers in Thermoplastics I,
van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1987, 25. Springer, Berlin, 1999.
a.2 S. Brunauer, P.H. Emmet and E. Teller, J Am a.17 M.K. Akkapeddi, Proceedings of Functional
Chem Soc, 1938, 60, 309. Fillers and Reinforcements ’99, Intertech,
Atlanta, Georgia, USA, Paper 15.
a.3 J.W. Mullin et al., Ind Eng Chem Res, 1989,
28, 1725. a.18 U. Wagenknecht, Proceedings of Functional
Effect Fillers 2000, Intertech, Berlin, Germany,
a.4 G. Baudet, M. Bizi and J.P. Rona, Part Sci Paper 18.
Technol, 1993, 11, 73.
a.5 C.R. Herd, G.C. McDonald and W.M. Hess,

Rubber Chem Technol, 1992, 65, 107.
Abbreviations
a.6 H.F. Huisman, J Coat Technol, 1984, 56, 65.
ATH alumina trihydrate
a.7 R.M. German, Particle Packing, Metal Powder
Industries Federation, New York, 1989. CTAB cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
DBP dibutyl phthalate
a.8 B.A. Wills, Mineral Processing Technology,
DOP dioctyl phthalate
Pergamon, Oxford, 1992.
esd equivalent spherical diameter
a.9 H.S. Katz and J.V. Milewski, Handbook of EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
Fillers for Plastics, van Nostrand Reinhold,
GCC ground calcium carbonate
New York, 1987.
MPF maximum packing fraction
a.10 J-B. Donnet, R.C. Bansal and M-J Wang, NR natural rubber
Carbon Black, Dekker, New York, 1993.
PCC precipitated calcium carbonate
a.11 R.N. Rothon, The Coupling Agent Index, PE polyethylene
Intertech, Portland, USA, 2000. Pf maximum packing fraction
a.12 S.J. Monte, Ken-React Reference Manual, PMMA polymethylmethacrylate
Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc., 104, East 22nd PP polypropylene
Street, Bayonne, New Jersey, 1993.
PVC polyvinyl chloride
a.13 C.M. Liauw, Plastics Rubber and Composites SBR styrene-butadiene rubber
Processing and Applications, 1995, 24, 5, 249. SSA specific surface area
a.14 G. Kraus, Reinforcement of Elastomers, Tg glass transition temperature
Interscience, New York, 1965. UPR unsaturated polyester resin
32
References and Abstracts
References from the Rapra Abstracts Database
Item 1 Rubber compounds based on polybutadiene or SBR

Plastiques Flash containing organophilic layered silicates were prepared.
No.316, Feb./March 2001, p.49 Organophilic silicates were swollen in a rubber/toluene
French solution. Matrix-filler reactive bonding was performed
WHAT ARE NANOCOMPOSITES? by adding bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphane(TESPT)
An examination is made of the properties, processing and during swelling. Good dispersion of organoclay
applications of nanocomposites in which submicron nanofillers in rubber matrices was demonstrated by TEM
silicate particles are dispersed in a polymer matrix. and atomic force microscopy exhibiting intercalated and
Developments by a number of companies in polyamide, partially exfoliated silicate layers. Matrix-filler interfacial
polyolefin and polyacetal matrix nanocomposites are coupling by TESPT led to reduced strain at break and
reviewed, and reference is made to the imminent reduced hysteresis for both organoclay and silica-based
appearance of the first nanocomposites based on PETP. vulcanisates as expected for successful matrix/filler
Trends in the world market for such materials are also coupling. Organoclay vulcanisates exhibited enhanced
briefly considered. hysteresis when compared with silica compounds. This
was related to orientation and sliding of anisotropic
TOYOTA; UBE; ALLIEDSIGNAL; GENERAL
silicate layers, as determined by on-line wide-angle X-
ELECTRIC; HONEYWELL INC.; BAYER AG;
ray scattering measurements during cyclic tensile testing.
BASELL; MONTELL; GENERAL MOTORS CORP.;
SHOWA DENKO 16 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
JAPAN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.828693 Accession no.827613
Item 2 Item 4
Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
78, No.792, Feb.2001, p.64 Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 499
French PROCESSABILITY STUDIES OF SILANE
CARBON BLACK: OVERVIEW OF THE THIRD TREATED SILICAS AND CARBON BLACKS IN
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE EPDM MATRIX
Gossot J Kim K-J; White J L
A brief review is presented of topics discussed at the third Akron,University
international conference on carbon black which was held (SPE)
in Mulhouse, France. Particular attention is paid to reports Silica, treated with silane coupling agents of varying chain
of studies which confirm the presence of fullerenes in lengths, was compounded with ethylene-propylene-diene
the particle structure of industrial carbon blacks, and of terpolymer at 100 C for time periods of 60-900 s, using
research into the production of carbon black and hydrogen an internal mixer, and the silica filled systems compared
by the cracking of hydrocarbons using plasma arc with carbon black filled systems. Agglomerate particle
technology. sizes in the prepared materials were determined using
CNRS; PARIS,ECOLE DES MINES; INSTITUT DE scanning electron microscopy. Shear viscosities were
CHIMIE DES SURFACES ET INTERFACES; measured, and extrusion characteristics were evaluated
MULHOUSE,ECOLE NATIONALE SUPERIEURE by determining the die swell on extrusion through a 1.5
DE CHIMIE mm capillary die. Treated silica systems exhibited lower
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; viscosity, smaller agglomerate sizes and reduced swell
WESTERN EUROPE
compared with untreated silica systems. The silane with
Accession no.828644 the shortest aliphatic chain length gave the smallest
agglomerate size. Treated silica systems had higher
Item 3 agglomerate sizes and viscosities compared with carbon
Rubber Chemistry and Technology black filled systems. 18 refs.
74, No.2, May/June 2001, p.221-35 USA
RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES: MORPHOLOGY
Accession no.827229
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF BR AND
SBR VULCANIZATES REINFORCED BY
ORGANOPHILIC LAYERED SILICATES Item 5
Ganter M; Gronski W; Reichert P; Muelhaupt R Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Freiburg Materialsforschungszentrum Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 434
© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 33

NANO-EFFECT IN IN SITU NYLON-6 (SPE)

NANOCOMPOSITES
Nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing fumed silica
Liang Y; Omachinski S; Logsdon J; Cho J W; Lan T
in low molecular weight epoxy resin, which was then melt
Nanocor Inc.
mixed with poly(ether sulphone) (PES). The epoxy acted
(SPE)
as a reactive solvent, reducing the processing temperature
Nanocomposites of polyamide-6 and 12-amino- of the PES by as much as 100 C, and due to its polar
dodecanoic acid-modified montmorillonite, containing up nature, it also facilitated the dispersion of the silica
to 8 wt% clay, were prepared by in-situ polymerisation. particles. Towards the end of the mixing cycle an epoxy
Exfoliation of the clay was confirmed by X-ray curing agent was added. The nanocomposites were
diffraction. The nanocomposites were characterised by characterised by measurement of: solvent uptake by
measurement of mechanical properties, heat distortion exposure to methylene chloride vapour; tensile and impact
temperature, moisture absorption and oxygen properties; and heat deflection temperature. The
transmission rate. The clay additions gave an increase in nanocomposites exhibited enhanced impact strengths and
flexural and tensile moduli of 110%, and an increase in heat deflection temperatures, and only slightly reduced
heat distortion temperature under load of 175%. Oxygen tensile strengths, compared with pure PES. 19 refs.
transmission rates reduced with increasing clay content, USA
giving a reduction of approximately 80% for a clay Accession no.827046
addition of 8 wt%. Moisture absorption was also reduced,
enhancing the polymer performance in high humidity Item 8
conditions. 6 refs. Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
USA Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 415
Accession no.827061 PVC/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Trlica J; Kalendova A; Malac Z; Simonik J; Pospisil L
Item 6 Aliachem JC; Brno,Technical University;
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Brno,Polymer Institute
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 431 (SPE)
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/montmorillonite nano-
POLYPROPYLENE NANO-COMPOSITES composites were prepared by blending organoclays of
Wang H; Zeng C; Svoboda P; Lee L J varying levels of hydrophilicity with PVC and
Ohio,State University dioctylphthalate plasticiser, using a kneader or a counter-
(SPE) rotating twin-screw extruder. The degree of clay
Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending intercalation was determined by Fourier transform
polypropylene with modified montmorillonite, with infrared spectroscopy. The thermal stability of the
additions of maleic anhydride-modified polypropylene (PP- nanocomposites was dependent upon the type of
MA) to assist clay dispersion. The partial substitution of organoclay, and thermal stability problems experienced
PP-MA by polyamide-6 (PA-6), to reduce material cost, during compounding were eliminated by pre-treating the
was also investigated. The nanocomposites were organoclay with the plasticiser, so creating a barrier
characterised by measurement of the clay basal spacing by between the polymer and the quaternary amine. The
X-ray diffraction, morphology studies by scanning electron simultaneous co-intercalation of the plasticiser facilitated
microscopy, and measurement of tensile and impact exfoliation. The nanoclay additions enhanced dimensional
properties. Low molecular weight and high maleic stability and barrier properties. 4 refs.
anhydride content of the PP-MA enhanced clay dispersion CZECH REPUBLIC
but reduced the mechanical properties of the Accession no.827042
nanocomposites. PA-6 additions increased the basal spacing
of the clay, but also reduced mechanical properties. 12 refs. Item 9
USA Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
Accession no.827058 Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 410
STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS IN
POLYAMIDE BASED NANOCOMPOSITES
Item 7 Bagrodia S; Germinario L T; Gilmer J W; Tant M R
Antec 2001.Conference proceedings. Eastman Chemical Co.
Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 419 (SPE)
DISPERSION OF NANOPARTICLES IN HIGH
PERFORMANCE POLYMERS USING Nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of small
THERMOSETTING RESINS quantities of organo-montmorillonite clay to polyamide,
Jana S C; Jain S and co-injected with poly(ethylene terephthalate) to form
Akron,University the middle layer in trilayer preforms, which were used to
34 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

form 500 ml bottles by stretch blow moulding. The Item 12

nanocomposite middle layer was peeled from the bottles 159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING -
and characterised by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, atomic SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April
force microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron 2001.
microscopy. Whole bottle oxygen transmission rates and Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.60, pp.18. 012
sidewall permeabilities were determined. The clay EFFECT OF SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON
particles exhibited extensive exfoliation and the platelets NATURAL RUBBER FILLED WITH SILICA
aligned themselves parallel to the film surface during blow GENERATED IN SITU
moulding. The clay particles provided a more tortuous Kohjiya S; Murakami K; Iio S; Ikeda Y; Ito H;
path for oxygen diffusion, resulting in a 6-fold increase Tosaka M
in barrier properties. 9 refs. Kyoto,University; Tokai Rubber Industries Ltd.;
USA Kyoto,Institute of Technology; Japan,Heian Jogakuin
Accession no.827037 College
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 10 The effect of silane coupling agent was investigated for

Plastics Additives & Compounding in-situ silica filling to the NR matrix. The silica was
3, No.7/8, July/Aug. 2001, p.10 generated in-situ by the sol-gel reaction of
NEW WOLLASTONITE GRADE INTRODUCED tetraethoxysilane in the NR matrix before its crosslinking.
FOR POLYOLEFIN APPLICATIONS gamma-Mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane(gamma-MPS)
significantly prevented the delay of sulphur curing and
Performance characteristics are briefly described for a
increased the wettability of NR onto in-situ silica, which
new ultrafine high aspect ratio grade of wollastonite from
resulted in the increase of reinforcement effect for the
Nyco for polyolefin applications. Nyglos M3 is reported
NR vulcanisate. gamma-MPS decreased the interaction
to offer improved mar, scratch and gouge resistance, as
between the in-situ silica particles followed by dispersing
well as lower coefficient of linear thermal expansion,
the in-situ silica particles homogeneously and decreasing
improved impact resistance, and comparable stiffness
the hardness, compression set, hysteresis loss and storage
compared with plate-type mineral reinforcements.
modulus at the rubbery state of in-situ silica-filled NR
Available in uncoated and surface modified forms, Nyglos
vulcanisate. The NR/in-situ silica composite with gamma-
M3 is claimed to meet the demands of PP automotive
MPS was shown to be a promising material for a high
interior and exterior applications.
performance rubber product. 30 refs.
NYCO MINERALS INC.
JAPAN; USA
Accession no.825847
Accession no.824973
Item 11
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry Item 13
64, No.2, 2001, p.467-75 159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING -
CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April
MODIFIED MONTMORILLONITE AND ITS 2001.
FILLED PMMA NANOCOMPOSITE Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.54, pp.31. 012
Gao Z; Xie W; Hwu J M; Wells L; Pan W P RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SECONDARY
Western Kentucky,University STRUCTURE OF FILLERS AND THE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA
TGA and FTIR spectroscopy results for commercial FILLED RUBBER SYSTEMS
montmorillonite were compared with results for that Yatsuyanagi F; Kaidou H; Suzuki N; Ito M
exchanged with trimethyloctadecyl quaternary ammonium Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.; Tokyo,Science University
chloride (SCPX2048), both treated up to 500C. The time (ACS,Rubber Div.)
of flight mass spectrometer results for SCPX2048 trapped
under 300 and 500C were compared with that of N,N,N- The mechanical properties of silica-filled SBR systems
trimethyl-1-dodecylammonium chloride trapped under 200 were studied in relation to the secondary structure of silica
and 300C. A degradation mechanism for organic-modified particles which could be controlled by the surface
montmorillonite was proposed. PMMA-clay chemistry of silica and to the rubber-to-filler bonds which
nanocomposite was synthesised using an intercalation could be controlled by the introduction of bifunctional
method and its properties were examined by both TGA organosilane. The results obtained indicated that the
and DSC techniques. The thermal stability and Tg of stress-strain behaviour of filled vulcanisate was influenced
montmorillonite-filled PMMA increased in comparison by the secondary structure of the fillers and the
with that of the pure PMMA. 17 refs. interactions between filler and rubber matrix. 25 refs.
USA JAPAN; USA

Item 14 IN-SITU SILICA REINFORCING EPDM BY SOL-

159th ACS RUBBER DIVISION MEETING - GEL METHOD
SPRING 2001. Held Rhode Island. 24th-27th April Xianjian D; Shemao W; Rongdong Z; Liqun Z
2001.. Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
Akron,Oh., 2001, Paper No.16, pp.84. 012 The preparation of composites of EPDM and silica by in
APPLICATIONS OF TITANATE AND situ polymerisation of tetraethoxysilane in EPDM is reported.
ZIRCONATE COUPLING AGENTS IN The dynamic mechanical properties of the in-situ silica/
THERMOPLASTICS AND THERMOSET EPDM composites are presented and discussed. 1 ref.
ELASTOMERS - 2001
CHINA
Monte S J
Kenrich Petrochemicals Inc. Accession no.824007
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 17
Current applications of titanate and zirconate coupling
Polymer
agents in filled and unfilled thermoplastics and thermoset
42, No.15, 2001, p.6545-6556
elastomers are reviewed and discussed. Polymer
REINFORCEMENT OF
modification as a result of filler coupling and single site
POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) NETWORKS BY
neoalkoxy titanate and zirconate catalysis effects are
MICA FLAKES
shown to have significant benefits in processing and Osman M A; Atallah A; Muller M; Suter U W
properties. Results of ACS CAS searches for Ti or Zr ETH Zurich
coupling agents conducted from 1974 to December 31st,
2000 provided large numbers of patent and literature Spherical and plate-like particles are used to reinforce a
references and abstracts of those from December 22nd, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) network. Laser
1998 to July 31st, 2000 are included. 54 refs. diffraction, gas adsorption, cation exchange and scanning
USA electron microscopy were used to examine the shape, size
distribution, aspect ratio and surface area of the particles.
Accession no.824935
The mechanical properties were measured of networks
prepared with different crosslinker concentration in order
Item 15 to ascertain the optimal ratio of crosslinker to PDMS.
Rubber World Homogeneous distribution of the filler in the polymer
224, No.4, July 2001, p.34-9 matrix as well as complete dispersion of the particles are
MIXING OF SILICA COMPOUNDS FROM THE prerequisites for studying the influence of other
VIEW OF A MIXER SUPPLIER parameters on the mechanical properties of composites.
Berkemeier D; Haeder W; Rinker M; Heiss G The elastic modulus of the PDMS dramatically increased
Krupp Elastomertechnik GmbH; Krupp Rubber by the addition of mica. The modulus rose with increasing
Machinery Inc. diameter and aspect ratio as well as with the volume
fraction of the particles. The plate-like particles enhanced
Trends in the use of silica in tyre formulations as a
the ultimate strength of the composite better than spheres.
coupling agent are discussed with reference to
The strength enhancement was less dramatic and
developments in mixing machinery to best process the
dependence on particle size was reversed compared to
compounds. Because of the chemical reaction during the
that of the modulus. The ultimate elongation of the mica
mixing process, the internal mixer acts as a chemical
composites was comparable to that of glass spheres. The
reactor in which the batch temperature control must be
polymer chains did not intercalate the aluminosilicate
very accurate. In addition to the dispersion of filler in the layers of mica, as expected. 32 refs.
compound, the reaction must be achieved. An overview
SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
is presented of current mixing available mixing equipment
for producing silica compounds and the different demands Accession no.823577
placed on the mixing process are examined. Different
mixer systems are compared and further requirements of Item 18
the mixer itself and the control system are discussed. 12 Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.
refs. Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 173
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; INJECTION/STRETCH BLOW MOULDING OF
WESTERN EUROPE POLYMER/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES
Accession no.824399 Garcia-Rejon A; Simard Y; DeGrandpre C
Canada,National Research Council
(SPE)
Item 16
China Synthetic Rubber Industry Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending 3 wt%
24, No.4, 2001, p.234 of montmorillonite-based organoclay with a poly(ethylene

terephthalate) and polypropylene (PP), and 5 wt% with a Comard M-P; Calvet R; Del-Confetto S; Dodds J A;
modified PP. The nanocomposites were used to produce Balard H
375 ml bottles using a one-step injection stretch blow Ecole des Mines d’Albi Carmaux; Institut de Chimie
moulding machine. The influence of the clay content on des Surfaces et Interfaces
top load, hot filling ability and oxygen barrier properties Inverse gas chromatography at infinite dilution was used
was determined. The top load resistance increased and to investigate the evolution of surface properties of talc
oxygen permeability decreased, and hot filling tests which was subjected to impregnation with increasing
indicated that the bottles maintained better dimensional concentrations of polyethylene glycol of molecular
stability, in comparison with bottles made without the clay weight, 20,000. By means of combining inverse
additions. 11 refs. chromatography with infinite dilution conditions, and
CANADA controlled modification of talc by PEG impregnation, a
Accession no.823385 new method is proposed for the estimation of the lateral
to basal surface ratio of talc crystals. 13 refs.
Item 19 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Tire Technology International WESTERN EUROPE
June 2001, p.23-5 Accession no.822642
CALL REINFORCEMENTS
Scarlett M
Item 22
The latest technology in tyre reinforcement is examined, Industria della Gomma
paying particular attention to the situation with regard to 44, No.8, Oct.2000, p.53-8
carbon black and silica and reinforcing filler trends within Italian
the tyre industry. INDUSTRIAL PERSPECTIVES IN COMPOSITE
USA MATERIALS
Accession no.823037 Volpi A
Pirelli Pneumatici SpA
Item 20 An examination is made of materials used in tyre
Macromolecular Symposia construction, with particular reference to silica and carbon
Vol. 169, May 2001, p.103-7 black fillers and their influence on mechanical properties,
NEW DISPERSION PROCESS FOR and the possibility of using nanocomposite technology
SUBMICRONIC FILLERS IN in tyre production is discussed.
THERMOPLASTICS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
Dupuy C; Bussi P WESTERN EUROPE
Elf Atochem Accession no.821968
Problems associated with the dispersibility of small-sized
fillers in thermoplastics and the resultant loss of impact Item 23
resistance, have been overcome, it is claimed, by the use Journal of Applied Polymer Science
of a patented process in which a slurry of the filler is 81, No.3, 18th July 2001, p.625-36
used instead of a dry form in an extrusion compounding POLYPROPYLENE/MICA COMPOSITES
process. The originality of the process is said to lie in the MODIFIED BY SUCCINIC ANHYDRIDE-
optimisation of the deagglomeration of the filler before GRAFTED ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE: A
its feeding into the extruder. As an example, PP/ THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STUDY UNDER
submicronic calcium carbonate compounds are produced, DYNAMIC CONDITIONS
which demonstrate a joint gain in stiffness and impact Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Areso S; Collar E P
resistance, while the traditional process of dry Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.
compounding in which fillers are fed in the melt, is shown The performance of polypropylene/mineral composites
to lead to a loss in impact resistance. 8 refs. can theoretically be improved by including interfacial
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; modifiers acting on the polymer. The thermal and
WESTERN EUROPE
mechanical properties of polypropylene/mica composites
Accession no.822650 were evaluated under dynamic conditions to evaluate the
changes induced by the presence of succinic anhydride
Item 21 grafted atactic polypropylene with differing degrees of
Macromolecular Symposia grafting. The induced interfacial changes were evaluated
Vol. 169, May 2001, p.19-34 using mechanical testing, differential scanning
ESTIMATION OF THE LATERAL TO BASAL calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis techniques.
SURFACE RATIO OF TALC BY INVERSE GAS The results from all techniques confirmed that changes
CHROMATOGRAPHY in the interfacial activity had occurred as a result of the

substitution of very small amounts of the polypropylene ANALYSIS OF FAILURE MECHANISMS IN

matrix by the interfacial modifier at differing grafting PLATELET-REINFORCED COMPOSITES
levels. Full details of the experimental procedures, a Wyser Y; Leterrier Y; Manson J-A E
comprehensive theoretical review and test results are Lausanne,Ecole Polytechnique Federale
included. 39 refs.
The short-term mechanical strength of silicon oxide
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
platelet-reinforced PETP composites was modelled using
WESTERN EUROPE
classical two-dimensional stress-transfer analysis. The
Accession no.821944 stress field in the platelet and at the platelet/matrix
interface was described in the presence of a matrix crack
Item 24 perpendicular to the interface. Modelling takes into
Journal of Microencapsulation account the tensile strength of the platelet, its adhesion to
18, No.4, July/Aug.2001, p.533-43 the matrix, and also considers the internal stress state
ENCAPSULATION OF ALUMINIUM resulting from processing. Compression moulded and
HYDROXIDE FILLERS WITH POLYMETHYL- injection moulded composites were prepared and tested.
METHACRYLATE 53 refs.
Geurts F L S; Van Herk A M; German A L SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE
Eindhoven,University of Technology Accession no.819920
A process was developed for the microencapsulation of
inorganic filler particles with PMMA with the aim of Item 27
increasing the interaction between the hydrophilic filler Polymer International
particles and the polymer matrix. The filler used was 50, No.6, June 2001, p.707-13
aluminium hydroxide with an average diameter of 1.9 COMPARISON OF WHITE RICE HUSK ASH
micrometres and a specific surface area of 5 sq m/g. The AND SILICA AS FILLERS IN ETHYLENE-
process included a surface modification in which a PROPYLENE-DIENE TERPOLYMER
monolayer of isopropoxy titanium isostearate was VULCANIZATES
chemically bound to the surface to render it hydrophobic Siriwardina S; Ismail H; Ishiaku U S
and to ensure a chemical bond between the filler and the Sains Malaysia,University
organic phase. An encapsulation reaction was then carried
out by means of an emulsion-like polymerisation process The curing characteristics and physical properties of
under monomer starved conditions. The modified particles silica- and white rice husk ash (WRHA)-filled EPDM
were stabilised in water with sodium dodecyl sulphate. A vulcanisates were studied with respect to the filler loading
redox system consisting of cumene hydroperoxide in and the filler type. The filler loading varied from 0-50
combination with sodium-formaldehyde-sulphoxylate and phr. The curing rate was enhanced with increased WRHA
iron(II) salt was applied for the initiation of the loading, whereas the opposite effect was observed for
polymerisation. 18 refs. silica-filled vulcanisates. WRHA also showed processing
advantages over silica because WRHA-filled vulcanisates
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE showed shorter cure time, lower maximum torque and
Accession no.820565 lower Mooney viscosity. At each filler loading, silica
showed higher physical properties than WRHA, indicating
its reinforcing ability. The results showed that WRHA
Item 25 could be used as a diluent filler for EPDM rubber and
Adhesives Age silica can be used as a reinforcing filler. 18 refs.
44, No.5, May 2001, p.41/4 MALAYSIA
AN OLD FRIEND FINDS A NEW HOME
Accession no.819216
Budman M
Superior Materials Inc.
Item 28
A review of the literature on the use of kaolin clays in Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
adhesives and sealants is presented. The wide selection 40, No.3, 2001, p.235-47
of kaolin clays currently available is considered, IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF
applications in aqueous and non-aqueous applications are POLYPROPYLENE THROUGH COMBINED USE
described and product development is outlined. 10 refs. OF CALCIUM CARBONATE AND
USA METALLOCENE-PRODUCED IMPACT
Accession no.820531 MODIFIER
Premphet K; Horanont P
Item 26 Mahidol University
Journal of Materials Science PP composites containing calcium carbonate filler and/
36, No.7, 1st April 2001, p.1641-51 or impact modifiers were prepared and investigated as a

function of composition. The effects of surface treatment change in the viscoelastic behaviour of the polymer
of filler particles and type of impact modifiers were matrix, when the sizing agent was a chemical promoter
studied. Characterisation of composite microstructure in acting as additional ties of the SBR network, and the
relation to mechanical properties showed that a balance formation of an actual mesophase, when direct
of modulus and impact strength could be achieved through interactions between SBR chains and silica could occur,
use of low-cost calcium carbonate filler and impact as, for example, when the coating agent of silica was an
modifiers. The use of stearic acid-coated filler and organosilane based on short aliphatic chains. With
metallocene-prepared ethylene-octene copolymer(EOR) increasing length of the aliphatic chains of the coating
impact modifier was found to give the best balance. The agent (LOS agent), some plasticising effect of the polymer
composite containing 20% of coated calcium carbonate was detected by DSC. It could affect either the entire
and 20% of EIR exhibited comparable modulus and, polymer matrix or a confined region at the close vicinity
significantly, 20 times higher impact strength than the of silica aggregates. According to this assumption, the
unfilled PP. Cavitation around the filler particles and bimodal viscoelastic behaviour of the LOS mesophase
plastic yielding were important mechanisms for energy revealed by the modelling indicated that, in addition to a
dissipation in the composite. 13 refs. local plasticising effect induced by this agent, some direct
THAILAND interactions could occur between silica surface and SBR,
Accession no.817770 constraining the mobility of rubber molecules. 37 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
Item 29 Accession no.817564
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
81, No.1, 5th July 2001, p.215-22
ORIENTATIONAL EFFECT OF MICA IN FUMED Item 31
SILICA REINFORCED COMPOSITES Patent Number: US 6180710 B1 20010130
Bokobza L; Nugay N ADDITION OF SALTS TO IMPROVE THE
Laboratoire de Physicochimie Struct.et Macromol.; INTERACTION OF SILICA WITH RUBBER
Bogazici,University Hergenrother W L; Oziomek J; Cole W M
Bridgestone Corp.
Mica filler was added to fumed silica-reinforced PDMS
at loading levels of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15 phr and the networks Incorporation of neutral water soluble inorganic salts into
were crosslinked with dicumyl peroxide. the stress-strain a precipitated silica improves filler dispersion in a
properteis of the composite did not seem to be affected compounded rubber, reduces rolling resistance
by the presence of the mica, but the swelling and (hysteresis) and improves processability. These properties
orientational results showed interaction of the polymer are achieved without loss of the expected reinforcement
chains with the filler particles. This produced additional effect due to the substitution of inorganic salt for SiO2 in
crosslinks into the system and thus increased the network the silica. The properties are seen when a variety of silanes
chain density. These interactions were not shown in the and processing aids are added to the silica.
stress-strain curves, probably because the mica particles USA
tended to orientate along the direction of stretch, thereby Accession no.816385
decreasing the viscosity of the system. 19 refs.
TURKEY; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 32
Macromolecular Rapid Communications
Accession no.817666
22, No.5, 26th March 2001, p.329-34
POLYETHYLENE NANOCOMPOSITE
Item 30 PREPARED VIA IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION
Polymer Composites Rong J; Jing Z; Li H; Sheng M
22, No.2, April 2001, p.312-25 Beijing,Research Institute of Petroleum Processing;
INTERFACE EFFECTS IN ELASTOMERS Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
REINFORCED BY MODIFIED PRECIPITATED
Details are given of the preparation of an organic/
SILICA
inorganic nanocomposite of PE by in-situ coordination
Alberola N D; Benzarti K; Bas C; Bomal Y
polymerisation. The Ziegler-Natta catalyst was first
Savoie,Universite; Rhodia
supported on the surface of silicate nanowhiskers to
The influence of ‘interface effects’ on the overall subsequently initiate the polymerisation of ethylene on
viscoelastic behaviour of SBR reinforced by precipitated the surface of these nanowhiskers. Interactions between
silica modified by model sizing agents was evaluated by the nanowhiskers and the resin matrix are discussed.
using micromechanical models in a reverse mode. 34 refs.
Depending on the nature of the coupling agent, two types CHINA
of ‘interface effects’ could be distinguished, i.e. an overall Accession no.816185

Item 33 Paris,Universite Pierre et Marie Curie

Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
The morphology of carbon black and silica-filled styrene-
54, No.4, 2001, p.177-80
butadiene rubbers was investigated using dynamic torsion
SILICA REINFORCEMENT OF STYRENE-
testing. Strain sweep tests at constant frequency showed
BUTADIENE RUBBERS
that the materials had no or only a low linear viscoelastic
Bokobza L; Gaulliard V; Ladouce L
domain. The results from frequency sweep tests, either at
ESPCI
the lowest strain, or within the linear range at several
This paper reports on recent investigations of silica-filled temperatures, were processed by time-temperature
SBR rubbers, with respect to mechanical properties. It is superposition to obtain the shear storage modulus and the
shown that a better insight can be obtained into the loss modulus master curves at a reference temperature of
reinforcement mechanism of elastomers by combining 100 C. Further studies were made using the morphology
different experimental techniques. As such, in addition damaging test, consisting of alternating low strain and
to infrared and birefringence measurements to characterise increasingly higher strain testing, and using the damaged
the orientational behaviour of silica-filled styrene morphology recovery test, in which the dynamic
butadiene copolymers, mechanical properties testing, properties were measured at low strain, a large strain
carried out at low and large strains are discussed. Results applied to damage the morphology, followed by low strain
of equilibrium swelling experiments are also reported and measurements. 12 refs.
correlated with the orientational data. 20 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
WESTERN EUROPE Accession no.814363
Accession no.815361
Item 36
Item 34 Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Journal of Applied Polymer Science 80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2067-72
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2105-12 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF
EFFECT OF TALC/MMA IN SITU ORGANOSOLUBLE POLYIMIDE/CLAY
POLYMERIZATION ON MECHANICAL HYBRIDS
PROPERTIES OF PVC-MATRIX COMPOSITES Sheng-Huei Hsiao; Guey-Sheng Liou; Li-Ming Chang
Xie X L; Li B G; Pan Z R; Li R K Y; Tjong S C Tatung,University; I-Shou University
Huazhong,University of Science & Technology;
A soluble polyimide was prepared from 7,7'-bis(4-
Hangzhou,Zhejiang University; Hong Kong,City
aminophenoxy)-4,4,4',4'-tetramethyl-2,2'-spirobichroman
University
and 4,4'-hexafluoroisopropylidenediphthalic anhydride,
Poly(methyl methacrylate)-coated talc was produced by and mixed with organo-modified montmorillonite or
in-situ polymerisation of methyl methacrylate using both synthetic mica in N,N-dimethylacetamide. Transparent,
batch and semicontinuous emulsion processes. The flexible, and tough films were cast from the solutions and
polymerisation kinetics, particle size and particle size characterised by wide-angle X-ray scattering,
distribution, the grafting efficiency and the particle transmission electron microscopy, thermomechanical
morphology were studied. The polymerisation was not analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and differential
influenced by the talc particles. A more uniform size scanning calorimetry. The montmorillonite was more
distribution was obtained by semicontinuous homogeneously dispersed than the mica. Both minerals
polymerisation. The coated talc was used as a filler in gave a a reduction in thermal expansion coefficient and a
poly(vinyl chloride), the coating enhancing the talc slight increase in thermal stability. 14 refs.
dispersion and the interfacial adhesion. The mechanical TAIWAN
properties of the composites, particularly the impact Accession no.814360
strength, were improved by the use of the coated talc. 37
refs.
CHINA
Item 37
Polymer Testing
Accession no.814364
20, No.4, 2001, p.357-61
USE OF PYROLYSED OIL SHALE AS FILLER IN
Item 35 HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Barbosa R V; Baumhardt-Neto R; Mauler R S; Perez
80, No.11, 13th June 2001, p.2093-104 Gorgia C J
ADVANCED TORSIONAL DYNAMIC METHODS Rio Grande do Sul,Universidade Federal
TO STUDY THE MORPHOLOGY OF UNCURED
A comparison was made of additions of pyrolysed oil shale
FILLED RUBBER COMPOUNDS
and calcium carbonate in high density polyethylene. As
Leblanc J L; Cartault M
expected the behaviour of the fillers was related to the particle

size and concentration. Smaller particle size materials having MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND FRACTURE
the least effect on mechanical properties. Calorimetry and MORPHOLOGY OF AL(OH)3/
microscopy results were also discussed. 9 refs. POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES MODIFIED
BRAZIL BY PP GRAFTING WITH ACRYLIC ACID
Accession no.814096 Kancheng Mai; Zhengjun Li; Yuxin Qiu; Hanmin Zeng
Zhongshan,University
Item 38 The tensile, flexural and impact properties of blends of

Polymer polypropylene (PP), polypropylene-graft-poly(acrylic
42, No.12, 2001, p.5415-23 acid) and aluminium hydroxide were determined, and
FILLED ELASTOMERS; A NEW APPROACH the fracture morphology of the samples was studied by
BASED ON MEASUREMENTS OF CHAIN scanning electron microscopy. Additions of Al(OH)3
ORIENTATION reduced the mechanical properties of PP, whilst the
Bokobza L addition of the graft copolymer to the PP/Al(OH)3
ESPCI composites enhanced the mechanical properties. This
was attributed to improve dispersion of the Al(OH)3 and
Rubber compounds based on SBR and filled with silica to interfacial interaction between the filler and the
at two different levels (27 and 55 parts per hundred matrix. The mechanical properties improved with
rubber), both with and without silane coupling agents, increased copolymer content and degree of grafting. 35
were studied using infrared and birefringence techniques refs.
to determine orientational behaviour of the filled polymer
CHINA
network. Correlation of the results with equilibrium stress-
strain measurements and swelling in cyclohexane was Accession no.813699
carried out with good correlation reported between
swelling and birefringence measurements. 26 refs Item 41
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Polymer International
WESTERN EUROPE 50, No.5, April 2001, p.524-30
Accession no.814062 INFLUENCE OF SILICA CONTENT ON
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND CURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF SILICA-FILLED
Item 39
STYRENE-BUTADIENE RUBBER COMPOUNDS
Polymer Testing
Choi S-S
20, No.3, 2001, p.269-73
Kumho R & D Center
PVC AND AGALMATOLITE COMPOSITE
CHARACTERISATION Rheological behaviour and cure characteristics of silica-
Pedro B M A; Monteiro E E C; Dweck J filled SBR compounds and SBR compounds filled with
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal both silica and carbon black with different silica contents
are investigated. Rheocurves of the time versus the
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and
torque of the compounds show specific trends with the
measurements of glass transitional temperature and other
silica content. For the compounds with low silica content
mechanical properties were used to characterise
(less than 50 phr), torque decreases immediately after
composites of PVC and agalmatolite compared with
the steep increase at the initial point of the rheocurve
similar composites of PVC and calcium carbonate. In both
and then increases very slowly. For compounds with high
cases, the filler content tested was 10, 20, 30 and 40 phr,
silica content (more than 50 phr), the rheographs show
with the basic composition being PVC, DOP plasticiser
two minimum torque points; the torque decreases
and Barrostab, a Ba/Cd/Zn stabilizer. The glass transition
immediately after the steep increase at the start point of
temperature fell with higher agalmatolite content, but
the rheocurve and then increases sharply before reaching
remained stable with all levels of calcium carbonate filler.
the second minimum point. This can be explained by
Compared with the results for the calcium carbonate filler,
the strong filler-filler interaction of silica. The minimum
composites with agalmatolite exhibited slightly higher
torque of the compound increases slightly with an
Young’s modulus and elongation at break indicating an
increase of the silica content up to 50 phr silica content
enhancement of plasticity and resistance to elastic
and then increases appreciably. For the silica-filled
deformation. 11 refs.
compounds, cure times of the t02, t40 and t90 become
BRAZIL
shorter with an increase of the filler content. For the
Accession no.813853 compounds filled with both silica and carbon black (total
filler content of 80 phr), cure times become longer with
Item 40 increase in silica content ratio. 14 refs.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science KOREA
80, No.13, 24th June 2001, p.2617-23 Accession no.810968

Item 42 (TAPPI)
Kobunshi Ronbunshu
Layered silicates can be incorporated into high gas barrier
58, No.3, 2001, p.99-104
resins to improve performance. The use of organically
Japanese
modified montmorillonite clays (nanoclays) to improve
EFFECT OF BLENDING METHOD ON IMPACT
physical properties of key resins has been a technology
RESISTANCE
of future promise with little commercial activity at present.
Imanishi H; Yamaguchi T; Fukuda N
The technology is introduced and its commercial viability
Aichi,Industrial Research Institute
is demonstrated. Some of the geology associated with
The impact properties of PVC could be improved by the selecting a nanoclay is explored and nanocomposite
addition of finely powdered calcium carbonate (CC), and processing and surface chemistry are reviewed. The
the factors such as kind of stabiliser, molecular weight of mechanism for barrier improvement is discussed. 3 refs.
PVC, amount of plasticiser, blending temperature and USA
blending process by a heat twin roller are investigated
Accession no.807616
for the improvement. The impact properties are improved
by use of fatty acid salts as stabiliser. The higher the
molecular weight of PVC and the larger the mixed amount Item 45
of plasticiser to PVC, the more excellent the impact Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
resistance. Blending temperature and blending process 39, No.4, 15th Feb.2001, p.446-50
by a heat twin roller are also significant factors. In PP/CLAY NANOCOMPOSITES: A STUDY OF
particular, pre-blending process at low temperatures CRYSTALLIZATION AND DYNAMIC
shows remarkable effects. Observations by SEM reveal MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR
that the sufficient dispersion of powdery CC, whose Hambir S; Bulakh N; Kodgire P; Kalgaonkar R; Jog J P
particle size is from 0.01 to 0.3 mu m, in the PVC matrix Pune,National Chemical Laboratory
lead to remarkable improvement in impact resistance. 11 The crystallisation and dynamic mechanical properties
refs. of PP/clay nanocomposites were investigated. The
JAPAN composites exhibited disordered structures, as evidenced
Accession no.810923 by the X-ray diffraction patterns. The thermal degradation
temp. increased from 270 to about 330C on addition of
Item 43 the filler. DMA showed a significant improvement in the
Rubber Technology International storage modulus. The intensity of the loss modulus peak
2000, p.27-9 was reduced, showing weak cooperative relaxations of
SPECIAL PROPERTIES OF ZINC OXIDE PP in the PP/clay composites. A dramatic change in the
Hillmer J; Henschel D; Rothmann H; Berghofer J crystalline morphology was observed in the PP/clay
Continental; ContiTech; Brueggemann KG composites. The composites crystallised at a high temp.
exhibited fibrous structures that grew with time. 13 refs.
The special properties of zinc oxide RAC produced by INDIA
Brueggemann, were compared with those of zinc oxide
Accession no.807384
French Process in a lightly filled NBR compound
containing a small quantity of plasticiser. The properties
studied included the viscosity of the compounds, torque Item 46
measurements, crosslink density, vulcanisation time, International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
reversion stability, mechanical properties (hardness, 21, No.1, 2001, p.1-9
elasticity, tensile strength, elongation at break and CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYURETHANES
compression set), ageing and the results of flexometer CONTAINING DIFFERENT SILICAS
tests (flowing and heat build-up). No refs. Torro-Palau A M; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Barcelo A C; Martin-Martinez J M
WESTERN EUROPE INESCOP; Alicante,University
Accession no.807884 Four silicas, two fumed (one hydrophilic and one
hydrophobic) and two precipitated (one hydrophilic and
Item 44 one hydrophobic), were added to a thermoplastic PU. The
2000 TAPPI Polymers, Laminations & Coatings rheological, mechanical and adhesion properties of the
Conference: Volume 3. Conference proceedings. PU-silica composites were investigated. The addition of
Chicago, Il, 27th-31st Aug.2000, p.1063-7 silica generally increased the viscosity, storage modulus
INTRODUCTION TO LAYERED SILICATE and loss modulus of the PU-silica composites in solution
NANOCOMPOSITES but only the hydrophilic fumed silica imparted
Lopez G A pseudoplasticity and thixotropy. Addition of silica did not
Southern Clay Composites modify the Tg but increased the softening temp. of PU

composites. The immediate (green) T-peel strength of Kyu-Nam Kim; Hyung-Su Kim; Jae-Wook Lee
SBR/PU composite joints, either roughened or roughened Dankook,University; Sogang,University
+ chlorinated with 2 wt % trichloroisocyanuric acid (SPE)
solutions in 2-butanone), on the other hand, was markedly
Polypropylenes with different melt viscosities, and
improved if the PU contained silica, particularly fumed
polypropylene-graft-poly(maleic anhydride)s were
silica. Similar T-peel strength, 72 h after bond formation,
was found in the joints produced with PU composites with blended with organically modified montmorillonites using
and without silica. 12 refs. an intensive mixer, and the prepared nanocomposites
characterised by transmission electron microscopy, wide
WESTERN EUROPE angle X-ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis.
Accession no.807263 The dispersion of clay agglomerates in the homopolymer-
based nanocomposites was dependent upon the polymer
viscosity, particularly when the clay was able to
Item 47 compensate for the entropy loss of the confined polymer
World Plastics Technology chains by having an appropriate initial interlayer height
2000, p.27 and packing density. These limitations did not effect the
COMPOUNDED NANOCOMPOSITES ARRIVE
graft copolymer-based nanocomposites due to interaction
Property enhancements achieved by the use of nanofillers of the silicate layers of the clay with maleic anhydride. It
are examined, with reference to applications in automotive was concluded that the final morphology was determined
and packaging applications, and the recent development by both thermodynamic and rheological factors. 6 refs.
of compounded nanocomposites with properties similar KOREA
to those of their reactor-produced equivalents is Accession no.805722
announced. The major obstacle has been treating the
surface of the clay particles to allow them to mix in with
the polymer molecules. However, a new nanoclay has Item 50
been developed which can be blended into nylons in twin- European Chemical News
screw or kneading extruders, with results 90% as good as 74, No.1946, 26th.Feb.-4th.March 2001, p.28
the reactor version. NEXT BIG THING
Robinson S
Accession no.806021
The use of nano-additives in nanocomposites is examined.
Item 48 Key nano-additives are naturally occurring clays such as
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. smectite and synthetic materials such as hydrotalcite,
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 723 nanotubes, nanofibres and nanochemicals. They are used
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED in very low doses, do not affect the density of the
POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATES composite, and improve barrier properties and impart
Sardast M; Choi K-J stiffness. Their growth is discussed in terms of end-use
Tennessee,Technological University; AAF International applications, growth-rates and market shares, and
(SPE) advantages of their use are examined.
Poly(butylene terephthalate), containing 0-15 wt% Accession no.804743
calcium carbonate, was characterised by measurements
of rheological properties, thermal properties by Item 51
differential scanning calorimetry, and tensile properties. Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting
The introduction of calcium carbonate did not 16, No.2, April 2000, p.155-68
significantly influenced the rheological and thermal NEW HIGHLY EFFICIENT SILICA ANTI-
properties, but the elongation at break reduced, and the BLOCKING AIDS FOR PE AND PP FILMS
tensile modulus increased, with increasing filler content. van Essche G; Kromminga T; Schmidt A
3 refs. Grace Davison
USA
Details are given of the preparation of a new synthetic
Accession no.805731 silica to provide increased anti-blocking efficiency.
Experiments involving the use of this silica in LDPE and
Item 49 PP films are presented. The effect of the additive on
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. discolouration and scratch resistance are also discussed.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 714 2 refs.
MIXING CHARACTERISTICS AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF WESTERN EUROPE
POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY COMPOSITES Accession no.804076

Item 52 BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting NETHERLANDS; SPAIN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
16, No.2, April 2000, p.134-40 Accession no.803912
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
PROPERTIES ON THE REINFORCEMENT OF Item 55
HMW-HDPE FILM Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Ruiz F A Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 556
Heritage Plastics Inc. EFFECTS OF COMPATIBILIZERS,
POLYAMIDE-6 GRADE, AND FILLER TYPE ON
Details are given of the preparation of calcium carbonate-
THE PROPERTIES OF TPO/POLYAMIDE-6
filled HDPE. Neck height and blow-up ratios were varied
BLENDS
to determine how the addition of calcium carbonate
Saggese L; Barry C M F; Orroth S A
affected film property response to variations in processing.
Massachusetts,University
11 refs.
(SPE)
USA
Accession no.804074 The influence of compatibilisers, grade of polyamide-6,
wollastonite filler and injection moulding speed on the
properties of thermoplastic polyolefin (propylene
Item 53
copolymer with 30% ethylene-propylene comonomer)
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
(TPO)/polyamide-6 blends, with a blend ratio of 90:10,
79, No.526, April 2000, p.449-56
was investigated. The addition of polyamide to TPO
Spanish
increased the tensile and flexural moduli, and hence the
NEW HIGH PERFORMANCE MINERAL
deflection temperature under load and the scratch
FILLERS FOR PVC COMPOUNDS
resistance, but reduced the impact strength. A di-
Hidalgo M; Sanchez M
terminated polyamide gave superior properties compared
Yesos Ibericos
with a non-terminated polymer. The addition of
The properties of PVC compounds filled with Oparex 15 wollastonite had the greatest influence on the blend
calcined calcium sulphate (Yesos Ibericos) were properties. The major influences of the compatibilisers
investigated and compared with those of compounds were on the elongation, impact strength and scratch
containing calcium carbonate as filler. For plasticised resistance. High injection speeds increased the impact
compounds, studies were made of abrasion resistance and strength and scratch resistance. 14 refs.
of hardness before and after heat and chemical ageing. In USA
the case of rigid compounds, the influence of filler type Accession no.803853
and content on impact strength, tensile properties, Vicat
softening temperature, rheological behaviour, colour and
Item 56
resistance to heat ageing was determined. 1 ref.
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 552
WESTERN EUROPE
IMPROVED PROCESSING OF HIGHLY FILLED
Accession no.803913 CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOUNDS
Fulmer M; vander Kooi J; Koss E K
Item 54 Struktol Co.of America
Revista de Plasticos Modernos (SPE)
79, No.526, April 2000, p.441-8
Spanish Calcium carbonate fillers, with and without surface
USE OF THE CARBON-SILICA DUAL PHASE treatment, were mixed with three different fatty acid
FILLER IN TRUCK TYRE COMPOUNDS derivatives and two polypropylenes (PP) in the ratio
Hardy D; Moneypenny H; Vicario P 40:60, prior to melt blending at 180 C. The blends were
Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; Cabot SA characterised by torque measurements during blending,
differential scanning calorimetry, and by measurement
Ecoblack CRX 2000 and 2002 carbon-silica dual phase of colour, thermal stability (aged at 150 C for 158 h),
fillers (Cabot) were evaluated in NR truck tyre compounds flexural properties and impact testing on samples aged
in comparison with conventional carbon black grades. for 72 h at 150 C. it was concluded that the addition of 1-
Studies were made of the cure characteristics of the 2% of the derivatives at compounding was an economic
compounds, viscoelastic properties, heat generation, wear alternative to the use of pre-treated calcium carbonate.
resistance, rolling resistance, and adhesion of NR to steel The physical and properties matched or exceeded those
cords before and after exposure to different ageing of PP containing pre-treated filler, with significant
conditions. 13 refs. reductions in blending time and viscosity, and enhanced
CABOT CORP.; BEKAERT NV SA; MALAYSIAN dispersion. The colour and stability were superior to those
RUBBER PRODUCERS’ RESEARCH ASSN. of PP containing untreated filler. 4 refs.

USA applied shear and this results in the experimentally

Accession no.803849 observed increase in elasticity and viscosity. 3 refs.
USA

China Synthetic Rubber Industry
24, No.1, 2001, p.43 Item 59
REINFORCING ACTION OF PMMA-SIO2 ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
HYBRID MATERIAL ON NR Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
Ming Z; Changhao Y; Yourong L; Lanxiang Z; Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.59-60
Guanming Q; Shinichi I; Hiroshi O POLYMER LAYERED SILICATE
Yangzhou,University; Changchun College of Optics & NANOCOMPOSITES: THERMAL STABILITY OF
Fine Mechanics ORGANIC CATIONIC TREATMENTS
A method is described of filling natural rubber Gilman J W; Morgan A B; Harris R H; Trulove P C; De
vulcanisates with silicone dioxide of high dispersivity, Long H C; Sutto T E
using cheap water glass as raw material, in order to US,National Inst.of Standards & Technology; US,Air
improve the mechanical properties. Active silanol solution Force,Office of Scientific Research; US,Naval
was prepared using tetrahydrofuran as solvent to extract Research Laboratory
acidised water glass. Following esterification, radical (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
copolymerisation with MMA monomer was carried out Nanocomposites result from the combination of materials
to obtain PMMA-SiO2 hybrid material. It was found that with vastly different properties at the nanometer scale.
the material had notable reinforcing action on the Some examples of these include polymers combined with
mechanical properties of vulcanisates after it was milled layered-silicate, polymers combined with nano-silica,
and cured with NR with differing mass ratios. hybrid materials prepared by sol-gel methods and POSS
CHINA; JAPAN nanocomposites. All these materials exhibit many unique
Accession no.803121 properties, such as improved thermal stability, reduced
flammability, improved mechanical properties, etc.
However, for successful preparation of nanocomposites,
Item 58
and for their subsequent incorporation into end-products,
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering.
nanocomposites must maintain their unique chemical and
Volume 75. Conference Proceedings.
physical properties during processing. Improved thermal
Orlando, FL., Fall 1996, p.46-7. 012
stability is shown for new organic cationic treatments used
POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATE
to compatibilise layered silicates with polymers and
NANOCOMPOSITES
monomers. 18 refs.
Krishnamoorti R; Giannelis E P
USA
Cornell University
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Accession no.802820
The rheological properties of polymer-layered silicate
nanocomposites are discussed. An important class of Item 60
nanocomposites is obtained by in situ polymerisation of ACS Polymeric Materials: Science and Engineering.
the monomer with the initiating species being tethered to Fall Meeting 2000. Volume 83.
the silicate surface. Because of the high grafting density Washington, D.C., 20th-24th Aug.2000, p.55
(the surface area available per chain is - 0.7 square RECENT STUDIES ON THERMAL STABILITY
nanometres) these hybrids represent model polymer brush AND FLAME RETARDANCY OF
systems. The linear and non-linear viscoelastic response POLYSTYRENE-MONTMORILLONITE
of these nanocomposites was studied. Measurements of NANOCOMPOSITES (PMN)
linear viscoelastic response of a silicate end-tethered Zhu J; Lamelas F; Wilkie C A
polycaprolactone was nanocomposite were taken. In Marquette,University
addition, application of prolonged large-amplitude (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
oscillatory shear was carried out, as well as strain sweeps Nanocomposites based on layered inorganics exhibit new
of fixed frequencies and temperature on aligned sampled. and improved properties due to their nanometer
An increase in viscosity with increasing strain amplitude dimension. They show increased stiffness and strength
was recorded. The features of this were that it is reversible, and enhanced thermal stability without sacrificing impact
that there is a critical strain amplitude for the transition, resistance. A recent report shows that nanocomposites also
and that the elastic components to the rheological response exhibit better flame retardancy than the pure polymers.
becomes more important with increasing strain amplitude. Two approaches have been used for the formation of
These features indicate that beyond a critical strain nanocomposites: blending and in-situ polymerisation.
amplitude the chains can only stretch in response to the Melt-blending is based on melt intercalation of the

polymer and involves annealing a mixture of polymer and The tear strengths of some conventional accelerated-
clay above the Tg of the polymer. In-situ polymerisation sulphur vulcanisates of SBR with a sulphur to accelerator
is based on polymerisation of monomers in the presence ratio of approximately 1.8, containing no filler, 10, 30 or
of clay. Since small molecules can easily insert the 50 pphr precipitated amorphous white silica filler type
galleries of the clay, in-situ polymerisation can produce VN3 are measured. Tear tests are performed at different
well-dispersed materials. Recent studies on the thermal rates ranging from 0.017 to 8.33 mm/s at an angle of 180
properties and flammability of PS-clay nanocomposites deg. and at an ambient temperature (approximately
are reviewed. These nanocomposites are prepared by in- 23deg.C). The tear strengths of the vulcanisates improve
situ polymerisation. 7 refs. progressively and quite substantially with silica, a trend
USA which continues strongly when the amount of silica in
Accession no.802817 the formulation is increased to 50 pphr, but remains mostly
unaffected by changes in the rate of tear. For instance,
Item 61 the tearing energy rises by almost two orders of
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering magnitude, from approximately 1.5 to approximately 100
39, No.5, 2000, p.875-85 kJ/sq.m at a tear rate of 0.017 mm/s, when 50 pphr silica
REINFORCEMENT OF THE AROMATIC is loaded into the rubber. Likewise, the hardness of the
POLYAMIDE vulcanisates which is measured at 24.5 deg.C and a 15 s
POLYTRIMETHYLHEXAMETHYLENE instant, is enhanced significantly from approximately 35
TEREPHTHALAMIDE: COMPARISONS to approximately 65 Shore A, when silica is added and
AMONG BLENDED EX SITU SILICA WITH AND then increases progressively to its full amount in the
WITHOUT A BONDING AGENT AND IN SITU rubbers. 17 refs.
GENERATED SILICA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Park Y W; Mark J E
Cincinnati,University Accession no.802520
Samples of polytrimethylhexamethylene terephthalamide

are first blended with separately prepared fumed silica in Item 63
the absence of a coupling agent, and their mechanical Natural Polymers and Composites. Conference
properties measured in continuous extension. The proceedings.
reinforcement obtained in this ex situ approach is Sao Pedro, Brazil, 14th-17th May 2000, p.422-5
qualitatively similar to that obtained by in situ generation FABRICATION OF POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES
of silica in sol-gel hydrolysis and condensation of USING WOOD FLOUR
tetraethoxysilane. The increase of ultimate (tensile) Valduga D M; Zattera A J; Freire E; Carvalho G;
strength, however, is only 10%, compared to the 25% Zeni M
obtained in the in situ approach. Adding 20 or 40 mol.% Caxias do Sul,Universidade
of an epoxysilane coupling agent to the ex situ samples Edited by: Mattoso L H C; Leao A; Frollini E
gives increases in tensile strength up to 50%. Scanning (EMBRAPA; UNESP; USP)
electron microscopy shows interesting differences in the Chemical treatment of wood flour in polyolefin
structures of these various fillers. For example the fumed composites is shown to give good results in terms of
silica particles without the coupling agent shows a mechanical properties, and the addition of calcium
tendency to form heterogeneous aggregates in a spherical carbonate gives better homogeneity to the composition
texture. The particles coated with the coupling agent show and, as a result, better mechanical properties. 8 refs.
little aggregation and evidence of good adhesion to the BRAZIL
polyamide matrix. Concentrations up to a 20 mol.%
Accession no.802313
coupling agent also yield spherical textures, but 40 mol.%
gives an unusual fibrous structure. 23 refs.
USA Item 64
Accession no.802537
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 484
MELT PROCESSED POLYMER-CLAY
Item 62
NANOCOMPOSITES: PROPERTIES AND
Iranian Polymer Journal
APPLICATIONS
9, No.3, July 2000, p.153-62
Dahman S J
REINFORCING EFFECTS OF PRECIPITATED
RTP Co.
SILICAS ON PROPERTIES OF SOME
(SPE)
VULCANISATES OF STYRENE-BUTADIENE
RUBBER Nanocomposites were prepared by the melt compounding
Ansariiifar M A; Chugh J P; Haghighat S of polyamide-6 and nanoclays using a twin screw extruder.
Loughborough,University Intercalation, exfoliation, and clay dispersion were

evaluated using X-ray diffraction and transmission tensile, flexural and impact test specimens prepared from
electron microscopy. Samples prepared by injection the blends by injection moulding. A fixed mica addition
moulding were used for the measurement of tensile, of 30 wt% was used for all trials. The use of higher aspect
flexural, and impact strength, and for heat deflection ratio mica increased the flexural modulus by 55% and
temperature. Oxygen transmission rates and rheological 47%, and decreased the unnotched Izod impact strength
properties were determined. The addition of nanoclays by 66% and 29%, in PP and PA-6, respectively. Mould
resulted in significant property improvements, resulting shrinkage decreased by 31% and 40% in PP and PA-6,
in properties comparable to those obtained by 20-30 wt% respectively, with increasing aspect ratio. Increasing
mineral additions. A four-fold improvement in oxygen aspect ratio also increased the heat deflection temperature
barrier properties was observed. 4 refs. of PP and PA-6 by 22% and 7.7%, respectively. Only slight
USA changes in tensile and flexural strength were observed. 4
Accession no.802014 refs.
USA

International Journal of Polymeric Materials
47, No.1, 2000, p.117-37 Item 68
POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES BASED ON Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
LAYER ALUMINIUM-SILICATES Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 220
Ruban L; Lomakin S; Zaikov G E RHEOLOGY OF HIGHLY INTERACTIVE
Semenov N.N.,Institute of Chemical Physics; Russian POLYMER-FILLER MIXTURES
Academy of Sciences Havet G; Isayev A I
Akron,University
An overview is presented of the current technical and
(SPE)
scientific background relating to polymer nanocomposites
based on aluminosilicates. 32 refs. The dynamic properties of polystyrene containing
RUSSIA different concentrations of fumed silica with an average
Accession no.800210 particle size of 20 nm were studied as functions of
frequency and strain. There was an abrupt change in the
viscoelastic properties at silica concentrations in excess
Item 66 of 1 vol%. Scanning electron microscopy observations
Focus on Plastics Additives revealed a 3D network of silica particles bridged by the
No.31, Oct.2000, p.10 adsorbed polymer. The rheological behaviour was
T IS FOR... TALC simulated using a double network created by the entangled
This informative article introduces talc - the most common polymer matrix and the adsorbed polymer, both networks
mineral filler. It explains how the filler affects the being represented by a Giesekus viscoelastic constitutive
mechanical properties of a thermoplastic, and provides equation. The dependence of the rheological properties
information on uses of talc other than as a filler, the on filler concentration was accounted for by considering
location of talc deposits, its properties and particle shape, the density of polymer-filler interactions and a
and finally, US production and demand. hydrodynamic reinforcement. The relative contributions
LUZENAC; SPECIALTY MINERALS INC.; ZEMEX; of the two networks was determined through the energy
BARRETT’S MINERALS; DAL MINERALS; balance consistent with the thermodynamics of the
GOUVERNEUR TALC chemical interactions and fluid mechanics. 25 refs.
EUROPE-GENERAL; USA USA
Item 67 Item 69
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. China Synthetic Rubber Industry
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 446 23,No.3,2000,p.148-52
EFFECTS OF ASPECT RATIO ON Chinese
PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF MICA IN-SITU SILICA REINFORCING RUBBER BY
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE AND NYLON SOL-GEL METHOD
Canova L A Duan Xianjian; Zhang Liqun; Wu Shemao; Wang
Oglebay Norton Specialty Minerals Yizhong
(SPE) Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
Four micas with significantly different aspect ratios, as The use of the sol-gel process for the reinforcement of
determined by a laser particle size analyser, were blended rubber using in situ silica nanoparticles is reviewed. There
with polypropylene (PP) and polyamide-6 (PA-6), and are three variations of the technique: (i) preparing in situ

silica in rubber after curing; (ii) preparing in situ silica in finer grades of talc and mica improved the impact strength
rubber before curing; and (iii) preparing in situ silica of the moulded parts, and the use of maleic anhydride-
during curing. The mechanism and the effect factors of modified PE gave superior mechanical properties compared
this technique are also discussed. Structure features (sizes, with the titanate coupling agent. 10 refs.
size distributions, dispersion and interface conditions) of EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NEW
the in situ silica-reinforced rubber composites and their ZEALAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
mechanical properties are summarised. Advantages and Accession no.798564
disadvantages, as well as prospects in the rubber industry,
are analysed. 27 refs.
Item 72
CHINA
Accession no.799116 Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 304
SURFACE DAMAGE RESISTANCE OF
Item 70 AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS
Rubber Chemistry and Technology Ryntz R A
73, No.4, Sept./Oct. 2000, p.647-65 Visteon Automotive Systems
REINFORCEMENT OF SILICONE (SPE)
ELASTOMERS WITH TREATED SILICA
XEROGELS: SILICA-SILICONE IPNS Surface damage, including scratching, chipping and
Deng Q; Hahn J R; Stasser J; Preston J D; Burns G T gouging of injection moulded automotive components is
Dow Corning Corp. discussed in terms of polymer composition and
processing. Blends of 80 wt% polypropylene and 20 wt%
The study of the effect of filling silicone elastomer with elastomer, with and without 10 wt% filler (talc and
silylated xerogel, using different filler levels and degrees wollastonite), were prepared and characterised by
of surface treatment of the filler, indicates that these measurement of work of fracture, flexural modulus, Izod
materials produce better reinforcement than using other impact strength, indentation hardness, and scratch
treated fillers. The method of preparation and resistance, and by optical and scanning electron
characterisation of the xerogels, and the vinyl treated microscopy. The paint damage resistance of painted
xerogels, made from sodium silicate are described. samples was determined using proprietary equipment.
Compounding of the xerogel into the silicone elastomer Gouging resistance increased with increasing tensile
on a Haake rheocord is described, and methods of strength, which increased with increasing boundary layer
evaluation of the resulting compounds are given. thickness. The gouge resistance also increased with
Reduction of the size of the Xerogel during compounding increasing surface hardness, and with decreasing filler
is thought to be due to fracture of the macroporous region, size. The scratch and chip resistances decreased with
leaving the mesoporous regions uniformly dispersed in increasing surface hardness. 21 refs.
the polymer. Bound rubber measurements indicate that USA
reinforcement is by an interpenetrating network between
Accession no.798486
the silica of the xerogel and the silicone, which gives rise
to the good physical properties of the vulcanised
compound. 46 refs. Item 73
USA Polymer
Accession no.798621 42, No.3, 2001, p.1143-56
DESCRIPTION OF THE TENSILE STRESS-
Item 71 STRAIN BEHAVIOUR OF FILLER-
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. REINFORCED RUBBER-LIKE NETWORKS
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 282 USING A LANGEVIN-THEORY-BASED
INFLUENCE OF MICA AND TALC FILLERS ON APPROACH PART II
THE PROPERTIES OF ROTATIONALLY Meissner B; Matejka L
MOULDED LLDPE Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences
Robert A; Orr J F; Crawford R J The modified equation presented in previous papers by the
Belfast,Queen’s University; Auckland,University authors was shown to represent the experimental stress-strain
(SPE) dependences up to break of filler-reinforced elastomers when
Linear low density polyethylene was mixed with different the concept of a strain-dependent finite extensibility parameter
grades of mica and talc (5, 10 and 15 wt%), maleic anhydride- is used. The equation was a combination of Langevin-theory-
modified high density polyethylene coupling agent (3 and 5 based James-Guth with the phenomenological term C2 of the
wt%), and titanate coupling agent, and compounded using a Mooney-Rivlin equation modified by introducing an additional
single screw extruder. Cube shapes were produced using a empirical parameter. 18 refs.
rotational moulding machine with an oven temperature of CZECH REPUBLIC
350 C and a peak internal air temperature of 220 C. The Accession no.798387

