Teach Yourself German 1969 PDF

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In Europe, French and Italian serve the western and
southern fringes; Enghsh is the vogue language; Spanish,
outside of Spain, is practically unheard of. The really big,
important language is German. It may surprise some to
hear it, but German is the leading European tongue.
In part this is due to the fact that German is almost ex-
clusively a European language. English covers the British
Isles, but the real stamping grounds of English are America,
the Commonwealth and the Crown possessions, where

nearly 75 per cent of English speakers are located. French
is a fairly widespread language (at least fifty million Euro-
peans speak it as a native tongue), but French is wide-
spread all over the globe. Spanish is primarily a Western
Hemisphere tongue, and the European speakers of Spanish
do not go beyond thirty million. Russian, the giant of
eastern Europe, has an over-all speaking population that
surpasses that ofGerman, but Russian straddles the Urals
and extends over the vast expanses of northern Asia. Ger-
man, on the other hand, is concentrated in the heartland
of the European continent. Its one hundred million speakers
embrace not only the total populations of West and East
Germany and of Austria, but also three-fourths of Switzer-
land. This would total up to only about eighty million, but
it is far from telling the entire story. There are at least
twenty million people who speak German as a second

language in the countries at the periphery of the Teutonic
homeland-Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, Czecho-
slovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, northern Italy, eastern
France. If you find yourself in any of these countries and
your international English and French won't work, by all
means try German.
-MARIO PEI
in Talking Your Way
Around the World
Other Fawcett Books in the
TEACH YOURSELF SERIES
TEACH YOURSELF FRENCH

Sir John Adams and
N, Scarlyn )Vil5on
TEACH YOURSELF SPANISH

N. Scarlyn Wilson
WOUVBClf
0erman
A BOOK OF SELF-INSTRUCTION
IN GERMAN, BASED ON THE WORK
BY SIR JOHN ADAMS, M.A., LL.D.,
COMPLETELY REVISED AND EN-
LARGED BY SYDNEY W. WELLS,
B.A., AND FURTHER REVISED BY
E. S. JENKINS, B.A.
A FAWCETT PREMIER BOOK

FAWCETT PUBLICATIONS, INC., GREENWICH, CONN.
A Fawcett Premier Book published by arrangement with
David McKay Company, Inc.
All rights reserved, including the right to

reproduce this book or portions thereof.
First Premier printing, March 1969
Printed in the United States of America
FOR A FREE CATALOG of Fawcett paperbacks,

send a postcard to Fawcett Publications,
Book Department, Greenwich, Conn. 06830.
INTRODUCTION
To know a language properly implies the power of using
it freely for three different purposes : reading, writing
and speaking.
Those who learn a foreign language may desire to
learn it for all three purposes, or for one or two of them
only. This work has been designed to enable the student
to develop his powers as quickly and as easily as possible
in all three. A language is a vast field, which can never
be fully explored, and learning a language means hard
work, careful thought and constant practice. If the
student thinks he is going to speak or write or read
German in a few months by means of a lesson or two
done now and then, he had better give up the idea
completely, for he is wasting his time. But this work,
if followed conscientiously, will enable the average student
not only to read German, but also to write and speak it

in a fairly simple way.
The student without exceptional facilities must get
into the habit of reading aloud, asking himself questions
—
aloud and answering them himself always, or as often
as possible, aloud. The learning of words is important.
To a large extent the vocabulary has been carefully
kept up-to-date and thoroughly modern, with an eye
to those who wish to read modern literature, to listen
in to German broadcasts, or to travel on the Continent.
These words should be mastered somehow, even if it
means learning them off in lists. You must always
have the subject in your mind. When you cast your
eye on a thing, if you have known the German for it
and forgotten, do not fail to look it up again at the first
opportunity.
Conversational power is what you make it yourself.
Not much has been given in actual conversations in this
book, but all the exercises given are conversational m
INTRODUCTION
tone and subject matter. Make up your own conver-
sations by rearranging the sentences given here.
A Key to the Exercises is given. This sliould be used
sensibly. Do your exercise before consulting the Key,
and then correct your own. Afterwards, do the exercises
the other way round, testing your translation of the Key
with the original exercises.
The student should revise constantly. In the scope
of this little work it is impossible to give a thorough
revision, but the student should, after every three lessons,
go back and quickly refresh his mind on grammar and
vocabulary.
As all the Exercises have their counterpart in the
Key, no Vocabulary is given. But as many as possible
of the words as they occur should be thoroughly com-
mitted to memory in order to render easier the task of
translating subsequent exercises.
The section on Pronunciation is full and if the student
follows it carefully he should have no difficulty in acquir-
ing a fair pronunciation, if not a good one. If he can
g^X native help so much the better.
One word of warning : we have kept all the exercises
in this book within certain limits. We
have attempted
nothing very clever, nothing " high-falutin', " and you
must also school yourselves to this. As soon as you
start trying difficult constructions you will find yourselves
in deep water. Keep your sentences fairl}" short and
make sure of the matter given you here before attempting
anything else.
If you would like to add a little reading of continuous
German prose you could not do better than buy Guerber's
Märchen und Erzählungen, Part I (Harrap), after the
fourth or fifth lesson of this work. These Märchen,
or tales, may strike you as childish, but if you can over-
come this, you will find that the easy style and constant
repetition will give you a confidence which is very
important.
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
LESSON
PART I
§ I. THE GERMAN ALPHABET

Some German books are still to be found with Gothic
letters, although modem books and newspapers are
printed in Roman type, and German typewriters are
fitted with Roman letters. It would be useful, there-
fore, for the student to familiarize himself with the
German alphabet pages (see lo and u,) after he has
worked through this book.
Note I. —^There are five vowels: a, e, i, o, u, and there
are the further combinations ai (ai), au (au), ei (ai),
eu (oi), ie (i).
Of the above, u and au may modify, i.e. change

a, o,
their sound. They and pronounced:
are then written
ä (e), Ö (0 or ce), ü (y), au (oi). The two dots are referred
to as the Umlaut, meaning a change of sound.
Note 2. There are several digraphs or trigraphs, i.e.
groups of two or three consonants with a single sound:
ch pronounced 9 or x ss pronoimced s
ck ,, k sch „ J
ph „ f th „ t
—
N.B. ^The following notes in this section refer to the
Gothic letters only and should be left until the student
has worked through this book. The student should now
pass to page 13 and study the section on German pro-
nunciation.
Note. —^The small round 5 is used only at the end of
a word, even ifthis word is the first part of a compound
word:
(5las (glass), but (Slafcs (of a glass)
and bi5l)er (until now)
bis (until)
Staatsmann (statesman)
English
— :
TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN

Note 4. —The double s is written ^ (sz) at the end of a
word or a syllable (when this syllable is not an integral
part of the whole word but merely a prefix), and also
after a long vowel and before a consonant
mu6, must tfet, eats

cfebar, eatable, but e[[cn, to eat
gu6, foot Äu6, kiss
Although the e in e^bar is short, the double 5 is written

B because at the end of a syllable, bar not being an in-
tegral part of the word, but an adjectival or adverbial
suffix (-able).
In gu^ and 5û6, the u in the former is long and in the

latter short, but both have ^ because this is, as the
above rule said, at the end of the word hut in the plural
we have :
gufec (the double s not at the end but following a

long vowel),
5^ü([c (not ^ because the vowel ü is short in this word,
and the double 5 is not now at the end).
Observations. —In writing German with Roman char-

acters the student write Füße, or Fiisse (as many
may
Germans do), but if he keeps to the former, it will help
to keep his pronunciation correct, i.e. to remember that
the preceding vowel is long. There is no rule we can
give for helping the student to know whether the vowel
before a final fe in nouns is long or short. He must
learn this by experience.
Note carefully these printed capital letters, which
beginners are apt to confuse :
93 (B) and S3 (V)

G: (C), (5 (G) and S (S)
91 (R) and Ä (K)

£) (O) and Q (Q)
12
GERMAN PRONUNCIATION
Also f (f) and f (s) (the f has the stroke right across,
whereas the f has not).
Note carefully : b (b), b (d) and () (h).
Note also the difference in German written letters

between :
^ (c) and ^ (t, with dot)
yt/ (c, joining near top) and xv\^ (n, joining at bottom)
^^ (n)and ^ (u, distinguished from n by stroke over it)
§ 2. GERMAN PRONUNCIATION
Preliminary Note
Before we go any further we must explain that the

symbols we are using here to indicate the pronunciation
are symbols only and not ordinary German letters. These
symbols have been devised by the International Phonetic
Association so that the pronunciation of all languages
can be clearly explained by this International Pronoun-
cing Alphabet. If you take the trouble to learn the sound-
values of these symbols now you will be able to follow
the phonetic transcription of any other language you
undertake.
Practise your sounds aloud, clearly and continuously,
and use a mirror to get your lip positions as indicated
here.
A good pronunciation is well worth acquiring, and there
isno reason why the average student who follows these
notes conscientiously and continuously should not
achieve this, although if he can obtain the help of a
native or a good gramophone record on German pronunci-
ation so much the better.
»3
A Table of the Vowel-Sounds in German
Letter and
Table of the Vowel-Sounds In German —continued
t -
Letter and
Symbol
—
Table of Consonant-Sounds In German continued
Letter and
—
Table of Consonant-Sounds in German continued
Letter and
:

This is not entirely unknown in English. A Cockney
will sometimes say, for instance, Git aht o' 'ere, the ex-
pression not being smoothly carried on, but rather
awkwardly broken up.
The Glottal Stop is written phonetically ?
The Stress In German

The German spoken language is strongly stressed.
You have only to listen in to a German broadcast to
realize that. The following rules will be more helpful
later on, but meantime the stress will be indicated
in the
by a mark after the stressed syllable.
'
1. The stress is laid on the stem of the word :
geh'-en, ge-fähr'-lich, Mäd'-chen
(The principal parts in these words being geh, fähr,

Mäd).
2. In compound words the stress is usually on the
first part
Turm'-uhr, eis'-kalt, Va'ter-land
But not with the adverbial particles: hin-ein', da-mit',

etc.
3. Separable prefixes take the main stress :
aus'-gehen, hin-ajif'-klettern, her-un'ter-kommen
4. The negative prefix un- is always stressed :
un'-artig, Un'-sinn, un'-erwartet
A Simple Exercise In Reading
The following passage is given first in Roman type,

next in German Fraktur type, thirdly in phonetic
script, fourthly in German handwriting, and finally
English.
Practise the pronunciation carefully, referring con-
stantly to the foregoing notes.
18
Roman Type
Der Winter ist kalt. Es regnet oft und es schneit
manchmal. Dann sind die Dächer der Häuser mit
Schnee bedeckt. Der Schnee ist weiss und schön.
Die Jungen und Mädchen spielen gern mit dem Schnee.
Manchmal sind die Flüsse und Teiche zugefroren. Dann
nehmen die jungen Leute ihre Schlittschuhe und sie
gehen auf das Eis. Dort haben sie viel Spass. Wenn
aber das Tauwetter eintritt, ist es gefährlich, auf das
Eis zu gehen.
German Fraktur
Der SBintcr i[t !alt. Gs regnet oft unb es f^neit
man^md. Dann ftnb bie Däêr ber §äufer mit
6(f)nee ht\itdt Der (B6:)X\tt x\i toeife unb fd)ön. Die
Sungcn unb äRäbd)en fpielen gern mit bem Sd)nee.
9Jlancf)maI jinb bie 5Iü[[e unb %t\6)t zugefroren. Dann
nehmen jungen fieute \fyct SÛttfcûf)e unb [ie
bie
0el)en auf bas (Sis. Dort f)aben [ie oiel Spa6. 2Benn
aber bas Xautöetter eintritt, ift es gefäi)rlicf), auf bas (Bis
3U gel)en.
Phonetic Version
der vm't9r îst kalt, es reg'nat oft ?unt ?es Jnait

mang'mail. dan zint di de'gar der hoi'zar mit Jne:
badekt'. der Jne': ?ist vais unt Jörn, di ju'gan
ûnt met'gan Jpi'ilan gern mit dem Jne: mang'ma:!
zint di flv'sa ?unt tai'99 tsu'gafro'ran. dan ne':m9n
di ju'r)9n bi't9 i:r9 Jlit'Ju:9 ûnt zi ge':9n auf das
?ais. dort ha':b9n zi fi:l Jpa:s. ven â:b9r das
tau'wet9r âintrit, îst ?es g9fe:r'lig, auf das ?ais tsu
ge':9n.
The is given as a rough guide, although the

following
student, he seriously wishes to acquire a good pronunci-
if
ation, must read and re-read the foregoing rules, and

practise continually the previous phonetic version :
dair vinter ist kahlt. es reegnert (ert very short!)
oft unt (u as oo in book, not as u in hut) es shnite (to
rhyme with kite) manchmahl. dahnn zint dee decher
(deHer, H as in huge) dair hoyzer mit schnee berdeckt
(ber very short!), dair shnee ist vice unt shern (lips
rounded!), dee yungen unt met-Hern (ern very short!)
shpeelern (ern very short !) gairn mit dem shnee. manH-
mahl zint die flisser (i pronounced with rounded lips !)
unt tie-Her tsooge froren (stress on tsoo and fror). Etc.
German Handivriting
H/J/'Cn/w^/iwV^ •W-wH' ^vt-k^/»»'h/' /thlv/J-U'i/^ . '\JrV\f aA^pvv>/»v xvti'
yV^/ryvfe -'vC'v^ ./tv;^»^v^ . Arv-h, 'U-v^-wOV'VVVV ^VVVVV ?J1aAA>1^V7VV^
English Version
The winter is cold. It rains often and snows some-
times. Then are the roofs of-the houses with snow
covered. The snow is white and beautiful. The boys
and play gladly with the snow. Sometimes are the
girls
rivers and ponds over-frozen. Then take the young
people their skates and go on-to the ice. There have
they much fun. When the thaw-weather in-steps
(sets in), is it dangerous on the ice to go.
LESSON I
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

I. The Masculine Nouns
We now come to the study of the language itself.
The name of any person or thing is called a noun. Thus
apple and tailor arenouns.
Apple is singular, apples is plural.
The plural of nouns in German is formed in different
ways. After all, we have, in addition to apple, apples,
such plurals as ox, oxen, man, men, woman, women,
sheep, sheep, child, children. We see insome of these
plurals a change of vowel sound: man, men; woman
(wuman), women (wimm), etc. This change of vowel
sound, or Umlaut, as the Germans call it, occurs in the
plural of many German- nouns, but not all.
All German nouns, whether representing persons
or things, are masculine, feminine or neuter, whereas
in English things are usually neuter, although we often
say she of a ship and other things. The gender, or sex,
as it were, of a noun is very important, as the word for
the (which is always the same in English) changes accord-
ing to the gender. The student must therefore learn
every noun with the article (the) before it. Thus it
is not only necessary to know that apple is Apfel in
German he must know it is der Apfel.
:
In this first section we are going to deal only with

masculine nouns ending in -el, -en or -er.
In the following list notice which nouns have the
Umlaut in the plural and which have not. Notice also
that the plural form of der [the) is die (the).
Notice further that all nouns are written with a capital
letter in German.
:

Singular Plural
• der Garten, garden die Gärten
• der Apfel, apple die Äpfel
der Schneider, tailor die Schneider
• der Bruder, brother die Brüder
• der Vater, father die Väter
• der Lehrer, teacher die Lehrer
• der Schüler, schoolboy die Schüler
• der Onkel, uncle die Onkel
der Bäcker, baker die Bäcker
• der Laden, shop die Läden
^ der Wagen, cart, carriage, motor-car die Wagen
Notice that Schneider, Lehrer have no Umlaut in
the plural because e's and i's cannot take one. Of the
others only Onkel and Wagen have no Umlaut in the
plural, and Schiiler and Bäcker have the Umlaut already
in the singular.
Vocabulary
• er, he • schön, beautiful
• sie, they ehrlich, honest
^ ist, is unehrlich, dishonest
, sind, are « ja, yes
• nicht, not • nein, no
• dort, there • manchmal, sometimes
• hier, here • immer, alwa^'s
• gut, good • oft, often
• bad
schlecht, • freundlich, friendly
• arm, poor böse, angry, wicked
• reich, rich 4 ganz, quite
Exercise i
Read and then turn into English

Der Bruder ist arm. Der Vater ist nicht schlecht.
Ist der Onkel hier? Nein, er ist dort. Ist der Laden
nicht hier ? Ja, er ^ ist hier. Der Bäcker ist oft ganz
unehrlich. Der Schüler ist manchmal
der böse. Ist
Apfel nicht gut ? Nein, er ist schlecht. Ist der Garten
Note that, as these words are masculine, even though some
^
of them refer to things the English it must in all these cases

become er {he) in German.
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE
schön ? Ja, er ist schön. Ist der Lehrer immer freund-
lich ? Nein, er ist manchmal böse. Ist der Onkel arm ?
Nein, er ist ganz reich.
Exercise 2
Turn the above sentences into the plural. Remember

that the adjective after the verb is or are does not change.
We will show you by doing the first one
Die Brüder sind :
arm. When you

have completed the exercise (but not
before) turn to the Key beginning page 149 and see
whether you have made any mistakes.
2. The Feminine Nouns

We are now going to deal with a number of feminine
monosyllables (words of one syllable). Notice that the
word for the is die in both the singular and the plural.
All these words have the Umlaut in the plural (except
where the vowel is e or i) and take -e as their plural
ending:
Singular
:

Exercise 3
Read and then turn into English

Die Stadt ist
alt. Ist die Nuss reif ?
sehr Die Kuh
ist nicht braun. Die Magd ist nicht sehr gross. Ist
die Nacht nicht dunkel ? Ist die Wurst fertig ? Die
Wand ist sehr schön. Ist die Hand braun ? Nein, sie
ist weiss. Ist die Kuh durstig ? Nein, sie ist hungrig.
Die Stadt ist nicht alt, sie ist neu. Ist die Maus immer
klein ? Die Magd ist manchmal sehr freundlich. Die
Nuss ist alt und sauer. Die Nacht ist ganz schwarz.
Die Magd ist gross und dünn.
Exercise 4
Turn the above exercise into the plural, afterwards
comparing it with the answers in the Key (see page 150).
3. The Neuter Nouns

Now we come and last gender. Neuter
to the third
is a Latin word meaning neither, i.e. neither masculine
nor feminine. Notice that in this case the singular
definite article is das {the), while the plural is, as for
the masculine and feminine, again die. These neuter nouns
we give here all take the Umlaut in the plural (except
where the vowel is e or i) and the plural ending is -er.
Singular Plural
das Blatt, leaf die Blatter
das Buch, book die Bücher
das Dach, roof die Dächer
das Dorf, village die Dörfer
das Ei, egg die Eier
das Feld, field die Felder
das Glas, glass die Gläser
das Haus, house die Häuser
das Horn, horn die Hörner
das Kind, child die Kinder
das Kleid, dress die Kleider
das Lied, song die Lieder
das Rad, wheel die Räder
das Wort, word die Wörter
:
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

Vocabulary
lang, long viereckig, square

kurz, short hoch, high
voll, full niedrig,low
leer, empty sie,they
grün, green aber, but
rot, red oder, or
es, it ziemlich, fairly
schwer, difficult fast, almost, nearly
leicht, easy zu, too
rund, round selten, seldom
Exercise 5
Read and then translate into English:
Das Lied ist Das Rad ist rund.

nicht sehr schön.
Ist das Dorf nicht klein und sehr alt ? Das Ei ist nicht
rund. Das Dach ist rot. Das Buch ist nicht zu schwer.
1st das Glas nicht leer ? Nein, es ist fast zu voll. Ist
das Wort leicht ? Nein, es ist sehr lang und schwer.
Ist das Kind gross ? Nein, es ist sehr klein. Das Haus
ist ziemlich hoch. Ist das Feld rund oder viereckig ?
Es ist \aereckig. Das Kleid ist ganz neu, aber es ist
nicht sehr schön. Das Blatt ist lang und grün. Ist das
Haus nicht zu niedrig ?
Exercise 6
Turn tlie above exercise into the plural, and then

compare your answers with the Key.
Revision Exercise
Translate into German

Are the gardens long and beautiful? They are beauti-
ful, but they are not very long. Is the tailor always
honest? Yes, he is always honest. Is the glass alwaj^s
full? No, it is often empty. Are the cities old or new?
They are old. The fields are nearly always green. Are
25
the nuts not ripe? The apples are too green and sour.
Is the house big or small ? It is very big. Are the shops
always empty? No, they are seldom empty. Are the
maids tall and thin? No, they are short and fat. Are
the children always good? No, they are sometimes
very wicked. The night is long and very dark. The
brother is poor but quite honest, and the father is rich but
quite dishonest. The songs are too long and too difficult.
Here is the village, and there is the house. The child is
nearly always hungry.
LESSON II
THE WEAK VERB

Pronouns are little words which are used to avoid the
repetition of nouns, and a few English pronouns are:
/,you, we, us, them, it.
Pronouns are divided into persons and numbers.
There are three persons:
First person : the person speaking (7, we, me, us).

Second person: the person addressed (you).
Third person: the person spoken about [he, she, it,
they, him, her, them).
The numbers are singular (one person, as /, you, he,

she,it) and plural (as we, you, they).
As in English we must say / am, he is, we are, and it is

wrong to say we is, he am, they loves, etc., so in German
there are certain endings to the verb (the word which
expresses a state or an action, as am, do, love, hate, etc.)
and these endings must be learnt carefully by heart,
and must never be confused.
Let us look at the following conjugation, or arrange-
ment of the verb:
26
THE WEAK VERB
lieben, to love
Sing
;

er r er liebt
1
sie * sie liebt
^g
I
V
, ,,
have the verb ending
, ,.
m o^ ,
-t (-et) * <
..
^^ j.^^^^
ihr J L ihr hebt
wir r wir lieben
1
sie > „ „ „ -en < sie lieben
Sie J [^ Sie lieben
*Note. —
With the -st (-est) and -t (-et) endings the
extra e is put in when the stem of the verb {i.e. that part
left when the endings are taken away) ends in a consonant
followed by d, t, m
or n, in the du, er and ihr forms;
and when the stem ends in a hissing consonant (s, z, ss)
the extra e is kept in the du form only.

Examples (using the verbs öffnen, landen, atmen, zeichnen,
reisen, tanzen) :
du öffnest (you open), er landet (he lands), du atmest (you

breathe), er zeichnet (he draws);
du reisest (you travel), but er reist (he travels) :
du tanzest (you dance), but ihr tanzt (you dance) :
Notice further that verbs whose infinitive (or simplest)

form ends in -em or -ein have -ere and -le after ich,
and -ert and -elt after er or ihr:
ändern, to change :
ich ändere, I change

du änderst, you change
er ändert, he changes
lächeln, to smile :
ich lächle, I smile

du lächelst, you smile
er lächelt, he smiles
Asking a Question
The interrogative form is quite simple. The English
Do I smoke.^ Does she dance?
do or does in such forms as
Do you telephone.^ Does the man travel? do not exist in
German. The German question form is always Smoke I?
Dances she? Telephone you? Travels the man? etc. Thus:
Do I smoke ? Rauche ich ?
Does she dance ? Tanzt sie ?
Do you telephone ? Telefonieren Sie ?

Does the man travel ? Reist der Mann ?
88
THE WEAK VERB
The Negative Form
We also use doand does in making a negative state-
ment. The Germans never do this, but say quite simply
/ smoke not, she dances not, etc.
I do not smoke Ich rauche nicht.
She does not dance. Sie tanzt nicht.
You do not telephone. Sie telefonieren nicht.
The man does not travel. Der Mann reist nicht.
Vocabulary
träumen, to dream machen, to make
atmen, to breathe kochen, to boil
reisen, to travel spielen, to play
zeichnen, to draw sagen, to say
lieben, to love antworten, to answer
hassen, to hate lachen, to laugh
schicken, to send lächeln, to smile
telefonieren, to telephone suchen, to seek, look for
rauchen, to smoke hören, to hear
arbeiten, to work weinen, to weep
reichen, to hand, pass besuchen, to visit
öffnen, to open
Exercise 7
Put the following into the plural, thus:
Ich träume wir träumen
Du tanzest ihr tanzt
Er raucht sie rauchen
Der Schneider arbeitet die Schneider arbeiten
Ich besuche. Du suchst. Er sagt. Telefoniert sie?

Der Bruder lacht. Die Magd kocht. Spielt der
Schüler? Du sagst. Ich höre. Sie hasst. Sie (you)
suchen.
Exercise 8
Put the following into the singular:
Träumen wir? Ihr antwortet. Sie (thej^ masc.)
zeichnen. Die Onkel reisen. atmen.Die Kinder
Hören Sie (you)? Sie (they, fem.) a.rbeiten. Die
Brüder hassen. Wir lächeln. Antworten die Lehrer?
29
.

Exercise 9
Translate into German:
(a) I hear the cow. The uncle hates the maid. The
maids boil the sausages. We love the maid. You (du,
or 2nd sing,) look for the nuts. The tailors make the
dresses. The brother visits the village. I pass the
glcLsses. The children hate the song. She draws the
house. smile, but she weeps.
I
{b) We
look for the cows. I hear the mice. Do you
(Sie) send the books? Does she smoke? Do you (Sie)
not dance? Does the father work? Do the children
play? Is the maid boiling ^ the leaves? Am
I dreaming?
Are you {2nd sing.) weeping? Is the child breathing?
LESSON III
THE CASES
We said before that the person or thing which is or
does something the Subject. The Subject is always
is
in what is called the Nominative Case. This is so in

English, but it does not matter much to us, as our words,
do not change much, but it is importaYit in German.
When the action of the verb passes directly on to
somebodj' or something else, that somebody or something
is the Direct Object, and is in the Accusative Case.
If we take the sentence The tailor makes the dress,

and ask: Who snakes the dress? we get the answer The
tailor. The tailor is there the Subject and in the Nomin-
ative Case. If we ask: What does he make? we get the
answer The dress. The dress is therefore the Direct
Object, in the Accusative Case.
In Exercise 9 we successfully did a number of sentences
30
: 1 —
THE CASES
like this without needing to know anything about cases.
But that was because the sentences were carefully chosen
to avoid difficulties. If you go back to that exercise
you will find that no masculine singular nouns occurred
in the Direct Object or Accusative Case, because der
(Nominative singular) becomes den (Accusative singular),
although the feminine singular, neuter singular and the
plural forms (die, das and die) remain the same.
We will now do an exercise including some masculine
singular nouns in the Accusative Case. Compare the
following
Der Bruder arbeitet
Ich besuche den Bruder.
In the first sentence, who works? The brother

therefore the Nominative Case.
In the second sentence, whom do I visit? The brother
—therefore in the Accusative.
Exercise 10
Besuchst du den Onkel? Ich suche die Eier. Der

Bruder besucht den Laden. Der Schneider reicht das
Kleid. Der Lehrer sucht den Schüler. Wir hören die
Schüler. Der Bäcker schickt die Würste. Die Magd
kocht den Apfel. Sie kocht Äpfel.
Exercise 1
Do you hear the song? I visit the brother. We look

^
for the teacher. The schoolboy looks for eggs. I draw

the house. The teacher says the word. The father
visits the uncle. She does not answer. Does the uncle
visit the town? You (du) visit the baker.
There is another kind of object, the Indirect Object.

