Exam14 PDF
Exam14 PDF
Exam14 PDF
Other information:
Language: English
Number of pages: 5
Number of pages enclosed: 0
Checked by:
____________________________
Date Signature
Final Exam page 2 of 5
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation, May 22, 2014
Explain briefly the following terms as applied to reservoir simulation (short sentence and/or a
formula for each):
a) Control volume
b) Mass balance
c) Taylor series
d) Numerical dispersion
e) Explicit
f) Implicit
g) Stability
h) Upstream weighting
i) Variable bubble point
j) Harmonic average
k) Transmissibility
l) Storage coefficient
m) Coefficient matrix
n) IMPES
o) Fully implicit
p) Cross section
q) Coning
r) PI
s) Stone´s relative permeability models
t) Discretization
u) History matching
v) Prediction
w) Black Oil
x) Compositional
y) Dual porosity
z) Dual permeability
Answer the following questions related to the derivation of reservoir fluid flow equations:
a) Write the mass balance equation (one-dimensional, one-phase)
b) List 3 commonly used expressions for relating fluid density to pressure
c) Write the most common relationship between velocity and pressure, and write an
alternative relationship used for high fluid velocities.
d) Write the expression for the relationship between porosity and pressure.
e) Derive the following partial differential equation (show all steps):
∂ ⎛ k ∂P ⎞ ⎛c d(1/ B) ⎞ ∂P
⎜ ⎟ = φ ⎜⎝ r + ⎟
∂ x ⎝ µB ∂ x ⎠ B dP ⎠ ∂t
∂ 2 P φµc ∂P
=( )
∂x 2 k ∂t
Final Exam page 3 of 5
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation, May 22, 2014
Use Taylor series and show all steps in the discretization of the following equation:
∂ ⎛ k ∂P ⎞ ⎛ c r d(1/B) ⎞ ∂P
⎜ ⎟ = φ⎜ + ⎟
∂x ⎝ µ B ∂x ⎠ ⎝ B dP ⎠ ∂t
a) Show all steps in the derivation of the simple, one dimensional, radial, horizontal, one-
phase diffusivity equation:
1 ∂ ∂P φµc ∂P
(r ) = ( )
r ∂r ∂ r k ∂t
b) Derive the numerical approximation for this equation using the transformation:
u = ln(r)
c) Explain why the radial grid dimensions in cylindrical coordinates often are selected
according to the formula:
ri+1/ 2 r
= ( e )1/ N
ri−1/ 2 rw
1 5 9 13 17 21
1
2 6 10 14 18 22
2
j 3 7 11 15 19 23
3
4 8 12 16 20 24
4
1 2 3 4 5 6
i
The (unknown) bottom hole pressure Pbh is specified at a reference depth dref . Assume that
hydrostatic pressure equilibrium exists inside the well tubing.
a) Write the expression for oil rate from each perforated block (in terms of productivity
indices, mobility terms, pressure differences and hydrostatic pressure differences)
b) Write the expression for the total oil flow rate for the well (group the constants into
parameters A, B, C, D, F, G, H, representing a constant term and the contribution to flow
from the 6 grid block pressures involved)
Final Exam page 4 of 5
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation, May 22, 2014
c) The standard pressure equation for this grid system, without the well terms, is:
ei, j Pi, j−1 + ai, j Pi−1, j + bi, j Pi, j + c i, j Pi+1, j + f i, j Pi, j +1 = di, j i = 1,...,N1, j = 1,...,N 2
Sketch the coefficient matrix for this system, including the well. Indicate how the
coefficient matrix is altered by the well (approximately, with x´s and lines labeled with the
appropriate coefficient name).
Normally, we use either a Black Oil fluid description or a compositional fluid description in
reservoir simulation.
a) What are the components and the phases used in Black Oil modeling?
b) What are the components and the phases used in compositional modeling?
c) Write the standard flow equations for the components required for Black Oil modeling
(one dimensional, horizontal, constant flow area).
d) Write the standard flow equations the components required for compositional modeling
(one dimensional, horizontal, constant flow area). Let
C kg = mass fraction of component k present in the gas phase
C ko = mass fraction of component k present in the oil phase.
e) A Black Oil fluid description may be regarded as a subset of a compositional fluid
description. Define the pseudo-components required in order to reduce the compositional
equations to Black Oil equations (one dimensional, horizontal, constant flow area)
Final Exam page 5 of 5
TPG4160 Reservoir Simulation, May 22, 2014
a) Describe the main differences between a conventional reservoir and a fractured reservoir,
in terms of the physics of the systems.
b) How can we identify a fractured reservoir from standard reservoir data?
c) Explain briefly the primary concept used in deriving the flow equations for a dual-
porosity model.
d) Write the basic equations (one-phase, one-dimension) for
• a two-porosity, two-permeability system
• a two-porosity, one-permeability system
e) In terms of the physics of reservoir flow, what is the key difference between the two
formulations in question d)?
f) How is the fluid exchange term in the flow equations in question d) represented? What are
the shortcomings of this representation?