Item 74 Results of stress-strain, IR dichroism, and birefringence

Polymer experiments on silica-filled PDMS networks are
42, No.3, 2001, p.879-87 discussed. The end-to-end distributions of different length
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PDMS chains were characterised by Monte Carlo isomeric
EPOXY COMPOSITES FILLED WITH state calculations and derived stress-deformation-
FUNCTIONALIZED NANOSILICA PARTICLES orientation relations for networks made of these chains
OBTAINED VIA SOL-GEL PROCESS by employing the three-chain network model. 14 refs.
Kang S; Hong S I; Choe C R; Park M; Rim S; Kim J EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Seoul,National University; Korea,Institute of Science TURKEY; WESTERN EUROPE
& Technology Accession no.798212
Various modification techniques were used to establish
the interfacial effects of the addition of uniform sized Item 77
silica particles prepared by sol-gel reaction on the European Plastics News
properties of epoxy composites. The particle dispersion 27, No.11, Nov.2000, p.27
and the interface were found to be considerably affected NANOCOMPOSITE TPO MAKES IT TO
by the type of functional group of the silica. The MARKET
composites were characterised. 23 refs. Basell has commercialised Hifax DX 277, the
KOREA nanocomposite thermoplastic polyolefin that it has been
Accession no.798361 jointly developing with Southern Clay Products. The TPO
is now being used by General Motors and its Tier One
suppliers. During the testing phase, GM made prototype
Item 75
rear quarter and exterior door panels. Meanwhile, RTP is
Plastics Additives & Compounding
working on more polyolefin-based nanoclay compounds
2, No.5, May 2000, p.30-2
and a range of grades that use nanotubes, including PEEK,
NANOCOMPOSITES - IT’S A QUESTION OF
PEI and polycarbonate. Nanotubes impart electrical
PICKING THE WINNERS
conductivity to the base material. Honeywell has revealed
Murphy J
details of a polymerised nylon 6 nanocomposite resin,
Trends in the development of nanocomposites are for use mainly in packaging films. The film will have
reviewed and discussed. Claims of improved mechanical three to four times the barrier properties of unfilled nylon.
properties, stiffness, high barrier properties and inherent BASELL; SOUTHERN CLAY PRODUCTS INC.
flame retardancy are examined. Out of all the potential USA
prospects for nanocomposites, it is argued that only around Accession no.795144
five are practicable and perhaps only two will be fully
commercialised. Recent developments have seen the Item 78
commercialisation of a nylon film with high barrier 158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.
properties from nanoparticles, and a nylon moulding Conference preprints.
compound with optimised mechanical properties. GM is Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 57
reported to have been working with Montell on a EFFECT OF HIGH DISPERSIBLE-HIGH
thermoplastic olefin elastomer with 5% smectite clay STRUCTURE SILICA ON RUBBER
which gives stiffness equivalent to a 23-35% talc PROPERTIES
reinforcement. Research is reported into methods for the Gatti L
incorporation of ultra-fine fillers, the production of nano- Huber J.M.,Corp.
sized carbon and fullerene tubes, and the use of conductive (ACS,Rubber Div.)
reinforcements in automotive bodywork panels which can
be electrostatically painted. Highly dispersible silicas (HDS) were evaluated in six
model formulations and the results reported. Comparisons
Accession no.798275
were made with similar surface area silicas to compare the
differences between HDS and classical silica. The
Item 76 formulations contained various silica loading levels and
Macromolecules two of them used silane coupling agents to bond the silica
33, No.23, 14th Nov.2000, p.8858-64 to the rubber matrix. Dispersion photographs are included.
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY Applications studied included a nitrile roll compound, an
OF FILLER EFFECT ON STRESS- EPDM Linesman blanket compound, Neoprene V-belt
DEFORMATION-SEGMENTAL ORIENTATION tensile gum compound, an earthmover tyre tread
RELATIONS FOR POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE compound, passenger tyre tread compound, and a
NETWORKS passenger/light truck steel skim adhesion compound. 5 refs.
Bokobza L; Erman B USA
ESPCI; Sabanci,University Accession no.794162

Item 79 impact properties were determined for the prepared

158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000. nanocomposites. 12 refs.
Conference preprints. USA
Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 56 Accession no.793806
DESIGNING REINFORCING FILLERS FOR
ELASTOMERS. II. EFFECT OF IONIC
STRENGTH Item 81
Chen C; Schaefer D W; Yang A J-M; DeAngelis A P; Kobunshi Ronbunshu
Retzinger S; Jemian P; Ilavsky J 57, No.9, 2000, p.590-5
Cincinnati,University; CYBER Center; US,National Japanese
Inst.of Standards & Technology IMPROVEMENT OF IMPACT RESISTANT
(ACS,Rubber Div.) PROPERTIES OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
An investigation is carried out to prepare reinforcing Imanishi H; Yamaguchi T; Fukuda N
powders with hard aggregates and soft agglomerates by Japan,Industrial Products Research Institute
using a modified silica powder as filler. Silicic acid is
used to neutralise sodium silicate to synthesise silica The effect of the addition of finely powdered calcium
powders with reduced ionic strength and novel carbonate on the impact resistance of PVC was
structures. In-situ light scattering shows that loose investigated. The influence of stabiliser, blending time,
agglomerates are formed at low ionic strength. The temperature, solvent and ultrasonication were examined.
decrease of ionic strength enhances the repulsive forces 8 refs.
between colloidal aggregates, leading to the suppression JAPAN
of chemical bonding. In the absence of chemical bonding Accession no.792504
between the aggregates, soft agglomerates are formed
allowing interpenetration between aggregates during Item 82
drying, leading to increased bulk density. The extent of Polymer International
interpenetration depends of ionic strength. Soft 49, No.11, Nov. 2000, p.1389-94
agglomerates can facilitate dispersion, which, in turn, STRUCTURE AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
can improve rubber reinforcement performance. The OF ISOTACTIC POLYPROPYLENE AND IPP/
increase in tensile modulus, tensile strength and TALC BLENDS FUNCTIONALIZED BY
toughness of rubbers filled with silicic acid-modified ELECTRON BEAM IRRADIATION
silica is shown to be consistent with better dispersion. Lu D; Guan R
The slurries are also characterised by light scattering Hubei,University
and ultra small-angle x-ray scattering to show that the
slurries evolve differently depending on the The structure and mechanical properties of isotactic PP
neutralisation scheme. 14 refs. functionalised by electron beam irradiation were
USA investigated by DSC, X-ray diffraction, thermo-
gravimetry, thermomechanical analysis, melt index, and
Accession no.794161
mechanical measurements. The effect of increasing dose
on degree of crystallinity, thermal degradation
Item 80 temperature and dimensional stability is discussed. 28
Antec 2000.Conference proceedings. refs.
Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 75 CHINA
NANOCOMPOSITES: THE IMPORTANCE OF
Accession no.791553
PROCESSING
Dennis H R; Hunter D L; Chang D; Kim S; White J L;
Cho J W; Paul D R Item 83
Southern Clay Products Inc.; Akron,University; Antec 2000.Conference proceedings.
Texas,University at Austin Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 39
(SPE) BREAKING BARRIERS TO HIGHER OUTPUT
RATES WITH DENSIFIED ULTRAFINE TALC
Nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending DURING MELTING COMPOUNDING ON THE
polyamide-6 with montmorillonite-based organoclays, COROTATING INTERMESHING TWIN SCREW
using several combinations of extruder and screw EXTRUDER
configurations. The degrees of delamination and Radosta J A; Beecher E
dispersion, studied using wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Specialty Minerals Inc.; Krupp Werner & Pfleiderer Corp.
transmission electron microscopy, were dependent upon (SPE)
both processing and clay chemical treatment, and were
influenced by factors other than the residence time. The The melt compounding of densified and non-densified
tensile modulus, tensile yield strength, elongation and ultrafine talc (20 and 40% additions) into a propylene

copolymer was studied using a 40 mm co-rotating twin rupture and erosion. Using silica agglomerates, it is
screw extruder, using 11 alternative barrels and 2 alternative demonstrated that a third mechanism can occur, i.e.,
screws. Samples of the copolymer were then injection detachment of fragments due to agglomerate collision.
moulded and subjected to falling weight impact, notched This mechanism requires a much lower overall stress than
Izod, and flexural strength testing. Compounding of the erosion (and rupture, which occurs at even larger stresses
non-densified talc was limited by the volume which could than erosion). The fragment concentration produced by
be fed into the machine, whilst densified talc compounding collision at a given time is proportional to the square of
was limited by the maximum torque loading on the screw. the applied shear rate. 6 refs.
The use of densified talc permitted the use of all the Accession no.789077
available power capacity, giving 300% higher output rates
at 40% loading, and 50% higher rates at 20% loading,
compared with the use of non-densified talc. 4 refs. Item 86
Polymer Engineering and Science
USA
40, No.9, Sept.2000, p.1953-68
Accession no.791351 POLYETHYLENE COMPOUNDS CONTAINING
MINERAL FILLERS MODIFIED BY ACID
Item 84 COATINGS. I. CHARACTERIZATION AND
Patent Number: US 6011087 A 20000104 PROCESSING
MODIFIED MINERAL FILLER FOR Haworth B; Raymond C L; Sutherland I
THERMOSETS Loughborough,University
Marshall C J; Lynch T J; Freeman G M
The effect of filler coatings on the processing properties
Huber J.M.,Corp.
of MDPE modified by an ultrafine grade of flame-
These fillers, derived from either a coarse particle kaolin retardant magnesium hydroxide filler was investigated.
clay or a coarse particle ATH, have excellent utility in Selected filler coatings were acid-group terminated and
thermosets as low paste viscosity fillers. The method of were of varying aliphatic chain length. The filler dry-
treatment involves the use of specific weight ratio coating process was optimised by characterising the
combinations of a silane and a long chain aliphatic reaction between filler surface and the acid group, using
alcohol. The treatment of clay can also involve the spectroscopic techniques including FTIR and X-ray
auxiliary use of a surfactant in small amounts, which is photoelectron spectroscopy. Using immersion
utilised to emulsify the silane and aliphatic alcohol calorimetry, the interactions between the fillers and the
treatment components in water either individually or as a polyolefin matrix were shown to decrease on addition of
co-emulsion blend prior to their addition to the clay. The a fatty acid coating. Compounding torque and specific
surfactant aids in uniformly treating all the clay particle energy data were related to filler dispersion, while
surfaces with the silane/alcohol treatment combination. qualitative analysis demonstrated the way in which the
Coarse particle clays used have an average Stokes coatings provided a reduction in both size and number of
equivalent particle diameter of at least 3 microns, while particle agglomerates. MDPE compound processability
ATH fillers have a BET surface area value less than 5.0 was examined by capillary rheometry and wall slip was
sq.m/g. The low viscosity characteristic of these treated demonstrated in compounds containing uncoated
clays or ATH allows the treated mineral products to be magnesium hydroxide filler. The development of
used at high loadings in various thermoset compounds, molecular orientation of the polymer during injection
as fillers or extenders, which is advantageous in terms of mould filling, quantified by a reversion analysis, was
reducing cost and/or gaining certain performance modified by the effects of filler coating chain length and
properties, such as physical reinforcement, composite addition level. 32 refs.
surface smoothness or flame retardancy. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
USA WESTERN EUROPE
Item 85 Item 87
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Plastics and Rubber Weekly
78, No.5, 31st Oct.2000 p.1130-3 No.1852, 1st Sept.2000, p.6
COLLISION-INDUCED DISPERSION OF MORE MEAT ON YOUR PLATELET
AGGLOMERATE SUSPENSIONS IN A SHEAR Lee M
FLOW The technology of adding specially treated nano-scale clay
Seyvet O; Navard P particles to a variety of plastics, creating nanocomposites,
Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines de Paris has the potential to dramatically improve the heat
Agglomerates suspended in a polymer fluid have been resistance, barrier properties, strength, stiffness and flame
known to disperse in a flow through two mechanisms: retardancy of the plastics. Target applications range from

food packaging to automotive body panels. In April last Wulin Qiu; Kancheng Mai; Hanmin Zeng
year, RTP launched a clay/polyamide nanocomposite with Zhongshan,University; China,Key Laboratory of
a 3-5% loading of organically treated clay. This composite Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials
is made by melt processing. RTP’s most recent
Talc-filled PP composites coupled with vinyltrimethoxy
introduction is a polyamide 6 nanocomposite for extruded
silane-grafted PP(PP-g-Si) were prepared. The effect of
film and sheet applications. Bayer’s Durethan LPDU 601
PP-g-Si on the mechanical properties (tensile, flexural
grades are transparent with gas barrier properties.
and impact), crystallisation and melting behaviour of PP
Durethan products are made at the polymerisation stage.
composites was investigated. Compared with the
The TNO group has successfully made nanocomposites
uncoupled compositions, the mechanical properties of
of PA, PE, PP, PS, PMMA and PU using Planomer
talc/PP composites coupled with a small amount of PP-
technology, which is based on the concept of modifying
g-Si were increased to some extent. Meanwhile, PP-g-Si
the clay with a block copolymer that incorporates clay-
could promote crystallisation rate and increase
compatible and resin matrix-compatible parts.
crystallisation temp. of PP in the composites. 25 refs.
WORLD
CHINA
Accession no.787986
Accession no.786227
Item 88
Item 90
Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.
Plastics, Rubber and Composites
Volume 2. Conference proceedings.
28, No.1, 1999, p.11-9
Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.893-6
EFFECT OF COAGENT IN REACTIVE
EFFECT OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
SURFACE TREATMENT FOR CALCIUM
PROPERTIES ON THE REINFORCEMENT OF
CARBONATE FILLER IN POLYPROPYLENE
HMW-HDPE FILM
Tabtiang A; Venables R A
Ruiz F A
Mahidol University
Heritage Plastics Inc.
(TAPPI) A factorial experiment to study the reactions of a reactive
coupling system comprising dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and
LLDPE-based pelleted concentrates are used to add 0,
acrylic acid (AA) with the addition of a multifunctional
7.5 and 15 wt.% of different fine-ground, surface-treated
coagent used as a degradation limiter, trimethylpropane
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) minerals to a high-molecular
trimethacrylate (TMP), in the compounding of calcium
HDPE film resin. These dry blends are extruded into film
carbonate into polypropylene is described.
on a 50 mm, 18/1L/D grooved-feed extruder fitted with a
Characterisation to determine the effects of these additives
100 mm die and 0.9 mm die gap. Neck height and blow-
included both processing information from the twin screw
up ratios (BUR) are also varied to determine how the
compounding unit, studies of the treated filler, shrinkage
addition of CaCO3 affected film property response to
data from sample moulding, electron micrographic study
variation in these process conditions. Mineral addition
of tensile rupture surfaces and compound crystallisation
yields output rate increases of 5% at 7.5% CaCO3 and
data. Evidence of competing reactions involving AA and
10% at 15% CaCO3, while simultaneously decreasing
TMP initiated with DCP was found, with AA grafting
melt pressure and motor load (current). Depending upon
mainly to the polymer when DCP and TMP concentrations
calcium carbonate grade, mineral loading and processing
were low. TMP only had a significant effect on the system
conditions, increases in dart impact strength and/or tensile
when both DCP and TMP concentrations were high.
yield stiffness are achieved. Calcium carbonate mineral
17refs.
grades also exhibit differences in the level of extrusion
THAILAND
and bubble stability. Mineral reinforcement of HMW-
HDPE films increases film coefficient of friction, which Accession no.786034
improves stacking of liners or merchandise bags. 11 refs.
USA Item 91
Accession no.786987 Plastics, Rubber and Composites
28, No.1, 1999, p.1-10
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF FLY ASH -
Item 89
CHARACTERISATION AND EVALUATION AS
REINFORCING FILLER IN POLYISOPRENE
77, No.13, 23rd Sept.2000, p.2974-7
Garde K; McGill W J; Woolard C D
EFFECT OF SILANE-GRAFTED
Port Elizabeth,University
POLYPROPYLENE ON THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES AND CRYSTALLIZATION An investigation into the use of fly ash, a silica-rich by-
BEHAVIOR OF TALC/POLYPROPYLENE product from coal burning in power stations, as a filler in
COMPOSITES polyisoprene is described. Reinforcement with the use of

a coupling agent (bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulphane) spectroscopy, the composition of the samples being

(TESPT) at different levels was investigated, as was the determined as a function of depth. The talc exhibited a
use of acid and base modified fly ash. Results were greater tendency to migrate towards the surface, and the
compared to the use of silica with and without the same first 3 micrometre below the surface of compositions
coupling agent. The fly ash and modified fly ash particles containing 15 wt% talc were saturated with talc, whilst
were examined before and after addition to the in compositions containing more than 15 wt% talc, the
polyisoprene using scanning electron microscopy. talc increased at a higher rate at depths below this layer,
Unmodified fly ash gave negligable reinforcement with displacing PP. 11 refs.
the acid-base treated material only a little better. Addition USA
of TESPT improved bound rubber formation slightly, but Accession no.784760
in comparison to silica reinforcement the results were very
inferior. Similarly green strength of compounds filled with
fly ash was poor. 19 refs. Item 94
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics
SOUTH AFRICA
32, No.3, July 2000, p.211-30
Accession no.786033 INNOVATIVE STUDY TO EVALUATE FILLERS.
II. CARBON BLACK, SILICA AND CARBON
Item 92 BLACK/SILICA BLENDS - FUNCTIONAL
International Polymer Science and Technology RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FILLER
27, No.6, 2000, p.T/70-T/72. (Translation of PARAMETERS AND COMPOUND PROPERTIES
Plasticheskie Massy, No.11, 1999, p.14) AT CONSTANT LOADING
PHYSICOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Patel A C
PLASTICISED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE Engineered Carbons Inc.
COMPOSITES FILLED WITH MODIFIED
Rubber compound properties are evaluated, at variable
TRAVERTINE
loading of carbon black and silica, as a function of total
Gukasyan S Z
volume and total surface area. The results clarify the
Erevan,Architectural & Civil Engineering Institute
importance of volume fraction and delineate a transition
The substitution of whiting as a filler in plasticised PVC point at which abrupt changes occur in compound
linoleum by surface modified travertine, is examined. properties. These three parameters are inseparable and in
Stone milling waste, with its carbonate nature may be conjunction totally influence compound properties. The
used as a cheap mineral filler for PVC, but its effects of fundamental properties of fillers on compound
incorporation is shown to have a considerable negative performance properties are more noticeable at constant
effect on the physicomechanical properties, especially loading. Hence, the functional relationship between
flexibility, which prevents its use in linoleum production. fundamental properties of fillers, the added volume and
To improve these properties, travertine modified with surface area, with their functional relationship to rubber
stearic acid was investigated. Surface modification of properties, should be elucidated. The results show
articles by hydrophobisation was carried out, and property significant differences between and within grades of
improvements and production costs are noted. 2 refs. carbon black and silica samples from the same source.
RUSSIA Furthermore, the theory of total volume and total surface
Accession no.785613 area are utilised to create precise blends of silica/carbon
black by manipulating volume fraction in conjunction
with colloidal properties of the fillers, to reduce hysteresis
Item 93 of a carbon black compound and also match silica
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science & compound performance properties utilising precise blends
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume of silica and carbon black. 9 refs.
82.Conference proceedings. USA
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.400-1
Accession no.784052
SURFACE DEPTH-PROFILING OF
THERMOPLASTIC OLEFINS USING STEP-
SCAN PHOTOACOUSTIC FT-IR Item 95
SPECTROSCOPY ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Kiland B R; Urban M W; Ryntz R A Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
Southern Mississippi,University; Visteon Automotive 82.Conference proceedings.
Systems San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.228-9
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) MORPHOLOGY, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
AND MECHANISM OF REINFORCEMENT OF
Injection moulded polypropylene (PP) samples,
RUBBER NANOCOMPOSITES
containing 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% talc filler, were studied
Ganter M; Reichert P; Mulhaupt R; Gronski W
using photoacoustic Fourier transform infrared

Freiburg,University Item 97
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) ACS Polymeric Materials: Science &
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume
The influence of montmorillonite filler, modified with
82.Conference proceedings.
dimethyl distearylammonium chloride, on the properties
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.217
of rubber (cis-1,4-polybutadiene and poly(styrene-co-
PREDICTING PHASE DIAGRAMS OF
butadiene)) was investigated. The montmorillonite was
POLYMER/CLAY COMPOSITES: THE ROLE OF
swollen in toluene with rubber and a reactive coupling
GRAFTED ORGANIC MODIFIERS
agent (bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulphan), followed
Ginzburg V V; Singh C; Balazs A C
by solvent evaporation. Samples of rubbers were Pittsburgh,University
prepared containing 30 phr untreated organoclay, 30 phr (ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
rubber swollen organoclay, and 30 phr organoclay
swollen with rubber plus 3 phr coupling agent. Samples The description of the phase behaviour of polymer-clay
of pure rubber and samples containing precipitated silica, mixtures requires the determination of polymer-mediated
with and without the coupling agent, were also prepared. interactions between the clay sheets, and the calculation
Sample morphology was studied using transmission of the phase diagram from the knowledge of these
electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. interactions. The development of a model to describe the
Tensile properties were determined, using in-situ wide- phase diagram for systems of clay discs with grafted
angle X-ray spectroscopy to monitor the orientation of organic modifiers (surfactants) dispersed in a polymer
the silicate layers. The montmorillonite exhibited good melt is described. When the polymer-surfactant interaction
dispersability, and the rubbers had slightly improved is attractive, the effective interaction between the clay
reinforcement compared with those containing sheets becomes repulsive and intercalation can occur,
precipitated silica, but the hysteresis was significantly whilst when a repulsive interaction between the polymer
higher. The coupling agent affected both fillers similarly, and surfactant exists, clay-clay interaction becomes
giving a lower stress at break and reduced hysteresis. attractive and the system moves towards phase separation
The reinforcement mechanism was one of orientation between polymer and clay. Phase diagrams for several
of the silicate layers with elongation/retraction and a values of surfactant grafting density and length were
obtained by varying the clay volume fraction and the
chain slip process along the silicate layers or filler
strength of the polymer-surfactant interaction. 8 refs.
aggregates. 6 refs.
USA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Accession no.783130
Item 98
Item 96 Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques
ACS Polymeric Materials: Science & 77, No.784, March 2000, p.58-9
Engineering.Spring Meeting 2000.Volume French
82.Conference proceedings. FILLED MATERIALS: THE PLUSES OF
San Francisco, Ca., 26th-30th March 2000, p.220-1 MISTRON TALC
COMPOSITE PROPERTY ENHANCEMENT Meli G
WITH NANOSCALE INORGANIC FILLERS Talc de Luzenac
Anderson D P; Tolle T B An examination is made of the characteristics of Mistron
Dayton,University; US,Air Force Research Laboratory talcs and Mistrobond surface treated talcs (Talc de
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Luzenac) and their advantages as fillers in rubber
The influence of fumed silica filler, surface-treated by a compounds. Data are presented for the mechanical
variety of silane coupling agents, on the mechanical properties of EPDM and nitrile rubber compounds
properties of epoxy resin was investigated. Samples were containing these and other mineral fillers.
studied using dynamic mechanical analysis, the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
measurement of strength, modulus and strain to failure
under three-point flexure, and fracture toughness using a Accession no.783040
notched tensile specimen. Significant improvements in
fracture toughness were observed for low volume silica Item 99
additions, but the fracture toughness was very sensitive Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
to morphology, processing and effective filler dispersion. 279, No.6, June 2000, p.34-41
The addition of silane coupling agents also improved the ROLE OF M-
mechanical properties. 8 refs. PHENYLENEBISMALEIMIDE(BMI) IN
USA REACTIVE PROCESSING OF
Accession no.783127 POLY(PROPYLENE)/MAGNESIUM

HYDROXIDE COMPOSITES. III. ANALYSIS OF Details are given of the synthesis of organic-inorganic
INTERPHASE STRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT hybrids from epoxy resin and several silane alkoxides
Liauw C M; Khunova V; Lees G C; Rothon R N using a sol-gel process. The hybrids were studied with
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Slovak,Technical regard to their phase structure, mechanical properties and
University thermal properties. Silica dispersion was examined using
TEM. 19 refs.
The interactions of m-phenylenebismaleimide(BMI) with
JAPAN
PP matrix and filler during the preparation of PP/
magnesium hydroxide composites were studied. The Accession no.781135
interaction of BMI with the filler was shown to occur via
an amide carboxylate, together with possible Item 102
polymerisation at the filler surface. The formation of PP Rubber Chemistry and Technology
macroradicals, produced by thermomechanical 73, No.1, March/April 2000, p.47-55
degradation of the maleimide double bonds, was observed. FTIR INVESTIGATION OF THE MOLECULAR
A greater crosslink density than that in the bulk material STRUCTURE AT THE CRACK INTERFACE IN
existed in the interfacial region, which was thought to UNFILLED AND SILICA FILLED
lead to lower crystallinity in this region. This was POLYISOPRENE
manifested as a significant improvement in composite Glime J; Koenig J L
toughness relative to the equivalent unmodified Case Western Reserve University
composite. 17 refs.
Unfilled and silica-filled polyisoprenes were stretched
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SLOVAK
REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE until cracking was initiated. The crack interface was then
Accession no.782667 studied using FTIR to investigate the changes in the
molecular structure induced by crack formation. DSC was
used to determine the crystallinity of the rubber after it
Item 100 was stretched. 14 refs.
Polymer Engineering and Science USA
40, No.7, July 2000, p.1529-33
Accession no.781124
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND
INTERFACIAL INTERACTION OF CACO3
FILLED HDPE COMPATIBILISED WITH HDPE Item 103
FUNCTIONALISED BY ULTRAVIOLET Rubber Chemistry and Technology
IRRADIATION 73, No.1, March/April 2000, p.19-24
Lei J; Zhou R BOUND RUBBER IN SILICONE RUBBER
Sichuan,University FILLED WITH MODIFIED ULTRAFINE
MINERAL POWDER
A study was made of the mechanical properties of calcium
Wu J; Shen Z; Hu D; Huang J; Chen N
carbonate-filled HDPE compatibilised with UV irradiated
Fuzhou,University
HDPE and the interfacial interactions between calcium
carbonate and the polyethylenes. Scanning electron The influence of organic base on bound rubber content
microscopy, the Molau test and ESCA were used to was investigated. The relation between bound rubber
provide information on interfacial interactions. It was content and mechanical properties of silicone rubber filled
found that addition of a small amount of irradiated HDPE with mineral powder was studied. Interactions between
to the filled HDPE resulted in improved tensile and impact silicone rubber matrix and filler particles are discussed.
strengths and that chemical reactions between the 9 refs.
irradiated HDPE and filler promoted interactions between CHINA
the HDPE and filler. 12 refs. Accession no.781121
CHINA
Accession no.781415 Item 104
Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry
Item 101 60, No.2, 2000, p.401-7
Kobunshi Ronbunshu EFFECT OF CROSS-LINKED POLYETHYLENE
57, No.4, 2000, p.220-7 AS A SURFACE MODIFIER ON
Japanese CRYSTALLIZATION OF POLYPROPYLENE
PHASE STRUCTURE AND THERMAL AND Janigova I; Chodak I
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY/ Slovak Academy of Sciences
SILICA HYBRIDS The effect of addition of silica on the parameters of
Takahashi R; Wakita M; Ochi M isothermal crystallisation of PP was investigated. It was
Osaka,Kansai University found that covering of the silica surface by a layer of

LDPE led to a deactivation of the filler with regard to the molecules are reported. A model of the amorphous silica
positive effect on the PP crystallisation rate parameters. surface is described, and a strategy for checking this model
Crosslinking of the surface PE layer resulted in a stronger against ab initio calculations is presented. Finally, fixture
attachment of the modifying polymer to the filler surface calculations to estimate the interaction energy between
and the deactivation effect of the silica surface polyimide fragments and the hydrolysed silica surface are
modification was more marked. 15 refs. outlined. 15 refs.
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.781089
Accession no.780788
Item 105
Item 107
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall
38, No.11, 1st June 2000, p.1564-74
Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings.
THERMAL AND MECHANICAL STUDY UNDER
New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.157-8
DYNAMICAL CONDITIONS OF
HYBRID REINFORCEMENT IN
POLYPROPYLENE/MICA COMPOSITES
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE COMPOSITES
CONTAINING ATACTIC POLYPROPYLENE
Kahraman M; Nagay N
WITH SUCCINIL-FLUORESCEINE GRAFTED
Bogazici,University
GROUPS AS INTERFACIAL MODIFIER FROM
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.)
THE MATRIX SIDE
Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Areso S; Collar E P Addition of filler materials to improve the mechanical,
CSIC electrical, thermal, optical and processing properties of
polymers while reducing their cost is a popular field of
The dynamic thermal and mechanical behaviour of PP/
research. The initial results of a study of
mica composites, which had improved properties induced
polydimethylsiloxane composites having silica fume and
by the presence of succinyl fluorescein groups grafted
mica fillers in different compositions as spherical/platelet
onto atactic PP with different grafting levels, was studied.
type hybrid reinforcement are reported. The effect the degree
These properties were also correlated with the
of loading on both static-dynamic mechanical and swelling
macroscopic mechanical performance of the composite
behaviour of resultant composites are discussed. 5 refs.
materials. The atactic PPS containing succinyl fluorescein
TURKEY
grafted groups were previously obtained in the authors’
laboratories by chemical modification of a by-product of Accession no.780625
industrial polymerisation reactors. The interfacial
modifications induced by replacing a small amount of Item 108
polymer matrix in the composite material by the grafted China Rubber Industry
atactic PP was clearly demonstrated either from a 47, No.6, 2000, p.331-4
microscopic or macroscopic viewpoint. 29 refs. Chinese
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; EFFECT OF TMTD ON HEAT AND OXYGEN
WESTERN EUROPE AGEING OF CLAY-FILLED NR COMPOUND
Accession no.781030 Yang D; Ao N; Yang S
Zhanjiang,Ocean University; South China,Tropical
Agricultural Product Processing Research Institute;
Item 106 South China,Teachers’ Training University
ACS, Polymeric Materials Science & Engineering Fall
Meeting 1999. Volume 81. Conference proceedings. The effect is examined of tetramethyl thiuram disulphide
New Orleans, La., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.444-5 (TMTD) on the heat ageing and oxidation of clay-filled
MODELLING ADHESION AT THE POLYIMIDE- NR, with reference to the plasticity retention index of
SILICA INTERFACE NR, using thermal analysis and scanning electron
Walsh T R; Harkins C G; Sutton A P microscopy test methods. The results showed that heat
Oxford,University; Hewlett-Packard Co. and oxygen resistant properties could be obtained when
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) the clay-filled natural rubber compound was cured by
semi-effective or effective curing systems, with 1.5 phr
A total strategy for modelling adhesion at polyamide-ceramic or 3.0 phr of TMTD. 3 refs.
interfaces is outlined. It is reasoned that this strategy requires CHINA
the linking of many different length scales and time scales.
Accession no.778522
The various calculations necessary to investigate the smallest
length scale, that of polyimides chemisorbing to the ceramic
surface, are described. The computational methods used to Item 109
study the flexibility of two polyimides are described, and Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
accurate estimates of the rotational energetics of these 38, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.1240-9

CARBON-SILICA DUAL-PHASE FILLER, A carbonate. Improvements were observed in tensile,

NEW GENERATION REINFORCING AGENT electrical and low temperature properties, flammability
FOR RUBBER. PART VI. TIME-TEMPERATURE and heat ageing characteristics and chemical resistance
SUPERPOSITION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES for calcium sulphate filled compounds, while no
OF CARBON-SILICA-DUAL-PHASE-FILLER- significant differences in water absorption and hydrolysis
FILLED VULCANIZATES were noted. Studies of rheological properties showed
Meng-Jiao Wang; Lu S X; Mahmud K improved processability in mixing and extrusion trials.
Cabot Corp. URALITA
The temperature-frequency dependence of the dynamic EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE
mechanical properties of vulcanisates of styrene-
butadiene rubber/polybutadiene blends filled with carbon Accession no.776778
black, silica and carbon-silica dual phase filler (CSDPF)
was studied. Master curves could be obtained by the Item 112
horizontal shifting of the storage modulus along the Macromolecular Symposia
frequency axis, but they showed feather-like features in 151, Feb.2000, p.575-80
most of the temperature range. With the same shift factors, COMPOSITES BASED ON CARBOXYLATED
master curves could also be obtained for the loss modulus POLYSTYRENE-CO-BUTADIENE REINFORCED
and tan delta. Discontinuity occurred on both curves at WITH KAOLIN FILLERS AS STUDIED BY
very high frequency. The features of the master curves DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS
were governed by the filler-filler and filler-polymer Ttrejo-O’Reilly J A; Hernandez-Hernandez A; Dichtel
interactions. With only a small amount of silica in the C; Cavaille J Y
aggregate, CSDPF gave overall dynamic properties very Centro de Investigacion y Desarrollo Tecnologico;
similar to those of the silica-filled compound. Compared UMR CNRS-INSA
with carbon black, CSDPF had a low tan delta at low Composite materials are made with styrene-butadiene
frequency and a high tan delta at high frequency. 31 refs. latex and kaolin fillers in aqueous suspensions. The
USA mechanical properties of the different composite materials
Accession no.777878 are measured with a dynamic mechanical analyser using
a cantilever geometry at 1 Hz in the temperature range (-
Item 110 120 deg.C, 120 deg.C). The fillers vol.% is chosen
Chemistry of Materials between 0 and 36 (up to 90 w.%). The maximum filler
12, No.5, May 2000, p.1260-7 amount is limited to about 36 vol.% due to the too high
GENERAL APPROACH TO NANOCOMPOSITE brittleness of the materials obtained above this value. The
PREPARATION Halpin-Kardos (HK) equation will have to be modified
Ishida H; Campbell S; Blackwell J to account for the viscoelastic behaviour of the composite
Case Western Reserve University material above the percolation threshold as expected from
previous works. The HK equation under-estimates the
Twenty four polymers were examined for their ability to storage modulus. In order to quantify the deviation from
intercalate or exfoliate clay to become nanocomposites. experimental data, an adjustable parameter should be
The polymers varied in their solubility, molecular weight
included. However, the mechanical response of these
and polarity. The evidence of nanocomposite structure
composite materials does not follow a classical
was provided by X-ray diffraction. 25 refs.
percolation theory where the particles are supposed to
USA
form a rigid skeleton. In this case, the increment of
Accession no.777695 stiffness comes from a flexible skeleton of particles in
contact, but without moment transfer. 7 refs.
Revista de Plasticos Modernos MEXICO; WESTERN EUROPE
78, No.522, Dec.1999, p.699-708 Accession no.776743
Spanish
NEW MINERAL FILLERS FOR COMPOUNDS Item 113
USED IN THE INSULATION OF ELECTRIC Journal of Materials Science
CABLES 35, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.2319-23
Hidalgo M; Sanchez M STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF PP/CASO4
Yesos Ibericos COMPOSITE. III. EFFECT OF THE FILLER
Oparex 15 calcined calcium sulphate (Yesos Ibericos) was GRADE ON PROPERTIES
evaluated as a filler in plasticised PVC cable insulation Saujanya C; Radhakrishnan S
compounds in comparison with two grades of calcium India,National Chemical Laboratory

Details are given of the mechanical properties of PP each pin. The resulting damage was quantified using
containing two different types of calcium sulphate. The an image analysis system, which determined the grey
impact and tensile properties were correlated with the scale value of the scratch. There was a correlation
structure and morphology of the composites. 19 refs. between the scratch visibility and hardness as measured
INDIA by interferometer. Two mineral fillers were evaluated:
Accession no.776451 talc with a median particle size of 3 micron, and
wollastonite with a median particle size of 8 micron.
The wollastonite filler gave the higher scratch
Item 114 resistance, and further scratch resistance improvements
Journal of Materials Science were obtained by the addition of an interface modifier
35, No.9, 1st May 2000, p.2115-20 and a lubricant. Talc-filled PP had poor scratch
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE/ resistance, irrespective of the addition of modifiers and
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE COMPOSITES lubricants. 12 refs.
Ulutan S; Gilbert M
USA
Ege,University; Loughborough,University
Accession no.775663
Details are given of the use of coated or uncoated
magnesium hydroxide as filler in HDPE. Tensile and
Item 117
flexural properties were measured. Experimental results
Journal of Macromolecular Science B
were compared with various mathematical models. 16
B38, Nos.5 & 6, 1999, p.885-99.
refs.
AGGREGATION, FRACTURE INITIATION, AND
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; TURKEY; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
STRENGTH OF PP/CACO3 COMPOSITES
Fekete E; Molnar S Z; Kim G-M; Michler G H;
Accession no.776443
Pukansky B
Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Budapest,Technical
Item 115 University; Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat
Tire Technology International
A range of polypropylene/calcium carbonate
June 2000, p.43-5
composites were prepared using a twin-screw
HIGHLY DISPERSIBLE SILICAS IN TYRES
compounder and the products injection moulded.
Cochet P
Mechanical properties were determined and each
Rhodia Silica
sample characterised by light and electron microscopy.
In 1989, Rhodia launched Zeosil 1165 MP (micropearl) Failure initiation and propagation were studied using
into the marketplace as the first highly dispersible silica in-situ high voltage electron microscopy. Large filler
(HDS). Fuel-saving tyres based on HDS are now sold by particles debonded and small particles caused crack
most tyre manufacturers. Zeosil 1165 MP gives the best initiation and propagation. 29 refs.
compromise between wear resistance/rolling resistance/ EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN
wet traction, required for fuel saving tyres. The company UNION; GERMANY; HUNGARY; WESTERN EUROPE
is introducing a new generation of HDS Zeosil MPS which Accession no.773123
has been designed to show an increased reactivity towards
the coupling agent used in the formulation.
Item 118
WESTERN EUROPE
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing
Accession no.775777
31A, No.4, 2000, p.353-9
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED
Item 116 POLYETHYLENE; CORRELATION OF
Polymer Engineering and Science HARDNESS AND YIELD STRESS
40, No.4, April 2000, p.944-55 Suwanprateeb J
SCRATCH RESISTANCE OF MINERAL-FILLED Thailand,Ministry of Science,Technology &
POLYPROPYLENE MATERIALS Environment
Chu J; Xiang C; Sue H-J; Hollis R D
The validity of the correlation between hardness and yield
Visteon Automotive Systems; Texas,A & M University;
stress of particulate-filled polyethylene composite
Eastman Chemical Co.
materials is investigated. Vickers hardness and monotonic
The scratch resistance of a range of pigmented mineral- tensile and compression tests are carried out at varying
filled polypropylenes (PP), for automotive interior testing speeds, and Tabor’s relation is applied to the
applications, was determined by drawing pins, under results. 15 refs.
applied loads of 0.6-7 N, across the surface. A hardened THAILAND
steel ball of 1 mm diameter was attached to the end of Accession no.773088

Item 119 Item 121

Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering 157th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Spring 2000.
39, No.1, 2000, p.83-94 Preprints.
INSTRUMENTED IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF Dallas, Tex., 4th-6th April 2000, paper 32
PARTICULATE-FILLED COMPOSITES DEVELOPMENT OF HD SILICAS FOR TYRES -
Suwanprateeb J PROCESSES, PROPERTIES, PERFORMANCE
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology Center Blume A; Uhrlandt S
Degussa-Huls AG
A study of the influence of calcium carbonate on impact
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
energy of CaC03/HDPE composites is conducted.
Composites with calcium carbonate in the range of 0- Simultaneous improvements of seemingly
40% are produced by twin-screw extrusion followed by contradictory tyre properties, e.g. rolling resistance,
compression moulding. Notched Izod impact tests of wet grip, service life and winter performance are the
composites are carried out using an instrumented impact major requirements from the automotive industry
tester. It is found that increasing the calcium carbonate especially for original equipment (OE) passenger car
content decreases impact resistance. Transition in total tyres. In the beginning of the 1990s, these demands
impact energy with filler content is observed at 20% filler could be met using tread compounds with special
volume fraction, similar to propagation energy. In the case polymer and high loading of silicas with silanes as
of the initiation energy, the transition is found at a different coupling agents as a partial replacement for carbon
level, 10% filler volume fraction. The impact fracture black. It is found out that the use of special S-SBR
process of PE is seen to be initiated by crazing, followed polymers together with high dispersible (HD) silicas
by brittle failure, whereas composites are initiated by leads to the best improvement of rolling resistance and
microvoid nucleation from interfacial failure between the additionally wet traction without any compromise in
filler and matrix and are propagated via microvoid tread wear. The development of HD silicas for tyres
coalescence. 13 refs. requires detailed knowledge about the different process
THAILAND steps of the silica production and the influence of each
Accession no.772195 process step on the silica properties, e.g. structure of
the silica. Different methods are developed and
discussed to investigate conventional, semi HD and
Item 120 new HD silicas with different surface areas and
Journal of Applied Polymer Science structures and their high potential of HD silicas in
76, No.7, 16th May 2000, p.1019-27 different parts of passenger and truck tyres.17 refs.
EFFECT OF COUPLING AGENT AND EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
CHEMICAL TREATMENT ON RICE HUSK ASH- WESTERN EUROPE
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOSITE Accession no.771669
Da Costa H M; Visconte L L Y; Nunes R C R; Furtado
CRG
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio de Item 122
Janeiro,Universidade do Estado Rubber World
222, No.1, April 2000, p.43-9
A study was made of the use of rice husk ash as a filler in EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK ON DYNAMIC
a natural rubber compound. Various levels of both milled PROPERTIES
husk ash (MHA), prepared by milling husk ash and sieving Lamba R
through a 250 mesh sieve, and treated husk ash (THA), Columbian Chemicals Co.
prepared by chemical treatment of the milled husk ash,
were studied and compared to both a carbon black filled The use and benefits of carbon black as a reinforcing
and a silica filled compound. Silane treatment of the husk filler for elastomers are described, and an overview is
ash was also examined, with less effect than was expected. presented of the mechanisms of reinforcement. The
Both physical testing of vulcanisates, and electron effect of the addition of carbon black on rubber
microscopy studies on the fracture surface of the tensile compound properties is measured using a wide range
specimens were used in this study, with an initial of physical tests, and a review is presented of the
examination of the filler by infra-red spectroscopy to dynamic properties of carbon black reinforced rubbers.
determine the presence of precipitated silica groups in These explain the effect of carbon black on the dynamic
both MHA and THA. Physical results were generally properties of elastomers, provide an understanding of
lower than is obtained with carbon black or silica, dynamic properties and their measurement, and
although quite respectable results were obtained at low illustrate the effect of test conditions on the measured
to medium loading. 13 refs. properties. 13 refs.
BRAZIL USA

Item 123 fibres. Test pieces were prepared by injection moulding

Rubber World using a film gate. Static mechanical and dynamic fatigue
222, No.1, April 2000, p.32-8 properties were measured using test pieces prepared from
SILICA/SILANE - A WINNING sections taken both parallel and perpendicular to the melt
REINFORCEMENT FORMULA flow direction of the injected resin. Composites containing
Schwaiger B; Blume A mica and glass flakes showed isotropic fatigue behaviour,
Degussa-Huels AG while those containing glass fibres showed anisotropic
behaviour. Similar results were observed for the static
The silica/silane filler system for tyre tread compounds
mechanical properties. A good correlation was identified
is discussed with reference to its use in green tyres. With
between the fatigue limit stress and the modulus of the
this filler system, simultaneous improvements of
composites. 11 refs.
seemingly contradictory tyre products such as wet grip
JAPAN
and rolling resistance are achieved, whilst maintaining
the service life. Degussa-Huels offers a tailor-made silica Accession no.770646
product for improved dispersibility, a precondition for
treadwear. Tests to determine dispersion behaviour are Item 126
discussed. 8 refs. Polymer Composites
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; 21, No.2, April 2000, p.238-44
WESTERN EUROPE RATE-DEPENDENT FUNCTION IN THE
Accession no.771113 CORRELATION BETWEEN HARDNESS AND
YIELD STRESS OF POLYETHYLENE
Item 124 COMPOSITES
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Suwanprateeb J
76, No.5, 2nd May 2000, p.642-7 Thailand,Ministry of Science,Technology &
EFFECT OF ORGANIC ACIDS ON THE Environment
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PHENOLIC Composites consisting of high density polyethylene
RESIN COMPOSITES containing 10-40 vol% calcium carbonate filler were
Hong K C; Ravasi M; Keil N; Vigeant B; Yunshang Ma produced by twin screw extrusion and characterised by
Saint-Gobain Corp. Vickers hardness measurements, and by compression
The effect of salicylic acid and its derivatives on the testing using crosshead speeds in the range 0.2-50 mm/
properties of novolac and resole phenolic resin composites min. Both hardness and yield stress increased with
was evaluated. The composites were reinforced with increasing filler content, the compressive yield stress
aluminium oxide particles in both solid and hollow forms. increasing with increasing crosshead speed. The
DSC studies showed that the reaction rate of phenolic correlation between hardness and yield stress was
resin was accelerated by salicylic acid, but was not independent of filler content when the deformation rate
affected by the other compounds. Salicylic acid also employed in both tests was similar. Reasonable agreement
reduced the flexural strengths of the phenolic resin was obtained between the experimental results and the
composites. The strength was decreased by more than predictions of a modification of Tabor’s equation to
30% in comparison with that with no acid added. Two account for the rate-dependent behaviour of the
derivatives of this acid (sodium salicylate and 4- composites. 13 refs.
hydroxybenzoic acid), however, had minimal effect on THAILAND
the flexural strengths of the composites. 9 refs. Accession no.770545
USA
Polymer Composites
Item 125 21, No.2, April 2000, p.175-86
Kobunshi Ronbunshu PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF
57, No.1, Jan.2000, p.53-8 SYNTHESIZED ACRYLIC ACID GRAFTED
FLEXURAL FATIGUE PROPERTIES OF MICA- POLYPROPYLENE WITHIN CACO3/
REINFORCED POLYPROPYLENE POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
COMPOSITES Rahma F; Fellahi S
Kumagai Y; Kemmochi K Algerian Institute of Petroleum
Japan,National Institute for Materials & Chemical The influence of peroxide, acrylic acid monomer content,
Research temperature, and mixer speed on the grafting of acrylic
The lifetime of mica-reinforced PP composites was acid onto polypropylene was investigated using Fourier
investigated by flexural testing. Comparison was made transform infrared and UV spectroscopy, differential
with composites filled with glass flakes and short glass scanning calorimetry, and melt flow index determinations.

The mechanical properties of a composite consisting of toughening was found to increase with increasing
polypropylene filled with 30 wt% calcium carbonate, UHMWPE content but to decrease as the filler volume
containing the graft copolymer as a coupling agent, were fraction was increased. 22 refs.
investigated. Maximum impact and tensile properties were THAILAND
achieved using a 15 wt% addition, a threefold increase in Accession no.770367
the Izod impact test being observed for both notched and
un-notched specimens. Strong interactions between filler
and matrix in the presence of the graft copolymer were Item 130
observed using scanning electron microscopy. 32 refs. Vinyltec ’99. Conference proceedings.
Ontario, 12th-14th Oct.1999, p.32-7
ALGERIA
USE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE TO ENHANCE
Accession no.770539 THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF RIGID VINYL
PRODUCTS
Item 128 Callhoun A; Bradshaw R W; Mobley G; Prince J
Fire & Materials ECC International Inc.
24, No.1, Jan./Feb.2000, p.45-52 (SPE,Vinyl Div.)
NANOCOMPOSITE FIRE RETARDANTS - A
Historically, the use of calcium carbonate in PVC
REVIEW
applications has been driven by a desire to cut formulation
Porter D; Metcalfe E; Thomas M J K
costs. The concept of calcium carbonate as a filler is still
Greenwich,University
strongly held by many purchasers of carbonate. However,
Most fire retardant nanocomposites are made from layered the leaders in the mineral industry have shifted their focus
silicates and organic polymers, a variety of methods are from supplying standard products as fillers to supplying
used in their synthesis. The mechanism for the fire functional additives engineered to meet customer needs.
retardancy of these composites is generally considered In working to meet this goal a great deal of energy has
to be due to the structure of the char formed during been exerted to identify what effects calcium carbonate
combustion, which enables the char to thermally insulate has on the final properties of rigid vinyl products. It is
the polymer and inhibit the formation and escape of discovered that two application properties are integrally
volatiles during combustion. Fire retardant dependent on the form of the calcium carbonate: impact
nanocomposites require relatively low concentrations of strength and fusion time/torque.
silicates for activity, resulting in low additional costs and USA
weight. Improvements in the bulk physical properties of Accession no.769493
the polymer can be additional advantages over traditional
fire retardants. 39 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Item 131
WESTERN EUROPE Rubberchem ’99. Conference proceedings.
Accession no.770447 Antwerp, Belgium, 22nd-23rd Nov.1999, paper 18
IMPROVED PROCESSING OF CARBON/SILICA
DUAL PHASE FILLER IN ‘GREEN TYRE’
Item 129 TREAD FORMULATIONS
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Hensel M; Menting K-H
75, No.12, 21st March 2000, p.1503-13 Schill & Seilacher GmbH
BINARY AND TERNARY PARTICULATED (Rapra Technology Ltd.)
COMPOSITES: UHMWPE/CACO3/HDPE
Suwanprateeb J In 1991 the concept of using highly dispersible silica as
Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology the sole filler, together with a silane coupling agent, for
Center the tread compound of low rolling resistance tyres was
patented by Michelin. Since it found great interest in the
The effect of using UHMWPE on the toughness of tyre industry, carbon black manufacturers developed
calcium carbonate/HDPE composites was studied. Binary various concepts to match the performance of silica with
and ternary HDPE-based composites with calcium new types of carbon blacks. One interesting approach is
carbonate in the range 0 to 40% and UHMWPE in the the joint combustion of mineral oil and a silicon
range 0 to 50% were produced by twin-screw extrusion compound in a modified furnace process which results in
followed by compression moulding. From tensile and particles having silica domains dispersed in the carbon
impact tests, it was found that increasing calcium phase. Several grades with varying silica content have
carbonate content increased tensile modulus, but since been made available. The performance of these
decreased TS, strain at break and impact resistance. The Ecoblack fillers is very close to that of the new grades of
addition of UHMWPE helped to increase the strain at highly dispersible silicas. Unfortunately these silicas show
break and impact resistance of composites moderately some disadvantages in processing like high compound
without decreasing modulus or strength. The degree of viscosities, storage hardening and extrusion difficulties

like high pressure and temperature, scorch and poor SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE
surface quality, especially at the edges of the treads. It THIXOTROPIC BEHAVIOUR OF PP FILLED
has previously been shown how selected processing WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
promotors help to overcome these disadvantages without Wang Y; Yu M-J
any negative influence on the final physical properties. Tunghai,University
The aim is to find out whether the processing of the
The rheological properties of calcium carbonate-filled PP
Ecoblack materials shows similar trends, and if yes,
were examined using a Rheometrics dynamic analyser.
whether or not processing promoters being efficient in
The study included steady shear test, transient stress
silica also improve the processing. 5 refs.
growth test with sequential deformation history, and two-
step dynamic oscillatory shear flow. 38 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE
CHINA
Accession no.769260
Accession no.766424
Item 132
Macromolecules Item 135
33, No.3, Feb.2000, p.1089-99 Annals of Occupational Hygiene
THEORETICAL PHASE DIAGRAMS OF 44, No.1, Jan.2000, p.3-14
POLYMER/CLAY COMPOSITES. THE ROLE OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE ON THE
GRAFTED ORGANIC MODIFIERS CARCINOGENICITY OF SILICA: FACTORS IN
Ginzburg V V; Singh C; Balazs A C SCIENTIFIC JUDGEMENT
Pittsburgh,University Soutar C A; Robertson A; Miller B G; Searl A; Bignon
J
A density functional theory was combined with a self- Edinburgh,Institute of Occupational Medicine;
consistent field model to calculate the phase behaviour Paris,Val de Marne University
of thin, oblate particles that are coated with surfactants
and dispersed in a polymer melt. The effect of the In view of the extended debate and differing opinions on
surfactants characteristics and the polymer-surfactant whether crystalline silica is a human carcinogen, a
interaction energy on the polymer-clay phase diagram was selection of epidemiological reports is reviewed to
investigated. 64 refs. identify areas of uncertainty and disagreement. The papers
which in a recent review were considered to provide the
USA
least confounded examinations of an association between
Accession no.769012 silica exposure and cancer risk are selected. A study of
the mortality of coalminers very recently reported is also
Item 133 discussed. It is found that parts of the evidence are
Journal of Materials Science Letters coherent but there are contradictions. On examination this
19, No.3, 1st Feb.2000, p.179-82 resolves mostly into differences between types of studies.
EFFECTS OF TESTING SPEED AND HEAT The three types of epidemiological study included are:
TREATMENT ON THE FRACTURE OF KAOLIN- exposure-response studies, the most powerful for the
REINFORCED HIGH DENSITY confirmation of a relationship between a specific exposure
POLYETHYLENE and a health effect; (descriptive studies in which incidence
Wetherhold R C; Mouzakis D E; Fiedrich K of disease in an exposed population is compared with that
New York,State University; Institut fuer in a reference population; and studies of incidence of
Verbundwerkstoffe GmbH disease in subjects on silicosis case-registers. 69 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK;
The effects of test speed and heat treatment on the fracture WESTERN EUROPE
of kaolin-filled HDPE were investigated using the
Accession no.765048
essential work of fracture (EWF) testing technique. A
comparison is made of data obtained using the J-integral
and EWF techniques and an attempt made to find the Item 136
source of anisotropy of mechanical properties observed Polimeri
in fibre-reinforced composites. 14 refs. 20, No.4, 1999, p.197-209
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF
USA; WESTERN EUROPE COMPOSITE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Accession no.766691 Kovacevic V; Lucic S; Leskovac M; Packham D
Zagreb,University; Bath,University
Item 134 Several models have been proposed to quantify the effect
Polymer Composites of various fillers such as calcite, silica and kaolin on
21, No.1, Feb.2000, p.1-12 interfacial properties in PVAC. The effects on the
EFFECT OF VOLUME LOADING AND composite interface of the filler particle size, chemical

structure and filler surface pre-treatment were also 26, No.6, 1999, p.T/19-T/27. (Translation of Nippon
examined. 19 refs. Gomu Kyokaishi, No.6, 1998, p.315)
CROATIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SOLUTION-POLYMERISED STYRENE-
UK; WESTERN EUROPE BUTADIENE RUBBER
Accession no.764752 Saito A
The compounding of solution SBR with carbon black and
Item 137 silica fillers is discussed, and some examples are shown
Journal of Elastomers & Plastics of improvements in the mechanical properties of tyre tread
32, No.1, Jan.2000, p.33-45 compounds by means of the use of tin-based coupling
EFFECT OF PALM OIL FATTY ACID ADDITIVE agents. Other examples are reviewed of ways in which
(POFA) ON CURING CHARACTERISTICS AND mutually conflicting performance requirements can be
VULCANIZATE PROPERTIES OF SILICA balanced by the use of a wide range of techniques to
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER COMPOUNDS improve tyre tread performance without loss of
Ismail H processability. 19 refs.
Universiti Sains Malaysia
JAPAN
Silica filled natural rubber compounds are improved by Accession no.762032
the addition of palm oil fatty acid additives. The beneficial
effects include better filler dispersion, cure rate
Item 140
improvement, and state of cure. There is also an
Patent Number: US 5972494 A 19991026
improvement in reversion resistance of silica filled
FILLED FLUOROPOLYMER COMPOSITION
compounds. 12 refs.
FOR CORROSION RESISTANCE
MALAYSIA
Janssens R
Accession no.763888 DuPont de Nemours E.I.,& Co.
Item 138 Compositions of fluoropolymer containing a first filler

Rubber Chemistry and Technology component such as mica and a second filler component
72, No.2, May-June 1999, p.430-48 such as talc are resistant to permeation by water and
ROLE OF FILLER NETWORKING IN DYNAMIC aqueous acid and provide useful coatings for such items
PROPERTIES OF FILLED RUBBER as chemical equipment. The composition can be used as
Meng-Jiao Wang coatings which can be applied by electrostatic spray of
Cabot Corp. dry powder.
USA
A study of four fillers (N234 carbon black, precipitated
Accession no.761688
silica, carbon-silica dual phase filler (CSPDF) and a CSPDF
with 3% bis(3-triethoxy-silylpropyl-)tetrasulphane
(TESPT)) each at various levels in a styrene butadiene, Item 141
sulphur cured, rubber compound was used to examine the Adhesion ’99. Conference Proceedings.
effect of the network of the filler on the dynamic properties Cambridge, UK, 15th-17th Sept.1999, p.181-6
of the rubber. It was found that the effective volume of the USE OF PHYSICAL MODIFICATION TO
filler was increased by the amount of rubber bound in the TOUGHEN HIGH TEMPERATURE ADHESIVES
agglomerates of the filler network and that the amount of Taylor A C; Kinloch A J
bound rubber could be estimated using Van der Poel theory. Imperial College of Science,Technology & Medicine
Both temperature and strain have an effect on the amount (IOM Communications Ltd.)
of rubber bound into the filler network, increased strain The toughening effect of mica, wollastonite, hollow glass
reducing the amount of trapped rubber. The importance of spheres, PTFE powder and PEEK powder and fibres on a
the effect of the filler network on the modulus and the cyanate ester resin high temperature adhesive was
hysteresis of a rubber compound is discussed and it is shown investigated by a fracture mechanics approach. Fracture
that whilst precipitated silica gives higher modulus and energies were measured at temperatures of -55, 23 and
lower hysteresis at low temperature, CSPDF treated with 150C, and significant increases were observed for samples
TESPT gives higher hysteresis at low temperature. filled with mica and PEEK fibres. 4 refs.
(Originally presented to ACS meeting, Indianapolis, May
5-8, 1998, revised Dec.98). 23 refs. WESTERN EUROPE
USA
Accession no.761644
Accession no.763835
Item 142
Item 139 Composite Structures
International Polymer Science and Technology 48, Nos.1-3, Jan.-Mar.2000, p.49-58

MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL between the silanol groups and hard or soft segments of
BEHAVIOR OF POLYOLEFIN BLENDS IN THE the PU chains. 18 refs.
PRESENCE OF CACO3 BRAZIL
Albano C; Gonzalez J; Ichazo M; Rosales C; de Accession no.760941
Navarro C U; Parra C
Venezuela,Universidad Central; Simon
Bolivar,Universidad Item 144
Polymer
The properties of blends of PP with virgin and recycled 41, No.4, 2000, p.1529-39
HDPE, functionalised and non-functionalised EPR and IMPACT FRACTURE STUDY OF
calcium carbonate (untreated or treated with 1 wt % MULTICOMPONENT POLYPROPYLENE
titanate coupling agent) were studied. The mechanical COMPOSITES
behaviour of PP/HDPE/EPR blends showed that Molnar Sz; Pukanszky B; Hammer C O; Maurer F H J
functionalisation was not effective. When blends of PP/ Budapest,Technical University; Hungarian Academy of
HDPE/EPR with treated or untreated filler were compared Sciences; Chalmers University of Technology
with the equivalent ones, but with recycled HDPE and
untreated filler, a slight increase was observed in EB and The impact resistance and fracture mechanics
a decrease in Young’s modulus and impact strength. This characteristics of a variety of three-component
behaviour could indicate that recycled HDPE and EPR polypropylene-barium sulphate-elastomer composites and
together acted as a plasticiser in these blends. It was also reference materials were determined and related to
found that the use of treated calcium carbonate did not composition, dispersed phase structure and filler particle
result in better mechanical properties. From these results, size. The effects of structure on all characteristics were
it was concluded that it was possible to recycle HDPE in similar, and it also influenced the temperature dependence
blends with PP and non-functionalised EPR, using of impact resistance. The influence of functionalised
untreated calcium carbonate as a filler, and that this offered polymers on the structure was investigated, the degree of
economic advantages and produced a material with filler particle encapsulation being determined using the
mechanical properties comparable with those of the Lewis-Nielsen model. Impact resistance increased with
compounds of PP with filler. 17 refs. (2nd International increasing encapsulation, but it was concluded that the
Conference on Composite Science & Technology, Durban, crucial factor controlling toughness was the micro-
South Africa, June 1998) mechanical deformation process and the deforming
volume. Separate distribution of the components and weak
VENEZUELA
adhesion of the filler to the matrix gave better impact
Accession no.761303 resistance than significant encapsulation. Although
stiffness was determined by the extent of embedding, the
Item 143 relationship between toughness and structure was more
Polymer Testing complex. 53 refs.
19, No.1, 2000, p.93-103 EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY;
POLYMER-FILLER INTERACTIONS AND SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF A Accession no.760714
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER
Nunes R C R; Fonseca J L C; Pereira M R
Item 145
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Rio Grande do
Polymer
Norte,Universidade Federal
41, No.4, 2000, p.1449-59
Films of a polyester-based PU, containing two different REINFORCEMENT OF CROSSLINKED
types of precipitated silica with different densities of RUBBERY EPOXIES BY IN-SITU FORMED
silanol groups on the silica surface, and containing silica SILICA
particles in a concentration range of 1-20 phr, were Matejka L; Dukh O; Kolarik J
prepared from THF solutions. Young’s modulus and Czech Republic,Academy of Sciences
hardness increased with increasing silica concentration,
A crosslinked epoxide was reinforced using silica-
but compositions with silica with a low density of silanol
siloxane structures formed in-situ from tetraethoxysilane
groups did not show significant changes in modulus or
by sol-gel processing. Different structures were obtained
hardness. Although compositions with silica with a high
by employing different polymerisation procedures,
occurrence of silanol groups showed quite large changes
including simultaneous or sequential formation of the
in modulus and hardness, the final deformation was almost
epoxide network and the silica. The prepared materials
the same as for the pure PU. The decrease in tensile
were characterised using dynamic mechanical analysis,
strength observed in compositions with non-treated silica
electron microscopy and small angle X-ray scattering. An
at concentrations higher than 1 phr was explained in terms
increase in modulus of two orders of magnitude was
of increasing system heterogeneity. The reinforcement
obtained with silica contents of less than 10 vol%. The
mechanism was discussed with reference to interactions

temperature dependency of the storage modulus and loss SURFACE PROPERTIES: MACROSCOPIC AND
factors were used to determine the phase structure and MICROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS
the interaction between the epoxy and the silica phases. Chamerois M; Francois M; Villieras F; Yvon J
Microphase separation was observed. The efficiency of Laboratoire Environnement et Mineralurgie
the reinforcement was dependent upon the reaction
Non-porous calcium carbonate powders were coated with
conditions. Acid catalysis of the sol-gel process was
increasing amounts of a water-repellent organosiloxane
proposed to promote grafting between the epoxide and
molecule and the solid-liquid interface was characterised
silica phases, giving a more uniform and finer structure
using water vapour, nitrogen and argon adsorption. It was
with smaller silica domains. Fitting the mechanical data
found that the degree of hydrophobicity was dependent
to theoretical models showed that the composite consisted
on the method used to investigate the surface energetic
of co-continuous epoxy and silica phases. 41 refs.
properties. Wettability and immersion enthalpy
CZECH REPUBLIC
measurements revealed that saturation of the carbonate
Accession no.760705 surface by the surfactant molecules was not necessary
for obtaining maximum hydrophobicity. It was concluded
Item 146 that wettability was not only linked to the availability of
Polymer Engineering and Science surface sites for water molecules. 26 refs.
39, No.10, Oct.1999, p.1993-7 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
EFFECT OF NATURAL ZEOLITE ON THE WESTERN EUROPE
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF EPOXY Accession no.759943
MATRIX
Lee J-Y; Shim M-J; Kim S-W Item 149
Seoul,University Journal of Materials Science
The effects of addition of three natural zeolites to epoxy 34, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.5927-36
systems was studied, with respect to filler content level EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON
and particle size. Mechanical properties were found to FLEXURAL CREEP AND FATIGUE STRENGTH
be linked to the particle size of the zeolites, giving OF A SILICA PARTICLE FILLED EPOXY RESIN
increased properties with smaller particle size. Surface McMurray M K; Amagi S
morphology of fractured samples showed increased Hitachi Ltd.
complexity with increased addition levels. 21 refs. The results are reported of a study of the time and
KOREA temperature dependence of flexural strength carried out
Accession no.760453 using creep and fatigue testing. Flexural creep tests were
performed at various temperatures below Tg and flexural
fatigue tests were carried out at various stress ratios,
Item 147
temperatures below Tg and two different frequencies. A
method, which is based on the static strength master curve
74, No.14, 27th Dec.1999, p.3359-64
and cumulative damage law, is proposed for predicting
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
flexural creep strength. 32 refs.
PROPERTIES OF POLYSTYRENE-CLAY
HYBRIDS JAPAN
Hasegawa N; Okamoto H; Kawasumi M; Usuki A Accession no.759934
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
PS-clay hybrids were prepared by melt blending a styrene- Item 150
vinyloxazoline copolymer with organophilic clay. In the Journal of Materials Science
hybrids, the silicate layers of the clay were delaminated 34, No.23, 1st Dec.1999, p.5911-8
and dispersed homogeneously to the nanometer level. The CONTROL OF THE STRUCTURE AND
moduli of the hybrids were higher that that of the PS PROPERTIES OF BARIUM SULPHATE-FILLED
copolymer. The tensile modulus of the hybrid with 5 wt BLENDS OF POLYPROPYLENE AND
% clay, for example, was 1.4 times higher that that of the ETHYLENE PROPYLENE COPOLYMERS
PS copolymer. 19 refs. Hammer C O; Maurer F H J; Molnar S; Pukanszky B
JAPAN Chalmers,University of Technology;
Budapest,Technical University
Accession no.759985
The structure and properties of PP and EPM blends filled
with barium sulphate were investigated in detail. The
Item 148
aspect of structure control concerned was the separate
Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
dispersion of filler and rubber in the matrix or
13, No.12, 1999, p.1481-93
encapsulation of the filler in the maleated rubber phase.
MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
It was found that filler particle size was an important

factor, becoming a dominant factor below a certain subsequently compounded into heat cured silicone rubber
particle size aggregation. Extensive aggregation resulted masterbatches. These masterbatches are subjected to a
in a deterioration of all mechanical properties, especially series of standard tests in order to obtain information
impact strength. 29 refs. regarding the relative performances of the silica.
EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN UNION; HUNGARY; Commercial and experimental Rhodia precipitated silicas
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE are compared to other commercially available precipitated
Accession no.759933 silicas. The Rhodia silicas performing the best in silicone
heat cured rubber applications are identified. 9 refs.
USA
Item 151
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999. Accession no.759688
Conference preprints.
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 121 Item 153
SOLID STATE NMR TO CHARACTERISE 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
SILICA Conference preprints.
Mansencal R L; Evans L R Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 93
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Engineered Minerals Div. SILICA-PDMS INTERACTIONS - A NEW VIEW
(ACS,Rubber Div.) OF AN OLD QUESTION
NMR spectroscopy is shown to be a valuable tool to Barthel H
investigate the surface chemistry of amorphous Wacker-Chemie GmbH
precipitated silica. The surfaces of two different highly (ACS,Rubber Div.)
dispersible silicas are shown to differ in the number and Fumed silica is an amorphous synthetic silicon dioxide
distribution of their hydroxyl groups. Z8715 presents a used in a variety of technical applications. Besides free
higher hydroxyl content and more geminal hydroxyl flow of powders and thickening of liquids, the
concentration than Z8745. NMR is been shown to be a reinforcement of silicone elastomers is of main
reliable technique to investigate the reaction of two model importance. Mechanisms of reinforcement are still an
silane molecules with the hydroxyls on a silica surface. issue of scientific discussions. However, it has been settled
The reactivity of the two silanes differ with TCMS that interactions between the silica surface and the
showing a higher affinity for reaction with isolated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)chain segments play a
silanols than does MTCS. Additionally, techniques of x- major role. Recent efforts to understand those interactions,
ray scattering, SMS and USAXS, show that HDS silica both on a molecular and an atom scale level, are reviewed.
differs in the aggregation pattern from classical Hydroxylated and silylated silicas with defined degree
precipitated silica. These differences in fractal geometry of silylation are investigated. As an experimental
and the differences in surface chemistry provide important adsorption technique, inverse gas chromatography, in an
clues to the different behaviour of new generations of infinite dilution and a finite concentration mode, is used.
precipitated silicas performance in rubber compounds. 20 Adsorption of linear oligomers of dimethylsiloxy units
refs. reveal that steric factors dominate the energy of
USA adsorption. On an atom-scale level, a series of
Accession no.759711 computational studies together with experimental
vibration spectroscopy is performed. Semi-empirical
quantum chemical techniques, basing on AM1 and PM3
Item 152
parameters, are used to study nanoscale surface facets.
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Unspecific, dispersion forces together with induced
dipole-dipole interactions control the adsorption of
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 95
PDMS- on fumed silica, and discrete H-bonding are of
PRECIPITATED SILICA BENCHMARKING IN
minor importance. A review on various results of
SILICONE HEAT CURED RUBBER
structures and interaction energies from different methods
Holleran L
is presented. 35 refs.
Rhodia Inc.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) WESTERN EUROPE
Rhodia is an international producer of precipitated silica. Accession no.759686
The product has historically been used in the tyre and
agrofeed markets. In January 1998, Rhodia Tire & Rubber
Item 154
began a research and development programme to assess
156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
the feasibility of implementing Rhodia silica in silicone
rubber applications. A collection of precipitated silica
Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 78
grades is obtained and analytical characteristics of the
PHYSICAL AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF
various grades are determined. The silica samples are
GLT FLUOROELASTOMER REINFORCED

WITH SILICA FILLERS Item 156

Morris M D; Wen J; Stevens R D 156th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1999.
Cabot Corp.; DuPont Dow Elastomers Conference preprints.
(ACS,Rubber Div.) Orlando, Fl., 21st-23rd Sept.1999, paper 36
DISPERSION AID FOR SILICA FILLER IN
There is considerable interest in improving physical
RUBBER COMPOUNDS
properties of fluoroelastomers, especially hot tear strength,
Jividen D; Kaufman H
through the use of fillers. Reinforcement of peroxide cured,
Western Reserve Chemical Corp.; Polymer Process
low-temperature fluoroelastomer specifically is an area of
Technologies
concern given the growth in this type of FKM polymer.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
The impact of filler on the dynamic properties of this rubber
is also of interest. The impact of silica fillers on the physical PPT-HDI, a new dispersion aid for silica fillers, is
and dynamic properties of fluoroelastomers is discussed. described. It is a polar material acting on the surface of
It is found that compared to carbon black at 20 phr loading, silica fillers to break up agglomerates and improve
all samples with low density silica fillers based on fumed dispersion in rubber compounds. It also has a positive
silica and aerogels show a much more pronounced Payne influence on dynamic properties that relate to easier
effect, indicating stronger filler networks. It is also found processing and provides an improvement in the dissipation
that compared to other fillers such as carbon black, blanc of static charges. 3 refs.
fixe (barium sulphate) and Wollastonite (calcium USA
metasilicate), silica fillers can offer better tensile and tear Accession no.758333
strength but higher hardness and poorer compression set.
However, when used at 5 to 10 phr loadings together with
other fillers, silica fillers can improve the physical Item 157
properties with only small increases in hardness and International Polymer Science and Technology
compression set. Some of the silica fillers tested are in a 26, No.3, 1999, p.26-33
dense form and are easily dispersed in the rubber, thus ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN
reducing the dispersion problem commonly associated with POLYMER AND FILLER - CARBON BLACK
fumed silica fillers. 14 refs. Nishi T
USA Published information on the interaction between
Accession no.759673 polymers and surfaces, and particularly the surface of
carbon black is briefly reviewed. Various computational
Item 155 models have been developed for the conformation of the
International Polymer Processing polymer molecule, which is believed to form loops and
14, No.3, Sept.1999, p.234-40 tails. When uncured rubber which contains dispersed
EFFECT OF TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER DESIGN carbon black is immersed in a good solvent, the mixture
AND PROCESS CONDITIONS ON ULTRAFINE swells forming a carbon gel. A structural model is
CALCIUM CARBONATE DISPERSION INTO PP proposed, in which a bound rubber layer forms around
Bories M; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G the carbon particles. The variation in thickness of the
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Canada,Industrial bound layer for different rubbers, and the use of pulsed
Materials Institute nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with these
systems, are discussed. 30 refs. Translation of Nippon
An intermeshing corotating twin-screw extruder was used Gomu Kyokaishi, No.9, 1998, p.541.
to mix high filler contents (60 wt.%) of untreated ground
calcium carbonate (particle size 0.7 micrometres) into PP Accession no.756155
of melt flow index 12g/10 min (SM 6100 from Montell).
The effect of screw configuration, rotation speed, flow rate, Item 158
filler feed port position, and barrel temperature on Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
dispersion was investigated. A method based on image 269, Aug.1999, p.78-83
analysis of optical transmission micrographs obtained from ROLE OF M-PHENYLENEDIMALEIMIDE IN
25 micron thick films was found to be quick and reliable REACTIVE PROCESSING OF
for evaluating the state of dispersion in the filled systems. POLY(PROPYLENE)/MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
The dispersion state affected the mechanical performance COMPOSITES. I. EFFECT OF PROCESSING
of the systems. In particular, falling weight and unnotched TEMPERATURE AND COMPOSITE
Izod impact resistance decreased significantly as dispersion FORMULATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
deteriorated. Mechanical properties (TS, EB and tensile Khunova V; Liauw C M; Alexy P; Sain M M
modulus) were correlated with the relative volume Slovak,Technical University; Quebec,University;
concentration of agglomerates in the blend. 28 refs. Manchester,Metropolitan University
CANADA
A three-factorial experimental design was used to
Accession no.758486 investigate the simultaneous effect of interface modifier,

lubricant and processing temperature on the mechanical Trucking companies in the US are big enough and well-
properties of poly(propylene)/magnesium hydroxide enough organised to see distinct fuel savings from the
composites produced by reactive processing using m- lower rolling resistance given by silica treads on their
phenylene dimaleimide interface modifier, and a lubricant tyres. A review of recent developments in this area is
consisting of a mixture of fatty acid amides and esters. presented.
All the variables significantly influenced the properties RHODIA SA; RHONE-POULENC SA; PPG
of the composites. Up to 100% improvement in yield INDUSTRIES INC.; DEGUSSA-HULS
stress was gained from the use of the reactive modifier, EUROPE-GENERAL; USA
whilst the addition of the lubricant, employing careful Accession no.754385
formulation, was not overly detrimental to mechanical
properties. The effect of temperature was complex, being
strongly influenced by the modifier content. The optimum Item 161
processing temperature was 220C. 21 refs. Rubber Chemistry and Technology
72, No.1, March-April 1999, p.119-129
CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA; UK; WESTERN EUROPE SILICA AND SILANE COUPLING AGENT FOR
Accession no.756149 IN SITU REINFORCEMENT OF
ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE RUBBER
Murakami K; Osanai S; Shigekuni S; Tanahashi H;
Item 159 Kohjiya S; Ikeda Y
European Rubber Journal Tokai Rubber Industries Ltd.; Kyoto University;
181, No.12, Dec.1999, p.26-30 Kyoto,Institute of Technology
GREEN TYRE USE PULLS SILICA FORWARD
GLOBALLY A sol-gel reaction performed using tetraethoxysilane
White E (TEOS) to swell an NBR vulcanisate filled with silica
and commercial silane coupling agent, and treatment with
Demand for silica for tyres has been ‘pulling the whole ethylenediamine resulted in improved reinforcement of
industry for several years’, and silica use in OE car tyre the vulcanisate compared to untreated samples.
treads in Europe is now standard, with this market at near Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the
saturation, according to the president of tyre and rubber proportion of bound silica, and both scanning and
chemicals for Rhodia SA. Use of silica has developed so transmission electron microscopy were used to examine
that now some 100 ktpa of silica is used in this application, the filler network formation. Confirmation of the
much of it in Europe. Silica use is so great in OE tyres in improved reinforcement of the vulcanisate was given by
Europe, as the tax pressure on fuel is so high that car both tensile measurement and measurement of hysteresis
makers have a ‘big incentive’ to reduce fuel consumption. loss in dynamic mechanical analysis. The mechanism of
This in turn puts pressure on the tyre makers to develop the improved reinforcement is discussed. 24 refs
green tyres for low rolling resistance and low fuel JAPAN
consumption. These rules are now ‘so tight that no new
Accession no.753127
car can be homologated without green tyres’. Details are
given.
PPG INDUSTRIES INC.; SMITHERS SCIENTIFIC Item 162
SERVICES; RHODIA SA Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
WORLD 38, No.4, 1999, p.659-73
Accession no.754387 INFLUENCE OF CHARGING MATERIALS ON
THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE MELTS
Item 160 Petraru F; Popa M; Tudose R
European Rubber Journal CEPROPLAST; Asachi G.,Technical University
181, No.12, Dec.1999, p.20-1
SILICA TO RISE IN US TRUCK TYRES AS The results of experimental studies on the rheological
EUROPE GETS MATURE behaviour of HDPE filled with calcium carbonate (25-
White E 125%) treated with surface activating agents (a sort of
HDPE with low molecular weight). Treating of the charge
Truck tyres in the USA are seen as the next big market surface is realised by mixing (rapid Henschel mixer, 2 h,
for silica to conquer - as long as coupling agents can be 60 deg.C); then the obtained recipes are submitted to
developed to provide interaction between silica and the granulation (KoBuss PR 40 type granulation installation).
natural rubber used in truck tyres. The main question The rheological study is performed on a laboratory single-
appears to be how much time the rest of the tyre business screw extruder especially equipped with a rheological
will take to convert to silica use in treads. Replacement nozzle having a measuring ring with four interchangeable
tyres and truck tyres are two big sectors for silica still to bypasses. Six obtained recipes are processed in 28 regimes
conquer in Europe, as are the US and Asian tyre markets. of shear rates, at a rotation speed ranging between 25 and

85 rpm and a temperature of 195 deg.C. The influence of 74, No.6, 7th Nov.1999, p.1361-5
the filler on HDPE melts is investigated; it is established MICA AS A FILLER FOR ABS/
that the filler intensifies the viscous component, and for POLYCARBONATE BLENDS
concentrations over 25%, it modifies the elastic component Pastorini M T; Nunes R C R
of the polymer substantially. The surface treating of the Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal
filler modifies the comportment of the matrix substantially:
Blends of ABS/polycarbonate:65/35 were prepared
The tension threshold is reduced to elimination and the
incorporating mica. A silane treatment of the mica surface
elastic component is strongly modified. 11 refs.
was performed to improve the polymer/filler interaction.
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
Mechanical properties, rheology and flame retardancy
Accession no.752291 were studied. The best properties and efficiency in
reducing the rate of burning was obtained for a
Item 163 composition with 30 phr of mica. 16 refs.
Chemical Engineering BRAZIL
106, No.11, Oct.1999, p.85/88 Accession no.751562
RESHAPING CLAY
Shanley A; Crabb C; Armesto C; D’Aquino R
Item 166
Niche polymer applications are reported to be driving Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings.
demand for kaolin and other clays. Demand for functional Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.72939
fillers and high performance coatings is increasing the MICA AND ITS EFFECT IN POLYOLEFIN
demand for clays at the expense of silica, talc, polymeric COMPOUNDS
fillers and cellulosic and polyurethane thickeners. The Usifer D; Fajardo W
kaolin and other clays industry has been affected by Engelhard Corp.
changes in the paper making industry, which once (SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic
accounted for over half its total consumption, and Materials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &
although kaolin still dominates the paper coatings market, Additives Div.)
tight specifications have increased production costs. Mineral-based products are used in plastic applications,
Developments in kaolin production are described. especially polyolefins, to obtain a performance property
WORLD that can usually not be obtained by the resin itself. Mica,
Accession no.751831 with its very high aspect ratio, is an excellent mineral for
improving flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature
and warpage. The key features of mica, and how they
Item 164
affect the mechanical properties of both PE and PP
composites, are reviewed. 11 refs.
52, No.10, Oct.1999, p.670-6
USA
NANO-STRUCTURE BLACKS. A NEW CARBON
BLACK FAMILY DESIGNED TO MEET TRUCK Accession no.751148
TIRE PERFORMANCE DEMANDS
Niedermeier W; Freund B Item 167
Degussa AG Patent Number: US 5936006 A 19990810
Nanostructure carbon blacks called Ecorex are characterised FILLED AND POLYMERIZABLE DENTAL
by a rough surface and enhanced filler-polymer interaction. MATERIAL
Consequently, the slippage of the polymer molecules along Rheinberger V; Moszner; Fischer U K
the rough nanostructure surface which is the major hysteresis Ivoclar AG
mechanism in rubber compounds is hindered and hysteresis A filler and polymerisable dental material is described
is significantly reduced. It was demonstrated that aggregate which contains a sol of SiO2 particles in a liquid, organic
size distribution (ASD) does not directly correlate with dispersion agent, the SiO2 particles being organically
hysteresis. Hence narrow ASD carbon blacks with strong surface modified, having an average size of 10 to 100 nm
polymer interaction have been achieved, and their value in and being non-agglomerated.
improving treadwear in truck tyre formulations is proven. LIECHTENSTEIN; WESTERN EUROPE
23 refs. Accession no.750887
WESTERN EUROPE
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999.
Conference Preprints.
Item 165 Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 73, pp.26
Journal of Applied Polymer Science ANALYTICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICA: A KEY

FOR UNDERSTANDING SILICA The use of the sol-gel process for the in-situ generation
REINFORCEMENT of silica in rubber matrices is examined, and results are
Blume A presented of research into the sol-gel reactions of
Degussa-Huels AG tetraethoxysilane as a precursor of silica particles in
(ACS,Rubber Div.) polybutadiene, SBR and epoxidised NR vulcanisates. The
dispersion and particle size distribution of the silica
A number of silicas were characterised for particle size
formed and its effects on the tensile and dynamic
distribution, specific silanol group density, surface activity
mechanical properties of vulcanisates were investigated.
and dispersion coefficient, and relationships between
Silane coupling agents improved the dispersion and
these filler properties and the performance of tyre tread
reduced the particle size of the silica. 43 refs.
compounds were investigated. Effects on rheological and
JAPAN; USA
mechanical properties and cure rate were examined, and
parameters for the improvement of dispersion, dynamic Accession no.749831
stiffness and vulcanisation behaviour were identified. 15
refs. Item 171
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Journal of Applied Polymer Science
USA; WESTERN EUROPE 73, No.13, 23rd Sep.1999, p.2657-70
Accession no.749885 PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF SOME
FILLED POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE)
Item 169 COMPOSITIONS
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999. Saad A L G; Sayed W M; Ahmed M G M; Hassan A M
Conference Preprints. Cairo,National Research Centre; Egyptian Petroleum
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 27, pp.19 Research Institute
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON DYNAMIC Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) composites were prepared,
PROPERTIES OF NBR AND XNBR consisting of: PVC; a polar plasticiser mixture of
VULCANIZATES dioctylphthalate and chlorinated paraffin; epoxidised
Stockdale M; Altman M soybean oil heat stabiliser; sandorin red pigment; and a
Goodyear Chemicals variety of white fillers including barytes, calcium
(ACS,Rubber Div.) carbonate, kaolin, quartz, and talc; a conducting filler,
The mechanical behaviour of vulcanisates based on blends carbon black; and hydrated fillers, aluminium hydroxide,
of nitrile rubber (NBR) and carboxylated NBR (XNBR) magnesium hydroxide, and calcium hydroxide. The
filled with silica or carbon black were investigated by a prepared materials were characterised using electrical and
series of transient and dynamic measurements. Stress- mechanical measurements. The white fillers gave a
strain measurements were performed to determine plasticised PVC with good electrical insulation, whilst
Young’s modulus at different strains, and the dynamic the carbon black-containing material had some electrical
mechanical response was studied by DMA over a wide conductivity. Both had good mechanical properties. Of
temperature and frequency range. A rubber process the hydrated fillers which were used, aluminium
analyser was used to study the effects of strain and hydroxide gave the best fire retardancy in combination
frequency, and DMA to evaluate the effects of with good electrical properties. 33 refs.
temperature. The samples showed greatly varying EGYPT
properties over a wide range of conditions. The data Accession no.747720
generated suggested a strong interaction between silica
and XNBR, but such interactions were not evident in
Item 172
carbon black filled compounds. 3 refs.
Polymers & Polymer Composites
USA 7, No.3, 1999, p.177-86
Accession no.749844 EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SHAPE, SIZE AND
INTERFACIAL ADHESION ON THE FRACTURE
Item 170 STRENGTH OF SILICA-FILLED EPOXY RESIN
155th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1999. Nakamura Y; Okabe S; Iida T
Conference Preprints. Osaka,Institute of Technology
Chicago, Il., 13th-16th April 1999, Paper 14, pp.34 The above effects were investigated using Epikote 828
REINFORCEMENT OF GENERAL PURPOSE bisphenol-A-type epoxy resin and four types of irregular-
GRADE RUBBERS BY SILICA GENERATED IN- shaped silica particles, untreated or surface-treated with
SITU silane coupling and decoupling agents. Surface-treated
Kohjiya S; Ikeda Y particle-filled resins were compared with untreated
Kyoto,University; Kyoto,Institute of Technology particle-filled resins. The flexural strength was found to
(ACS,Rubber Div.) increase with an decrease in particle size in both the

untreated and the well-adhered systems, whereas it was Item 175

independent of size in the poorly adhered system. SEM Patent Number: EP 936241 A1 19990818
observations of fractured surfaces indicated that the CONTROL OF RHEOLOGICAL AND
fracture strength of particle-filled brittle polymers was MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SILICONE
affected by the number, size and sharpness of the defects ELASTOMERS CONTAINING SILICA FILLER
in the material derived from particle fracture or interfacial Degroot J V
debonding. 16 refs. Dow Corning Corp.
YUKA SHELL EPOXY A sufficient volume fraction of reinforcing silica filler is
JAPAN
added to the curable silicone composition to provide the
Accession no.744917 desired property. The volume fraction is determined using
a regression analysis equation relating volume fraction,
Item 173 Carman surface area and Burnauer-Emmet-Teller surface
Polymer Degradation and Stability area of the filler to the desired property.
65, No.1, July 1999, p.47-51 USA
THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MICA- Accession no.742274
FILLED THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANE
COMPOSITES
Item 176
Baral D; De P P; Nando G B
Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Physics Edition
Indian Institute of Technology
37, No.13, 1st July 1999, p.1421-7
Thermoplastic PU(Estane 58311)-Muscovite mica DEPENDENCE OF SILICA PARTICLE SIZES ON
composites were prepared in a Brabender Plasticorder at NETWORK CHAIN LENGTHS, SILICA
180C by melt mixing and their thermal properties were CONTENTS, AND CATALYST
studied by DSC and TGA. The thermal stability of the CONCENTRATIONS IN IN-SITU REINFORCED
thermoplastic PU was shown to improve marginally on POLYSILOXANE ELASTOMERS
incorporation of mica, which shifted the decomposition Breiner J M; Mark J E; Beaucage G
temp. of the composite to a higher level, thus delaying Cincinnati,University
the degradation. 6 refs.
Molecular composites were produced by in-situ sol-gel
GOODRICH B.F. reactions on tetraethoxysilane swelled into
INDIA
polydimethylsiloxane networks. Small-angle X-ray
Accession no.744060 scattering was employed to investigate the dependence
of silica particle size on network chain length, silica
Item 174 content and catalyst concentration. It was found that silica
Tire Technology International particle sizes were smallest for the smallest values of mesh
Annual Review, 1999, p.14/9 size of the network and that structural changes occurred
EFFECTS OF REINFORCEMENT IN SBR/BR with increasing filler concentration, the continual
BLENDS formation of new particle nuclei gradually being replaced
Nakamura M by coalescence of already formed species into
Nippon Zeon Co.Ltd. considerably larger aggregates. 42 refs.
USA
Depending on the severity of the test, different
Accession no.742208
compounds perform in different ways. Blending silica
and carbon black is said to give the best overall abrasion
performance. In recent years, a considerable number of Item 177
studies has been conducted on silica compounds. A American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal
change of viscoelastic properties in SBR/NR blends has 60, No.3, 1st May 1999, p.396-402
been reported; this change is said to have been caused ISSUES AND CONTROVERSY: THE
by the microstructure of the polymers, the silane MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE SILICA;
coupling agent and the surface area of the silica. Oil- REVIEW PAPERS ON ANALYTICAL METHODS
extended SBR/BR blend systems have been adopted in Miles W J
Europe. It has been reported that green tyres are made Bentonite Performance Materials
of oil-extended SBR, BR, silica and a coupling agent.
The analytical methods for crystalline silica polymorphs are
Tyre performance, measured as abrasion, viscoelastic
reviewed and promising techniques for compliance with
and tensile properties, is studied in three reinforcing
health-related regulations are summarised. X-ray diffraction
systems: carbon black; carbon and silica; and silica, with
analysis appears to be the most promising method of
various SBRs blended with a high-cis BR. 2 refs.
determining quartz and cristobalite content at this threshold
JAPAN
in many bulk mineral and chemical systems. Other analytical
Accession no.743846 techniques can be used in some mineral and chemical

assemblages, but usually lack polymorph specificity or extended to consider the presence of the filler within the
sensitivity. All analytical methods benefit from concentration resin matrix. This model is used to predict the tensile moduli
techniques that do not alter crystalline properties of silicas. and strength as well as the overall shape of the stress-strain
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health curves. Good agreement is found between the model
(NIOSH) Analytical Method 7601, as written, suffers from predictions and the experimental results, which suggests that
destruction of the mineral residue containing crystalline silica this model could be used as a preliminary design tool to
polymorphs after dissolution of many silicate minerals in examine the effect of constituent composition on structural
phosphoric acid and may also include digestion-resistant performance. 12 refs.
minerals, but it is a promising concentration method for other USA
analytical methods such as NIOSH Analytical Method 7500 Accession no.738683
(X-ray diffraction). 48 refs.
USA
Item 180
Accession no.742010 Polymer
40, No.19, 1999, p.5345-53
Item 178 DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF
ACS Polymeric Materials Science & INJECTION-MOULDED DISCS OF
Engineering.Volume 80.Conference proceedings. POLYPROPYLENE AND UNTREATED AND
Anaheim, Ca., Spring 1999, p.378-9.012 SILANE-TREATED TALC-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Deanin R D; Paul P P Diez-Gutierrez S; Rodriguez-Perez M A; De Saja J A;
Massachusetts,University Velasco J I
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) Valladolid,Universidad; Catalunya,Universidad
Politecnica
Research work at Massachusetts University related to
polypropylene (PP) composites is summarised. The topics DMA was used to study the dynamic mechanical properties
covered include: the influence of calcium carbonate on of injection-moulded discs of PP, talc-filled PP composites
melt viscosity and vibration damping as a function of and silane-treated talc-filled PP composites. Silane addition
temperature; the melt viscosity of silicon carbide-filled at a very low level improved the adhesion between the filler
foams; the influence of mica additions on the mechanical and the polymer and enabled composites to be used where
and thermal properties; melt viscosity, mechanical otherwise they could not. Thus, on the one hand, the
properties, vibration damping, and fibre degradation composites had different properties due to the filler and
during processing of glass fibre-reinforced PP. 7 refs. the coupling agent and on the other hand the injection
USA processing induced a structure, resulting in inhomogeneity
Accession no.738946 and anisotropy for the moulded discs. SEM, DSC and wide-
angle X-ray diffraction techniques were used to help
examine the microscopic structure and verify the
Item 179 macroscopic properties measured with DMA. 28 refs.
Polymer Composites EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
20, No.3, June 1999, p.392-405 WESTERN EUROPE
PERFORMANCE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE Accession no.738417
FILLED, RANDOM FIBRE COMPOSITES
Steenkamer D A; Sullivan J L
Ford Motor Co. Item 181
An investigation into the performance of calcium carbonate- 72, No.8, 23rd May 1999, p.1031-8
filled random fibre reinforced composites is described. A STUDIES ON SAND/CLAY UNSATURATED
series of composite plaques is fabricated by resin transfer POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIALS
moulding (RTM) a calcium carbonate filled, unsaturated Ismail M R; Ali M A M; El-Milligy A A; Afifi M S
polyester resin with either an A-glass continuous strand mat Egypt,National Centre for Radiation Res.& Technol.;
(CSM) or an E-glass CSM preform. The influence of fibre Al-Azhar University
type and calcium carbonate filler loading level are evaluated
through a combination of experiments and micromechanics The effect of a radiation-initiated unsaturated polyester
based modelling. The results of these studies indicate that (with varying styrene content) on the physicomechanical
the use of the E-glass reinforcement leads to better properties of a sand/clay-polyester composite was
mechanical properties relative to their A-glass counterpart. investigated. The composite contained from 10 to 70 wt
In addition, the composite moduli increase as the calcium % sand/clay and polymerisation was conducted using
carbonate filler level increases; however, the composite gamma-irradiation at 50 kGy. Different particle sizes of
strengths are insensitive to filler loading level. Finally, a clay were used. The compressive strength, apparent
previously developed micromechanics based model is porosity and water absorption were studied, together with

the IR spectra. Results obtained indicated that the South China,Tropical Agricultural Product Processing
compressive strength decreased with an increase in sand/ Research Institute
clay content, as well as in the styrene content in the
The thermooxidative ageing properties were determined
unsaturated polyester, whereas the apparent porosity and
on the NR vulcanisates filled with three types of clay
water absorption of the composite samples increased. IR
which were treated by reductant and strong acid and
spectra showed the appearance of new bands, which
different metal compounds were added in. The results
indicated a chemical reaction between polyester and clay
showed that the ageing properties of clay-filled
constituents. 21 refs.
vulcanisates were influenced by the metal components
EGYPT
in clay in order of Co greater than Cu greater than Fe
Accession no.736585 greater than Mn; the change of iron content in a certain
range did not have significant effect on the ageing
Item 182 properties of clay-filled vulcanisates; and the ageing
Plast’ 21 properties of clay-filled vulcanisates were not in
Nos.77/8, Jan./Feb.1998, p.64-5 correspondence with the content of harmful metals in clay
Spanish because the metal components in clay existed in different
DISPERSING AGENTS FOR FILLERS IN forms. 9 refs.
POLYOLEFINS CHINA
John V; Puckett D Accession no.735592
Dow Corning Corp.
Results are presented of a study of the effectiveness of Item 185
two lubricants in the dispersion of additives in LDPE. Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
The lubricants examined and compared were calcium New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.1478-81.012
stearate and Dow Corning’s MB50-002 high molecular EFFECT OF FILLERS ON THE PROPERTIES OF
weight siloxane masterbatch, and the additives were a ROTATIONALLY MOULDED POLYETHYLENE
calcium carbonate filler and an aluminium trihydroxide Robert A; Crawford R J
flame retardant. Belfast,Queen’s University
MANCHESTER,METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY (SPE)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; The influence of talc and mica fillers on the properties of
WESTERN EUROPE
rotationally moulded medium density polyethylene was
Accession no.736316 investigated. Adhesion between the filler and the matrix
was enhanced by using maleic anhydride modified
Item 183 polyethylene. An increase in the modulus, and with some
Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres compositions an improvement in the tensile strength, was
50, No.8, Nov.1998, p.40-5 observed. However, there was a decrease in the elongation
French and impact properties. Shrinkage was reduced, and a
INFLUENCE OF FORMULATION ON DYNAMIC reduction in cycle time was observed.
PROPERTIES EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Bouchereau M N WESTERN EUROPE
IFOCA Accession no.735499
The dynamic mechanical properties of a number of
rubbers are examined, and the influence of carbon black Item 186
and silica fillers, extender oils and vulcanisation Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
parameters on these properties is discussed. 72, No.1, 1999, p.37-42
Japanese
WESTERN EUROPE OBSERVATION OF THE DISPERSION OF
Accession no.736246 SILICA IN SILICONE RUBBER
Kobayashi Y; Hori Y; Aoki T
Tokuyama Corp.
Item 184
China Rubber Industry Specimens of silica-dispersed silicone rubber were
46, No.5, 1999, p.273-6 prepared by modified freeze fracture, and scanning
Chinese electron microscopy was applied for observation of the
EFFECT OF METAL COMPONENT IN CLAY ON dispersion of the silica. 7 refs. Articles from this journal
AGEING PROPERTIES OF CLAY-FILLED NR can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
COMPOUND produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Ningjian A; Ying C; Mei C; Shaoxiong W; Huiling Z; JAPAN
Chen W; Honglian Q Accession no.735066

Item 187 New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.892-6.012

Progress in Rubber and Plastics Technology INFLUENCE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE
15, No.1, 1999, p.1-27 CONTENT ON THE STRESS-STRAIN AND
ADVANCES IN PRECIPITATED SILICAS FOR CREEP RESPONSE OF UNSATURATED
PASSENGER AND TRUCK TYRE TREADS POLYESTER
Okel T A; Patkar S D; Bice J-A E Theriault R P; Kabelka J; Ehrenstein G W
PPG Industries Inc. Erlangen-Nurnberg,University
(SPE)
Amorphous precipitated silica has emerged as a major
contributor to the reduction of tyre tread rolling resistance. A model was developed to relate the stress-strain and creep
The challenge of obtaining a low rolling resistance, energy properties of unsaturated polyester composite resins to
efficient compound with minimal compromise in traction the concentration of calcium carbonate filler. The
and tread wear has been addressed by emerging silica/ procedure required the experimental determination of the
coupling agent technology. Because of the increasing use tensile modulus and creep of the resin without filler. The
of silica in tread applications, there has been greater model predictions were confirmed experimentally. 13 refs.
emphasis on the mechanistic understanding of silica- EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
elastomer viscoelastic properties in addition to compound WESTERN EUROPE
optimisation. Composite model formulations are Accession no.734063
developed from a review of the recent patent literature
pertaining to NR truck tread and SBR/BR passenger tread
Item 190
formulations. An attempt is made to: quantify the effects
Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
of silica area and silica loading in perturbing the cure
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3966-8. 012
system of the truck tread of formulation; determine the
POLYMER-LAYERED SILICATE
effect of silane coupling agent on compound cure, physical
NANOCOMPOSITES: EMERGING SCIENTIFIC
and dynamic properties both in the absence and presence
AND COMMERCIAL OPPORTUNITIES
of compensation for this cure perturbation with additional
Giannelis E P
accelerator; and evaluate the effects of coupling agent,
Cornell University
silica loading and silica surface area on the dynamic
(SPE)
properties of a model SBR/BR tread under varying strain
and temperature conditions. 20 refs. Polymer nanocomposites represent a radical alternative
USA to conventionally (macroscopically) filled polymers.
Accession no.734807 Because of their nanometer-size dispersion, the
nanocomposites exhibit markedly improved properties
when compared to the pure polymers or conventional
Item 188 composites. These include increased modulus and
Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings. strength, outstanding barrier properties, increased solvent
New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3147-51. 012 and heat resistance and decreased flammability. The
EFFECT OF PP-GMA ON PROPERTIES OF physical and mechanical properties of nanocomposites
TALC FILLED POLYPROPYLENE are reviewed, and discussed in terms of their static
Godfroy P G; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G (neutron scattering and computer simulations) and
Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Canada,Industrial dynamic (including NMR and dielectric relaxation)
Materials Institute properties.
(SPE) USA
Glycidyl methacrylate grafted PP (PP-GMA) is used as a Accession no.734044
coupling agent in a PP/talc blend. Two coupling agents
with GMA grafting levels of around 0.34 %wt. and
Item 191
different molecular weights are used. It is found that the
European Rubber Journal
use of PP-GMA at concentrations between 1 and 10 %wt.
181, No.6, June 1999, p.28-33
increases the tensile strength and impact resistance of PP/
CARBON BLACK MEETING FOCUSES ON
talc composites. The performance of the PP-GMA is
SILICA IN TYRES
comparable to commercial PP-MAH modifiers. The
White L
chemical or physical effect of the coupling agent are
discussed. 13 refs. Better consultation between the tyre makers and the filler
CANADA suppliers would allow better planning of silica capacity
Accession no.734317 expansions, it is claimed. Predictions for silica use in tyres
range from 120 to 800 ktpa by 2005. The silica suppliers’
achievements in developing silane-coupled, highly
Item 189 dispersible materials for the green tyre means that silica
Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings. is now displacing more and more carbon black in car tyre

treads. ASTM type carbon blacks still dominate in tyre Item 194
bodies and in truck tyres. Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.
WORLD New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.350-4 .012
Accession no.732542 EFFECT OF COMPOUNDING CONDITIONS ON
THE DISPERSION OF HIGHLY FILLED
CALCIUM CARBONATE/PP COMPOUNDS IN
Item 192 TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDERS
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering Bories M; Huneault M A; Lafleur P G
38, No.2, 1999, p.351-69 Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique; Industrial Materials Institute
STUDIES ON SAND-UNSATURATED (SPE)
POLYESTER COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Ismail M R; Ali M A M; Afifi M S; El-Miligy A A Highly filled polypropylene, containing up to 60wt%
Al-Azhar University calcium carbonate, was compounded using an intermeshing
co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The effects of screw
The influence of unsaturated polyester resin to sand ratios configuration and operating conditions, including screw
as well as gamma-irradiation on the physicomechanical speed, flow rate, filler feed position, and temperature were
properties of the sand-polyester composite is investigated. investigated. The prepared polymer was characterised using
The samples are prepared at different ratios ranging from impact and tensile tests. It was established that the modulus,
5% to 30% of unsaturated polyester to sand, then subjected yield stress, yield strain, and toughness were very sensitive
to gamma-irradiation between 10 and 100 kGy. The effect to the filler dispersion, correlating to the compounding
on the compressive strength, total porosity and water conditions and to a dispersion index determined by image
absorption, in addition to IR spectroscopy and analysis obtained using optical microscopy. 14 refs.
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are studied. The results
CANADA
indicate that the compressive strength increases with the
increase of unsaturated polyester resin and the gamma- Accession no.731018
irradiated dose, whereas the total porosity and water
absorption values are decreased. These are attributed to Item 195
adhesion between the sand and unsaturated polyester under Polymer Science Series A
the effect of gamma-irradiation. IR spectra show the 41, No.2, Feb.1999, p.218-24
appearance of new bands as a result of the formation of the MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL
Si-C bond. TGA shows that thermal stability of the composite PROPERTIES OF PP FILLED WITH SHUNGITE
increases with the increase of exposure dose. 20 refs. Dubnikova I L; Kedrina N F; Soloveva A B; Rozhkova
N N; Chmutin I A; Ponomarenko A T; Baranov A O;
EGYPT
Lyapunova M A
Accession no.732335 Russian Academy of Sciences
The influence of the content and type of shungite filler
Item 193
on the mechanical and electrical properties of PP-based
China Rubber Industry
compositions was investigated. The existence of adhesive
46, No.4, 1999, p.195-200
interaction between shungite and PP was confirmed by
Chinese
electron microscopy. 28 refs.
STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF EPDM
RUSSIA
COMPOUND. II. SILICA-REINFORCED EPDM
COMPOUND Accession no.729152
Lu Yonglai; Zhang Liqun; Liu Li; Feng Yuxing; Tian
Ming; Wu Youping; Wu Shemao Item 196
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology Polymer Engineering and Science
39, No.3, March 1999, p.500-7
The influence of the silica kind, level and surface EFFECTS OF DISPERSING AGENTS ON
treatment as well as the level of silane coupling agent DISPERSITY AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
Si69 on the static and dynamic properties of silica- OF CARBON BLACK/PETP
reinforced EPDM was studied; the abrasion surface from Kim D-J; Seo K-H; Hong K-H; Kim S-Y
Akron test was analysed by SEM and the relationship Korea,Kyungpook National University; Kolon
between the abrasion surface morphology and the tensile Industries Inc.
properties was described; the mechanism and the process
of the silica modification with silane coupling agent were Details are given of the effect of polymeric dispersing
discussed; and the temperature in the core of the rubber agents on the mechanical properties of carbon black filled
test piece under dynamic conditions was measured by PETP. The effect of mixing time, shearing speed, and
improved Goodrich compression fatigue tester. 2 refs. concentration of dispersing agent are discussed. 20 refs.
CHINA KOREA

Item 197 Privalko V P; Balta Calleja F J; Sukhorukov D I;

Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition Privalko E G; Walter R; Friedrich K
37, No.8, 15th April 1999, p.847-57 CSIC; Ukraine,National Academy of Sciences;
OXYGEN BARRIER PROPERTIES OF Kaiserslautern,University
CRYSTALLIZED AND TALC-FILLED
Blow moulded HDPE filled with kaolin were
POLY(ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE)
characterised by wide-angle X-ray scattering,
Sekelik D J; Stepanov E V; Nazarenko S; Schiraldi D;
microhardness and stretching calorimetry. The
Hiltner A; Baer E
thermoelastic behaviour of all samples below the apparent
Case Western Reserve University; Hoechst Corp.
yield point was quantitatively described by classic
The improvement of the oxygen barrier properties of equations for elastic solids. Thermoelastic parameters of
PETP on incorporation of an impermeable phase such as the boundary interphase are discussed interms of
a crystalline phase or talc platelets was examined. predictions of the step-by-step averaging approach. 21
Crystallinity was induced by crystallisation from the refs.
glassy state (cold crystallisation). Microlayering was used EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
to create talc-filled structures with controlled layer SPAIN; UKRAINE; WESTERN EUROPE
structure. The reduction of permeability in crystallised Accession no.726772
and talc-filled PETP was well described by Nielsen’s
model. Changes in permeability of crystalline PETP could
Item 200
not be ascribed to the filler effect of crystallites alone.
Iranian Polymer Journal
Data on solubility, obtained from measurements of oxygen
7, No.4, Oct.1998, p.255-61
transport coefficients, confirmed a previous finding that
PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SILICA BY
the amorphous phase density of PETP decreased upon
WHITE RICE HUSK ASH IN NR COMPOUNDS:
crystallisation. The data were amenable to interpretation
EFFECTS OF BONDING AGENTS
by free volume theory. Talc-filled materials processed by
Ismael H; Chung F L
different methods showed the same permeability. Much
Penang,Universiti Sains Malaysia
better mechanical properties were, however, achieved by
microlayering. 34 refs. The effects of bonding agents on the partial replacement
USA of silica by white rice husk ash in NR compounds were
Accession no.727122 studied. Data are given for curing, hardness, elongation
at break, tensile properties, and tear strength. 22 refs.
MALAYSIA
Item 198
Accession no.726695
Journal of Materials Science
34, No.3, 1st Feb.1999, p.535-44
EFFECT OF ELASTOMER INTERFACIAL Item 201
AGENTS ON TENSILE AND IMPACT Polymers & Polymer Composites
PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM CARBONATE 7, No.1, 1999, p.33-40
FILLED HDPE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL
Sahnoune F; Lopez-Cuesta J M; Crespy A CHLORIDE) FILLED WITH SILICA PARTICLES
Ales,Ecole des Mines Nakamura Y; Okabe S; Iida T; Nagata K; Nigo H
Osaka,Institute of Technology; Okayama Prefecture
Details are given of the modification of the tensile yield
Industrial Technology Centre
strength of calcium carbonate filled HDPE by the
incorporation of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene The effects of particle shape, size and content and changes
triblock copolymer elastomers. The influence of the in the adhesion of particle/matrix interfaces on the yield
interfacial area and the volume fraction of filler were stress were investigated qualitatively in silica particle-
studied. 30 refs. filled PVC. Spherical and irregular-shaped silica particles
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; having different mean sizes were incorporated. 27 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE JAPAN
Item 199 Item 202

Journal of Materials Science Chimica e l’industria
34, No.3, 1st Feb.1999, p.497-508 80, No.5, June 1998, p.623-8
COMPOSITION-DEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF Italian
PE/KAOLIN COMPOSITES. II. HYBRID ORGANIC-INORGANIC MATERIALS:
THERMOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR OF BLOW- STRUCTURAL ASPECTS AND PROPERTIES
MOULDED SAMPLES Mascia L

Loughborough,University phr. The tear strength of NR compound improved more

significantly that that of SBR or BR compounds. The cure
Processes for the preparation of organic-inorganic
cycle shortened significantly as the level of Calcene C in
composites (ceramers or nanocomposites) combining
SBR or BR compounds increased. Nano-calcium
polymeric and silica phases are described, with particular
carbonate could be used as reinforcing filler as a partial
reference to studies carried out by Loughborough
replacement for carbon black or silica. It exhibited higher
University. An examination is also made of significant
loading levels, better reinforcing and whitening effects
properties of these materials, including thermal expansion,
and was suitable for use in light-coloured rubber products.
elastic modulus, thermooxidative stability, porosity and
3 refs.
water vapour permeability. 24 refs.
CHINA
Accession no.726252
Item 205
Item 203 Modern Plastics International
ACS Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering. 29, No.4, April 1999, p.50-5
Fall Meeting 1997. Volume 77. Conference FILLERS, FIBRES AND BLENDS REMAKE PP
proceedings. Leaversuch R D
Washington, D.C., 1997, p.491-2 .012 PP’s versatility is vastly extended by today’s diverse
TEAR STRENGTHS OF extender-reinforcers, such as glass, minerals and natural
POLY(DIMETHYLSILOXANE) NETWORKS fibres. However, the most momentous development in
REINFORCED WITH SILICA PP compounds is a novel group of base resins. These are
Kumudinie C; Mark J E high-crystallinity PP, nucleated PP and metallocene PP,
Cincinnati,University all with enhanced properties that allow typical filler levels
(ACS,Div.of Polymeric Materials Science & Engng.) to be cut by as much as 50%. The trend to these grades is
Polydimethylsiloxane networks, in-situ filled with silica, strongest in Europe and most visible in appliances and
were characterised using transmission electron bumper fascia.
microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and tearing WORLD
measurements. The filled materials exhibited some Accession no.724570
instability at higher tearing rates, but the minimum
observed values were significantly higher than those of
the unfilled material. Tear strength increased with Item 206
increasing silica content, with only slight increases being Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres
observed above 10 wt% silica. The silica particles were 50, No.5, June/July 1998, p.18-9
observed to be well dispersed, unagglomerated, and to French
be of sizes typical of those of the in-situ process. The TALCS FOR IMPROVING THE FIRE
onset of degradation, in a nitrogen atmosphere, increased RESISTANCE OF PP
with increasing silica content. 15 refs. Lopez-Cuesta J M; Jouffret F
Ales,Ecole des Mines; Talc de Luzenac
USA
Accession no.726137 Four different grades of talc were used in combination
with brominated trimethylphenylindane and antimony
trioxide flame retardants in a propylene-ethylene
Item 204
copolymer. Studies of flammability and mechanical
properties showed that combinations of these flame
46, No.3, 1999, p.146-51
retardants with pure, fine particle size, highly lamellar
Chinese
CHARACTERISTICS OF NANO-CALCIUM talcs optimised these properties and limited the emission
CARBONATE AND ITS APPLICATION of corrosive combustion products.
Wu Shaoyin; Lian Ensheng DEAD SEA BROMINE CO.LTD.
South China,University of Technology; Guangping EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
ISRAEL; WESTERN EUROPE
Chemical Industry Co.Ltd.
Accession no.721716
The reinforcing effect of Calcene CC in NR, SBR or
polybutadiene(BR) was studied. The results obtained
showed that the TS of BR or SBR compounds increased Item 207
significantly as the level of Calcene CC increased. The Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
TS of NR compound increased slowly at first as the level 13, No.3, 1999, p.393-415
of Calcene C increased, but started to decrease HYDRATED SILICAS MODIFIED BY
significantly as the level of Calcene C increased to 60 NONSILANE PRO-ADHESION COMPOUNDS

Krysztafkiewicz A; Rager B Centro de Investigacion Cientifica de Yucatan;

Poznan,Technical University Yucatan,Centro de Investigacion y Estudios Avanzados
del IPN
The surface modification of hydrated silicas, precipitated
from a solution of sodium metasilicate and gaseous carbon The photo-oxidation of HDPE (unfilled and calcium
dioxide, was carried out in three ways (modification with carbonate filled), after accelerated irradiation in a UV
evaporation of the solvent, heating of the silica-modifying weathering chamber, was studied using FTIR, DSC and
compound solution system in a reflux condenser, and viscometry. It was found that unfilled HDPE degrades in
surface modification in a vacuum evaporator), using three stages following a free-radical chain mechanism.
various amounts of pro-adhesion compounds, dissolved The addition of calcium carbonate serves as a protective
in organic solvents or in water. The extent of modification barrier to the penetration of UV light, and acts by
was established on the basis of heats of immersion of inhibiting the formation of the gamma-lactone group and
silica in water and benzene, by estimating a loss of silica slowing carbonyl and hydroperoxide functional group
surface silanol groups in reaction with functional groups formation. Scanning electron microscopy of degraded
of pro-adhesion compounds, and by testing the specimens show a significant difference in surface
agglomerability of primary silica particles by electron topography between unfilled and mineral filled HDPE.
microscopy. The modified silicas were used as fillers in 22 refs.
rubber mixtures based on SBR rubber. The effects of MEXICO
modifying agents were studied by measuring the Accession no.718255
physicomechanical properties of vulcanisates filled with
the modified silicas. 20 refs.
Item 210
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Plastverarbeiter
Accession no.721336 46, No.4, April 1995, p.18-24
German
Item 208 DIRECT EXTRUSION: COMPOUNDING AND
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe PROCESSING IN ONE STEP, PART II
52, No.1, Jan.1999, p.21-5 Berghaus U
REINFORCEMENT OF SBS BY
Examples of the use of direct extrusion in a wide range
ORGANOPHILIC CLAY FILLERS
of applications for e.g. dispersion of additives and filling
Galanti A; Laus M; Fiorini M
and reinforcement of polyolefins are given. Information
A series of composites based on a commercial PS-block- is tabulated on the change in thermal, mechanical and
polybutadiene-block-PS (SBS) copolymer sample and acoustic properties of polyolefins with the use of fillers
clays is prepared using isopropyl tristearoyl titanate (whiting, talc, barium sulphate and wood flour) and
(TTS), a coupling agent. The composites with the surface reinforcing agent (glass fibre), and the economics of
modified clays present lower temperature of mixing and production of pipes from different materials (HDPE, PVC,
torque than the analogous composites prepared without filled and unfilled PP) are considered. Articles from this
coupling agent. No side reactions are observed after journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to
processing and the thermoplastic and mechanical the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and
properties of the unmodified SIBS are retained after Technology.
compounding with the surface modified inorganic fillers. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
In addition, elongation at break and heat deflection WESTERN EUROPE
temperature increase with respect to the starting SBS. Accession no.716840
Flexible and efficient modelling of the material properties
for on-demand technical requirements is suggested. 20
Item 211
refs.
Polimery Tworzywa Wielkoczasteczkowe
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
WESTERN EUROPE
43, Nos. 7-8, 1998, p.465-70
Polish
Accession no.719215
INTERFACE INTERACTIONS IN
ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES
Item 209 Zaborski M; Slusarski L
Polymer Degradation and Stability Lodz,Polytechnic
63, No.2, Feb.1999, p.253-60
Elastomers in most cases are used in the form of
MINERAL FILLER INFLUENCE ON THE
composites with isotropic fillers having a high degree of
PHOTO-OXIDATION OF HIGH DENSITY
dispersion or with fibrous fillers, which have a reinforcing
POLYETHYLENE: I. ACCELERATED UV
effect. Using an example of a system consisting of a silica
CHAMBER EXPOSURE TEST
plus ethylene-propylene copolymer, results are presented
Valadez-Gonzalez A; Cervantes-Uc J M; Veleva L
of studies into the interactions between fillers and

elastomer medium at the interface. It is found that fillers The reinforcing effect of talc particles on PP was analysed
generally have a greater dispersion component of the by studying tensile properties as a function of filler content
surface energy than the elastomers. Increase in this (0-40% by wt.), strain rate and the presence or absence
component causes a stronger reinforcing action by the of silane treatment of the filler particles. Experimental
filler. 24 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested values of Young’s modulus and tensile strength were
for translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced obtained by tensile tests on injection moulded specimens,
International Polymer Science and Technology. and these were compared with the predictions of
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND theoretical and semi-empirical models derived for
Accession no.716766 composites. 28 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
71, No.9, 1998, p.541-8
Japanese Item 215
ANALYSIS OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN Macromolecular Chemistry & Physics
POLYMER AND FILLER - CARBON BLACK 200, No.1, Jan.1999, p.206-20
Nishi T REINFORCEMENT OF PDMS NETWORKS BY
Tokyo,University BLENDED AND IN SITU GENERATED SILICA
FILLERS HAVING VARIOUS SIZES, SIZE
The author discusses the interface between polymers and DISTRIBUTIONS, AND MODIFIED SURFACES
other materials, and reviews the analysis of interaction Yuan Q W; Mark J E
between polymers (using natural rubber) and carbon black Cincinnati,University
using pulse nuclear magnetic resonance and other
methods. 30 refs. Articles from this journal can be Details are given of the reinforcement of elastomeric
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra networks of PDMS with silica particles. X-ray scattering
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. and electron microscopy were used to characterise the
JAPAN particles and their dispersion within the PDMS matrix.
The composites were also characterised with regard to
Accession no.716741
their mechanical properties in elongation. 62 refs.
USA
39, No.1, Jan.1999, p.190-8
SHEAR YIELD BEHAVIOUR OF CALCIUM Item 216
CARBONATE-FILLED PP Polymer
Wang Y; Wang J-J 40, No.9, April 1999, p.2347-65
Tunghai,University TOUGHNESS MECHANISM IN SEMI-
CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLENDS. I. HDPE
Details are given of the rheological properties of calcium TOUGHENED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
carbonate filled PP. The study included a steady shear FILLER PARTICLES
test, a transient stress growth test, and a dynamic Bartczak Z; Argon A S; Cohen R E; Weinberg M
oscillatory shear flow. Results are interpreted in terms of Massachusetts,Institute of Technology; DuPont de
a system forming a filler network due to weak interparticle Nemours E.I.,& Co.Inc.
forces. 37 refs.
CHINA HDPE was modified by rigid particulate fillers consisting
of three different sizes of calcium carbonate. Mechanical
Accession no.716321
properties including notched impact energy of the
extrusion blended, injection moulded samples were
Item 214 examined as a function of filler particle size and filler
Revista de Plasticos Modernos volume fraction. 36 refs.
75, No.501, March 1998, p.265-70 USA
Spanish Accession no.714318
EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL
REINFORCING EFFECT OF TALC IN
INJECTION MOULDED POLYPROPYLENE Item 217
COMPOSITES Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
Velasco J I; Morhain C; Arencon D; Sanchez M; 70, No.7, 1997, p.378-85
Martinez A B Japanese
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica; Centre Catala del Plastic NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN THE GRAFTING OF