This might be said to answer the question To whom?
^ Use Sie unless told differently.
Consider the sentence:
The tailor sends the baker the apples.
Whosends ? The tailor. (Nominative Case.)
What does he send ? The apples. (Accusative Case.)
To whom does he send ? To the baker. (Dative Case.)
Very often the Dative Case is expressed in EngHsh
by to: The tailor sends the apples to the baker. But
as this to does not imply physical motion towards,
but a receiving of something, the to is not expressed in
German, the Dative Case of the article and the noun
being sufficient.
The Dative Case of the Article is as follows:
Singular
:
THE CASES
in English the uncle's book or the book of the uncle. The
thing we are really talking about is the book, and we
add uncle's or of the uncle to describe which book. The
case of this expression uncle's or of the uncle is called
Possessive in English, and in German it is referred to
as the Genitive Case. The noun in the Genitive Case
usually (but not always) follows the noun on which it
depends, and the Definite Article is also put into the
Genitive Case.
The Genitive Case of the Definite Article is as
follows
Singular
klein. Das Glas des Kindes ist leer. Der Lehrer öffnet
die Bücher der Schüler. Der Bruder des Schneiders
schickt der Magd des Vaters das Kleid. Hörst du nicht
die Lieder der Kinder? Ich telefoniere dem Vater des
Bäckers. Die Magd des Schneiders schickt dem Bruder
des Bäckers Äpfel und Nüsse. Die Homer der Kuh sind
nicht sehr lang. Die Hände der Magd sind klein und
weiss, aber die Hände der Brüder sind ânz gross und
rot.
Exercise 15
Remember that of two noun objects, the Indirect
(Dative) usually precedes the Direct (Accusative).
The horns of the cows are not too long. I telephone

to the brother of the maid. The roof of the house is
square and red. The schoolboy's father answers the

teacher. The uncle's maid sends eggs and apples to the
tailor's brother. Does he not visit the tailor of the
village? Do you not hear the maid's song? The bakers'
shops are quite full. The baker's brother hears the songs
of the children. I do not send the maid's dress to
the tailor.
LESSON IV
HABEN. SEIN AND THE IMPERFECT

Nearly masculine nouns ending in e form all their
all
cases except the Nominative sing,by simply adding n.
Thus Knabe, a boy:
Singular Plural
Nom. der Knabe die Knaben
Ace. den Knaben die Knaben
Gen. des Knaben der Knaben
Dat. dem Knaben den Knaben
Note that there is no Umlaut.
34
HABEN. SEIN AND THE IMPERFECT
There are two verbs that you cannot learn too soon or
too well. Here they are haben, to have, and sein, to be.
:
Present of haben
Singular Plural
1. ich habe I have wir haben we have

, , ,, , rSie haben-j
2. du hast thou hast |., Kaht / Y^^ have
3. er hat he has sie haben they have
Observe that haben is a little irregular so far as we

know it yet. Sein is quite irregular.
Present of sein
Singular Plural
1. ich bin I am wir sind we are

2. du bist thou art (., . , \ you are
3. er ist he is sie sind they are
So we have been dealing with the Present tense,

far
that our verbs have dealt only with things now going
is,
on. In dealing with things that were done in the past we

use a form of verb called the Imperfect tense. It is
easily learned, and diffei's from the Present in having a t
all through, and in having a final e in the third person
singular. Compare the following with the Present of
lieben as given on page 27 :
Imperfect Indicative of lieben
Singular Plural
1. ich liebte I loved wir liebten we loved
2. du liebtest thou lovedst |-j^ bebtet J
^^^ loved
3. er liebte he loved sie hebten they loved
The Imperfect may be put into EngUsh in two ways:

(i)/ loved, / was loving. Ich liebte does duty for
(2)
both forms. In English we often use do and is, and was
and did along with verbs. / aw loving, you were loving,
etc., are called the progressive form, because they show
35
that the loving is or was going on continuously : I do love,
she did love, etc., are called the emphatic form. But
German does not allow this use of a^n, was, do, did;
these little words are never put into German along with
verbs. I do love is just ich liebe. I am loving is just
the same, ich liebe. Do I love? = liebe ich? Am I
loving? is the same, liebe ich? was loving = ich
I
liebte. I did love = ich liebte. Did I love = liebte
ich? She isloving = sie liebt. Does she love? = liebt
sie?
Vocabulary
der Neffe, nephew leben, to live, be alive
der Löwe, lion lernen, to learn
der Franzose, Frenchman erzählen, to tell, relate
der Hase, hare wohnen, to dwell, live
der Ochse, ox wo ? where ?
der Matrose, sailor oben, upstairs

der Junge, boy unten, downstairs
tot, dead noch, still
Exercise 16
Wir Wo wohnen die Brüder des
sind Franzosen.
Matrosen? Sie wohnen nicht hier. Erzähltest du dem
Jungen das Lied der Matrosen? Sind die Neffen des
Franzosen oben? Nein, sie sind unten. Leben die
Hasen des Knaben? Nein, sie sind tot. Die Junger
zeichneten die Löwen. Lernten Sie nicht das Lied des
Matrosen? Wir besuchten nicht oft den Neffen des
Franzosen. Die Hörner des Ochsen sind sehr lang. Sie
schickten den Matrosen Äpfel, Nüsse und Eier.
Exercise 17
Where do you live? Does the hare still live (= live
still)? No, it is dead. Did you send the boy's book
to the baker's nephew? Where is the sailor's house?
It is there. Where are the Frenchman's oxen? They
are not here. Is not the Frenchmen's house white? No,
36
THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
it is red; there is the roof of the house. Is the sailor's
nephew not learning the song? Was the Frenchman's
nephew smoking? No, he was not smoking, he was
working. Are the sailor's children playing? I was
laughing, but she was weeping. Did you live upstairs
or downstairs?
Exercise 18
We are poor, but you are rich. Marie is upstairs and
Peter is playing downstairs. Gretchen and Paula have
the hare. It is big and brown. Has the sailor the ox?
Are you (du) still there? Yes, I am here. Have the
sailors glasses? Yes, they have glasses, but they are
empty. Where are we? We are upstairs. Where are
the sailor's nephews playing? They are there. Have
you (du) cows and oxen? No, but I have the hare.
Conversational Expressions
Guten Morgen I Good morning I
Guten Abend I Good evening !
Guten Tag ! Good day I
Gute Nacht ! Good night !
Wie geht es Ihnen ? How are you ?
Sehr gut, danke, und Ihnen ? Very well, thank you, and you ?
LESSON V
THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES— SOME
PREPOSITIONS
Imperfect of sein
Singular Plural
1. ich war I was wir waren we were
J rSie waren-»
2. du warsti XI-
thou wast J.
|.j^^ ^^^^ | you were

3. er war he was sie waren they were
37
Imperfect of haben
Singular Plural
1. ich hatte I had wir hatten we had
2. du hattest thou hadst |., ^^^ ^^^
^ hattet J
3 er hatte he had sie hatten they had
Exercise 19
Die Nüsse und Äpfel waren nicht reif. Der Neffe des
Lehrers war oben. Die Brüder der Magd waren tot.
Die Kühe des Onkels waren gross und braun. Ich hatte
den Hasen, aber er ist tot. War der Vater des Schülers
sehr böse? Nein, er war ziemlich freundlich. War das
Glas des Matrosen leer? Nein, es war ganz voll.
Hattest du den Garten? Ja, er war sehr schön. Wo
warst du? Ich war oben.
Exercise 20
Where was the He was not here. Were the
sailor?
teachers there? Yes, and the scholars. Was the teacher
always friendly? No, he was often very angry. Did
you have the house there? Yes, we had the house and
the garden. Were the sausages ready? No, but we
had apples and nuts. I was very thirsty and the glass
was quite empty.
The Definite Article and the Demonstratives
It is better to learn the article, as you have been doing,

by using it. But since we have now seen it in all its
forms, it may be well to gather it up into one table for
reference.
THE DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
There is another reason for giving the article in full
here. There are certain little words called demonstratives
that are used to point out nouns in German, and these are
declined exactly like der, die, das. These words are
dieser = this ; jener = that ; jeder = every. With the
three genders they appear:
Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Neut. M., F. and N.
dieser diese dieses diese
jener jene jenes jene
jeder jede jedes alle
The very meaning of the word shows us that we cannot

have a plural of jeder; we use alle instead. We cannot
say every houses, but we can say all houses alle Häuser. :
Another word, which does not point out but asks a

question, is declined in the same way. It is welcher,
welche, welches (sing.), welche (plural). It means
which ?
Thus: dieser Ochse =
this ox; jene Kuh that cow; =
jedes Buch =
every book; welches Buch? which =
book?
Some Prepositions
Prepositions are little words like to, with or in, which
show the relation between certain words in sentences. In
English prepositions are said to govern the Accusative
Case, but m
German they may govern the Accusative, the
Dative or the Genitive Case. We shall begin with six
which govern the Dative.
aus, out in,* in
mit, with von, of or from
nach, after or to zu, to or at
Thus we aus dem Hause

write: out of the house, =
in der Stadt = in
the town, nach dem Lehrer after =
the teacher, zu Hause =
at the house or at home.
* In can also govern the Accusative : but in the meantime we
shall use it only with the Dative.
39
Vocabulary
eins, one elf,eleven der Krieg, war
zwei, two zwölf, twelve das Zimmer, room
drei, three dreizehn, thirteen die Kirche, church
vier, four vierzehn, fourteen -das Geschäft, business
fünf, five fünfzehn, fifteen die Schule, school
sechs, six sechzehn, sixteen die Klasse, class
sieben, seven siebzehn, seventeen es war, there (-it) was
acht, eight achtzehn, eighteen es waren, there (-it) were
neun, nine neunzehn, nineteen
zehn, ten zwanzig, twenty
Exercise 21
Welches Kind spielt in dem Garten? Dieses Kind

spielt indem Garten mit dem Neffen des Schneiders.
Waren ^ zehn Kühe in jenem Feld? Nein, es waren
acht Ochsen dort. Jeder Schüler hatte vier Bücher.
In welcher Klasse bist du? Ich bin in dieser Klasse.
Waren Sie sehr arm nach dem Krieg? Der Bäcker
schickte den Neffen aus dem Zimmer. In welchem
Dorf wohnten Sie? Wir wohnten in diesem Dorf, in
jenem Haus dort.
Exercise 22
Had every child five or six apples? Which teacher

sent the father this book? The three children were in
the church. I sent the children to (the) school. Were
there eight or nine houses in that village? There were
seven. There are (es sind) five teachers in this school,
and there are ten children in each class. In which house
do you live? Which song did you learn? Which boy
did you send out of the class? Which cow did you
hear? He sent nine eggs with the dress. Every child
in that village has three or four books. In which room
is the sailor's nephew? He is upstairs in the uncle's
room.
^ Notice that when war or waren comes first, the es is omitted.
40
:
DECLENSION OF GERMAN NOUNS
Conversation
Bitte, reichen Sie mir jenen Please pass me that hat.
Hut!
Hier ist er. Here it is.
Danke vielmals ! Many thanks.

Bitte schön. Not at all.
Bitte, wo ist die Post ? Please, where is the Post

Office ?
In jener Strasse, links (rechts). In that street on the left (right).

Auf Wiedersehen I Good-bye 1
LESSON VI

We have hitherto dealt in detail only with three types
of plurals of nouns
der Lehrer die Lehrer
die Nacht die Nächte
das Dorf die Dörfer
We are going to ask the student, in his own in-

now
terest, by heart (and the sooner the better)
to learn
the Table of Declensions given on pp. 185-187. If
he does this he will have no difficulty in declining (or
giving the different forms of) any noun he may come
across. Learning these lists will also add to his vocabu-
lary a number of very useful words of which he has
need. Some teachers do not advise learning lists by
heart, but it is much more important and useful than
learning a few poems by heart, and the student should
even then constantly refer to the Table and the lists.
For instance, suppose he comes across a masculine
monosyllable, say, der Kopf, the head. Masculine mono-
syllables, says the Table, have their plural in -e (except
a few easily learnt by heart in List 5 on page 187) and
41
:

some have the Umlaut in the plural, while others
have not. The list of those which have not is given
on page 185 and reference to that (until the whole
,
list is known by heart) will show that der Kopf does
not occur there. Therefore der Kopf has the Umlaut

in the plural.
Similarly, he will notice that of theFeminine nouns,
die Mutter and die Tochter only are in Declension i
(both taking the Umlaut), there are about 30 in Declen-
sion 2 monosyllables and all taking the Umlaut
(all
in the plural), whereas all other feminine nouns (except

those in -nis in Declension 2) are in Declension 4. There
are no feminines in Declension 3, and the student must
never forget that no feminine noun has any ending in
the singular.
It the student has to deal with a Neuter monosyllable,
he will refer to List 4 on page 187 If it occurs in that
.
list it takes the Umlaut and ends in -er in the plural.
If not it is in Declension 2, does not take any Umlaut

in the plural and its plural ending is -e.
Notice particularly that there is always an -n in the
Dative plural whether of nouns, articles or adjectives.
The brackets round the (e) in the Dative singular
of Declensions 2 and 3 mean that this e is not always
added. It is added as a rule only in the case of mono-
syllables and need not be added even then.
The brackets round the (e) in Declension 4 mean that
where the word already ends in -e or in a weak ending
(-el, -en, -er) -n only is added.
We give here the full declension of the nouns indicated

in the Table
Declension I
der Laden, shop der Wagen, cart, car

der Laden die Läden der Wagen die Wagen
den Laden die Läden den Wagen die Wagen
des Ladens der Läden des Wagens der Wagen
dem Laden den Läden dem Wagen den Wagen
Declension 2
Masculine
der Kopf, head der Schuh, shoe
der Kopf die Köpfe der Schuh die Schuhe
den Kopf die Köpfe den Schuh die Schuhe
des Kopfes der Köpfe des Schuhes der Schuhe
dem Kopf(e) den Köpfen dem Schuh (e) den Schuhen
Feminine Neuter
die Nacht, night das Schaf, sheep
die Nacht die Nächte das Schaf die Schafe
die Nacht die Nächte das Schaf die Schafe
der Nacht der Nächte des Schafes der Schafe
der Nacht den Nächten dem Schaf{e) den Schafen
Declension 3
Neuter MascuHne
das Gtes, glass der Mann, man
das Glas die Gläser der Mann die Männer
das Glas die Gläser den Mann die Männer
des Glases der Gläser des Mannes der Männer
dem Glas(e) den Gläsern dem Mann{e) den Männern
Declension 4
Feminine
die Übung, exercise die Schwester, sister
die Übung die Übungen die Schwester die Schwestern

die Übung die Übungen die Schwester die Schwestern
der Übung der Übungen der Schwester der Schwestern
der Übung den Übungen der Schwester den Schwestern
Mascxiline
der Knabe, boy der Student, student
der Knabe die Knaben der Student die Studenten
den Knaben die Knaben den Studenten die Studenten
des Knaben der Knaben des Studenten der Studenten
dem Knaben den Knaben dem Studenten den Studenten
The Tableof Declensions on pages 185-187 sums up
in a nutshell the whole question of German Nouns,
and it will be the student's own fault if he continues to
be confused and disheartened by German plurals. The
43
more he refers to those pages and the sooner he learns
them by heart the better. They apply to 95 per cent,
of the nouns in the German language.
Of the other 5 per cent, we may mention here those
nouns in -or (from the Latin) with the stress in the
and on the -or in the
syllable before the -or in the singular
plural. Such are der Direk'tor, der Dok'tor, der Pro-
fes'sor, etc.
der Profes'sor die Professo'ren

den Profes'sor die Professo'ren
des Profes'sora der Professo'ren
dem Profes'sor den Professo'ren
Finally there are a few modem words of foreign origin

that have their plural in -s, such as das Auto, motor-car;
das Auto die Autos

das Auto die Autos
des Autos der Autos
dem Auto deu Autos
It will be seen from the foregoing that the most

important parts of a noun's declension are the Genitive
singular and the Nominative plural. Constant practice
alone will lead to success.
Vocabulary
der Mantel, coat die Uhr, clock, watch
das Fenster, window die Taschenuhr, ^ pocket watch
die Tür, door der Handschuh,^ glove
der Stock, stick das Haar, hair
die Socke, sock das Bein, leg
der Hut, hat das Licht, light
die Mütze, cap der Tag, day
der Anzug,* suit der Vogel, bird
der Knopf, button die Brust, breast, chest
der Strumpf, stocking der Kragen, collar
1 Notice that in the case of Compound Nouns it is the final or

main part which has the gender and declension. For example,
in Anzug, Zug is a masculine monosyllable. An is a prefix. There-
lore der Anzug is dechned as a masculine monosyllable.
44
:
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Exercise 23
Give the number (i, 2, 3, or 4) of the Declension,

the CVenitive singular and the Nominative plural of the
nouns given in the preceding Vocabulary. Thus
der Mantel des Mantels die Mäntel
LESSON VII
INDEFINITE ARTICLE AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
In German as in English there are two articles, the

definite —^which we now know pretty well—and the in-
definite. The indefinite article in English is a or an.
In German it is ein or eine. You had better learn it from
this table, which you will readily understand by com-
paring it with the table of the definite article. Obviously
ein can have no plural.
Masc. Fem. Neut.

Nom.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
The names of places (countries, towns, etc.) are usually

neuter,and take no article. They form their Genitive
by von or by the Genitive -s:
Die Hauptstadt von Deutschland (die Hauptstadt
Deutschlands) ist Berlin, the capital of Germany is Berlin.
Feminine names of countries (die Schweiz, Switzer-

land, die Türkei, etc.) do require the article :
Die Hauptstadt der Schweiz, the capital of Switzerland.
Notice that we say die Stadt Berlin, die Universität

London, not : die Stadt von Berlin, etc.
-er maybe added to names of towns to indicate the
inhabitant, or to form an adjective:
Die Berliner sagen das nicht, the Berliners do not say that.
In einer Londoner Zeitung, in a London newspaper.
Pilsener Bier, Pilsen Beer.
das Land
inEngland, in England die Frau, lady, woman
nach England, to England der Völkerbund, League of
in Berlin, in Berlin Nations
nach Berlin, to Berlin Genf, Geneva
aus Moskau, from Moscow in der Schweiz, in Switzerland
der Bolschewist, Bolshevik nachder Schweiz, to Switzerland
der Faschist, Fascist der Gesandte, ambassador
der Herr, gentleman
Exercise 24
Der Gesandte aus Berlin ist jetzt in London. Ich
schickte meinen Bruder nach Genf. Es sind keine Äpfel
in dem Garten. Unser Haus ist in dieser Strasse. Ein
Spanier aus Madrid ist unten. Hast du meine Hand-
schuhe? Er ist der Neffe eines Lehrers in Köln (Cologne).
Wo ist deine Uhr? Hier ist sie. Ottos Anzug war in
diesem Zimmer. Ist dies Ihr Hut? Wo ist Marie? Ist
dies nicht Ihre Armbanduhr (wrist-watch) ? Der Neffe
ihrer Magd ist tot. Ich reiche meinem Onkel seinen Hut.
Unsere Kühe sind in dem Feld. Marie Schmidts
(Smith's) Onkel ist in Paris, und Wilhelms Vater ist in
der Schweiz. Die Schwester von Fritz ist in dem Laden
ihres Onkels.
Exercise 25
Did he not send any (= sent he no) stockings with the
shoes? Her dresses are always very good. I often send
(= send often) apples and nuts from my garden to my
nephews in Germany. We sometimes visit (= visit
sometimes) our uncle in Switzerland. Did you send
your nephew to Geneva or to Rome (Rom)? Max's
shoes are black and Gisela's gloves are brown. Where is
your uncle's house? It is in London. Are the rooms
of his house very big? He did not send any (= sent
no) buttons with her dresses. Have you a Paris news-
paper? My uncle hasn't a car. Did you send my
brother's books to London? The houses of our city are
tall and beautiful.
48
LESSON VIII
RULES FOR GENDER

In a general way, every noun meaning a male person
or animal masculine, and every noun meaning a female
is
person or animal is feminine. But the endings of words

have so much to do with gender that we cannot depend
entirely upon the meaning. In what follows we must try
to learn something about the meanings of endings, as well
as their power in determining gender.
Feminine Terminations
1. In English our great feminine ending is -ess actor,
:
actress, etc. In German the corresponding termination

is -in : Spieler =
a player, Spielerin =
a female player.
These nouns double the n before adding -en for the
plural thus, the plural of Königin is Königinnen.
:
2. Most abstract nouns in German are feminine:

that is, nouns denoting qualities or abstractions, such
—
as truth (Wahrheit), science (Wissenschaft), beauty
(Schönheit), gratitude (Dankbarkeit), slavery (Skla-
verei'), rescue (Rettung), music (Musik'), harmony (Har-
monie'). You will observe that all these nouns are de-
rived from simpler words. Wahr means true, Wahrheit,
the quality of being true wissen means to know, Wissen-
;
schaft, the quality of knowing. These words are there-

fore called derivative words. The most common ter-
minations which are used to form feminine derivative
nouns are: -ung (Eng. -ing), -heit (Eng. -hood), -schaft
(Eng. -ship), -ei (Eng. -y), and -keit (for which we have
no English equivalent).
3. The third rule for feminines is of the greatest
possible use. All two-syllabled nouns ending in -e,
and meaning things without life, are feminine: as die
Tasche =
the pocket. This rule has few exceptions.
49
4. The fourth rule is not so important. Most nouns
derived from verbs and ending in -d and -t are feminine.
Thus: jagen (to hunt) gives die Jagd (the hunting);
fahren (to travel) gives die Fahrt (the journey).
Neuter Terminations
1. -chen and -lein are two terminations which make
what are called diminutives of the nouns they are
attached to. Bach =
brook, Bächlein =
little brook
or brooklet ;Dorf =
a village, Dörfchen =
a little
village, chen and lein also express endearment, as
Väterchen, Mütterchen. These endings make the noun
neuter, whatever its gender was before: thus Fräulein,
which means a young or unmarried lady (little P'rau), is
neuter.
2, The -en of the Infinitive must be regarded as a
neuter termination when the Infinitive is used as a noun.

Thus: das Jagen =
hunting, das Trinken =
drinking.
Masculine Terminations
T, Most nouns ending in -en (excluding Infinitives and

diminutives) are masculine.
2. Two-syllabled nouns ending in -ich, -ig and -ing are
masculine.
So far as is consistent with the above rules the follow-
ing considerations of meaning may be applied in de-
termining gender.
Masculine are names of days, months, seasons, stones,
winds.
Neuter are names of metals (except der Stahl, steel),
countries, cities, villages, islands.
Exercise 26
Keeping in view all that has been said, arrange the

following nouns into three classes according as they are
50
NON-PERSONAL ELEMENT IN VERBS
masculine, feminine or neuter. Go down the columns,

not across the page.
Fürstin, princess Blume, flower

Eiche, oak Kindlein, baby
Honig, honey Treppe, staircase
Leben, living Regen, rain
Eselei, stupid conduct Edelstein, precious stone
Teppich, carpet Fröhlichkeit, joyfulness
Februar, February Büchlein, httle book
Gold, gold Melodie', melody
Übersetzung, translation Eisen, iron
Schlacht, battle Löwe, lion
Garten, garden Sonne, sun
Griechenland, Greece Liebling, darling
Stunde, hour Väterchen, little father
JiingUng, youngster Dummheit, stupidity
Reinheit, purity Helgoland, Heligoland
Paris, Paris Käfig, cage
Freundschaft, friendship Tanzen, dancing
Diamant', diamond Monat, month
Schrift, writing Pferdchen, little horse
Poesie', poetry Kuchen, cake
Rauchen, smoking Union, union
Freitag. Friday Blümchen, little flower
Frau, wife
LESSON IX
Not every part of a verb has person. We can say / did

it, or you did it, or they did it. But we cannot use any
of these pronouns with done. We cannot say I done it,
or you done it, or they done it. It is true we can say I
(or you or they) have done it. But here the personal
pronouns do not belong to the done but to the have. In
other words, have is a personal part of the verb; done
is a non-personal. Done is called the Past Principle,
and can never be used with a personal pronoun without
the help of another verb like have or was. It is for this
51
.

reason that certain verbs —such as to have and to he—
are called auxiliary or helping verbs.
In English the most common ending for the Past
Participleis -ed —
he has play-ed, work-ed, arrang-ed,
borrow-ed, etc. Here are some examples of English
and German Past Participles:
Present Tense loves liebt plays spielt says sagt

Past Tense loved liebte played spielte said sagte
Past Participle loved geliebt played gespielt said gesagt
From this we may inferthat most German Past

Participles begin with ge and end with t.
Once we know the Past Participle of a verb, we can
use it to make a new
Past tense by the help of have.
Thus: er hat gesagt =
he has said, or simply he said.
This tense is called the Perfect, because the action is
now complete. Again we may say, er hatte gesagt =»
he had said. This is called the Pluperfect tense, because
the action was completed at some time now past.
Perfect of lieben
Singular
1 ich habe geliebt I have loved
2. du hast geliebt thou hast loved
3. er hat geliebt he has loved
Plural
I. wir haben geliebt we have loved
^- you have loVed
{fihr^hlM)}g^^^^b*
3. sie haben geliebt they have loved
Here we see that geliebt remains unchanged. Every-

thing depends upon the personal verb haben. Geliebt,
in fact, is hardly a verb at all: it is really a sort of
adjective. The Germans throw the Past Participle
always away to the very end of the sentence. We
say, he has said the word. The Germans say, he has
5»
the word said er hat das Wort gesagt.

: The child had
loved the mother of his friend = Das Kind hatte die
Mutter seines Freundes geHebt.
The Infinitive is another non-personal part of the verb,
and is treated in the same unceremonious way by the
Germans, who put it at the very end. / will not say that
word = Ich will jenes Wort nicht sagen. Observe that
say is here Infinitive, though the to is omitted, just as
the zu is omitted before sagen. The full Infinitive in
German is zu Sagen, but the zu is omitted with auxiliaries,
as here. Examples will be given later in the Course
of the retention of this zu.
In English all Past Participles do not end in ed, though
that is the regular ending. The following are Past
Participles: done, been, drunk, slept, arisen. In the same
way all German Past Participles do not begin with ge
and end with t, though that is the regular thing. In the
following list of verbs the first nine are regular, the last
six irregular:
Pres. Infin.
:

You will observe that when the stem of a regularverb
ends in -d or -t, an extra e is inserted in the Past and
Past Participle. This is for the sake of the sound;
your ear will keep you right in this matter.
The Use of the Perfect
This tense is used to express an action that has been

going on and is still continuing, or a finished action of
recent occurrence, or vaguely in the past. For example
Ich habe meine Handschuhe gesucht. I have been looking
for my gloves.
Er hat mir nicht geantwortet. He did not answer me.
Der Mönch Schwartz hat das Schiesspulver entdeckt. The
monk Schwartz discovered gunpowder.
Vocabulary
die See, sea die Frau, woman, wife
der Soldat, soldier das Land, country
das Klavier, piano Klavier spielen, to play the
die Musik, music piano
das Radio, wireless Radio hören, to listen to the
das Grammophon, gramophone wireless
der Stuhl, chair gern haben, to like (= have
der Teppich, carpet wilhngly)
die Zigarre, cigar gem hören, to like (Hstening
die Zigarette, cigarette (to)
die Pfeife, pipe baden, to bathe, swim
der Schnee, snow gern rauchen, to Hke smoking
die Annonce, advertisement zu Weihnachten, at Christmas
der Hund, dog auf, on (top of) (with Dat.)
im Winter, in winter an, on (side of), to (with Ace.)
im Sommer, in summer der Wald, wood
der Stock, stick
Exercise 27
Hast du dem Neffen des Bäckers das Buch des Lehrers
geschickt? Ich habe die Löwen in dem Walde gehört.
Hat die Magd die Äpfel nicht gekocht? Mein Bruder
hat meinem Vater telephoniert. Ich habe meinem
Onkel seinen Stock gereicht. Dieses Mädchen hat
54
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Klavier gespielt. Rauchen Sie gerne (or gern) Zigaret-
ten? Nein, ich rauche immer eine Pfeife. Zu Weih-
nachten schicken wir unserem Bruder Äpfel, Nüsse,
Bücher und Zigaretten. Hören Sie gern Musik an dem
Radio? Wir haben in einem Hause in jenem Dorfe
gewohnt. Die Soldaten haben die Hauptstadt des
Landes verbrannt. Meine Schwester hat die Annonce
in der Zeitung gesucht. Wir haben unseren Hund Mops
genannt. Welches Buch hat deine Schwester gewählt?
Die Soldaten haben keine Frauen und Kinder getötet.
Im Sommer haben wir oft in der See gebadet. Die
Schüler haben im Winter mit dem Schnee gespielt. Ich
habe Hunde nicht gem.
Exercise 28
Have you (du) been dreaming? No, I have been
drawing that house. Which book is on your chair?
This carpet is very old. I Uke listening to the wireless.
Does your father like smoking? Yes, he has always
smoked cigars. I often smoke (= smoke often) cigars
at Christmas. In the summer we have (= have we)
visited our uncle in Switzerland. Have you sent those
newspapers to Geneva? The baker and his wife have
named their child Margarete. The tailor has not made
the dress. Otto's sister has been playing the piano,
and my brothers have been listening to the music on the
wireless. Has the tailor brought the dress? In which
shop did you buy (Perfect tense) that hat? Do you like
bathing in the sea? I like listening to the gramophone.
LESSON X
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
He, she and it are easily used in English. But in
German they require careful watching. We must not
55
: :

think of sex at but only of the gender of the noun
all,
to which these words apply. Talking of the town in

little
German, we must not say jt is fine, but she is fine, since
Stadt is feminine sie ist schön. So of a table we must
:
say he is round: er ist rund. Of a maiden (Mädchen)

we say it is but we may also say
clever: es ist geschickt ;
sie ist geschickt. You must

therefore never use he or
she or it without looking carefully at the gender of the
noun referred to.
In English we have these words declined:
Singular Plural
Masc. Fern. Neut. All Genders
Nom. he she it they
Ace. him her it them
Corresponding to these we have the German forms

Singular Plural
Masc. Fern. Masc. and Fern.
Nom. er sie sie
Ace. ihn sie sie
Dat. ihm ihr ihnen
Isaw him, but not her. Ich sah ihn, aber nicht sie.
Ihave this book fromliim. Ich habe dieses Buch von ihm.
We have sent her a present. Wir haben ihr ein Geschenk
gesandt.
Pay careful attention to what we have said about it.

The fact is that the English it can be put into German in
three different ways according to what it refers to. If it
refers to a table (Tisch), it is masculine and is rendered
er; if it refers to a street (Strasse), it is feminine and is
represented by sie; if it refers to a book (Buch), it is
neuter and is rendered by es. All these are Nominative
if it is in the Accusative, it is ihn (m.), or sie (f.), or es (n.).
You will learn the use of these words much better from
observing the following examples:
Where is my pen ? I saw it in your room. Wo ist meine
Feder? Ich sah sie in Ihrem Zimmer.
56
:
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
She has brought my shoe where is it ? Sie hat meinen
:
Schuh gebracht wo ist er ?

:
Where is the dog? We have sent it to him. Wo ist der

Hund ? Wir haben ihn ihm gesandt.
It was my house, but the soldiers have burned it. Es war
mein Haus, aber die Soldaten haben es verbrannt.
The pronoun as an object, whether direct (Accusative)

or indirect (Dative), precedes a noun object, i.e. it follows
the verb. Of two pronoun objects, the direct (Accus-
ative) precedes the indirect (Dative), that is, the opposite
order to two noun objects. E.g.
Ich schicke es dem Bäcker. I send it to the baker.

Ich schicke es ihm. I send it to him.
Vocabulary
der Baum, tree hell, bright
der Wind, wind stark, strong
die Sonne, sun schwach, weak
der Mond, moon teuer, dear
der Stern, star billig, cheap
der Rasen, lawn heiss, hot
das Wetter, weather warm, warm
die Wolke, cloud kalt, cold
der Regen, rain jung, young
der Teich, pond wer who ?
?
der Nebel, fog wen ? whom ? (Acc.)

der Fluss, river wem ? to whom ? (Dat.)
das Wasser, water wann ? when ?
kaum, scarcely niemals, never

nur. only nichts, nothing
gestern, yesterday
Exercise 29
Ich habe nichts gehört. Gestern war die Sonne ganz
warm. Wem hast du den Weihnachtsbaum (Christ-
mas-) geschickt? Ich habe ihn meinem Neffen geschickt.
Jene Wolken sind gross und schwarz, sie bringen Regen.
Das Wetter ist sehr kalt, und es (= there) ist Nebel auf
dem Fluss. Wann haben Sie diesen Anzug gekauft?
57
Ich habe ihn gestern in jenem Laden gekauft. War er
billig oder teuer? Er war ganz billig. Die Sterne sind
klein, aber der Mond ist gross. Haben Sie Ihrer Schwe-
ster die Armbanduhr geschickt? Ja, ich habe sie ihr
gestern geschickt. Hat dein Vater den Kindern den
Weihnachtsbaum geschickt? Ja, er hat ihn ihnen ge-
stern geschickt. Es sind drei Hunde auf dem Rasen;
mein Neffe spielt mit ihnen.
Exercise 30
The sim was not very bright yesterday. When did
>'ou answer? There were seven or eight sailors on the
river. This river is very long. We scarcely heard
(= heard scarcely) the children's song. Whom did
you visit in Switzerland? These motor-cars are almost
too cheap. To whom did you telephone yesterday?
Here is your hat. Where did you buy it? I am sending
it {i.e. the hat) to my brother. The children have been
looking for the apples. I have handed them to them.
We never have (= have never) fog in this country.

Who answered him? Have you 'phoned to her? Was
the wind very strong yesterday? The sky was blue
and the clouds were small and white. The water in
the pond was too cold yesterday. We did not bathe.
I have said nothing to him. She only smiled (= smiled
only). We scarcely heard them.
LESSON XI
STRONG VERBS
—
Taking the three parts of the verb the Infinitive, the
—
Imperfect, and the Past Participle we find that most of
the verbs with which we have dealt up till now have had
the form lieben, liebte, geliebt ; spielen, spielte, gespielt.
This is what is known as the Weak Conjugation, or the
New Conjugation. The best way to learn the differ^ce
58
:
STRONG VERBS
between the New and the Old Conjugation is to examine
the following list of verbs, and see how they differ from
the verbs we have been dealing with
Some Verbs of the Strong or Old

:

As a test at this stage, arrange the above nineteen
verbs in three classes: (i) Those having three different
vowel sounds (2) those in which the Infinitive and Past
;
Participle have the same vowel ; and (3) those in which

the Imperfect and the Past Participle have the same vowel.
Observe now the full conjugation of the Imperfect,
and note how it differs from the liebte type
Imperfect of Certain Strong or Old Verbs
I. ich
:
STRONG VERBS
The change of vowel in the 2nd and 3rd person does
not always take place, as we find from kommen, although
the verb stossen, to push, has du stöss (es)t, er stösst. The
main changes are
(i) a is changed into ä
(ii) au „ „ äu
(iii) e (long) is changed into ie
(iv) e (short) „ „ i
Keeping in view
that has been said, write out, as
all
above, the Present and the Imperfect of the following
six verbs:
bitten
Exercise 31
Die Spinne war gross und dick sie spann ein Gewebe.
;
Die Biene summte; sie flog von Blume zu Blume und

suchte Honig. Was frisst die Wespe? Sie frisst Zucker.
Die Esel iahten, die Schweine grunzten, die Hunde
bellten und die Katzen miauten. Der Knecht ritt auf
einem Pferd. Er fütterte die Ochsen, die Schafe und die
Kühe. Sein Hund lief mit ihm. Er bellte zu laut. Der
Bauer schlug ihn mit seiner Peitsche. Die Bäuerin
melkte (or molk) die Kühe in dem Stall. Es sind acht
oder neun Knechte auf dem Bauernhof. Sie arbeiten
immer. Im Herbst pflügen sie die Felder. Im Frühling
säen sie. Der Bauer hiess Herr Braun. Er stand auf
(got up) und begann seine Arbeit. Er fuhr in seinem
Wagen zu dem Feld. Was ass er? Er ass Brot und
trank Tee mit Zucker. Seine Kinder sangen Lieder.
Er gab ihnen Äpfel und Nüsse.
Exercise 32
The farmer drove to the fields. He took his children.
They liked to see (= saw willingly) the cows, sheep
and horses in the fields. The boy was called Karl.
He liked to ride on a donkey. He gave it (= him) hay.
The donkey likes eating sugar.
dog is in the garden. It is big and strong.
Karl's
It breaks the flowers. Karl runs after him and strikes
him with his whip. The dog barks loudly. The sun
is warm and bright. The bees are buzzing and flying
from flower to flower. They like honey. Do you like
honey? Karl does not see the spider. It is big and fat.
It has spun a web. Do you like spiders?
Have you already begun your work? I have broken ^
my watch. Has your uncle given his nephew a watch?
Have you (du) drunk your tea? Yes, and I have already
eaten my bread and honey.
^ Use zerbrechen.
62
:
LESSON XII
PREPOSITIONS AND WERDEN

With Accusative or Dative
We have had some prepositions that govern the dative
and some that govern the accusative. But now we must
have some that sometimes govern the dative and some-
times the accusative. There are nine of them
an, at (with dat.) neben, besides, near

an, to (with ace.) über, over or across
auf, on, upon vor, before, in front of
hinter, behind unter, under or among
in, in or at (with dat.) zwischen, between
in, into (with ace.)
The meaning tells us when to use the accusative, when

the dative. If there is any motion towards anything
implied, then the accusative is used if no such motion is
;
implied, the dative.
Er ist auf dem Berge. He is on the mountain.

Er läuft auf dem Berge. He runs on the mountain.
Er läuft auf den Berg. He runs to the mountain.
Er ging in das Haus. He went into the house.
Er war in dem Hause. He was in the house.
Sie sass auf dem Stuhl. She sat on the chair.
Sie sprang auf den Stuhl. She sprang upon the chair.
With Dative only

To keep matters clear we had better repeat the more
common prepositions that govern only the dative:
aus, out
With Accusative only
durch, through ohne, without
für, for urn, about, round
gegen, against wider, against
With Genitive only

anstatt or statt, instead of trotz, in spite of
diesseits, on this side of während, during
jenseits, on that side of wegen, on account of
mittels, by means of
Observe that all except während have the English

equivalent ending in of. This is a good way of remem-
bering which case these prepositions govern.
Contraction of Preposition and Article

Just as we contract do not into don't, so the Gennans
are fond of contracting their prepositions and their
articles into one word. Thus:
an dem becomes am beidem becomes beim
an das „ ans von dem „ vom
auf das „ aufs (vor das „ vors)
in dem „ im zu dem „ zum
in das „ ins zu der „ zur
Special Notes on the Translation of To

(i) When to shows the receiver of an object, use the
single dative without preposition (see also Lesson
XXIV):
Er gab seiner Schwester das Buch. He gave the book to his
sister.
Er schickte Resi ein Buch. He sent a book to Resi.
(ii) Indicating motion towards a person, zu :
Er kam zu seiner Mutter. He came to his mother.
(iii) Motion towards a large object or place (not a

proper name), zu :
Er lief zudem Bauernhof. He ran to the farm.

N.B. From ... to = von" ... zu.
: : : : : :

(iv) Motion towards smaller objects, and sending
letters to persons, an
Er ging an das Fenster, an den Spiegel, an die Tür. He
went to the window (mirror, door).
Ich schrieb einen Brief an meine Mutter. I wrote a letter to
my mother.
—although one would not usually use an with a pronoun

in this case, but the dative of the pronoun
Ich schrieb ihr einen Brief.
(v) To before a place (proper name), nach:

Wir fuhren nach Spanien, nach Köln. We went to Spain,
to Cologne.
(vi) To = auf in the following cases
Auf die Post, auf den Markt, auf die Universität, auf die
Polizei, auf die Bank, to the post-office (the market, uni-
versity, pohce-station, bank).
N.B. To (into) the country, auf das Land. To the seaside,
an die See.
(vii) When into as well as ô is implied, in
Er geht in die Schule, in die Kirche, in die Stadt, ins Kino,

ins Theater. He is going to school, to church, to the town,
cinema, theatre.
(viii) To talk to, sprechen mit :
Ich sprach mit dem Bürgermeister. I was talking to the

mayor.
(ix) To — in order to, um . . . zu (+ Infinitive)
Er ging aus, um die Pferde zu füttern. He went out to feed

the horses.
(x) Note the following indefinite directions
Nach rechts (links), to the right, to the left.

Von oben nach unten, from top to bottom.
Von hinten nach vom, from back to front.
65
:

Vocabulary
die Tür, door das Caf^ ( — —
s, s),« cafÄ
das Tor, gate beim Krämer, at the grocer's
die Mauer, wall * das Krankenhaus, hospital
das Restaurant, restaurant der Verkehr, traffic
der Park, park die Telephonzelle, telephone-
der Fussgänger, pedestrian box
das Warenhaus, big stores der Wolkenkratzer, " sky-
"
die Strasse, street scraper
die Strassenlampe, street-lamp *liegen, to lie, be situated
der Brief, letter kaufen, to buy
der Pohzist, pohceman verkaufen, to sell
die Strassenecke, street-corner prachtvoll, magnificent
die Brücke, bridge gefährlich, dangerous
das Rathaus, Town Hall führen, to lead, drive, take
das Schaufenster, shop- window * wiegen, to weigh
der Marktplatz, market-place verlangen, to ask for

der Briefkasten, letter-box be wundem, to admire
das Gebäude, building bezahlen, to pay (for)
schhessen, to shut nach Hause * gehen, to go home
angestellt, employed zu Hause * sein, to be at home
From now on strong verbs are marked with an asterisk (*),
and their principal parts are to be found in the Appendix, pp
188-192
A Note on the English to put
Some care must be exercised in translating to put.

Note the following
(i) In a general way, setzen.
(ii) To put a thing standing up (as a vase), stellen,
(iii) To put a thing lying down (as a book), legen,
(iv) To put away out of sight, as in a drawer, pocket, etc.,
stecken,
(v) To put = to add (as salt in potatoes, etc.), • tun (hter-
ally to do).
Exercise 33
Unsere Bank liegt zwischen der Post und der Marien-

kirche.^ Ich habe meinem Bruder von einer Telephon-
1 die Wand is the surface, die Mauer the thickness.
2 Gen. sing, and Nom. pl.
* die Marienkirche, St. Mary's Church.

zelle telephoniert. Es sind viele Wolkenkratzer in
unserer Stadt. Das Gebäude des Völkerbundes war in
Genf, in der Schweiz. Es waren Bolschewisten in Russ-
land und Faschisten in Italien und Deutschland. Die
Soldaten sind vor dem Tore der Stadt. Es sind Italiener
und Spanier.
Ich ging ins Restaurant. Ich habe gegessen und
bezahlt. Ich kam aus dem Restaurant und ging zum
Marktplatz. Ich ging ins Kino. Das Kino war gross
und schön, aber es war kein Wolkenkratzer. Im Kino
waren Männer, Frauen und Kinder. Ich gehe oft ins
Theater. Gehen Sie gern ins Theater? Ich sah ein
Krankenhaus neben dem Park. Gegenüber dem Waren-
haus (dem Warenhaus gegenüber) war das Rathaus.
Dieses Gebäude ist prachtvoll. Ich sagte zu einem
Polizisten: " Wo
ist ein Briefkasten? " Er antwortete:
*'
Dort an der Strassenecke." Ich steckte einen Brief in
den Briefkasten. Mein Bruder ist bei einem Krämer
angestellt. Er verkauft Zucker, Tee usw.^ Hinter dem
Rathaus war die Paulskirche. ^ Ich ging unter eine
Brücke. Diese Brücke war sehr hoch. Über die
Brücke fahren Autos und Pferde. Der Verkehr ist sehr
gefährhch für die Fussgänger.
Exercise 34
I put my book on a chair. The weather was fairly

warm. I ran out of the room. I went through the door
and into ^ the street. It was dark but the street was
quite bright on account of (because of, owing to) the
street-lamps. There were eight motor-cars and three
horses in the street. I went with my dog round the town.
My dog ran between the motor-cars. I went into a tele-
phone box and 'phoned to my sister. She is employed
^ usw. = und so weiter, and so on, or etc.
* die Paulskirche, St. Paul's Church.
' Of persons, vehicles, etc. auf, otherwise in before Strasse.
67
: :

in a hospital near St. Paul's Church. I live with my
brother opposite the Town Hall. We went to the right
and came to a bridge. It was fairly low. We looked
down ^ on to the traffic. The traffic since the war is v^ry
dangerous. My uncle was in that car. He was driving
to the Market Place. He has a shop there. He often
drives (= drives often) over this bridge. Our village
lay on the other side of the river. In front of our house
stood a lamp-post (street-lamp). We went into a
restaurant to eat. After the meal ^ I went home without
my dog, but I saw him at home, in front of the door.
There is a very useful little verb called werden, which
means to become or to get, in the sense of getting angry or
getting grey. The Present Indicative goes quite easily
Present of werden
Singular Plural
I. ich werde wir werden
. . f Sie werden
2- <1" ^'S* lihr werdet
3. er wird sie werden
The great use of this verb is to form the Future of all

other verbs. To make the Future all we have to do is to
add the Infinitive of the verb we want to the proper part
of werden :
I shall buy. Ich werde kaufen.

You will speak. Siewerden sprechen.
The boy will learn. Der Knabe wird lernen.
The horse will run. Das Pferd wird laufen.
we want to have what is called the Future Perfect

If —
to express something that will be completely done at
i.e.
—
some future time we have to use haben along with the
Past Participle of the required verb
have bought.
I shall Ich werde gekauft haben.
You have spoken.
will Sie werden gesprochen haben.
The boy will have learnt. Der Knabe wird gelernt haben.
* To look down on, sehen auf (ace). ' The meal, das Essen.
68
:

The Perfect tense of haben is formed in the ordinary
way:
Ich habe viele Äpfel von diesem Baum gehabt. I have had
many apples from this tree.
But the Perfect tense of sein is formed with the Present

tense of sein -f- Past Participle
ich bin gewesen, I have been {literally : I am been),

du bist gewesen, you have been,
er ist gewesen, he has been, etc.
Vocabulary
morgen, to-morrow um halb vier, at half past three
morgen tomorrow morning am Abend, in the evening
früh,
nächste Woche, next week am Nachmittag, in the after-
nächsten Sonntag, next Sunday noon
Montag, „ Monday abends, in the evening(s)
„ Dienstag, „ Tuesday morgens, in the moming(s)
„ Mittwoch ,, Wednes- nachmittags, in the after-
day noon(s)
„ Donnerstag, next bald, soon
Thursday früh, early
„ Freitag, next Friday spät, late
„ Samstag, „ Saturday schnell, quickly
heute, to-day eines Tages, one day
heute morgen, this morning nächstes Jahr, next year
heute nachmittag, this afternoon der Bahnhof, station (railway)
heute abend, this evening die U-bahn (die Untergrund-
der Freund, friend bahn). Underground (rail-
das Flugzeug, aeroplane way)
urn zwei Uhr, at 2 o'clock
Exercise 35
Morgen werde ich zum Marktplatz gehfen. Was wer-
den Sie dort tun? Ich werde zwei drei ^ Pferde kaufen.
Sind sie billig oder teuer? Sie sind dieses Jahr ziemlich
teuer. Werden Sie mit ^ dem Auto fahren? Heute ist
das Wetter sehr kalt. Wir werden bald Schnee haben.
* zwei drei = two or three.
* To travel by a vehicle, fahren mit.
69
Was wird dein Onkel nächsten Dienstag tun? Er wird
nach Lissabon ^ fliegen. Heute nachmittag werden wir
ins Kino gehen. Gehen Sie gern ins Kino? Meine
Brüder werden eines Tages nach Köln fliegen. Heute
abend wird meine Schwester Klavier spielen, und Elses
Bruder wird Lieder singen. Ich werde die Musik am
Radio hören. Ich höre gerne Radio.
Gestern habe ich einen Brief von meinem Onkel gehabt.
Zu Weihnachten wird er meinem Vater einen Weih-
nachtsbaum schicken. Er ist letzte Woche in Frank-
reich gewesen. Das Wetter war sehr kalt dort. Sie
haben Nebel und Regen gehabt. Ich bin niemals in
Frankreich gewesen. Warst du schon in Paris? ^
Exercise 36
Next Friday Germany. Will you go
I shall travel to
by car to London? No, I shall travel by the Under-
ground (by " tube "). What will you do in Germany?
I shall visit one or two friends. Will you go (= travel)
by air (= with the aeroplane)? No, I don't like travel-
ling by air. Have you ever been to Germany?^ Yes, I
was there last year (= last year there). To which
station will you go? To Liverpool Street.* The
weather has not been very warm.
LESSON XIII
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES
Words which indicate qualities in connection with
nouns and pronouns are called adjectives. We have
already used several of them, such as gut, schlecht, böse,
arm, jung. But if you care to look back over your
exercises you will find that all the adjectives we have
* Lisbon.
" "Were you already in = have you ever been to t
' Do not translate.
70
:
used have been used along with some part of the verb
to be. We have never used an adjective before a noun.
We have said often something Hke the man is good:
we have never spoken of the good man.
The first way (the man is good) is called the predicative
use of the adjective the second (the good man) is called
;
the attributive use of the adjective. In English there is

no difference in the form of the word good it is exactly
:
the same in both cases. In German there is a very

important difference. In the predicative use the adjec-
tive does not change at all. If you look back at all the
exercises and examples you will not find any change in
any adjective.^
But in the attributive use the adjective must be de-
clined so as to agree with its noun in both number and
gender. We say, der Mann
ist gut; ein Mädchen ist
gut ; die Stadt ist gut ; Knaben sind gut using the
die :
same word gut in every case. But we must say, ein

guter Mann; ein gutes Mädchen; die gute Stadt; die
guten Knaben.
The changes that the attributive adjective undergoes
are different according to whether an article is or is not
used with it. There are three cases
I. When the adjective is used without any
ARTICLE. Here the terminations of the adjective are
merely the terminations of the definite article as they
are changed in the demonstratives like dieser.
Brotes seems to sound better than gutes Brotes in the
ears of aGerman.
2. When the adjective is used with the definite
ARTICLE. Here we have a very pretty form, which is
easily remembered as a mental picture of five e's among
a crowd of en's.
rein, clean der Grossvater, grandfather
schmutzig, dirty die Grossmutter, grandmother
tragen, to wear, carry — —
der Vetter ( s, n), (boy)
klug, clever, intelligent cousin
dumm, silly, stupid die Kusine, (girl) cousin
blind, blind die Tante, aunt
taub, deaf das Taschentuch, handkerchief
bequem, comfortable
Exercise 37
Give the Nominative Singular, Genitive Singular and
Nominative Plural of the following:
einem grossen Baum, einer kleinen Blume, keinem
blinden Manne, einem kleinen Mädchen, welcher breiten
Strasse, den starken Hunden, der klugen Kusine, dem
tauben Vetter, den hässlichen alten Frauen, kaltem
Winde, demselben schmutzigen Jungen.
Exercise 38
Das traurige Mädchen weint immer. Deutsche Bücher
sind nicht immer schwer. Die kleine Tochter des dicken
Bäckers gab dem klugen Neffen des alten Schneiders
einen Brief. Ein kluger Junge lernt schnell. Die
kleinen Kinder spielten auf dem weichen Gras. Sie
spielen nicht gern auf der harten Strasse. Der alte
Grossvater ist blind, und seine alte Frau ist sehr taub.
Das hübsche Mädchen trägt ein neues Kleid mit roten
Knöpfen. Karl hat ein reines Taschentuch in der Tasche
seines braunen Anzugs. Der Verkehr ist in diesen engen
Strassen sehr gefährlich. Zwei blinde Männer gingen
mit ihrem weissen Hunde über die breite Strasse.
Hübsche Mädchen sind nicht immer dumm.
Exercise 39
Little boys are nearly always dirty. I shall visit an
old friend in Geneva. Blind men are not always sad.
The narrow streets of the old city were very dark. I do
not Hke this uncomfortable old chair. My beautiful
73
cousin sang French, Spanish and German songs. I like
listening to good music on the wireless. The Italian
ambassador came to London yesterday (= yesterday to
London). Marie's cousin was wearing a green dress and
a white hat. Which German book have you chosen?
LESSON XIV
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Certain pronouns, called relative pronouns, both relate
to nouns or pronouns previously mentioned in a sentence,
and join clauses together. The knight who sent it is dead.
Here who is a relative pronoun, referring back to knight,
and at the same time joining the clause the knight is dead
to the clause who sent it. Some people say that who here
is equal to and he.
There are two ways of translating the relative pronouns

into German.
The shorter and more frequently used form of the
German relative is nothing but the definite article with
the genitive singular, the genitive and dative plural
changed somewhat.
Singular Plural
Masc. Fem. Neut. All Genders
Nom. der i
who rdie das which or that die
Ace. den I whom die das which or that die
Gen. dessen [whose deren dessen of which deren
Dat. dem J to whom .der dem to which denen
Note that the dative plural of the relative is denen, to

show that it is plural. With the article, den is enough,
for the noun shows whether it is singular or plural.
Plural
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
The resemblance of the above declension to the interro-
gative welcher very plain. The genitive is the case
is
that demands your attention.

The Enghsh meanings given above apply only to
English nouns. If welches refers to a person it must be
translated not which, but who.
Das Mädchen, welches (or das) die Eier gekauft hat, ist jung.
The maiden, who bought the eggs, is young.
Die Stadt, die (or welche) er gerettet hatte, war sehr alt.
The town, which he had saved, was very old.
Er hat einen Teller gekauft, den (or welchen) er in der Stadt
gesehen hatte. He has bought a plate, which he had seen
in the city.
In all these examples you will observe the peculiar

place of the verb in the clause to which the relative
belongs. In all these clauses the personal verb is put
at the end.
Der Ritter, welchen Ihre Freunde gestern sahen, ist tot.

The knight, whom your friends saw yesterday, is dead.
Observe the pimctuation in the examples given: every

relative sentence is enclosed between two commas.
In English we could, if we liked, leave out the whom,
and say only, the knight, your friends saw yesterday, is
dead. But in German this is never allowed. The relative
can never be omitted.
The genitive of the relative must always in German
come before the noun to which it refers. We say in
English, the house the doors of which have fallen. In
German this must run, das Haus, dessen Türen gefallen
sind. In other words, we must always use in German
whose instead of of which. Whose always comes before
its noun in English, and takes away the need of the
article :thus, a coat, of which the sleeve was torn, should be
put into German in the form, a coat, whose sleeve was torn.
Here the article the is got rid of altogether.
When referring to things wo- or wor- followed by a
75
:

preposition may be used instead of the usual relative
pronoun
Das Flugzeug, mit dem (or womit) er nach Deutschland

flog, verunglückte. The aeroplane in which he was travel-
ling to Germany crashed.
Was is used to translate which when referring to a

whole clause, and also after the following: alles, every-
thing; vieles, much; nichts, nothing:
Es rieselte, was dem alten Fischer ausserordentlich gefiel.

It was drizzUng, which pleased the old fisherman im-
mensely.
Alles, was ich habe, everything I have.
Nichts, was er sagte, nothing he said.
Vocabulary
der Arzt, doctor der Schauspieler, actor
der Metzger, butcher der Filmschauspieler, film actor
der Chauffeur, chauffeur der Kaufmann, shopkeeper
die Stenotypistin, shorthand der Schriftsteller, author
typist derKellner, waiter
der Zahn, tooth bitten (um), to ask for
der Zahnarzt, dentist werden, to become
der Jäger, huntsman, hunter Seemann werden, to become a
der Dieb, thief, burglar sailor
der Richter, judge Briefträger sein, to be a post-
derBriefträger, postman man
derSchuhflicker, cobbler stehlen, to steal
das Wirtshaus zum " Roten heilen, to heal, to cure
Löwen," Red Lion Inn ziehen, pull, draw
das Wirtshaus zur " Blauen verhaften, to arrest
Kuh," Blue Cow Inn reparieren, to mend
der Wirt, landlord, inn-keeper nach Diktat schreiben, to take
der Film, film down
die Rolle, roll, part treffen, to meet
der Kunde, customer bedienen, to serve
das Kindermädchen, nurse- spazieren gehen, to go for a
maid walk
der Korb, basket spazieren führen, to take for a
die Schublade, drawer walk
76
:
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
Exercise 40
Der Mann, mit dem ich gestern gesprochen habe, ist
der Bürgermeister von Brüssel (Brussels). Eine grosse
Filmschauspielerin spielt eine Rolle im Film, den wir
heute abend sehen werden. Der Wirt des Wirtshauses
zum " Roten Löwen " (der Wirt des " Roten Löwen "),
in dem (wo, worin) ich gestern den Chauffeur des Film-
schauspielers Willi Fritsch traf, ist Seemann (Matrose)
gewesen. Der Schuhflicker, der deine braunen Schuhe
repariert hat, ist an der Tür. Der Metzger bediente
seine Kunden, unter (= amongst) denen die Magd eines
grossen Schriftstellers war. Der Korb, in welchem (in
dem, worin) sie die Äpfel und Nüsse trug, war ganz neu.
Der Zahnarzt, in dessen Haus der Polizist den Dieb
verhaftete, hat heute morgen meinen Zahn gezogen.
Die Stenotypistin, die diesen Brief nach Diktat schrieb,
ist tot.
Exercise 41
You have seen from the foregoing how important
will
the relative pronoun is, and how considerably it adds to
our powers of self-expression. Descriptions which before
were detached and awkward now come more naturally.
As an interesting departure from the usual type of
exercise the student is asked to rewrite the following
pairs of detached sentences, joining each pair by means
of a relative pronoun.
We will do one as an example
(i) Er fuhr das Auto. He was driving the car.
(ii) Das Auto schleuderte auf der nassen Strasse. The car
skidded on the wet road,
(iii) Das Auto, das er fuhr, schleuderte auf der nassen Strasse.
The car he was driving skidded on the wet road.
I. Der Briefträger hat einen Brief gebracht. Die

Schwester des Briefträgers ist unser Kindermädchen.
2. Der Mann ist der Neffe eines grossen Richters. Ich
77
habe mit dem Manne gesprochen. 3. Die Schublade
war fast leer. Ich sah den Brief in der Schublade.
4. Die Frau ist sehr reich. Wir sahen gestern ihren
Mann in der " Blauen Kuh." 5. Der Kellner bediente
den Jäger. Der Jäger ist bei einem sehr reichen Kauf-
mann angestellt. 6. Der Dieb ist der Bruder eines
Polizisten. Der Dieb stahl die Armbanduhr einer gros-
sen Filmschauspielerin. 7. Das Kino war gross und
prachtvoll. Ich sah diesen Film in dem Kino. 8. Der
Arzt ist nach Ägypten (Egypt) gegangen. Der Arzt hat
meinen Neffen geheilt. 9. Die Brüder sind im Kranken-
haus. Das Flugzeug der Brüder verunglückte.
Exercise 42
The two girls, whose father played a great part in the
film " Michael Kohlhaas," were listening to the wireless.
The letter which I saw in this drawer was from your
brother. The nurse-maid who has taken the children
for a walk is from Cologne. The doctor whose nephew
I met yesterday cured my sister in Switzerland. The
house in which he lived had a red roof and a green door.
The shorthand typist who took this letter down has a
brother who is employed at your uncle's. The man to
whom I was speaking yesterday is the landlord of the
*'
Jolly Farmer." The cafe in which we met him is
•near the post-office. Everything we saw was white. The
postman has a letter which comes from Russia. At the
station we saw (= saw we) the brothers who flew last
year to America. The waiter whose brothers stole the
actress's car was serving the policeman who arrested
them. Nothing he does is very good. The weather
was bright and warm, which made our work easy.
78
: : —
LESSON XV
ORDER OF WORDS
I. Verb before Subject
If a clause in German begins with an adverb, or an
adverbial phrase, the verb and the subject in that clause
change places. Yesterday he was ill becomes gestern war
er krank.
Certain adverbial conjimctions have the power to
cause the same change inversion it is usually called in —
the clauses they introduce. Some of the most common
of these are
also: so, therefore jetzt or nun, now

auch, also, too kaum, scarcely
dann, da, then so, so (= thus)
doch, yet, however vielmehr, rather
Now he was poor. Nun war er arm.
Yet she killed her friend. Doch tötete sie ihren Freund.
We are not to think this a remarkable thing in German.