POLYMERS ON TO CARBON BLACK however, modulated the overall pathogenicity by

SURFACES regulating transport and clearance. The chemical features
Tsubokawa N resulting from the intrinsic characteristics of a silica dust
Niigata,University as well as those generated by external factors are
discussed in relation to their possible role in the
The functionalisation of the surface of carbon black,
pathogenic mechanism. 65 refs.
initiation of cationic polymerisation by carboxyl groups,
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;
the reactivity of condensed aromatic rings, control of the
WESTERN EUROPE
molecular weight of grafted chains, grafting of branched
chains onto particle surfaces, and the control of the Accession no.713719
function of carbon black by grafted chains are discussed.
40 refs. Articles from this journal can be requested for Item 220
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
International Polymer Science and Technology. 70, No.10, 1997, p.564-73
JAPAN Japanese
Accession no.714235 INTRODUCTION TO CARBON BLACK
Misono S
Tokai Carbon Co.
Item 218
Annals of Occupational Hygiene The different types of carbon black, their structural
42, No.5, July 1998, p.287-94 properties and methods of manufacture are described, and
QUARTZ HAZARD: A VARIABLE ENTITY information is given on the effect of carbon black on the
Donaldson K; Borm P J A physical and mechanical properties of natural rubber and
Napier,University; Maastricht,University butyl rubber. 19 refs. Articles from this journal can be
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
An attempt is made to place the apparently conflicting produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
findings of cancer incidence in quartz-exposed industries
JAPAN
into a unifying thesis, based on mechanistic studies. These
mechanistic studies have enabled the events leading from Accession no.713639
deposition of quartz to silicosis and cancer to be partially
elucidated and have shown that the biological effects of Item 221
quartz can be understood in terms of surface reactivity. Kobunshi Ronbunshu
Particular attention is paid to the ability of quartz to 55, No.11, 1998, p.715-22
generate free radicals and cause oxidative stress and the Japanese
fact that this can be modified by a range of substances FRICTION AND WEAR CHARACTERISTICS OF
that affect the quartz surface. It is, therefore, proposed PHENOLIC RESIN/SILICA HYBRID
that the hazard posed by quartz is not a constant entity, MATERIALS
but one that may vary dramatically depending on the Haraguchi K; Usami Y
origin of the silica sample or its contact with other Dainippon Ink & Chemicals Inc.
chemicals/minerals within its complex constitution. 57
Uniform samples of the above hybrid materials were
refs.
prepared by in-situ polymerisation of silicon alkoxide in
NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
phenolic resin. The materials exhibited low friction and
low wear characteristics over a wide range of high PV
Accession no.713785
conditions (about 100 to 6000 kg/sq cm.m/min) compared
with those of phenolic resin. At lower PV values (PV less
Item 219 than 100), however, the hybrids and phenolic resin
Annals of Occupational Hygiene exhibited quite similar frictional behaviours in both wet
42, No.8, Nov.1998, p.521-30 and dry conditions. When PV was greater than 1000, the
SURFACE CHEMISTRY AND QUARTZ HAZARD friction coefficient of the hybrid fell below 0.1. In
Fubini B addition, an almost 2.5-fold increase in the limiting PV
Torino,Universita value, coupled with a significant decrease in the wear
rate, was observed for the hybrid. Furthermore, the hybrid
Based on data in the literature, surface chemical
exhibited good thermal stability during the friction
properties were associated with the subsequent stages
measurements. These significant improvements in the
reported by Donaldson and Borm in the mechanistic
tribological properties were attributed to the effect of the
model proposed for quartz carcinogenicity. Surface
incorporated silica homogeneously dispersed in the
radicals and iron-derived reactive oxygen species were
hybrid. 12 refs.
implicated in oxidative stress, considered to be the key
JAPAN
event in the development of fibrosis and lung cancer.
Other chemical functionalities related to cytotoxicity, Accession no.713481

Item 222 temperature and filler dispersion were investigated. The

Advances in Polymer Science experimental results were compared with two theoretical
No.139, 1999, p.67-107 models developed to explain the Payne effect, one
MINERAL FILLERS IN THERMOPLASTICS: interpreting the phenomenon on the basis of
FILLER MANUFACTURE AND agglomeration and deagglomeration of aggregates and the
CHARACTERISATION other in terms of adsorption and desorption of polymer
Rothon R N chains on particle surfaces.
Manchester,Metropolitan University EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
WESTERN EUROPE
The principle mineral fillers used in thermoplastics and
the reasons for using them are identified, together with Accession no.710630
those features that have to be controlled in order to achieve
the optimum results and to avoid associated deleterious Item 225
effects. General methods of filler production are outlined. IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings.
Emphasis is given to the methods that need to be used to Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.357-8. 012
adequately characterise a filler for use in thermoplastic French
applications. 109 refs. AFM STUDY OF SILICA DISPERSION IN
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; FILLED ELASTOMERS UNDER
WESTERN EUROPE DEFORMATION
Accession no.710862 Lapra A; Bokobza L; Monnerie L; Silberzan P
ESPCI
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
Item 223
Muanyag es Gumi Results are presented of tapping mode atomic force
34, No.2, Feb.1997, p.41-5 microscopy studies of filler dispersion in stretched and
Hungarian unstretched samples of silica filled SBR.
MODIFICATION OF THE OIL ADSORPTION EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
CAPACITY OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES WESTERN EUROPE
USING ZEOLITE AND CLAY MINERAL Accession no.710629
FILLERS
Tohl A; Marosi Gy; Anna P; Bertalan Gy; Jancso E
Item 226
Budapest,Technical University
Plasticheskie Massy (USSR)
The application of polypropylene split film fibres filled No.3, 1997, p.36-8
with zeolite and clay mineral for removing oil from oil Russian
spills on water is described. The inorganic fibres modify EFFECT OF FILLERS ON CROSSLINKING
the adsorption properties of the fibres in two different PROCESSES AND ON THE PROPERTIES OF
ways. The adsorption capacity is determined by the EPOXYAMINE COMPOSITIONS
specific surface area of the fibres, which is controlled by Yakovleva R A; Podgornaya L F; Obizhenko T N
the degree of splitting. The inorganic fillers help the
A study is described of the effect of fine-particle fillers
splitting not only mechanically but through the increased
on the curing of epoxy-bisphenol-A oligomer ED-20
degree of crystallinity. 15 refs. Articles from this journal
modified with glycidyl ether of polyoxypropylene triol
can be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
cured with monocyanoethyldiethylenetriamine. The fillers
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
employed were marshallite, electrostatically precipitated
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
chamotte and titanium dioxide. Results are given of tests
Accession no.710779 of the mechanical properties and chemical resistance of
the materials. 7 refs. Articles from this journal can be
Item 224 requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
IRC ’98. Conference Proceedings. produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.359-60. 012 RUSSIA
French Accession no.710459
STUDY OF NON-LINEAR BEHAVIOUR (PAYNE
EFFECT) IN SILICA FILLED SILICONE
Item 227
ELASTOMERS
Plasticheskie Massy (USSR)
Clement F; Bokobza L; Monnerie L; Varlet J
No.2, 1997, p.27-31
ESPCI; Rhone-Poulenc Industrialisation
Russian
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle)
POLYPROPYLENE AND TALC-FILLED
A study was made of the non-linear viscoelastic behaviour COMPOSITIONS BASED ON IT
of silica filled polydimethylsiloxanes, and effects of Sirotkina E E; Mityshkina S Yu; Borilo A V

The theory of polymer reinforcement and the interaction EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
between polymers and fillers are discussed, and the WESTERN EUROPE
advantages of talc as a filler for polypropylene in various Accession no.709091
applications are described. 106 refs. Articles from this
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to Item 230
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and Composite Interfaces
Technology. 5, No.6, 1998, p.529-42
RUSSIA EPOXY RESIN AS SURFACE TREATMENTS
Accession no.710442 FOR MICA FLAKES IN PROPYLENE-
ETHYLENE COPOLYMER COMPOSITES
Bergeret A; Binda N; Crespy A
Item 228
Ales,Ecole des Mines
Iranian Journal of Polymer Science & Technology
11, No.2, 1998, p.11-20 The use of epoxy resins as surface treatments for mica
Persian flakes in polyolefin composites was studied in comparison
STUDY ON CALCIUM CARBONATE-FILLED with silane coupling agents. The nature of the curing agent
PP: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND SURFACE used to harden the epoxy prepolymer, the deposition
MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM CARBONATE process, the amount of coating, the ratio between the
ON IMPACT STRENGTH OF THE PP/CALCIUM epoxy prepolymer and the curing agent and the curing
CARBONATE COMPOSITE temperature were investigated. 17 refs.
Mehrabzadeh M; Morshedian J; Naderpoor N EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
Iran Polymer Institute WESTERN EUROPE
The effect of amount, particle size and particle size Accession no.709054
distribution of calcium carbonate particles and of surface
modification of the filler on the impact strength of PP Item 231
was studied. The best samples obtained contained calcium Composite Interfaces
carbonate with small mean diameter which was surface- 5, No.6, 1998, p.515-28
modified with stearic acid. 16 refs. INFLUENCE OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
IRAN MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE ON THE
Accession no.709667 PROCESSING AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES OF
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AND AN EVAC
Item 229 COPOLYMER
Second International Conference on Carbon Black. Schofield W C E; Hurst S J; Lees G C; Liauw C M;
Conference proceedings. Rothon R N
Mulhouse, 27th-30th Sept.1993, p.101-14. 51B Manchester,Metropolitan University
SOME ASPECTS OF THE SURFACE
CHEMISTRY OF CARBON BLACKS Details are given of the use of magnesium hydroxide as a
Boehm H P flame retardant in an EVAC copolymer. The effect of
Munich,University surface treated magnesium hydroxide on the processing,
(Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute- mechanical properties and flame retardant properties were
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse; determined together with characterisation of the
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse) interaction between filler and polymer. 29 refs.
Carbon blacks consist of spheroidal particles with a WESTERN EUROPE
pronounced ordering of the carbon layers (graphene
Accession no.709053
layers). The layers are wrapped around a very disordered
nucleus with a preferential orientation parallel to the
particle surface. High-resolution TEM has shown that the Item 232
layers are bent and curved, following the surface. They Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
are larger, therefore, than the crystallite dimension La of 49, No.8, 1996, p.620-4
1.5-2.5 nm as determined from line broadening in X-ray German
diffraction. The spherical primary particles are fused to NEUBURG SILICA EARTHS - NATURAL
branched chain-like structures by deposition of such FUNCTIONAL FILLERS
layers. The surface properties of carbon blacks and other Mushack R; Bachmann W
types of carbon are influenced to a large extent by the Franz Hoffmann & Soehne KG
foreign elements fixed on the surface, in particular by The geological origin, categorisation and industrial
oxygen. This also affects the behaviour of carbon blacks applications (car industry, building, engineering, cables,
in practical applications. 59 refs. and pharmaceuticals) of Neuburg silica earths, consisting

of an agglomerate of corpuscular quartz and lamellar The thermal degradation, thermal and electrical properties
kaolin, are described. Use of these materials for improving of gamma-radiation-vulcanised composites of EPDM
the properties, particularly mechanical and vulcanisation rubber and alumina (of various particle sizes) were
properties of elastomers, is described. Articles from this investigated. The effect of adding ethylene glycol
journal can be requested for translation by subscribers to dimethacrylate(EGDM) as radiation sensitiser to the system
the Rapra produced International Polymer Science and was also investigated. TGA and derivative TGA were used
Technology. to study the thermal degradation at temps. ranging from
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; 25 to 800C. The effects of temps. in the range 25 to 150C
WESTERN EUROPE on the thermal and electrical properties of these composites
Accession no.707980 were also studied. The addition of alumina led to increase
in the values of thermal diffusivity coefficient and the
dielectric constant and decrease in the values of the specific
Item 233
heat for composites in the presence or the absence of the
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
radiation sensitiser. The thermal and electrical properties
49, No.7, July 1996, p.542-6
of the composites depended on the particle size of the
German
incorporated filler, apart from the irradiation dose of
CALCIUM CARBONATE AND KAOLIN: TWO
vulcanisation. Furthermore, these properties were slightly
LIGHT FILLERS FOR PLASTICS AND RUBBER
changed with temp. The addition of EGDM decreased the
Vink D A
dielectric constant of EGDM containing alumina fillers.
ECC International Verkauf GmbH
Degradation predominated for all samples at radiation doses
The applications of calcium carbonate as a filler with of 150 kGy or more. 16 refs.
plasticised and unplasticised PVC and unsaturated EGYPT
polyester, and the applications of kaolin as a filler in EP Accession no.706591
rubber and EPDM cable insulation, ethylene-vinyl acetate
copolymer, pharmaceutical closures, PE and PET sheets
and in polyamide, PET and PBT compounds are Item 236
described. Articles from this journal can be requested for Polymer Bulletin
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced 41, No.5, Nov.1998, p.615-22
International Polymer Science and Technology. LOW-RATE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE-FILLED
WESTERN EUROPE POLYPROPYLENE BLOCK COPOLYMER
Accession no.707874 Velasco J I; Morhain C; Arencon D; Santana O O;
Maspoch M L
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica; Spain,Centre Catala
Item 234 del Plastic
Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
49, No.5, May 1996, p.372-73 The fracture behaviour of injection-moulded magnesium
German hydroxide-filled PP block copolymer (Isplen PB140) was
TALC, A FUNCTIONAL FILLER FOR RUBBER studied as a function of the filler content and compared
with that of the unfilled PP. The J-integral concept was
The advantages of Mistron Vapor RP6 and Mistrobond, applied from tests carried out on single edge notched bend
two types of talc, as reinforcing fillers and processing specimens according to the European Structural Integrity
agents in rubber are described. Their effect is to increase Society protocol for plastics. The results showed lower
tear resistance and improve the permeation properties of fracture toughness as the filler content increased in the
vulcanisates. 5 refs. Articles from this journal can be composite, which was explained on the basis of
requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra morphological data. 14 refs.
produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
REPSOL QUIMICA SA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE
Item 235 Item 237

Polymer Degradation and Stability IRC ’98. Conference proceedings.
62, No.3, 1998, p.587-97 Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.127-8. 012
THERMAL AND ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOUR OF INTERACTION OF SILICA WITH STYRENE
RADIATION VULCANIZED EPDM/ALUMINA BUTADIENE RUBBER
COMPOSITES Lazic N; Adnadevic B; Plavsci M; Vucelic D
Abdel-Aziz M M; Gwaily S E; Madani M Belgrade,Institute of General & Physical Chemistry;
Egypt,National Centre for Radiation Res.& Technol. Belgrade,University

(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle) abrasion, problems relating to vibrations arising during
friction contact (the possibility of controlling stick-slip
Precipitated and fumed silicas, as well as carbon black,
vibration and the effect of external conditions on high-
have been used as active fillers for rubber reinforcement,
frequency vibrations), questions relating to the formation
making their own networks within the rubber matrix. In
of abrasion patterns (how the initial pattern is formed,
parallel with filler networking, polymer adsorption on
how it is propagated, why the spaces in the abrasion
active filler surfaces is of high importance. A general model
patterns expand, why abrasion is uniform over the
including all of these phenomenon is not yet developed.
abrasion surface), the mechanism of carbon black
Mathematical criteria representing contribution of
reinforcement on the abrasion surface, the question of
particular phenomenon to rubber properties are a significant
developing the material theory of rubber abrasion, and
step forward in that direction. The development of these
the degree of accuracy of experimental abrasion rate
criteria is described. Morphological and surface properties
formulas. Articles from this journal can be requested for
of silicas can be modified by systematic variation of
translation by subscribers to the Rapra produced
production parameters and also by the thermal and
International Polymer Science and Technology.
hydrothermal treatment of the finished product. Silica
JAPAN
morphological and surface properties are varied by
hydrothermal treatment in an autoclave in the temperature Accession no.705418
range from 120 to 220 deg.C, which keeps the number of
hydroxyl group per nm2 approximately the same. A model Item 240
of reinforcement of SBR with silica is proposed. 6 refs. Gummi Fasern Kunststoffe
EASTERN EUROPE; YUGOSLAVIA 48, No.9, Sept.1995, p.634-39
Accession no.706208 German
CONDUCTIVE PLASTICS
Roth S; Mair H J
Item 238
Stuttgart,Max Planck Institut
IRC ’98. Conference proceedings.
Paris, 12th-14th May 1998, p.361-2. 012 The physics of electrically conductive compounds
REINFORCING EFFECT OF CACO3 - consisting of polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene
PRECIPITATE MODIFIED WITH DERIVATIVES and the more expensive polyetherketones filled with carbon
OF HIGH FAT ACID black or silver particles or steel or carbon fibres, and the
Nedev M L; Ivanova D physics of intrinsically conducting polymers containing
Sofia,University of Chemical Technology & Metallurgy conjugated double bonds which can be oxidised or reduced
(AFICEP; Societe de Chimie Industrielle) to produce a free electron are explained. Examples of the
latter quoted are polyacetylene, polyphenylene,
Calcium carbonate precipitate is a mineral filler whose
polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline and poly-
particles, after finishing the carbonisation process of lime
(phenylenevinylene). Applications of conductive
suspension, are being treated with stearic acid /SA/ on an
compounds (antistatic packaging, electromagnetic
industrial scale as early as 1936 by the Japanese company
shielding of electronic units and electrical equipment, self-
Hakuenka. At UCTM-Sofia, systematical studies have
regulating heating devices, pressure-sensitive sensors and
been carried out on the reinforcing effect of this filler,
switches, modern bonding in electronics) and of
surface-modified with high fat carboxylic acid/HFCA/
intrinsically conducting compounds (electrolyte
derivatives: aminoundecane acid/AUA/ and aminostearic
condensers, electromagnetic shielding, electrostatic
acid/ASA/. This study specifically follows the reinforcing
dissipation, polymer batteries, corrosion protection,
effect of this filler, the particles of which are treated with
microwave welding, electrochromic glazing, plastic solar
chlorohydroxy-derivatives of HFCA. 3 refs.
cells) are described. 42 refs. Articles from this journal can
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra
Accession no.706008 produced International Polymer Science and Technology.
Item 239 WESTERN EUROPE
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi Accession no.705384
68, No.9, 1995, p.605-15
Japanese Item 241
LINKAGE OF FRICTION (VIBRATION) AND Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
FRACTURE IN RUBBER ABRASION: A 68, No.11, 1995, p.802-7
DISCUSSION OF MECHANISMS Japanese
Fukahori Y MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PVC-TALC
Bridgestone Industries Ltd. BINARY COMPOSITE SYSTEMS: EFFECTS OF
A discussion is presented of the relation between fracture ADDING AMIDE COMPOUNDS ON YIELD
and abrasion, covering the main points in the theory of STRENGTH

Shimomura O; Sato T; Honjo H; Goto K 85, No.6, June 1995, p.23-5

General Sekiyu KK; Osaka,Institute of Technology RECYCLING OF CHALK-FILLED PVC
Braun D; Kramer K
The effects of adding several aliphatic amides with
German Plastics Institute
different alkyl chains on PVC-talc binary composite
systems was examined. Increasing yield strength was An investigation was carried out to determine the
found with increase in the number of carbons of the amide influence of chalk content on the reprocessing of
added. The effects of adding coupling agents to these reclaimed PVC in terms of thermal degradation. In order
systems were also examined. The largest reinforcing effect to influence the thermal degradation of PVC, suitable
on yield strength was found with (3-(2-aminoethyl) fillers should be able to absorb the hydrogen chloride that
aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane and (3-mercaptopropyl) is released during processing, and a discussion is
trimethoxysilane. 17 refs. Articles from this journal can presented on whether calcium carbonate may stabilise the
be requested for translation by subscribers to the Rapra dehydrochlorination of PVC, and thus influence the
produced International Polymer Science and Technology. resulting property changes. 11 refs.
JAPAN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.705036
Accession no.703624
Item 242
Journal of Composite Materials Item 244
32, No.20, 1998, p.1836-64 Journal of Applied Polymer Science
THE EFFECT OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE 70, No.9, 28th Nov.1998, p.1717-24
ON THE FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF A SILICA ROLE OF FILLER VOLUME FRACTION IN THE
PARTICLE FILLED EPOXY RESIN STRAIN-RATE DEPENDENCE OF CALCIUM
McMurray M K; Amagi S CARBONATE-REINFORCED PE
Hitachi Ltd. Suwanprateeb J; Tiemprateeb S; Kangwantrakool S;
Hemachandra K
Composite materials using an epoxy as a matrix resin have Thailand,National Metal & Materials Technology
superior mechanical properties but these materials exhibit Center; Chulalongkorn,University
time and temperature behaviour when used for long periods
and under high temperatures. This time and temperature Details are given of the influence of filler volume fraction
behaviour has not been fully explained. An attempt is made on the strain rate dependence of calcium carbonate-
to further describe this time and temperature behaviour, reinforced PE. Tensile tests were carried out at different
thereby increasing the reliability of these types of composite strain rates with varying amounts of filler. 19 refs.
materials. The time and temperature dependence of flexural THAILAND
strength is examined by flexural static and fatigue testing. Accession no.702882
Initially, the neat resin’s viscoelastic mechanical behaviour
is determined experimentally to be later compared to the
composites. Static tests are carried out at various constant Item 245
deflection rates and temperatures below the glass transition Polymer Science Series A
temperature of the epoxy resin. It is shown that the time- 40, No.7, July 1998, p.658-62
temperature superposition principle is applicable for the SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF
flexural static strength. Comparison of the neat resin and POLYETHYLENE COMPOSITES WITH
the composite results show that the neat resin is a major NATURAL ZEOLITES
influence on the time and temperature behaviour of the Ushakova T M; Meshkova I N; Guruli N T; Kovaleva
composite materials static strength behaviour. Fatigue tests N Y; Gul’tseva N M; Grinev V G; Novokshonova L A
are carried out at several stress ratios and various Russian Academy of Sciences
temperatures below the glass transition temperature of the Catalytic complexes for ethylene polymerisation,
matrix resin. It is shown that the time-temperature composed of anchored alkylaluminoxanes and vanadium
superposition principle is applicable for the initial flexural oxytrichloride and the anchored compounds of vanadium
fatigue strength by using the time-temperature behaviour and aluminium triisobutyl or diethylaluminium chloride
of the matrix resin. As temperature and stress ratio increase, on a zeolite surface, were studied. The kinetics of
the creep influence increases in both the flexural strength ethylene polymerisation were investigated and the
and the modulus. 29 refs. polymerisation-filled composites based on UHMWPE
JAPAN and natural zeolites were found to combine enhanced
Accession no.704252 wear resistance with a low friction coefficient and high
impact strength. 17 refs.
Item 243 RUSSIA
Kunststoffe Plast Europe Accession no.701949

Item 246 and precipitated calcium carbonate with defined degree

154th ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 1998. of dispersion and physicochemical properties is described.
Conference preprints. The hydrophilic fillers obtained are subjected to surface
Nashville, Tn., 29th Sept.-2nd Oct.1998, paper 11. 012 modification using coupling agents (silane and titanate)
REINFORCEMENT OF as well as adhesion promoters (stearic acid and
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE NETWORKS BY surfactants). Modified and unmodified fillers are tested
BLENDED AND IN SITU GENERATED SILICA in SBR rubber. The physical properties of SBR vulcaniates
FILLERS HAVING VARIOUS SIZES, SIZE are estimated. 20 refs.
DISTRIBUTIONS AND MODIFIED SURFACES EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND
Mark J E; Yuan Q W Accession no.699080
Cincinnati,University; National Starch & Chemical Co.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 248
Elastomeric networks of PDMS are reinforced with silica Enercomp ’95 International Conference on Composite
particles introduced in two rather different ways. The first Materials and Energy. Conference proceedings.
is by the simple blending of separately-prepared particles Montreal, Canada, 8th-10th May 1995, p.33-9. 627-
into hydroxyl-terminated PDMS chains that are 63Ene
subsequently end linked, and the second is by in-situ TENSILE PROPERTIES OF SAND-
precipitation through the catalysed ‘sol-gel’ hydrolysis REINFORCED LOW DENSITY
and condensation of an tetra-alkoxysilane. Both POLYETHYLENE
approaches permit control of particle sizes and particle Kandeil a U; Zahran R R
size distributions. Strongly bimodal size distributions in Arab Academy for Science & Technology;
which there are equal weights of small and large particles Qatar,University
are of particular interest, and are achieved in the in-situ (Canadian Association for Composite Structures &
approach by using two consecutive steps for generating Materials)
the two sizes of particles. In addition, some in-situ
generated particles are treated to make their surfaces made Sand-reinforced LDPE samples are prepared using
more hydrophobic using co-hydrolyses of a di- injection moulding. The effect of some processing and
alkoxysilanes with the tetra-alkoxysilane. X-ray scattering structural parameters on the tensile properties of the
measurements and electron microscopy are used to prepared samples is investigated. The processing
characterise the particles and their dispersion within the parameters are melt and die temperatures. The
PDMS matrix. In the in-situ approach, an increased investigated structural parameters are sand content and
amount of catalyst gives larger particles, but in smaller sand particle size. The studied tensile properties are
amounts. It also gives better dispersions, both with regard modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, ductility and
to the particles within the matrix in general, and in the toughness. The obtained results are thoroughly analysed
mixing of the two sizes of particles amongst themselves. and interpreted as structure-property relationships. 6 refs.
The resulting composites are also characterised with EGYPT; QATAR
regard to their mechanical properties in elongation, both Accession no.698280
in continuous extension and in near-equilibrium
measurements. 62 refs. Item 249
USA Journal of Polymer Science : Polymer Physics Edition
Accession no.701850 36, No.13, 30th Sept.1998, p.2259-65
MOISTURE-ABSORPTION, DIELECTRIC
Item 247 RELAXATION, AND THERMAL
Elastomery CONDUCTIVITY STUDIES OF POLYMER
1, No.7, 1997, p.10-16 COMPOSITES
Polish Xin Lu; Gu Xu; Hofstra P G; Bajcar R C
SILICAS, SODIUM ALUMINIUM SILICATES McMaster University; Luxell Technologies Inc.
AND PRECIPITATED CALCIUM CARBONATES Silicone/boron nitride powders, polyurethane/alumina
- FILLERS OF SBR RUBBERS powders, and polyurethane/carbon fibre polymer
Krysztafkiewicz A; Jesionowski T; Dui J; Domka L composites were synthesised, and the kinetics of moisture
Poznan,Polytechnic School; STOMIL; absorption, thermal conductivity, and the dielectric loss
Poznan,University at different humidities were investigated. Water was not
The use of highly dispersed silicas, silicates and calcium only absorbed by the polymer matrix, but also at the
carbonates as fillers in the tyre industry is discussed, with matrix-filler interface, and the peak in the dielectric
particular reference to modified fillers which exhibit relaxation spectra of all the materials at 175-200K was
increased additivity to the rubber functional groups. The attributed to the absorbed water. The silicone/boron nitride
preparation of hydrated silica, sodium aluminium silicate samples showed the least moisture absorption. Taking the

thermal conductivity data into account, it was concluded surprisingly increases in the amount of silica in the
that the silicone/boron nitride composite was the best for formulations affect the curing times differently in different
use as the coating of electronic devices which require heat compounds. Moreover, the cure rates for the compounds,
dissipation and moisture resistance, in addition to calculated from the cure rate index, are found to decrease
electrical insulation. 18 refs. substantially as the silica content is increased to 50 parts.
CANADA 12 refs.
Accession no.698257 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.697369
Item 250
Composites Part A: Applied Science and
Manufacturing Item 252
29A, Nos.9-10, 1998, p.1313-8 Journal of Applied Polymer Science
EFFECT OF SILANE-BASED FILLER SURFACE 70, No.2, 10th Oct.1998, p.311-6
TREATMENT FORMULATION ON THE TENSILE TEST OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES OF IMPACT FILLED WITH GROUND CALCIUM
MODIFIED PP/MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE CARBONATE PARTICLES
COMPOSITES Nakamura Y; Fukuoka Y; Iida T
Liauw C M; Lees G C; Hurst S J; Rothon R N; Ali S Osaka,Institute of Technology
Manchester,Metropolitan University The fracture behaviour of PVC filled with ground calcium
Magnesium hydroxide was treated with combinations of carbonate particles, prepared by crushing natural raw
vinyltriethoxysilane, dicumyl peroxide and crystalline limestone, during a tensile test was
trimethylolpropane triacrylate and blended with an impact investigated. Ten to 15 parts of the particles having two
modified PP. Data are given for the encapsulation of the different mean sizes (2 and 8 micrometres) without further
filler particles by the elastomeric phase of the matrix. A surface treatment were mixed with 100 parts of PVC and
proposed mechanism for this encapsulation effect is 3 parts of lead stearate as a stabiliser using a mixing roll.
discussed. 14 refs. A tensile test was carried out using a dumbbell specimen.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; The yield stress was found to decrease with increase in
WESTERN EUROPE particle content, but there was no significant influence of
Accession no.697500 particle size. SEM observations of the specimen’s surfaces
during the tensile test showed that the particle/matrix
interfaces were delaminated and formed voids around the
Item 251 particles when the applied stress approached the yield
Tyretech ’98. Conference proceedings. stress, i.e. the particles acted as voids and the matrix
London, 15th-16th June 1998, paper 8. 6T1 around the voids was plastically deformed effectively.
FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR OF SILICA FILLED These observations appeared to be the reason for the
VULCANISATES OF NATURAL RUBBER AND decrease of yield stress by the incorporation of particles.
STYRENE-BUTADIENE POLYMERS 19 refs.
Ansarifar M A; Chugh J P JAPAN
Loughborough,University
Accession no.696863
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal)
The tear strengths of some conventional accelerated-
Item 253
sulphur vulcanisates of NR and SBR containing,
Polymer
respectively, no filler, 10, 30, or 50 parts per hundred
39, No.20, 1998, p.4773-83
rubber by weight amorphous precipitated silica filler are
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES PF PLASTICIZED
studied. The strength of the SBR vulcanisate improves
POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE): EFFECT OF
quite substantially with silica; a trend which continues
DRAWING AND FILLER ORIENTATION
strongly when the amount of silica in the formulation is
Fras I; Boudeulle M; Cassagnau P; Michel A
increased to 50 parts, but remains mostly unaffected by
CNRS; Lyon,Universite Claude Bernard
changes in the tear rate. Similar measurements for the
NR vulcanisate show little or no improvement in the X-ray diffraction measurements were used to determine
strength of the rubber containing up to 30 parts silica; the orientation of talc and lead carboxylate fillers in
however, when the amount of the filler is increased to 50 plasticised PVC extrudates. Correlations between the
parts, a noticeable enhancement in the strength of the extrusion conditions (draw ratio and temperature), the
vulcanisate is observed. The tear strength of only the development of filler particle orientation and the tensile
vulcanisate containing 50 parts silica is affected by properties of the plasticised PVC were studied. The
changes in the tear rate. As expected, long curing times presence of fillers enhanced Young’s modulus and this
are recorded for the silica filled compounds, but was predicted well by the model developed by Halpin

and Tsai. The extrudates were stretched above and below Item 256
the “gel-liquid” transition temperature of PVC (about Journal of Polymer Engineering
205C). Above this temperature, the PVC could be 17, No.4, 1997/1998. p.269-80
stretched more and the tensile results indicated that the PP/TALC COMPOSITES: INTERFACIAL
crystallites which were surrounded by more flexible MODIFICATIONS INDUCED BY CHEMICALLY
chains were more oriented. 24 refs. MODIFIED ATACTIC PE FROM INDUSTRIAL
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; WASTES. TENSILE BEHAVIOUR
WESTERN EUROPE Garcia-Martinez J M; Laguna O; Collar E P
Accession no.696562 Madrid,Instituto de Ciencia y Tec.de Polim.
The tensile behaviour of talc filled PP is discussed on the
Item 254 basis of the interfacial changes that are caused by using a
Antec ’98. Volume III. Conference proceedings. chemically modified atactic polymer as an interfacial
Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.35036. 012 modifier. Succinic anhydride or succinyl-fluoresceine
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF PP/HDPE/EPR groups were grafted onto PP for use as the interfacial
BLENDS WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE agent. A comparison with a commercial product is also
Ichazo M N; Gonzalez J; Albano C; Rosales C; Perera shown. 24 refs.
R; Navas R EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
Simon Bolivar,Universidad; Venezuela,Universidad WESTERN EUROPE
Central Accession no.689568
(SPE)
80/20/5 wt.% PP/HDPE/ethylene-propylene copolymer Item 257
blends are produced and 20, 30 y 40,wt. % calcium carbonate Journal of Macromolecular Science A
(CaCO3) is incorporated with and without titanate type A35, Nos.7&8, 1998, p.1079-91
coupling agent, LICA 12. The polymers are processed using MODIFICATION OF PE WITH ACTIVATED
a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. Optimisation of blending NATURAL ZEOLITE
in only one step as well as homogeneity in the filler Padareva V; Touleshkov N; Kirov G
incorporation is achieved. The blends with and without filler Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Zeo Products Ltd.
show better mechanical properties than the virgin PP with
Details are given of the modification of HDPE with
and without filler. The filler treatment is only effective for
natural zeolite in an attempt to improve physical and
virgin PP. Impact strength of the blends is remarkably
mechanical properties. Comparisons were made with pure
improved with the addition of EPR. A blend with recycled
HDPE. 12 refs.
HDPE (rHDPE) is prepared, and slight variations are
BULGARIA; EASTERN EUROPE
obtained in the mechanical properties compared with the
virgin HDPE blend. 11 refs. Accession no.689377
VENEZUELA
Composites Science & Technology
58, No.5, May 1998, p.747-52
Item 255
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
69, No.11, 12th Sept.1998, p.2229-34
CONTAINING FINE MINERAL FILLER:
EFFECT OF MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON A
EFFECT OF FILLER SURFACE TREATMENT
VINYL ESTER RESIN AND ITS HIGHLY FILLED
Mareri P; Bastide S; Binda N; Crespy A
PARTICULATE QUARTZ COMPOSITES
Ales,Ecole des Mines
Sagi-Mana D; Narkis M; Siegmann A; Joseph R;
Dodiuk H The effect of two surface treatments on the mechanical
Israel,Institute of Technology; Israel,Armament properties of PP/ultrafine kaolin composites was studied.
Development Authority The first treatment involved use of stearic acid on dry
powder and the second involved cationic treatment with
The accelerated effects of immersion in seawater at 60C,
quaternary ammonium in suspension. An improvement
in comparison to distilled water, on a vinyl ester resin
in the impact strength was found when the second agent
and on its quartz particles highly filled system is shown.
was used. This could be explained from both macroscopic
The studied resin was cured at room temperature for 48 h
and microscopic viewpoints. A better particle dispersion
and postcured at 100C for 12 h, and the filled system
in the matrix was observed and thermal analysis indicated
contained 93 wt% quartz particles of wide size
that the crystalline structure of these materials was finer.
distribution, either as received or silane-treated. 16 refs.
Tensile tests carried out on matrix/agent blends showed
ISRAEL
that a soft interface around each particle could act as a
Accession no.692996 shock absorber during an impact test. 15 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; was treated with two surfactants and an aminosilane
WESTERN EUROPE coupling agent. Interaction was quantitatively
Accession no.688683 characterised and compared with fracture resistance.
Fracture resistance was characterised by linear elastic
Item 259 fracture mechanics quantities. 33 refs.
Polimeros: Ciencia e Tecnologia EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
7, No.2, April/June 1997, p.30-9 Accession no.685233
Portuguese
ELECTRICAL AND PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISATION OF COMPOSITES OF Item 262
VULCANISED EPDM AND ALUMINIUM Tire Technology International
TRIHYDROXIDE 1998, p.18/24
Zanin M; Giacometti J A SURFACE-TREATED MINERAL
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal; Sao Carlos,Instituto PERFORMANCE IN ELASTOMERS
de Fisica; Sao Paulo,University Lackey W O; Cooper C; Lynch T J
Huber J.M.,Corp.
A study was made of the mechanical and electrical
properties of electrical insulation materials consisting of Recent advances in the chemistry and processing of kaolin
a vulcanised ethylidene norbornene based EPDM and clay additives have led to the development of surface-
different amounts of aluminium trihydroxide (ATH). The modified clay additives that are approaching the
vulcanisation characteristics and the tensile and tear performance of highly reinforcing additives such as
strength of vulcanisates were examined as a function of carbon black and precipitated silicas in elastomeric
ATH content, and electrical conductivity was investigated applications. These developments allow the formulator
as a function of applied voltage, temperature and types to consider partially or completely replacing these
of metal electrodes. The results showed a linear traditional additives in elastomers. This comprehensive
dependence of conductivity on the square root of the article supplies results of applications studies of advanced
electric field. The conduction mechanisms were analysed clay additives, particularly in comparison to carbon black
using the Poole-Frenkel and Schottky models. 19 refs. in elastomers including tyre components and outlines their
BRAZIL advantages and benefits. 9 refs.
USA
Accession no.686315
Accession no.685053
Item 260
Polymer Item 263
39, No.18, 1998, p.4243-8 Informacion Tecnologica
INTERFACIALLY INDUCED 9, No.3, 1998, p.213-8
MICROMECHANICAL TRANSITIONS IN Spanish
BARIUM SULPHATE-FILLED SAN INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
Hammer C O; Maurer F H J CONTENT ON THE FRACTURE BEHAVIOUR
Chalmers University of Technology OF PP COMPOSITES
Details are given of how a styrene-ethylene oxide graft Velasco J I; Maspoch M L; Morhain C
copolymer affects the dynamic mechanical properties of an Catalunya,University
SAN filled with barium sulphate. Measured properties are Details are given of a fracture mechanics analysis of PP
compared with calculations using an interlayer model. 34 refs. and magnesium hydroxide filled PP composites. The
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE analysis was based on the J-integral concept and carried
Accession no.686030 out on three-point flexion specimens. 9 refs.
Item 261 WESTERN EUROPE
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie Accession no.684936
No.256, April 1998, p.61-8
FRACTURE RESISTANCE OF PARTICULATE Item 264
FILLED POLYPROPENE. EFFECT OF SURFACE Journal of Applied Polymer Science
TREATMENT 69, No.3, 18th July 1998, p.589-98
Bezeredi A; Demjen Z; Pukanszky B TREMOLITE-REINFORCED NYLON 66
Budapest,Technical University; Hungarian Academy of COMPOSITES: MECHANICAL AND
Sciences RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
Fracture resistance of PP/calcium carbonate composites Guoqing Zhuang; Yu Gui; Yuming Yang; Binyao Li;
was studied as a function of interfacial adhesion. The filler Jiaxue Zhang

Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry; China,Jilin Item 267

Province Institute of Geology Revista de Plasticos Modernos
72, No.483, Sept.1996, p.288-95
Tremolite, an acicular inorganic filler, was added to nylon
Spanish
66, and the influence of the filler particle size on the
MINERAL FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
mechanical properties of the composites was investigated.
COMPOUNDS: CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
The dynamic mechanical and rheological properties were
PROPERTIES OF TECHNOLOGICAL INTEREST
measured. Silane and an unsaturated polyester were used
Espi E
to treat the surface of the tremolite to improve the interface
Repsol SA
between it and the matrix. The composites’ morphologies
were investigated using scanning electron microscopy. A study was made of the mechanical and thermal
18 refs. properties of talc and calcium carbonate filled PP
CHINA specimens. A statistical analysis based on a multiple
Accession no.684075 regression method was used to determine correlations
between different properties, including impact strength,
flexural and tensile modulus, heat deflection
Item 265
temperature and Vicat softening temperature. The
Symposium on the Technology and End Uses of
results gave good correlations between Izod impact
Natural Rubber. Conference proceedings.
strength measured by different standard procedures, but
Beruwela, Sri Lanka, 5th-8th Nov.1996, p.119-22.
not between different test methods (Charpy and Izod)
41C1
nor between notched and unnotched specimens. The
USING MODIFIED SILICAS IN THE RUBBER
flexural modulus measured for test specimens of
INDUSTRY
different dimensions appeared to be identical, and a
Na-Ranong N; Kajornchaiyakul V
linear relationship was found between flexural and
Thailand,Rubber Research Institute
tensile modulus. Non-linear relationships were found
(International Rubber R & D Board)
between the thermal properties measured under
Modified silicas, prepared by the process of in situ different loads. 11 refs.
polymerisation of monomers, are used as the EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;
reinforcement in NR compounds. Styrene-butadiene and WESTERN EUROPE
styrene-isoprene copolymers are obtained from such a Accession no.682281
process. The physical properties of rubber compounds
mixed with various surface modified precipitated silicas
Item 268
are compared with a silane-modified silica using
unmodified precipitated silica as the control. The results
68, No.11, 13th June 1998, p.1821-8
suggest that the silicas modified by in rubber
INFLUENCE OF SILICA CONTENT ON
performance than the silane coupling agent and the
MIGRATION OF ANTIDEGRADANTS TO THE
control. However, silane modified silica gives higher
SURFACE IN NR VULCANIZATES
flex cracking resistance than the silicas modified by in
Choi S-S
situ polymerisation. 6 refs.
Kumho R&D Center
THAILAND
Accession no.683857 The migration of antidegradants to the surface in silica-
filled natural rubber (NR) vulcanisates was studied with
migration-generating equipment using a vacuum
Item 266 technique. The antidegradants studied were 2,6-di-t-
International Polymer Processing butyl-4-methyl phenol (BHT), N-phenyl-N-isopropyl-
13, No.1, March 1998, p.58-66
p-phenylene-diamine (IPPD), N-phenyl-n-(1,3-
PROCESSING/STRUCTURE RELATIONSHIPS
dimethylbutyl-p-phenylenediamine (HPPD) and wax.
OF MICA-FILLED PE FILMS WITH LOW
The migration rate was dependent upon the silica
OXYGEN PERMEABILITY
content, the rates for BHT, IPPD and HPPD decreasing
Xanthos M; Faridi N; Li Y
with increasing silica content over the range of 30 to 70
Hoboken,Polymer Processing Institute; New
phr. IPPD migrated faster than BHT and HPPD, whilst
Jersey,Institute of Technology
BHT migrated faster than HPPD at 60 and 80C, but
Mica flakes were used as oxygen barrier materials in films slower than HPPD at 100C. The lower molecular weight
produced in a blown film extrusion line. Both HDPE and waxes migrated faster than those of higher molecular
LDPE and their blends were used as matrices. Oxygen weight. The activation energies for surface migration
permeability data are discussed. 47 refs. were calculated. 14 refs.
USA SOUTH KOREA

Item 269 (Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;

Plastics Engineering Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
54, No.4, April 1998, p.43
Scanning tunnelling microscopy is now recognised as the
PUTTING TOUGHNESS TO THE TEST
technique of choice for studying the surface of conductive
It is briefly reported that the DDI/TE from Atlas Electric solid materials, particularly at the atomic scale. Perfect
Devices is a total energy system option for the DDI dart graphite, such as highly oriented pyrolytic graphite
drop impact tester. This comprehensive laboratory (HOPG), which is a good electrical conductor and which
instrument measures loss of kinetic energy to determine shows flat surfaces at atomic scale, has rapidly become a
the impact toughness of materials such as polymer films, reference material and is commonly used to calibrate
packaging, construction materials and coated paper. scanning tunnelling microscopes. Some studies of either
ATLAS ELECTRIC DEVICES CO. carbon, amorphous carbon or carbon fibres surfaces have
USA shown their actual atomic surface. Such rare studies
Accession no.679994 emphasise how difficult it is to prepare STM-observable
samples when a surface is not in the form of a macroscopic
solid. The physicochemistry of carbon black has been
Item 270 studied for several decades. Recently, STM has been
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition. applied to the systematic study of the carbon black surface.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.289-355. 51B Earlier, transmission electron microscopy had indicated
CARBON BLACK REINFORCEMENT OF that, morphologically, carbon black exists as aggregates
ELASTOMERS of spherical particles. Generally, these particles are
Wolff S; Wang M-J regarded as a concentric organisation of small graphitic
Degussa AG crystallites; the crystallographic dimensions are
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J determined by X-ray diffraction. These studies allow the
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.; construction of a surface pattern consisting of crystallites
Panjab,University; Degussa AG) and amorphous areas. The function groups bonded to
Soon after carbon black was discovered to be an active carbon atoms are localised at the amorphous areas. It is
filler in rubber at the beginning of this century, it became this generally accepted model that is verified by STM.
one of the most important components in the manufacture 13 refs.
of rubber products, with a consumption second only to EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
rubber itself. This situation will probably continue into WESTERN EUROPE
the next century and there is no indication of carbon black Accession no.679940
being replaced completely by other materials. Carbon
blacks have held their position mainly thanks to their Item 272
unique ability to enhance the physical properties of Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
elastomers. This phenomenon, termed reinforcement, has New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.175-220. 51B
a profound effect on today’s tyre and rubber industry. The SURFACE GROUPS ON CARBON BLACKS
main parameters of carbon blacks which govern their Bansal R C; Donnet J-B
reinforcing ability in rubber are described. These Panjab,University; CNRS
parameters play a role in rubber reinforcement through Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
different mechanisms, such as interfacial interaction (Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
between rubber and carbon black, occlusion of the Panjab,University; Degussa AG)
polymer in the internal voids of the aggregate and the
agglomeration of carbon black aggregates in the polymer Carbon blacks are invariably associated with varying
matrix. 219 refs. amounts of oxygen and hydrogen. In addition they may
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; be associated with atoms of chlorine, nitrogen and sulphur.
WESTERN EUROPE These atoms are introduced into the carbon black sample
Accession no.679944 during the manufacturing process because of their
presence in the feedstock, reactor furnace, post-reactor
chamber and become a part of the chemical structure.
Item 271 They may also become chemically bonded to the surface
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition. during subsequent treatments or during storage. Carbon
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.221-7. 51B blacks typically contain about 90-99% elemental carbon
CARBON BLACK SURFACE STUDIED BY with oxygen and hydrogen as the other major constituents.
SCANNING TUNNELLING MICROSCOPY In general, channel blacks contain the largest amount of
Donnet J-B; Custodero E oxygen (varying between 3-8%) and hydrogen (less than
CNRS; Ecole National Superieure de Chimie de 1%) and the thermal blacks contain the smallest amounts
Mulhouse of both oxygen and hydrogen. The sulphur in carbon
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J blacks originates from the feedstock. Sulphur contents of

0.6% are common in furnace blacks while thermal black hydrocarbon into more or less spherical particles has
are almost sulphur free. The larger content of oxygen in emerged although the process appears to be quite well
colour blacks is due to the fact that they are exposed to understood. Several theories have been proposed for the
air at about 400 deg.C, the temperature which is optimum formation of particulate carbon but no one mechanism
for the formation of oxygen surface groups. The can explain the formation from all flames, regardless of
characterisation of surface groups is described. 139 refs. their nature or the type of fuel. However, it is now agreed
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; that the formation of carbon black involves three different
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE stages. Out of these three stages of carbon black formation,
Accession no.679939 the nucleation stage is the most interesting chemically
and probably the least understood stage of the whole
process. A review of the important work carried out in
Item 273
the nucleation process is presented, followed by a
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition.
discussion of theories of carbon black formation. 95 refs.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.89-173. 51B
MICROSTRUCTURE, MORPHOLOGY AND
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
GENERAL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Hess W M; Herd C R Accession no.679937
Columbian Chemicals Co.
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J Item 275
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.; TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings
Panjab,University; Degussa AG) Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.
Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.471-7. 012
The physical properties of carbon black have received
EVALUATION OF COATED GROUND CALCIUM
considerable attention over the past 70 years or more, as
CARBONATE IN LINEAR LOW DENSITY
the reinforcement of elastomers, the protection of plastics
POLYETHYLENE FILM
from UV degradation, and the blackness and tint
Johnson S L; Ahsan T
properties of paint and ink coatings are all highly
ECC International Inc.
dependent on particle size and other aspects of carbon
(TAPPI)
black morphology and microstructure. All of these
properties have been the subject of extensive reviews. The effects of high levels of Filmlink 400 (ECC
Each of these reviews provide additional information in International), a film grade surface treated wet ground
the specific areas cited. 269 refs. calcium carbonate, on the properties of linear LDPE
USA blown films were investigated. The addition of 20-25%
Accession no.679938 of this additive gave improvements in properties such as
impact and tear strength, puncture resistance and
coefficient of friction, while reduced tensile strength and
Item 274 some adverse effects on optical properties were observed.
Carbon Black Science and Technology. 2nd edition. 4 refs.
New York, N.Y., Marcel Dekker, 1993, p.67-88. 51B CANADA; USA
MECHANISM OF CARBON BLACK
Accession no.679008
FORMATION
Bansal R C; Donnet J-B
Panjab,University; CNRS Item 276
Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J China Synthetic Rubber Industry
(Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.; 21, No.2, 1998, p.80-3
Panjab,University; Degussa AG) Chinese
COMPOSITE OF CALCIUM SULPHATE
Carbon particulate can be obtained from hydrocarbons
WHISKER/EPDM/PP BLENDING
either by pyrolysis or by incomplete combustion. In the
THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMER
former case the hydrocarbon and air are mixed before
Zhang L; Geng H; Liu Y; Wu S; Feng Y; Zhu Y
leaving the burner, while in the latter, oxygen diffuses
Beijing,University of Chemical Technology
into the gaseous hydrocarbon stream after leaving the
burner. The hydrocarbons produce two types of carbons. The mechanical properties, heat resistance, heat ageing
The first type is formed by the deposition on the walls of properties, rheology, and anisotropy of calcium sulphate
the reactor and is known as pyrocarbon while the second whisker reinforced EPDM/PP thermoplastic elastomer
type is formed in the bulk of the gaseous phase. The blend were studied. The effects of filler amount, interfacial
gaseous phase particulate matter could be termed carbon characteristics, elastic modulus of matrix on composite
black or soot. Pyrolysis and combustion has been the field mechanical properties are discussed. 5 refs.
of study by a large number of investigators for almost a CHINA
century but still no clear picture for the conversion of a Accession no.676874

Item 277 homopolymer, one additive gives a six-fold increase in

International Polymer Science and Technology notched Izod impact strength and a three-fold increase in
24, No.9, 1997, p.T/29-34 Gardner impact strength. Use of this additive decreases
PP AND TALC-FILLED COMPOSITES BASED the flexural modulus by only 13%. The information
ON IT presented should enable compounders to greatly improve
Sirotkina E E; Mityushkina S Y; Borilo A V the impact-stiffness balance of their mica reinforced
polyolefin products. 15 refs.
A brief review is given of the physicochemical,
USA
physicomechanical and processing properties of talc-filled
PP. 106 refs. Translated from Plast.Massy, No.2, 1997, Accession no.674873
p.27
RUSSIA Item 280
Accession no.676852 Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
37, No.1, 1998, p.115-26
MECHANOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF
Item 278
CALCIUM CARBONATE FOR REDUCING
HYDROPHILICITY
6, No.1, 1998, p.7-13
Popa M; Popa A A
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF POLY(VINYL
Jassy,Technical University; Jassy,Institute of
CHLORIDE) FILLED WITH PRECIPITATED
Macromolecular Chemistry
CALCIUM CARBONATE
Nakamura Y; Azuma F; Iida T The modification of calcium carbonate hydrophilicity by
Osaka,Institute of Technology mechanochemical methods is discussed, in view of its
compatibilisation with non-polar hydrophobic polymeric
Tensile properties of PVC filled with precipitated calcium
matrices. The treatment’s efficiency depended on two
carbonate particles having two different mean sizes were
process parameters: duration and monomer/charge ratio.
studied. The particles were porous agglomerates of
6 refs.
spherical primary particles. 10-50 parts of the particles
EASTERN EUROPE; RUMANIA
were mixed with 100 parts PVC and 3 parts lead stearate
using a mixing roll. Tensile tests were carried out using Accession no.674756
dumbbell test specimens. 20 refs.
JAPAN Item 281
Accession no.676447 Macromolecular Symposia
Vol.126, Jan.1998, p.223-36
APPLICATION OF CATIONIC
Item 279
POLYMERIZATION TO GRAFTING AND
Polyolefins X. Conference proceedings.
COATING OF SILICA PARTICLES
Houston, Tx., 23rd-26th Feb.1997, p.145-72. 42C1
Spange S; Eismann U; Hoehne S; Langhammer E
HOW TO INCREASE PERFORMANCE
Chemnitz-Zwickau,Technical University
PROPERTIES OF MICA-REINFORCED
POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES The cationic polymerisation of electron-rich monomers
Canova L A such as vinyl ethers, cyclopentadiene or 2-vinyl furan on
Franklin Industrial Minerals silica particles was used for silica surface modification.
(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,Thermoplastic An irreversible and thus stable linkage of the polymer to
Materials & Foams Div.) the surface was achieved by formation of covalent Si-O-
C bonds and of polymer networks on the surface. The
Reinforcement of polyolefins with mica provides
reaction conditions need to be optimised for each single
outstanding flexural modulus, heat deflection temperature
monomer/initiator/silica combination in order to obtain
and dimensional stability. Use of mica in polyolefins,
satisfactory grafting or coating degrees. NMR
however, tends to decrease impact properties significantly.
spectroscopy of the reaction suspensions and of the solid
A study is made to determine the effects of a variety of
products was shown to be the best method for
additives on composite properties. The focus is primarily
investigation of the bonding conditions at the polymer/
on improvement of the impact-stiffness balance, but trends
silica interface. The combination of solution state cross-
of other performance properties are also determined. The
polarisation/magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy and
effects of sixteen different additives in PP homopolymer,
FTIR spectroscopy was investigated. 21 refs. (6th Dresden
propylene copolymer and a TPO system are studied. Some
Polymer Discussion - Surface Modification, Meissen,
additives produce very significant changes in impact-
Dresden, Germany, April 1997)
stiffness balance and also strongly affected other
properties such as heat deflection temperature, flexural
WESTERN EUROPE
strength and tensile strength. With 30% mica in PP
Accession no.673746

Item 282 17, No.1, Spring 1998, p.53-62

Polymer INFLUENCE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
39, No.10, 1998, p.1863-8 MORPHOLOGY ON THE CRYSTALLINITY AND
EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY ON THE BRITTLE PROPERTIES OF FILLED PP
DUCTILE TRANSITION OF POLYMER BLENDS. Cook M; Harper J F
V. ROLE OF CALCIUM CARBONATE Loughborough,University
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN HIGH
Two magnesium hydroxide fillers of different morphology
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CALCIUM
were incorporated in PP to assess their nucleation
CARBONATE COMPOSITES
properties. The effect of filler loading level on
Liu Z H; Zhu X G; Li Q; Qi Z N; Wang F S
crystallisation initiation, growth and final crystallinity
Academia Sinica
levels is discussed. The influence of matrix morphology
The effect of particle size distribution on the brittle ductile on mechanical properties was investigated. 16 refs.
transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites was EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
studied. The critical matrix ligament thickness criterion WESTERN EUROPE
proposed by Wu was shown to be valid for the brittle Accession no.669484
ductile transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites
when the effect of particle size distribution on matrix
Item 285
ligament transition was considered. The relations of
critical particle size and of critical particle volume fraction
33, No.2, 15th Jan.1998, p.453-61
at brittle ductile transition to particle size distribution were
INFLUENCE OF A FINE TALC ON THE
analysed, respectively. A narrow particle size distribution
PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES WITH HIGH
was favourable to the enhancement of the toughness of
DENSITY POLYETHYLENE AND
polymer composites. 46 refs.
POLYETHYLENE/POLYSTYRENE BLENDS
CHINA
Karrad S; Lopez Cuesta J M; Crespy A
Accession no.671968 Ales,Ecole des Mines
Item 283 Fine talc-filled HDPE and HDPE/PS blends were extruded,
Revista de Plasticos Modernos injection moulded and characterised. Some of the mechanical
71, No.479, May 1996, p.467-75 properties of the talc-filled HDPE and talc-filled 75/25
Spanish HDPE/PS blend were deduced from stress-strain
EFFECT OF THE INTERFACE ON THE measurements. A comparison between the effect of the talc
FRACTURE OF POLYPROPYLENE-TALC on the properties of the filled HDPE and filled 75/25 HDPE/
COMPOSITES PS blend showed that the mineral filler had the same effect
Velasco J I; de Saja J A; Martinez A B on both systems, provided that its array in the organic matrix
Cataluna,Universidad Politecnica; was almost the same in both cases. The rheological results,
Valladolid,Universidad in fact, proved that the dispersion of talc in the HDPE matrix
was not really affected by the presence of PS. Particular
The fracture behaviour of PP-talc composites was studied attention was paid to the effect of talc on the ultimate TS of
as a function of filler content (0-40%) and filler surface the filled HDPE and that of the filled blend. The brittle nature
treatment with a silane coupling agent. Instrumented of PS neutralised, to a certain extent, the degrading effect of
impact tests were undertaken on single edge notched talc on this property. Furthermore, both PS and talc had a
injection moulded samples, and linear elastic fracture complementary effect on the stiffness and the resilience of
mechanics were used to determine the fracture parameters. HDPE/PS/talc blend composites. 35 refs.
The addition of moderate amounts of talc to the PP matrix EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
increased the fracture toughness of the composites WESTERN EUROPE
independent of surface treatment. This was attributed to Accession no.667773
the orientation of the talc particles in the samples. The
fracture behaviour was also studied at low strain rates by
J-integral tests on samples of the same geometry. Under Item 286
these conditions of ductile fracture, composites with silane Industria della Gomma
treated talc showed poor fracture resistance in comparison 40, No.3, April 1996, p.40-3
with samples containing untreated talc. 20 refs. Italian
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE FUTURE OF
WESTERN EUROPE REINFORCING FILLERS
Giuliani G P
Accession no.670776
Pirelli Coordinamento Pneumatici SpA
Item 284 The advantages and disadvantages of using silica fillers
Advances in Polymer Technology in place of carbon black in tyre treads are discussed.