In English we cannot say: Scarcely he was dead', the
order must be as in German: Kaum war er tot.
2. Verb at End of Clause

In German, however, this system of changed order is
carried further. For all conjunctions which introduce
dependent clauses have the pecuHar effect of throwing the
personal verb in the dependent clause to the very end
of that clause.
Some of the commonest of such subordinating con-
junctions are
als, as, when (past time) dass, that

wenn, when (pres. or fut.) bis, until
wenn, whenever sobald, as soon as
wenn, if obgleich, although
ob, if, whether weil, because
79
:

wie, as, how indem, whilst
da, as, since bevor, before
während, whilst so dass, so that
Er weiss,^ dass die Kinder böse waren. He knows that the
children were wicked.
Die Mutter war krank, weil ihr Sohn sie sehr schlecht be-
handelte. The mother was ill because her son treated her
very badly.
Do not forget the comma! This is most important.
Subordinate Clause -f Main Clause
Asubordinate clause may precede a main clause,
whereas a co-ordinate one {i.e. with a conjunction
which does not change the word order, Hke und, attd,
aber, but, denn, for, oder, or) cannot do so, and when this
happens the first rule is appHed, namely, when the subject
does not begin the sentence the verb precedes the subject
Als er nach Hause kam, sah er seinen Onkel. Wlien he
came home he saw his uncle.
Vocabulary
der Fischer, fisherman bauen, to build
der Fisch, fish krank, ill
das Boot, boat * die Erkältung, cold (illness)
der See ( s, — —
n), lake *fangen, to catch
der Sekretär, secretary finden, to find
ins (or zu) Bett gehen, to go to bed schneien, to snow
regnen, to rain die Aufgabe, exercise
rudern, to row *schliessen, to shut
müde, tired
Exercise 43
Begin each of the following sentences with dann,
then, bald, soon, gestern, yesterday, einmal, once, eines
Tages, one day, or plötzlich, suddenly:
I. Ein armer Fischer wohnte in diesem Dorfe. 2.
Wir trafen die Sekretärin des Schriftstellers am Bahnhof.
3.Die Russen bauten neue Schulen und Universitäten.
4.Der Hund lief aus dem Zimmer. 5. Der Schneider
kam nach Hause.
^ Pronunciation of Boot is, in phonetic symbols, bolt (see p. 15).
:
ORDER OF WORDS
Exercise 44
Join up each of the following pairs of sentences so as

to make one good compound sentence, as this example
shows
(i) Meine Schwester spielte Klavier. My sister was play-
ing the piano,
(ii) Ich schrieb einen Brief. I wrote a letter,
(iii) Meine Schwester spielte Klavier, während ich einen
Brief schrieb. My sister played the piano while I
wrote a letter.
You may find it convenient to use an adverbial

conjunction instead of a subordinating one, or you may
put your subordinate clause first.
I. Er ging ins Hospital. Er war krank. 2. Ich war
nicht dort. Er kam nach Hause. 3. Ich werde den
Brief schreiben. Ich komme nach
Hause. 4. Ich werde
meinen Freund besuchen. Ich gehe ins Kino. 5. Er
trägt keinen Mantel. Es ist sehr kalt. 6. Wir hatten
eine Erkältung. Wir gingen ins Bett. 7. Er war sehr
reich. Er war sehr traurig. 8. Das Mädchen ging ins
Bett. Sie war sehr müde. 9. Ich traf sie. Sie lächelte
immer. 10. Ich öffnete die Schublade. Ich sah die
Taschenuhr.
Exercise 45
It was raining when the fisherman rowed across
(= over) the lake. He caught no fish {plural), as the
fish were not hungry. My children were listening to the
German children's songs on the wireless while I was
writing this exercise. As soon as he comes home he
will 'phone you. Did you not shut the doors before you
went to bed? When I go ^ to Berlin I shall visit your
uncle. As they were not at home we put the letter in
the letter-box. It was snowing as we drove to the
station. He speaks German, French, English and Italian,
* To go (in a vehicle), fahren (by, mit).
:

although he has never been in these countries. They
worked until it was quite dark. When the maid came
to the door the man asked for bread and tea. We went ^
by boat across the lake, although it was quite dark.
LESSON XVI
OTHER PRONOUNS
We must now learn the remaining personal pronouns
ist Personal Pronoun
Singular Plural
Nom.
: :
OTHER PRONOUNS
Mart can only be used in the nominative. In other
cases the following pronoun is used.
2. Einer refers indefinitely to a single person or thing
Einer meiner Freunde, one of my friends.
Ich gehe zu einem Restaurant, wo die Kellner einen schnell
bedienen. I go to a restaurant where the waiters serve
one quickly.
The English on-e is untranslated in German after an

adjective
Ic] habe keine Feder. Haben Sie eine? I haven't a pen.

Have you one?
But Hier ist eine
: gute. Here is a good one.
3. Keiner, niemand. Both mean none, no one, no-

body, and keiner also none in speaking of things:
Ich habe kein Brot, und du hast auch keines. I have no
bread and you have none also.
Niemand (keiner) hat uns gesehen. Nobody saw us.
Note. Both einer and keiner are declined like welcher

or dieser.Niemand takes -s or -es in the genitive, and
may (but need not) take -en in the accusative and -em
in the dative. In this respect it is just like jemand,
which follows.
4. Jemand means somebody, someone.
5. Wer means he who, whoever, and sends the verb to
the end:
Wer das gesagt hat, lügt. He who (whoever) said that is

lying.
6. Nichts, nothing, etwas, something.
7. Welcher, some, any.
Ich habe keinen Zucker. Haben Sie welchen? I have no

sugar. Have you any ?
Hast du kein warmes Wasser? Hier ist welches. Haven't

you any warm water ? Here is some.
83
: :
Indefinite Adjectives or Pronouns

The following may be used either as adjectives or
pronouns
all, all (i) manch-, mancher, some, many,
ander-, ander, other (2) many a
beide, both mehr, more
ein bisschen, a (very) little mehrere, several
ein paar, a few viel, much ;
(plur.), many (4)
einige,some, any (plur.) wenig, little; (plur.), few (4)
etwas, some, any (sing.) keiner von beiden, neither
jeder, each, every, each one a few =
einige or ein paar
genug, enough (3)
1. Alles = all, everything (it may even replace alle {pi.)

meaning all, everybody). Which or that after alles is
rendered by was.
All the may be translated by all with the proper '
'
ending or by all -f article. Before words Hke his, my,

'
'
this, etc. ail need not take an ending:

*
'
Alles, was er sagte. Everything he said.

Er stahl all das Geld. He stole all the money.
All meine Freunde. All friends. my
All = the whole of = der ganze:
Die ganze Stadt. All the town.
2. Other = different, ander-.

Other = additional, noch (ein).
Dieses Buch ist nicht sehr gut. Haben Sie ein anderes?
This book is not very good. Have you another one?
Hier sind nur zwei Bücher. Haben Sie noch eines? Here
are only two books. Have you another (one)?
3. Genug usually follows the noun

Haben wir Zucker genug ? Have we enough sugar?
4. In the singular viel and wenig need not take an

ending. A little ein wenig. =
84
OTHER PRONOUNS
Vocabulary
die Mahlzeit, meal die Karotte, carrot
das Frühstück, breakfast die Bohne, bean
das Mittagessen, lunch die Erbse, pea
das Abendessen, dinner das Eis, ice (cream)
der Kaffee, coffee das Bonbon ( s, — —
s), sweet
das Brötchen, roll die Sahne, cream
die Butter, butter die Kirsche, cherry
der Käse,* cheese die Apfelsine, orange
die Milch, milk die Banane, banana
die Suppe, soup die Zitrone, lemon
der Wein, wine das Messer, knife
das Bier, beer die Gabel, fork
die Torte, cake der Löffel, spoon
der Teller, plate die Tasse, cup
die Kanne, pot die Dose, bowl, basin, tin
der Speiseschrank, food-cup- pflücken, pluck, gather, pick
board, larder schläfrig, sleepy
die Kartoffel, potato
Exercise 46
Der Dieb antwortete mir nicht. Hast du sie nicht
am Bahnhof getroffen? Wer hat Ihnen dieses schöne
Buch gegeben? Es sind viele Kirschen und Äpfel im
Garten. Ja, ich habe sie schon gesehen. Ich werde
meinem Freunde welche geben. Meine kleine Schwester
bat mich um Bonbons. Ich gab ihr einige, aber sie hat
sie schon gegessen. " Noch ein Glas, bitte! " sagte ich
zum Kellner, aber er hörte mich nicht. Zu Weihnachten
wird Onkel Fritz uns besuchen. Wir haben noch etwas
Butter im Speiseschrank. Essen Sie gern Brötchen mit
Butter und Käse? Wir haben keine Apfelsinen mehr.
Trinken Sie Kaffee mit oder ohne Sahne? Mit Sahne,
wenn Sie welche haben. Beide Brüder (die beiden
Brüder) waren dort. Haben Sie keine anderen Bananen?
Ich habe noch einige, ^ aber sie sind nicht reif. Ich werde
dir ein Eis kaufen, wenn du mir einige Erbsen und
Bohnen im Garten pflückst. Hast du noch etwas Tee
in der Kanne? Ist jemand an der Tür? Ich sehe nie-
' 2nd Declension.
• noch einige (plur.), noch etwas (sing,), some more.
85
mand dort. Man hat alles gehört, was du mir gestern
sagtest. Jeder (Ein jeder) im Dorfe hat seinen langen
Garten, worin er Kartoffeln, Bohnen, Erbsen, Äpfel,
Kirschen usw. hat. Man trinkt viel Kaffee in Deutsch-
land. Ich hatte keinen Teller, aber der Kellner hat mir
einen gebracht.
Exercise 47
People drink more tea in England. Have you any
coffee in the larder? Yes, I have a little. If you haven't
enough books I have another one here. Our uncle gave
us some sweets and oranges. I like oranges. The
huntsman drank another glass of ^ wine. There are
some more potatoes in the garden, if you have not enough
here. The Spanish girls were picking oranges and lemons,
and they gave us some. Have you any milk or cream?
The breakfast at the "Blue Cow" was fairly cheap,
but the lunch at the " Red Lion " was very dear, and
they gave us no coffee. I do not like cheese. Is there
any more sugar in the basin? The waiter has brought
me another knife, as this one is dirty. For (zum)
dinner we shall have cherries and bananas with cream«
The waiter will bring you some more soup. Everybody
was sleepy but nobody went to bed. All his friends
are in America. A few sheep were in the field. He
speaks a (very) little German, but no Spanish. Who
has eaten all the cherries ?
LESSON XVII
AUXILIARIES OF MOOD— THE IMPERATIVE
There are six very important little verbs that now

claim attention. They are generally used along with the
Infinitives of other verbs, and so are called Auxiliaries.
* Of in such expressions is omitted.
86
AUXILIARIES OF MOOD
Since they tell us something about the mode or manner
in which an action is to be done, they are often called the

Auxiliaries of Mood. You have already come across
three of them in your reading.
instead of the Past Participle in the Perfect tenses.
Thus " I have been obHged to wait " runs ich habe warten
müssen.
The Imperative
When we order or command we are said to use the
Imperative mood. Tanzen is to dance, tanze is the order
dance! if given to one person, tanzet if to more than one
person. These two forms are used only in addressing
near relations, intimate friends and children.
The ordinary form of the Imperative, both in speaking
to one person and to several persons, is tanzen Sie!
Singular
(familiar)
AUXILIARIES OF MOOD
eine Bootfahrt, a boat trip mit dem Zug fahren,* to go by
die Taxe 1 train
^""^
die Autodroschkej versäumen, to miss
gleich,immediately platzen, to burst
rückwärts, backwards steigen, to mount, climb
gut, good or well *halten, to stop
besteigen, to board in Ordnung, in proper order
winken, to beckon, signal parken, to park (vehicle)
verlassen, to leave das Parken ist verboten, park-
rufen, to call, shout ing is forbidden
das Fahrrad, bicycle überholen, to overtake
auf dem Fahrrad fahren, to cycle *scheinen, to shine, to seem
Rad fahren, to cycle langsam, slow, slowly
das Flugzeug, aeroplane eilen, to hurry
der Reifen, tyre sonst, otherwise
der Verkehrsschutzmann, fragen, to ask
traffic policeman der Weg, way
zu Fuss gehen, ^ to go on foot böse, bad
Exercise 48
Der Vater sagte zu den Kindern: "Wollt ihr heute
abend eine Autofahrt nach Berlin machen? " " O ja,
gerne! " riefen die Kinder. Sie mussten ihre neuen
Anzüge tragen, weil sie ihre Kusinen und Vettern in
Berlin besuchen sollten. Sie konnten das Haus nicht vor
drei Uhr verlassen, weil die Mutter nicht fertig war.
" Kann ich nach Berlin auf dem Rad fahren? " fragte der
junge Karl. " O nein! " antwortete der Vater. " Auf
dem Rad geht es viel zu langsam. Du musst mit uns
kommen."
Bald waren sie alle fertig. Der Vater kann sehr gut
führen. " Ich muss mehr Benzin kaufen," sagte er, " der
Benzinbehälter ist fast leer." Also hielten sie an einer
Tankstelle. Dann kamen sie zu einer Strassenkreuzung.
Dort war rotes Licht und sie mussten warten. Herrn
Schmidts Auto kann sehr gut steigen und sie fuhren sehr
schnell auf dem Wege nach Berhn. Um
halb vier waren
^Gehen speaking is to walk, and when a vehicle
strictly is
mentioned or implied, fahren should be used.
To travel by a vehicle is in German to drive with.
'^
89
sie in Berlin. Dort sahen Sie einen armen Motorradfahrer,
der einen geplatzten Reifen reparierte. Auf den breiten
Strassen Berlins sahen sie Autobusse, Elektrische, Autos,
Taxen und Fahrräder. Dort ist der Verkehr sehr gefähr-
lich. Sie fuhren in eine Einbahnstrasse, also haben sie
rückwärts fahren müssen. Über der Stadt sahen sie ein
grosses Flugzeug, das nach Amerika fliegen sollte. Viele
Fussgänger eilten über die Strasse, und es war gut, dass
die Hupe in Ordnung war. Aber sie konnten immer
«iemlich schnell fahren und überholten viele andere
Autos. Dann hielt das Auto, und Herr Schmidt winkte
einem Verkehrsschutzmann. Er hat nach ^ dem Wege
fragen müssen. Bald aber waren sie vor dem Hause
des Onkels.
Exercise 49
You can go to if you want to.
BerUn I am to
visit the dentist this evening. May ^ I smoke here?
T will ^ take my dog for a walk in the park. He
was to fly to Paris yesterday (= yesterday to Paris),
but suddenly became ill. We had to walk home.
As he could not speak German he took me with
him. You are to go immediately to bed. German
is spoken here (= here one speaks German). Shall *
I buy some bread? You are to talk to (= to speak with)
nobody. We could not see the aeroplane on account
of the fog. May we go to the cinema this evening?
We had to go by taxi. If the weather is warm you may
bathe in the lake this afternoon (= this afternoon in
—
the lake always Time before Place). We want to see
your cows and sheep. I cannot tell you (it). As my
brother is unable to visit you, he is sending you a letter.
1 To ask for = to demand, bitten um; = to inquire about,
fragen nach.
* May in questions and negative statements : use dürfen.
ä When will means want to rather than just a future action,
use wollen.
* When shall has the meaning of am I to. use sollen.
90
AUXILIARIES OF MOOD
Exercise 50
Take (= Let us go
carry) this letter to the post.
for a walk round the town. I have had ^ to go to Berlin.
She has had to leam Spanish. They have not been able
to find your book. He is to leave London to-morrow
(Time before Place!). Have you (du) been able to see
this film? He would not (= did not want to) answer.
My sisters had to go by air (= travel with the aeroplane).
I cannot speak Swedish. Can she speak Dutch ? We have
not been able to send you many apples, as the summer
has been too bad. We could not travel very quickly,
on account of the fog. You can go by bus to the station.
Will you sing us a song? I cannot sing, as I have a bad
cold.
Exercise 51
Kellner,^ bringen Sie uns zwei Glas* Bier, bitte!
Chauffeur, fahren Sie schnell zum Bahnhof! Geben Sie
mir bitte ein Eis. Gehen wir ins Kino! Bitte, wiegen
Sie diesen Brief für mich! Reichen Sie mir bitte den
Zucker! Lasst uns heute abend ins Theater gehen!
öffnen Sie bitte die Tür! Frage den Schutzmann
(den Polizisten) nach dem Wege! Wir wollen morgen
nach London gehen! Bitte, sagen Sie mir, wo ich eine
Taxe finden kann. Kaufen Sie mir einige Zigaretten!
Geben Sie mir eine Londoner Zeitung!
* I have had to may be rendered either by ich habe . sollen . .
or ich habe . müssen. Sollen implies duty or obligation,

. .
müssen indicates necessity.

• Recently it has become customary to address a waiter as
Ober or Herr Ober (Oberkellner, strictly speaking, is the head

I !
waiter, but in calUng a waiter this form of flattery is adopted.)

' Notice that in such expressions, where the English
of is
omitted, a masculine or neuter noun does not take the plural
form. A
feminine noun does, e.g.
zwei Flaschen Wein, two bottles of wine (die Flasche, bottle).
: :
LESSON XVIII
SEPARABLE AND INSEPARABLE VERBS

I. The Separable Prefix
In English we have the word upset. This is com-

posed of two separate words, up and set. But we cannot
separate these words without changing the meaning of
the whole. Set up means something very different from
upset.
Now in German we have two kinds of verbs made up
of a verb and another word. To the first class belong
what are called separable verbs, because the two parts
can be separated; the others are called inseparable,
because the two parts must always be kept together.
The peculiarities of separable verbs are these
1. In the Present and Imperfect Indicative and in the
Imperative the separable little word is taken away from
the front of the verb and put at the end of the sentence.
Thus, zurückkommen means to come hack so we have the ;
sentence, da kamen wir nach London zurück. In the

same way, kommen Sie zurück means come hack.
2. In the Past Participle and in the Infinitive the
ge- and zu- are put between the two parts of separable
verbs, losgelassen and zurückzukommen. Er wünschte
zurückzukommen = he wished to come back.
3. In pronouncing the word more stress is laid upon
the separable part, thus: zuriick'kommen, los'lassen.
Here are some separable verbs to practise on
ankommen, to arrive *einsteigen, to get in (vehicle)
aufstehen, to get up wegnehmen, to take away
ausgehen, to go out abreisen, to set out
fortfahren, to go on zumachen, to shut
be noted that separable verbs do not separate
It is to
I come back
their prefix unless in independent sentences.
soon =
ich komme bald zurück. But for " if I come
back soon " we write, wenn ich bald zurückkomme.
9«
— —
2. The Inseparable Prefix
The very fact that certain verbs are called separable

leads us to expect that certain other verbs are called
inseparable. Those inseparable verbs are made up of
two parts but the prefixes are
just like the separable,
never separated from the rest of the verb. The prefixes
that cannot be separated from the rest of the verb are:
be-, emp-, ent-, er-, ge-, hinter-, miss-, ver-, voll-,
wider-, zer-.
•behalten, to keep liinterlassen, to leave

empfangen, to receive missfallen, to displease
entscheiden, to decide vergessen, to forget
erschrecken, to be frightened vollbringen, to accomplish
(vor, at) widerstehen, to resist
gebrauchen, to use, to employ zerbrechen, to break
Besides the quality which gives them their name —that

of retaining the prefixes joined to the verb in all cases
these inseparable verbs have the following three charac-
teristics :
1. They do not admit of the prefix ge- in the Past

Participle. We say ich habe vergessen (not gever-
gessen).
2. The zu of the Infinitive is put before the prefix:
as zu misshandeln.
3. The accent is placed not on the prefix but on the
root part of the verb.
3. Some Special Cases
There are four prefixes durch-, über-, imter- and um-

— that give a good deal of trouble, because they are
sometimes separable and sometimes inseparable.
The test is: Does the preposition have its usual
meaning along with the verb? If it has, the compound
is a separable verb; if it has not, the compound is
an inseparable verb. Umgehen may mean " to go about/*
93
" to lounge about," " to go round." In these cases um-
has clearly retained its ordinary meaning, so it is separ-
able. I go about with my neighbour =
ich gehe mit
meinem Nachbar um, i.e. I associate with him. But
umgehen also means to elude, to avoid. Here um- has
not its literal meaning: it is used figuratively, so the
verb is inseparable. I avoid it = ich umgehe es.
In actual speech the separable forms accent the durch-,
über-, unter- and um-, the inseparables accent the root
of the verb. Thus: ü'bersetzen =
to set over; über-
se'tzen = to translate.
The inseparables form one class of verbs that do not
have ge- in the Past Participle. There is another, and
rather an important class. If any new verb comes into
Enghsh we at once make it into a regular verb by adding
-ed for both Past and Past Participle: Telegraph, tele-
graphed, telegraphed. The Germans just as naturally
make the verb end in -ieren and we have telegraphieren,
telegraphierte, telegraphiert; so with telephone: telö-
phonieren, telephonierte, telephoniert. Most new German
verbs, especially those derived from the classical languages
and from the French, end in -ieren and all German verbs
;
ending in -ieren have no ge- in the Past Participle, and

have the ordinary -te in the Past studieren, studierte,
:
studiert = to study; marschieren, marschierte, mar-

schiert = to march. The reason for the omission of the
ge- is that in these verbs, and in inseparable verbs, the
firstsyllable is not accented.
Notice carefully the order of the separable prefix:
Ich gehe jeden Tag aus.

Ich ging
:
The Particles Hin and Her

These particles are frequently added to form a com-
pound with the verb or with a separable prefix in order
further to define the direction.
Hin expresses a direction away from the point of view,
her a movement towards it. Everything depends on the
point from which we " project " the description. For
instance, if we describe a man walking along the street
and say he entered a house, we may take the point of
view of the man in the street and say hin, or the point
of view inside the house and say her.
These particles are very important and should be
constantly studied and practised.
Note the following:
(Kommen Sie) herein ! Come in ! (Einkommen is to come
in, enter.)
Gehen Sie hinaus Go out (Ausgehen, to go out.)
! !
Wir gingen die Strasse hinauf. We went up the street.

Er kam die Strasse herunter. He came down the street.
It follows that a person going anywhere will himself

say hin, as he must be going to a place away from him,
and a verb like kommen usually takes her.
The English there and where
These particles are often used to complete the sense

of direction, a fine point that is often lacking in English.
The words there and where are therefore dort
(da) or
dorthin (dahin), wo or wohin, according as the meaning
is there (in that place) or thither (to that place), or where
(in what place) or whither (to what place)
Wohin gehen Sie (Wo gehen Sie hin) ? Where are you
going?
Wo ist das Buch ? Where is the book ?
Er ging dorthin. He went there.
Er steht dort. He is standing there.
Er legte das Buch hin. He put the book down.
Der Junge fiel hin. The boy fell (down).
95
!

Vocab ulary
das Gepäck, luggage sonst, otherwise
der Träger, porter der Automat, ticket-machine
der Gepäckraum, cloak-room der Gepäckwagen, luggage-van
der Erfrischungsraum, refresh- der Platz, place, seat
ment-room der Abort, lavatory
der Schaffner, guard der Gang, corridor
die Lokomotive, engine das Netz, rack
der Wagen, carriage der Ausgang, exit
das Abteil, compartment der Wartesaal, waiting-room
das Raucherabteil, smoking der Bücherstand, bookstall
compartment der Bahnsteig, platform
"
das Nichtraucherabteil, non- das Trinkgeld, " tip
smoking compartment der Koffer, suit-case
der Schalter, ticket-office das Köfferchen, attache-case
die Rolltreppe, escalator der D-Zug, through train
die Karte, ticket der Zuschlag, extra (charge)
die Bahnsteigkarte, platform der Schlafwagen, sleeping-car
ticket der Aufenthalt, stop
die Hinfahrtskarte, single der Fahrplan, timetable
(ticket) der Schnellzug, fast train
die Rückfahrkarte, return der Eckplatz, corner-seat
(ticket) eintreten, to enter
die Verbindung, connection einsteigen, to enter (vehicle)
der Speisewagen, dining-car hinauslehnen, to lean out
lassen, to leave (thing) ankommen, to arrive
•verlassen, to leave (person or abfahren, to leave, depart
place) aussteigen, to alight
frei, free, vacant umsteigen, to change
besetzt, occupied, taken holen, to fetch
abholen, to meet (from the versäumen, to miss
station) verspätet, delayed, late
fahren, to run (of trains) zeigen, to show
pfeifen, to whistle furchtbar, terribly
rechtzeitig, punctual (ly) Alles umsteigen ! All change !
Einsteigen! Take your seats, zurückkommen, to come back,

please return
zurückgehen, to go back, return gähnen, to yawn
lesen, to read hinsetzen, to put down
Exercise 52
Müllers ^ wollten nach Köln fahren. Sie suchten einen
Schnellzug im Fahrplan. Ihr Gepäck war ganz fertig.
1 The Müllers.
96
Sie fuhren mit der Taxe zum Bahnhof. Herr Müller
kaufte die Karten am Schalter. Sie mussten zum Bahn-
steig neun eilen. Der Gepäckträger trug das Gepäck.
Hilde kaufte einige Bonbons und Frau Müller wählte
vom Bücherstand einige Zeitungen. Da der Zug ver-
spätet war, warteten sie ein bisschen im Wartesaal.
Dann fuhr der Zug herein. Der Träger setzte das
Gepäck in den Gepäckwagen und Herr Müller gab ihm
ein Trinkgeld. Sie stiegen alle in ein leeres Abteil
hinein. Hilde und Max wählten die Eckplätze, da sie
zum Fenster 'hinaussehen wollten. Herr Müller legte
sein Köfferchen auf das Netz.
Die Lokomotive pfiff und dann fuhren sie ab. Da sie
in einem Raucherabteil waren, begann Herr Müller zu
rauchen. Er raucht gern Zigaretten. In Aachen ^
mussten sie umsteigen. Um
halb eins gingen sie den
Gang entlang ^ zum Speisewagen. Nach dem Mittag-
essen gingen sie zu ihrem Abteil zurück. Max musste
zum Abort gehen, weil seine Hände furchtbar schmutzig
waren. Herr Müller gähnte. Er war müde und begann
zu schlafen. Als sie rechtzeitig in Köln ankamen,
stiegen sie schnell aus. Auf dem Bahnhof sahen sie
Onkel Otto und Tante Gisela. Ein Träger holte ihr
Gepäck vom Gepäckwagen. Herr Müller gab die Karten
ab und sie verHessen den Bahnhof. Sie fuhren eine
lange, enge Strasse hinauf und kamen am Hause des
Onkels an. Sie traten ins Haus hinein. Sie waren alle
müde und hungrig.
Exercise 53
Give me three singles for (nach) Stettin, please! Do
not lean out of the window! Porter, take my luggage
to the fast train for Cologne, please. Driver (Taxi),
drive quickly to the station, otherwise I shall miss the
* Aix-la-Chapelle.
* Entlang, along, follows the noun in the accusative.
97
:

train for Coblence (Koblenz). Must I change in Aix-la-
Chapelle? house at half-past six.^ All the
I left the
seats were occupied. We returned last Monday to
Berlin. Is there (omit there) a seat vacant for me? The
through-train leaves at 9.30.^ Aunt Marie met her
at (von) the station. Did you miss the connection at
Kassel? A tall man entered the room and spoke to me.
My hat is in the dining-car. If you travel by this fast
train you will have to pay extra. Put your case down.
Where are you going? Where have you put your
gloves? Where are the tickets?
LESSON XIX
CARDINAL NUMBERS
We have already had the numbers from one up to
twenty. Now we must have the others. Old-fashioned
people among ourselves still say five-and-twenty for 25.
This is the regular way in German.
21 einundzwanzig 50 fünfzig
22 zweiundzwanzig 53 dreiundfünfzig
23 dreiundzwanzig 60 sechzig (note the s omitted)
24 vicrundzwanzig 64 vierundsechzig
25 fünfundzwanzig 70 siebzig
26 sechsundzwanzig 75 fünfundsiebzig
27 siebenundzwanzig 80 achtzig
28 achtund zwanzig 86 sechsundachtzig
29 neunundzwanzig go neunzig
30 dreissig 97 siebenundneunzig
31 einunddreissig 100 hundert
40 vierzig loi hundert und eins
42 zweiund vierzig 102 hundert und zwei
The hundreds go quite regularly, zweihundert, drei-

hundert, vierhundert, and so on. So with the thousands
Tausend =
i 000, zweitausend =
2 000, dreitausend =
3 000, etc. In a general way a hundred and a thousand
* um halb sieben. * um halb zehn.
— :
ORDINAL NUMBERS
are simply hundert and tausend without the ein. But
ifwe want to speak of one hundred or one thousand
we say einhundert and eintausend (one word in each case)
respectively. A milUon is eine Million (with accent on
the on).
Here follow some examples of big numbers expressed
in words:
123 = hundert dreiund zwanzig.
947 = neunhundert siebenundvierzig.
304 = dreihundert und vier.
I 032 = (ein) tausend zweiunddreissig.
I 870= (ein) tausend achthundert siebzig or achtzehnhundert
(und) siebzig.
I 900 = (ein) tausend neunhundert or neunzehnhundert.
I 563 825 = eine Million fünfhundertdreiundsechzigtausend
achthundert fünfundzwanzig.
Hundert and tausend when used alone {i.e. not as

and form their plural
adjectives) are regarded as nouns,
nominative and accusative by adding -e and dative by
adding -en.
The simple arithmetical processes are as follows
zweimal drei ist sechs =»2 X 3 •= 6

drei und vier ist sieben "=3 + 4 =7
neun geteilt durch drei ist drei =9-^-3 =3
dreissig weniger zwanzig ist zehn = 30 — 20= 10
ORDINAL NUMBERS
The numbers we have been dealing with up till now
are called cardinal numbers, because all other numbers
hinge upon them cardo, cardinis, being Latin for
a hinge. But we sometimes want to express the order in
which things occur, and then we use what are called the
ordifial numbers —
first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth,
etc. You first three end differently from

note that the
allthe rest. Just as we make a cardinal number into
an ordinal by adding -th, so the Germans do the same
thing by adding -te. Thus vierte, fünfte, sechste, and so
99
: ;

on up to neunzehnte, ist and 3rd are irregular, erste
and dritte 2nd is quite regular, zweite.
;
From 20 onwards all the numbers add -ste: 20th =

zwanzigste 90th neunzigste
;
=
looth =^ hundertste ; ;
i,oooth =
tausendste.
But if a large number ends with a German number
between one and nineteen inclusive it ends in -te: 112th
= hundertundzwölfte; 1,010th tausendundzehnte. =
The -te or the -ste are the ordinary endings of adjec-
tives, and only the parts of numbers which have these
terminations are declined.
He has chosen the loist man. Er hat den hundertundersten

Mann gewählt.
His fifth attempt, sein fünfter Versuch.
There are certain very useful terminations used in

connection with numbers
1. -erlei when added means of so many kinds : zweierlei

dreierlei, achterlei, hunderterlei = of two kinds, of three
kinds, of eight kinds, of a hundred kinds respectively;
allerlei = of all kinds ; vielerlei = of many kinds.
-mal means so many times:
2. einmal once; =
fünfmal =
five times zehnmal ten times tausend-
; = ;
mal —
a thousand times.
3. -fach means so many fold: einfach = onefold (it
also means simple) ; vierfach = fourfold ; hundertfach =

a hundredfold.
4. -ns when added to the ordinal numbers gives
meanings corresponding to our " -ly " in numbers:
erstens = firstly ; zweitens = secondly ; sechstens =
sixthly, and so on.
5. to the ordinals gives the forms
-tel when added
corresponding to our fractions das Drittel the third : =
das Viertel the fourth = das Sechstel the sLxth. ; =
For anything above 19 the ending is -stel das Dreissig- :
stel. I =
drei Viertel | fünf Siebentel drei-
;
= ; H=
zehn Zwanzigstel.
DATES AND LETTERS
In order to deal with dates we must learn the names
of thedays of the week and the months of the year.
Das Jahr =
the year der Monat the month
; die = ;
Woche =
the week.
January Januar May Mai September Septem'ber

February Februar June Juni October Okto'ber
March März July Juli November Novem'ber
April April' August August' December Dezem'ber
Sunday Sonntag Tuesday Dienstag Thursday Donnerstag
Monday Montag Wednesday Mittwoch Friday Freitag
Saturday Samstag or Sonnabend
Our English way of saying of a Sunday or on Sundays

isrepresented in German by merely adding an -s to the
day of the week we refer to.
On before a day of the week is translated an dem, con-
tracted into am am Samstag on Saturday am
: = ;
Sonntag = on Sunday.
The words for the months and days are all mascuHne
in German, as are also the words for the four seasons.
Spring, der Frühling Autumn, der Herbst

Summer, der Sommer Winter, der Winter
In before a month or a season is translated by in dem,

contracted into im im Juli in July
: =
im Frühling ; =
in spring.
But if we express a particular day of the month we
use am. Thus:
On the 5th of November, am fünften November.
On the i8th of June in the year 1815, am achtzehnten Juni
im Jahre achtzehnhundert fünfzehn.
Dates are also expressed by the accusative of the
articlewithout a preposition, as: den vierten Juli on =
the 4th of July.
The hours of the day are represented by a numeral and
the feminine word Uhr always in the singular: 11 o'clock
: .

= elf Uhr: 4 o'clock = vier Uhr. We know that auf
means direction towards and nach means after, so we are
not surprised to find that ein Viertel auf sechs and ein
Viertel nach fünf mean the same thing: a quarter past
five. Similarly, drei Viertel auf drei and ein Viertel vor
drei both can stand for a quarter to three. Scottish
students will recognise an old friend in the phrase halb
vier = half-four: this means half towards four, and there-
fore means half-past three. The most usual way with
minutes is to use the number with nach up to the half-
hour past, and the number with vor from the half-hour
up to the next hour. Thus: 4.25 p.m. will be nach-
mittags um fünfundzwanzig Minuten nach vier; 4.35
a.m. will be morgens um fünfundzwanzig Minuten vor
fünf. When anything is done at a certain time we use
the preposition um, as um zehn Uhr =
at 10 o'clock.
The question, What o'clock is it? is put Wieviel Uhr ist es ?
The student should endeavour to get into touch
with a German living in Germany who would be willing
to correspond with him. This gives an added interest
to his studies and by correcting each other's mistakes
the correspondence can be beneficial to both sides.
How to begin a letter:
(Die Adresse)
den 15. Juli 1938.
(Die Anschrift):
Lieber Karl ! Dear Charles,
Mein lieber Heinrich ! My dear Henry,
Liebe Käthi! Dear Kathleen,
Meine liebste Ottilie! My dearest Ottilie,
Not SO intimate
Lieber Herr Klein? Dear Mr, Small,
Liebe Frau Schmidt! Dear Mrs. Smith, i
Sehr geehrtes Fräulein Braun! Dear Miss Brown,
Geehrter Herr Doktor! Dear Doctor .
Besten (Schönen) Dank für Ihren Brief (Ihre Karte) vom 3.

März. Many thanks for your letter (card) of the 3rd March
: :
DATES AND LETTERS

Ihren interessanten Brief vom 9. April habe ich gestern
erhalten. Besten Dank I received your interesting
!
letter of the 9th April yesterday. Many thanks.

Ich lege Ihnen hiermit ein neues Bild von mir (von meinem
Haus, von meinem Hund) bei. I enclose a new photo «i
myself (of house, my dog).
my
How to end a letter:
Mit schönem Gruss an Sie und Ihre werte Frau, with best
wishes to you and your wife.
Meine Schwester lässt Sie herzlich grüssen, my sister sends
you her kind regards.
Mit den freundlichsten Grüssen, with sincerest wishes.
In der Hoffnung, bald im Besitz Ihrer Antwort zu sein.
Hoping to get your answer shortly.
Ihr (Stets Ihr), Yours truly (sincerely),
N. N.
More formal and business-like
Hochachtungsvoll, Yours faithfully,

J. B. J. B.
b.w. I =
bitte wenden ! = P.T.O.
N.S. (or RS.) = P.S.
How to address the envelope
Herrn O. Hasenwinkel,
Recklinghau sen,
Kellerstrasse 13.
Fraulein Ottilie Weissdorn,

bei Herrn Dr. Leineweber,
Rostock,
Wilhelmstr. 10.
Bitte nachsenden Please forward.

!
EUt sehr Urgent

1 1
Wenn unbestellbar, zurück an N. In case of non-deliver5\

please return to N.
103
(C)
;
COMPARISON
the Germans (in the case of monosyllables) generally
modify the vowel if it happens to be a, o, or u.
When more than two things are compared, we use
what is called the Superlative degree of the adjective.
This is indicated in English by the ending -est, as in
strongest) the German ending is practically the same as
in English it is -st.
; Thus strongest should be stärkst,
:
but since the Superlative is always used with the article

or some demonstrative word it never in practice ends
baldly in -st, but must have the usual termination of an
adjective used attributively.
Der stärkste Mann, the strongest man.

Mein stärkster Freund, my strongest friend.
Dieser Mann ist am stärksten, this man is strongest.
When an adjective ends in d, t, s, ss, sch or z, or a

vowel, there is an e put in before the st, making it
exactly like English hart hard härtest
: = hardest
; =
treu, faithful, treuest, most faithful.
The ordinary form of the adjective is called the
Positive so we have the following table drawn up under
;
three heads:
The following one-syllabled adjectives do not take the
Umlaut in comparison:
false
COMPARISON
It is plain that the am besten form is used when there
is really no comparison with other things in the same
sentence. It states that the quality of the adjective
exists in the highest degree in the subject of the sentence.
In this form there is no noun implied as following the
adjective, whereas in the der beste form there is an
implied noun: der gerade Weg ist der beste (Weg).
There are three kinds of comparison, each of which
deserves attention:
1. Comparison indicating equality: this is expressed
by (eben) so . . . wie.
I am as gocxi as you. Ich bin so gut wie Sie.
The boy was as brave as his father. Der Knabe war ebenso
tapfer wie sein Vater.
2. Comparison involving inferiority in respect of the

quality indicated by the adjective. In this case we use
the form nicht so . . . wie ; i.e. the eben is omitted.
You are not so bad as she. Sie sind nicht so schlecht wie sie.
He isnot as clever as his sister. Er ist nicht so geschickt
wie seine Schwester.
3. Comparison involving superiority in respect of the

quality indicated by the This is the common-
adjective.
est form, and is expressed by the ordinary comparative
followed by als.
The son was stronger than his father. Der Sohn war stärker
als sein Vater.
4. When two adjectives refer to the same subject, the

form with mehr is usual:
He is more sly than clever. Er ist mehr schlau als klug.
The peculiar expression, the so-and-so the so-and-so, is

expressed in German by je . . . desto or je . . . je.
The older a man is the wiser he is. Je älter ein Mann ist,
desto klüger ist er.
Note the construction; je requires the verb to be thrown

to the end, desto requires inversion of verb.
107
:

The more the better, je mehr desto besser.
The longer the better, je länger je lieber.
When there is only one the with the comparative it is
rendered by desto or urn so.

The better for you, desto besser für Sie, or um so besser für
Sie.
The Adverb
Many adverbs (saying how a thing is done) have the
same form as the corresponding adjectives, e.g. :
Das Mädchen istschön. The girl is beautiful.

Das Mädchen schreibt schön. The girl writes beautifully.
The Comparison of the Adverb

f schön r schöner ram schönsten
1 beautifully \more beautifully I most beautifuDy
There is another absolute form, aufs beste :
Sie sang aufs beste. She sang as best she could.
Four irregular adverbs are worth learning here

COMPARISON
Exercise 55
From the following " skeletons " make up comparisons,
thus:
Die Maus, klein, der Hund.

Die Maus ist kleiner als der Hund.
London, gross, die Vereinigten Staaten. Die Erde,

klein, die Sonne. Die Themse, lang, der Rhein. Paris,
alt, Rom. Das Gold, hart, das Eisen. Die Stadt,
gross, das Dorf. Die Luft, schwer, das Wasser. Der
Elefant, stark, der Mann. Die Katze, falsch, der Hund.
Der Knabe, klug, das Mädchen. Der Schmetterling,
schnell, die Schwalbe. Die See, tief, der See. Der
Eiffelturm, hoch, der Kölner Dom.
Exercise 56
Wieviel kosten diese Äpfel? Sind diese Kirschen
teuerer als jene dort? Diese sind am teuersten. Marie
ist das netteste Mädchen im Dorf. Ottilie singt schön,
Hilde singt schöner, aber Else singt am schönsten.
Welcher Junge ist am klügsten? Otto ist der klügste,
aber Konrad ist fast ebenso klug. Ist Belgien nicht so
gross wie Holland? Dieses Mädchen ist ebenso hübsch
wie ihre ^ Schwester. Je älter ein Mann wird, desto
weniger kann er lernen. Ein höherer Baum als jener ist
in unserem Garten. Können Sie Deutsch sprechen? Ja?
Um so besser. Je früher wir ankommen, desto länger
werden wir warten müssen. Je mehr er trank, desto
durstiger wurde er. Diese Fahrräder sind am besten.
Otto ist der grösste Junge in der Klasse. Es ist an-
genehmer hier im Garten als im Hause. Irmgard ist
fleissiger als ihr Bruder. Wir müssen vorsichtiger durch
diesen Nebel fahren. Diese Kirschen sind die süssesten.
Der Garten sieht im Sommer hübscher aus als im Winter.
^ Grammatically, seine should be used« but ihre is more com-
mon with das Mädchen and das Fräulein.
109
:

Exercise 57
The more industriously he works, the less he learns.
The water is colder to-day than yesterday. It is getting
(werden) darker. It was getting slowly lighter (brighter).
Otto is tall, Konrad is taller, and Wilhehn is the tallest.
Marie sings more sweetly than her sister. Are you as
lazy as your brother? This boy does not look as clever
as his brother. The longer we wait here the darker
it willbe when we go back home. I have very little,
she has less and her cousin (girl) has least. This dog
is the most faithful. Is that knife sharper than this?
I answered as best I could. I shall buy the biggest and
sweetest apples. The teacher will give this book to the
cleverest schoolboy.
LESSON XXI
POSSESSIVE AND CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS
In old-fashioned English we could say mine host, minf
inn, mine enemy, but now we always say my. My, thy,
our, their, her, your, always demand a noun to follow
them, while mine, thine, ours, theirs, hers, yours, can do
without a noun, but insist upon having a verb. My book,
but the book is mine your house, but this house is yours.
;
When the possessive is used as a pronoun it can be

represented in two ways
I. By-
Singular Plural
meiner (m) meine (f) meines (n) meine (all genders)
These forms are treated exactly like ordinary adjectives

used without any article.
Dein Vater ist arm, meiner ist reich. Thy father is poor,
mine is rich.
Das ist nicht sein Buch, es ist meines. That is not his book,
it is mine.
:
POSSESSIVE AND CORRELATIVE PRONOUNS

2. By using the following form with the definite
article
Singular
Diejenigen, welche = those who (such as).
He who has come is not my friend = derjenige, welcher
gekommen ist, ist nicht mein Freund.
(Instead of derjenige, welcher the one word wer ma}- be

used if no particular person is indicated. Wer das sagt,
lügt! Who (or He who) sa3^s that, is lying!)
I have seen your house and your father's. Ich habe Ihr
Haus und das (or dasjenige) Ihres Vaters gesehen.
Note that instead of derjenige, etc., der, die, das;
pl. die, may be used.
derselbe dieselbe dasselbe dieselben
This word means the same, and can be used, just like
derjenige, as either an adjective or a pronoun.
Derselbe Mann, the same man. Derselbe, the same one.
Exercise 58
Diese Handschuhe sind meine, jene sind deine. Lesen
Sie immer dieselbe Zeitung? Mein Haus ist nicht so
gross wie das Ihrige. Ihr Garten ist länger als der
unsrige. Ich habe mein Buch und das meines Bruders
gelesen. Ich habe sein Auto gesehen, aber nicht das ihrige.
Diejenigen, welche zu spät ankommen, müssen hier
warten. Wir essen immer in demselben Restaurant. Er
hat immer in derselben Strasse gewohnt. Wer nicht
arbeitet, soll nicht essen. Sie hat meinen Hut gefunden,
aber nicht den seinigen.
Exercise 59
These (das) are your books, not mine.
His brother
is cleverer than hers. My
sharper than yours
knife is
(du form). Both aunts live in the same town. He is

reading the same book. Those who do not work hard
(= industriously) will learn nothing. Their trees are
taller than ours. She always buys the same sweets.
Our city is bigger than yours. His work is better than
his sister's. His house is not so small as his uncle's.
Those who work best may go home early.
—
LESSON XXII
ORDER OF WORDS
It is now worth while revising all that has been said
about the order of words in German. You have now had
experience of the order actually used, and so will be ready
to appreciate general rules in a way you could not before.
Then shrieked the timid and stood still the brave. Here we
have two independent clauses joined by and. Each could
stand alone and make complete sense then the timid
shrieked is one statement, and the brave stood still is another.
Such clauses are called principal or independent clauses.
The timid shrieked because the ship was sinking. Here
ihe timid shrieked can stand alone as before and lead to
no question. But we cannot read the clause because
the ship was sinking without knowing that something
important has been left out. The second clause, in fact,
depends upon the first and is called a dependent or
subordinate clause. In the following sentences the prin-
cipal clause is printed in ordinary type, the subordinate
or dependent clause in italics: He said that he was poor.
The boys who came this morning have returned. Go
where he sends you.
Examining these clauses we find that the words that
he was poor tell us something. If we ask what he said
the answer is that he was poor. This clause therefore
stands for a thing and in fact does the duty of a noun,
and is called a noun clause. Who came this morning teUs
us something about the boys, distinguishes these boys
—
from other boys in fact, it does the work of an adjective,
and is called an adjectival clause. Where he sends you in
like manner does the work of an adverb, and is called an
adverbial clause.
Taking up the principal clause first, we find that, with
two important exceptions, the order of words in German
is the same as in English if the sentence begins with the
subject. The two exceptions are:
"3
1. The Past Participle, the Infinitive, and the Separ-
able Prefix are always placed at the end of the clause,

and if there be both a Past Participle and an Infinitive,
the Infinitive goes to the end and the Past Participle
takes the place second from the end. Ich habe das
Buch gekauft =
I have bought the book ich werde das ;
Buch kaufen =
I shall buy the book; ich kam nach
Haus zurück =I came back home; ich werde geliebt
werden = I be loved.
shall
2. The second exception is of the utmost importance
to us, because we are very liable to make mistakes by
carrying our English custom into German. In English
we often put an adverb between the subject and the
—
predicate in fact, the very words we have just used
illustrate this we often put, etc.
: Now, this is never done
in German. We often put, etc., must read wir setzen oft,
etc. No word connected with the predicate can ever
come between the subject and the personal verb. There
are a few conjunctions which may be placed between the
subject and the personal verb; the most usual of these
are:
aber, but nämlich, namely jedoch, yet, still,
also, so, thus indessen, whilst, however however
as:
Der König aber schlug ihn tot. But the king struck him
dead.
You must be continually on your guard against putting

in adverbs between the subject and its verb.
If for any reason the subject does not begin the
clause, a peculiar change called inversion takes place,
by which the subject is put after its personal verb. In
English we might say. The soldier fortunately was
present. This must be translated either: (i) Der Soldat
war glücklicherweise zugegen, or (2) Glücklicherweise
war der Soldat zugegen.
There are a few little words so insignificant that
114
: :
ORDER OF WORDS
they may come before the subject without causing
inversion. These are:
aber, but entweder, either und, and
denn, for oder, or
So far we have been deahng with the principal clause.

In the case of the subordinate clause the essential point
is that the verb is placed at the end
Der Junge ging ins Bett, weil er krank war. The boy went
to bed because he was ill.
Die Jungen, die heute morgen kamen, sind im Garten. The
boys who came this morning are in the garden.
Gehen Sie, wohin er Sie schickt. Go where he sends you.
In subordinate clauses the Separable Prefix joins
up with its verb:
Bevor er ausging, before he went out.
If two infinitives stand at the end, the auxiliaries

haben, sein or werden wiU precede the infinitives instead
of following:
Da wir ihn haben finden können, as we have been able to
find him.
In all sorts of clauses the following general principles

are true
Certain verbs govern two cases, one of which
1.
is the accusative, and the other may be either the
genitive or the dative. The general rule of order in
such cases is that of two nouns the dative comes before
the accusative, the genitive after.
Sie werden den König eines Unrechts anklagen. They will
accuse the king of an injustice.
Schicken Sie dem Wirte die Briefe. Send the letters to the
landlord.
2. A personal pronoun, which is the object (whether

direct or indirect) of the verb, generally comes before any
noun or adverb in the clause.
Er hat ihnen endlich die Briefe geschickt. He has at last
sent them the letters.
115
—
3. If there are several adverbs, they are usually
arranged in the following order: (i) adverbs of time,
(2) adverbs of place, (3) adverbs of manner.
Er hat es zuletzt gut getan. He has done it well at last.

Wir haben morgens im Hause schwer gearbeitet. We
worked hard at home in the morning.
Vocabulary
der Strand, beach zurückkehren, to return
der Kieselstein, pebble die Promenade, promenade
der Sand, sand das Segel, sail
die Garnele, shrimp das Netz, net
der Felsen, rock das Schwimmbad, bathing-
die Klippen, cliffs pool
der Leuchtturm, lighthouse der Badeanzug, bathing-cos-
der Krebs, crab tume
der Dampfer, steamer das Sonnenbad, sun-bath
das Segelschiff, sailing-boat die Boje, buoy
das Fischerboot, fishing-boat der Spaziergang, walk
die Pension, boarding-house der Ausflug, outing, excursion
das Hotel ( s, — s), hotel die Seemöwe, seagull
der Liegestuhl, deck-chair das Sandschloss, sand-castle
die Hütte, hut die Bademütze, bathing-cap
die Strandkabine, bathing-hut der Strandschuh, beach-shoe
der Badende, bather schwimmen, to swim
die Ferien, holidays verbringen, to spend (time)
die Kapelle, orchestra, band ausgeben, to spend (money)
der Sonnenhut, sun-hat klettern, to climb
die Welle, wave tauchen, to dive
anziehen, to put on (clothes) retten, to rescue
ausziehen, to take off (clothes) ertrinken, to be drowned
liegen, to lie (down) viel Spass haben, to have a
sitzen, to sit, be seated good time
mieten, to hire Golf spielen, to play golf
packen, to pack Cricket spielen, to play cricket
Fussball spielen, to play football der Spass, joke
die Südküste (Ost-, Nord-, West-), South. East, North, West
Coast
Exercise 60
Letzten verbrachten wir unsere Sommer-
Sommer
ferien an der Nordküste Deutschlands. Wir packten
116
ORDER OF WORDS
unsere Koffer und fuhren am 28. August nach Swine-
münde Das Wetter war prachtvoll während des
ab.
ganzen Monates, den wir dort verbrachten. Wir wohn-
ten in einem grossen Hotel, das neben dem Strand war.
Jeden Morgen standen wir früh auf. Nach dem
Frühstück gingen wir zum Strand hinunter. Wir
trugen unsere Badeanzüge mit uns, und wenn das
Wetter warm war, zogen wir unsere Badeanzüge und
Bademützen an und schwammen in der See. Ich kann
nicht wie (like) ein Fisch schwimmen, doch (yet)
schwimme ich sehr gem. Einige kleine Kinder, deren
Eltern (parents) in Liegestühlen sassen, machten Sand-
schlösser. Andere spielten Fussball oder suchten Gar-
nelen und Krebse mit ihren Netzen. Nach dem Baden
lagen wir auf dem warmen Sand und nahmen em Son-
nenbad. Bald wurden wir ganz braun, fast wie Neger
(black men). Eines Tages sahen wir einen Jungen in
der See. Er konnte nicht sehr gut schwinmien. Ein
Fischer hat ihn vom Ertrinken gerettet.
Manchmal machten wir einen Ausflug auf einem
Fischerboot. Das war sehr schön, und wir hatten viel
Spass. Wir tauchten von dem Boot in die See. Es
war ganz schön, wenn die Wellen gross waren. Oft
kletterten wir die KHppen hinauf, oder machten einen
Spaziergang den Strand entlang.^
Mein Vater hatte eine Strandkabine gemietet -und so
konnten wir nachmittags Kaffee am Strand trinken.
Mein Vater spielte oft Golf auf dem schönen Golfplatz.
Wir waren ganz traurig, als wir nach Hause haben
zurückkehren müssen.
Exercise 6 t
I want to leave for Stuttgart to-morrow morning.

In the autumn we must pick the apples and plough the
fields. Where is the basket into which I put the apples?
1 Entlang usnally follows the noun in the accusative : along
the beach.
»7
:

At Christmas we have four days hohdays. We must
not smoke here, for it is forbidden. The child whose
parents are dead is very clever. I cannot read this letter
because it is so badly written. Therefore you must show
me the letter you wrote this morning. Yesterday it
rained as I was coming up the street. The man to whom
I was talking yesterday is the mayor. Before you go out
show me the newspaper you bought this morning.
He went out yesterday evening although he was ill.
As it was so late he went immediately to bed. Whilst he
was putting on his coat he heard somebody at the door.
LESSON XXIII
PASSIVE VOICE
The Imperfect of werden is very easy

Imperfect of werden
Singular Plural
1. ich wurde wir wurden
f Sie wurden
2. du wurdest {^^^ ^^^^^
3. er wurde sie wurden
We can use werden with the Past Participle as weU

as with the Infinitive, but then
it has quite a different
meaning.
Ich werde lieben = I shall love.
Ich werde geliebt = I am loved.
Werden and the Infinitive make the Future tense;

werden and the Past Participle make what is called the
Passive voice. The Passive indicates that the subject
of the verb does not act, but is rather acted upon. It
indicates how the subject is affected by the action of
others upon it.
:
PASSIVE VOICE
The four commonest tenses of the Passive are: the

Present, / am the Imperfect, / was loved; the
loved;
Perfect, / have been loved and the Pluperfect, J had been
;
loved.
Present: ich werde geUebt.

Imperfect ich wurde gehebt.
:
To make the two Perfect tenses we require the Past

Participle of werden. This Past Participle is geworden.
Note that this Past Participle has no ge before it
when it is used to form the Passive of another verb.
Ich bin geworden means " I have become."
Ich war geworden means " I had become."
So if we put in the Past Participle of lieben we get
Ich bin gehebt worden, meaning " I have become loved,"

or, more simply, " I have been loved."
Ich war geliebt worden, means " I had become loved " or
" I had been loved."
Sometimes the Past Participle is used like an adjective,

and when this is done there is apt to be some confusion
with the Passive. If we find a soldier lying dead with
a bullet hole in his head we may say: Er ist getötet =
he is killed. Here there is no action, therefore no Passive
voice. Er wird getötet is the Passive form, and implies
that he is being killed: that the killing is going on.
When you are in doubt whether a Participle is to be used
as a Passive or not, ask yourself whether you can put
this action into the progressive form. Bestrafen to =
pmiish. / am punished. Is the punishing going on?
Yes; then ich werde bestraft. No; then ich bin bestraft.
The following examples will help to make this point clear.
I shall punish. Ich werde bestrafen.
The soldiers are being rescued. Die Soldaten werden
gerettet.
The were rescued {i.e. were in the state
soldiers Oi" now being
safe). Die Soldaten waren gerettet.
i»9
They had been rescued. Sie waren gerettet worden.
I have been punished. Ich bin bestraft worden.
She is asked. Sie wird gefragt.
When by is used with the Passive it is always rendered

von to denote the agent, durch to denote the instrument:
Der Knabe wird von seinem Vater bestraft. The boy is

punished by his father.
Der Soldat wurde durch einen Pfeil getötet. The soldier
was killed by an arrow.
Exercise 62
Put in the proper form of sein or werden (to form either

Passive or Future) according to the meaning:
Dieser Briefkasten —
dreimal am Tage (a day) vom
Briefträger geleert (emptied). Dieser Brief gestern —
von meiner Stenotypistin geschrieben. der Brief —
schon geschrieben? Ich — meinen Freund in Bonn
besuchen. Das Telegramm — gestern geschickt. Als
wir ankamen, — die Tür schon geschlossen. Das
Haus — schon gebaut worden. Dieses Kleid — letztes
Jahr vom Schneider gemacht.
Exercise 63
I have been asked by my brother to ^ go to Berlin.