Effects on dynamic mechanical properties and rolling clay was increased. The dynamic storage moduli of the
resistance are examined. PPCHs were higher than that of PP up to 130C. The
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; modulus of the PPCH with 5 wt % clay and 22 wt % PP-
WESTERN EUROPE MA, for example, was 1.8 times higher than that of PP at
Accession no.666916 80C. As the dispersibility of the clays was improved, the
reinforcement effect of the clays increased. 13 refs.
JAPAN
Item 287
Polymer Composites Accession no.664533
18, No.6, Dec.1997, p.741-7
EFFECT OF SURFACE COVERAGE OF SILANE Item 290
TREATED CALCIUM CARBONATE ON THE Journal of Cellular Plastics
TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PP COMPOSITES 33, No.6, Nov/Dec.1997, p.587-605
Demjen Z; Pukanszky B FLEXURAL PROPERTIES OF MICA FILLED
Budapest,Technical University POLYURETHANE FOAMS
Details are given of the preparation of PP composites with Vaidya N Y; Khakhar D V
a constant volume fraction of calcium carbonate filler Indian Institute of Technology
which was treated with eight trialkoxy functional silane The effect of mica on flexural properties of integral skin
coupling agents and stearic acid. Tensile properties were PU foams was studied and correlated with foam structure.
determined as a function of surface coverage and the The theory for the prediction of flexural properties and
chemical composition of the coupling agent. 37 refs. experimental details are presented, together with
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY conclusions. 16 refs.
Accession no.666691 INDIA
Accession no.660934
Item 288
Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology Item 291
3, No.4, Dec.1997, p.274-8 152nd ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Fall 1997.
INCREASING FILLER CONCENTRATIONS IN Conference Preprints.
PVC COMPOUNDS USING CPE Cleveland, Oh., 21st-24th Oct.1997, Paper 127, pp.15.
Ventresca D A; Berard M T 012
Dow Chemical Canada; DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC SILICA WET MASTERBATCH: A NEW
Details are given of the filler acceptance properties of PROCESS FOR PRE-DISPERSION OF SILICA IN
chlorinated PE in PVC and the effect of increasing calcium EMULSION POLYMERS
carbonate concentration in impact strength and processing Lightsey J W; Kneiling D J; Long J M
performance. Measurements were made using SEM, DSM Copolymer Inc.
extrusion and impact properties. 2 refs. (ACS,Rubber Div.)
CANADA; USA A process for the efficient silane treatment and uniform
Accession no.666643 incorporation of precipitated silica slurry into wet SBR
and other rubber latex masterbatches is described. Results
of compounding studies show significant reductions in
Item 289
mixing time and energy, equivalent cure characteristics
and superior stress-strain properties compared with free
67, No.1, 3rd Jan.1998, p.87-92
mixed compounds. 24 refs.
PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
USA
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY
HYBRIDS USING A MALEIC ANHYDRIDE- Accession no.659567
MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE OLIGOMER
Hasegawa N; Kawasumi M; Kato M; Usuki A; Okada Item 292
A Macromolecules
Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc. 30, No.20, 6th Oct.1997, p.6333-8
PP-clay hybrids(PPCHs) were prepared using a maleic PREPARATION AND MECHANICAL
anhydride-modified PP(PP-MA) oligomer as a PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE-CLAY
compatibiliser. PP was melt-blended with organophilic HYBRIDS
clay which was intercalated with PP-MA. In these PPCHs, Kawasumi M; Hasegawa N; Kato M; Usuki A; Okada A
the particles of silicate layers were dispersed at the Toyota Central R & D Laboratories Inc.
nanometer level. The particles became smaller and were PP-clay hybrids(PPCH) were prepared by simple melt-
dispersed more uniformly, as the ratio of PP-MA to the mixing of three components, i.e. PP, maleic anhydride-

modified PP oligomers(PP-MA) and clays intercalated Item 295

with stearylammonium. The dispersibility of 10A thick International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives
silicate layers of the clays in the hybrids was investigated 17, No.3, 1997, p.239-45
by TEM and X-ray diffraction. It was found that there INFLUENCE OF FILLER SURFACE PRE-
were two important factors in achieving exfoliated and TREATMENT ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
homogeneous dispersion of the layers in the hybrids, i.e. OF COMPOSITES
the intercalation capability of the oligomers in the layers Kovacevic V; Lucic S; Cerovecki Z
and the miscibility of the oligomers with PP. Almost Zagreb,University; Tanin
complete hybrids were obtained in the case where the Polyvinyl acetate (PVAC) composites in the form of films
PP-MA had both intercalation capability and miscibility. are prepared with CaCO3 fillers of different specific
The hybrids exhibited higher storage moduli compared surface area. The fillers are commercially surface-treated
with those of PP, especially in the temp. range from Tg to with stearic acid. Acid-base interactions are found to exert
90C. The highest relative storage modulus at 80C of the a dominant influence on calcite dispersions in the PVAC
hybrid based on a mica and the miscible PP-MA was as matrix. The mechanical properties of these composites
high as 2.0 to that of PP and was 2.4 to that of the PP/PP- vary with the acid-base forces acting at matrix/filler
MA mixture, which was considered to be the matrix of contacts. The relationship between interfacial interaction
the PPCH. The effects of the types of clay and oligomers and composite mechanical properties is analysed by an
on the dynamic moduli are discussed. 13 refs. equation describing the composition dependence of the
JAPAN tensile stress. Attention is focused on the elongation at
Accession no.658751 break and the tensile strength, where the effect of surface
conditioning becomes important. Mechanical property
Item 293 modifications are functions not only of the quantity of
Journal of Applied Polymer Science filler added, but also of the dispersion quality and adhesion
66, No.4, 24th Oct.1997, p.683-93 at polymer/filler interfaces. 16 refs.
EFFECT OF MODIFIED CARBON BLACK ON CROATIA; SLOVENIA
THE PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER Accession no.654438
VULCANISATE
Ghosh A K; Maiti S; Adhikari B; Ray G S; Mustafi S K
Item 296
Indian Institute of Technology; Birla Tyres
Neuburg (Donau), 1996, pp.20. 30cms. 8/7/97
Rubber-grade carbon black filler HAF (N330) was modified FUNCTIONAL FILLERS FOR ELASTOMERS
with a plant product (long aliphatic chain substituted Hoffmann Mineral GmbH
phenols), a proprietary item under patent application, in the
Information is presented on the range of silica fillers for
presence of hexamine or dicumyl peroxide to put a flexible
elastomers available from Hoffmann Mineral. Details are
moiety between the carbon black and the elastomer chain to
given of the structure and mineralogical composition of
improve some of its processing and reinforcement
the fillers, together with physical property data for the
characteristics in NR. The modified carbon black was Sillitin series and information on the Aktisil range. The
characterised and evaluated for its processability as well as advantages of using silica fillers in elastomers, such as
reinforcing characteristics in the NR vulcanisate. 53 refs. high curing rate and high electrical resistance, are listed.
INDIA Applications for silica filled elastomers are also noted,
Accession no.657110 including construction materials, automotive components,
cables and machinery parts.
Item 294 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
Polymer Engineering and Science WESTERN EUROPE
37, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1301-13 Accession no.653524
DEBONDING AND FRACTURE OF
PARTICULATE-FILLED ISOTACTIC PP
Item 297
Dubnikova I L; Muravin D K; Oshmyan V G
Modern Plastics International
Russian Academy of Sciences
27, No.10, Oct.1997, p.32-3
Data on particulate-filled PP rupture are presented. PP as ENGINEERED CALCIUM CARBONATE CUTS
a host and aluminium hydroxide particles without or with CYCLE TIMES, BOOSTS PERFORMANCE
anti-adhesive treatment were used. Debonding Graff G
micromechanisms are discussed. A theoretical description
ECC International has introduced two new groups of
of the transition between microhomogeneous and craze-
calcium carbonate concentrates that are claimed to shorten
like mechanisms is proposed. 31 refs.
process cycle times by 15-40% and boost physical
RUSSIA
properties of polyolefins. The novel concentrates are being
Accession no.656146 marketed as “functional additives”. Zytocal consists of

pellets of 90% by weight calcium carbonate and 10% Item 300

binder. The pellets are said to conduct process heat some Plastics and Rubber Weekly
20 times faster than polyolefins, allowing faster part No.1705, 26th Sept.1997, p.18
cooling. FilmLink is aimed at polyolefin films and is FILLERS STILL SHOW PROMISE
claimed to provide a dramatic increase in film impact Griffiths J
strength, stiffness and tear strength. Industrial Minerals
ECC INTERNATIONAL LTD. Mineral fillers are incorporated in more than 20 different
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; resin types, but just two, PVC and PP, account for over
WESTERN EUROPE 95% of mineral filler usage. Minerals are generally added
Accession no.652331 to plastics at the compounding stage as low cost fillers,
extenders or reinforcement fillers. Minerals often undergo
Item 298 some form of surface treatment to make the surfaces of
Journal of Materials Chemistry the mineral and polymer compatible to optimise
7, No.8, Aug.1997, p.1655-9 processability and performance.
SURFACE-MODIFIED MICROPOROUS TALCS WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
AS FILLERS OF POLYMERS AND PIGMENTS Accession no.649872
Krysztafkiewicz A; Domka L
Poznan,Technical University; Mickiewicza Item 301
A.,University Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
Four modification methods are presented for previously 36, No.4, 1997, p.489-500
micronised Korean talcs using surfactants, STUDIES ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
polyoxyethylene glycols, silane and titanate coupling POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COMPOSITES
agents. The modifications provide an increase of activity Mishra S; Perumal G B; Naik J B
of the tale towards polymers. After the modifications, the North Maharashtra University; Superseal Industries
wettability of the tales in water and benzene are measured The mechanical properties of PVC/EVA blends filled with
by a calorimetric technique. A correlation between the stearic acid-coated calcium carbonate (Forcal-S) were
heat of immersion and the coverage of the tale surface is studied. Both impact strength and stiffness of the
determined. Attempts are made to apply the modified composites were optimised by varying EVA and filler
Korean talcs in rubber mixtures (with SBR), in PVC and contents. The results showed that the stiffness of the filled
in highly dispersed pigments. 16 refs. PVC was a function of the concentration of the filler. The
EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND impact strength of the PVC/EVA blend depended only on
the concentration of EVA. The TS of the filled composites
Accession no.651640
depended strongly on the degree of interfacial adhesion
developed between the polymer and the filler. The
Item 299
interfacial bond strength depended on the effectiveness of
Revista de Plasticos Modernos
the coupling agents. The inherent properties of filled PVC/
71, No.477, March 1996, p.271-8
EVA blends depended on the concentration of filler and
Spanish
strength of the polymer-filler interface. 10 refs.
INFLUENCE OF THE FUNCTIONALISATION
INDIA
OF TALC ON THE CRYSTALLISATION OF
POLYPROPYLENE-TALC COMPOSITES Accession no.647730
Velasco J I; de Saja J A; Martinez A B
Cataluna,Universidad Politecnica; Item 302
Valladolid,Universidad Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Vol.248, June 1997, p.73-83
A study was made of the crystallisation behaviour of PP/ MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PP FILLED
talc composites prepared by extrusion and containing up to WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE OF VARIOUS
40 wt% of talc, either unmodified or functionalised with SHAPES
silane coupling agents. DSC studies of injection moulded Mitsuishi K
specimens revealed a pronounced effect of filler content and Okayama Prefecture Industrial Technology Center
surface modification on crystallisation. The experimental
results indicated that a talc content of 2 wt% strongly affected Calcium carbonate of various particles shapes and treated
the non-isothermal crystallisation process, particularly for with alkyl dihydrogen phosphate ester and PP were mixed
silane treated talc. Isothermal crystallisation experiments on on a two roll mill. The effect of carbon number of alkyl
samples with low filler contents showed a marked increase dihydrogen phosphate ester on the mechanical properties
in nucleation activity of the silane treated talc. 21 refs. and adhesion between the PP matrix and various calcium
carbonates were investigated. 14 refs.
WESTERN EUROPE JAPAN

Item 303 Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2991-5. 012

Polyurethanes Expo ’96. Conference Proceedings. WEATHERABILITY OF POLYPROPYLENE
Las Vegas, Nv., 20th-23rd Oct.1996, p.334-42. 43C6 CONTAINING TALC NUCLEATING AGENT
SILICA ADDITIVE SYSTEMS FOR Rabello M S; White J R
POLYURETHANE AND POLYISOCYANURATE Paraiba,Universidad Federal; Newcastle-upon-
FOAMS Tyne,University
Okoroafor M O; McDonald W H; Wang A E; Kresta J (SPE)
E; Tabakovic R; Yao X; Ashida K; Frisch K C
The effect of including 0.5 wt% finely divided talc on the
PPG Industries Inc.; Detroit,Mercy University
photo-degradation of injection mouldings made from PP
(SPI,Polyurethane Div.)
is investigated using laboratory UV irradiation exposures
Silica/surfactant combinations were evaluated as additives up to 24 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography and
in the preparation of rigid PU and polyisocyanurate foams Fourier transform IR analysis do not indicate any
using HCFC-141b or pentane, cyclopentane, isopentane significant modification to chemical degradation but PP
and mixtures thereof as blowing agents. Effects on thermal bars containing talc show significantly inferior mechanical
conductivity before and after ageing and on density, closed properties after 6 weeks exposure. The properties recover
cell content, compression strength and dimensional somewhat on extending the exposure and this vulnerable
stability were investigated. 7 refs. state may not be detected by artificial weathering tests
USA conducted using large exposure intervals. The structural
Accession no.643073 changes are studied using X-ray diffraction, differential
scanning calorimetry and light microscopy. The fractional
Item 304 crystallinity measured by X-ray diffraction is considerably
International Journal of Adhesion & Adhesives greater in nucleated PP but changes in crystallinity caused
17, No.2, May 1997, p.111-9 by photo-oxidation are very similar in the talc-free and
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATION OF SEPIOLITE talc-nucleated samples. 11 refs.
(NATURAL MAGNESIUM SILICATE) BY BRAZIL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
THERMAL TREATMENT: EFFECT ON THE
PROPERTIES OF POLYURETHANE Accession no.640457
ADHESIVES
Torro-Palau A; Fernandez-Garcia J C; Orgiles-Barcelo Item 306
A C; Pastor-Blas M M; Martin-Martinez J M Journal of Applied Polymer Science
INESCOP; Alicante,University 64, No.8, 23rd May 1997, p.1525-30
The addition of untreated sepiolite to PU adhesives was STUDY OF THERMOPHYSICAL AND
shown to improve their rheological, crystallisation, MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
viscoelastic and adhesion properties as a result of an PARTICULATE COMPOSITE POLYETHYLENE-
interaction between the filler and the PU chains. This CALCIUM CARBONATE
interaction appeared to modify the degree of phase Barta S; Bielek J; Dieska P
separation between hard and soft segments in the PU as a Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
consequence of a nucleating action of the sepiolite. The Starting from the formulae for effective parameters of
improved properties were maintained if the sepiolite was the particulate composite derived within the average field
treated at high temp., but in a reduced degree. Thermal approximation, the formula for the percolation threshold
treatment of the sepiolite above 550C altered its structure was derived. The maximum value of the percolation was
and surface chemistry, giving reduced properties and less one-third in the case of the isotropic granules of globular
effective interactions with the PU. The addition of shape. The experimental data obtained from the
sepiolite to PU adhesive, on the other hand, improved measurement of effective thermal conductivity and elastic
the immediate adhesion to physically- or chemically- shear modulus of the particulate composite PE-calcium
treated rubber joints, but the adhesion 72 h after bond carbonate could not be interpreted in the framework of
formation was similar to that obtained with a PU adhesive the average field approximation. 11 refs.
without filler. The same trend was obtained in the SLOVAK REPUBLIC; SLOVAKIA
adhesives which contained treated sepiolites, although the
Accession no.639325
improvement in immediate adhesion was less noticeable
as the treatment temp. increased. 24 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Item 307
WESTERN EUROPE Antec 97. Volume II. Conference proceedings.
Accession no.641441 Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.2086-90. 012
RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR AND EXTRUSION
CHARACTERISTICS OF TALC-
Item 305 THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS
Antec 97. Volume III. Conference proceedings.

Kim K J; White J L were inversely correlated with tan delta at 60C. Silica
Akron,University CTAB surface area directly correlated with tan delta at
(SPE) 60C. The silica filled compounds had a greater impact in
reducing tan delta at 60C than tan delta at 0C compared
A study of the shear viscosity of talc-PS compounds shows
to a low hysteresis carbon black filled control. 24 refs.
that they exhibit yield values, i.e. they have critical stresses
USA
below which there is no flow. Furthermore, the talc
particles in compression moulding and extrusion through Accession no.636048
slit dies are oriented parallel to the mould and die surfaces.
This is shown by wide-angle X-ray diffraction and Item 310
scanning electron microscopy. In dies with circular and 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
rectangular cross-sections, more complex particle patterns Conference Preprints.
are observed. These vary with particle loading and Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 39, pp.19. 012
extrusion rate. 24 refs. SURFACE TREATED MINERAL
USA PERFORMANCE IN ELASTOMERS
Accession no.638346 Lackey W O; Cooper C; Lynch T J
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Engineered Minerals Div.
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 308
European Polymer Journal Nucap 290 and Nucap MX surface treated clay fillers
33, No.3, March 1997, p.255-62 (J.M. Huber) were evaluated as replacements for carbon
CONSTRAINED CRYSTALLIZATION AND black in a polyisoprene compound and in NR and SBR
ACTIVITY OF FILLER IN SURFACE-MODIFIED tyre, EPDM radiator hose and EPDM/butyl rubber inner
TALC POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES tube compounds and for carbon black and silica in a
Alonso M; Velasco J I; de Saja J A polychloroprene V-belt compound. Studies of mechanical
Valladolid,Universidad; Cataluna,Universidad properties suggested that complete substitution of higher
Politecnica particle size carbon blacks and substantial substitution of
smaller particle size carbon blacks was possible. 9 refs.
Two series of talc-PP composites containing between 0
USA
and 40 wt % talc were prepared by extrusion. In one of
the series, the talc was surface-modified with silane Accession no.636047
coupling agents in order to improve the affinity relation
between the filler and the PP matrix. Using X-ray Item 311
diffraction and DSC techniques, the configuration of the 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
PP crystalline phase and the nucleating activity of the Conference Preprints.
mineral were determined. 18 refs. Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 37, pp.23. 012
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS WITH SILICA/
WESTERN EUROPE CARBON BLACK BLENDS
Accession no.636531 Fultz W C; Evans L R
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Chemicals Div.
Item 309 (ACS,Rubber Div.)
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, A study was made of the effects of different types of silica
Conference Preprints. (highly dispersible, easy dispersing and conventional)
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 40, pp.37. 012 combined with carbon black on the processability, cure
EFFECT OF SILICA ON THE VISCOELASTIC characteristics and mechanical properties of passenger
PROPERTIES OF A MODEL TREAD tyre tread compounds based on blends of solution SBR
COMPOUND and polybutadiene and blends of emulsion SBR,
Patkar S D; Bice J A E; Okel T A polybutadiene and NR. In solution SBR blends the highly
PPG Industries Inc. dispersible silica gave higher tensile and tear strength,
(ACS,Rubber Div.) modulus and elongation at break and lower tan delta at
A study was made of the effects of silica/carbon black all levels of replacement for carbon black. These
content, bistriethoxysilylpropyl tetrasulphane coupling advantages were believed to be due to specific interactions
agent content and silica surface area on the dynamic between silica particles which were enhanced by the larger
viscoelastic properties of a model SBR/polybutadiene tyre number and smaller average size of particles generated
tread compound. While silica nitrogen-BET surface area by mixing the highly dispersible silica. Evidence for
did not correlate with tan delta, the CTAB and micropore specific interactions of this magnitude was not found for
surface areas correlated with both tan delta at 60C and emulsion SBR blends. 42 refs.
the difference between tan delta at 0 and 60C. Coupling USA
agent and silica content and silica micropore surface area Accession no.636045

Item 312 Item 314

151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, 151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997,
Conference Preprints. Conference Preprints.
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 25, pp.63. 012 Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 9, pp.16. 012
CARBON-SILICA DUAL PHASE FILLER: A NEW NOVEL PROCESSING AGENTS FOR SILICA
GENERATION REINFORCING AGENT FOR FILLED RUBBER
RUBBER. II. APPLICATION OF CARBON- Ishikawa K; Yatsuyanagi F; Kaidou H
SILICA DUAL PHASE FILLER TO TIRE TREAD Yokohama Rubber Co.Ltd.
COMPOUNDS (ACS,Rubber Div.)
Wang M J; Patterson W J; Brown T A; Moneypenny H G
Reactive polysiloxane derivatives having ethoxysilyl
Cabot Corp.; Cabot Leiden Technical Centre
moieties were synthesised and evaluated as processing
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
aids in tyre tread compounds based on silica filled SBR
Carbon-silica dual phase fillers, consisting of a carbon phase and NR/SBR blends. The effects on compound viscosity,
with a finely divided silica phase dispersed therein, were cure rate and scorch time and on the abrasion resistance
evaluated in NR, SBR and polybutadiene tyre tread and dynamic mechanical properties of vulcanisates were
compounds. Studies of mixing techniques and compounding investigated. Improved properties were achieved with
design showed that, with proper mixing and compound reduced amounts of silane coupling agent by using
formulation, the new fillers could give a much improved polyethoxymethylsiloxane as the processing aid. This
balance of hysteresis in terms of higher or comparable tan reacted with silanol groups on the silica surface to give a
delta at low temperature and lower tan delta at higher hydrophobic silica, and reactivity between the coupling
temperature, as well as increased abrasion resistance, agent and silica was increased. 4 refs.
compared to carbon black and silica filled compounds. The JAPAN; USA
use of the dual phase fillers made it possible to significantly Accession no.636023
reduce rolling resistance while also giving advantages in
treadwear resistance and traction. 31 refs.
Item 315
NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology
Accession no.636036 11, No.4, 1997, p.471-93
ROLE OF ADHESION IN THE MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FILLED POLYMER
Item 313 COMPOSITES
151st ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1997, Harding P H; Berg J C
Conference Preprints. Washington,University
Anaheim, Ca., 6th-9th May 1997, Paper 15, pp.24. 012
TRUCK TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS WITH Filled polymer composites were prepared in which the
HIGHLY-DISPERSIBLE SILICA energies of the filler surfaces were systematically varied
Evans L R; Fultz W C to investigate the dependence of the mechanical properties
Huber J.M.,Corp.,Chemicals Div. of the composite on interfacial strength as predicted by
(ACS,Rubber Div.) the thermodynamic work of adhesion at the filler-matrix
interface. A high purity silica filler was used, treated with
A study was made of the effects of blends of different silicas three different organofunctional silane coupling agents
as the sole filler or their blends with carbon blacks on the (two alkylsilanes and an aminosilane) to varying degrees
mechanical properties, such as modulus, tear strength, from zero to complete coverage. The surface energies of
hysteresis and abrasion resistance, of low rolling resistance the modified fillers were characterised by both inverse
model NR truck tyre tread compounds. Silica surface area gas chromatography and dynamic contact analysis. Highly
and dispersion type (highly dispersible, easy dispersing and filled polymer composites were prepared by dispersing
conventional) were varied, and silicas and carbon blacks the variously treated fillers into the amorphous
of differing surface area and structure were blended. thermoplastic polymers: PMMA and polyvinyl butyral.
Interactions with silane coupling agent level were Specimens of the composites were tested mechanically
investigated in the model truck tyre tread compound and to determine the yield stress. The difference in behaviour
compared to results for model passenger tyre tread between the two types of coupling agent was explained
compounds. The advantages of highly dispersible silicas in terms of acid-base effects. 46 refs.
were evidenced, with particular reference to abrasion USA
resistance and tensile and tear strength. Optimisation
Accession no.635968
designs were completed to determine silica type and level
to produce compounds with low rolling resistance and high
modulus and abrasion resistance at reduced cost. 43 refs. Item 316
USA Polymer Degradation and Stability
Accession no.636029 56, No.2, 1997, p.125-39

ENTRAPMENT OF STABILISERS IN SILICA. I. term (1000 days) creep and stress relaxation data. A
CONTROLLED RELEASE OF ADDITIVES polynomial approximation was applied to the analytical
DURING PP DEGRADATION form of the results. The influence of the filler fraction on
Allen N S; Edge M; Corrales T; Childs A; Liauw C; the spectra’s distribution and on the equilibrium values
Catalina F; Peinado C; Minihan A of relaxation moduli and creep compliances was
Manchester,Metropolitan University; CSIC; Unilever examined. The application of discrete relaxation and
Research retardation spectra and the mutual transition between them
were demonstrated using a Laplace transform. 7 refs.
Antioxidants and hindered amine light stabilisers were
BULGARIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EASTERN EUROPE
adsorbed onto silicas prior to blending and processing in
PP films. Laser light scattering was used to demonstrate Accession no.635212
that silica enhances polymer crystallinity during ageing
by acting as a nucleating agent, but is moderated when Item 319
the stabilisers are bound to silica. 7 refs. Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; UK; 3, No.1, March 1997, p.89-95
WESTERN EUROPE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND IMPACT
Accession no.635414 TOUGHNESS OF TALC-FILLED BETA-
CRYSTALLINE PHASE POLYPROPYLENE
Item 317 COMPOSITES
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Tjong S C; Li R K Y
64, No.7, 16th May 1997, p.1275-81 Hong Kong,City University
TOUGHENING AND REINFORCEMENT OF Injection-moulded beta-crystalline phase PP composites
HDPE/CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS BY containing 5-40 wt % talc filler were studied by X-ray
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION-INTERFACIAL diffraction, SEM, static tensile and falling drop weight
INTERACTION impact tests. The X-ray diffraction analysis showed that
Wang Y; Lu J; Wang G the talc filler suppressed the formation of beta-form PP
Academia Sinica; Chengdu,University of Science & significantly. As a result, the beta-PP composites
Technology containing 20 wt % talc or more consisted mainly of the
Details are given of the mechanical properties and alpha-form PP phase. Tensile tests showed that the
molecular structure of a composite made up of HDPE, addition of talc up to 40 wt % led to an increase in Young’s
carboxylated PE, and calcium carbonate filler grafted with modulus, whereas little effect was observed on the yield
acrylamide. Improvements in tensile and impact strength strength of composites with the addition of talc up to 30
are attributed to a series of chemical and physico-chemical wt %. This behaviour could be attributed to the load
interactions taking place between the two components bearing effect of talc particles with a plate-like structure
during blending. 8 refs. and to good interfacial adhesion between the matrix and
CHINA
filler. Impact tests revealed that the critical strain energy
release rate of the beta-PP appeared to increase initially
Accession no.635394
with the addition of 5 wt % talc and then to decrease
significantly with increasing talc content. 27 refs.
Item 318 HONG KONG
Polymer Composites Accession no.634641
18, No.2, April 1997, p.232-6
EFFECT OF A FILLER ON THE LONG-TERM
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF AN EPOXY Item 320
MATRIX/MINERAL PARTICLE COMPOSITE Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Hristova J; Minster J 64, No.3, 18th April 1997, p.423-38
Bulgarian Academy of Sciences; Czech POLYMERIZATION-FILLED COMPOSITES
Republic,Academy of Sciences PREPARED WITH HIGHLY ACTIVE FILLER-
SUPPORTED AL/TI/MG CATALYSTS. I.
An analysis was conducted of the continuous relaxation SYNTHESIS OF HOMOGENEOUS
and retardation spectra of epoxy resin matrix composites POLYETHYLENE-BASED COMPOSITES
filled with different amounts with marble microparticles. Hindryckx F; Dubois P; Jerome R; Teyssie P; Marti M G
The particle size distribution was characterised by the Liege,University; Dow Benelux NV
diameter sampling medium d50 of 13 micrometres and
the sampling quantile d97 of 80 micrometres. The When attached to the surface of an inorganic filler
concentration of this filler was 10, 29 and 44.5 vol %. (kaolin, barite), the titanium tetrabutoxide/butyloctyl
The creep compliance and the relaxation modulus were magnesium/ethylaluminium dichloride/
determined from the experimental results. Alfrey’s method triethylaluminium system was shown to be an effective
was used to define the continuous spectra from these long- catalyst for the production of high-performance PE-

based composites. The surface concentration of the of polycarbonate/SAN structures, and interdiffusion in
hydroxyl groups, the Al/Ti/Mg ratio and the purity of HDPE/linear LDPE structures. 17 refs.
the reagents had a significant effect on the catalyst USA
efficiency and molec.wt., crystallinity and physico- Accession no.632347
mechanical properties of the final composite. Under
about 4 bar partial pressure of ethylene in heptane at
60C, the optimum Al/Ti/Mg catalyst concentration was Item 323
120/0.75/10, the efficiency of which was as high as 300 Composite Interfaces
kgPE (gTi x h) in the presence of kaolin particles. The 4, No.4, 1997, p.223-37
effect of transfer agents, such as hydrogen and 1-octene, INTERFACIAL ENHANCEMENT OF FLEXIBLE
and the purity of the alpha-olefin were investigated. The PVC-SILICA COMPOSITES BY SILANE
catalyst efficiency was improved in the presence of both COUPLING AGENTS
hydrogen and octene. 64 refs. Ulutan S; Balkose D
Ege,University
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;
NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE Enhancement of a flexible PVC-silica composite interface
Accession no.632477 was studied by the application of gamma-
aminopropyltrimethoxysilane on silane. Composites
Item 321 containing silica and silanised silica up to 25.6 phr and
Journal of Materials Science prepared by sol-gel technology were subjected to water
32, No.6, 15th March 1997, p.1613-22 and water vapour attacks similar to that in their daily use.
MECHANISMS OF PARTICULATE FILLED Silane application resulted in diminishing liquid water
POLYPROPYLENE FINITE PLASTIC and water vapour sorption by about 24.0% and 11.9%,
DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE respectively. Inhibition of dioctyl phthalate migration
Dubnikova I L; Oshmyan V G; Gorenberg A Ya from composites by silane application was also
Russian Academy of Sciences determined as 24% using UV measurements. 20 refs.
TURKEY
Plastic deformation and fracture of aluminium hydroxide
Accession no.632126
filled PP was investigated to clarify the mechanisms and
explain the observed transitions with the change of filler
content and size. Narrow filler fractions of different mean Item 324
diameters were used. Correlations between the debonding Polymer Engineering and Science
micro processes and the characteristics of the composites 37, No.1, Jan.1997, p.205-18
macroscopic yielding were clarified. The structure of the EFFECT OF PROCESSING ON WELD LINE
composites in both the unstressed and deformed state was STRENGTH IN FIVE THERMOPLASTICS
observed by SEM. The supermolecular structure of the Selden R
polymer in the composites was investigated by SEM and Swedish Institute for Fibre & Polymer Research
wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 12 refs. Weld line strength was measured for injection moulded
RUSSIA specimens of ABS, polyphenylene oxide (PPO), talc filled
Accession no.632420 PP and glass fibre-reinforced nylon-6 and polyphenylene
sulphide. Flexural, impact and (for PPO) tensile tests were
Item 322 undertaken, and fracture surfaces were examined by SEM.
Polymer Engineering and Science The effects of holding pressure, injection velocity, melt
37, No.2, Feb.1997, p.355-62 temperature and mould temperature on weld line strength
NOVEL STRUCTURES BY MICROLAYER were studied using experimental design. For each
COEXTRUSION: TALC FILLED PP, PC/SAN parameter setting the weld line strength was measured
AND HDPE/LLDPE and compared with the bulk strength via a weld line (WL)
Mueller C D; Nazarenko S; Ebeling T; Schuman T L; factor, defined as strength of specimens with weld line/
Hiltner A; Baer E strength of specimens without weld line. The highest WL
Case Western Reserve University factors were obtained for unfilled materials moulded using
high melt temperature and holding pressure and low
The application of microlayer coextrusion technology in mould temperature. 33 refs.
the manufacture of films or sheets with up to thousands SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
of alternating layers is examined, and results are presented
Accession no.629164
of studies of the properties of a number of coextruded
structures. These include studies of the mechanical
properties of structures consisting entirely of talc filled Item 325
PP layers and of alternating layers of talc filled and Polymer Engineering and Science
unfilled PP, mechanical properties and interfacial adhesion 37, No.1, Jan.1997, p.166-72

MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF CALCIUM RETARDANT VAMAC CABLE COMPOUND

CARBONATE PARTICULATE-FILLED BETA- FILLED WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
CRYSTALLINE PHASE POLYPROPYLENE Li Yuhua; Li Chenchen
COMPOSITES China’s General Shipping Corp.
Tjong S C; Li R K Y; Cheung T
The levels of loading of the main filler, magnesium
Hong Kong,City University
hydroxide, and its surface-treating agent, zinc stearate,
Beta-crystalline phase PP composites containing 5-40% were shown to be the most important factor in halogen-
by weight of calcium carbonate filler were prepared by free, low-fume and flame-retardant VAMAC cable
injection moulding. The beta-form PP was produced by compound. Particular attention should be paid to the
adding a bicomponent beta-nucleator consisting of equal curing system. The optimised compounding formulation
amounts of pimelic acid and calcium stearate. The was found to be VAMAC 100 parts, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5-
morphological, static tensile and impact properties of the bis(tert-peroxy)hexane 3.0-3.3, N,N’-m-phenylene
composites were studied. SEM observations showed that bismaleimide and trimethylol propane trimethacrylate 0.8-
the beta-spherulites of PP exhibited curved lamellae and 1.0, clay treated with zinc stearate and LEE slippery white
sheaf-like structures. The fillers were dispersed within powder 50-60, processing aids 12-14, zinc stearate 12-
the interlamellar spacings of a composite containing 10% 1.4, magnesium hydroxide 43-47, other additives 6-7. The
filler, but the particles tended to link together to form resultant compound exhibited flame retardance, low fume
larger aggregates when the filler content reached 20%. and good physical properties. The finished cable passed
The elastic modulus increased and the yield strength and GN112666-90 Burning Test and was in accordance with
impact toughness decreased with increasing filler content. the requirements of IEC 502 (1994).
28 refs. CHINA
HONG KONG
Accession no.626115
Accession no.629158
Item 328
Item 326 Polymer International
Rubber Chemistry and Technology 42, No.2, Feb.1997, p.195-202
69, No. 4, Sept.-Oct.1996, p.637-47 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASMA
INTERACTION BETWEEN CARBOXYLATED SURFACE-MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE
NITRILE RUBBER AND PRECIPITATED COMPOSITES
SILICA: ROLE OF (3- Akovali G; Akman M A
AMINOPROPYL)TRIETHOXYSILANE Middle East,Technical University
Bandyopadhyay S; De P P; Tripathy D K; De S K
Indian Institute of Technology Calcium carbonate was surface modified by plasma
polymerised acetylene and the effect of surface
The role of (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane in the modification on the mechanical properties of calcium
interaction between carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) carbonate-PP composites was investigated. Two different
and silica was studied using techniques such as Monsanto plasma polymerisation conditions were selected and
rheometry, dynamic mechanical testing and IR applied. Chemical structures of plasma-polymerised
spectroscopy. The XNBR used contained 7 % carboxyl acetylene products were identified. Mechanical and
group and had a 28 % acrylonitrile content. Results thermal properties of the prepared composites were
showed that a strong rubber-filler interaction occurs
evaluated and the effects of surface modification on the
between the XNBR and the precipitated silica filler.
extent of adhesion of the filler to the matrix, as well as on
During moulding, XNBR was found to be crosslinked by
polymer phase, were investigated using SEM. 23 refs.
the filler surface through the formation of primary bonds.
TURKEY
The coupling agent, namely (3-aminopropyl)
triethoxysilane facilitates the formation of rubber-filler Accession no.625727
bonds at the expense of filler-filler networks, leading to
improved dispersion and an enhanced degree of Item 329
crosslinking. 32 refs. Polymer Engineering and Science
INDIA 36, No.24, Dec.1996, p.2905-20
Accession no.628827 CERAMIC-REINFORCED POLYMERS AND
POLYMER-MODIFIED CERAMICS
Mark J E
Item 327
Cincinnati,University
44, No.2, 1997, p.75-9 Composites were prepared using techniques similar to
Chinese those used in the sol-gel approach to ceramics.
HALOGENLESS, LOW-FUME AND FLAME- Organometallics such as silicates, titanates and aluminates

were hydrolysed in the presence of polymer chains (e.g. stiffness that is required for automotive TPOs and high
polysiloxanes and polyimides) that typically contained performance polyolefins. Formulators are now looking
hydroxyl or amino groups. The functional groups were to satisfy more demanding applications that are calling
used to bond the polymer chains onto the silica, titania, for better elevated temperature performance as well. There
or alumina being formed in the hydrolysis, thus forming are many potential PP end-use applications (e.g.
organic-inorganic composites. When the polymer chains automotive under-the-hood and interior components) that
were present in excess, they constituted the continuous would require greater resistance to deformation while
phase, with the ceramic-type material appearing as under load at elevated temperature. Examples of how
reinforcing particles. When present in smaller amounts, superior elevated temperature performance can be
the polymer was dispersed in the continuous ceramic achieved through the use of ultra-fine tale in combination
phase, to give a polymer-modified ceramic. Under some with metallocene impact modifiers and high modulus PP
conditions, bicontinuous systems were obtained. The are shown. 2 refs.
composites thus prepared were characterised by electron USA
microscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering intensities,
Accession no.621854
density determinations, and stress-strain and impact
strength measurements. 384 refs.
USA Item 332
Accession no.625093 International Polymer Science and Technology
23, No.9, 1996, p.T/28-35
FRICTION AND TREAD WEAR PROPERTIES
Item 330
OF CARBON BLACK FILLED RUBBER
European Polymer Journal
COMPOUNDS
33, No.1, Jan.1997, p.1-6
Soeda M; Kurata Y
EFFECTS OF A CATIONIC SURFACTANT
(FATTY DIAMINE) AND A COMMERCIAL The effects are reviewed of basic properties, morphology
SILANE COUPLING AGENT ON THE and surface chemistry of carbon black on the friction and
PROPERTIES OF A SILICA FILLED NATURAL wear of rubber compounds with reference to recent
RUBBER COMPOUND research literature. 27 refs. Translation of Nippon Gomu
Ismail H; Ishiaku U S; Ishak Z A M; Freakley P K Kyokaishi, No.9, 1995, p.616
Sains Malaysia,University; Loughborough,University JAPAN
of Technology Accession no.619860
The effects of a fatty diamine, termed a multifunctional
additive (MFA), and a commercial silane coupling agent Item 333
on the properties of a silica filled NR compound were Polymer Degradation and Stability
studied. MFA can function in its own right to improve 54, Nos 2-3, 1996, p.383-5
mechanical properties. Together with the silane coupling FLAME RETARDANT EFFECTS OF
agent, a greater improvement in properties can be obtained MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
and their effects are, to some extent, additive. Swelling Rothon R N; Hornsby P R
tests and dispersion measurements showed that the use Manchester,Metropolitan University; Brunel University
of MFA and silane coupling agent not only contributed to
a better silica-elastomer adherence but also improves The suitability of magnesium hydroxide for use as a flame
dispersion, which resulted in a lower hysteresis. 8 refs. retardant filler was investigated. High levels of flame
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; MALAYSIA; retardance were achieved in several polymers including
UK; WESTERN EUROPE ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, PP and polyamides.
Accession no.622330 Until recently, use of magnesium hydroxide was restricted
to niche applications because of the high cost of producing
Item 331 suitable crystal forms. However, new production methods
SPO ’96. Conference proceedings. now offer the prospect of improved economics and better
Houston, Tx., 25th-27th Sept.1996, p.387-406. 42C1 control of particle morphology. 9 refs.
MAXIMISING POLYOLEFIN HIGH EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE WITH WESTERN EUROPE
COMBINED ADDITION OF ULTRAFINE TALC Accession no.617629
AND METALLOCENE IMPACT MODIFIERS
Radosta J A Item 334
Specialty Minerals Inc. Masterbatch ’95. Conference proceedings.
(Schotland Business Research Inc.) Basel, 20th-22nd June 1995, Paper 10
It has previously been demonstrated how ultra-fine talc HALOGEN FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR
delivers the critical balance of impact strength and THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDS-NEW

PRODUCTS BASED ON ATH AND MAGNESIUM Item 336

HYDROXIDE OFFER OPPORTUNITIES IN THE Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
MARKET PLACE 2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.248-52
Kirschbaum G EFFECTS OF FILLERS ON PERMEABILITY
Martinswerk GmbH AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HDPE
(Applied Market Information) BLOWN FILM
Gill T S; Xanthos M
An overview of the function and advantages of halogen
Wirsbo Co.; New Jersey,Institute of Technology
free flame retardants based on aluminium hydroxide
(ATH) and magnesium hydroxide is presented. The flame HDPE compounds containing various amounts of rigid
retardancy of halogen and non halogen products are and deformable oxygen barrier components were blended
compared and the influence of filler parameters (e.g. in a twin-screw extruder and processed into thin films by
filling level, particle size and shape) for ATH and Mg blown film extrusion. The films were tested for oxygen
hydroxides discussed. A variety of applications are then permeability and mechanical properties and analysed for
mentioned which demonstrate the versatility of such morphology. 6 refs.
“active” fillers. Due to very intensive research and USA
development unbelievable progress has been made in Accession no.614212
areas that seemed to be closed for compounds with filler
loadings as high as 120 phr and higher. Applications cited Item 337
include; wire and cable industry, automotive industry, Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology
public transport and electrical and electronics industry. 2, No.3, Sept.1996, p.187-9
BENELUX; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; PERFORMANCE OF ULTRAFINE TALC IN
FRANCE; GERMANY; SCANDINAVIA; UK; WESTERN
EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL
RIGID PVC
Wiebking H E
Accession no.616322
Specialty Minerals Inc.
Details are given of how ultrafine talc can be used in a
Item 335
rigid PVC formulation to design a compound with
Polymer Composites
increased stiffness and high impact strength. Correlations
17, No.5, Oct.1996, p.691-704
between the impact stiffness balance and the shape and
PHOTODEGRADATION OF TALC-FILLED
particle size of the talc were examined. 6 refs.
POLYPROPYLENE
USA
Rabello M S; White J R
Newcastle-upon-Tyne,University Accession no.614199
Injection moulded talc-filled PP composites have been

exposed to UV radiation in the laboratory for periods Item 338
up to 26 weeks. The extent of chemical degradation has 150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996.
been assessed by means of Fourier Transform IR Conference Preprints.
spectroscopy (FTIR) and gel permeation Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 80, pp.16. 012
chromatography (GPC), and the results correlated with EFFECTS OF FILLER ON COMPATIBILITY OF
the mechanical properties. In the early stages of NATURAL RUBBER
exposure, the photo-oxidation is faster in the talc-filled Nakamura M; Takagishi Y; Noguchi K
composites than in the unfilled polymer, but this trend Nippon Zeon Co.Ltd.
is reversed for exposures longer than 12 weeks. Scanning (ACS,Rubber Div.)
electron microscopy (SEM) inspection has revealed that A study was made of the effects of silica and carbon black
surface cracks caused by photodegradation in the filled fillers on the compatibility of NR with SBR. It was found
PP occur in the surface exposed to the LJV source only, that the compatibility of blends reinforced with carbon
resulting in much less deterioration in tensile properties black was different to that of silica reinforced blends, and
when compared with the unfilled polymer which that compatibility was closely related to SBR
degrades significantly at the unexposed surface also. microstructure. The thermal, rheological and mechanical
Measurements of melt temperatures by differential properties of the blends and the effects of blend ratio and
scanning calorimetry (DSC) gave a consistent picture silane coupling agents were investigated. 9 refs.
of degradation with that obtained by FTIR and GPC JAPAN; USA
studies. DSC analyses have also shown that an increase
Accession no.611836
in the melt enthalpy for both the unfilled and filled grades
occurs during exposure. 49 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Item 339
WESTERN EUROPE 150th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1996.
Accession no.615680 Conference Preprints.

Louisville, Ky., 8th-11th Oct.1996, Paper 75, pp.19. 012 Item 342
EFFECT OF POLYSULPHIDIC SILANE Rubber Technology International
SULPHUR CONTENT ON PROPERTIES OF A 1996, p.78-81
LOW ROLLING RESISTANCE SILICA FILLED THERMAL BLACK IN ELASTOMERS
TREAD COMPOUND Buchholz R W
Cruse R W; Hofstetter M H; Panzer L M; Pickwell R J Cancarb Ltd.
Witco Corp.,OSi Specialties Group
This comprehensive article describes the wide variety of
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
grades of carbon black and outlines the criteria that should
The effects of silane coupling agents of various sulphur be taken into account for selection purposes, such as
ranks on the viscosity, curing characteristics and understanding the influence of carbon black on
mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of low elastomeric properties and the physico-chemical
rolling resistance silica filled SBR/polybutadiene tyre differences between the types of carbon black available
tread compounds were investigated. The effect of holding and their effect on the compound.
the total sulphur level of the formulation constant by the CANADA
addition of elemental sulphur to silanes containing lower Accession no.610800
average sulphur ranks was also determined. The
processing and property changes depended on whether
the sulphur was added in the mixer or in the curing Item 343
package. The influence of silica moisture content, type Rubber Technology International
of SBR and mixing times and temperatures was also 1996, p.74-6
examined. 4 refs. COMPRESSION VOLUME INDEX
Thompson J
OSI SPECIALTIES INC.
Titan Specialities Inc.
USA
Accession no.611832 This comprehensive article supplies a detailed explanation
and analysis of a new carbon black structure test known
Item 340 as the Compression Volume Index. The article includes
Polymer Engineering and Science information on the development of the test together with
36, No.17, Mid-Sept.1996 p.2188-97 several advantageous features offered by the new method.
PARTICLE AND POLYMER CHAIN USA
ORIENTATION DEVELOPMENT IN Accession no.610799
THERMOFORMED TALC-FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS Item 344
Suh C H; White J L Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Akron,University 69, No.3, July-Aug.1996, p.325-46
Neat and talc-filled HDPE, PP, and PPS were fabricated CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF RUBBER
by thermoforming compression moulded sheets. The REINFORCEMENT BY FILLERS
orientation of talc particles and polymer chains were Wolff S
investigated using wide-angle X-ray diffraction. 24 refs. Degussa AG
USA Topics reviewed include the question of whether bound
Accession no.611337 rubber is a physical or a chemical phenomenon, the true
reinforcing potential of silicas and the effects of covalent
Item 341 silica-to-rubber bonds on reinforcement. The application
Rubber Technology International of the information reviewed to the development of tyre
1996, p. 183-6 compounds and tyres with improved performance is
CARBON BLACK HANDLING AND BATCHING discussed. 62 refs. (ACS Rubber Division, 149th Meeting,
Solinas M; Mazzoleni F Montreal, Canada, May 1996)
Govoni Sim Bianca,Gruppo Cifa Progetti EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
WESTERN EUROPE
This comprehensive article highlights the advantages of
Accession no.610689
carbon black as the main filler used to improve the
mechanical characteristics of elastomers, within the
rubber industry. The article also describes the problems, Item 345
and the optimised techniques developed to deal with the IRC ’96. International Rubber Conference. Conference
handling, storage and proportioning of carbon black. proceedings.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; Manchester, 17th-21st June 1996, paper 28. 012
WESTERN EUROPE INFLUENCE OF PRECIPITATED SILICA
Accession no.610822 CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PROPERTIES OF

A TRUCK TYRE TREAD ultra-fine grinding process used for tile production of
Bomal Y; Cochet P; Dejean B; Gelling I R typical calcium carbonate fillers. The mean particle size
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches; Rubber Consultants of this relatively coarse filler was 75 microns. The calcium
(Institute of Materials) carbonate was blended, at 0, 10, 20 and 40 wt.% with PP
in a twin-screw extruder. Test specimens were injection
Improved fuel economy is a primary concern for trucks,
moulded from die compounded blends. Tensile properties,
especially in motorway traffic. Amorphous precipitated
flexural stiffness, melt index and dynamic mechanical
silicas are now commonly used as a reinforcing filler in
properties of the formulations were determined according
passenger tyre tread to enhance rolling resistance.
to the appropriate ASTM standards. The coarse filler
Precipitated silica is also used in rubber to improve tear
behaved much like the finer calcium carbonate fillers.
resistance or to reduce heat build-up. This could be especially
With increasing filler content, tensile strength and
useful for truck tyre treads, if wear and traction are maintained
elongation decreased while flexural stiffness increased.
or improved. However, laboratory results indicate that wet
Melt index decreased sharply when any filler was added
traction and abrasion resistance could be lowered, but silica
to the PP, but this did not reflect processing conditions.
characteristics are not unimportant. Key reinforcement
Dynamic mechanical properties, specifically viscosity,
parameters are a high effective contact area of the filler within
showed a much greater increase at 40% filler loading.
the rubber, low particle-particle interactions and high silica-
This correlated well with increases in head pressure and
rubber bonding efficiency. One of the main features of the
injection pressure seen during twin screw compounding
new passenger tyre tread compound technology is the use
and injection moulding, respectively. 5 refs.
of a Rhone-Poulenc high dispersibility precipitated silica.
USA
Usage of NR, a low rolling resistance rubber, also remains
dominant in radial truck tyres. Details are given of a study Accession no.608847
carried out to investigate the influence of precipitated silica
characteristics on the properties of an NR truck tyre tread. Item 348
In-laboratory and on-the-field precipitated silicas having Journal of Applied Polymer Science
different specific surface areas and/or dispersibilities are 62, No.4, 24th Oct.1996, p.639-46
compared. The influence of a coupling agent on the tyre PP/ELASTOMER/FILLER HYBRIDS. II.
properties are also assessed. 11 refs. MORPHOLOGIES AND FRACTURE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; UK; Long Y; Shanks R A
WESTERN EUROPE Melbourne,Royal Institute of Technology
Accession no.610044
Three microstructures of PP/elastomer/filler hybrids were
obtained by processing control and elastomer or PP
Item 346 surface modification. Morphologies and fracture were
China Synthetic Rubber Industry studied by SEM. The relationship between morphology
19, No.5, 1996, p.295-6 and mechanical properties is discussed with emphasis
Chinese given to the brittle-toughness transition. DSC was used
PROPERTIES IMPROVEMENT OF SILICONE to confirm the difference of microstructures,
RUBBER USING HIGH REINFORCING SILICA crystallisation behaviour and compatibility. 7 refs.
Dong H; Li S AUSTRALIA
Shenyang,Rubber Industry Products Research Institute
Accession no.608447
Details are given of improvements in mechanical
properties of silicone rubber by the addition of high
Item 349
reinforcing silica. Optimum compounding ratio of silica,
vulcanisates and mixing conditions are discussed.
49, No.9, Sept.1996, p.589/96
CHINA SYNTHETIC AMORPHOUS SILICAS IN FINE
Accession no.609949 POWDER FORM: DEFINITIONS, PROPERTIES
AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
Item 347 Ferch H; Toussaint H E
Antec ’96. Volume III. Conference proceedings. An in-depth review is presented of the three major classes
Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3545-9 of finely divided synthetic amorphous silicas, the
EFFECTS OF EXTRA COARSE FILLER IN precipitated silicas, silica gels, and pyrogenic silicas. Each
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOUNDS are shown to have inherent differences in their
Johnson K C morphological characteristics, surface chemistry, and
Lowell,Massachusetts University purity levels. Efforts are made to clearly define each type
(SPE) of material with descriptions of pertinent manufacturing
The possibility of using a coarse calcium carbonate filler processes, inherent product properties and performance
in PP is investigated. This filler was the by-product of an parameters. 74 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; Savadori A; Scapin M; Walter R

GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE EniChem; Kaiserslautern,University
Accession no.607111
Mineral fillers have often been used in the past to improve
the elastic modulus and heat resistance of polyolefins,
Item 350 but they are known to have a detrimental effect on impact
European Rubber Journal resistance. It was found recently that good fracture
178, No.8, Sept.1996, p.46/52 toughness could be achieved if an appropriate mechanism
SILICA IN TYRES: WHERE TO NOW? was stimulated and good bonding of the filler particles to
White L the matrix was guaranteed. Some results obtained with
Wider use of silica instead of carbon black as a filler in HDPE and kaolin are presented and discussed. Particular
tyre treads has been prompted by the need to combine attention is paid to the effect of filler content and of matrix-
high wear resistance with high wet grip and low rolling filler adhesion. Comparison is also made with literature
resistance. The breakthrough in the use of precipitated data relating to filled polyolefins (HDPE and PP). 23 refs.
silica came with the development of bifunctional (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and
organosilanes, used to promote bonding between the silica FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse,
and rubber surfaces. The consensus seems to be that silica France, Sept.1995)
will be restricted to a special-purpose filler in tread EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE
applications, usually in blends with carbon black. It may
be used on its own in certain winter tyre treads and some Accession no.594229
high performance tyres. New carbon black types
developed for better rolling resistance and processing aids Item 353
used to improve the processability of silica compounds Macromolecular Symposia
are discussed. Vol.108, May 1996, p.55-61
WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE SOME PECULIARITIES OF THE SURFACE
Accession no.599585 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF THE HIGH-
DISPERSED SILICA FILLERS
Tertykh V A
Item 351
Ukraine,Academy of Sciences
61, No.1, 5th July 1996, p.125-32 The surface chemical modification of highly-dispersed
CRYSTALLISATION BEHAVIOUR OF silica fillers is discussed with reference to methods for
POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH SURFACE- preparation of dense hydrophobic coverings on the silica
MODIFIED TALC surface. Analysis of the experimental data is shown to
Velasco J I; De Saja J A; Martinez A B permit optimisation of the selection of modifying reagents
Catalunya,Universitat Politecnica; and catalysts for the surface reactions. The possibility of
Valladolid,Universidad using solid-phase hydrosilylation reactions for this
purpose is examined. 24 refs. (EUROFILLERS 95, Joint
Talc-filled PP composites were prepared by extrusion in
Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers and Filled
a wide composition range. To improve the affinity relation
Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)
between the talc and the PP matrix, the talc surface was
UKRAINE
modified with silane coupling agents. DSC investigations
on test samples, prepared by injection moulding, revealed Accession no.594219
that the talc content and its surface modification had a
pronounced effect on the crystallisation behaviour of the Item 354
filled PP composites. Isothermal crystallisation Macromolecular Symposia
experiments on samples with minimum amounts of talc Vol.108, May 1996, p.13-8
(2 wt%) revealed an improved nucleation activity with TALC PRODUCTION: AN OVERVIEW
silane-treated talc. 14 refs. Robert J F; Fragnier P
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Luzenac Europe
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.595613 A report is presented on the Luzenac Group, which
currently produces and markets more than 1 million tons
of talc p.a. Talc mineralogy is outlined, talc processing is
Item 352 discussed and the constant search for a better relationship
Macromolecular Symposia between the very specific talc properties obtained from
Vol.108, May 1996, p.183-202 its various deposits and the application of talc in very
PARTICLE-FILLED POLYOLEFINS WITH HIGH different industrial fields is considered. (EUROFILLERS
STIFFNESS AND TOUGHNESS, AS USED FOR 95, Joint Meeting of MOFFIS and FILPLAS on Fillers
LOAD BEARING COMPONENTS and Filled Polymers, Mulhouse, France, Sept.1995)

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; EFFECTS OF SILICA ON UNCURED AND

WESTERN EUROPE CURED COMPOUND PROPERTIES
Accession no.594217 Dick J S; Pawlowski H
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
Item 355 There is an increased interest in the use of precipitated
1994 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. hydrated silica because of the special properties it imparts
Conference Proceedings. to cured tyre tread compounds. The RPA 2000 Rubber
Nashville, Tn., 28th Aug.-1st Sept.1994, p.89-95. 012 Process Analyser RPA is used to study the special effects
MINERAL ENHANCEMENT OF EXTRUSION of silica. The compound effects from different types of silica
COATED POLYETHYLENE are studied in the uncured state, while curing, and in the
Ruiz F A cured state. In the uncured state, the effects of variations in
Heritage Plastics Inc. silica loading, particle size and structure on the formation
(TAPPI) of networks are studied with the Rubber Process Analyser.
A study was made of the advantages obtained by the Comparisons are made with the formation of carbon black
addition of untreated and stearic acid treated calcium networks. Silica loading effects on the critical strain are
carbonates to LDPE and linear LDPE resins in the also studied. The non-Newtonian and thixotropic nature
extrusion coating of kraft paper. Mineral addition of silica loaded compounds are also investigated. The RPA
increased extrusion output and line speed at constant is used to study the effects of heat treatment and the addition
screw speed and coating weight. Surface treated fillers of an organosilane coupling agent on the mixing process
yielded these improvements with minimal increases in for silica loaded compounds and their resulting processing
melt pressure and motor current. The addition of mineral and scorch properties as well as effects on cured dynamic
concentrate also improved the drawdown of the LDPE properties at lower temperatures. Finally, the effects of silica
base resin. The coefficient of friction of the coatings was on thermal conductivity and its implications for variable
reduced due to a slight roughening of the polymer surface, temperature cure are reviewed. 49 refs.
and slight improvements were observed in the Elmendorf FLEXSYS AMERICA LP
tear strength of coated papers. Mineral addition gave no USA
significant changes in the adhesion of coatings to paper, Accession no.591675
and minor improvements were noted in the hot tack and
seal strength of linear LDPE coatings. 4 refs. Item 358
USA Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Accession no.592138 60, No.11, 13th June 1996, p.1779-91
SINGLE SCREW EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING
OF PARTICULATE FILLED THERMOPLASTICS:
Item 356 STATE OF DISPERSION AND ITS INFLUENCE
International Polymer Processing ON IMPACT PROPERTIES
11, No.1, March 1996, p.3-13 Yeh Wang; Jiang-Shen Huang
35 YEARS OF STUDIES OF MIXING OF Tunghai,University
RUBBER AND VISCOELASTICITY
Nakajima N Compounding of calcium carbonate-filled PP was
Akron,University examined with a single-screw extruder and variants of
mixing sections. The mixing section on the screw was
A review is given of the mixing of rubber with reinforcing exchangeable and two dispersive mixing elements, namely
fillers with emphasis given to the viscoelastic nature of the Zorro and the Maddock elements, were used. The
rubber. The relationship between the mill processability impact strength was measured by a notched Izod impact
to the elongation and failure behaviour of gum rubber is tester with specimens having a U-shaped sharp notch. The
discussed. Interaction between rubber and carbon black fracture toughnesses for the PP homopolymer and the filled
and material and internal mixer is mentioned. A method composites were determined using fracture mechanics
of constructing viscoelastic master-curves from the tensile principles. The results were correlated with the state of
stress-strain data is presented. 30 refs. dispersion of the filler. The effects of filler concentration
USA and surface treatment were also examined. Correlation
Accession no.591923 between state of dispersion and impact properties for
calcium carbonate-filled PP was obtained. The effect of
Item 357 various mixing elements on the state of dispersion was also
149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996. investigated. The experimental results indicated that good
Conference preprints. dispersion would improve the impact properties of the
Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 34, pp.37. 012 polymer matrix, but only at moderate filler loading. 36 refs.
APPLICATION OF THE RUBBER PROCESS CHINA; TAIWAN
ANALYSER IN CHARACTERISING THE Accession no.591362

Item 359 rats, which appeared to show that massive doses of carbon
Journal of Applied Polymer Science black can cause a form of non-malignant lung cancer in
60, No.7, 16th May 1996, p.981-90 male rats. The carbon black industry should now place a
TOUGHENED BLENDS OF PS AND BR FILLED high priority on proving that the response is rat-specific
WITH CHALK and is therefore irrelevant to humans.
Braun D; Klein M; Hellmann G P INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON
Darmstadt,Deutsches Kunststoff-Institut CANCER
WORLD
The behaviour of PS/BR blends filled with chalk is
discussed. Comparisons were made with commercial Accession no.587266
high-impact PS produced by in situ polymerisation.
Stress-strain properties and morphology are discussed. Item 362
14 refs. Annals of Occupational Hygiene
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; 40, No.1, Feb.1996, p.65-77
WESTERN EUROPE OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE TO CARBON
Accession no.589144 BLACK IN ITS MANUFACTURE: DATA FROM
1987 TO 1992
Item 360 Gardiner K; Calvert I A; van Tongeren M J A;
Polymer Degradation and Stability Harrington J M
51, No.3, 1996, p.235-49 Birmingham,University
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION BEHAVIOUR OF This paper describes the exposure to carbon black dust in the
POLYAMIDE FIRE-RETARDANT first and second phase of a large multi-national epidemiological
COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING MAGNESIUM study investigating the magnitude of exposure-related effects
HYDROXIDE FILLER such as respiratory morbidity. 29 refs.
Hornsby P R; Wang J; Rothon R; Jackson G; Wilkinson EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
G; Cossick K WESTERN EUROPE
Brunel University; ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd.; Accession no.587194
DuPont de Nemours International SA
The thermal analysis of polyamides modified with Item 363
magnesium hydroxide fire retardant filler is studied. Using Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
combined TGA, DSC, EGA, and on-line FTIR techniques, Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.317-70. 51
it is shown that on thermal breakdown magnesium FILLED THERMOSETS
hydroxide exerts a significant pro-degradative action on Jackson G V; Orton M L
polyamides, attributed to water release and resulting ICI Chemicals & Polymers Ltd.; Lancaster,University
hydrolysis of the polymer chain. Evolved gases released Edited by: Rothon R N
are shown to be water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, (Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
ammonia and various hydrocarbon fragments. Similar Consultants)
results are obtained for both filled and unfilled PA
compositions. In the case of nylon 66, however, polymer Following a review of the chemistry of thermosetting
degradation occurs before magnesium hydroxide resins, the effects of fillers on the mechanical and thermal
breakdown, whereas there is much greater overlap properties, curing and shrinkage of these resins are
between thermal decomposition of nylon 6 and the fire examined. The use of fillers as processing aids which
retardant filler. 16 refs. reduce air entrapment is also discussed. 70 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
SWITZERLAND; UK; WESTERN EUROPE WESTERN EUROPE
Item 361 Item 364

European Rubber Journal Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
178, No.5, May 1996, p.30 Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.279-316. 51
BLACK MAY BE CARCINOGENIC FILLED THERMOPLASTICS
Hancock M
It is briefly reported that carbon black has been reclassified ECC International Ltd.
as group 2B, possibly carcinogenic to humans, following Edited by: Rothon R N
a review by the International Agency for Research into (Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon Consultants)
Cancer in October 1995. The group accepted that there is
still insufficient evidence of the effects on human The influence of fillers on the density, permeability,
populations, but it had taken note of some research on rigidity, impact strength, toughness, colour, and thermal,

surface, tensile and electrical properties of thermoplastics Item 367

is examined. Applications of fillers in a number of Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
polymers including PVC, PP, PE, polyamides, PBTP, Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.123-63. 51
PETP, PS, ABS, polyacetals, polyphenylene oxide, SURFACE MODIFICATION AND SURFACE
polyphenylene sulphide and liquid crystal polymers are MODIFIERS
described. 102 refs. Rothon R N
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
WESTERN EUROPE Consultants
Accession no.586699 Edited by: Rothon R N
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon
Consultants)
Item 365
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites. A survey is made of coatings and coupling agents used in
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.235-78. 51 the surface modification of fillers for polymers, including
PARTICULATE FILLERS IN ELASTOMERS fatty acids, polymers such as maleinised polybutadiene,
silanes, organotitanates, zirconates, aluminates,
Skelhorn D
zircoaluminates, phosphates and borates. Surface
ECC International Inc.
modification methods and analytical techniques for
Edited by: Rothon R N
determining the properties of coated fillers are examined.
69 refs.
Consultants)
Types of fillers used in rubbers are reviewed, and their WESTERN EUROPE
effects on compounding, vulcanisation, processing and Accession no.586695
polymer properties such as permanent set, gas
permeability, flammability, colour, resistance to liquids, Item 368
and electrical and dynamic properties are discussed. Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites.
Fillers examined in particular detail include carbon blacks, Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.47-87. 51
silicas, silicates, clays, talcs, calcium carbonates, alumina PRINCIPAL TYPES OF PARTICULATE FILLERS
trihydrate and barium sulphate. 52 refs. Hancock M; Rothon R N
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA; ECC International Ltd.; Manchester,Metropolitan
WESTERN EUROPE University; Rothon Consultants
Accession no.586698 Edited by: Rothon R N
Consultants)
Item 366
Particulate-Filled Polymer Composites. A survey is made of the production, properties, surface
Harlow, Longman, 1995, p.207-34. 51 modification and applications of a range of particulate
EFFECTS OF PARTICULATE FILLERS ON fillers used in polymers. Materials examined include
FLAME RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF mineral fillers such as calcium carbonate, dolomite, clays,
COMPOSITES mica, talc, montmorillonite, barium and calcium
Rothon R N sulphates, wollastonite and crystalline silicas, carbon
Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon blacks, and flame retardant fillers including aluminium
Consultants and magnesium hydroxides, magnesium carbonate and
Edited by: Rothon R N its mixtures with huntite, sodium aluminium
(Manchester,Metropolitan University; Rothon hydroxycarbonate and antimony oxides. 50 refs.
Consultants) EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
The flame retardant and smoke suppressant effects of Accession no.586693
fillers in polymers are examined, with particular emphasis
on metal hydroxides and carbonates. Tests for the Item 369
flammability and smoke and gas emission of filled Rubber Chemistry and Technology
polymers are described and illustrated by reference to a 68, No.5, Nov-Dec.1995, p.815-23
number of scientific studies. Mechanistic studies CHEMICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN
involving modelling of the oxygen index test and the CHLOROSULPHONATED POLYETHYLENE
application of thermal analysis techniques are also AND SILICA - EFFECT OF SURFACE
reviewed. 36 refs. MODIFICATIONS OF SILICA
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; Roychoudhury A; De P P; Roychoudhury N; Vidal A
WESTERN EUROPE
Indian Institute of Technology; Centre de Recherches
Accession no.586697 sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.