These apples were picked yesterday by the baker's chil-
dren. When (wann) will these letters be written?
The child has been punished. This newspaper is read
every day by thousands of (Tausenden von) men and
women. Has the car already been repaired? Have you
been seen by anyone? The letter-box is now being
cleared (emptied) by the postman. This dress will be
made by the tailor. When was this book written?
^ Zu. Do not forget that the infinitive goes to the end.
120
: :
LESSON XXIV
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS
I. Verbs taking the Dative
As we have seen before, there are certain verbs which
sometimes require to in EngUsh when the Dative without
preposition is required in German. Such verbs take
two objects, a direct and an indirect, this preceding
the direct if both are nouns, and following if both are
pronouns. If one is a pronoun and the other a noun,
the pronoun comes first. Such are
sich nähern, to approach •(an) bieten, to offer

•geben, to give widmen, to dedicate, devote
schenken, to present •schreiben, to write ^
reichen, to pass sagen, to tell "
schicken, to send erzählen, to relate, tell
erwidern, to reply leihen, to lend
zeigen, to show •vorlesen, to read (aloud) to
•beschreiben, to describe verweigern i ^
^^^"^«
•befehlen, to order •abschlagen)*«
erlauben ^
•»
,, vertrauen, to trust
gestatten/^«^"^^^ anvertrauen, to entrust
Examples
Ich näherte mich dem Löwen. I drew near to the lion.
Er vertraute seinem Bruder das Kind an. He entrusted the
child to his brother.
Wir schlugen es ihm ab. We refused it him.
The following govern the Dative, where the reason is
not so apparent to the English student:

danken, to thank dienen, to serve
antworten, to answer (person) folgen, to follow
begegnen, to meet •gefallen, to please
gehorchen, to obey gehören, to belong
•geschehen, to happen glauben, to believe (person)
•helfen, to help nützen, to be of use
passen, to fit schmeicheln, to flatter
Also an -|- Ace. before noun. * To say to = sagen zu.

) )

2. Verbs governing the Genitive
The Genitive noun follows the Accusative.
sich bedienen, to use sich erinnern,* to remember

sich schämen." to be ashamed of anklagen, to accuse of
berauben, to rob of überzeugen, to convince of
versichern, to assure of
3. Verbs follov/ed by the Nominative

^bleiben, to remain *sein, to be
"heissen, to be called »werden, to become
4. Verbs taking a different Preposition

All the following verbs taking a preposition different
from that in EngHsh take the Accusative, except those
marked with a dagger (f), and these require the Dative.
(a) An:
adressieren, to address {mes- glauben, to believe
sage) sich lehnen, to lean against
denken, to think of erinnern, to remind of
sterben, to die of (illness) (f sich erinnern, to remember
sich wenden, to apply to teilnehmen, to take part in (f
zweifeln, to doubt of (j)
(h) Auf:
''achtgeben auf, pay attention to warten auf, to wait for
antworten auf, answer {thing) »sich verlassen auf, to rely on
zählen auf, to count on
(c) Aus:
werden, to become (f) übersetzen, to translate from (f)
bestehen, to consist of (j) machen, to make from (f)
(d) Bei:
bleiben, to stay with (f) wohnen, to live with (f)
* Also takes an -f Ace. * Also takes über + Ace.
12S
GOVERNMENT OF VERBS
(e) Nach:
fragen, to ask for (|) schicken, to send for (f)
zielen, to aim at (f) sich sehnen, to long for (|)
(/) Über:
sich ärgern, to be annoyed at lachen, to laugh at »
erstaunen, to be surprised at spotten, to make fun of
sich wundern, to wonder at erröten, to blush at
sich freuen, to rejoice at sich aufregen, to get excited at
sich schämen, to be ashamed of
ig) Um:
spielen, to play for kämpfen, to struggle for
bitten, to ask for
(h) Vor:
sich fürchten," to be afraid of (f) warnen, to warn of (f)
zittern, to tremble with (f) schützen, to protect from (f)
Note also : vor Freude tanzen, to dance for joy

vor Hunger sterben, to die of hunger
Exercise 64
Ich dankte ihm für seinen Brief. Er starb an Gicht
(gout). Er ärgerte sich über meine Antwort. Ich fragte
nach dem Preis (price) der Äpfel. Er hat dieses Buch
aus dem Deutschen übersetzt, während er bei seiner
Tante wohnte. Er befahl dem Manne, auf den Zug zu
warten. Das Mädchen errötete über diese Antwort.
Ich vertraue Ihnen diese Arbeit an. Wem gehört das
Haus mit dem roten Dach? Erlauben Sie mir, Ihnen zu
helfen. Ich las meiner Mutter den Brief vor. Be-
schreiben Sie mir die Stadt, wo Sie wohnen. Erinnern
Sie sich an den Tag, wo ^ wir dem Manne begegneten?
Was ist aus Ihrem Bruder geworden? Der Junge lehnte
1 But : I laugh at him. Ich lache ihn aus.
" I fear that . . . = ich fürchte, dass . . .
' When after a noun of time =wo.
123
sich an die Wand. Folgen Sie mir, bitte! Gefällt es
Ihnen hier in England? Das englische Wetter gefällt
mir nicht. Sie können sich auf ihn verlassen. Wann
haben Sie Ihrer Schwester diese Armbanduhr geschenkt?
Die anderen lachten und spotteten über den armen
Jungen. Das kleine Mädchen fürchtete sich vor der
grossen Kuh. Der arme Mann bat mich um Geld
(money). Wir zitterten vor Kälte (cold).
Exercise 65
The girls and boys danced for joy. My nephew iWs
become a sailor. I was surprised at his letter. Whom
are you thinking of ? Ask for the price of the coat in
the shop-window. Pass the sugar to your brother,
please. Did you Hke the film yesterday evening? I do
not believe her. Have you not sent for the doctor?
I fear that we shall have bad weather to-morrow. I
allowed the children to play in the garden. We told the
policeman the whole story (die Geschichte). He asked
me for money, but I refused it him. I do not remember
the girl. He got excited at my answer, and ordered me
to show him the book. He leaned against the door and
would not aUow me to go out. Are you afraid of lions?
There is the man whom we met at the '* Red Lion."
LESSON XXV
THE ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE
The EngHsh Present Participle of the verb (i.e. the
part ending in ~ing) is a fruitful source of difficulty to
the English student of German. Here is a list of the
main points to be noticed:
I. The German Present Participle in -end is used as an
adjective before the noun (rarely can it be used after
1*4
THE ENGLISH PRESENT PARTICIPLE
and it may be used adverbially or to form a noun
it),
which in English would end in -er :
Der sterbende Mann,* the dying man.

Sie hat eine auffallend musikahsche Stimme. She has a
strikingly musical voice.
Der Reisende,* der Badende, the traveller, the bather,
2. After the verb bleiben, to remain, and those men-

tioned in the next lesson, under the Infinitive, section
I (c), the EngHsh Present Participle is rendered by the
simple Infinitive:
Er blieb sitzen. He remained sitting.
Ich sah ihn spielen. I saw him playing,
3. When the English Present Participle is a noun the

simple Infinitive is used in German:
Das Rauchen ist hier verboten. Smoking is forbidden here.

Er ist des Wartens müde. He is tired of waiting.
(Note the position of müde: adjectives in German

frequently come at the end like this.)
4. In most other cases best to turn the Present

it is
Participle into a clause,

co-ordinate with und, sub-
ordinate or relative, according to the meaning. Note
the following:
He sat smoking on a chair = he sat on a chair and smoked.

The girl wearing the green dress = the girl who wears a green
dress.
On opening the window = when I opened.
Before going out = before I went out.
Knowing he was ill = as I knew he was ill.
" Yes," he said, putting on his coat = whilst he put on his
coat.
1 But we cannot say Der Mann ist sterbend. We can say

: :
Das Mädchen ist reizend, the girl is charming, because reizend is

purely adjectival, whereas sterbend is verbal in force.
' Such nouns, and those formed from adjectives or Past
Participles, are declined as though they were adjectives followed
by a noun.
125
:

5. After kommen, to come, the Germans have a curious
use of the Past Participle instead of the Present Participle
to denote the mode of coming
Er kam gehüpft, gelaufen, gesprungen, gekrochen, he came

hopping, running, jumping, crawhng, etc.
Exercise 66
Bevor er ins Bett ging, schrieb er einen Brief. Nach-
dem er die Zeitung gelesen hatte, ging er aus. Indem
er seinenMantel anzog und seinen Hut aufsetzte, lief er
aus dem Zimmer. Das Baden ist hier verboten. Er sass
in dem Garten und rauchte eine Pfeife. Wer ist das
Mädchen, das den grünen Hut trägt? Wir hörten unsere
Kusine singen. Er blieb an der Tür stehen. Da ich
wusste (knew),^ dass er zu Hause war, telephonierte ich
ihm. Als ich zum Fenster hinaussah, sah ich das Auto
unseres Arztes vorbeifahren. Er sah sie Tennis spielen.
Er rauchte, während
er sich rasierte. Das kleine Mäd-
chen kam und sprach zu uns. Ich stand auf,
gelaufen
als ich den Mann hereinkommen sah, aber meine Schwe-
ster bUeb sitzen.
Exercise 67
Seeing the letter on the table I read it. " Are you
ready? " he asked, putting on his coat. He stood near
the door, reading a newspaper. The man was working
and his wife was playing the piano. I asked him to
sit 2 down, but he remained standing. On opening the
drawer we found a letter from him. Who is the man
riding the big black horse? We found them weeping.
Before going out he 'phoned to his brother. Knowing
it was late we decided not to visit our uncle. After seeing
the advertisement in the paper he 'phoned to his sister.
^ * Wissen, to know through the brain (facts).
Kennen, to know by sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste.
' To sit down (take one's seat), sich setzen.
To sit, be sitting, be seated, * sitzen.
126
:
VERBS WITH SEIN— THE INFINITIVE
The dying sailor asked for water.The man is dying.

Going along the met my dentist. I used tc
street I
know this doctor. He knows nothing.
LESSON XXVI
Up till now we have always used the verb haben to

make the Perfect or Pluperfect of a verb, as in ich habe
es getan = I have done it. But there are a good many
verbs that require the verb sein instead of the verb
haben. In English we can say either / am come or /
have come, but in German it must be ich bin gekommen.
Lists are sometimes given of verbs that take sein and
those that take haben, but these are very tiresome to
learn, and it is better if we can hit upon any way of dis-
covering from the meaning whether a verb should have
haben or sein. It may be accepted as a rule that all
verbs having a direct object must use haben. Of other
verbs, the sein class may be detected by applying the
following test: Is the action of the verb followed by a
corresponding state? If it is, then use sein; if it is not,
use haben. The question may be best put If I have —
done so-and-so, am I so-and-so?
For example If I have come, am I come? The answer
:
is clearly jy^s so we use sein.

; If I have died, am I dead?
Again yes so we use sein. Er ist gestorben
; he has =
died. If I have fought, am I fought ? The answer is no ;
so we write er hat gekämpft.

Some of the commonest verbs of the sein class are
bleiben, to remain, stay reisen, to travel
hasten
eilen, to *gelingen, to succeed
fliegen, to fly kommen, to come
fallen, to fall steigen, to mount
sein, to be werden, to become
sinken, to sink wachsen, to grow
gehen, to go wandern, to wander
127
:

The Infinitive
1. The Infinitive without zu is used after
(a) the verb werden,

(b) the modal auxiUaries (müssen, können, etc.),
(c) the following verbs:
helfen, to help fühlen, to feel

hören, to hear lehren, to teach
lassen, to cause lernen, to learn
sehen, to see
We have already seen this in the case of werden and

the Modal Auxiliaries. Here are examples of the others
Ich sah sie spielen. 1 saw her playing.
Sie lehrten mich singen. They taught me to sing.

Ich lernte dort schwimmen. I learnt to swim there.
The zu is also omitted in certain expressions:
Er geht schwimmen. He isgoing swimming.

Er tut nichts als schlafen. He does nothing but sleep.
2. In other cases zu is used before the Infinitive.

Remember that zu comes between the Separable Prefix
and the Infinitive, forming one word, but in other cases
forms two words:
Er bat mich, ihn zu begleiten. He asked me to accompany

him.
Ich wünschte auszugehen. I desired to go out.
Ich versprach, früh nach Hause zu kommen. I promised to
come home early.
Er befahl mir, nach Berlin zu reisen. He ordered me to go
to Berlin.
Wir beschlossen in Bonn zu übernachten. We decided to stay
the night in Bonn.
The verb lassen
The verb lassen mentioned in Section i above is very

important. It means to have something done, to cause
128
:
to be Like the Modal Auxili-

done, to get something done.
aries,the Infinitive instead of the Past Participle is
used after another Infinitive. Note these examples:
Ich lasse mir die Haare schneiden. I have (am having) my
hair cut.
Ich liess mir die Haare schneiden. I had my hair cut.
Ich habe mir die Haare schneiden lassen I have had my
hair cut.
Ich werde mir die Haare schneiden lassen. I shall have my
hair cut.
Ich beschloss, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen. I decided
to have my hair cut.
Note I.The English Past Participle in such cases is in

German the Infinitive. Cut (Past Participle) becomes in
German to cut. The exact meaning is: / cause to cut.
Note 2. In talking of parts of the body or dress, unless
any misunderstanding might arise, the definite article
is used instead of the possessive adjective {my, his, etc.).
Possession is indicated by the Dative of the noun or

pronoun
This is true of constructions other than with lassen :
Ich trat dem Manne

auf den Fuss. 1 trod on the man's foot
{literally I trod to the man on the foot).

:
Ich wusch mir die Hände. I washed my hands.

But: Seine Hände waren furchtbar schmutzig. His hands
were terribly dirty. (If die were used, possession would be
vague and the sentence would be ridiculous.)
Exercise 68
Ich heute nachmittag mit meinem Freund

gehe
schwimmen. Hast du versprochen, ihm em Buch zu
schicken? Mein Onkel lehrte mich Klavier spielen.
Ich lasse mir die Haare schneiden. Ich habe mir ein
neues Haus bauen lassen. Wo haben Sie Golf spielen
gelernt? Helfen Sie mir einsteigen! Müssen Sie jetzt
nach Hause gehen? Wir werden uns in Paris neue
129
Kleider machen lassen. Er beschloss, mit dem Auto
nach Dresden zu fahren. Ich beschloss, mir die Haare
schneiden zu lassen. Mein Vater hat mir versprochen,
mich vom Bahnhof abzuholen. Wünschen Sie morgen
abzufahren? Ich befahl dem Kellner, mir eine Flasche
Wein zu bringen. Ich habe mir eine Flasche Wein
bringen lassen. Wir sahen ihn im Walde reiten.
Waschen Sie ihm die Hände! Hast du dir die Hände
gewaschen? Ich habe ihm die Hände gewaschen. Der
Frisör (barber) hat dem Manne die Haare geschnitten.
Schneiden Sie mir bitte die Haare nicht zu kurz! Hast
du dir die Fingernägel (finger-nails) gefärbt (tinted) und
die Augenbrauen rasiert (shaved = plucked) ? Ich lasse
mir die Schuhe putzen (clean). Ist er nach Hause ge-
gangen? Sie sind noch nicht angekommen. Mein
Bruder ist gestern nach Amsterdam geflogen.
Exercise 69
I heard you singing in the garden. Who taught you

to play the piano? Shah I buy you a few cigarettes
when I am in the town? We have hastened to the
station to meet you. Have you travelled in Russia?
The trees in your garden have grown very tall. I had
the grass of the lawn cut yesterday. I shall have a new
suit made next week. We have often wandered over

these fields. Have you stayed at home all day? Can
you get this wheel repaired for me? I have had a glass
of wine brought for you. Shall I have these things sent
(zuschicken) to you? I have 'decided to have my hair
waved (ondulieren). Will you teach me to dive? We

promised to send them a letter every week. He asked her
to write to him. Have you ordered the waiter to bring
some more bread? No, I have ordered ^ some cigarettes.
Do you wish to listen to the wireless?
* To order something, bestellen. To order a person to do

•jomething, •befehlen.
130
LESSON XXVII
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
I. The Formation of the Subjunctive
The Present Tense
In learning the Subjunctive forms of the verbs the
student must remember the " Subjunctive e." All the
endings have e, as the following examples will show, and
in the Present Tense this e is added in all cases to the
stem of the verb, i.e. that part left after takin? off
-(e)n:
haben
:

2. Use of the Subjunctive
One of the most important uses of the Subjunctive
is in Indirect or Reported Speech. Notice the following
Direct Speech : He said "I am ill,"
:
Indirect Speech :He said he was ill.

In English the Present Tense [am) becomes Past Tense
{was) in Indirect Speech. In German the Present Tense
of Direct Speech should correctly become the Present
Subjunctive, but many Germans use the Imperfect
Subjunctive, especially in conversation:
Direct Speech : Er sagte " Ich bin krank."

:
Indirect Speech :Er sagte, dass er krank sei (or wäre).
The dass in Indirect Speech may be omitted. Notice

the word order:
Er sagte, er sei (or wäre) krank.
The Present Subjunctive is not used if it has the same

form as the Present Indicative. The Imperfect Sub-
junctive must be used in such a case. Let us compare
the Present Subjunctive and Present Indicative of the
verb haben :
Pres. Subj. Pres. Ind.

ich habe habe
habest hast
habe hat
wir haben haben
habet habt
sie haben haben
Thus those forms which are the same in both moods

are the ich, wir and sie forms, and they must be replaced
by hätte, hätten. As, however, the Imperfect Subjunctive
may be used in all cases, and usually is in conversational
style, the student is advised to keep to the Imperfect
Subjunctive in Reported Speech, until his command of the
language is more complete.
132
: :
THE SUBJUNCTIVE
If the tense of the actual words is Past in English,
then the student should use the Pluperfect (although
more correctly the Perfect, except when this is the same
as the Perfect Indicative in form)
Direct : The policeman said "I found the book."

:
Indirect : The pohceman said he (had)* found the book.
In German:
Direct : Der Schutzmann sagte :

" Ich habe das Buch ge-
funden."
Indirect : Der Schutzmann sagte, dass er das Buch gefunden
hätte (sagte, er hätte das Buch gefunden).
Generat Rule for the Subjunctive In Indirect Speech
After a verb (in the Past Tense) of saying, declaring,

believing, asking,'^ answering, reporting, fearing, thinking,
relating, suspecting, surmising, etc., the Subjunctive
must be used in the following clause as explained above.
Another use of the Subjunctive is the 3rd Person
Imperative form (see also p. 88 )
Er gehe nach Hause \ !
or Er soll nach Hause gehen

: vLet him go home.
or Lasst ihn nach Hause gehen !j
:
Notice also the exclamatory wish!

Es lebe der König \^
Hoch lebe der König
\
llông hve the

, ..1.
Kmg
t^- .
I
Vocabulary
der Salon, dravöng-room das Wohnzimmer, living-room
der Schlüssel, key die Elektrizität, electricity
der Stock (das Stockwerk), das Feuer, fire
storey, floor der Boden, floor
der Aufzug, lift der Teppich, carpet
der Heizkörper, radiator der Spiegel, mirror
die Zentralheizung, central der Kamin, mantelpiece, Eng-
heating lish fireplace
* Fragen, to ask, takes ob, whether, if, which, unlike dass, may
never be omitted.
133
der Ofen, German stove ^ *bekommen-k to get, obtain, re-
det Vorhang, curtain kriegen J ceive
der Wecker, alarm-clock schliessen, to lock
der Kleiderständer, coat-rack *herunterlassen, to let down
der Schirmständer, umbrella- hängen, to hang
stand *heraufziehen, to pull up
der Rollvorhang, blind beleuchtet, lighted
hinaufgehen, to go up klingeln (nach), to ring (for)
hinunterlaufen, to run down bedecken, to cover
anknipsen, fo switch on sich wärmen, to warm oneself
aufwachen, to wake up ausmachen, to put out
modern,* modern, up-to-date wecken, to wake (someone)
schuldig, owing hinaufifahren, to go up (in a
das Gas, gas lift)
das Studierzimmer, study die Mark (no pi.), mark

die Garage, garage sicher, certain(ly)
das Schlafzimmer, bedroom die Nummer, number
das Badezimmer, bathroom bitte sehr I not at all I
die Treppe, stairs was für, what sort of

der Schornstein, chimney * vergessen, to forget
Exercise 70
Chauffeur, fahren Sie zu einem modernen aber billigen
Hotel. Ich will in dieser Stadt einige Wochen ver-
bringen. Hier ist ein gutes Hotel, mein Herr der Riesen- :
fürstenhof. Gut! Ich steige hier aus. Wieviel bin ich

Ihnen schuldig? Drei Mark fünfzig? Hier ist Trinkgeld
für Sie. Danke schön, mein Herr! Bitte sehr! Kann
ich ein Zimmer für einige Nächte bekommen? Ja,
sicher! Was für eines? Ich zu viel ausgeben.
will nicht
Der Mann sagte, er hätte einige schöne Zimmer, die
ganz ruhig und hell beleuchtet wären. Ich antwortete,
dass ich sie ansehen möchte. Er sagte, ich könnte mit
dem Aufzug hinauffahren: Nummer 15. Ich fragte, wo
der Aufzug wäre. Er erwiderte, dass er in der Ecke
wäre. Ich fragte den Liftjungen, ob das Hotel Zentral-
heizung hätte. " Ja, sicher! " antwortete er. Er fragte,
zu welchem Zimmer ich ginge. Ich sagte, dass ich dort
einige Tage verbringen würde. Ich fragte, ob das
* A stove for heating purposes which replaces the English open
fireplace. ' Pron. mo-dern'.
1
34
THE CONDITIONAL SENTENCE
Hotel eine Garage hätte? Ob
das Hotel in alien Zim-
mern durch Elektrizität wäre? Er sagte
beleuchtet
mir, dass ein Badezimmer neben meinem Zimmer wäre,
und dass Zentralheizung in allen Zimmern wäre.
Ich khngelte nach dem Portier. Ich fragte ihn, ob
er mich um 5 Uhr wecken würde. Er antwortete, dass
er es nicht vergessen würde. Ich zog den Rollvorhang
herauf und sah auf die Strasse hinunter.
Exercise 71
The driver said he was quite ready. I asked him if
he knew (wissen or kennen?) where the Hotel Bismarck
was. He said he had never seen it. I asked the police-
man whether the post office was in that street. She
said he was coming on Monday. The girl said she had
seen his car in the garage. The man told me she had
gone by air to England. I replied that I had missed the
train. She asked me if I would like to play with them.
Long liveour friends from Germany!
LESSON XXVIII
The so-called Conditional tense or mood is formed with
the Imperfect Subjunctive of werden -f the Infinitive.
ich würde gehen I should ^ go
du würdest gehen you would * go
er würde gehen lie would go
wir würden gehen we should go
ihr würdet gehen you would go
sie würden gehen they would go
Sie würden gehen you would go
* The English should also means ought to : we shall deal with
this later in this lesson.
* The English would also means wanted to and used to :
He would not answer. Er wollte nicht antworten.

He would often go out in the evenings. Er ging oft abends
aus (oft ging er abends aus).
135
: : :

The above tense, as we prefer to call it, is used when
an if expressed or understood, and to translate should
is
or would in Indirect Speech:

Ich würde das Haus kaufen, wenn es billiger wäre. I
should buy the house if it were cheaper.
Er sagte, dass sie kommen würde. He said she would be
coming.
The /f Clause
As be seen above, wenn, if, is followed by the
will
Imperfect Subjunctive to express a h5rpothesis or con-
dition impossible or unlikely to be fulfilled.
Wenn ich das Geld hätte. If I had the money.
Wenn er nach Hause käme. Ifhe came (were to come)
home.
The wenn, like the if in English, may be omitted
Hätte ich das Geld. Had I the money (= if I had).
The würde may

be replaced by the Imperfect
clause
Subjunctive, while the Pluperfect Subjunctive is much
to be preferred to the Second or Perfect Conditional.
This subjunctive construction in both Simple and Second
Conditional must be used in the case of the Modal
Auxiliaries, as set out on page 137 Consider the .
following examples:
1. Simple Conditional: If he were here I would show
it to him may be translated
(i) Wenn er hier wäre, würde ich es ihm zeigen, or

(ii) Wäreer hier, zeigte ich es ihm, or
(iii) Wenn er hier wäre, zeigte ich es ihm, or
(iv) Wäre er hier, würde ich es ihm zeigen.
Or the second clause may

be put first. Of the above
perhaps it is best for the student to keep to the first.
2. Second Conditional: // he had been here I would
have shown it to him may be translated

(i) Wenn er hier gewesen wäre (Wäre er hier gewesen),.
hätte ich esihm gezeigt,
(ii) Wenn er hier gewesen wäre (Wäre er hier gewesen),,
würde ich es ihm gezeigt haben.
136
:

Of these two the student had better keep to the
former, that being the more usual.
The Modal Auxiliaries
We have said before that the Imperfect Subjunctive

of the modal auxiliaries is used instead of the Simple
Conditional with würde, and the Pluperfect Subjunctive
instead of the Second Conditional:
Simple Conditional
Ich könnte nicht gehen. I could not (should not be able to)
go.
Ich müsste Deutsch lernen, i should have to learn German.
Ich möchte diesen Film sehen. I should like to see this film.
Ich sollte nach Hause gehen. I should (ought to) go home.
Second Conditional:
ich hätte nicht gehen können. I could not have gone
(should not have been able to go).
Ich hätte Deutsch lernen müssen. I should have had to
learn German.
Ich hätte gerne diesen Film gesehen. I should have liked to
see this film (preferable to the construction with mögen).
Ich hätte nach Hause gehen sollen. I should (ought to)
have gone home.
Als ob, als wenn, as though, as if
If followed by a Past tense als ob and als wenn are

followed by a past subjunctive:
Er sieht aus, als ob er ein Gespenst gesehen hätte. He looks

as though he had seen a ghost.
Exercise 72
If you had the money would you like to go to the
United States? If I were you I should go home at once
(gleich). Had my friend been at home I should have spent
the night with him. She would have missed the train
'37
if she had not gone to the station by taxi. I should
have telephoned you had I not been able to come. I
told them I would help them if I could. I should have
liked to go with you to the theatre, but I was terribly

busy. If the Hft had been in order I should not have
fallen (fallen) down the stairs. I asked him how much
I owed him. He asked me if I was getting out there.

I asked him if he could switch on the Hght. He asked
me if I desired to go up by the hft. I told him I got a
letter from her every week. The driver asked me to
what sort of hotel I would Uke to go. I told him I had
come up the stairs. The liftboy said he put an alarm-
clock on the mantelpiece of my room. The girl looked
as though she had spent several weeks by the (an der)
sea.
LESSON XXIX
REFLEXIVE VERBS
(i) When the action of a verb is reflected back to the
subject the Reflexive Pronoun must be used, even after

a preposition. The Reflexive Pronoun is Accusative if
the direct object and Dative if indirect.
Accusative
ich wasche mich, Iwash myself
du wäschst dich, you wash yourself.
er wäscht sich, he washes himself
sie wäscht sich, she washes herself
wir waschen uns, we wash ourselves
ihr wascht euch, you wash yourselves
sie waschen sich, they wash themselves
Sie waschen sich, you wash yourself (yourselves)
* Or : du wäschest.
Imperfect
ich wusch mich, I washed myself
'38
REFLEXIVE VERBS
Perfect
Ich habe mich gewaschen, I have washed myself
Dative
ich wasche mir die Hände, I wash my hands, etc.
du wäschst dir
er wäscht sich „
sie wäscht sich „
wir waschen uns „
ihr wascht euch „
sie waschen sich „
Sie waschen sich „
He looked behind him. Er bHckte hinter sich.
He spoke to himself. Er sprach vor sich hin.
He has no money on him. Er hat kein Geld bei sich.
(ii) In English myself, himself, etc., are frequently

used, not reflexively, but to add force to the subject.
In such cases selber or selbst must be used in German and
placed after the direct object:
He did it himself. Er tat es selbst.
(iii) In English we commonly use what is sometimes

called a neuter verb to express a passive state when the
agent is unknown or too unimportant in the mind of the
speaker. In such cases the active reflexive verb is often
used in German:
Suddenly the door opened. Plötzlich öffnete sich die Tür.
(iv) Here is a list of verbs which are " neuter " in

English and where the German reflexive is easily under-
stood :
sich ändern, change (= vary) sich rasieren, to shave

sich ankleiden, to dress *sich waschen, to wash
sich auskleiden, to undress sich regen, to stir, move
sich fühlen, to feel sich rühren, to move (away)
sich lehnen, to lean sich umdrehen, to turn round
139
: :

(v) Here is a list of verbs where the German reflexive
is not so apparent
sich befinden,^ to be (found) sich fragen, to wondei

sichbemühen, to endeavour sich setzen, to sit down
sich umsehen, to have a look sich weigern, to refuse
round sich verirren, to lose one's way
sich aufregen, to get excited sich totlachen, to die of laugh-
sich legen, to lie down ing
mistaken
sich irren, to be sich erholen. to recover
sich betragen, to behave (health)
sich erkälten, to catch cold sich unterhalten, to converse
sich freuen, to be glad sich beeilen, to hasten
sich erinnern,' to remember sich bedienen,^ to use
(vi) Verbs with the Dative Reflexive Pronoun:

sich vornehmen, to propose, sich vorstellen»
plan, arrange sich einbilden f^^
»magme
sich wehtun, to hurt oneself
(vii) The
Reflexive Pronoun in the Dative is also often
used as the Dative of Advantage, and [b) to indicate
{a)
possession where the article is used instead of the
possessive adjective in talking of parts of the body or
dress (see Lesson XXVI, under: The Verb lassen, page
{a) Dative of Advantage:

Er liess sich ein Haus bauen. He had a house built for him-
self.
Er kaufte sich einen Radioapparat. He bought himself a
wireless-set.
Ich sah mir die Schaufenster an. I had a look at the shop-
windows,
(b) In speaking of the body or dress

Ec schnitt sich in den Finger. He cut his finger.
Er brach sich das Genick. He broke his neck.
^ Sich befinden =
to be in health or be situated.
• Sich erinnern takes the Genitive or an with Ace.
• Sich bedienen takes the Genitive.
140
REFLEXIVE VERBS
Vocab uiary
der Wunsch, wish bewundern, to admire
von mir, of mine enttäuschen, to disappoint
sich erfüllen, to be fulfilled der Reisemorgen, morning of
abgesehen von, apart from the departure
wiedersehen, to see again anbrechen, to break, dawn
besonders, particularly der Wettergott, " clerk of the
"
so viel, so much weather
die Schönheit, beauty herabstrahlen, to shine down
eigen, own die Fahrt, journey
die Eisenbahn, railway das Deck, deck
endlich, at last bekannt, acquainted
mieten, to hire die Reise, journey
das Schifi, ship vertraut, familiar
der Weg, way bequem, comfortable
nebst, together with seekrank, seasick
die Sperre, barrier laut, loud
passieren, to pass ohrenbetäubend, deafening
sorgfältig, carefully das Sirenengeheul, blast of the
prüfen, to examine siren
der Reisepass. passport anzeigen, to indicate
die Sache, thing, article der Hafen, harbour
zollpflichtig, dutiable offen, open
verneinen, to say no gekräuselt, ruffled
vorbeilassen, to allow to pass malerisch, picturesque
der Holzsteg, wooden gangway der Eindruck, impression
gebräunt, sun-tanned immer ferner, further and
wetterhart, weather-beaten further
der Zug, feature rücken, to move
herumlaufen, to run about an etwas (Dat.) * vorbeifahren,
das Gesicht, face to go past something
läuten, to ring, tinkle die Boje, buoy
sich schaukeln, to toss, pitch der Westen, the west
der Schaum, foam einfahren, to enter (vehicle)
der Bug, bow (of ship) aufspritzen, to splash up
die Einwanderung, immigra- plaudern, to converse
tion einander, one another
der Offizier, officer zu, to, for
sich's bequem machen, to make der Inhalt, contents
oneself comfortable untersuchen, to overhaul
seefest,a good sailor neugeboren, 1 new-born
sinken, to sink Gott sei Dank I Thank
der Zollbeamte, Customs officer Heaven !
sich ankleiden, to dress sich auskleiden, to undress
Ich fühle mich wie neugeboren, I feel like a giant refreshed.
141
Exercise 73
Eine Schiffahrt von Ostende nach Dover
Ein grosser Wunsch von mir sollte sich endlich erfüllen.
Meine Eltern versprachen, dass ich einen Freund in Lon-
don besuchen dürfte. Ganz abgesehen von dem Wieder-
sehen mit ihm (ich hatte ihn seit einem Jahre nicht mehr
gesehen), freute ich mich besonders auf die Seereise. Ich
hatte immer schon so viel von der Schönheit der See
gehört und gelesen, dass ich mich danach sehnte, diese
Schönheit mit meinen eignen Augen bewundem zu
dürfen. Ich wurde nicht enttäuscht. Der Reisemorgen
brach endhch an. Der Wettergott schien mir ganz
freundhch zu sein, und die Sonne strahlte hell vom
tiefblauen Himmel herab.
Nach einerlangen Eisenbahnfahrt von Wiesbaden
kam ich um 4 Uhr in Ostende an. Ich mietete mir einen
Gepäckträger, meine Koffer auf das Schiff zu bringen.
Nebst allen anderen Reisenden passierte ich eine Sperre,
wo mein Reisepass sorgfältig geprüft wurde. Man fragte
mich, ob ich keine zollpflichtigen Sachen hätte. Ich
verneinte. Nachdem ich meine Koffer geöffnet hatte,
wurde ich vorbeigelassen. Ich ging über den Holzsteg
auf das grosse Schiff. Es war ein belgisches Schiff.
Ein paar Matrosen mit gebräuntem Gesicht und wetter-
harten Zügen liefen auf dem Deck herum. Ich sah mich
ein wenig auf dem Schiff um. Ich wurde bald mit einem
jungen Engländer bekannt, der diese Reise schon ein
paarmal gemacht hatte und ein bisschen vertrauter mit
allem war. Er zeigte mir, wo wir bequem sitzen könnten
und vor dem Wind gut geschützt wären. Ein lautes,
ohrenbetäubendes Sirenengeheul zeigte an, dass wir zum
Abfahren fertig waren. Wir fuhren aus dem Hafen in
die offene See.
Die bunten Segel der Fischerboote sahen im Sonnen-
schein sehr schön aus. Die See, von einem angenehm
frischen Wind ganz leicht gekräuselt, machte einen male-
142
REFLEXIVE VERBS
rischen Eindruck. Ostende, mit seinem schönen Strand

und den grossen Hotels rückte immer femer und femer.
Wir fuhren an den Bojen vorbei, die im Wasser läuteten
und sich schaukelten. Nach drei Stunden Fahrt
konnten wir die weisse Küste von England sehen. Eine
Stunde später plauderten die Reisenden lustig mitein-
ander und suchten ihre Koffer, um sich zum Aussteigen
fertig zu machen. Das Schiff fuhr in den Hafen von
Dover ein. Die Sonne sank schon langsam im Westen.
In Dover prüften die Einwanderungsoffiziere unsere Reise-
pässe und die Zollbeamten untersuchten unsere Koffer.
Ich stieg in ein Abteil des wartenden D-Zuges nach
London und machte es mir bequem. Ich liess mir eine
Tasse englischen Tee bringen. Dann fühlte ich mich wie
neugeboren. Gott sei Dank !Ich war seefest gewesen !
Exercise 74
He is washing himself in the bathroom. She has
already washed her hands. Have you any money on
you? Did you repair the tyre yourself? The door
opened and a tall man came in. She is dressing, I
believe. I feel quite queer (komisch). Two boys were
leaning against the door, conversing with one another.
She turned quickly round. The Town Hall was in
(the) Frederick Street (Friedrichstrasse). Not a leaf
stirred. They sat down on the chair. Have you shaved?
They quickly undressed. I am going to have a look
round (in) the town. You are mistaken if you think
(= believe) that I am a Frenchman. I have caught a
cold. We have proposed to visit a few friends in Bonn.
We lost our way in the wood. Do you remember the
name (Der Name, des Namens) of our hotel? I am glad
you have arrived. The child lay down on the bed and
wept. Why (warum) are you getting so excited? My
sisters are having a look at the shop windows. Wash your-
self! Wash your hands! Do not turn round! Sit down,
please! I have arranged to spend a few days in Dresden.
'43
:
LESSON XXX
IMPERSONAL VERBS
We must now deal with a number of Impersonal
Verbs, i.e. those with es, it, as their subject.
The translation of There is. There are

There is, there are (was, were) are rendered by es
(i)
ist war, waren) or by es gibt, es gab (no plural

(sind,
form). Es ist is used where the space is hmited to a
certain spot, es gibt when there is or there are refers to a
wide or vague area. Compare the following:
Es sind einige Kühe auf der Wiese. There axe some cows in
the field.
Es gibt viele schöne Dörfer in diesem Lande. There are
many beautiful villages in this country.
Es ist kein Zucker übrig im Speiseschrank. There is no more
sugar in the cupboard.
Es gibt keine Gespenster. There are no ghosts.
Notice that es ist (sind) is followed by the Nominative,

whereas es gibt takes the Accusative
Es war ein König. There was a king.
Es gibt keinen Menschen, der unsterblich ist. There is no
man who is immortal.
Notice further that there was (once upon a time) is
always es war:
Es waren einmal drei Prinzen. There were once three
princes.
In inversion the es with sein is omitted, but not with

geben :
Einmal war ein Mann. Once there was a man.

Plötzlich gab es einen lauten Krach. Suddenly there was
a loud crash.
144
:
IMPERSONAL VERBS
Es gibt may be used in other tenses
Es hat gegeben, there has (have) been.
Es hatte gegeben, there had been.
Es wird geben, there will be.
Es würde geben, there would be.
There was, were) requires very careful thought

is {are,
in translating into German.
it It is used so loosely
and extensively in English that very often it is better
to use another verb, like stand, lie, hang, to take place,
to find oneself (sich befinden), etc. Note the following:
Es standen zwei Männer an der Strassenecke. There were
two men (standing) at the street-corner.
Es lagen einige Bücher auf dem Tisch. There were a few
books on the table.
Es hingen einige Bilder an der Wand. There were some
pictures on the wall.
Es klopft jemand. There is somebody knocking.
Es riefen und sangen Männer und Weiber auf der Strasse.

There were men and women shouting and singing in the
street.
Ein grosses Fest fand in diesem Saale statt. There was a
great feast in this hall.
The following verbs are always Impersonal •
es schneit, it snows
es regnet, it rains
es bhtzt, it lightens
es ist windig, it is windy
es ist Nacht, it is night
The folio \ving are only accidentally used imperson-

ally:
es wird dunkel, it is getting dark
es klopft, there is a knock
es zieht, there is a draught
es wird erzählt, dass . . ., it is said that
es wurde getanzt, there was dancing
es wurde getrunken und gesungen, there was drinking and
singing
es wurde gepfiffen, a whistle went (was blown)
145
: :

The following govern the Accusative
es geht mich an, it concerns me

mich friert, I am freezing
es freut mich, I am glad
es wundert mich, I wonder
es ärgert (verdriesst) mich, it annoys me
es langweilt mich, it bores me
The following govern the Dative
es kommt mir vor, it seems (appears) to me

es scheint mir, it seems (appears) to me
mir am cold
ist kalt, I
mir ist I am afraid
bange,
es tut mir leid, I am sorry
es geht mir gut, I am well, am getting on well
mir ist ...» I feel . . .
mir ist nicht wohl, Ido not feel well

es geschieht mir, it happens to me, I happen to
I manage to, succeed in
es gelingt mir,
mir ein, it occurs to me
es fällt
es nützt mir nichts, it is of no use to me
es gefällt mir, it pleases me, I like
The following are Impersonal as in English:
es folgt, it follows
es genügt, it suffices
es scheint, it appears
es schlägt, it is striking (clock)
Exercise 75
It appeared quite funny to me. I am glad that you
have arrived. It was snowing when we left Bonn.
There were several soldiers in the inn. Were there
any ships in the harbour? It was striking two o'clock
as we drove past the Town Hall. I am sorry, we have
no more Enghsh newspapers. Do you like it in Berlin?

She does not Uke her new car. How are you getting on?
Are there any stamps (die Briefmarke, singular) in the
146
A NOTE ON OVERGROWN ADJECTIVES
drawer? Did she manage

to pass her examination? *
How many people (die Person, sing.) are there in the
compartment? There are no slaves (der Sklave) in this
country. It bores me to stay here. So it appeared to
me. I have succeeded ^ in learning this difficult language
(die Sprache). Please shut ^ the window, I am cold.
He is sorry he cannot come this evening. I felt a^
though I had not washed for (seit) weeks. That is no
concern of yours. Is there a draught?
A NOTE ON OVERGROWN ADJECTIVES

There is one construction, of which the Germans are
very fond, that causes a good deal of difficulty in actual
translation. It consists in using a long clause, including
a PcLst Participle, asan adjective before a noun. The
clause is preceded by an article or a demonstrative, and
the Past Participle is declined as an adjective. No exer-
cises on this construction are given in this book, as it is a
difficult one to use in turning EngUsh into German but ;
as the construction frequently occurs in German you had

better study carefully the following examples.
We might say in English, an old man richly dressed.
In German this would run, an old richly-dressed man =
ein alter, reich gekleideter Mann.
So the sentence, / saw the wood that he sold to the
steamers stopping there, becomes ich sah das Holz, das er
an die dort anlegenden Dampfer verkaufte.
Die beiden, unmittelbar zusammenliegenden und nur durch
eine schmale Veranda getrennten Blockhütten bestanden
auch nur je aus einem Zimmer. The two immediately-
lying-together-and-only-by-a-small-veranda-separated log-
huts consisted (were made up) indeed only of a single
room (each).
* / pass an examination, ich bestehe eine Prüfung.

* Gelingen is conjugated with sein.
' To shut is more usually zu-machen, and to open, auf-machen.
147
Here all the words joined together by hyphens really
make up one overgrown adjective qualif3dng Blockhütten.
Jetzt hob sich langsam ihr dunkles, in Tränen schwimmendes
Auge zu dem seinen. Now her dark,-in-tears-swimming
eye rose slowly to his.
In plain EngHsh this might be, she slowly raised her

dark eyes full of tears to his.
Ich rette Dich von der Dir verhassten Verbindung. I rescue

thee from the to-thee-hateful engagement.
In ordinary English we would use a verb to complete

the sense : the engagement which is hateful to thee.
Sometimes this qualifying clause runs to great length
and includes subordinate clauses within itself:
Der alte Hermann, ein tüchtiger Arbeiter, gab sich mit dem
kleinen, aber trefflich rentierenden Geschäft vollauf
zufrieden, und war mit den, allen alten ihm teueren
Mustern und Formen völlig widersprechenden Zeich-
nungen des Malers Holaus, welche ihm eines Tages sein
Sohn brachte, durchaus nicht einverstanden.
Old Hermann, a capital workman, was quite content with
the little-but-exceedingly-profitable business, and was not
at all in sympathy with the (to-all-the-old,-to-him-dear-
patterns-and-fashions-completely-opposed) drawings of
the painter Holaus, which his son brought to him one day.
In the above, all between the parentheses is really one

adjective qualifying drawings, though widersprechenden
is the only word that " agrees with " Zeichnungen.
In English we might split- up this enormous adjective
like this: the drawings which were completely opposed to
all the old patterns and fashions which were dear to him.
When in translation you come across a passage that
seems to make nonsense, you will very often find that
one of these sentence-adjectives is the cause. By
seeing how much of the sentence you can hyphen together
ais an adjective you will in most cases bring out the true
meaning.
148
PART II
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise I
The brother is poor. The father is not bad. Is the

uncle here? No, he is there. Is the shop not here?
Yes, it is here. The baker is often quite dishonest.
The pupil is sometimes angry. Is the apple not good?
No, itbad. Is the garden beautiful?
is Yes, it is
beautiful. Is the teacher always friendly? No, he is
sometimes angry. Is the uncle poor? No, he is quite
rich.
Exercise 2
Die Brüder sind arm. Die Väter sind nicht schlecht.
Sind die Onkel hier? Nein, sie sind dort. Sind die
Läden nicht hier? Ja, sie sind hier. Die Bäcker sind
oft ganz unehrHch. Die Schüler sind manchmal böse.
Sind die Äpfel nicht gut? Nein, sie sind schlecht.
Sind die Gärten schön? Ja, sie sind schön. Sind die
Lehrer immer freundlich? Nein, sie sind manchmal
böse. Sind die Onkel arm? Nein, sie sind ganz reich.
Exercise 3
The city
is very Is the nut ripe?
old. The cow is
not brown. The maid is not very tall. Is the night
not dark? Is the sausage ready? The wall is very
beautiful. Is the hand brown? No, it is white. Is the
cow thirsty? No, it is hungry. The city is not old,
it is new. Is the mouse always small? The maid is
sometimes very friendly. The nut is old and sour. The
night is quite black. The maid is tall and thin.
149
Exercise 4
Die Städte sind sehr alt Sind die Nüsse reif? Die
Kühe sind nicht braun. Die Mägde sind nicht sehr
gross. Sind die Nächte nicht dunkel? Sind die Würste
fertig? Die Wände sind sehr schön. Sind die Hände
braun? Nein, sie sind weiss. Sind die Kühe ^durstig?
Nein, sie sind hungrig. Die Städte sind nicht alt, sie
sind neu. Sind die Mäuse immer klein? Die Mägde
sind manchmal sehr freundlich. Die Nüsse sind alt und
sauer. Die Nächte sind ganz schwarz. Die Mägde sind
gross und dünn.
Exercise 5
The song is not very beautiful. The wheel is round.

Is the village not small and very old? The egg is not
round. The roof is red. The book is not too heavy.
Is the glass not empty? No, it is almost too full. Is
the word easy? No, it is very long and difficult. Is
the child big? No, it is very small. The house is fairly
tall. Is the field round or square? It is square. The
dress is quite new but it is not very beautiful. The
leaf is long and green. Is the house not too low?
Exercise 6
Die Lieder sind nicht sehr schön. Die Räder sind

rund. Sind die Dörfer nicht klein und sehr alt? Die
Eier sind nicht rund. Die Dächer sind rot. Die Bücher
sind nicht zu schwer. Sind die Gläser nicht leer? Nein,
sie sind fast zu voll. Sind die Wörter leicht ? Nein, sie
sind sehr lang und schwer. Sind die Kinder gross?
Nein, sie sind sehr klein. Die Häuser sind ziemlich hoch.
Sind die Felder rund oder viereckig? Sie sind viereckig.
Die Kleider sind ganz neu, aber sie sind nicht sehr
schön. Die Blätter sind lang und grün. Sind die
Häuser nicht zu niedrig?
150
KEY TO EXERCISES
Revision Exercise
Sind die Gärten lang und schön? Sie sind schön,
aber sie sind nicht sehr lang. Ist der Schneider immer
ehrlich? Ja, er ist immer ehrHch. Ist das Glas immer
voll? Nein, es ist oft leer. Sind die Städte alt oder
neu? Sie sind alt. Die Felder sind fast immer grün.
Sind die Nüsse nicht reif? Die Äpfel sind zu grün und
sauer. Ist das Haus gross oder klein? Es ist sehr gross.
Sind die Läden immer leer? Nein, sie sind selten leer.
Sind die Mägde gross und dünn? Nein, sie sind klein
und dick. Sind die Kinder immer gut? Nein, sie sind
manchmal sehr böse. Die Nacht ist lang und sehr dun-
kel. Der Bruder ist arm, aber ganz ehrlich, und der
Vater ist reich, aber ganz unehrlich. Die Lieder sind zu
lang und zu schwer. Hier ist das Dorf und dort (or da)
ist das Haus. Das Kind ist fast immer hungrig.
Exercise 7
Wir besuchen. Ihr sucht. Sie sagen. Telefonieren
sie? Die Brüder lachen. Die Mägde kochen. Spielen
die Schüler? Ihr sagt. Wir hören. Sie hassen. Sie
suchen.
Exercise 8
Träume ich? Du antwortest. Er zeichnet. Der
Onkel reist. Das Kind atmet. Hören Sie? Sie
arbeitet. Der Bruder hasst. Ich lächle. Antwortet
der Lehrer?
Exercise 9
(a)Ich höre die Kuh. Der Onkel hasst die Magd.
Die Mägde kochen die Würste. Wir lieben die Magd.
Du suchst die Nüsse. Die Schneider machen die Kleider.
Der Bruder besucht das Dorf. Ich reiche die Gläser.
Die Kinder hassen das Lied. Sie zeichnet das Haus.
Ich lächle, aber sie weint.
(b) Wir suchen die Kühe. Ich höre die Mäuse.
Schicken Sie die Bücher? Raucht sie? Tanzen Sie
151
1

nicht? Arbeitet der Vater? Spielen die Kinder?
Kocht die Magd die Blätter? Träume ich? Weinst
du? Atmet das Kind?
Exercise 10
Do you visit (are you visiting) the uncle? I look (am
looking) for the eggs. The brother visits (is visiting)
the shop. The tailor passes (is passing) the dress.
The teacher looks (is looking) for the pupil. We hear
the schoolboys (pupils). The baker sends (is sending)
the sausages. The maid cooks (is cooking) the apple.
She cooks (is cooking) apples.
Exercise 1
Hören Sie das Lied? Ich besuche den Bruder. Wir

suchen den Lehrer. Der Schüler sucht Eier. Ich
zeichne das Haus. Der Lehrer sagt das Wort. Der
Vater besucht den Onkel. Sie antwortet nicht. Besucht
der Onkel die Stadt? Du besuchst den Bäcker.
Exercise 12
The uncle passes the nuts to the father. The maid
sends the apples to the brother. The father answers the
tailor. The baker sends nuts and apples to the teacher.
You pass the apple to the father. We send books and
clothes to the maid. I pass the egg to the child.
Exercise 13
Der Lehrer schickt dem Vater das Buch. Die Magd
reicht dem Onkel die Nüsse. Die Schüler reichen dem
Lehrer die Bücher. Wir schicken der Magd Eier und
Äpfel. Der Schüler antwortet dem Vater. Die Magd
reicht dem Schneider das Kleid. Ich reiche dem Bäcker
das Glas. Sie antworten dem Lehrer.
Exercise 14
The baker's shop is beautiful and new. The uncle's
cows are big and brown. The wheels of the carriage
152
KEY TO EXERCISES
(or cart) are round. The maid's dress is red. The walls
of the house are white. The houses of the villages are
small. The child's glass is empty. The teacher opens
the pupils* books. The tailor's brother sends the dress
to the father s maid. Do you not hear the children's
songs? 1 telephone to the baker's father. The tailor's
maid sends apples and nuts to the baker's brother.
The cow's horns are not very long. The maid's hands
are small and white, but the brothers' hands are quite
big and red.
Exercise 15
Die Hörner der Kühe smd nicht zu lang. Ich tele-
foniere dem Bruder der Magd. Das Dach des Hauses ist
viereckig und rot. Der Vater des Schülers antwortet
dem Lehrer. Die Magd des Onkels schickt dem Bruder
des Schneiders Eier und Äpfel. Besucht er nicht den
Schneider des Dorfes? Hören Sie nicht das Lied der
Magd? Die Läden der Bäcker sind ganz voll. Der
Bruder des Bäckers hört die Lieder der Kinder. Ich
schicke dem Schneider das Kleid der Magd nicht.
Exercise 16
We Frenchmen. Where do the brothers of the
are
sailor hve? They do not live here. Did you tell the
sailors' song to the boy? Are the Frenchman's nephews
upstairs? No, they are downstairs. Are the boy's
hares Hvmg No, they are dead. The boys
(alive)?
drew the Did you not learn the sailor's song?
lions.
We did not often visit the Frenchman's nephew. The
horns of the ox are very long. They sent apples, nuts
and eggs to the sailors.
Exercise 17
Wo wohnen Lebt der Hase noch? Nein, er
Sie?
ist tot. dem Neffen des Bäckers das Buch
Schickten Sie
des Jungen (des Knaben)? Wo ist das Haus des Matro-
sen? Es ist dort. Wo sind die Ochsen des Franzosen?
153
Sie sind nicht hier. Ist das Haus der Franzosen nicht
weiss? Nein, es ist rot; dort ist das Dach des Hauses.
Lernt der Neffe des Matrosen das Lied nicht? Rauchte
der Neffe des Franzosen? Nein, er rauchte nicht, er
arbeitete. Spielen die Kinder des Matrosen? Ich
lachte, aber sie weinte. Wohnten Sie oben oder unten?
Exercise 18
Wir sind arm, aber Sie sind reich. Marie ist oben und
Peter spielt unten. Gretchen und Paula haben den
Hasen. Er ist gross und braun. Hat der Matrose den
Ochsen? Bist du noch dort? Ja, ich bin hier. Haben
die Matrosen Gläser? Ja, sie haben Gläser, aber sie sind
leer. Wo sind wir? Wir sind oben. Wo spielen die
Neffen des Matrosen? Sie sind dort. Hast du Kühe
und Ochsen? Nein, aber ich habe den Hasen.
Exercise 19
The nuts and apples were not ripe. The teacher's
nephew was upstairs. The maid's brothers were dead.
The uncle's cows were big and brown. I had the hare,
but it is dead. Was the pupil's father very angry?
No, he was fairly friendly. Was the sailor's glass empty?
No, it was quite full. Had you the garden? Yes, it was
very beautiful. Where were you? I was upstairs.
Exercise 20
Wo war der Matrose? Er war nicht hier. Waren
die Lehrer dort? Ja, und (auch) die Schüler. War der
Lehrer immer freundhch? Nein, er war oft sehr böse.
Hatten Sie das Haus dort? Ja, wir hatten das Haus und
den Garten. Waren die Würste fertig? Nein, aber
wir hatten Äpfel und Nüsse. Ich war sehr durstig und
das Glas war ganz leer.
Exercise 21
Which playing in the garden? This child is
child is
playing in the garden vnth the tailor's nephew. Were
»54
KEY TO EXERCISES
theie ten cows in that field? No, there were eight oxen
there. Each schoolboy had four books. In which class
are you? I am in this class. Were you very poor after
the war? The baker sent the nephew out of the room.
In which village did you Hve? We lived in this village
in that house there.
Exercise 22
Hatte jedes Kind fünf oder sechs Äpfel? Welcher
Lehrer schickte dem Vater dieses Buch? Die drei
Kinder waren in der Kirche. Ich schickte die Kinder
zu der (or zur) Schule. Waren acht oder neun Häuser in
jenem Dorf (e) ? Es waren sieben. Es sind fünf Lehrer in
dieser Schule, und es sind zehn Kinder in jeder Klasse.
In welchem Haus(e) wohnen Sie? Welches Lied lernten
Sie? Welchen Jungen schickten Sie aus der Klasse?
Welche Kuh hörten Sie? Er schickte neun Eier mit dem
Kleid (e). Jedes Kind in jenem Dorf hat drei oder vier
Bücher. In welchem Zimmer ist der Neffe des Matrosen ?
Er ist oben im (in dem) Zimmer des Onkels.
Exercise 24
The ambassador from Berlin is now in London.
I sent my
brother to Geneva. There are no apples in
the garden. Our house is in this street. A Spaniard
from Madrid is downstairs. Have you my gloves?
He is the nephew of a teacher in Cologne. Where is
your watch? Here it is. Otto's suit was in this room.
Is this your hat? Where is Marie? Is this not your
wrist-watch? Their maid's nephew is dead. I pass
(hand) my uncle his hat. Our cows are in the field.
Marie Smith's uncle is in Paris, and Wilham's father is
in Switzerland. Fritz's sister is in her uncle's shop.
Exercise 25
Schickte er keine Strümpfe mit den Schuhen? Ihre
Kleider sind immer sehr gut. Ich schicke oft meinen
Neffen in Deutschland Äpfel und Nüsse von (or aus)
meinem Garten. Wir besuchen manchmal unseren
Onkel in der Schweiz. Schickten Sie Ihren Neffen nach
Genf oder nach Rom? Die Schuhe von Max sind schwarz
und Giselas Handschuhe sind braun. Wo ist das Haus
Ihres Onkels? Es ist in London. Sind die Zimmer
seines Hauses sehr gross? Er schickte keine Knöpfe
mit ihren Kleidern. Haben Sie eine Pariser Zeitung?
Mein Onkel hat kein Auto. Schickten Sie die Bücher
meines Bruders nach London? Die Häuser unserer
Stadt sind gross und schön.
Exercise 26
die Fürstin die Blume
die Eiche das Kindlein
der Honig die Treppe
das Leben der Regen
die Eselei der Edelstein
der Teppich die Fröhlichkeit
der Februar das Büchlein
das Gold die Melodie
die Übersetzung das Eisen
die Schlacht der Löwe
156
KEY TO EXERCISES
der Garten die Sonne
(das) Griechenland der Liebling
die Stunde das Väterchen
der Jüngling die Dummheit
die Reinheit (das) Helgoland
(das) Paris der Käfig
die Freundschaft das Tanzen
der Diamant der Monat
die Schrift das Pferdchen
die Poesie der Kuchen
das Rauchen die Union
der Freitag das Blümchen
die Frau
Exercise 27
Have you sent the teacher's book to the baker's
nephew? I have heard the lions in the wood. Has the
maid not cooked (boiled) the apples? My brother has
telephoned to my father. I have handed my uncle his
stick. This girl has played the piano. Do you like
smoking cigarettes? No, I always smoke a pipe. At
Christmas we send our brother apples, nuts, books and
cigarettes. Do you like Hstening to music on the wire-
less? We have hved in a house in that village. The
soldiers have burnt the capital of the country. My
sister has looked for the advertisement in the (news)-
paper. We have called our dog Mops. Which book has
your sister chosen? The soldiers have killed no women
and children. In the summer we have often bathed in
the sea. The pupils have played with the snow in the
winter. I do not like dogs.
Exercise 28
Hast du geträumt? Nein, ich habe jenes Haus ge-
zeichnet. Welches Buch ist auf Ihrem Stuhl? Dieser
Teppich ist sehr alt. Ich höre gern Radio. Raucht Ihr
Vater gern? Ja, er hat immer Zigarren geraucht. Ich
rauche oft Zigarren zu Weihnachten. Im Sommer haben
wir unseren Onkel in der Schweiz besucht. Haben Sie
»57
.