The surface of precipitated silica was modified by heat Optigrade AB

treatment at 800C for 4 h and hexadecanol treatment. (Japan,Society of Rubber Industry)
Diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopic measurements
In order to make it possible to quantify carbon black
showed that the modification of the silica surface reduced
dispersion quickly and reliably, OptiGarde has developed
the silanol content. Heat treatment caused the
a new range of DisperGrader instruments. A short review
condensation of the silanol groups forming siloxane
is presented of existing methods for the characterisation
linkages, while hexadecanol treatment caused
of carbon black dispersion with special emphasis on the
esterification, thereby shielding the free silanol groups.
series of DisperGrader instruments and how they can be
As a result, the modified silicas exhibited much less
used for a quick and reliable determination and
interaction with polar molecules, e.g. water, chloroform,
documentation of carbon black dispersion in rubber. 9
than the unreacted silica. Bound rubber formation in the
refs.
chlorosulphonated PE/silica system was also adversely
SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE
affected by the modification of the filler surface. Upon
heat treatment at 180C for 1 h, chlorosulphonated PE lost Accession no.586250
-SO2Cl groups and the modified polymer lacked its ability
to form bound rubber. It was therefore believed that the Item 372
rubber-filler interaction occurred between the silanol Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
groups of the silica and sulphonyl chloride groups of the Vol.235, Feb.1996, p.193-203
polymer. 19 refs. (ACS Rubber Div., Spring Meeting, EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFICATION OF
Philadelphia, May 1995) ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE ON THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; CRYSTALLISATION BEHAVIOUR OF
INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE FILLED
Accession no.586558 POLYPROPYLENES
Liauw C M; Lees G C; Hurst S J; Rothon R N; Dobson
Item 370 DC
IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference. Manchester,Metropolitan University; ICI Surfactants
Conference proceedings. Composites based on PP (homopolymer and impact
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.492-5. 012 modified copolymers) and surface modified aluminium
EFFECT OF PRECIPITATED SILICA hydroxide were studied using DSC and X-ray diffraction.
PROPERTIES ON PERFORMANCE OF HIGH Filler surface modifiers used included 2-dodecen-1-yl
TEAR STRENGTH SILICONE RUBBER succinic anhydride as a dispersant and a commercial silane
Okel T A; Waddell W H based coupling agent system (BA Chemicals S21). 18 refs.
PPG Industries Inc. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
(Japan,Society of Rubber Industry) WESTERN EUROPE
Surface area is a highly accurate predictor of the physical Accession no.585975

performance of precipitated silica-filled organic rubber.
The effect of vinyl concentration and silica physical Item 373
properties on the performance of a high tear strength Revista de Plasticos Modernos
silicone rubber is presented. Silica properties evaluated 68, No.462, Dec.1994, p.530-9
include surface area, structure, agglomerate size, pH and Spanish
bound water. Silicone rubber performance properties SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE
include processing, curing, reinforcement, resiliency, TECHNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
colour and clarity. A combination of silicone vinyl POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES
concentration and silica physical properties are needed Espi E; Fontecha A; Garriga A
to provide optimum performance in a high-tear strength, Repsol Quimica SA
high consistency silicone rubber. 10 refs.
A study was made of the melt flow index (MFI), flexural,
USA
tensile and impact properties, heat deflection temperature
Accession no.586252 (HDT) and Vicat softening temperature of 20 talc filled PP
composites. A statistical analysis based on a multiple
Item 371 regression method was carried out in order to determine
IRC ’95 Kobe International Rubber Conference. correlations between compositional parameters (weight %
Conference proceedings. of talc and ethylene comonomer and MFI of the PP matrix)
Kobe, 23rd-27th Oct.1995, p.484-7. 012 and the measured properties. Good linear models were
DETERMINATION OF CARBON BLACK obtained for the MFI of the composites, flexural modulus,
DISPERSION-METHODS, LIMITATIONS AND tensile properties at the yield point, unnotched impact
IMPROVEMENTS strength, HDT and Vicat. The results were poorer for notched
Lovgren P; Persson S; Andersson L O impact strength and tensile properties at break. 7 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; POLYURETHANE/UREA REACTION

WESTERN EUROPE INJECTION MOULDING(RIM) COMPOSITES
Accession no.583098 Sue H J; Wang K J
Texas A & M University; Dow Chemical Co.
Item 374 The impact fracture behaviour of commercially-available RIM
SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference. PU/urea(PUU) systems was studied using a double-notch four-
Conference Proceedings. point-bend Charpy impact (DN-4PB-CI) test, followed by
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1D. 627 microscopy investigations. It was found that the PUU matrix
ALUMINIUM TRIHYDROXIDE (ATH) AS A was capable of large scale plastic deformation under mode-I
FILLER FOR POLYMER COMPOSITES: DN-4PB-CI fracture. When mica filler was added, however,
IMPROVEMENTS IN THERMAL STABILITY BY the PUU matrix began to fail in a brittle manner. No sign of
CONTROLLED PRECIPITATION matrix plastic flow was observed. Furthermore, as mica filler
Dando N R; Pearson A; Stinson J M; Kolek P L; Martin is flake-like in shape, the orientation of mica, which could be
E S; Cleaver T R strongly influenced by the processing conditions as well as
Akron Technical Center; Alcoa Industrial Chemicals processing direction, appeared to affect the Charpy impact
Division fracture toughness of the mica-filled PUU system. Methods
(SPI,Composites Institute) for manufacturing impact damage-tolerant PUU-RIM systems
Ground and precipitated aluminium trihydroxide fillers are discussed. 13 refs.
were investigated using TGA, DSC and FTIR, in concert, USA
to show that the low temperature stability of aluminium Accession no.582892
trihydroxide can be substantially improved by appropriate
choice and optimisation of the filler manufacturing Item 377
process (precipitation grinding) as well as the ultimate Journal of Applied Polymer Science
particle size employed. 12 refs. 59, No.11, 14th March 1996, p.1741-50
USA COMPARISON OF RUBBER REINFORCEMENT
Accession no.582924 USING VARIOUS SURFACE-MODIFIED
PRECIPITATED SILICAS
Thammathadanukul V; O’Haver J H; Harwell J H;
Item 375 Osuwan S; Na-Ranong N; Waddell W H
SPI Composite Institute 50th Annual Conference. Chulalongkorn,University; Oklahoma,University;
Conference Proceedings. Thailand,Rubber Research Institute; PPG Industries
Cincinnati, Oh., 30th Jan-1st Feb.1995, paper 1A. 627
EFFECT OF SURFACE MODIFIED ALUMINA The reinforcement of a NR compound by various surface-
TRIHYDRATE ON PHYSICAL, CORROSION modified precipitated silicas was compared. Compound
AND FIRE PERFORMANCE PROPERTIES OF A physical properties were determined for two silicas differing
VINYL ESTER RESIN in surface area and were used as controls to evaluate these
Green D W; Chen P; Herzog D J silicas after surface modification by using either a
Huber J.M.,Corp.; Interplastic Corp. bifunctional organosilane coupling agent (gamma-
(SPI,Composites Institute) mercaptopropyl-trimethoxysilane) or by a surface
modification process based on the in situ polymerisation of
The effects of surface-modified alumina trihydrate on the organic monomers solubilised inside surfactant bilayers that
performance properties of a vinyl ester resin commonly were adsorbed onto the silica surface to give silicas modified
used in applications such as gratings, ducting, tanks, pipes, with styrene-butadiene and styrene-isoprene copolymers.
and flooring, were studied. The change in viscosity of a Both surface modification processes gave materials that
vinylester resin was examined when either a treated or significantly increased the compound cure rate, thus
non-treated alumina trihydrate product was mixed into markedly reducing T90 cure times, while also improving
the resin. ASTM C-581 composite panels were prepared tensile properties, tear strength, abrasion resistance and
from which test specimens were cut to measure physical, compression set of the cured compound. The silane-modified
flame and smoke, and corrosion-resistant properties of silica gave higher flex-cracking resistance than did silicas
the composites. 5 refs. modified by the in situ polymerisation of organic monomers,
USA whereas these latter silicas significantly increased rebound
Accession no.582921 resilience and offered greater overall improvements in rubber
compound performance. The rubber compound physical
Item 376 properties obtained using the modified, higher surface area
Journal of Polymer Research Hi-Sil 255 silica were generally improved relative to those
2, No.3, July 1995, p.163-70 obtained using the modified Hi-Sil 233 silica. 23 refs.
IMPACT FRACTURE MECHANISMS THAILAND; USA
INVESTIGATION OF MICA-FILLED Accession no.582878

Item 378 Degussa AG

Journal of Applied Polymer Science (ACS,Rubber Div.)
59, No.11, 14th March 1996, p.1709-14
Results are presented of comparative studies of the wet
INFLUENCE OF ELECTRON-BEAM-
traction, wear and rolling resistance of tyre tread
CROSSLINKING ON BARRIER PROPERTIES
compounds filled with silica, carbon black and
OF HDPE-MICA COMPOSITES
combinations thereof, and of the ecological effects of
Sodergard A; Ekman K; Stenlund B; Lassas A C
using silica and carbon black in tyres. 15 refs.
Abo,Akademi University
VOLKSWAGEN AG; STUTTGART,UNIVERSITY;
HDPE was compounded with untreated and surface- CONTINENTAL AG; PE PRODUCT ENGINEERING
treated mica (10, 20, 40 wt %) and the composites were GMBH
injection-moulded. The composites were radiation EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
crosslinked (100, 300, 700 kGy) and hydrocarbon USA; WESTERN EUROPE
permeability, tensile impact strength and TS at 25 and Accession no.580260
80C were examined. The permeability of HDPE decreased
from 7 to 3.6 g/(d x sq m) by compounding the polymer
Item 381
with 20 wt % mica and the permeability was further
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
reduced to 1.3 g/(d x sq m) on irradiation of the
Conference Preprints.
compounds (700 kGy). When surface-treated mica was
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 74, pp.20.
used, the permeability of the composite further decreased
012
to about 1.0 g/(d x sq m). Upon irradiation, the elastic
PRECIPITATED SILICA IN TYRE TREAD
modulus measured at 25C increased 5% when the dose
Cochet P; Barriquand L; Bomal Y; Touzet S
was 300 kGy. At 80C, the corresponding increase was
Rhone-Poulenc Chimie; Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
40%. The tensile impact strength of an unfilled polymer
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
increased more than three fold with an irradiation dose
of 700 kGy and, for a polymer with 10 wt % mica, the A high dispersibility precipitated silica filler was used in
tensile impact strength was twice the level of that of an combination with a silane coupling agent in SBR/
unirradiated composite. 17 refs. polybutadiene tyre tread compounds. Compounds
FINLAND; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE containing a solution vinyl SBR showed improved rolling
Accession no.582874 resistance, tread wear and wet traction characteristics
compared to similar compounds filled with carbon black
or conventional silicas. 17 refs.
Tyretech ’95. 21st Century Technology: Evolution or USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Revolution? Conference proceedings. Accession no.580257
Turin, 16th-17th Oct.1995, paper 16, pp.8. 6T
DEVELOPMENTS IN SILICA USE
Bomal Y; Touzet S; Barruel P; Cochet Ph; Dejean B Item 382
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches 148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995.
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) Conference Preprints.
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 63, pp.32.
Information is presented in some detail on the use of 012
precipitated silica for improvement of rolling resistance REINFORCING FILLERS, VISCOELASTIC
and other performance criteria in tyre compounds. It is PROPERTIES AND TYRE PERFORMANCE
reported that potential applications for silica compounds Moneypenny H G; Harris J; Laube S
include radial truck, earthmover, and all weather tyres as Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; MERL Ltd.; Cabot
well as passenger car tyres. 29 refs. Corp.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; (ACS,Rubber Div.)
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.580913 A study was made of the viscoelastic properties of SBR/
polybutadiene tyre tread compounds filled with
combinations of carbon black and silica and with silica
Item 380 only. A silica filled compound showed a significant
148th ACS Rubber Division Meeting. Fall 1995. increase in maximum tan delta as a function of strain at
Conference Preprints. 60C and in tan delta over the 0 to -10C temperature range
Cleveland, Oh., 17th-20th Oct.1995, Paper 77, pp.18. after the application of a high strain. Poorer rolling
012 resistance and improved wet traction as a consequence
CARBON BLACK AND SILICA: A TECHNICAL of higher hysteresis were inferred for treads subjected to
AND AN ECOLOGICAL APPROACH high stresses or strains. After the application of a high
Freund B; Forster F; Lotz R dynamic strain, compounds containing different carbon

blacks and silica gave a tan delta at 60C lower than or directly influences impact properties by modification of
equal to that observed in the silica filled compound. the polymer-filler interphase. Characterisation of the
Although this would indicate equal or lower rolling coating and polymer-filler interaction by a number of
resistance for blends containing both fillers, the silica methods is discussed in relation to the impact properties of
filled compound had a higher tan delta at lower PP composites. 14 refs.
temperature, and would thus be expected to exhibit better EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
wet traction. 18 refs. WESTERN EUROPE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Accession no.579734
NETHERLANDS; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.
Item 383 Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.4112-6. 012
Polymat ’94 - Toughening of Plastics III. Conference PERFORMANCE OF ULTRAFINE TALC IN
proceedings. RIGID PVC
London, 19th-22nd Sept.1994, p.644-7. 627 Wiebking H E
J INTEGRAL FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AN Specialty Minerals Inc.
TOUGHENING MECHANISM OF TOUGHENED (SPE)
POLYPROPYLENE/CACO3 COMPOSITES
The role of talc in PVC has been limited; it is used in a
Deng X; Zhu X; Li G; Qi Z; Choy C L
few applications to increase flexural modulus (stiffness),
Academia Sinica,Institute of Chemistry
but this stiffness is usually accompanied by a severe
(Institute of Materials)
decrease in impact strength. The particle size of the
Toughened PP/CaCO3 composites are obtained by design mineral filler in a rigid PVC formulation has been found
interface of composite. Three methods are used to to have a significant effect on the impact strength of the
determine the Jc values of PP and the toughened PP/ final product. Advances in fine particle technology have
CaCO3 composites. The results from the first two methods made it possible to produce mineral fillers with average
agree reasonably, but the Jc values obtained from the particle sizes below one micron. The performance of an
single specimen are significantly higher. The addition of ultrafine talc product with an average particle size of 0.9
CaCO3 gives rise to substantial increases in both the microns is evaluated. The primary goal is to determine
Young’s modulus and notched Izod impact strength, a how this filler could be used to expand the performance
slight increase in Jc and a sharp rise in the crack range of rigid PVC compounds. 6 refs.
propagation resistance. It is proposed that the criterion USA
for toughening in a particulate-filled polymer is that the Accession no.577937
composite has a higher Jh value than the polymer. 6 refs.
CHINA
Item 386
Accession no.579737
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
68, No.4, Sept/Oct.1995, p.623-51
Item 384 FRACTAL STRUCTURES IN CARBON BLACK
Polymat ’94 - Toughening of Plastics III. Conference REINFORCED RUBBERS
proceedings. Klueppel M; Heinrich G
London, 19th-22nd Sept.1994, p.628-38. 627 Deutsches Institut fuer Kautschuktechnologie eV;
TOUGHENING OF POLYPROPYLENE BY Continental AG
CACO3: EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE AND
The fractal nature of primary and secondary carbon black
SURFACE COATING
aggregates in rubber were considered together with
Taylor D A; Paynter C D
implications for the mechanical and electrical properties
ECC International Ltd.
of rubber goods. In particular, the effects of dispersion
(Institute of Materials)
and primary aggregate breakup during mixing was
The toughening of PP by rigid particulate fillers, such as investigated. Based on recent studies of the disordered
calcium carbonate, is widely reported. The effect of sub- growth processes of colloids, a model concerning
micron particle size fillers on the impact properties of PP formation, structure and properties of tenuous secondary
and propylene copolymer are discussed. The surface carbon black aggregates (clusters) in rubber was
treatment of carbonate fillers also influences the toughness formulated. Predicted properties of carbon black filled
of composites. The role of commercially important rubbers were discussed in the framework of experimental
hydrophobic coatings is outlined. Firstly, hydro-phobisation results taken from different authors. 74 refs.
of the filler facilitates dispersion thereby reducing aggregate EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;
size and population. This topic is illustrated by examples WESTERN EUROPE
of good and bad dispersion. Secondly, the filler coating Accession no.577593

Item 387 Item 390

Journal of Materials Science Antec ’95. Vol.II. Conference Proceedings.
31, No.2, 15th Jan.1996, p.281-9 Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.1758-64. 012
CHARACTERISATION OF DISPERSION STATE INVESTIGATION OF IMPACT FRACTURE
OF FILLER AND POLYMER-FILLER MECHANISMS OF POLYURETHANE-UREA
INTERACTIONS IN RUBBER-CARBON BLACK BUMPER FASCIA SYSTEMS
COMPOSITES Wang K J; Sue H J
Karasek L; Sumita M Dow Chemical Co.
Tokyo,Institute of Technology (SPE)
Several experimental techniques and approaches for The impact fracture mechanisms of reaction injection
characterisation of the dispersion state of filler in rubber- moulded polyurethane-urea (PUU) bumper fascia
carbon black composites are reviewed and an investigation systems, with and without mica filler, were investigated
of polymer-filler interactions is reported. Particular by a double-notch four-point bending method and SEM
attention is paid to dispersion state characterisation, and transmission optical microscopy techniques. The roles
electrical conductivity measurements, bound rubber of microvoids and filler and the effects due to notch tip
evaluations, mechanical property measurements, carbon radius and filler orientation were studied. The neat PUU
black surface property studies, small-angle X-ray scattering was capable of large scale plastic deformation, but this
and NMR spectroscopy. 109 refs. was suppressed in the presence of mica and the impact
JAPAN fracture toughness was reduced. The filled and unfilled
Accession no.576697 systems appeared to be quite notch radius sensitive. Mica
orientation gave an effect on the fracture mechanisms only
in the blunt crack condition. 11 refs.
Item 388
USA
European Polymer Journal
32, No.1, Jan.1996, p.35-41 Accession no.568168
EFFECTS OF A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVE
ON BOUND RUBBER IN CARBON BLACK AND Item 391
SILICA FILLED NATURAL RUBBERS Journal of Materials Science
Sheng E; Sutherland I; Bradley R H; Freakley P K 30, No.21, 1st Nov.1995, p.5347-55
Loughborough,University of Technology INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION OF
POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES FILLED
The effects of a multifunctional additive, i.e. a diamine
WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
salt of carboxylic acid, on the bound rubber in carbon
Hornsby P R; Watson C L
black and silica filled NR compounds in o-xylene, were
Brunel University
studied. The effects of ozone oxidation of the carbon black
on the bound rubber were also investigated. 13 refs. The mechanical properties of PP composites containing
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; magnesium hydroxide were studied with reference to the
WESTERN EUROPE influence of filler surface modification on properties. It
Accession no.573601 was found that, compared with composites containing
untreated filler, mechanical properties could be markedly
affected by the chemical nature and amount of surface
Item 389
treatment applied. In particular, highly significant
Polymer Degradation and Stability
improvements in toughness were obtained using
50, No.1, 1995, p.13-9
sufficiently high levels of magnesium stearate to ensure
EFFECT OF THE CHEMICAL STABILISATION
complete coverage of the magnesium hydroxide surface.
SYSTEM ON THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF PP
The results are discussed in terms of the observed
CONTAINING TALC AND CARBON BLACK
deformation mechanism in the polymer matrix. 16 refs.
Chinelatto M A; Agnelli J A M
Sao Carlos,Universidade Federal WESTERN EUROPE
The effect of different chemical stabilisation systems on Accession no.566663
the photooxidation of PP modified with talc and carbon
black was studied by changes in mechanical properties,
Item 392
multiple internal reflection IR spectroscopy and SEM after
Polymer Degradation and Stability
accelerated weathering exposure. The effect of epoxy
49, No.2, 1995, p.263-73
resin concentration, used as surface treatment of talc
THERMAL ANALYSIS AND DEGRADATION
particles, was also investigated. 17 refs.
MECHANISMS OF BLENDS OF LDPE,
BRAZIL
POLYETHYL ACRYLATE AND ETHYLENE-
Accession no.569408 ETHYL ACRYLATE COPOLYMER WITH

CALCIUM CARBONATE 12 mm and a length of about 15 mm. They were heated

McNeill I C; Mohammed M H in glycerol and kept at each test temperature for 15
Glasgow,University minutes. Shrinkage was calculated from the diameter
change. X-ray analysis showed that as the extrusion draw
The thermal stability of blends of LDPE and polyethyl
ratio increased, there was a marked increase in the degree
acrylate with whiting type coated calcium carbonate was
of crystallinity. Elastic modulus was measured under
investigated in inert atmosphere. Ethylene-ethyl acrylate
three-point bending and plotted against molecular draw
copolymer was investigated with different types of
ratio. Results are compared with previous ones for LDPE
calcium carbonate by the same techniques and also by
and HDPE. Thermal shrinkage is shown to be primarily
DSC. 3 refs.
dependent upon the melting of crystallites produced by
WESTERN EUROPE
orientation crystallisation. The difference in behaviour
between the UHMWPE and its composites is explained
Accession no.565748
in terms of interaction with fillers. 10 refs.
RUSSIA; UKRAINE
Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing &
Applications
24, No.3, 1995, p.131-7 Item 395
MORPHOLOGY AND TENSILE PROPERTIES Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
OF COMPRESSION-MOULDED TALC-FILLED proceedings.
POLYPROPYLENE Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 17, pp.2. 51
Alonso M; Gonzalez A; de Saja J A EFFECTS OF FILLER SURFACE CHEMISTRY
Valladolid,Universidad AND SURFACTANT ON FILLED RUBBER
COMPOUNDS
Reinforced PP-based composites were prepared with two Sheng E
different types of talcs, to study the variations of tensile Loughborough,University of Technology
properties with filler content, over a range of 0-40 wt%. (Loughborough,University of Technology)
The measured mechanical properties are correlated with
the observed structural characteristics of both talcs and Fairly brief information is presented on how filler surface
PP in an attempt to understand the role of filler and matrix chemistry and surfactant affects rubber compounds
properties in the final product. Attention is given to the containing carbon black and silica fillers. Effects on
importance of the orientation of the talc flakes properties of the carbon black-filled rubber compounds
(predominantly lying in the compression plane), the by ozone oxidation, and the interfacial effects of diamine
nucleating effect of the filler, and to the configuration of salts of carboxylic acid are discussed.
the PP crystallisation phase. 26 refs. EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.563060
Item 396
Item 394 Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
Polymer Science Series B proceedings.
37, Nos.5-6, May-June 1995, p.316-8 Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 16, pp.2. 51
THERMAL SHRINKAGE OF ULTRA HIGH CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLERS FOR
MOLECULAR MASS POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE: THE EFFECT OF SURFACE
POLYMERISATION-FILLED POLYETHYLENE TREATMENT AND PARTICLE SIZE ON
COMPOSITES IMPACT PROPERTIES
Beloshenko V A; Kozlov G V; Slobodina V G; Prut E Taylor D A; Paynter C D
V; Grinev V G ECC International Ltd.
Ukraine,Academy of Sciences; Semenov N.N.,Institute (Loughborough,University of Technology)
of Chemical Physics This fairly brief paper looks at how impact properties of
Samples of UHMWPE and polymerisation-filled PP are modified by calcium carbonate fillers, with
composites of UHMWPE-aluminium and UHMWPE- particular reference to particle size and surface treatment.
bauxite were studied. The size of the filler particles were It is reported that by coating the surface of the filler with
about 10 micrometres and filler contents were 70 and 45 a hydrophobising agent such as stearic acid facilitates the
wt.%. The samples were prepared by solid-phase dispersion. 3 refs.
extrusion. Extrusion draw ratios were varied by using dies EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
WESTERN EUROPE
with different diameters. Thermal shrinkage was
measured using cylindrical samples with a diameter of 5- Accession no.560961

Item 397 This paper discusses properties of mica-filled PP for use

Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference in the manufacture of composites for automotive
proceedings. applications in some detail. Information is presented on
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 15, pp.3. 51 mechanical properties and surface properties i.e. surface
FUNCTIONALISED POLYETHYLENE AS A gloss and scratch resistance.
COATING FOR FILLERS IN POLYOLEFINS EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
Birchenough C L WESTERN EUROPE
Loughborough,University of Technology Accession no.560948
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
Information is presented in some detail on the effect of Item 400
aliphatic chain length of a functionalised PE coating on Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference
the mechanical and physical properties of magnesium proceedings.
hydroxide (DP393)-filled medium density PE (BP Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 1, pp.6. 51
Chemicals’ experimental grade XP9091). It is reported MINERAL FILLERS AS FLAME RETARDANTS
that the tensile properties of the filled MDPE are affected Rothon R N
by the aliphatic chain length and amount of coating Rothon Consultants; Manchester,Metropolitan
applied to the magnesium hydroxide filler. Stronger, stiffer University
compounds are said to be produced by the longer coatings. (Loughborough,University of Technology)
BP CHEMICALS LTD.; PREMIER PERICLASE The effects of mineral fillers on the flammability of
LTD.; ALLIED-SIGNAL CORP. polymers is examined in some detail. Fillers discussed in
this paper include alumina trihydrate, magnesium
WESTERN EUROPE
hydroxide and precipitated calcium carbonate.
Accession no.560960 Information is presented on mechanisms involved in flame
retardancy, smoke generation, afterglow, and surface
Item 398 chemistry and modification. 10 refs.
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
proceedings. WESTERN EUROPE
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 12, pp.2. 51 Accession no.560946
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TALC
FILLED POLYPROPYLENE - EFFECT OF
Item 401
PHOSPHATE COATING
Gilbert M; Liu Z
30, No.16, 15th Aug.1995, p.4171-8
Loughborough,University of Technology
STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN PARTICULATE
(Loughborough,University of Technology)
FILLED COMPOSITES AND ITS EFFECT ON
Fairly brief information is presented on the results of MICROMECHANICAL DEFORMATION
coating a talc filler (Lembalel 2SG 891/1) with various Voros G; Pukanszky
concentrations of Phospholan PNP9 phosphate in PP Budapest,Eotvos Lorand University; Hungarian
(Isplen PP.070) mouldings. The results are reported to Academy of Sciences
show that compounds with higher modulus and similar
A model was developed which assumes the spontaneous
impact strength to unfilled PP can be produced using these
formation of an interphase around the inclusions in
phosphate coatings. 2 refs.
particulate filled composites. Using first order
WESTERN EUROPE
perturbation calculations an approximate analytical
solution was given for the distribution of displacements
Accession no.560957
and stresses around the inclusions. Comparisons are given
between the theoretical model and experimental data for
Item 399 filled PP, PVC, and LDPE. 29 refs.
Loughborough Fillers Symposium 1994. Conference EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
proceedings. Accession no.560556
Loughborough, 19th-20th Oct.1994, paper 3, pp.6. 51
MICA-FILLED PP IN AUTOMOTIVE
COMPOSITES Item 402
Song Y C; Gilbert M; Edge G J; Hollingbery L; Journal of Polymer Engineering
Murfitt P S 14, No.4, 1995, p.237-52
Loughborough,University of Technology; Microfine IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF MODIFIED TALC
Minerals Ltd. FILLED PP/LDPE BLENDS
(Loughborough,University of Technology) Arroyo-Ramos M; Lopez-Manchado M A
CSIC

The effect of a titanate coupling agent modified talc on SURFACE MODIFICATION OF CALCIUM
the impact properties of PP/LDPE blends was studied. CARBONATE USED FOR POLYPROPYLENE
The organophilisation of the talc was examined by SEM. BLENDING WITH DIMERIC ALUMINATES
11 refs. Liao K; Chen X; Zheng C
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN; Zhongshan,University
WESTERN EUROPE
Three types of dimeric aluminates (2DH-306, 2DH-324 and
Accession no.560546
2DH-335) were used for surface modification of calcium
carbonate particles. The dimeric aluminates were shown by
Item 403 mechanical property studies and SEM observations to have
European Polymer Journal a marked coupling effect at the interfaces between the light
31, No.9, Sept.1995, p.885-93 calcium carbonate and PP in the blends. In the 2DH-306
APPLICATION OF RICE HUSK ASH AS modified light calcium carbonate/PP (25/75) system, the
FILLERS IN PP: EFFECT OF TITANATE, impact strength exceeded that of the non-modified system
ZIRCONATE AND SILANE COUPLING AGENTS by more than 30 kJ/sq m. X-ray study showed that the dimeric
Faud M Y A; Ismail Z; Ishak Z A M; Omar A K M aluminates had a synergistic effect with light calcium
Malaysia,Industrial Research Institute carbonate on the formation of PP beta-crystal, which would
The effects of applying titanate, zirconate, and silanes exert an important influence on the EB for the light calcium
and coupling agents to rice husk ash in PP composites carbonate/PP blends. 6 refs.
are described. PP composites of 10 to 40 %wt filler CHINA
loadings were compounded using a Brabender twin screw Accession no.559671
extruder. Mechanical properties of the composites were
compared to PP composites filled with commercial fumed
Item 406
silica and talc. 35 refs.
Popular Plastics and Packaging
MALAYSIA 40, No.2, Feb.1995, p.41-2
Accession no.560510 MICA AS FUNCTIONAL FILLER
Balchandani N
Item 404 Weltex Engineers (Pvt.) Ltd.
Rubbercon ’95. Conference Preprints. The article supplies a comprehensive assessment of the
Gothenburg, 9th-12th May 1995, Paper C6, pp.24. 012 use of Mica as a filler. Mica is an excellent electrical
REINFORCING FILLERS, VISCOELASTIC insulator, ideal for electrical and electronic equipment.
BEHAVIOUR AND TYRE ROLLING The article includes information on factors affecting the
RESISTANCE PERFORMANCE processability of mica, its properties, and the preparation
Moneypenny H G; Harris J; Laube S; Brown T A of mica for filling in the resin system.
Cabot Leiden Technical Centre; Materials Engineering INDIA
Research Laboratory Ltd.; Cabot Corp.
Accession no.556095
(Nordic Council of Rubber Technology)
A study was made of the hysteretic properties of SBR/ Item 407
polybutadiene tyre tread formulations reinforced entirely Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
with silica and with different combinations of carbon San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.2766-
black and silica. An all silica filled compound showed a 9. 012
significant increase in tan delta max at 60C after EFFECTS OF POLYMERIC AND PARTICULATE
application of a high strain of 40%, inferring that poorer VARIABLES ON THE MINERAL
rolling resistance of tread elements would result from the REINFORCEMENT OF POLYETHYLENE FILM
application of high stresses or strains. A lower tan delta AND BAGS
at 60C after the application of a high dynamic strain was Ruiz F A
observed for a 75/25 SBR/polybutadiene blend containing Heritage Plastics Inc.
40-45 phr carbon black in conjunction with 25 phr silica. (SPE)
14 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; Results are presented of a study of the improvements in
NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK; USA; extrusion efficiency and mechanical properties resulting
WESTERN EUROPE from the calcium carbonate reinforcement of HDPE and
Accession no.560427 linear LDPE blown films and linear medium-density PE
cast films. A comparison was also made of the reinforcing
Item 405 characteristics of calcium carbonate and talc in linear
Journal of Applied Polymer Science LDPE blown films. 5 refs.
57, No.10, 6th Sept.1995, p.1245-50 HERITAGE BAG CO.

USA SBR-MICA-SILICA COMPOSITIONS AND

Accession no.555614 THEIR PHYSICO-MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR
Furtado C R G; Nunes R C R; de Siqueira Filho A S
Rio de Janeiro,Universidade Federal; Brazil,Instituto
Item 408
Nacional de Tecnologia
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.III, p.2756- Brazilian muscovite mica was used as filler in vulcanised
60. 012 compositions of styrene-butadiene rubber in partial
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF replacement of silica. Filler content was kept at 40 phr
ORGANOFUNCTIONAL WATER-BORNE with the mica/silica ratio ranging from 0/0 to 40/0.
SILANES AS COUPLANTS IN NYLON 66 Physico-mechanical properties of the compositions, e.g.
COMPOSITES TS, tear strength, 100% modulus, EB, hardness, abrasion
Zolotnitsky M; Steinmetz J R loss and resilience were studied. Results show that it is
Huls America Inc. possible to partially replace silica by mica, without
(SPE) remarkable changes in some properties. Mica caused a
moderate increase in resilience and a pronounced decrease
Organofunctional water-borne silanes were evaluated as
in hardness. Relationships between mechanical behaviour
coupling agents for various mineral fillers (kaolin, talc,
and structure were examined with the aid of SEM
wollastonite and mica) in nylon 66 in comparison with
micrographs of tensile fracture surfaces. 12 refs.
conventional silanes. In addition to eliminating alcohol
BRAZIL
emission during deposition, the water-borne coupling
agents gave filler dispersion and mechanical properties Accession no.555167
equal or superior to those obtained with the use of
conventional silanes. 4 refs. Item 411
USA International Polymer Science and Technology
Accession no.555612 22, No.1, 1995, p.T/91-3
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF THE
SURFACE AND CONTENT OF KAOLIN ON THE
Item 409
THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
Polymer
ISOTACTIC PP
36, No.12, 1995, p.2397-401
Baranovskii V M; Bondarenko S I; Kachanovskaya L
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY CALCIUM
D; Zelenev Y V; Makarov V G; Ovcharenko F D
CARBONATE PARTICLES: INTERFACE
BEHAVIOUR AND FRACTURE MECHANISM IN Details are given of the effect of surface-modified kaolin
HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE/CALCIUM on the thermophysical properties of isotactic PP. The
CARBONATE BLENDS modifiers were a cation-active surfactant and a cadmium-
Fu Q; Wang G; Liu C containing compound. 9 refs.
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology Accession no.553959
The tensile properties and impact force-time curves of
HDPE/calcium carbonate blends were studied. The results Item 412
showed that a flexible interfacial area with lower stiffness International Polymer Science and Technology
than the matrix could exist. The concept of yielding in 22, No.1, 1995, p.T/50-1
the interfacial area was proposed to explain the fracture FATIGUE STRENGTH OF RUBBERS
mechanism of HDPE/calcium carbonate blends. Three CONTAINING NEW MINERAL FILLERS
types of fracture behaviour were assumed to be dependent Kim A B; Tsoi S D; Allaerov E S; Dzhalilov A T
on the surface-to-surface interparticle distance, i.e.
cavitation and crazing, coexistence of cavitation and Details are given of the effect of new mineral carbonate
yielding in the interfacial area, and interfacial area fillers on the properties of vulcanisates under conditions
yielding and matrix yielding. Based on the results, the similar to service conditions, in particular repeated
interface conditions for brittle-ductile transition and core- elongation. Data are given for polyisoprene, SBR, and
shell morphology of calcium carbonate particles are butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymers. 6 refs.
discussed. 20 refs. Accession no.553950
CHINA
Item 410 3, No.2, 1995, p.71-7
Polymer Bulletin ROLE OF PARTICLE STRENGTH AND FILLER
34, No.5/6, May/June 1995, p.627-33 VOLUME FRACTION IN THE FRACTURE OF
ALUMINA TRIHYDRATE FILLED EPOXY RESINS

Phipps M A; Pritchard G; Abou-Torabi A San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.1710-2.
Kingston,University 012
IMPACT BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITES OF
The critical strain energy release rate and the critical stress
POLYPROPYLENE FILLED WITH HYBRID
intensity factor or fracture toughness of alumina trihydrate
CALCIUM CARBONATE/MICA FILLER
filled epoxy resin were determined as a function of filler
Jancar J; DiBenedetto A T
volume fraction, using tapered double cantilever beam
Connecticut,University
and single edge notch geometries respectively. The value
(SPE)
of the breakaway parameter in the crack pinning model
of Green was estimated in terms of the particle size. 19 Charpy notched impact strength and tensile impact
refs. strength were studied for composites based on isotactic
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; PP or maleated isotactic PP filled with muscovite or
WESTERN EUROPE phlogopite mica flakes and calcium carbonate. The impact
Accession no.553578 behaviour could be analysed using the concept of mixed
failure mode controlled by small scale yielding at the crack
tip. It was shown that the result of a single impact test did
Item 414
not provide sufficient information on structure-toughness
relationships in these materials. 12 refs.
30, No.9, 1st May 1995, p.2438-45
USA
FAILURE MECHANICS IN TERNARY
COMPOSITES OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH Accession no.546492
INORGANIC FILLERS AND ELASTOMER
INCLUSIONS. II. FRACTURE TOUGHNESS Item 417
Jancar J; Dibenedetto A T Journal of Polymer Engineering
Connecticut,University 13, No.4, 1994, p.287-304
The effect of phase morphology, interfacial adhesion and POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES:
filler particle shape and volume fraction on the fracture INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS BY SURFACE
toughness of PP filled with calcium carbonate or TREATMENTS ON THE SOLID PARTICLES
magnesium hydroxide and EPDM were investigated. Taranco J; Martinez J M G; Laguna O; Collar E P
Separation of the inorganic filler and elastomer particles Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
was achieved using maleic anhydride-grafted PP to Changes in mechanical properties of PP/talc composites
enhance the inorganic filler-matrix adhesion. induced by different interfacial modifications of the
Encapsulation of the rigid filler by the elastomer was surface particle based on analytical characterisation of
achieved by using maleic anhydride grafted EPR to the talc samples is discussed. The results are in good
increase the filler-elastomer adhesion. 28 refs. agreement with the macroscopic behaviour, i.e. variations
USA found in the mechanical properties of the composites.
Accession no.551601 Much better performance is obtained from this point of
view in the modified system as compared with the
unmodified one. 20 refs.
Item 415
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings. WESTERN EUROPE
San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.II, p.2488-
Accession no.544839
93. 012
EFFECTS OF COMPONENT BEHAVIOUR AND
CONCENTRATION ON FILLED Item 418
THERMOPLASTICS PROPERTIES Science & Engineering of Composite Materials
Shi G Z H; Nedea C 3, No.4, 1994, p.217-26
DOMCO Industries Ltd. EFFECT OF ADHESION AND FILLER
(SPE) COMPOSITION ON THE MECHANICAL
RESPONSE OF A POLYPROPYLENE/(CALCIUM
The effects of calcium carbonate, talc and clay fillers on
CARBONATE/MICA) COMPOSITE
the flexural, impact, dynamic mechanical and
Jancar J; DiBenedetto A T
morphological properties of PP, EVA and blends of the
Connecticut,University
two polymers were investigated. 11 refs.
CANADA; USA The effects of matrix-filler adhesion and filler composition
Accession no.549490 on the tensile elastic modulus, yield strength and strain
of (calcium carbonate/mica) filled isotactic PP were
investigated at a constant total filler volume fraction of
Item 416 0.2. Muscovite mica with flakes of 80 and 280
Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings. micrometers initial size were used. Maleic anhydride

grafted PP was utilised to promote interfacial adhesion. Item 421

Composite models and linear elastic fracture mechanics Macromolecules
were used to analyse the mechanical response. 14 refs. 28, No.1, 2nd Jan.1995, p.396-8
USA DIRECT OBSERVATION OF TWO GLASS
Accession no.543616 TRANSITIONS IN SILICA-FILLED POLYMERS.
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MORPHOLOGY OF
RANDOM IONOMERS
Item 419 Tsagaropoulos G; Eisenberg A
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie McGill University
Vol.224, Jan.1995, p.97-108
German Dynamic mechanical properties were measured for PVAc,
SURFACE CHEMISTRY BEHAVIOUR OF PS, PMMA and poly(4-vinylpyridine) homopolymers
MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLERS filled with silica particles. The Tg and its activation energy
Luehr J; Janowski F were determined. In the case of samples filled with 10%
Institut fuer Technische und Makromol.Chemie; of very fine (diameter 7 nm) silica, the peak was smaller
Halle,Martin-Luther-Universitat; and another higher Tg with a high activation energy
Weimar,Materialforschungs-und Pruefanstalt indicative of restricted mobility was observed. This
behaviour is compared with that of ionomers containing
The adsorption of stearic acid on calcium carbonate filling
ionic clusters. A short review of unusual Tg phenomena
materials is of the multilayer type, whereby the monolayer
at polymer-filler interfaces is included. 18 refs.
thickness is proportional to the surface area of the filling
CANADA
material and it is also firmly attached. At modifier
concentrations exceeding those needed for the formation Accession no.541636
of the monolayer the hydrophilicity increases, due to a
head-tail orientation of the modifier. The adsorption of Item 422
isopropyl triisostearoyl titanate on calcium carbonate New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, 1993, pp.xviii, 461.
filling materials is of the monolayer type, whereupon a 10ins. 12/7/93. 51B
proportionality to the filling materials surface area is CARBON BLACK SCIENCE AND
observed. With an increasing modifier concentration the TECHNOLOGY. 2ND EDITION
hydrophobicity increases. 24 refs. Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chimie Surf.Sol.;
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Panjab,University; Degussa AG
WESTERN EUROPE Edited by: Donnet J-B; Bansal R C; Wang M-J
Accession no.542139
The revised and expanded second edition of this practical
reference text comprises 14 chapters covering carbon
Item 420
black manufacture, the mechanism of its formation, its
Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
microstructure, morphology, physical and other
Vol.224, Jan.1995, p.9-20
properties, the chemical structure of carbon black surface,
OPTIMISATION OF MECHANICAL STRENGTH
its fractal geometry and the role of carbon black in
OF REINFORCED COMPOSITES. I. STUDY ON
elastomers, plastics and xerographic toners. Individual
THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE BISMALEIMIDE
chapters deal with STM, surface energy, conductivity, and
ON THE MECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF
health effects of carbon black.
CALCIUM CARBONATE-FILLED
POLYPROPYLENE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;
GERMANY; INDIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Khunova V; Sain M M
Slovak Technical University; Quebec,University Accession no.539313
The effect of 3-phenylene bismaleimide on the mechanical
performance of an inorganic filler-based PP composite Item 423
was studied. The selection of processing temperature Plastics and Rubber Weekly
played a significant role in the preparation of such No.1570, 27th Jan.1995, p.8
composites. A positive effect of the bismaleimide NEW ATH HELPS WITH PROCESSING
compound was obtained for a processing temperature It is briefly reported that Alcan has introduced four new
above the decomposition temperature of bismaleimide. aluminium trihydrate grades aimed at the epoxy, polyester
The chemical composition of the modified composite was and acrylic resin thermosetting markets. Unlike traditional
correlated to its mechanical strength by experimentation materials which are ground, the new precipitated FRF
involving a rotatable design. An interaction between grades have rounded surfaces. This results in particles with
polymer and calcium carbonate has been proposed based smaller surface areas than ground. Resin viscosity and
on ESCA analysis. 13 refs. absorption are lower than they would be with equivalent
CANADA; SLOVAKIA ground grades, it is claimed. Higher filler loadings of ATH
Accession no.542131 are possible, with improved flame retardance. All of the

grades have a Mohs Hardness between 2.5 and 3.5. The Item 426
specific gravity of the grades is 2.42. Rubber Chemistry and Technology
ALCAN CHEMICALS LTD. 67, No.4, Sept-Oct.1994, p.602-9
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; PENETRATION OF SILICONE POLYMERS
WESTERN EUROPE INTO SILICA AGGLOMERATES AND ITS
Accession no.539268 INFLUENCE ON DISPERSION MECHANISM
Bohin F; Manas-Zloczower I; Feke D L
Case Western Reserve University
Item 424
Tyretech ’94. Conference proceedings. The dispersion of silica agglomerates suspended in silicone
Munich, 24th-25th Oct.1994, paper 11. 6T1 fluids undergoing simple shear flows was studied. Two
ULTRA-HIGH REINFORCING PRECIPITATED different break-up mechanisms, ‘rupture’ and ‘erosion’, were
SILICA FOR TYRE AND RUBBER observed. These two break-up modes produced significantly
APPLICATIONS different fragment size distributions. Penetration of the
Evans L R; Waddell W H suspending fluid into the silica agglomerate was found to
PPG Industries Inc. affect the mode and the conditions necessary for dispersion
(Rapra Technology Ltd.; European Rubber Journal) of the agglomerate. Silica agglomerates totally penetrated
by silicone fluids resisted dispersion much better than the
Physical properties of a silica-filled model tyre
unpenetrated agglomerates. The kinetics of matrix
compound containing a high surface area precipitated
penetration were modelled on the basis of capillary forces
silica are consistent with predictions based only on
driving the penetration and viscous effects resisting it.
silica surface area. Further evaluation in patented tyre
Agreement of this model with experimental observations
tread formulations again show that the performance of
was very good. 6 refs.
a high surface area silica is consistent with predictions
USA
based on surface area only. However, the use of an
experimental high surface area and fine particle Accession no.538231
precipitated silica afforded higher than predicted
dynamic properties (G’ and G”) with a somewhat lower Item 427
tangent delta value. Using temperature seep data of Antec ’94. Conference Proceedings.
Rheometrics testing and analysis based upon published San Francisco, Ca., 1st-5th May 1994, Vol.I, p.513-7.
equations predictive of tyre performance, the 012
experimental silica was determined to be uniquely SHRINKAGE ANALYSIS OF INJECTION
reinforcing. The predicted tyre cornering coefficient MOULDED POLYPROPYLENE PARTS
is ca. 15% higher than using carbon black only or using Mamat A; Trochu F; Sanschagrin B
a conventional silica. Based on a series of designed Montreal,Ecole Polytechnique
experiments to optimise the properties of tread (SPE)
compounds, the use of the experimental silica may not
require the use of a silane coupling agent. 29 refs. The effects of specific processing parameters on the
shrinkage of rectangular plaques injection moulded in
USA
unfilled and calcium carbonate filled PP were studied.
Accession no.538962 The parameters examined included holding pressure and
time, melt temperature, mould temperature and distance
Item 425 from the gate. The experimental measurements were used
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe to develop shrinkage models. 8 refs.
47, No.12, Dec.1994, p.873-84 CANADA; USA
SURFACE ENERGY OF FILLERS AND ITS Accession no.538012
EFFECT ON RUBBER REINFORCEMENT. II.
Wolff S; Wang M J; Tan E H
Degussa AG Item 428
Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 1994, pp.142. 12ins.
A study is presented of the influence of different filler 10/1/94. Rapra Review Rept.no.7, vol.7, 1994. 5
loadings of a range of commercially available carbon RUBBER COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS -
blacks, a precipitated silica and its hexadecyl- NEED, THEORY AND INNOVATION, PART 1
triethoxysilane-modified counterpart on the hysteresis Hepburn C
properties of standard SBR and NR. The elastic modulus Ulster,University
and loss tangent were used as the criteria for the Edited by: Dolbey R
evaluation. 51 refs. (Rapra Technology Ltd.)
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; Rapra Review Report No.79
WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.538520 Vulcanising systems, antidegradants and particulate fillers
are examined in their roles of compounding ingredients

for rubbers. The primary functions of rubber compounding Wang Y; Li R; Wang G

ingredients are discussed, and the method of calculating Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
cost over density relationships in compounding is
A kind of modifier consisting mainly of carboxylated PE
demonstrated. 309 refs.
and calcium carbonate grafted with acrylamide were used
WESTERN EUROPE
to improve the mechanical properties and interfacial
structure of HDPE/calcium carbonate composites. Tensile
Accession no.537710
and impact properties and improvements in interfacial
adhesion are discussed. 6 refs.
Item 429 CHINA
Chinese Journal of Polymer Science Accession no.532653
12, No.4, 1994, p.309-15
EFFECT OF MATRIX TOUGHNESS ON THE
Item 432
BRITTLE-DUCTILE TRANSITION OF HDPE/
Rubber and Plastics News
CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS
24, No.4, 19th Sept.1994, p.44-6
Fu Qiang; Zhang Yulin; Wang Guiheng
TRACTION/ROLLING RESISTANCE RIDDLE
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
SOLVED. TYRE MAKERS TURN TO SILICA
The effects of HDPE matrix toughness on the brittle- Davis B
ductile transition of HDPE/calcium carbonate blends were
The use is described of precipitated silica as a reinforcing
investigated. Not all HDPE can be toughened by calcium
agent in tyre compounds in place of or in combination
carbonate particles. The ability of the matrix to yield plays
with carbon black, in order to improve the rolling
a fundamental role in determining whether HDPE can
resistance/wet grip performance balance of passenger
not be toughened or not. There exists a critical matrix
tyres. It is estimated that around 14% of a car’s fuel
toughness below which HDPE cannot be toughened
consumption results from rolling resistance, and hence
observably by calcium carbonate particle at given average
the trend towards the development of ‘green’ tyres is
size, and above which the critical matrix ligament
shown to be underway. Earlier problems concerning the
thickness is proportional to matrix impact strength. 8 refs.
dispersibility of silica have been overcome, and blends
CHINA
of these new generation silicas with recently developed
Accession no.536925 solution SBRs and polybutadienes are discussed.
Item 430 GERMANY; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE
146th Meeting, Fall 1994, Conference Proceedings. Accession no.531796
Pittsburgh, Pa., 11th-14th Oct.1994, Paper 65, pp.44. 012
IMPROVING SILICA REINFORCEMENT Item 433
Hewitt N L Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
PPG Industries Inc. 47, No.9, Sept.1994, p.628-32
(ACS,Rubber Div.) FIFTY YEARS OF RESEARCH AND PROGRESS
A study was made of the use of various compounding ON CARBON BLACK
ingredients for modifying properties such as cure rate, Donnet J B
viscosity, compression set and ageing in silica reinforced Centre de Recherches sur Physico-Chemie Surf.Sol.
SBR, polybutadiene, EPDM, NR and nitrile rubber A report is presented on studies on carbon black over the
formulations vulcanised with soluble zinc-free curing last fifty years, carried out by means of electron and X-
systems, without loss of abrasion resistance. In particular, ray microscopy, surface chemistry analysis, inverse gas
the effects of hexamethylene tetramine, insoluble zinc chromatography, and scanning tunnelling microscopy. 63
oxide, mercaptosilane coupling agents, antioxidants, refs. (2nd International Conference on Carbon Black,
accelerators and silica surface area are reported. 3 refs. Mulhouse, France, Sept.1993)
USA
Accession no.535539 WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.531217
Item 431
Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering Item 434
33, No.6, 1994, p.769-79 Journal of Applied Polymer Science
TOUGHENING AND REINFORCEMENT OF 54, No.2, 10th Oct.1994, p.177-89
HDPE/CALCIUM CARBONATE BLENDS BY RUBBERY AND RIGID PARTICLE
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATION. I. TOUGHENING OF EPOXY RESINS
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND Geisler B; Kelley F N
MORPHOLOGY Akron,University

Four types of materials were evaluated, i.e. neat epoxy 22, No.2, 1994, p.105-13
resins of differing initial molecular mass (DER 661 and INFLUENCE OF WELD-LINES ON THE
DER 664), and their rubbery particle-filled (Paraloid TENSILE STRENGTH OF SHORT GLASS
KM330 core-shell particles), rigid particle-filled (A-4000 FIBRE- AND TALC-FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
SG alumina), and hybrid particle-filled counterparts. Both Hashemi S; Gara G; Stanworth B
rubbery and rigid particle-filled epoxies exhibited fracture North London,University
energies greater than the neat resins. Cured resins prepared
Two commercial PP materials, one containing 30 wt %
with an optimum loading of both rubbery and rigid
short glass fibres and the other containing 20 wt % talc,
particles gave fracture energy values greater than those
were injection-moulded using several cavity moulds in
from rubbery or rigid particles alone (approximately
order to study the influence of the weld-lines on TS. Weld-
sixteen-fold increase over the neat resins). Rigid particle
lines were produced by joining of parallel melt fronts
composites were toughened by means of a crack front
either resulting from double-gated cavity or flow around
impedance mechanism. In hybrid particle composites,
inserts and by impinging melt fronts from two gates
rigid particles enhanced localised plastic deformation
located on opposite ends of the dumbbell-shaped mould.
ahead of the crack front. Results are given for DMTA,
It was found that the effect of variables such as distance
double torsion fracture, three-point bending and plane
of flow, insert shape and size on the weld-line strength
strain compression tests. 42 refs.
was not significant. Furthermore, the presence of short
USA
glass fibres had a more adverse effect on weld-line
Accession no.531079 strength than that of the talc-filled grade. The effect was
more pronounced for the weld-lines produced by
Item 435 impinging flow fronts than those produced by joining two
Journal of Applied Polymer Science parallel melt fronts. 10 refs.
53, No.13, 26th Sept.1994, p.1723-9 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC- WESTERN EUROPE
INORGANIC PU ELASTOMERS. I. ALUMINIUM Accession no.524214
HYDROXIDE-PU COMPOSITES BASED ON PPG
Furukawa M; Yokoyama T
Item 438
Nagasaki,University
Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Aluminium hydroxide was used as a reactive filler to 67, No.2, May-June 1994, p.217-36
elastomers prepared from PPG, TDI, and butane diol. SILICA PROPERTIES/RUBBER
Mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical properties, PERFORMANCE CORRELATION. CARBON
and thermal properties were measured. Morphologies BLACK-FILLED RUBBER COMPOUNDS
were observed using X-ray diffraction and SEM. 12 refs. Okel T A; Waddell W H
JAPAN PPG Industries Inc.
Accession no.528248 The effectiveness of predicting rubber performance based
on measured silica physical properties in silica- and
Item 436 carbon black-filled compounds was examined for three
Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe rubber formulations, an off-the-road tyre tread, a wire coat
47, No.7, July 1994, p.485-92 stock and a V-belt. Correlation and regression analyses
EFFECT OF FILLER SURFACE ENERGY ON were performed using Statistical Analysis System
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES software for sixteen physical properties of thirteen
Wolff S; Tan E-H; Donnet J-B precipitated silicas and sixteen rubber compound
Degussa AG; Centre de Recherches sur Physico- performance characteristics of the three compounds. Silica
Chemie Surf.Sol. physical properties studied included various
measurements of surface area and structure, particle size,
Details are given of the role of filler surface energy in
pH and impurities. Rubber performance characteristics
determining the dynamic properties of filled SBR and NR
studied included cure properties and physical properties
through its effect on polymer-filler and filler-filler
such as stress/strain, tear strength, cut growth resistance,
interactions. Fillers used were carbon black and silica.
abrasion resistance and heat build-up. 32 refs. (ACS
39 refs.
Rubber Division Meeting, Denver, May 1993)
GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE USA
Item 437 Item 439

Plastics & Rubber & Composites Processing & Rubber and Plastics News
Applications 23, No.19, 25th April 1994, p.15-8

CORRELATION OF SILICA-FILLED Item 442

COMPOUNDS Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Evans L R; Waddell W H 53, No.3, 18th July 1994, p.283-9
PPG Industries Inc. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN RHEOLOGICAL
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
This comprehensive article supplies a detailed analysis
MINERAL FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
of the relationship of silica physical properties with rubber
COMPOUNDS
performance properties. The effectiveness of predicting
Gahleitner M; Bernreitner K; Neissl W
rubber performance based on measured physical
PCD Polymere GmbH
properties of precipitated silica used in non-carbon black-
filled compounds is presented for two rubber A comparative study of rheological and mechanical
formulations: a silica-filled natural rubber/styrene- properties of PP compounds with talc as a mineral filler
butadiene rubber compound representing a modified is presented. The main factors determining the
compression shoe sole and a silica-filled styrene- mechanical behaviour, namely filler concentration, filler
butadiene evaluation rubber control. particle size, and degree of dispersion, influence the
USA linear viscoelastic properties also. Thus, a quick method
Accession no.521241 for estimating compound properties from melt rheology
is established. 38 refs.
AUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 440
Accession no.518776
Rheologica Acta
33, No.3, May/June 1994, p.203-9
LONG-TERM BEHAVIOUR OF MINERAL- Item 443
FILLED POLYMER COMPOSITES MODELLED Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings.
BY DISCRETE SPECTRA New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.II, p.1698-
Minster J; Hristova J 700. 012
Prague,Institute of Theoretical & Applied Mechanics; MECHANICAL RESPONSE OF TERNARY
Sofia,Central Laboratory of Physical-Chemical COMPOSITES OF POLYPROPYLENE WITH
Mechanics INORGANIC FILLERS AND ELASTOMERIC
INCLUSIONS
A discrete spectra transformation technique was used for Jancar J; Di Benedetto A T
the processing and analysis of long-term stress relaxation Connecticut,University
and creep compliance data of mineral-filled polymer (SPE)
composites. Comparisons of experimental and calculated
Ternary composites were prepared consisting of a matrix
data are given for an epoxy resin with a filler of marble
of PP and maleated PP, calcium carbonate and magnesium
powder. 8 refs.
hydroxide fillers and inclusions of EPM and maleated
BULGARIA; CZECH REPUBLIC; EASTERN EUROPE
EPM. Analytical models and finite element analysis were
Accession no.521158 used to determine the upper and lower limits of the
concentration dependence of elastic modulus, and
Item 441 experimental data on stiffness and Charpy notched impact
Antec ’93. Conference Proceedings. strength were obtained to describe the conditions under
New Orleans, La., 9th-13th May 1993, Vol.II, p.1943-9. which an increase in both stiffness and toughness could
012 be achieved. 13 refs.
EFFECTS OF MICA PARTICLE SIZE AND USA
LOADING AMOUNT ON PROPERTIES OF PBTP Accession no.516982
AND NYLON COMPOSITES
Canova L A
Item 444
KMG Minerals Inc.
Science & Engineering of Composite Materials
(SPE)
3, No.1, 1994, p.61-6
Results are presented of a study of the relationship FAILURE OF HIGHLY FILLED QUARTZ/
between the particle size and content of HiMod mica POLYESTER PARTICULATE COMPOSITES AS
fillers (KMG Minerals) and the flexural strength and A FUNCTION OF COUPLING AGENT CONTENT
modulus, tensile strength, impact properties and heat Kominar V; Narkis M; Siegmann A; Breuer O
deflection temperature of PBTP and nylon 66 composites. Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Caesarea
11 refs. Marble & Tiles
USA Quartz filled unsaturated polyester particulate
Accession no.520540 composites coupled with a silane coupling agent were

studied in fracture toughness, bending and Item 447

compression loading modes. Original and water boiled Journal of Applied Polymer Science
specimens were investigated to elucidate the coupling 52, No.1, 4th April 1994, p.107-18
agent effect. Optimal coupling agent content was USE OF MICA FLAKES FOR REDUCING
established. Optical microscopy of fracture surfaces INTERNAL STRESS IN CURED EPOXY RESIN
showed a significant particle splitting for the coupled Gupta V B; Brahatheeswaran C
composites. In the uncoupled composites cracks Indian Institute of Technology
propagated through the matrix and through particle/
Mica flakes were mixed with a difunctional epoxy resin
matrix interfaces. 6 refs.
to the extent of 10 to 50 parts by weight of the resin. A
ISRAEL
tetrafunctional curing agent was added to the mixture
Accession no.515654 which was then subjected to two curing cycles. Internal
stresses were examined. Mechanical and electrical
Item 445 properties of the samples are discussed. 16 refs.
Rubber Chemistry and Technology INDIA
67, No.1, March-April 1994, p.1-16 Accession no.509032
UNIVERSAL PROPERTIES IN FILLER-LOADED
RUBBERS Item 448
Kilian H G; Strauss M; Hamm W Frankfurt, c.1992, pp.40. 11ins. 4/1/94. 51B
Ulm,University WHAT IS CARBON BLACK?
Application of the van der Waals network model to stress- Degussa AG,Inorganic Chemical Products Div.
strain cycles in filled rubbers is explained theoretically The various types of carbon blacks are described and their
with considerable reference to the literature and specific applications. Included are details of the
augmented with data for SBR filled with silica (VN3) manufacturing process, raw materials, thermal-oxidative
and carbon black (Corax N330). The importance of filler- processes, and processes for the production of lampblack,
to-matrix contacts is emphasised. 43 refs. gas black, and channel black and acetylene black. Also
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE included is the history of carbon black manufacture.
Accession no.514111 Properties, measurement of properties, handling and
applications are also considered.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
Item 446
Journal of Applied Polymer Science Accession no.507999
52, No.2, 11th April 1994, p.243-54
DUCTILITY OF FILLED POLYMERS Item 449
Bazhenov S; Li J X; Hiltner A; Baer E IRC ’93/144th Meeting, Fall 1993. Conference
Case Western Reserve University Proceedings.
Orlando, Fl., 26th-29th Oct.1993, Paper 162, pp.43. 012
The ductility of a calcium carbonate-filled amorphous DISPERSIBILITY MEASUREMENTS OF
copolyester (Kodar 6763 from Eastman Kodak) in a PRECIPITATED SILICAS: INFLUENCE OF
uniaxial tensile test was examined as a function of the DISPERSION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
filler volume fraction. A ductile-to-quasi-brittle Cochet P; Barruel P; Barriquand L; Grobert J; Bomal
transition occurred as the volume fraction of filler Y; Prat E
increased. This transition was from propagation of a Rhone-Poulenc Chimie; Rhone-Poulenc Recherches
stable neck through the entire gauge length of the (ACS,Rubber Div.)
specimen to fracture in the neck without propagation.
The draw stress (lower yield stress) was not dependent The dispersibility in rubber of precipitated silicas in
on the filler content and was equal to the draw stress of powder, micropearl and granular form was studied by an
the unfilled polymer. It was, therefore, possible to use a ultrasonic method and by viscosity measurement of
simple model to predict the dependence of the fracture ground silica suspended in dioctyl phthalate. The
strain on the filler volume fraction. It was suggested that, influence of silica dispersion on mechanical properties
when the fracture strain decreased to the draw strain of was investigated for EPDM, SBR and NR vulcanisates.
the polymer, the fracture mechanism changed and the 15 refs.
fracture strain decreased sharply. The critical filler EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
content at which the fracture mode changed was
determined primarily by the degree of strain-hardening Accession no.505725
of the polymer. 20 refs.
EASTMAN KODAK CO. Item 450
USA Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie
Accession no.509615 Vol.214, Jan.1994, p.91-9

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF TALC-FILLED TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF POLYSTYRENE

POLYPROPYLENE: INFLUENCE OF FILLER FILLED WITH CALCIUM CARBONATE
CONTENT, FILLER PARTICLE SIZE AND Godard P; Bomal Y; Biebuyck J J
QUALITY OF DISPERSION Louvain,Universite Catholique
Svehlova V; Poloucek E
A study was made of the effect of polymer-filler interactions
Czech Republic,Res.Inst.of Macromol.Chemistry
on the tensile properties of PS containing calcium carbonate
Mechanical properties of four types of PP-talc composites fillers subjected to different surface modification processes.
were measured as a function of talc concentration up to From the analysis of tensile strength at break as a function
40 wt%. The influence of the talc content was investigated. of particle volume fraction, a semi-empirical model was
The influence of the filler particle size and dispersion developed allowing the calculation of dewetting angles
degree on the toughness of filled PP was measured. This which were a good representation of the level of filler-
influence becomes significant if rubber particles in the matrix adhesion. 58 refs.
matrix are present. 17 refs. BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE
CZECH REPUBLIC Accession no.501075
Accession no.504977
Item 454
Item 451 Journal of Materials Science
International Polymer Science and Technology 28, No.24, 15th Dec.1993, p.6531-9
20, No.11, 1993, p.T/99-104 CORRELATIONS BETWEEN IMAGE-
SURFACE MODIFICATION OF SILICA AND ITS ANALYSED MORPHOLOGY AND
ACTIVITY IN ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CALCIUM
RUBBER CARBONATE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
Zaborski M; Slusarski L; Vidal A Herzig R; Baker W E
Queen’s University at Kingston
Surfaces of precipitated silica (Zeosil 175) were esterified by
methyl, propyl, allyl and hexadecyl alcohols or modified by Calcium carbonate filled PP composites were processed
3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane or vinyl-tri(2- on two different high-intensity mixing devices, and the
methoxyethoxy)silane. Surface energies for the modified resulting relationships between morphology, processing
silicas are presented. They were used as fillers in peroxide- conditions and mechanical properties were studied using
cured EPM (Dutral Co 054) vulcanisates. Effects of the various an electron microscope with an image analysis system
filler treatments on tensile properties, relaxation rate, Mullins and impact and tensile testing. Only under more extreme
effect and hysteresis losses are shown. Some treatments caused conditions did a turbine mixer give as good a dispersion
properties to deteriorate, while others brought about as a classical Banbury mixer. Relatively small additions
improvement. Brief explanations are given. 26 refs. (Transl. of filler resulted in small increases in absorbed impact
from Polim. Tworz. Wielk., No. 6, 1993, p.263). energy. Semi-quantitative information about the
Accession no.503963 randomness achieved in the mixing process was obtained
using a dilation/counting procedure and computer derived
Item 452 spatial images. Object-specific parameters such as the
Compounding ’93. Conference Proceedings. percentage of particles and agglomerates larger than a
Brussels, 4th-5th Feb.1993, paper 10, pp.15. 813 certain size gave good correlation with the mechanical
FORWARD THRUST OF MINERAL ADDITIVE properties of the mixture. 20 refs.
DEVELOPMENT CANADA
Goodman R Accession no.501073
(Corporate Development Consultants) Item 455
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi
After a general introduction, trends in the use of mineral
66, No.10, 1993, p.724-30
fillers are discussed with particular reference to cutting costs
Japanese
by direct filling, cutting costs with cheaper polymers,
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-
properties of fillers in films and substitution of white mineral
TALC BINARY COMPOSITE SYSTEMS:
fillers for expensive titanium dioxide pigments. 8 refs.
EFFECTS OF ADDING FATTY ACID AMIDES
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Shimomura O; Goto K; Takai Y; Sawada M; Takahashi S;
Accession no.503209 Osaka,Institute of Technology; Osaka,University
Item 453 The addition of behenamide was found to provide a high

Journal of Materials Science degree of reinforcing effect on the mechanical properties
28, No.24, 15th Dec.1993, p.6605-10 of PVC-talc binary composite systems. The optimum
INFLUENCE OF INTERACTIONS ON THE quantities of behenamide were examined. The addition

of acetamide or N,N-dimethylbehenamide did not provide or treated glass bead-filled system, it is on the two poles.
such a reinforcing effect on PVC-talc systems. It was The effect of interfacial residual microstress on tensile
considered that the N-H protons and the long alkyl chain fracture was studied, and results showed that the function
of behenamide played an important role in increasing the of residual microstress is limited as tensile elongation
yield strength. The effectiveness of the addition of increases. 15 refs.
aliphatic amides with long alkyl chains was also CHINA
investigated for PE-talc, plasticised PVC-talc and PU- Accession no.494233
talc binary systems. The PE-talc system did not show
increasing mechanical properties, whereas plasticised
PVC-talc and PU-talc systems showed a high degree of Item 458
increase in mechanical properties such as moduli. 3 refs. Journal of Applied Polymer Science
Articles from this journal can be requested for translation 49, No.11, 15th Sept.1993, p.1985-8
by subscribers to the Rapra produced International EFFECT OF MORPHOLOGY ON BRITTLE-
Polymer Science and Technology. DUCTILE TRANSITION OF HDPE/CALCIUM
CARBONATE BLENDS
JAPAN
Fu Q; Wang G
Accession no.500507 Chengdu,University of Science & Technology
The effect of filler particle morphology on the brittle-
Item 456
ductile transition of calcium carbonate filled HDPE was
Paris, 1993, pp.416. 12ins. 8/11/93. 51B
investigated. The results showed that the critical ligament
SECOND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
thickness increased with increasing matrix toughness. The
CARBON BLACK. EXTENDED ABSTRACTS
interphase adhesion and fine dispersion of filler particles
FROM THE PROCEEDINGS OF A
had an important effect on toughness. Small particles and
CONFERENCE HELD MULHOUSE, 27TH-30TH
uniform particle size were more effective than large
SEPT.1993
particles and heterogeneous particle size. Particle
Societe Francaise de Chimie; CNRS; Haute-
aggregation reduced the toughening efficiency. It was
Alsace,Universite; Societe Industrielle de Mulhouse;
proposed that polymers with higher modulus and
Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Mulhouse
toughness would be obtained by appropriate control of
This publication provides eighty-eight extended abstracts the morphology. 9 refs.
from papers presented at an international carbon black CHINA
conference. An opening paper reviews fifty years of Accession no.492825
research and progress in this field, while subsequent
sessions cover the following aspects: carbon black
formation; carbon black texture and adsorption; carbon Item 459
black surface chemistry; electrical properties of carbon Journal of Materials Science Letters
blacks and carbon black filled polymers; and 12, No.17, 1st Sept.1993, p.1344-5
reinforcement by carbon blacks. EFFECT OF FILLER SIZE AND SURFACE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
TREATMENT ON IMPACT AND
RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF
Accession no.498002
WOLLASTONITE-POLYPROPYLENE
COMPOSITE
Item 457 Shen J; Ji G; Hu B; Huang Y
Polymer Engineering and Science Nanjing,University
33, No.16, Aug.1993, p.1027-32
Results are presented of an investigation of the effect of
INTERFACIAL STRESS CONCENTRATION AND
wollastonite filler size and polymer encapsulation surface
THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL MICROSTRESS
modification on the notched impact strength and
ON TENSILE FRACTURE IN FILLED EPOXY
rheological properties (melt flow rate) of wollastonite-
RESINS
filled PP compounds. 5 refs.
Hong-Bing Wang; Shan-Jun Li; Tong-Yin Yu
CHINA
Fudan,University
Accession no.491800
Interfacial stress concentrations in rubber-filled epoxy
resin and glass bead-filled epoxy resin systems were
studied by a photoelastic method. It was found that the Item 460
stress concentration is independent of the applied stress Polymer
and particle size, but decreases with increasing chemical 34, No.16, 1993, p.3446-55
bonding at the interface between rubber and matrix. For FRACTURE TOUGHNESS AND FAILURE
the rubber-filled system, stress concentration is present MECHANISMS IN SILICA-FILLED EPOXY
at the equator of particles, while for either the untreated RESIN COMPOSITES: EFFECTS OF

TEMPERATURE AND LOADING RATE of mixing conditions and type and level of calcium
Sung-Wi Koh; Jang-Kyo Kim; Yiu-Wing Mai carbonate used. Abrasion was greatly minimised by the
Sydney,University use of calcium carbonate of finer particle size and higher
surface area with low levels of magnesium carbonate and
Fracture toughness and failure mechanisms of epoxy resin
acid insolubility. 3 refs.
composites filled with silica particulates were investigated
USA
in the temperature range -50 to 80C and at two loading
rates. There are significant effects of temperature and Accession no.487547
loading rate on impact fracture toughness, which shows
a peak at ambient temperature and decreases as Item 463
temperature is reduced or raised. Fracture toughness under Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
static loading is slightly lower than that of impact loading 32, No.4, 1993, p.311-20
with similar dependence on temperature. Failure STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE
mechanisms are characterised based on SEM POLYPROPYLENE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
examination, which is correlated with the measured FILLED POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES. III.
fracture toughness, the damage zone size developed at EFFECT OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE GRAFTED
the advancing crack tip, and the residual stresses arising POLYPROPYLENE ON THE NATURE OF
from differential thermal contraction between matrix and POLYOLEFIN MATRIX
particles upon cooling from the cure temperature. 28 refs. Khunova V; Sain M M; Bronovska Z
AUSTRALIA Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
Accession no.491672 The effect of incorporation of maleic anhydride grafted
PP on the properties of composites based on separately
Item 461 filled PP and ethylene-propylene copolymer was studied.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science The tensile strength and impact resistance of talc-filled
49, No.8, 20th Aug.1993, p.1483-9 PP composite can be improved by optimising the additive
CHARACTERISATION OF SPINEL AND concentrations. On the other hand, the impact resistance
HYDRATED SPINEL-FILLED ABS: of talc-filled ethylene-propylene copolymer composite
ANTIOXIDANT EFFECT AND STRENGTH hardly shows any positive effect due to the addition of
PROPERTIES maleic anhydride grafted PP. The determination of melt
Cousin P; Magdzinski L flow index for both composite systems studied, however,
Domtar Research Centre indicates that addition of maleic anhydride grafted PP
lowers the melt viscosity of highly loaded composites. 5
Differential thermal analyses were conducted on spinel-
refs.
filled and hydrated spinel-filled ABS terpolymer. Spinel
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE
and hydrated spinel displayed antioxidising properties in
the ABS composite. Enthalpies of oxidation for ABS, Accession no.487368
spinel-filled ABS and hydrated spinel-filled ABS were
130, 15 and 0 J/g respectively. Mechanical property Item 464
measurements show that hydrated spinel reinforcing Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering
properties equal that of precipitated calcium carbonate 32, No.4, 1993, p.299-309
treated with zinc stearate. 19 refs. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF REACTIVE
CANADA POLYPROPYLENE ON THE PROPERTIES OF
Accession no.491646 FILLED POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITES. II.
OPTIMISATION OF PRODUCT COMPOSITION
AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
Item 462
MODIFIED POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITES
Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 2.
Khunova V; Sain M M; Simek I
Conference Proceedings.
Bratislava,Slovak Technical University
Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.2297-301. 012
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ABRASIVENESS The mechanical properties of PP composites based on
OF FILLED RIGID PVC DRYBLENDS inorganic fillers can be significantly improved if a small
Augustyn E J; Leonard J part of the added PP is chemically modified by maleic
Omya Inc. anhydride. The effect of addition of maleic anhydride
(SPE) modified PP in calcium carbonate- as well as in zeolite-
filled PP composites is to increase tensile strength and
The effect of calcium carbonate property variables, such
impact resistance. The ultimate properties of the
as particle size distribution and impurities, on the abrasion
composites, however, are determined by both filler and
of rigid PVC during dryblending was investigated. It was
modifier concentrations. This paper reports the design and
found that abrasion from high speed mixing was a function
execution of a planned experiment using a statistical

method to study the complex dependence of product The elastic modulus of polyepichlorohydrin filled with
composition on the ultimate composite properties. 8 refs. glass beads and wollastonite was studied. It was found
CZECHOSLOVAKIA; EASTERN EUROPE that elastic modulus depended not only on the volume
Accession no.487367 fraction of the fillers but also on their particle size.
Percolation theory was used to explain the results. 10 refs.
CHINA
Item 465
International Polymer Processing Accession no.486023
8, No.2, June 1993, p.99-103
ESTIMATION OF QUALITY OF MIXING Item 468
Malkin A Y; Baranov A V; Viculencova M E; Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 1.
Prokhorova L N; Sivetskii V I Conference Proceedings.
Moscow,Research Institute of Plastics; Moscow,State Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.1673-6. 012
Academy of Gas & Oil; Moscow,Tyre Research HIGH INTENSITY COMPOUNDING OF
Institute; Kiev,Polytechnic Institute CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLED
THERMOPLASTICS: DISPERSION-
A brief review is given on works relating the quality of
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CORRELATION
mixing to the work done or the energy consumed. Quality
Herzig R; Baker W E
of mixing is defined as either the average degree of
Queen’s University at Kingston
dispersion or the coefficient of heterogeneity. Results are
(SPE)
given on mixing experiments with PE compounds
containing various fillers (kaolin plates, chalk spheres, The effect of the state of dispersion on the tensile strength
blue pigment spheres and talc scales) and a rubber and notched Izod and falling weight impact strengths of
compound containing carbon black. Degree of mixing is a PP copolymer filled with calcium carbonate was
correlated with energy consumption and with properties investigated. The composites were produced on a high-
of the resulting compound, e.g. TS and EB. 14 refs. speed turbine and a Banbury-type mixer and their state
RUSSIA; UKRAINE of dispersion and distribution evaluated by image analysis.
Accession no.486509 The mechanical properties of the high-speed mixed
composites showed superiority only at low filler loadings.
Good mechanical properties correlated inversely with the
Item 466 number of agglomerates greater than 1 micrometer. 15
Journal of Applied Polymer Science refs.
49, No.4, 20th July 1993, p.673-7 CANADA
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY CALCIUM
Accession no.485775
CARBONATE PARTICLES: BRITTLE-DUCTILE
TRANSITION OF A CALCIUM CARBONATE
TOUGHENED HDPE Item 469
Fu Q; Wang G; Shen J Antec ’92. Plastics: Shaping the Future. Volume 1.
Chengdu,University of Science & Technology Conference Proceedings.
Detroit, Mi., 3rd-7th May 1992, p.1685-8. 012
The effects of filler particle concentration and size on the
NEW GENERATION OF ULTRAFINE TALC FOR
notched Izod impact strength of calcium carbonate filled
USE IN HIGH IMPACT POLYOLEFINS
HDPE were investigated. A brittle-ductile transition
Steen W P; Sevy W R
(BDT) occurred when the filler volume fraction increased
Cyprus Industrial Minerals Co.,Talc Div.
to a critical value. A BDT master curve could be
(SPE)
constructed by using the matrix ligament thickness. The
impact strength varied considerably with filler particle The effect of ultrafine talc on the impact strength and
size. The BDT corresponded to the transition of cavitation- stiffness of various grades of high-impact PP was
craze fracture to shear-yielding fracture. 7 refs. investigated and the properties of talc reinforced PP
CHINA compared with those of typical ABS and PBTP resins.
Accession no.486027 The influence of particle size and top size of the talc on
impact strength and the effect of surface modification of
the talc on impact strength were also examined.
Item 467 USA
Accession no.485744
49, No.4, 20th July 1993, p.617-21
ELASTIC MODULUS OF FILLED POLYMER
COMPOSITES Item 470
He D; Jiang B Die Makromolekulare Chemie- Macromolecular
Changchun,Institute of Applied Chemistry symposia

No.70/71, May 1993, p.213-23 Item 473

INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS IN Macplas
PARTICULATE FILLED THERMOPLASTICS. 17, No.143, Nov.1992, p.92-3
MECHANISM, STRENGTH, PROPERTIES Italian
Pukanszky B INFLUENCE OF FILLERS IN POLYETHYLENE
Hungarian Academy of Sciences Schlumpf H P
Pluess-Staufer AG; Omya GmbH
Stress concentration around particles was analysed. It was
shown that interfacial interactions influenced shear yielding Consideration is given to the influence of the particle size,
and crazing only slightly, but had a significant effect on surface area, surface energy, surface treatment and content
dewetting. Interactions could be modified by surface of calcium carbonate fillers on the mechanical, thermal
treatment. Types and mechanisms of surface treatment are and surface properties of PE films.
discussed. A model describing the composition dependence EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE
of tensile properties made it possible to quantitatively Accession no.481453
evaluate interaction. The importance is emphasised of
composite structural factors, i.e aggregation, orientation
of anisotropic particles, and nucleating effect of the filler, Item 474
all of which can change the properties of the composite. Rubber Chemistry and Technology
Data refers to PP filled with calcium carbonate. 26 refs. 66, No.1, March/April 1993, p.38-47
(Presented at IUPAC Macromol. Div., 34th Int. Symp. on FAILURE PROPERTIES OF SILICA-FILLED
Macromolecules, (MACRO 92), Prague, Czechoslovakia, EVA MICROCELLULAR RUBBER
13th-18th July 1992). Mukhopadhyay K; Tripathy D K; De S K
Indian Institute of Technology
EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
Accession no.484541 Results of mechanical properties are presented for
microcellular EVA rubber with specific reference to the
Item 471 effects of concentration of blowing agent and precipitated
Journal of Applied Polymer Science silica filler on its failure properties. The theoretically
49, No.1, 5th July 1993, p.143-50 predicted flaw sizes were compared to pore diameters
MICROPOROUS PP SHEETS CONTAINING observed by SEM. 28 refs.
CALCIUM CARBONATE FILLER INDIA
Nakamura S; Kaneko S; Mizutani Y Accession no.480686
Tokuyama Soda Co.Ltd.
The dependency of various properties of microporous PP Item 475
sheets containing calcium carbonate on stretching degree Kautchuk und Gummi Kunststoffe
is discussed. 14 refs. 45, No.10, Oct.1992, p.852-5
JAPAN EFFECT OF SILICA ON MECHANICAL
Accession no.484259 PROPERTIES AND DEGRADATION OF
NATURAL RUBBER/ETHYLENE-
Item 472 VINYLACETATE COPOLYMER BLENDS
Polymer Engineering and Science Koshy A T; Kuriakose B; Thomas S; Varghese S
33, No.9, Mid-May 1993, p.559-63 Mahatma Gandhi,University; Rubber Research Institute
EFFECT OF ADHESION ON THE FRACTURE of India
TOUGHNESS OF CALCIUM CARBONATE- Blends of NR and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer
FILLED PP (EVA) with different proportions of the components were
Jancar J; Dibenedetto A T; Dianselmo A prepared and the mechanical properties of their
Connecticut,University vulcanisates were studied. The effect of precipitated
The effect of adhesion on the strain energy release rate and silica on the mechanical properties and degradation of
Charpy notched impact strength of calcium carbonate-filled the blends was studied at different loadings. Results
PP at room temperature was investigated over a wide interval indicated that precipitated silica improved tear strength
of particulate filler volume fractions. The concentration and did not affect tensile strength of blends with a higher
dependence of strain energy release rate and Charpy notched proportion of NR. Silica adversely affected most of the
impact strength are discussed in terms of competition mechanical properties, except compression set, of the
between the effects of increasing stiffness, decreasing EVA-rich blends, but improved the resistance to
effective matrix cross section, and the transition from a plane degradation by gamma radiation and ozone of the NR/
strain to a plane stress mode of failure. 14 refs. EVA blends. 14 refs.
USA INDIA

Item 476 Item 478

143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings. 143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings.
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 53, pp.35. 012 Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 25, pp.12. 012
FILLER-ELASTOMER INTERACTIONS. X. BLACK AND WHITE FILLERS TODAY: FROM
EFFECT OF FILLER-ELASTOMER AND FILLERS TO SURFACE ACTIVE COMPOUND
FILLER-FILLER INTERACTION ON RUBBER PARTNERS
REINFORCEMENT Donnet J B
Wolff S; Wang M J; Tan E H Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; Centre
Degussa AG,Inorganic Chemical Products Div. de Recherches sur la Physico-Chimie...
(ACS,Rubber Div.) (ACS,Rubber Div.)
The effect of polymer-filler and filler-filler interactions Recent trends in surface research on silica and carbon
on rubber reinforcement was investigated in NR black fillers are reviewed. The application of scanning
compounds using unmodified and bi- and monofunctional tunnelling microscopy to the study of the surface structure
silane modified silicas. Comparisons were made with of carbon black is discussed, and a new carbon black
carbon black with a surface area and structure similar to particle model is introduced. 24 refs.
those of silica. Properties of the silica filled rubber were EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
influenced by weak polymer-filler interaction and strong EUROPE
filler-filler interaction, i.e. the formation of a strong filler Accession no.480180

network. Treatment of the silica surface with a
bifunctional silane reduced filler networking due to a Item 479
drastic decrease in higher specific component of surface Filplas 92. Conference Proceedings.
energy. Polymer-filler interaction, on the other hand, was Manchester, 19th-20th May 1992, Paper 13. 51
greatly strengthened by the introduction of covalent bonds COATED WOLLASTONITE AS A PARTIAL
between filler surface and polymer chains, thereby REPLACEMENT FOR GLASS FIBRE IN
improving most of the rubber properties. Silica treatment INJECTION MOULDED COMPOSITES
with a monofunctional silane also reduced filler Beckett S A
networking, but the lack of polymer-filler interaction Edited by: Croxton & Garry Ltd.
resulted in a low modulus at high strain and poor failure (BPF; PRI)
properties. 29 refs. The particle dimensions and mechanical properties of
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; GERMANY; USA; WESTERN Wollastonite 4000 are described and the use of silane
EUROPE
coated versions of Wollastonite 4000 as partial
Accession no.480202 replacements for glass fibre in unsaturated polyester DMC
and nylon 66 evaluated. The mechanical properties of
Item 477 these composites containing Snowfort 4000 F75 and
143rd Meeting, Spring 1993. Conference Proceedings. Snowfort 4000 C50 and cost benefits achievable by the
Denver, Co., 18th-21st May 1993, Paper 39, pp.36. 012 above replacements are detailed. 2 refs.
INFLUENCE OF SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
AND QUANTITY OF PRECIPITATED SILICA ON Accession no.476531
THE PROPERTIES OF A PRECIPITATED SILICA
FILLED NATURAL RUBBER
Item 480
Bomal Y; Cochet P; Dejean B
Filplas 92. Conference Proceedings.
Rhone-Poulenc Recherches; Rhone-Poulenc Chimie
Manchester, 19th-20th May 1992, Paper 7. 51
(ACS,Rubber Div.)
TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF PS FILLED WITH
A study was made of the effect of filler content and total CALCIUM CARBONATE
contact area on the vulcanisate properties of NR filled Godard P; Bomal Y
with precipitated silicas having different specific surface Louvain,Universite Catholique
areas. Differences in vulcanisate properties were observed (BPF; PRI)
with different types and levels of filler. A high specific
The effect of polymer-filler interaction on the tensile
surface area silica was advantageous for abrasion and tear
behaviour of calcium carbonate filled PS was investigated.
resistance, while a low specific surface area silica was
From an analysis of the tensile strength at break as a
advantageous for fatigue resistance. Some properties of
function of particle volume fraction, a semi-empirical
particular relevance to tyre tread performance were
model was developed and an attempt made to determine
investigated. 21 refs.
the parameters of the model and validate the physical
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
significance of the parameters using SEM and DSC. In
order to take into account the effects of matrix-filler
Accession no.480192
interactions, contact angle measurements were carried out

and interpreted using the Lee unified theory of adhesion. Item 483
58 refs. Compounding ’92. Conference Proceedings.
BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; WESTERN EUROPE Brussels, 19th-20th Feb.1992, Paper 10. 813
Accession no.476131 IMPROVED SURFACE FINISH WITH MINERAL
ADDITIVES
Ferris A
Item 481 ECC International Ltd.
Journal of Materials Science (Corporate Development Consultants)
28, No.7, 1st April 1993, p.1856-66
MULTISTAGE WET GRINDING OF TALC: EEC International has developed a new technology for
RELATION BETWEEN PHYSICOCHEMICAL the surface treatment of minerals (Polarites) which are
PARAMETERS OF THE FILLER AND shown to give enhanced properties to polymer composites.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED A discussion is presented on enhanced surface properties
POLYPROPYLENES achieved using grades of Polarite in PP, unsaturated
Michot L J; Villieras F; Yvon J; Fourty G polyester and polyamides.
Laboratoire Environnement et Mineralurgie; Talcs de EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE
Luzenac SA Accession no.474144
Three talc samples of different mineralogical composition
were wet-ground with an increasing number of grinding Item 484
cycles and particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, IR Journal of Polymer Engineering
spectroscopy and nitrogen absorption measurements were 11,No.4,1992,p.359-77
made on each sample. In parallel, three mechanical SURFACE MODIFICATIONS IN TALC IN
properties of talc-filled PPs were determined. A statistical ORDER TO OBTAIN COMPOSITE MATERIALS
analysis based on normalised principal component analysis BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE. A COMPOSITE
and multiple partial linear regression was then carried out STUDY BETWEEN ELASTIC MODULI IN
in order to determine correlations between the TENSILE TESTS
physicochemical parameters of the filler and the mechanical Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
properties of PP composites. The results showed that this Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
approach was valid only if the samples were separated
according to their mineralogical compositions. An A study on modification procedures of chlorination and
‘industrial’ model based on easily-obtainable parameters silanisation of the surface talc mineral to obtain composite
was proposed on the basis of this preliminary analysis. For materials with PP is presented. The elastic moduli of the
more chloritic ores, some other parameters should be PP/(25%) talc system and several interfacial modifications
measured to enhance the quality of the model. 18 refs. are then discussed to show the effectiveness of the
chlorination modification method proposed as an
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE
interfacial modification procedure from the mineral
Accession no.474798
particle side for the composite materials. 22 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Polypropylene in Automotive Applications. Conference
Proceedings.
Birmingham, 12th-13th May 1992, Paper 12. 63Tr.Ro Item 485
POLYMER COATED FILLERS IMPROVE PP Journal of Polymer Engineering
SCRATCH PERFORMANCE 11,No.4,1992,p.345-58
Higgs R P; Taylor D A; Paynter C D; Sambells P N IMPACT TEST PARAMETERS AS
ECC International Ltd. REPRESENTATIVE OF THE INTERFACIAL
(Rapra Technology Ltd.) MODIFICATIONS ON THE MATRIX SIDE IN
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC COMPOSITES
The development of a range of materials based on a fine Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
china clay in the form of free flowing beads, coated with Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
a polymer and black pigment, for enhancing the scratch/
mark performance of PP is reported. Tests carried out on A study was done to determine the optimum percentage
an EPDM-modified propylene block copolymer are of functionalised PP as an interfacial modifier on the
detailed. Profilometry was used to characterise mark matrix side in PP/talc thermoplastic composites. The
depth/surface disturbance. Factors influencing scratch results show the effective modification induced by the
marking performance are identified and the advantages minimum presence of the functionalised PP on the
of the clay products summarised. 6 refs. composites and are in accordance with tensile and flexural
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE properties studied in other papers. The interfacial
modification studied here will be combined with an
Accession no.474160

original surface modification on the talc side to be reinforcement effect of lamellar particles from the talc
published. 8 refs. mineral. At the same time, a very good agreement is shown
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE between the results of both of the two tests. 11 refs.
Accession no.469496 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE
Accession no.469493
Item 486
Journal of Polymer Engineering Item 489
11,No.4,1992,p.335-43 Plastics Compounding
STUDY OF THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR OF 15,No.7,Nov/Dec.1992,p.37/42
THE POLYPROPYLENE/TALC SYSTEM WITH COATED CALCIUM CARBONATE OFFERS
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS FROM THE PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENTS
MATRIX SIDE Skelhorn D
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P ECC International Ltd.
Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros
In thermoplastics such as PP and PVC, stearate coatings
A central, rotatory and composite experimental design was are said to be able to facilitate a balance of properties and
adopted to determine the optimum level of maleated PP processability. Today’s products provide improved
interfacial modifier on the matrix side in PP/talc composites. consistency and uniformity of surface treatment to
Results are presented in terms of elastic moduli from flexible interface better with semi-automated manufacturing
tests; the flexural strength of the composites is considered processes. 4 refs.
as the independent variables or factors. Experimental ranges USA
considered were in the range of 10-40% for talc content, Accession no.468923
and 0-10% over PP for maleated PP. 7 refs.
Item 490
Accession no.469495 New Polymeric Materials
3,No.3,1992,p.205-17
Item 487 EFFECT OF INTERFACIAL INTERACTIONS ON
Journal of Polymer Engineering THE DEFORMATION AND FAILURE
11,No.4,1992,p.325-34 PROPERTIES OF PP/CALCIUM CARBONATE
STUDY OF THE TENSILE BEHAVIOUR OF THE COMPOSITES
POLYPROPYLENE/TALC SYSTEM WITH Pukanszky B
INTERFACIAL MODIFICATIONS ON THE Hungarian Academy of Sciences
MATRIX SIDE
Polypropylene composites containing various calcium
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
carbonate fillers were prepared. The size of the interphase
was changed by varying the specific surface area of the
An optimisation study was done on the level of filler while the strength of the interaction was influenced
functionalised PP which may be added to the PP/talc by stearic acid surface treatment. Tensile properties of
system for improving the mechanical properties of these the composites were determined and the effect of
composite materials. Results are based on the application interfacial interaction evaluated by semi-empirical
of a central, rotatory and composite experimental design equations. 20 refs.
of the independent variables considered, i.e. talc EASTERN EUROPE; HUNGARY
percentage and functionalised PP percentage (referred to Accession no.467657
as the matrix). 13 refs.
Item 491
Accession no.469494 Rubber and Plastics News
22,No.11,21st Dec.1992,p.15-8
Item 488 ROLE OF CARBON BLACK IN POLYMER
Journal of Polymer Engineering BLENDS
11,No.4,1992,p.315-24 O’Farrell C P; Gerspacher M; Heng-Huey Yang
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL AND IMPACT Richardson S.,Carbon & Gasoline Co.
PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/TALC Edited by: Herzlich H
COMPOSITES
The blending of polymers is an accepted way of obtaining
Taranco J; Laguna O; Collar E P
desired compound properties. The compatibility and
stability of these blends and their ability to absorb carbon
A study of the dynamic mechanical and impact properties black reinforcement can be described through basic laws
of PP/talc composites was performed. Results show the of chemistry and thermodynamics. Polymer blends,

because of their very high viscosities, do not separate into Item 494
easily visible phases like oil and water. Instead there can Polymer
be microphase separation that can be variable and cause 33,No.16,1992,p.3415-26
unexpected changes in properties, e.g. ozone resistance, EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON THE
abrasion resistance. The distribution of carbon black FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF EPOXY RESIN
reinforcement and its interaction with the polymer phases FILLED WITH SPHERICAL SILICA
must be understood before a reliable technical solution Nakamura Y; Yamaguchi M; Okubo M; Matsumoto T
can be developed. This paper advances certain concepts Nitto Denko Corp.; Kobe,University
that are worthy of review. 14 refs.
Measurements were made of the critical stress intensity
USA
factor (KC) and the critical strain energy release rate (GC)
Accession no.467402 of the filled epoxy resins. Five types of spherical silica
particles with mean particle sizes ranging from 6 to 42
Item 492 micrometers were used. Scanning electron microscopy
Polymer revealed that the main crack propagation was hindered
33,No.24,1992,p.5215-24 by large particles and a damage zone formed at the main
NUCLEATION AND CRYSTALLISATION OF PP crack tip region in the large particle filled resin due to
BY MINERAL FILLERS. RELATIONSHIP TO crack diversion and debonding of particle/matrix
IMPACT STRENGTH interfaces. 37 refs.
McGenity P M; Hooper J J; Paynter C D; Riley A M; JAPAN
Nutbeem C; Elton N J; Adams J M Accession no.464120
Optical microscopy was used to measure the growth rate
Item 495
of spherulites in PP. Isothermal DSC measurements were
Journal of Materials Science Letters
also made of the crystallisation of the PP filled with talc,
11,No.16.15th Aug.1992,p.1100-3
calcium carbonate and stearate-coated carbonate at
COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF SILICA-FILLED
different loading levels. Computer simulation of
EPOXY RESINS: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX
spherulite growth was used to derive the number of
STRENGTH, INTERFACIAL BOND STRENGTH
nucleating sites per unit volume of polymer and, using
AND POROSITY
surface area measurements, the number sites per unit area
Mouritz A P;Hutchings I M
of mineral surface was obtained. The connection between
CAMBRIDGE,UNIVERSITY
various factors and impact strength is discussed. 40 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE Increasing porosity of the composites by incorporating
Accession no.465641 glass microspheres produced a rapid decrease in strength
with increasing porosity. The extent of exposure of
Item 493 fractured microspheres on the fracture surfaces suggested
142nd Meeting,Fall 1992,Conference Proceedings. that by acting as regions of local weakness and stress
Nashville,Tn.,3rd-6th Nov.1992,Paper 72,pp.25. 012 concentration was more important than simply reducing
TALC IN THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS the proportion of resin in the composite. The compressive
Noel O F strengths of the silica-filled epoxy composites investigated
Luzenac America Inc. lie within the range typically observed in natural
(ACS,Rubber Div.) sandstones and limestones; by a suitable choice of matrix
resin composition, microsphere content and interfacial
A study was made of the effects of talc on the mechanical
treatment, it is possible to obtain a range of mechanical
and rheological properties of thermoplastic elastomers
properties and to vary the matrix strength, porosity and
based on styrene-ethylenebutylene-styrene block
interfacial strength effectively independently. 8 refs.
copolymer (SEBS), SEBS/PP blends, thermoplastic PU and
EPDM/PP blends. In general, the addition of ultrafine talc
increased stiffness, tensile strength, 100% modulus and Accession no.461513
Izod impact strength. The falling weight impact resistance
at 23C was not affected even at 30% loading. There was Item 496
essentially no effect on rheology in the shear rate range Composites
encountered in injection moulding and extrusion for 23,No.5,Sept.1992,p.319-25.
EPDM/PP blends and SEBS. Talc reinforced systems EFFECT OF MINERAL FILLERS IN LOW
behaved as shear thinning, power law fluids. Talc improved CONCENTRATION ON THE MECHANICAL
dispersion of the rubber phase in EPDM/PP polyolefin PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. II.
elastomers which improved mechanical properties. 9 refs. FATIGUE OF POLYPROPYLENE: KINETIC
USA ASPECTS
Accession no.465602 Trotignon J P;Demdoum L;Verdu J

ENSAM lie within the range typically observed in natural sandstones

and limestones; by a suitable choice of matrix resin
Injection moulded PP samples containing low
composition, microsphere content and interfacial treatment,
concentrations of talc, mica or wollastonite filler were
it is possible to obtain a range of mechanical properties
fatigue tested in the flexural mode, at constant strain
and to vary the matrix strength, porosity and interfacial
amplitude and 10 Hz frequency, and the induced stress,
strength effectively independently. 8 refs.
dissipation modulus, dissipated energy per cycle and
surface temperature were recorded. SEM observations
were made on fracture surfaces. Kinetic aspects of flexural Accession no.460265
fatigue were investigated, with particular attention to the
energy dissipation phenomenon. 9 refs. Item 499
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE Polymer Composites
Accession no.460659 13,No.3,June 1992,p.174-8
MECHANICAL AND RHEOLOGICAL
PROPERTIES OF REINFORCED
Item 497 POLYETHYLENE
Composites Malik T M;Farooqi M I;Vachet C
23,No.5,Sept.1992,p.313-8. ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL;
EFFECT OF MINERAL FILLERS IN LOW MONTREAL,UNIVERSITY
CONCENTRATION ON THE MECHANICAL
The rheological and mechanical properties of an HDPE
PROPERTIES OF POLYMERIC MATERIALS. I.
filled with surface-treated mica flakes were studied.
STATIC AND FATIGUE FRACTURE OF
Young’s modulus was shown to be decreased by various
POLYPROPYLENE: QUALITATIVE ASPECTS
filler surface treatments, whereas EB and maximum
Trotignon J P;Demdoum L;Verdu J
strength slightly increased. Young’s modulus increased
ENSAM
with addition of mica flakes, but the decrease of
Injection moulded PP samples containing low concentrations elongation was also quite significant. For 20% mica
of talc, mica or wollastonite fillers were studied by DSC, composites, very little change was observed in these
SEM and static and dynamic (fatigue) flexural testing. All properties. The high shear viscosity was unaffected by
the fillers displayed a nucleating effect on crystallisation, surface treatments. The viscosity of the composites
which was probably responsible for a decrease of increased with silane treatment and decreased with titanate
macromolecular orientation. A 50% increase in ultimate treatment. It was suggested that the coupling agent,
stress was presumably due to a change of fracture mechanism depending on its chemical structure and the nature of the
induced by the mineral particles, which also induced a filler, could act either as an adhesion promoter or as a
decrease in flexural fatigue lifetime. Three crack propagation lubricating agent. 8 refs.
modes were observed, but the mode seemed to have little CANADA
effect on the fatigue lifetime which was essentially controlled Accession no.457190
by the number of particles per unit volume. 8 refs.
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE Item 500
Accession no.460658 Polymer Composites
13,No.3,June 1992,p.237-43
Item 498 RUBBER-FILLER INTERACTION EFFECTS ON
Journal of Materials Science Letters THE SOLID STATE DYNAMIC MECHANICAL
11,No.16.15th Aug.1992,p.1100-3 PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE/EPDM/
COMPRESSIVE FAILURE OF SILICA-FILLED CALCIUM CARBONATE COMPOSITES
EPOXY RESINS: INFLUENCE OF MATRIX Scott C;Ishida H;Maurer F H J
STRENGTH, INTERFACIAL BOND STRENGTH CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY; DSM
AND POROSITY RESEARCH BV
Mouritz A P;Hutchings I M Results of a detailed experimental investigation of the
CAMBRIDGE,UNIVERSITY above, carried out using a torsion pendulum, are presented
Increasing porosity of the composites by incorporating glass and discussed. 31 refs.
microspheres produced a rapid decrease in strength with EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN
EUROPE
increasing porosity. The extent of exposure of fractured
microspheres on the fracture surfaces suggested that by Accession no.457141
acting as regions of local weakness and stress concentration
was more important than simply that of reducing the Item 501
proportion of resin in the composite. The compressive International Polymer Science and Technology
strengths of the silica-filled epoxy composites investigated 19,No.2,1992,p.T/19-27

MODIFICATION OF DYNAMIC PROPERTIES effects of treatment methods, CPE acid value and CPE
BY FILLERS dosage on the overall properties of BR vulcanisates were
Nakauchi H studied. 4 refs.
CHINA
Theories of the 1960s and 1970s are used to explain
vibration and noise damping in vehicles. Data are given Accession no.455605
for common rubbers and blends containing various carbon
black grades. The identification of polymers and mixes Item 504
that can satisfy both noise and vibration damping Journal of Applied Polymer Science
requirements is attempted. 7 refs. (Full translation of 45,No.7,5th July 1992,p.1281-9
Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi,No.12,1991,p.719). EFFECTS OF PARTICLE SIZE ON
JAPAN MECHANICAL AND IMPACT PROPERTIES OF
Accession no.456384 EPOXY RESIN FILLED WITH SPHERICAL
SILICA
Item 502 Nakamura Y;Yamaguchi M;Okubo M;Matsumoto T
Polymer International KOBE,UNIVERSITY; NITTO DENKO CORP.
28,No.1,1992,p.19-23 Spherical particles were prepared by hydrolysis of silicon
MODIFICATION OF KAOLINITE BY SURFACE tetrachloride and sorted according to size over the range
POLYMERISATION 6-42 micrometres. Epoxy resin (Epikote 828) samples
Laslett R L;Wansbrough K M;Rizzardo E;Singh filled with the particles ((Excelica ML-801) were
S;Mainwaring D E subjected to three-point bending, tensile and Charpy
COMALCO MINERAL PRODUCTS; impact tests as well as SEM investigation. The properties
COMMONWEALTH SCIENTIFIC & INDUSTRIAL deteriorated with increasing particle size. Explanation
RES.ORG.; CSIRO; SWINBURNE INSTITUTE OF based on particle breakage is suggested. 30 refs.
TECHNOLOGY JAPAN
Kaolinite filler surfaces were modified by both surface Accession no.455042
adsorption and surface reaction and their subsequent
wetting and adhesion properties were determined by
Item 505
measurement of the contact angle of the powders by the
Washburn technique using three probe liquids that
32,No.2,Jan.1992,p.94-7
spanned molecular polarity. Surface modification by
POLYETHYLENE TOUGHENED BY RIGID
adsorption utilised the kaolinite surface acidity to
INORGANIC PARTICLES
polymerise styrene. Surface reaction involved reaction
Qiang Fu;Guiheng Wang
of kaolinite hydroxyl groups with aryl diisocyanates and
CHENGDU,UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
subsequent termination with a series of alcohols of
TECHNOLOGY
increasing complexity. It was shown that kaolinite
surfaces could be modified to produce surfaces of HDPE was toughened with particles of calcium carbonate
controlled hydrophobicity that could exceed that of treated with phosphate. The stress-strain curve of the
conventionally silanated kaolinite. The ability of phases HDPE/modified calcium carbonate (80/20) composite
to spread and wet these filler surface was analysed in terms covered a greater area than that of HDPE and the impact
of the thermodynamic functions. 12 refs. (Polymer ’91 strength of HDPE was greatly improved by modified
International Symposium,Melbourne, Feb.1991) calcium carbonate as the content of the latter increased
AUSTRALIA to 50%. Morphological study showed a finer dispersion
Accession no.456222 of the modified calcium carbonate particles and a large
plastic deformation of HDPE. The cavitation and stress
field interaction around the particles may induce plastic
Item 503
deformation of the matrix polymer and dissipate the
impact energy. 7 refs.
39,No.4,1992,p.201-4
CHINA
Chinese
EFFECT OF CARBOXYLATED PE TREATED Accession no.446952
CALCIUM CARBONATE ON PROPERTIES OF
BR VULCANISATE Item 506
Dong D;Zhang J Journal of Applied Polymer Science
NANJING,INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL 44,No.2,15th Jan. 1992,p.353-60
TECHNOLOGY TENSILE PROPERTIES OF PP/KAOLIN
Carboxylated PE (CPE) was used to treat calcium COMPOSITES
carbonate which was then filled in a BR compound. The Maiti S N;Lopez B H

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Item 509

Plastics World
The tensile properties of isotactic PP filled with particulate
43,No.2,Feb.1985,p.64
kaolin fillers were investigated in the composition range
CERAMIC FILLERS CUT THERMAL
0 to 60 wt.% kaolin. Various theoretical models were used
EXPANSION
to analyse the tensile data. The state of dispersion of the
filler in the polymer matrix was analysed by studying the A new line of lithium-aluminium-silicate powder fillers
morphology of the composites with the aid of SEM. used to reduce the high thermal expansion of certain
Tensile modulus increased with filler concentration while plastics in potting and encapsulation of electronic
elongation at break and tensile strength decreased. 25 refs. components is briefly described. Designated the Pakco-
INDIA Lithafrax, the usual ceramic filler advantages of low cost,
Accession no.442969 increased hardness and abrasion resistance still apply.
USA

44,No.1,5th Jan.1992,p.151-8 Item 510
EFFECT OF PARTICLE SIZE ON MECHANICAL Plastics World
PROPERTIES OF EPOXY RESIN FILLED WITH 42,No.3,March 1984,p.76/7
ANGULAR-SHAPED SILICA CALCIUM SULPHATE FILLER REPLACES
Nakamura Y;Yamaguchi M;Okubo M;Matsumoto T GLASS
KOBE,UNIVERSITY; NITTO DENKO CORP.
US Gypsum Co.’s Franklin fibre calcium sulphate whisker
14 refs. fibre is briefly described and its use as a filler in
JAPAN thermosets and thermoplastics, either alone or as a partial
Accession no.439979 replacement for glass fibre, is discussed.
US GYPSUM CO.
USA
Item 508
Accession no.251653
Thermoplastic Polymer Additives:Theory and Practice.
New York,Marcel Dekker Inc.,1989,p.37-69. 5
COUPLING AGENTS Item 511
Godlewski R E;Heggs R P; HANDBOOK OF FILLERS AND
UNION CARBIDE CORP. REINFORCEMENTS FOR ...PLASTICS.
Edited by: Lutz J T New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1978
(JL Enterprises) Katz H S; Milewski J V
Accession no.131331
Coupling agents, mostly silanes and other organosilicon
chemicals, but also organometallics and functionalised
polymers, are assessed with respect to improvements in
the mechanical properties of composites before and after
ageing. The reinforcements include glass fibres,
Wollastonite, Mica, hydrated alumina, clay and mixed
fillers. Polymers include PE, PP, PBTP, PETP and
polybutylene. 36 refs.
USA
Accession no.381248


Subject Index
Subject Index
A ALL-WEATHER TYRE, 379 B
ALUMINIUM, 141 259 394
ABRASION, 193 239 293 462 ALUMINIUM COMPOUND, 320 BAG, 407 473
ABRASION RESISTANCE, 15 22 405 BANBURY MIXER, 454 468
53 78 94 115 121 123 164 174 ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE, 24 BARITE, 320
183 191 239 245 311 312 313 40 111 171 182 206 222 259 BARIUM SULPHATE, 144 171
314 330 338 339 345 350 365 294 321 334 363 365 366 367 210 260 365 368
377 380 381 382 410 430 438 368 372 374 375 400 413 435 BARIUM TITANATE, 367
449 475 477 491 509 ALUMINIUM OXIDE, 124 235 BARRIER PROPERTIES, 1 5 9 18
ABS, 165 324 334 364 461 469 249 329 394 508 44 50 64 75 77 87 190 197 266
ABSORPTION, 7 192 223 243 249 ALUMINIUM SILICATE, 1 296 368 336 378
309 312 423 491 ALUMINIUM TRIHYDRATE, BARYTES, 171
ACCELERATED TEST, 255 389 423 BAUXITE, 394
ACCELERATOR, 91 168 312 314 ALUMINIUM TRIISOBUTYL, BELT, 78 310
382 428 430 245 BENDING, 236 376 415 416 444
ACETYLENE BLACK, 448 ALUMINOSILICATE, 65 BIREFRINGENCE, 29 33 38 76
ACID, 86 140 141 184 462 AMINOPROPYLTRIETHOXYSILANE, 368 390
ACID-BASE INTERACTION, 312 170 326 408 BISTRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
315 367 368 AMINOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE, TETRASULPHANE, 3 291 309
ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER, 323 382
40 127 453 AMINOSILANE, 170 261 315 408 BISTRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
ACRYLIC RESIN, 363 423 AMMONIA, 360 417 476 TETRASULPHIDE, 22 170
ACTIVATION ENERGY, 192 259 ANALYSIS, 2 11 22 53 54 60 68 286 311 313 314 339
322 366 421 100 108 141 149 153 157 168 BLEND, 28 55 57 72 81 94 109
ADHESION, 26 46 54 78 106 141 169 170 176 177 182 192 193 129 141 142 150 165 169 174
148 195 201 206 214 275 283 214 225 258 259 267 275 283 215 216 241 250 254 266 267
286 294 302 304 315 322 325 299 309 310 311 312 313 314 276 285 286 301 309 310 311
328 330 355 363 364 365 367 322 324 325 328 338 339 343 314 317 338 339 350 359 380
379 390 408 414 415 416 418 363 365 366 367 373 380 381 381 382 392 402 404 414 415
430 431 443 453 458 472 480 387 390 393 398 404 408 415 429 430 431 432 434 443 475
495 498 502 505 417 420 427 430 433 439 441 491 493 501
ADHESION PROMOTER, 54 207 443 449 454 456 458 466 473 BLOCKING, 275
247 286 499 478 480 490 493 496 497 506 BLOOMING, 98 430
ADHESION PROMOTION, 141 ANISOTROPY, 22 133 180 214 BLOW EXTRUSION, 275
275 286 328 253 276 283 324 427 470 BLOW MOULDING, 18 199 205
ADHESIVE, 25 141 295 304 ANTI-BLOCKING AGENT, 51 66 297
ADSORPTION, 22 91 115 148 168 355 407 473 BLOWN FILM, 266 275 300 336
224 238 245 286 312 314 316 ANTIDEGRADANT, 428 407 473
365 367 368 388 419 449 453 ANTIMONY OXIDE, 368 BOARDSTOCK, 303
456 502 ANTIMONY TRIOXIDE, 111 206 BODY PANEL, 75
AGALMATOLITE, 39 365 366 BONDING, 54 79 225 281 291 344
AGEING, 43 53 54 56 98 111 122 ANTIOXIDANT, 268 316 382 415 365 367
131 184 296 303 365 379 430 430 461 BONDING AGENT, 200
508 ANTIOZONANT, 183 268 BORATE, 206 367
AGGLOMERATE, 4 20 79 85 86 ANTISTATIC AGENT, 350 BORON NITRIDE, 249
138 168 206 278 311 365 368 ANTISTATIC PROPERTIES, 286 BOTTLE, 9 18 297 473
370 382 384 415 426 449 454 ASPECT RATIO, 10 17 67 75 87 BOUND RUBBER, 70 91 138 183
468 473 283 363 364 365 368 408 441 293 312 326 332 344 365 367
AGGLOMERATION, 20 170 207 443 368 369 387 388 476
224 312 322 504 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY, BOUNDARY LAYER, 72
AGGREGATE, 22 30 79 176 202 3 9 22 70 95 225 BRABENDER PLASTICORDER,
224 225 283 286 312 325 332 AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION, 1 173 404
373 382 386 404 10 47 50 53 66 75 77 87 98 296 BRAKING, 22 382
AGGREGATION, 22 117 150 274 300 310 331 334 390 398 399 BREAKING STRENGTH, 98
325 421 458 470 482 501 BRIGHTNESS, 163 296

Subject Index
BRITTLE FAILURE, 283 324 466 454 458 461 462 464 466 468 CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 15
BRITTLE-TO-DUCTILE 470 471 472 473 480 483 489 21 29 46 57 92 95 105 112 150
TRANSITION, 282 409 429 490 492 495 500 503 505 153 169 170 207 243 245 286
458 466 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE, 171 291 299 314 323 416 430 443
BRITTLENESS, 53 111 285 348 366 464
376 505 CALCIUM SILICATE, 10 55 66 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 53
BROMOBUTYL RUBBER, 501 103 116 141 222 363 364 368 111 226 296 342 365 368
BRUSH THEORY, 58 408 459 467 479 496 497 508 CHINA CLAY, 25 98 111 112 136
BUILDING APPLICATION, 50 53 CALCIUM STEARATE, 182 325 163 171 199 232 233 262 310
92 98 205 269 334 CALCIUM SULPHATE, 53 111 320 368 482
BULK MOULDING 113 276 364 368 510 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 59 196
COMPOUND, 334 CALORIMETRY, 60 86 90 334 305 335 338 339
BUMPER, 205 390 367 375 CLARITY, 275 370
BUTADIENE CAPILLARY RHEOMETRY, 86 CLAY, 3 25 44 45 47 49 64 75 77
METHYLSTYRENE 182 80 84 87 95 97 108 110 128 132
COPOLYMER, 439 CAR, 1 53 98 310 334 390 147 163 181 222 223 232 233
BUTADIENE RUBBER, 379 CAR TYRE, 121 168 187 191 286 289 292 310 327 364 365 366
BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE 309 311 312 313 350 379 380 367 368 415 473 483 502 508
COPOLYMER, 43 78 98 161 424 CLINOPTILOLITE, 245
169 183 286 326 356 395 430 CARBON BLACK, 2 4 19 22 35 CO-ROTATING EXTRUDER, 83
501 41 54 73 94 98 109 120 121 155 194 360
BUTADIENE-STYRENE 122 123 138 139 154 157 159 COATED FILLER, 10 34 47 275
COPOLYMER, 3 13 30 33 38 164 169 171 174 183 191 193 283 291 299 300 355 364 367
41 46 62 95 112 123 138 139 196 212 217 220 224 229 239 368 398 407 453
170 174 183 204 207 225 237 240 262 270 271 272 274 286 COATING, 34 53 90 140 163 202
247 251 286 291 309 310 311 291 293 309 310 311 312 313 243 281 297 355 367 396 397
312 314 338 339 350 356 377 332 338 341 342 343 344 356 453 482
380 381 382 404 410 412 425 361 362 364 365 368 371 380 COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION, 88
430 432 436 445 449 491 501 381 382 386 387 388 389 395 245 275 355 407 473
BUTADIENE-STYRENE 404 422 424 425 428 432 433 COHESION, 98 322
RUBBER, 35 73 95 109 436 438 445 448 449 456 473 COHESIVE FAILURE, 141
BUTENE COPOLYMER, 407 476 478 482 491 COLOUR, 53 56 66 205 275 364
BUTYL ACRYLATE CARBON FIBRE, 75 249 365 368 473
COPOLYMER, 453 CARBOXYLATED RUBBER, 169 COMBUSTION, 111 182 206 366
BUTYL RUBBER, 183 220 310 326 380
501 CARBOXYLATION, 112 169 503 COMBUSTION PRODUCT, 206
CARBOXYLIC ACID, 388 453 334 366
CARCINOGENICITY, 135 218 COMPATIBILISATION, 1 50 55
C 219 361 368 158 280
CAST FILM, 407 COMPATIBILISER, 22 55 100 163
CABLE INSULATION, 53 111 259 CATALYST, 32 176 205 245 314 289 415
296 300 327 334 320 331 353 423 COMPATIBILITY, 1 37 87 92 98
CALCINED, 53 111 299 483 CAVITATION, 28 141 409 416 466 297 300 303 338 415 491
CALCINED CLAY, 364 365 368 505 COMPLEX MODULUS, 168 183
428 CELLULAR MATERIAL, 178 290 381 477
CALCITE, 66 136 303 COMPOUND, 1 22 38 43 53 54 66
CALCIUM CARBONATE, 20 28 37 CERAMIC, 1 202 329 509 98 111 138 168 169 182 245
39 42 48 52 53 56 63 66 81 88 90 CETYLTRIMETHYLAMMONIUM 267 286 291 309 310 311 312
92 100 111 117 118 119 127 129 BROMIDE, 309 313 314 332 339 439 449 473
134 136 142 148 171 178 179 CHALK, 243 359 476
182 189 194 198 204 209 210 CHAR FORMATION, 128 366 COMPOUNDING, 1 4 20 22 31 47
213 216 222 228 233 238 243 CHARACTERISATION, 7 8 9 11 54 56 70 83 86 90 168 182 194
244 247 252 254 261 267 275 29 33 36 40 46 48 55 56 64 72 205 214 225 259 266 267 279
278 280 282 287 288 297 301 74 79 86 116 127 128 151 171 286 291 293 296 300 307 309
302 306 317 325 328 347 348 173 194 203 212 226 232 261 310 311 312 313 338 339 342
355 359 364 365 366 367 368 272 293 305 315 329 342 351 346 358 365 367 373 380 381
384 392 396 400 401 405 407 387 422 448 456 460 461 382 403 404 408 415 430 436
409 414 415 416 418 419 420 CHARPY, 267 325 390 416 443 504 441 474 483
427 428 429 431 443 446 453 CHEMICAL AGEING, 53 COMPRESSION MOULDING, 26

Subject Index
129 205 261 307 310 322 340 CROSSLINK DENSITY, 29 43 98 DENTAL APPLICATION, 167
393 415 416 443 99 143 168 170 183 310 311 DEPTH PROFILING, 93
COMPRESSION PROPERTIES, 313 DEVELOPMENT, 25 77 191 262
18 98 118 126 181 183 192 193 CROSSLINKING, 29 41 143 168 343 433 452 482
303 343 381 434 444 495 498 170 183 226 286 310 311 312 DIATOMACEOUS EARTH, 473
507 313 326 428 438 DICHROISM, 29 33 38 76
COMPRESSION SET, 12 43 98 CRYSTAL SIZE, 214 283 299 DIE, 4 90 270 307 322
152 154 183 291 296 310 365 CRYSTALLINITY, 21 82 98 99 DIELECTRIC CONSTANT, 235 259
377 430 475 102 183 197 205 206 214 223 DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES, 171
CONDUCTIVE FILLER, 75 286 258 283 284 299 305 316 319 249 259 456
364 365 368 320 322 325 368 394 398 411 DIENE RUBBER, 22
CONE CALORIMETER, 60 334 471 DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING
366 375 CRYSTALLISATION, 23 45 89 90 CALORIMETRY, 11 23 30 36
CONSTRUCTION, 92 296 104 206 214 216 284 299 304 37 39 74 82 90 102 124 127
CONSUMPTION, 1 87 163 191 308 322 348 351 372 373 393 128 153 165 173 180 209 216
205 300 350 428 492 497 230 255 257 266 276 299 308
CONTACT ANGLE, 275 453 480 CRYSTALLITE, 197 206 478 322 335 338 348 351 360 366
502 CURE RATE, 27 41 54 137 168 372 374 392 393 415 435 480
CONTINUOUS EXTRUSION, 210 251 291 312 314 365 377 382 492 497
CONTINUOUS MIXING, 191 430 DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL
CONTINUOUS PHASE, 390 CURE TIME, 43 54 141 168 204 ANALYSIS, 11 23 30 36 37 39
CORE-SHELL, 409 434 443 259 291 303 309 310 311 313 74 82 90 102 124 127 128 153
CORROSION RESISTANCE, 140 314 338 339 377 382 423 449 165 173 180 209 216 230 255
375 CURING, 12 27 69 131 141 152 257 266 276 299 308 322 335
COST, 6 92 115 205 210 286 300 170 200 202 226 230 235 255 338 348 351 360 366 372 374
313 333 350 363 365 428 432 293 303 326 357 363 370 378 392 393 415 435 461 480 492
452 479 509 381 404 447 449 507 497
COUPLING AGENT, 4 12 13 14 CUT GROWTH, 350 438 DIFFUSE REFLECTANCE
15 22 30 33 38 61 71 78 89 91 CUT RESISTANCE, 449 SPECTROSCOPY, 369
95 96 115 127 139 142 163 168 DIFFUSION, 312 322
170 172 180 183 188 191 193 D DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 1 18
201 202 208 214 225 230 241 53 77 82 205 303
247 254 261 265 283 286 287 DAMPING, 183 415 501 DISCOLOURATION, 53 98 275
291 298 299 300 301 308 309 DART DROP, 269 275 DISPERSIBILITY, 22 78 79 95
311 312 313 314 315 323 326 DART IMPACT, 407 115 123 311 313 381 432 449
330 338 339 350 351 363 364 DASHBOARD, 399 DISPERSING AGENT, 6 7 137
365 366 367 368 372 377 380 DEAGGLOMERATION, 20 168 156 167 182 196 367 372 473
381 382 402 403 404 405 408 224 408 DISPERSION, 3 5 6 7 8 17 20 22
424 430 432 444 449 451 467 DEBONDING, 117 141 172 214 31 34 40 43 49 70 80 85 86 101
470 476 478 499 508 283 294 321 322 325 390 408 117 137 147 154 155 156 168
CRACK ARREST, 283 322 390 415 494 496 497 170 182 186 194 214 215 224
CRACK INITIATION, 259 267 DECOMPOSITION, 1 2 203 366 225 258 275 283 291 292 293
322 420 296 297 311 312 313 314 315
CRACK LENGTH, 141 283 416 DEFORMATION, 5 118 122 126 325 330 355 358 367 368 381
CRACK PROPAGATION, 141 259 134 169 214 224 225 252 267 382 384 386 387 396 397 404
283 322 325 390 444 494 321 322 324 325 331 373 376 408 415 426 430 449 450 454
CRACK TIP, 141 283 322 390 416 381 382 390 391 404 415 476 456 458 473 476 478 493 505
460 494 485 490 505 DISPERSION COEFFICIENT, 123
CRACKING, 2 117 118 141 259 DEGRADATION, 43 53 54 56 98 168
267 283 322 324 325 363 364 111 122 131 173 184 222 255 DISPERSIVE MIXING, 49 358
365 390 413 416 496 497 296 303 333 335 386 475 508 DISPERSIVITY, 5 6 7 57 150 170
CRAZING, 119 322 409 466 DEGREE OF DISPERSION, 5 6 7 182 186 194 247 289 353 371
CREEP, 149 183 189 318 363 440 57 150 170 182 186 194 247 387 442 465 468 506
CREEP RESISTANCE, 189 398 289 442 465 DISSOCIATION ENERGY, 339
CRITICAL STRAIN, 325 413 416 DELAMINATION, 80 147 252 322 DOLOMITE, 66 364 367 368 428
CRITICAL STRESS INTENSITY 441 DOMESTIC EQUIPMENT, 205
FACTOR, 117 416 DENSITY, 47 53 70 168 205 214 297 303 398
CROSSLINK, 104 145 226 363 278 286 290 303 329 364 365 DOOR PANEL, 77
381 408 430 494 368 404 408 428 DOUBLE CANTILEVER BEAM

Subject Index
TEST, 141 413 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, EPOXY NOVOLAC RESIN, 363

DOUBLE TORSION TEST, 434 77 171 195 240 259 364 365 EPOXY RESIN, 7 74 96 101 146
DOWNGAUGE, 275 297 368 386 387 422 149 172 202 226 230 242 318
DRAWING, 253 322 325 446 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES, 2 53 334 363 389 413 423 434 440
DRY BLEND, 53 275 415 462 111 171 195 235 240 249 259 447 457 460 494 504 507
DRYING, 79 339 286 312 327 364 365 368 386 ETHYL ACRYLATE
DUCTILE, 390 505 387 447 456 COPOLYMER, 392
DUCTILE FAILURE, 283 466 ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY, 111 ETHYLENE BUTENE
DUCTILE-BRITTLE 171 286 296 312 365 COPOLYMER, 198 407
TRANSITION, 322 390 446 ELECTRON BEAM CURING, ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
DUCTILITY, 214 248 325 407 446 378 COPOLYMER, 150 206 211
505 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION, 253 254 267 334 373 414 443 463
DUCTING, 375 ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, 9 17 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE
DURABILITY, 428 27 29 37 61 74 90 100 108 127 RUBBER, 211
DUST, 219 362 137 145 158 186 207 215 264 ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-
DUST-FREE, 430 273 305 307 329 332 335 433 DIENE TERPOLYMER, 4 16
DYNAMIC FATIGUE, 363 497 454 27 78 98 183 193 233 235 259
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 77 276 310 334 430 449 482 493
ANALYSIS, 23 35 45 96 112 249 334 509 500 501
169 170 180 187 309 326 ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING, ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL 75 140 COPOLYMER, 231 233 301
PROPERTIES, 16 23 35 45 54 ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS, 328 333 334 400 415 474 475
68 96 105 107 109 112 122 145 408 EXFOLIATION, 3 5 8 9 64 75 202
154 168 169 170 178 180 183 ELONGATION, 27 54 55 80 98 283
224 242 253 264 286 309 311 170 185 195 196 200 215 231 EXOTHERM, 299 363 366
312 313 314 326 339 347 365 256 275 287 291 294 302 309 EXPOSURE TIME, 53 54 111 303
380 381 382 404 415 421 430 310 334 339 356 373 389 412 408
436 476 477 488 500 501 430 435 457 471 473 476 EXTENDER, 84 174 183 291 297
DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ELONGATION AT BREAK, 3 27 312 380 382
THERMAL ANALYSIS, 74 39 43 48 53 95 98 111 129 142 EXTRUDER, 1 47 80 83 88 129
415 434 143 155 169 201 208 311 313 155 162 166 188 194 322 403
DYNAMIC PROPERTIES, 16 23 321 322 334 382 393 399 405 407
35 45 54 68 94 96 105 107 109 407 410 449 451 461 465 477 EXTRUSION, 1 4 20 52 54 80 87
112 122 138 145 153 154 156 480 487 499 506 88 98 111 129 130 131 162 166
168 169 170 178 180 183 187 EMBRITTLEMENT, 111 182 188 196 210 214 216 253
193 224 242 253 264 286 309 EMISSION, 380 408 266 267 275 285 286 288 296
311 312 313 314 326 339 342 EMULSION POLYMERISATION, 299 307 308 312 322 325 336
379 382 404 24 34 112 350 340 350 351 355 364 373 407
ENCAPSULATION, 24 144 150 441 493
250 414 443 509 EXTRUSION BLOWING, 275 407
E ENDOTHERMIC, 206 299 360 EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING, 1
E-MODULUS, 39 142 143 169 214 366 47 214 267 373 408
245 253 319 ENERGY ABSORPTION, 141 183 EXTRUSION MIXING, 20 162
EARTHMOVER TYRE, 78 379 283 324 325 415 416 454 214 267 325 358 373 408
ELASTIC MODULUS, 39 111 138 ENERGY AT BREAK, 98 390
142 143 169 170 183 202 214 ENERGY CONSERVATION, 115 F
245 248 253 267 275 283 306 159 160 164
312 319 321 325 326 352 364 ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 22 54 FAILURE, 117 119 141 245 278
373 378 381 382 394 404 414 355 380 465 283 311 315 322 324 325 356
415 416 417 418 425 443 467 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY 363 364 376 390 408 414 415
476 484 486 487 ANALYSIS, 408 416 444 453 460 466 474 476
ELASTIC PROPERTIES, 22 54 68 ENERGY DISSIPATION, 28 143 490 495 496 498
131 169 174 183 199 214 224 286 382 404 496 FALLING DART, 275 473
242 253 286 309 312 338 401 ENERGY RELEASE RATE, 319 FALLING WEIGHT, 155 324 325
ELASTICITY, 17 43 98 111 182 325 460 441 454 468 493
183 248 350 365 425 467 ENGINEERING APPLICATION, 1 FASCIA, 205 390
ELECTRICAL APPLICATION, 53 66 141 202 324 364 408 441 FATIGUE, 125 193 363 365 412
66 111 171 240 249 259 327 ENVIRONMENT, 128 159 255 449 477 496 497
334 406 456 334 380 408 FATIGUE STRENGTH, 149

Subject Index
FATTY ACID, 56 86 367 430 FOOD-CONTACT G

FIBRE, 75 141 178 205 223 APPLICATION, 296
FIBRE GLASS, 178 210 FOOD PACKAGING, 50 87 GAMMA-IRRADIATION, 181
FIBRE ORIENTATION, 22 324 FORMULATION, 33 41 63 79 121 192 235 475
FIBRE-REINFORCED PLASTIC, 131 152 156 162 164 183 187 GAS ABSORPTION, 473
178 205 251 265 288 327 337 342 345 GAS ADSORPTION, 17 153
FIBRE-REINFORCED RUBBER, 385 424 439 GAS BLACK, 448
54 FOURIER TRANSFORM GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 21
FIBROSIS, 219 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 315 367
FIBROUS FILLER, 141 364 510 8 11 27 38 86 90 93 102 120 GAS PERMEABILITY, 44 47 64
FILLER DISTRIBUTION, 155 161 127 128 141 209 281 317 328 266 336 364 365
224 225 259 275 283 291 381 351 360 369 374 395 GEL, 157 202 329 349
FILM, 1 29 36 51 52 66 77 87 88 FRACTAL, 78 79 386 422 GEL PERMEATION
143 225 266 269 275 297 316 FRACTOGRAPHY, 118 283 325 CHROMATOGRAPHY, 59 196
322 336 407 452 473 488 305 335 338 339 356
FIRE RESISTANCE, 47 206 375 FRACTURE, 72 74 133 141 144 GELLING, 111 202 363
FIRE RETARDANT, 360 172 182 195 201 214 216 236 GEOLOGY, 232
FLAKE, 1 376 393 239 248 251 252 263 270 278 GLASS, 57 495 498
FLAME PROOFING, 66 86 111 283 294 321 322 324 325 348 GLASS BEAD, 141 333 363 364
128 171 182 206 231 259 327 352 356 363 364 373 376 383 366 367 457 467
333 334 390 402 408 409 413 415 416 GLASS FIBRE, 178 210 479 508
FLAME PROPAGATION, 206 366 422 431 446 453 457 458 460 GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCED
FLAME RETARDANT, 66 86 111 466 472 474 494 496 497 507 PLASTIC, 178 205 210 324
128 182 206 231 259 327 333 FRACTURE ENERGY, 72 141 214 363 437 479
334 363 365 366 368 400 423 283 363 373 416 434 GLASS TRANSITION
FLAMMABILITY, 1 53 59 60 87 FRACTURE MECHANICS, 141 TEMPERATURE, 11 39 46 60
111 128 165 171 182 206 259 144 283 324 74 141 149 169 170 183 202
327 363 365 366 368 375 400 FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 3 276 292 338 363 381 415 421
FLEX CRACK, 293 365 377 21 32 74 78 79 113 119 132 136 447
FLEXIBILITY, 36 92 293 323 409 142 193 195 196 201 216 222 GLOSS, 53 275 300 364 399 452
483
FLEXOMETER, 43 381 236 255 264 266 273 278 282
GOUGE RESISTANCE, 10 72
FLEXURAL CREEP, 149 284 288 321 332 333
GRAFT, 23 40 90 105 127 170 217
FLEXURAL FATIGUE, 363 FRACTURE SURFACE, 40 141
281 451
FLEXURAL MODULUS, 5 55 67 146 214 259 283 322 324 325
GRANULE, 306 449
72 96 205 255 267 283 290 331 390 408 410 415 434 453 458
GRAPHITE, 229
364 373 385 399 415 441 486 466 493 496 504
GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS, 36
493 507 FRACTURE TOUGHNESS, 72 96
192 203 245
FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 1 5 10 141 144 239 261 283 324 325
GREEN STRENGTH, 46 78 91
20 40 53 55 56 64 67 72 75 77 358 363 364 390 413 414 416
425
83 87 89 96 101 111 112 114 444 460
GREEN TYRE, 123 131 168 174
124 125 149 165 168 172 183 FRICTION, 221 239 332 191
205 214 242 255 264 267 279 FRICTION COEFFICIENT, 88 GRINDING, 368 374 449 481
283 284 285 290 293 297 301 245 275 GYPSUM, 111 368
324 331 337 347 352 373 381 FRICTIONAL PROPERTIES, 239
382 385 398 407 409 415 431 275 355 379 380 381 407 473
434 441 443 460 469 472 485 FUEL CONSUMPTION, 54 115 H
486 493 496 497 504 507 159 160 164 350 379 380 432 HARDNESS, 12 43 53 54 57 62 70
FLEXURAL STRENGTH, 40 64 FULLERENE, 2 75 72 79 98 118 126 143 154 168
67 72 83 96 124 149 172 183 FUMED SILICA, 7 29 46 61 68 171 199 200 291 309 310 313
242 264 279 290 324 373 408 153 291 365 338 339 368 380 381 382 404
415 441 477 486 507 FUNCTIONAL FILLER, 163 408 410 423 430 449 475 477
FLOCCULATION, 312 FUNCTIONALISATION, 100 142 493 509
FLOORING, 53 92 296 300 375 202 217 283 286 299 HAZE, 275
FLOW, 43 111 137 155 182 194 FUNCTIONALITY, 219 286 309 HEALTH HAZARD, 135 177 218
213 284 321 373 426 427 473 415 476 219 334 361 362 368 408 422
FLUOROCARBON RUBBER, 183 FURNACE BLACK, 2 286 342 456
FLUOROPOLYMER, 140 448 HEAT AGEING, 53 54 108 111
FOAM, 178 205 290 303 474 FURNITURE, 66 303

Subject Index
HEAT BUILD-UP, 43 54 169 193 95 138 143 164 169 183 187 INJECTION MOULDING, 1 22 26
293 310 380 430 438 477 242 309 311 312 313 330 332 55 86 117 125 166 180 182 205
HEAT DEFLECTION 338 380 381 382 404 425 432 214 216 261 267 283 285 297
TEMPERATURE, 7 55 64 67 445 451 299 324 325 347 351 376 378
87 208 267 279 373 441 399 437
HEAT DEGRADATION, 11 36 45 INJECTION STRETCH BLOW
53 56 60 82 111 173 203 206
I MOULDING, 18
235 243 333 IGNITION, 206 366 INSTRUMENT PANEL, 205
HEAT DISTORTION IMAGE ANALYSIS, 155 194 225 INSULATION, 53 111 303 342
TEMPERATURE, 5 128 278 330 449 454 468 INTENSIVE MIXING, 312 339
HEAT INSULATION, 303 IMMERSION, 86 111 148 255 INTERACTION, 22 24 30 31 33
HEAT RESISTANCE, 1 5 7 8 11 IMPACT, 89 319 376 409 40 54 86 100 132 138 143 157
36 56 59 60 64 87 111 128 141 IMPACT ENERGY, 325 373 454 168 169 170 211 212 224 261
165 173 192 203 205 221 243 IMPACT MODIFIER, 28 267 288 286 299 304 311 312 313 364
276 333 342 430 372 385 466 369 381 382 387 420 453 456
HEAT STABILISER, 183 243 253 IMPACT PROPERTIES, 1 6 7 10 476 480 500 501
HEAT STABILITY, 5 7 8 36 56 64 20 28 34 40 42 50 52 53 55 56 INTERCALATION, 3 6 8 11 64 65
HEAT TRANSFER, 206 407 427 64 67 71 72 75 77 80 81 83 87 97 128 289 292
HEAT TREATMENT, 11 133 214 88 89 100 113 119 127 129 130 INTERFACE, 2 118 211 252 258
312 322 357 369 382 404 416 142 144 150 155 158 165 185 264 283 315 391 405 444
HEAVY-VEHICLE TYRE, 54 78 188 194 205 216 228 230 245 INTERFACIAL ADHESION, 3 13
121 160 164 187 191 310 312 250 258 267 269 275 279 283 23 33 148 172 180 201 206 214
313 345 288 297 301 317 319 324 325 261 283 301 319 322 325 352
HIGH DENSITY 329 331 337 358 383 384 389 363 364 365 390 408 414 415
POLYETHYLENE, 37 52 88 396 402 403 420 431 450 454 416 418 443 451 453 458 470
100 114 119 126 129 133 142 460 472 485 488 492 504 505 490 494 495 498 505
162 198 199 209 210 216 254 IMPACT RESISTANCE, 10 20 42 INTERFACIAL AGENT, 23 116
257 266 282 285 297 300 317 75 83 127 144 155 185 194 463 158
322 336 340 352 364 378 394 464 INTERFACIAL BONDING, 34
407 409 429 431 458 466 473 IMPACT STRENGTH, 1 6 7 28 34 201 264 365 415
499 505 40 42 53 55 56 64 67 71 72 80 INTERFACIAL INTERACTION,
HIGH IMPACT 83 87 88 100 127 142 144 150 40 100 157 211 212 388 394
POLYPROPYLENE, 469 158 185 194 205 228 245 258 415 421 445
HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE, 267 275 279 283 297 301 324 INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA,
334 364 325 329 331 352 364 373 378 157 211 212
HIGH MODULUS, 22 202 310 383 384 385 390 398 399 405 INTERFACIAL PROPERTIES, 30
313 407 414 415 416 429 441 443 34 40 99 100 105 106 136 157
HIGH-SPEED, 283 462 468 458 459 466 468 469 473 493 198 211 212 224 256 264 270
HIGH TEMPERATURE, 141 312 505 276 283 317 323 409 417 431
324 339 381 382 388 IMPURITY, 368 438 462 453 457 478 484 485 486 487
HIGHLY-FILLED, 98 111 255 275 IN SITU POLYMERISATION, 16 495 498
315 363 444 58 221 377 INTERFACIAL SHEAR STRESS,
HOT WATER RESISTANCE, 408 INCANDESCENCE, 366 214 283
HOUSEWARE, 297 INCINERATION, 380 INTERFACIAL STRENGTH, 211
HUMID AGEING, 54 303 INCOMPATIBILITY, 338 415 315 322 408
HUMIDITY, 249 303 339 INDENTATION, 72 126 INTERFACIAL STRUCTURE, 2
HUNTITE, 366 368 INFRARED DICHROISM, 33 211 212
HYDROCHLORIC ACID, 243 375 INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY, 8 INTERFACIAL TENSION, 275
HYDROLYSIS, 106 111 170 291 11 27 29 38 74 86 90 93 102 415
314 329 339 360 363 367 408 120 127 141 181 192 209 281 INTERLAMINAR SHEAR, 202
HYDROMAGNESITE, 206 317 323 326 328 335 338 351 416
HYDROPHILIC, 8 22 24 46 247 367 374 388 389 408 417 481 INTERMESHING ROTOR, 15 155
280 291 419 INITIATOR, 58 281 INTERNAL LUBRICANT, 98 299
HYDROPHOBIC, 24 46 98 111 INJECTION MOULD, 324 364 INTERNAL MIXER, 4 15 43
148 168 280 291 314 353 384 373 408 427 441 473 493 496 INTERNAL MIXING, 4 111 380
396 419 502 497 381 475
HYDROPHOBISATION, 92 207 INJECTION MOULDED, 53 236 INTERPARTICLE DISTANCE,
HYSTERESIS, 3 12 22 31 54 94 319 225 382 404

Subject Index
INTERPHASE, 99 283 367 458 LINOLEUM, 92 MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 31

490 LITHIUM ALUMINIUM 47 92 111 123 159 163 191 204
INTUMESCENCE, 206 HYDRIDE, 168 206 262 286 310 345 350 357
INVERSE GAS LITHIUM ALUMINIUM 404 452 479 510
CHROMATOGRAPHY, 21 315 SILICATE, 509 MATERIALS SELECTION, 342
367 433 478 LLDPE, 66 71 88 297 334 374
IRON COMPOUND, 24 LOAD BEARING, 319 352 407 MATRIX, 1 17 150 201 280 315
IRRADIATION RESISTANCE, 475 LOADING, 27 43 120 169 267 283 328 351 393 414 418 429 443
ISOPROPOXYTITANIUM 324 325 333 373 390 415 423 444 450 453 457 458 460 463
ISOSTEARATE, 24 444 460 463 475 466 480 486 487 495 496 498
ISOPROPYL TRIISOSTEAROYL LOSS MODULUS, 35 45 46 109 505
TITANATE, 419 145 156 169 170 224 309 312 MECHANICAL DEGRADATION,
ISOTACTIC, 214 416 418 506 328 381 382 404 99
ISOTHERMAL, 91 104 299 351 LOSS TANGENT, 45 46 109 138 MECHANICAL PART, 98
367 145 156 169 170 183 224 309 MECHANISM, 2 11 95 99 143 193
ISOTROPY, 125 225 303 306 324 312 328 382 404 421 425 476 218 219 228 239 321 332 333
IZOD, 53 155 267 373 390 415 441 LOW DENSITY 352 376 390 391 409 414 426
458 466 493 POLYETHYLENE, 51 104 182 460 466 496 497 505
248 266 275 322 334 355 364 MECHANOCHEMICAL
392 394 401 402 407 473 DEGRADATION, 312
J LOW TEMPERATURE, 1 53 111 MEDIUM-DENSITY
J-INTEGRAL, 133 236 283 141 312 324 374 381 382 POLYETHYLENE, 86 397 407
LOW VISCOSITY, 22 98 168 381 MELT COMPOUNDING, 20 64 83
LUBRICANT, 98 116 158 182 243 360
K 299 499 MELT FLOW, 82 90 111 125 182
KAOLIN, 25 98 111 112 136 163 231 373 427
171 199 232 233 262 310 320 M MELT FLOW INDEX, 127 214
352 364 365 366 368 408 411 267 299 325 347 373 463
473 482 506 MACHINERY, 1 66 83 88 162 166 MELT FLOW RATE, 334 459
KAOLINITE, 296 368 502 188 194 296 322 324 407 427 MELT MIXING, 49 173 292
454 MELT PRESSURE, 355 407
MAGNESITE, 206 MELT PROCESSING, 64 80 87
L MAGNESIUM ALUMINATE, 461 MELT PROPERTIES, 48 49 64 97
MAGNESIUM CARBONATE, 366 MELT RHEOLOGY, 48 49 64 182
LAMELLAR, 21 98 206 325 443
367 368 462 MELT STRENGTH, 275
488
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, 86 MELT TEMPERATURE, 214 324
LAMINAR STRUCTURE, 214
99 114 158 171 206 222 231 335 355 407 427
LAMINATED FILM, 322
236 250 263 284 327 333 334 MELT VISCOSITY, 48 49 90 178
LAMP BLACK, 448
360 364 365 366 367 368 391 427 463 493
LASER DIFFRACTION, 17 168
397 400 414 443 MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 127
441
MAGNESIUM OXIDE, 360 363 214 267 299 325
LASER SCANNING ANALYSIS,
430 MERCAPTOPROPYL-
408
MAGNESIUM SILICATE, 32 66 TRIMETHOXYSILANE, 12 33
LATEX, 291
206 304 170 241 291 377 430
LEAD CARBOXYLATE, 253
MAGNESIUM STEARATE, 114 MERCAPTOSILANE, 170 291
LEAD STEARATE, 252 278
391 430
LEGISLATION, 177
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE, 289 292 MESOPHASE, 30
LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 380
414 416 418 443 463 464 METALLOCENE, 28 205 331
LIGHT DEGRADATION, 209 316
MALEIC ANHYDRIDE MICA, 1 17 23 29 36 67 71 105
LIGHT STABILISER, 316
COPOLYMER, 49 453 107 125 140 141 165 166 173
LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 275
MAR RESISTANCE, 10 178 185 222 230 266 279 290
LIMESTONE, 495
MARBLE, 318 440 363 364 368 376 378 390 399
LIMITING OXYGEN INDEX, 53
MARINE APPLICATION, 255 406 408 410 416 418 441 447
111 206 366
MARSHALLITE, 226 473 496 497 499 508
LINEAR ELASTIC FRACTURE
MASS SPECTROSCOPY, 11 128 MICA FLAKE, 23 416
MECHANICS, 261 283 418
332 360 367 MICA-REINFORCED, 23 390 399
460
MASTERBATCH, 1 152 182 205 416 441 473 496 497
LINEAR LOW, 275 322 355 364
291 380 473 MICROCRACK, 322
407 473

Subject Index
MICROFIBRIL, 325 MONSANTO RHEOMETER, 326 RESONANCE, 128 151 157

MICROGRAPHY, 70 90 91 120 404 212 267 281 314 332 367 373
161 418 MONTMORILLONITE, 5 6 8 9 11 387
MICROLAYER, 197 322 18 36 44 49 60 66 80 95 128 NUCLEATING AGENT, 104 206
MICROMECHANICS, 30 117 179 202 368 283 299 305 316 325
MICRONISED, 493 MOONEY SCORCH, 339 NUCLEATION, 206 214 274 283
MICROPHASE SEPARATION, MOONEY VISCOSITY, 27 41 43 284 299 303 304 308 322 325
145 491 78 98 121 168 291 309 311 312 351 393 492 497
MICROSPHERE, 364 495 498 313 339 381 382 430 477 NYLON, 1 9 61 75 77 87 202 233
MICROSTRESS, 457 MOULDING, 22 26 71 86 90 98 300 324 333 479 483
MICROSTRUCTURE, 22 28 144 129 179 185 214 222 261 303 NYLON 12, 128
174 273 283 312 338 456 307 310 322 324 326 340 363 NYLON 6, 1 5 6 47 55 64 67 75 77
MICROVOID, 390 427 80 87 128 202 324 333 336
MIGRATION, 1 93 98 268 291 323 MOULDING COMPOUND, 53 54 NYLON 66, 1 264 333 408 441
MILLING, 43 280 75 193 330 479
MINERAL FILLER, 10 34 36 40 MULTILAYER, 9 322 367 419
48 53 55 56 67 71 72 75 83 84 MUSCOVITE, 368 416
92 93 98 100 111 116 127 133 O
144 148 178 182 205 206 209 ODOUR REDUCTION, 205
214 223 225 227 258 267 275 N OIL, 53 183 291 312 380 382
283 285 299 300 308 310 318
NANOCOMPOSITE, 1 3 5 6 7 8 9 OIL ABSORPTION, 223 313 365
324 352 355 363 364 365 366
11 18 22 36 44 45 47 49 50 58 368
367 368 373 400 407 408 415
59 60 64 65 66 75 77 80 87 96 OIL EXTENSION, 183 291 312
416 427 430 441 443 452 453
110 128 163 202 205 380 382
454 458 462 466 467 468 469
NANOFILLER, 1 5 6 7 8 9 18 22 OIL RESISTANCE, 53
473 476 477 478 479 480 482
36 47 49 50 64 69 75 77 87 96 OIL SHALE, 37
490 493 496 497 506
NANOLAYER, 322 OPACITY, 275 355 473
MINERAL-REINFORCED, 245
NANOSTRUCTURE, 2 22 164 OPTICAL MICROSCOPY, 20 38
355 407
202 155 168 299 444 449
MIXER, 15 47 155 454
MIXING, 4 15 20 22 37 42 43 49 NANOTUBE, 2 50 75 77 OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 1 29 51
53 54 62 70 90 111 121 131 155 NATURAL FIBRE-REINFORCED 53 76 87 275 355 364 365 368
156 162 168 173 182 191 194 PLASTIC, 205 390 473
196 214 225 259 267 278 286 NATURAL RUBBER, 12 22 54 57 OPTICAL TRANSMISSION, 155
291 292 293 296 302 303 309 69 108 120 122 137 164 170 ORGANIC-INORGANIC
310 311 312 313 325 338 339 183 184 200 204 212 220 251 COMPOSITE, 95 97 128 145
345 346 350 356 358 365 367 265 268 286 293 310 311 312 170 202
373 380 381 382 386 388 404 313 314 330 338 345 350 379 ORGANOCLAY COMPOUND, 5
408 415 425 428 454 462 465 388 425 428 430 436 439 449 6 8 9 18 50 80
468 477 475 476 477 491 501 ORGANOSILANE, 33 286 350
MIXING ENERGY, 22 291 NECKING, 322 446 ORGANOSILICONE POLYMER,
MIXING TIME, 278 286 291 310 NEOALKOXY TITANATE, 14 128 152 246
312 338 339 454 NEOALKOXY ZIRCONATE, 14 ORGANOTITANATE, 367
MODIFICATION, 21 47 79 92 95 NEOPRENE, 78 183 310 ORIENTATION, 3 29 33 38 76 87
105 158 169 170 207 286 299 NETWORK, 17 29 73 138 281 311 95 225 253 283 284 322 340
314 456 381 382 386 404 445 476 376 390 393 394 470
MODIFIED, 84 293 315 419 505 NEUTRALISATION, 79 229 272 ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT, 121
MODIFIER, 84 87 158 188 207 NEUTRON SCATTERING, 329 159 191
353 372 419 431 464 NITRILE RUBBER, 78 98 169 183 ORMOSIL, 202
MODULUS, 22 28 57 94 98 122 286 326 430 OUTDOOR APPLICATION, 209
125 138 141 168 169 170 190 NITROSAMINE, 428 OXIDATION, 108 209 218 219
291 309 310 311 313 322 330 NOISE INSULATION, 501 366 388 395 461
339 363 380 381 382 390 398 NOTCH, 236 324 325 376 390 413 OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,
430 455 458 475 476 493 496 416 459 468 108 184 218 219 366 388 395
MOISTURE, 291 339 NOTCHED IMPACT STRENGTH, OXIRANE COPOLYMER, 260
MOISTURE CONTENT, 123 339 53 267 373 390 415 416 441 OXYGEN INDEX, 53 111 206 333
365 443 458 466 366 368 400
MONODISPERSE, 170 299 NOVOLAC RESIN, 124 363 OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 5 9
MONOLAYER, 367 419 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC 18 64 87 197 336

Subject Index
OZONE DEGRADATION, 388 PENDULUM TEST, 275 373 390 POLYAMIDE-6, 1 5 6 47 55 64 67

OZONE RESISTANCE, 365 475 416 75 77 80 87 128 202 324 333
491 PERCOLATION, 306 386 467 360
PERMEABILITY, 5 9 18 44 47 64 POLYAMIDE-6,6, 360 408 441
140 197 234 364 378 479
P PEROXIDE VULCANISATION, POLYBUTADIENE, 3 95 109 170
PACKAGING, 1 47 50 66 77 269 183 259 428 183 204 280 286 309 311 312
297 407 473 PH, 291 313 365 367 408 438 338 339 350 359 367 380 381
PACKAGING FILM, 1 66 77 407 PHASE BEHAVIOUR, 97 145 328 382 404 430 432 503
473 393 414 POLYBUTYLENE
PACKING FRACTION, 364 PHASE BOUNDARY, 291 TEREPHTHALATE, 48 364
PAINT, 66 PHASE SEPARATION, 97 145 441 469 508
PANEL, 375 304 415 491 POLYCAPROAMIDE, 5 6 55 64
PAPER, 66 163 269 355 PHASE STRUCTURE, 97 101 67 80
PARTICLE, 17 22 141 167 201 224 PHENOLIC RESIN, 124 221 363 POLYCAPROLACTAM, 5 6 55 64
253 255 278 322 325 352 413 PHLOGOPITE, 368 416 67 80
417 429 444 453 454 478 505 PHOSPHATE, 367 398 458 505 POLYCAPROLACTONE, 58 202
PARTICLE DISTRIBUTION, 203 PHOTOCHEMICAL POLYCARBONATE, 77 165 322
283 393 DEGRADATION, 316 POLYCHLOROPRENE, 78 183
PARTICLE GROWTH, 202 PHOTOMICROGRAPHY, 70 90 310
PARTICLE MORPHOLOGY, 2 22 91 120 161 POLYDIENE, 3 22 204 281
34 53 203 267 333 366 458 PHOTOOXIDATION, 209 389 POLYDIMETHYL SILOXANE,
PARTICLE MOTION, 168 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 44 48 17 29 76 107 153 170 176 202
PARTICLE PACKING, 364 368 65 66 154 174 181 187 220 247 203 215 224 246
PARTICLE SEPARATION, 414 257 262 273 296 299 306 310 POLYEPICHLOROHYDRIN, 183
PARTICLE SHAPE, 20 67 92 172 311 313 320 327 370 375 377 467
201 214 333 334 364 365 368 379 395 396 397 398 424 438 POLYEPOXIDE, 7 74 96 101 146
414 443 507 439 448 485 489 149 172 202 226 230 242 318
PARTICLE SIZE, 1 4 17 20 22 24 PHYSICOCHEMICAL 334
34 37 42 50 53 71 72 92 98 111 PROPERTIES, 247 277 298 POLYESTER RESIN, 189 479
122 136 141 144 146 150 168 412 481 POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE,
170 172 176 181 201 203 206 PHYSICOMECHANICAL 141
214 215 216 222 224 225 228 PROPERTIES, 92 207 238 277 POLYETHER KETONE, 202 240
235 243 246 248 252 259 264 PIGMENT, 53 298 300 355 364 POLYETHER SULPHONE, 7 141
267 273 275 278 282 289 291 367 368 448 473 482 POLYETHERIMIDE, 77 128
296 297 302 310 311 321 325 PIPE, 210 300 375 POLYETHOXYMETHYLSILOXANE,
333 334 337 338 347 355 363 PLASTICISER, 8 30 43 53 98 111 314
364 365 366 368 373 374 380 142 171 183 253 301 309 430 POLYETHYLENE, 32 37 51 52 66
384 385 396 406 407 408 413 449 455 71 86 87 88 100 104 114 118
415 416 418 421 423 429 430 PLASTICITY, 22 70 152 119 126 129 133 142 162 163
434 438 441 442 443 449 450 PLASTICITY RETENTION 166 182 185 198 199 209 210
452 454 457 458 459 462 466 INDEX, 108 216 233 240 244 245 248 254
467 468 469 473 479 481 493 PLATY FILLER, 364 365 368 257 266 275 282 285 288 297
494 504 507 POLARITY, 22 98 110 286 291 300 306 317 320 322 334 336
PARTICLE SIZE 312 365 408 415 502 340 352 355 364 369 378 392
DISTRIBUTION, 34 130 144 POLYACETAL, 1 364 394 397 400 401 402 407 409
164 168 170 201 228 255 282 POLYACETYLENE, 240 274 328 429 431 455 458 465 466 473
300 318 332 368 407 426 449 POLYACRYLATE, 202 499 500 503
462 POLYALKENE, 1 10 28 45 55 63 POLYETHYLENE OXIDE, 128
PARTICLE STRUCTURE, 2 22 66 77 89 99 104 105 125 129 POLYETHYLENE
150 142 147 180 182 210 228 258 TEREPHTHALATE, 1 9 18 26
PARTICULATE, 117 118 129 255 279 282 285 289 292 297 308 47 77 87 196 197 233 364 508
261 306 321 325 358 365 366 319 320 331 334 POLYFLUOROETHYLENE, 141
383 444 460 POLYALKOXYSILOXANE, 314 POLYIMIDE, 36 106 202 329
PASSENGER TYRE, 78 286 309 POLYAMIDE, 1 9 61 75 77 87 202 POLYISOPRENE, 91 102 183 310
311 312 313 380 233 300 324 333 360 364 408 380 412
PEEL STRENGTH, 46 322 355 441 479 483 POLYMERIC COMPATIBILISER,
471 POLYAMIDE-12, 128 415

Subject Index
POLYMERIC COUPLING 22 493 R

AGENT, 127 367 POLYVINYL ACETATE, 136 202
POLYMERIC DISPERSANT, 182 295 421 RADIAL TYRE, 379
367 POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 8 34 39 RADIATION CURING, 181 235
POLYMERIC FILLER, 141 336 53 81 92 111 130 171 201 210 378
364 233 241 243 252 253 278 288 RADIATOR HOSE, 310
POLYMERIC PROCESSING AID, 300 301 323 334 337 364 385 RAILWAY APPLICATION, 334
182 314 401 455 462 489 REACTION INJECTION
POLYMETHYL POLYVINYL ESTER, 255 363 375 MOULDING, 376 390
METHACRYLATE, 11 24 34 POROSITY, 51 181 192 202 273 REACTIVE
57 87 315 363 421 434 278 456 471 495 498 COMPATIBILISATION, 158
POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE, POTTING COMPOUND, 406 509 REACTIVE FILLER, 163
34 POWDER, 79 140 141 159 258 REACTIVE PROCESSING, 99
POLYOLEFIN, 1 10 28 45 55 63 297 349 406 449 158
66 77 89 99 104 105 125 129 PRECIPITATED, 247 278 368 423 REACTIVITY, 22 115 181 218 314
142 147 180 182 210 228 258 461 475 367 416
279 282 285 289 292 297 308 PRECIPITATED SILICA, 22 30 31 REBOUND, 169 309 313 338 377
319 320 331 334 352 369 378 62 79 123 143 152 168 187 225 382 404 430 477
391 409 437 459 463 464 481 291 309 310 338 345 349 365 RECYCLING, 142 243 254 380
499 500 502 369 377 379 381 430 432 439 REFRACTIVE INDEX, 368
POLYOLEFIN ELASTOMER, 493 449 451 477 REFRIGERATOR, 303
POLYORGANOSILOXANE, 17 PRECIPITATION, 46 115 207 291 REGRESSION ANALYSIS, 175
29 76 107 128 152 153 170 176 374 267 373 380 438
246 PRESSURE MOULDING, 326 REGULATION, 177 296
POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 324 PRETREATMENT, 148 479 482 REINFORCED RUBBER, 22 30
364 PRICE, 66 160 163 191 297 33 54 57 69 78 79 95 108 109
POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE, PRINTABILITY, 275 473 145 151 170 246 386
324 340 364 PRINTING, 355 473 REINFORCEMENT, 1 2 12 22 38
POLYPROPYLENE, 6 10 18 20 23 PROCESSABILITY, 4 31 56 111 50 57 69 70 73 95 115 122 123
28 40 45 47 49 51 56 63 66 67 115 165 168 275 293 311 312 143 145 168 170 178 193 204
75 82 87 89 90 93 99 104 105 313 350 365 381 406 428 476 211 214 224 225 227 234 238
113 116 117 125 127 128 134 477 489 239 264 265 270 289 293 310
142 144 150 155 158 166 178 PROCESSING, 1 14 27 52 56 66 329 344 365 370 377 422 428
180 188 194 195 205 206 210 80 86 99 125 129 158 178 180 430 443 455 469 475 476
213 214 223 227 228 236 240 198 222 277 285 288 292 293 REINFORCEMENT THEORY,
250 254 256 258 261 263 267 296 316 333 341 348 355 356 445
276 277 283 284 287 289 292 358 363 365 367 370 376 378 REINFORCING AGENT, 27 98
294 299 300 302 305 308 316 420 422 437 449 454 456 109 178 227 262 312 432
319 321 322 324 325 328 333 PROCESSING AID, 31 53 131 137 REINFORCING FILLER, 2 10 19
334 335 340 347 348 351 352 182 234 293 314 350 363 430 22 33 54 69 79 95 143 145 168
364 372 373 383 384 389 391 PRODUCTION, 66 163 210 333 170 175 176 178 214 227 264
393 396 398 399 401 402 403 349 354 422 448 286 365 368 381 382 404 406
411 414 415 416 417 418 420 PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 40 RELAXATION TIME, 259 451
427 437 441 442 443 450 454 49 55 83 89 127 206 230 236 RESILIENCE, 20 152 169 183 285
459 463 464 468 469 470 471 267 372 468 469 482 338 350 370 410
472 481 482 483 484 485 486 PROPYLENE-ETHYLENE RESIN TRANSFER MOULDING,
487 488 489 490 492 493 496 COPOLYMER, 206 211 254 179
497 PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 275 RESISTIVITY, 111 171 286 312
POLYSILOXANE, 128 152 182 297 REVIEW, 14 15 25 65 69 75 106
202 246 249 314 329 PURITY, 2 206 296 315 320 333 122 139 157 163 208 212 217
POLYSTYRENE, 59 68 87 128 PYROGENIC, 22 349 218 219 220 222 227 229 233
147 285 300 334 359 364 421
PYROLYSIS, 37 274 360 366 239 240 262 270 271 272 273
453 480 502
277 293 329 332 341 342 343
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE,
344 349 356 362 386 387 422
141 Q 428 433 439 445 448 456 465
POLYURETHANE, 22 46 87 143
QUALITY, 121 343 371 448 450 491 501 508
173 249 290 303 304 376 428
QUARTZ, 66 171 218 219 255 296 RHEOLOGY, 1 4 22 27 41 43 46
455 493
364 368 444 507 48 49 53 56 58 64 68 70 94 98
POLYURETHANE ELASTOMER,

Subject Index
111 131 134 152 156 162 165 55 72 116 205 300 399 452 482 218 219 221 224 225 237 242
168 175 178 182 196 206 213 SCREW DESIGN, 80 83 155 162 246 247 251 255 265 268 281
214 264 266 267 275 285 291 194 407 286 291 296 303 309 310 311
299 304 307 309 311 312 313 SCREW SPEED, 155 194 355 312 313 314 315 316 323 326
314 325 338 339 356 375 463 SEA WATER, 255 329 330 338 339 344 345 346
491 499 SEAL, 98 349 350 357 363 364 365 366
RHEOMETER, 43 173 326 332 SECONDARY ION MASS 367 368 369 370 377 379 380
404 SPECTROSCOPY, 332 367 381 382 388 395 403 404 410
RHEOMETRY, 169 182 259 310 SELF IGNITION, 366 424 425 426 430 432 436 438
311 312 313 326 381 404 430 SELF-DRYING, 79 339 439 445 449 451 460 473 475
449 493 SELF-EXTINGUISHING, 111 128 476 477 478 494 495 498 504
RICE HUSK ASH, 27 120 200 403 SEPIOLITE, 304 507
RIGID, 53 303 414 462 505 SERPENTINE, 32 66 SILICATE, 1 3 21 34 44 58 66 71
RIGIDITY, 66 364 SERVICE LIFE, 125 168 380 75 82 83 89 93 98 103 116 128
ROLLING RESISTANCE, 22 31 SHEAR, 58 111 259 404 416 426 140 147 171 181 195 247 292
54 78 115 121 123 159 160 164 466 497 329 365 367 368 408 428 483
168 169 191 286 309 311 312 SHEAR MODULUS, 35 170 183 502
313 314 332 338 339 350 379 306 328 330 404 SILICIC ACID, 79 296
380 381 382 404 424 432 SHEAR PROPERTIES, 134 182 SILICON CARBIDE, 178
ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 71 196 213 214 283 307 322 340 SILICONE POLYMER, 128 152
185 SHEAR RATE, 85 111 182 493 182 202 246 249 314 329 426
ROUGHENING, 355 SHEAR STRAIN, 382 404 SILICONE RUBBER, 70 103 152
ROUGHNESS, 46 53 54 164 225 SHEAR STRENGTH, 214 416 153 170 175 176 183 186 224
275 SHEAR STRESS, 182 214 283 346
RUBBER-MODIFIED, 267 434 SHEAR THINNING, 493 SILICOSIS, 218
443 482 SHEAR VISCOSITY, 4 307 326 SINGLE-SCREW EXTRUDER,
RUPTURE, 85 294 426 496 497 499 162 322 358
SHEET, 322 340 471 SKID RESISTANCE, 339 381 382
SHEETING, 87 152 300 307 404
S SHRINKAGE, 1 67 74 90 141 185 SKIN-CORE MORPHOLOGY,
SAND, 181 248 222 363 394 427 473 497
SANDSTONE, 495 SHUNGITE, 195 SLURRY, 20 79 291
SATURATED POLYESTER, 197 SIDING, 205 SMALL ANGLE X-RAY
446 SILANE, 4 12 13 22 30 33 38 78 SCATTERING, 79 145
SCANNING ELECTRON 89 123 151 161 168 170 172 SMECTITE, 75 163
MICROSCOPY, 9 17 22 27 29 180 183 193 202 214 225 230 SMOKE, 53 111 206 333 334 366
32 36 37 64 70 74 80 91 95 100 247 255 264 265 283 286 287 375 400
108 118 120 127 128 137 141 291 296 298 299 308 309 311 SMOKE SUPPRESSANT, 111 206
158 161 170 172 180 182 186 313 314 315 323 330 338 339 259 360 365 366
193 195 198 200 201 203 209 351 363 364 365 367 368 372 SNOW TRACTION, 314 381
214 216 222 229 252 259 263 377 380 381 382 403 404 408 SNOW TYRE, 115 286
264 273 275 276 278 283 288 430 432 444 476 478 479 499 SODIUM ALUMINIUM
294 305 307 315 317 319 321 508 HYDROXYCARBONATE, 366
322 324 325 326 328 335 348 SILANISATION, 15 29 323 430 368
359 373 384 389 390 393 402 476 484 SODIUM ALUMINIUM
403 405 408 410 415 418 429 SILANOL GROUP, 143 168 202 SILICATE, 247
431 434 435 447 454 458 460 314 367 404 430 SODIUM ALUMINUM
466 471 474 480 492 493 494 SILICA, 3 4 7 12 13 15 16 19 22 HYDROXYCARBONATE, 366
496 497 504 505 506 507 27 29 30 31 33 35 38 41 46 51 368
SCANNING TUNNELLING 54 57 59 61 62 66 68 69 70 73 SODIUM METASILICATE, 207
MICROSCOPY, 271 422 433 74 76 78 79 91 94 95 96 98 102 SODIUM SILICATE, 70 79
478 104 106 107 109 115 120 121 SOFTENING, 141 169
SCORCH, 259 291 312 313 314 123 135 136 137 138 139 143 SOFTENING POINT, 22 165
339 430 145 149 151 152 153 154 156 SOFTENING TEMPERATURE,
SCORCH INHIBITOR, 350 159 160 161 167 168 169 170 46 53 267 373
SCORCH TIME, 27 259 291 312 171 172 174 175 176 177 181 SOL, 167 202 329
313 314 339 183 186 187 190 191 192 193 SOL-GEL, 12 16 50 69 74 145 161
SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 10 51 200 201 202 203 207 211 215 170 176 202 323

Subject Index
SOLUBILITY, 31 36 110 111 197 267 322 324 325 415 457 470 SURFACE AREA, 21 22 24 54 78
202 291 496 91 94 115 122 164 168 175 201
SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 53 111 STRESS INTENSITY, 283 321 413 224 309 311 312 313 332 338
SOLVOLYSIS, 332 367 416 460 494 342 364 365 366 367 368 370
SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA, 117 STRESS RELAXATION, 78 246 374 377 380 382 404 415 419
168 224 318 440 423 430 438 439 441 443 449
SPECULAR GLOSS, 275 STRESS SOFTENING, 428 462 473 476 477 490
SPHERULITE, 214 283 299 325 STRESS-STRAIN PROPERTIES, SURFACE CHEMISTRY, 168 332
SPINEL, 461 13 26 27 29 33 35 38 46 61 68 349 368 395 400 419 456
STABILISER, 81 171 183 243 252 76 134 136 154 169 170 179 SURFACE COATING, 90 243
253 300 389 473 189 195 201 215 244 245 275 SURFACE CRACKING, 324
STABILITY, 5 7 8 11 36 56 59 60 285 291 294 309 311 312 313 SURFACE DEGRADATION, 206
64 87 111 128 173 192 203 221 315 328 329 340 356 359 382 268
333 491 390 401 404 425 431 438 444 SURFACE ENERGY, 148 275 286
STANDARD, 300 332 347 375 445 447 449 467 471 472 474 312 315 355 367 422 425 436
STATIC, 125 149 319 476 477 488 507 473 476 478
STATIC DISSIPATION, 156 STRESS TRANSFER, 214 283 325 SURFACE FINISH, 1 53 482 483
STATIC ELECTRICITY, 286 453 SURFACE MIGRATION, 93 268
STATIC FATIGUE, 363 497 STRESS WHITENING, 141 SURFACE MODIFICATION, 2 4
STATIC PROPERTIES, 193 325 STRETCH BLOW MOULDING, 10 21 24 34 74 86 92 96 104
STATISTICS, 1 50 66 87 160 163 18 123 151 163 164 167 193 207
191 205 230 300 350 354 STRETCHING, 102 141 199 225 217 228 237 238 246 247 262
STEARATE, 364 473 STRUCTURE-PROPERTY 265 280 281 296 298 299 308
STEARIC ACID, 28 92 228 247 RELATIONSHIP, 9 120 183 328 333 350 351 353 365 367
258 287 301 355 367 368 396 373 368 369 372 375 377 391 400
407 419 453 454 490 STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE 405 408 415 417 451 453 476
STEEL FIBRE-REINFORCED COPOLYMER, 260 322 484 485 486 487 489 502
RUBBER, 54 STYRENE-BUTADIENE SURFACE MORPHOLOGY, 21 93
STICK-SLIP PROPERTIES, 141 RUBBER, 3 13 30 33 35 38 41 146
239 46 62 95 73 109 112 123 138 SURFACE PROPERTIES, 2 21 22
STIFFNESS, 1 10 20 53 75 77 87 139 170 174 183 204 207 225 34 72 79 93 100 134 136 146
111 112 168 183 205 214 267 237 247 251 286 291 309 310 148 157 168 193 217 219 225
279 283 285 297 301 331 337 311 312 314 338 339 350 356 237 272 275 276 300 304 332
347 352 373 381 382 385 398 377 380 381 382 404 410 412 364 367 370 387 399 402 473
407 409 441 443 469 472 493 425 430 432 436 439 445 449 478
STORAGE MODULUS, 12 45 46 491 501 SURFACE REACTIVITY, 22 218
109 112 145 156 169 170 224 STYRENE-BUTADIENE- 367
237 289 292 309 326 386 488 STYRENE BLOCK SURFACE STRUCTURE, 2 13 34
STRAIN, 33 58 68 122 126 129 COPOLYMER, 208 54 72 219 320 355 433 438 476
138 143 168 169 194 214 245 STYRENE-ISOPRENE 478
270 275 283 309 311 322 325 COPOLYMER, 377 SURFACE TREATMENT, 2 4 10
381 382 390 404 413 415 416 STYRENE-MALEIC 21 24 28 34 47 56 63 74 86 92
418 476 496 497 505 ANHYDRIDE COPOLYMER, 96 98 103 104 111 123 134 136
STRAIN ENERGY RELEASE 453 141 148 151 163 164 167 193
RATE, 319 325 413 414 416 SULPHUR, 12 183 259 338 339 207 214 217 224 228 230 231
494 430 237 238 246 247 250 258 261
STRAIN HARDENING, 322 446 SURFACE, 58 143 217 245 271 262 264 265 275 276 280 281
STRAIN RATE, 126 146 214 244 422 283 287 295 296 298 299 300
275 283 309 363 416 467 SURFACE ACTIVE AGENT, 6 7 308 310 315 323 325 328 333
STRENGTH, 87 172 211 315 322 56 84 97 132 137 148 156 162 348 355 367 375 378 384 389
324 413 420 461 495 498 167 182 196 247 261 291 298 395 396 408 411 415 417 423
STRESS, 37 85 118 126 153 170 303 311 327 330 395 396 411 451 453 454 459 469 470 473
183 194 201 214 218 245 252 470 479 482 489 490 499 502
261 267 275 278 286 315 322 SURFACE ACTIVITY, 157 168 SURFACTANT, 56 84 97 132 148
324 325 363 382 390 404 408 183 286 312 338 342 350 415 162 247 261 291 298 303 311
413 415 416 443 446 457 467 478 327 330 395 396 411
470 496 497 505 SURFACE ANALYSIS, 168 367 SUZORITE, 416
STRESS CONCENTRATION, 20 422 SWELLING, 3 29 33 38 75 107

Subject Index
161 170 176 313 330 332 365 278 283 315 351 373 375 444 322 375 416 429 443 458 466
425 476 485 473
TESTING, 35 41 54 108 169 193 THIXOTROPY, 46 134
242 243 251 259 262 265 267 THREE-POINT FLEXURE, 283
T 269 325 330 349 371 385 397 373 408
TALC, 21 34 66 71 82 83 89 93 98 398 399 400 404 439 448 456 TITANATE, 14 24 142 202 247
103 116 140 171 180 185 188 495 496 497 498 503 506 298 320 329 367 402 403 499
197 206 210 214 222 227 234 TETRAETHOXYSILANE, 12 16 TITANIA, 53 226 329
241 253 256 267 277 283 285 170 176 202 TITANIUM DIOXIDE, 53 226 329
298 299 305 307 308 319 322 THERMAL ANALYSIS, 11 60 108 364 367 473
324 331 335 336 337 340 348 153 192 258 299 322 338 360 TITANIUM TETRABUTOXIDE,
351 354 364 365 368 373 385 366 415 497 320
389 393 398 399 402 403 407 THERMAL BLACK, 342 TORQUE, 27 43 53 83 86 259 311
408 415 417 428 437 442 450 THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, 313 314 449
463 469 481 484 485 486 487 206 249 297 303 306 364 411 TOUGHENING, 141 264 390 413
488 492 493 496 497 473 434 443 458 505
TAN DELTA, 54 94 109 168 169 THERMAL CONTRACTION, 460 TOUGHNESS, 36 99 129 141 205
170 183 187 270 286 309 311 THERMAL CRACKING, 2 216 236 248 264 282 283 317
312 313 314 330 332 339 380 THERMAL DEGRADATION, 1 11 319 322 324 325 331 348 352
381 382 404 415 430 476 477 36 45 53 54 56 60 82 108 111 363 364 383 384 390 391 415
488 173 203 206 235 243 303 333 416 429 443 450 458 466 472
TANGENTIAL ROTOR, 15 360 368 369 392 448 494 505
TANK, 375 THERMAL EXPANSION, 10 36 TOXICITY, 135 218 219 334 362
TEAR RESISTANCE, 43 203 234 202 332 363 364 447 509 366 368 422
370 THERMAL GRAVIMETRIC TRACTION, 78 115 121 123 168
TEAR STRENGTH, 22 27 43 54 ANALYSIS, 36 192 203 245 191 286 309 312 314 350 380
62 98 154 200 203 204 234 251 THERMAL INSULATION, 303 381 382 404 432 477
259 275 286 297 310 311 313 THERMAL PROPERTIES, 7 11 22 TRAIN, 334
326 330 355 365 370 377 379 23 36 45 48 53 64 74 89 101 TRANSMISSION ELECTRON
407 410 428 430 438 449 473 104 105 141 165 169 170 173 MICROSCOPY, 3 9 17 22 36
475 477 178 183 196 199 202 206 210 37 64 70 74 80 95 100 101 108
TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE, 214 222 235 249 253 267 284 127 128 137 158 161 170 186
35 109 127 144 145 149 158 299 303 308 317 322 324 328 196 203 215 229 253 264 273
170 178 194 268 286 382 404 338 348 355 363 364 366 373 292 305 307 335
415 435 381 390 407 411 415 427 435 TRANSPARENCY, 1 36 87 275
TENSILE FAILURE, 245 438 441 473 477 497 502 TRAVERTINE, 92
TENSILE MODULUS, 5 27 48 55 THERMAL RESISTANCE, 5 7 8 TREAD, 22 54 78 115 123 131 164
67 79 80 111 129 147 155 179 36 56 64 203 168 169 183 187 191 262 286
188 189 267 325 364 373 410 THERMAL STABILITY, 1 5 7 8 309 311 312 313 314 332 338
451 506 507 11 36 56 59 60 64 87 111 128 339 344 345 350 380 381 382
TENSILE STRAIN, 73 245 141 165 173 192 203 205 221 404 432 477
TENSILE STRENGTH, 7 27 40 43 276 333 342 352 360 368 374 TREADWEAR, 54 78 164 183 312
48 53 57 63 64 67 72 78 80 95 392 430 380 381
100 111 127 143 158 170 171 THERMOGRAM, 255 299 322 TREMOLITE, 66 264
182 185 188 194 205 206 214 338 TRIETHOXYSILYLPROPYL
241 243 248 259 264 275 279 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC TETRASULPHIDE, 38 91 312
283 291 293 309 310 311 313 ANALYSIS, 11 36 101 128 161 404 476
323 324 325 326 330 334 363 173 192 203 235 245 360 366 TROUSER TEAR TEST, 203 430
365 373 398 407 408 416 420 374 417 TRUCK TYRE, 54 78 121 160 164
430 441 449 453 463 464 468 THERMOMECHANICAL 187 191 310 312 313 345 350
473 475 476 477 487 493 506 ANALYSIS, 36 451 379 380
TENSILE STRESS, 73 214 328 THERMOMECHANICAL TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 1 47
497 DEGRADATION, 99 83 90 129 188 194 360
TEST EQUIPMENT, 41 169 193 THERMOOXIDATIVE TYRE, 15 19 22 54 78 115 121 123
269 371 404 DEGRADATION, 184 202 131 159 160 164 168 169 170
TEST METHOD, 108 242 243 251 THERMOPLASTIC 174 183 187 191 247 262 286
262 265 267 283 349 448 ELASTOMER, 75 276 493 309 310 311 312 313 314 332
TEST SPECIMEN, 193 214 267 THICKNESS, 1 29 87 259 267 282 338 339 344 345 350 362 379

Subject Index
380 381 382 404 424 432 477 443 446 453 466 467 468 480 350
TYRE TREAD, 78 115 123 131 496 506 WIRE COVERING, 438
187 262 344 345 379 438 VOLUME RESISTIVITY, 111 365 WOLLASTONITE, 10 55 66 103
VULCANISATION, 22 43 54 70 116 141 222 363 364 368 408
91 98 168 169 170 183 224 232 459 467 479 496 497 508
U 235 251 259 286 291 309 310 WOOD FLOUR, 63 210 363
ULTRAFINE, 10 258 469 493 311 312 313 314 338 339 346 WORK OF FRACTURE, 72 141
UNDER THE BONNET 357 365 381 382 404 430 449 214 283
APPLICATION, 47 87 477
UNSATURATED POLYESTER, X
179 181 189 192 233 264 363 W
423 444 479 483 X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON
UV DEGRADATION, 305 335 WARPAGE, 1 363 427 SPECTROSCOPY, 86 367 395
UV IRRADIATION, 100 209 WASHING MACHINE, 205 416
UV SPECTROSCOPY, 127 323 WATER, 24 207 255 291 303 323 X-RAY SCATTERING, 3 9 36 45
UV STABILITY, 316 360 366 369 375 408 444 64 79 80 82 95 110 113 114 128
WATER ABSORPTION, 111 181 145 176 177 180 199 214 215
192 202 249 323 332 367 216 229 246 253 273 284 292
V WATER ADSORPTION, 245 299 307 308 319 321 325 329
V-BELT, 78 310 438 WATER RESISTANCE, 148 363 340 372 387 405 435 481
VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 202 365 408
WATER SOLUBILITY, 31 111 291
VEHICLE EXTERIOR, 1
WATER VAPOUR, 148 202 206
Y
VEHICLE FASCIA, 390
VEHICLE SEAT, 334 323 YELLOWING, 53 98 275
VEHICLE TRIM, 205 WEAR, 53 54 98 183 221 245 312 YIELD, 28 373 407 409 415 416
VIBRATION DAMPING, 183 501 332 345 380 381 429 446 466
VIBRATIONAL WEAR RESISTANCE, 15 22 53 YIELD POINT, 322 373 415
SPECTROSCOPY, 141 181 192 78 94 115 121 123 164 174 183 YIELD STRAIN, 194 275
299 335 338 191 239 245 311 312 313 314 YIELD STRENGTH, 126 194 241
VICAT SOFTENING POINT, 53 330 338 339 345 350 319 325 407 414 416 418 455
165 267 373 WEATHER RESISTANCE, 209 YIELD STRESS, 37 118 126 194
VICKERS HARDNESS, 118 126 WEATHERING, 389 452 201 252 261 275 278 315 324
VINYL ACETATE-ETHYLENE WEIGHT LOSS, 53 128 360 366 325 450 454
COPOLYMER, 233 333 417 YOUNG’S MODULUS, 39 111
VINYL ESTER RESIN, 363 375 WEIGHT REDUCTION, 47 50 77 138 142 143 169 170 183 202
VISCOELASTIC PROPERTIES, 191 381 432 214 245 248 253 267 275 283
22 30 54 58 68 122 131 169 WELD LINE, 324 437 306 312 319 321 325 326 352
174 183 214 224 242 253 286 WET GRIP, 22 168 183 286 309 363 364 373 378 381 382 386
304 309 312 338 356 381 382 314 380 381 382 404 432 477 390 394 404 414 415 416 417
404 422 442 496 WET SKID RESISTANCE, 339 418 425 443 467 476 484 486
VISCOMETRY, 209 311 313 339 381 382 487 499
381 449 WET STRENGTH, 408
VISCOSITY, 4 22 46 49 53 90 98 WET TRACTION, 78 115 123 168
111 165 168 206 266 270 291 286 309 314 379 380 381 382 Z
299 307 309 311 312 313 314 404
ZEOLITE, 146 223 245 257 464
326 336 338 339 347 350 363 WETTABILITY, 12 148 230
ZINC BORATE, 365
367 375 381 382 423 425 427 WETTING, 98 153 214 283 291
ZINC OXIDE, 43 259 430
430 443 449 474 476 477 491 315 355 415 453 493
ZINC STEARATE, 327 461
493 499 WETTING AGENT, 291 300
ZIRCONATE, 14 367 403
VISCOSITY MODIFIER, 84 430 WHITE FILLER, 53 155 364 365
VISCOUS MODULUS, 138 183 368 473 476 477 478
253 WHITE RICE HUSK ASH, 27
VOID, 252 278 325 390 408 WHITENESS, 53 452
VOID VOLUME, 168 WHITENING, 204
VOLUME FRACTION, 17 94 107 WHITING, 92 210
119 129 175 176 214 244 261 WIDE ANGLE X-RAY
282 283 306 311 325 363 364 SCATTERING, 9 36 80 95 325
382 404 413 414 415 416 418 WINTER TYRE, 115 121 159 286

Particulate Fillers For Polymers

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What are the three sections of a Rapra Review Report?

What are the three sections of a Rapra Review Report?

What is the format of the abstracts outlined in the References and Abstracts section?

What is the format of the abstracts outlined in the References and Abstracts section?

Particulate Fillers for

Professor R.N. Rothon

DOCUMENT DELIVERY SERVICE

Document Delivery Department

Titles Available in the Current Volume

Professor R.N. Rothon

2. Filler Characteristics ............................................................................................................................... 3

4.1.5 Reduction in the Adsorption of Expensive Ingredients ................................................... 17

5. The Use of Fillers in Polymers .............................................................................................................. 21

6. Use of Fillers in Different Polymer Types ........................................................................................... 23

Additional References ................................................................................................................................... 32

References from the Rapra Abstracts Database ........................................................................................ 33

Subject Index ............................................................................................................................................... 141

1 Introduction 2 Filler Characteristics

• Cost reduction In considering potential cost savings from use of fillers,

• Increased water adsorption and reduction in

2.5.1 Specific Heat

means that a single number cannot accurately

Oil absorption is a very simple technique which, when

In practice, many composite properties start to

the work by Katz and Milewski (a.9). It should be

3.1.1 Calcium Carbonate, CaCO3

Calcium carbonate occurs widely in nature and,

achieving a fine size and a high aspect ratio. The largest

It is generally held that the talc surface (except for plate

The term mica is used to describe a group of silicate

The production processes are aimed at achieving

Crystalline silica is the most ubiquitous mineral on

3.1.9 Calcium Sulphate Carbon blacks are, essentially, soots produced by

Oil absorption is widely used as a measure of persistent

Typical properties of furnace and thermal blacks for use

Table 3. Typical properties of filler grade

Figure 8 BET SSA (m2/g) 40-155 10-20

3.2.2 Synthetic Silicas DBP absorption (ml/100 g) 150-250

Synthetic silica can be made with many of the

Recent developments in precipitated silica technology 3.2.5 Alumina Trihydrate (ATH)

Various surface treatments are used including fatty

Most particulate fillers are inorganic and polar in nature.

deactivate significant amounts of curatives, stabilisers,

4.1.6 Improved Composite Properties

The appropriate surface modifier can have a profound

• Stiffness and heat distortion temperature

where X is a reactive group capable of providing 4.2.2.2 Functionalised Polymers

Table 5. Properties of the most commonly used functionalised polymer additives

• Addition to a filler slurry before filtration

Table 6. A comparison of the pre-coating and in situ methods of filler treatment

Both pre-coating and the in situ methods are widely used

4.5 Treatment Levels

Controlling the amount of additive can be very

For most purposes, an additive level that just allows Figure 10

5 The Use of Fillers in Polymers

5.1 Molecular Weight

Particle size % Volume increase for a layer thickness of

Fillers and filler surface modifiers are very important

Table 8. A comparison of the reinforcing effects of an uncoated precipitated calcium carbonate