jene Zeitungen nach Genf geschickt? Der Bäcker und
seine Frau haben ihr Kind Margarete genannt. Der
Schneider hat das Kleid nicht gemacht. Ottos Schwester
hat Klavier gespielt, und meine Brüder haben die Musik
an dem (or am) Radio gehört. Hat der Schneider das
Kleid gebracht? In welchem Laden haben Sie jeneri
Hut gekauft? Baden Sie gern in der See? Ich höre
gern das Grammophon.
Exercise 29
I have heard nothing (I have not heard anything).
Yesterday the sun was quite warm. To whom did you
send the Christmas-tree? I have sent it to my nephew.
Those clouds are big and black, they bring rain. The
weather is very cold and there is fog (mist) on the river.
When did you buy this suit? I bought it yesterday
in that shop. Was it cheap or dear? It was quite
cheap. The stars are small, but the moon is big. Have
you sent the wrist- watch to your sister? Yes, I sent it
to her yesterday. Has your father sent the Christmas-
tree to the children? Yes, he sent it to them yesterday.
There are three dogs on the lawn my nephew is playing
;
with them.
Exercise 30
Die Sonne war gestern nicht sehr hell. Wann haben
Sie geantwortet? Es waren sieben oder acht Matrosen
auf dem Fluss. Dieser Fluss is sehr lang. Wir hörten
kaum das Lied der Kinder. Wen haben Sie in der
Schweiz besucht? Diese Autos sind fast zu bilUg. Wem
haben Sie gestern telefoniert? Hier ist Ihr Hut. Wo
haben Sie ihn gekauft? Ich schicke ihn meinem Bruder.
Die Kinder haben die Äpfel gesucht. Ich habe sie ihnen
gereicht. Wir haben nie(mals) Nebel in diesem Lande.
Wer hat ihm geantwortet? Haben Sie ihr telefoniert?
War der Wind" gestern sehr stark? Der Himmel war
blau und die Wolken waren klein und weiss. Das
158
1
KEY TO EXERCISES
Wasser in dem Teich war gestern zu kalt. Wir haben
nicht gebadet. Ich habe ihm nichts gesagt. Sie
lächelte nur. Wir hörten sie kaum.
Exercise 3
The spider was big and fat ; it spun a web. The bee
hummed (buzzed) ; it flew from flower to flower and
looked for honey. What does the wasp eat? It eats
sugar. The donkeys brayed (were braying), the pigs
grunted (were grunting), the dogs barked (were barking)
and the cats mewed (were mewing). The farm-hand
rode a horse. He fed the oxen, the sheep and the cows.
His dog was running with him. He barked too loudly.
The farmer struck him with his whip. The farmer's
wife milked the cows in the stable. There are eight or
nine farm-hands on the farm. They are always working.
In the autumn they plough the fields. In the spring
they sow. The farmer's name was Mr. Brown. He
got up and began his work. He drove in his cart to the
field. What did he eat? He ate bread and drank tea
with sugar. His children sang songs. He gave them
apples and nuts.
Exercise 32
Der Bauer fuhr zu den Feldern. Er nahm seine
Kinder. Sie sahen gern die Kühe, Schafe und Pferde
auf den Feldern. Der Junge hiess Karl. Er ritt gern
auf einem Esel. Er gab ihm Heu. Der Esel frisst gern
Zucker.
Karls Hund ist in dem Garten. Er ist gross und stark.
Er bricht die Blumen.
Karl läuft nach ihm und schlägt
ihn mit seiner Peitsche. Der Hund bellt laut. Die
Sonne ist warm und hell. Die Bienen summen und
fliegen von Blume zu Blume. Sie fressen gern Honig.
Essen Sie gern Honig? Karl sieht die Spinne nicht.
Sie ist gross und dick. Sie hat ein Gewebe gesponnen.
Haben Sie gern Spinnen?
Haben Sie Ihre Arbeit schon begonnen? Ich habe
159
TEACH YOURSELF^GERMAN
meine Uhr zerbrochen. Hat Ihr Onkel seinem Neffen
eine Uhr gegeben? Hast du deinen Tee getrunken?
Ja, und ich habe mein Brot und meinen Honig schon
gegessen.
Exercise 33
Our bank hes between the post-oflfice and St. Mary's
Church. I telephoned to my brother from a call-box.
There are many skyscrapers in our city. The building
of the League of Nations was in Geneva, in Switzerland.
There were Bolsheviks in Russia and Fascists in Italy and
Germany. The soldiers are at (before) the gate of the
city. They are Italians and Spaniards.
I went into the restaurant. I had a meal (= ate)
and paid (for it). I came out of the restaurant and went
to the market-place. I went into the cinema. The
cinema was big and beautiful, but it was not a skyscraper.
In the cinema there were men, women and children.
I often go to the theatre. Do you Hke going to the
theatre? I saw a hospital near the park. Opposite
the big stores was the Town Hall. This building is
magnificent. I said to a poUceman:
**
Where is there a
letter-box? " He replied: " There at the street-comer."
I put a letter in the letter-box. My brother is employed
at a grocer's. He sells sugar, tea, etc. Behind the Town
Hall was St. Paul's Church. I went under a bridge.
This bridge was very high. Over the bridge travel cars
and horses. The traffic is very dangerous for pedestrians.
Exercise 34
Ich legte mein Buch auf einen Stuhl. Das Wetter
war ziemlich warm. Ich hef aus dem Zimmer. Ich
ging durch die Tür und auf die Strasse. Es war dunkel,
aber die Strasse war wegen der Strassenlampen ganz hell.
Es waren acht Autos und drei Pferde auf der Strasse.
Ich ging mit meinem Hund um die Stadt. Mein Hund
lief zwischen die Autos. Ich ging in eine Telefonzelle
i6o
KEY TO EXERCISES
und telefonierte meiner Schwester. Sie ist in einem
Krankenhaus neben der Paulskirche angestellt. Ich
wohne mit meinem Bruder gegenüber dem Rathaus. Wir
gingen nach rechts und kamen zu einer Brücke. Sie war
ziemlich niedrig. Wir sahen auf den Verkehr. Der
Verkehr ist seit dem Krieg (e) sehr gefährHch. Mein
Onkel war in jenem Auto. Er fuhr zum (zu dem) Markt-
platz. Er hat einen Laden dort. Er fährt oft über
diese Brücke. Unser Dorf lag jenseit(s) des Flusses.
Vor unserem Hause stand eine Strassenlampe. Wir
gingen in ein Restaurant, um zu essen. (Wir gingen zum
Essen in ein Restaurant.) Nach dem Essen ging ich
nach Hause ohne meinen Hund, aber ich sah ihn zu
Hause, vor der Tür.
Exercise 35
To-morrow I shall go to the market-place. What
will you do there? I shall buy two or three horses.
Are they cheap or dear? They are fairly dear this
year. Will you go by car? To-day the weather is very
cold. We shall soon have (be having) snow. What will
your uncle do (be doing) next Tuesday? He will fly
(go by air) to Lisbon. This afternoon we shall go to
the cinema. Do you like going to the cinema? My
brothers will fly to Cologne one day. This evening my
sister will play the piano and Else's brother will sing
songs. I shall listen to the music on the wireless. I
hke the wireless (I Hke listening to the wireless).
Yesterday I had a letter from my uncle. At Christmas
he will send my father a Christmas-tree. He was in
France last week. The weather was very cold there.
They have been having fog and rain. I have never been
to France. Have you ever been to Paris?
Exercise 36
Nächsten Freitag werde ich nach Deutschland fahren.
Werden Sie mit dem Auto nach London fahren? Ne^^
161
ich werde mit der U-Bahn (Untergrundbahn) fahren.
Was werden Sie in Deutschland tun? Ich werde einen
oder zwei Freunde besuchen. Werden Sie mit dem
Flugzeug fahren? Nein, ich fahre nicht gern mit dem
Flugzeug. Waren Sie schon in Deutschland? Ja, ich
war letztes Jahr dort. Zu welchem Bahnhof werden
Sie gehen? Nach Liverpool Street. Das Wetter ist
nicht sehr warm gewesen.
Exercise 37
ein grosser Baum eines grossen Baumes grosse Bäume
eine kleine Blume einer kleinen Blume kleine Blumen
kein blinder Mann keines blinden keine blinden
Mannes Männer
ein kleines Mädchen eines kleinen Mäd- kleineMädchen
chens
welche breite welcher breiten welche breiten
Strasse Strasse Strassen
der starke Hund des starken Hundes die starken Hunde
die kluge Kusine der klugen Kusine die klugen Kusinen
der taube Vetter des tauben Vetters die tauben Vettern
(see p. 189. 6)
die hässliche alte der hässlichen alten die hässlichen alten
Frau Frau Frauen
kalter Wind kalten Windes kalte Winde
derselbe schmut- desselben schmut- dieselben schmut-
zige Junge zigen Jungen zigen Jungen
Exercise 38
The sad girl is always weeping, German books are
not always difficult. The fat baker's httle daughter
gave a letter to the old tailor's clever nephew. A clever
boy learns quickly. The little children played on the
soft grass. They do not like playing on the hard street.
The old grandfather is blind, and his old wife is very deaf.
The pretty girl is wearing a new dress with red buttons.
Charles has a clean handkerchief in the pocket of his
brown suit. The traffic in these narrow streets is very
dangerous. Two bhnd men went (were going) with their
white dog across the broad (wide) street. Pretty girls
are not always silly.
162
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 39
Kleine Jungen (Knaben) sind fast immer schmutzig.
Ich werde einen alten Freund in Genf besuchen. BUnde
Männer sind nicht immer traurig. Die engen Strassen
der alten Stadt waren sehr dunkel. Ich habe diesen
unbequemen alten Stuhl nicht gern. Meine schöne
Kusine sang französische, spanische und deutsche Lieder.
Ich höre sehr gern gute Musik am Radio. Der italie-
nische Gesandte kam gestern nach London. Maries
Kusine trug ein grünes Kleid und einen weissen Hut.
Welches deutsche Buch haben Sie gewählt?
Exercise 40
The man to whom
spoke yesterday is the Mayor of
I
Brussels. A
great film-actress pla3-s a part in the film
which we shall see this evening. The landlord of the
" Red Lion " Inn, in which (where) I met the chauffeur
of the film-actor Willi Fritsch yesterday, has been a
sailor. The cobbler who mended your brown shoes is
at the door. The butcher served (was serving) his
customers, amongst whom was the maid of a great author.
The basket in which she was carrying the apples and nuts
was quite new. The dentist in whose house the police-
man arrested the thief pulled out (extracted) my tooth
this morning. The typist who took down this letter is
dead.
Exercise 41
I. Der Briefträger, dessen Schwester unser Kinder-
mädchen ist, hat einen Brief gebracht. 2. Der Mann,
mit dem ich gesprochen habe, ist der Neffe eines grossen
Richters. Die Schublade, in der (worin) ich den
3.
Brief sah, war
fast leer. 4. Die Frau, deren Mann wir
gestern in der " Blauen Kuh " sahen, ist sehr reich.
5. Der Kellner bediente den Jäger, der bei einem sehr
reichen Kaufmann angestellt ist. 6. Der Dieb, der die
163
Armbanduhr einer grossen Filmschauspielerin stahl, ist
der Bruder eines Polizisten. 7. Das Kino, in dem ich
diesen Film sah, war gross und prachtvoll. 8. Der
Arzt, der meinen Neffen geheilt hat, ist nach Ägypten
gegangen. 9. Die Brüder, deren Flugzeug verunglückte,
sind im Krankenhaus.
Exercise 42
Die beiden (Die zwei) Mädchen, deren Vater eine
grosse Rolleim Film " Michael Kohlhaas " spielte, hörten
Radio. Der Brief, den ich in dieser Schublade sah, war
von Ihrem Bruder. Das Kindermädchen, das die
Kinder spazieren geführt hat, ist aus Köln. Der Arzt,
dessen Neffen ich gestern traf, heilte meine Schwester in
der Schweiz. Das Haus, in dem er wohnte, hatte ein
rotes Dach und eine grüne Tür. Die Stenotypistin, die
diesen Brief nach Diktat schrieb, hat einen Bruder, der
bei Ihrem Onkel angestellt ist. Der Mann, mit dem ich
gestern sprach, ist der Wirt des " Lustigen Bauers."
Das Cafe, in dem wir ihn trafen, ist neben dem Postamt
(neben der Post). Alles, was wir sahen, war weiss.
Der Briefträger hat einen Brief, der von Russland
kommt. Am Bahnhof sahen wir die Brüder, die letztes
Jahr nach Amerika flogen. Der Kellner, dessen Brüder
das Auto der Schauspielerin stahlen, bediente den Schutz-
mann, der sie verhaftete. Nichts, was er tut, ist sehr
gut. Das Wetter war hell und warm, was unsere Arbeit
leicht machte.
Exercise 43
I. Dann wohnte armer Fischer in diesem Dorfe.

ein
2. Bald trafen wir die Sekretärin des Schriftstellers am
Bahnhof. 3. Dann bauten die Russen neue Schulen
und Universitäten. 4. Plötzlich liefder Hund aus dem
Zimmer. 5. Eines Tages kam der Schneider nach
Hause.
164
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 44
I. Er ging ins Hospital, weil er krank war. 2. Da
ich nicht dort war, kam er nach Hause. 3. Ich werde
den Brief schreiben, sobald (wenn) ich nach Hause
komme. 4. Ich werde meinen Freund besuchen, bevor
ich ins Kino gehe. 5. Er trägt keinen Mantel, obgleich
es sehr kalt ist. 6. Da wir eine Erkältung hatten,
gingen wir ins Bett. 7. Obgleich er sehr reich war, war
er sehr traurig. 8. Das Mädchen ging ins Bett, da sie
sehr müde war. 9. Wenn ich sie traf, lächelte sie immer.
IG. Als ich die Schublade öffnete, sah ich die
Taschenuhr.
Exercise 45
Es den See ruderte. Er
regnete, als der Fischer über
fing keine Fische, da die Fische nicht hungrig waren.
Meine Kinder hörten die Lieder der deutschen Kinder am
Radio, während ich diese Aufgabe schrieb. Sobald er
nach Hause kommt, wird er Ihnen telefonieren.
Schlössen Sie nicht die Türen (machten Sie nicht die Türen
zu), bevor Sie ins Bett gingen? Wenn ich nach Berlin
fahre, werde ich Ihren Onkel besuchen. Da sie nicht zu
Hause waren, steckten wir den Brief in den Briefkasten.
Es schneite, als wir zum Bahnhof fuhren. Er spricht
Deutsch, Französisch, Englisch und Italienisch, obgleich
er nie (mals) in diesen Ländern gewesen ist. Sie arbeiteten,
bis es ganz dunkel war. Als das (Dienst)mädchen an
die Tür kam, bat der Mann um Brot und Tee. Wir
fuhren mit dem Boot über den See, obschon es ganz
dunkel war.
Exercise 46
The thief did not answer me. Did you not meet her
at the station? Who gave you this beautiful book?
There are many cherries and apples in the garden.
Yes, I have already seen them. I shall give some to my
friend. My Uttle sister asked me for sweets. I gave
her some, but she has already eaten them. " Another
»65
glass, please," I said to the waiter, but he did not hear
me. At Christmas Uncle Fritz will pay us a visit. We
still have some butter in the pantry. Do you hke rolls
with butter and cheese? We have no more oranges. Do
you drink coffee with or without cream? With cream,
if you have any. Both brothers were there. Have you
no other bananas? I have some more, but they are not
ripe. I shall buy you an ice, if you pick me some peas
and beans in the garden. Have you any more tea in the
pot? Is anybody at the door? I see nobody there (I
do not see anybody there). They have heard everything
you told me yesterday. Everyone in the village has his
long garden, in which he has potatoes, beans, peas,
apples, cherries, etc. People drink a lot of coffee in
Germany. I had no plate, but the waiter has brought
me one.
Exercise 47
Man mehr Tee in England. Haben Sie (etwas)
trinkt
Kaffee im Speiseschrank? Ja, ich habe ein wenig.
Wenn Sie nicht genug Bücher haben, habe ich noch eines
hier. Unser Onkel gab uns einige Bonbons und Apfel-
sinen. Ich esse gern Apfelsinen. Der Jäger trank noch
ein Glas Wein. Es sind noch einige Kartoffeln im
Garten, wenn Sie nicht genug hier haben. Die spani-
schen Mädchen pflückten Apfelsinen und Zitronen und
sie gaben uns einige (davon = of them). Haben Sie
Milch oder Sahne? Das Frühstück in der " Blauen
Kuh " war ziemlich billig, aber das Mittagessen im
" Roten Löwen " war sehr teuer, und man gab uns
keinen Kaffee. Ich esse Käse nicht gern. Ist noch
etwas Zucker in der (Zucker) dose? Der Kellner hat
mir ein anderes Messer gebracht, da dieses schmutzig
ist. Zum Abendessen werden wir Kirschen und Bananen
mit Sahne haben. Der Kellner wird Ihnen noch etwas
Suppe bringen. Jedermann war schläfrig, aber niemand
ging ins (zu) Bett. All(e) seine Freunde sind in Amerika.
166
KEY TO EXERCISES
Einige Schafe waren auf dem Feld. Er spricht ein
(sehr) wenig Deutsch, aber kein Spanisch. Wer hat
all(e) die Kirschen gegessen?
Exercise 48
The father said to the children: " Do you want to go
for a run in the car this evening to Berhn? " " Oh, yes,
rather! " cried the children. They had to wear their
new clothes (suits), because they were to visit their
(girl and boy) cousins in Berlin. They could not (were
not able to) leave the house before three o'clock,
because their mother was not ready. " Can I go to
Berlin by bicycle (on my bike)? " asked young Charles.
" Oh, no," answered the father. "It is much too slow
by bicycle. You must come with us."
Soon they were all ready. The father can drive very
well. " I must buy some more petrol," he said, " the
(petrol-) tank is nearly empty." So they stopped at a
petrol-station. Then they came to a cross-roads. The
red light was showing and they had to wait. Mr. Smith's
car can chmb well and they travelled rapidly on the way
to Berlin. At half-past three they were in Berlin.
There they saw a poor motor-cyclist who was repairing
a burst tyre. On (in) the wide streets of Berlin they saw
'buses, trams, cars, taxis and bicycles. There the traffic
is very dangerous. They went up a one-way street, so
they had to go backwards. Above the city they saw
a large aeroplane which was to fly to America. Many
pedestrians were hurrying across the street and it was
(a) good (thing) that the horn (hooter) was in order.
But they could always (were always able to) go pretty
(fairly) quickly and overtook (passed) many other cars.
Then the car stopped and Mr. Smith beckoned to a
poHceman. He had to ask the way. Soon, however,
they were before the (their) uncle's house.
167
Exercise 49
Sie können nach Berlin fahren (or gehen), wenn Sie
wollen. Ich soll heute abend den Zahnarzt besuchen.
Darf ich hier rauchen? Ich will meinen Hund im Park
spazieren führen. Er sollte gestern nach Paris fliegen,
wurde aber plötzUch krank. Wir mussten zu Fuss nach
Hause gehen. Da er kein Deutsch sprechen konnte,
nahm er mich mit. Sie sollen gleich zu Bett gehen.
Hier spricht man Deutsch. Soll ich (etwas) Brot
kaufen? Sie sollen mit niemand sprechen. Wir konnten
wegen des Nebels das Flugzeug nicht sehen. Dürfen wir
(können wir) heute abend ins Kino gehen? Wir mussten
mit der Taxe fahren. Wenn das Wetter warm ist,
können Sie heute nachmittag im See baden. Wir wollen
Ihre Kühe und Schafe sehen. Ich kann es Ihnen nicht
sagen. Da mein Bruder Sie nicht besuchen kann,
schickt er Ihnen einen Brief.
Exercise 50
Tragen Sie diesen Brief auf die Post. Gehen wir um
die Stadt spazieren. Ich habe nach Berlin fahren
müssen. Sie hat Spanisch lernen müssen. Sie haben
Ihr Buch nicht finden können. Er soll morgen London
verlassen. Hast du diesen Film sehen können? Er
wollte nicht antworten. Meine Schwestern mussten mit
dem Flugzeug fahren. Ich kann kein Schwedisch
(sprechen). Kann sieHolländisch? (sprechen: in such
expressions the infinitivesprechen is often omitted).
Wir haben Ihnen nicht viele Äpfel schicken können, da
der Sommer zu schlecht gewesen ist. Wir konnten
wegen des Nebels nicht sehr schnell fahren. Sie können
(if you can is impersonal man kann) zum Bahnhof mit
:
dem Autobus fahren. Wollen Sie uns ein Lied singen?

Ich kann nicht singen, da ich eine böse Erkältung habe.
i68
KEY TO EXERCISES
Exercise 51
Waiter, bring us two glasses of beer, please. Taxi,
drive quickly to the station! Give me an ice, |)lease.
Let us go to the cinema. Please weigh this letter for
me. Please pass me the sugar. Let us go to the
theatre this evening. Open the door, please. Ask the
policeman the way. Let us go to London to-morrow.
Please tell me where I can find a taxi. Buy me some
(a few) cigarettes. Give me a London (news) paper.
Exercise 52
The Millers wanted They looked for
to go to Cologne.
a fast train (an express) in the time-table. Their
luggage was quite ready. They went by taxi to the
station. Mr. Miller bought the tickets at the booking-
-office. They had to hurry to platform nine. The
porter carried the luggage. Hilda bought some sweets
and Mrs. Miller chose a few newspapers from the
bookstall. As the train was late they waited for a
bit in the waiting-room. Then the train came in. The
porter put the luggage in the luggage van and Mr.
Miller gave him a tip. They all entered an empty
compartment. Hilda and Max chose the corner seats,
as they wanted to look out of the window. Mr. Miller
put his attache case on the rack.
The engine whistled and they then set off (then off
they went). As they were in a smoking compartment
Mr. Miller began to smoke. He Ukes (smoking) cigar-
ettes. In Aix-la-Chapelle they had to change. At
half-past twelve they went along the corridor to the
dining-car. After lunch they returned to their com-
partment. Max had to go to the lavatory, because his
hands were frightfully dirty. Mr. Miller yawned. He
was tired and he began to sleep. When they arrived
punctually in Cologne they alighted quickly. At the
station they saw Uncle Otto and Aunt Gisela. A porter
fetched their luggage from the luggage-van. Mr. Miller
gave up the tickets and they left the station. They
travelled (went) up a long, narrow and came to
street
the house of their (= the) Uncle. They entered the
house. They were all tired and hungry.
Exercise 53
Geben Sie mir drei Hinfahrtskarten nach Stettin,
bitte! Lehnen Sie nicht zum Fenster hinaus! Träger,
tragen Sie, bitte, mein Gepäck zum Schnellzug nach
Köbi! Chauffeur; fahren Sie schnell zum Bahnhof,
sonst werde ich den Zug nach Koblenz versäumen.
Muss ich in Aachen umsteigen? Ich verliess das Haus
um halb sieben. Alle Plätze waren besetzt. Wir
fuhren letzten Montag nach Berlin zurück. Ist ein
Platz frei für mich? Der Durchgangszug fährt um halb
zehn ab. Tante Marie holte sie vom Bahnhof ab.
Haben Sie die Verbindung in Kassel versäumt? Ein
grosser Herr trat in das Zimmer herein und sprach zu
mir. Mein Hut ist in dem Speisewagen. Wenn Sie mit
diesem Schnellzug fahren, werden Sie einen Zuschlag
bezahlen müssen. Stellen Sie Ihren Koffer hin! Wohin
fahren Sie? Wo haben Sie Ihre Handschuhe hingelegt?
Wo sind die Fahrkarten?
Exercise 54
(a) Zweimal drei ist sechs. Fünf und drei ist acht.
Viermal fünf ist zwanzig. Neun und sechs fünfzehn.
ist
Fünfmal sechs ist dreissig. Neunzehn und siebzehn ist
sechsunddreissig.
Siebenmal drei ist einund- Dreizehn und vierzehn ist sieben-
zwanzig. undzwanzig.
Elfmal elf ist einhundertein- Dreiundvierzig und achtund-
undzwanzig. dreissig ist einundachtzig.
Siebenundzwanzig geteilt Achtundneunzig weniger sieben-
durch drei ist neun. undfünfzig ist einundvierzig.
Einundachtzig geteilt durch Einhundertneununddreissig
neun ist neun. weniger siebenundachtzig ist
zweiundfünfzig.
Vierundvierzig geteilt durch Eintausendsiebenhundertund-
vier ist elf. sechzehn weniger siebenhun-
derteinundvierzig ist neun-
hundertfünfundsiebzig.
170
KEY TO EXERCISES
Einhunderteinundzwanzig ge- Dreitausendneunhunderteinund-
teilt durch elf ist elf, zwanzig weniger eintausend-
neunhundertvierundsechzig
ist eintausendneunhundert-
siebenundfünfzig.
Zweihundertundfünfzig geteilt Eintausendachthundertacht-
durch fünfzig ist fünf. undachtzig weniger sieben-
hundertsiebenundsiebzig ist
eintausendeinhundertundelf.
(6) Um — —
neun Uhr halb sieben zwölf Uhr vierzig Minuten —
nach eins (zwanzig Minuten vor zwei);
,, Viertel vor drei;
,, zwanzig Minuten nach drei;
,, zehn Minuten nach zwölf;
,, Viertel vor elf;
,, zehn Minuten nach elf;
„ zehn Minuten vor vier;
„ ein Uhr (um eins) ;
„ halb sechs;
„ Viertel vor sechs ;
„ Viertel nach sieben ;
,, zwanzig Minuten nach eins;

„ Viertel nach acht.
(c) Ein Drittel; zwei Fünftel; vier Neuntel; ein halb; drei
Viertel; fünf Achtel; sechs Fünfundzwanzigstel.
erste, zweite, sechste, achte, sieb(en)te, elfte, zwölfte, acht-
zehnte, vierundzwanzigste, siebzehnte, dreissigste, neunund-
zwanzigste, hundertste, tausendste.
Exercise 55
London ist nicht so gross wie die Vereinigten Staaten.
Die Erde ist kleiner als die Sonne. Die Themse ist
nicht so lang wie der Rhein. Paris i^t nicht so alt wie
Rom. Das Gold ist nicht so hart wie das Eisen. Die
Stadt ist grösser als das Dorf. Die Luft ist nicht so
schwer wie das Wasser. Der Elefant ist stärker als der
Mann. Die Katze ist falscher als der Hund. Der
Knabe ist klüger als (nicht so klug wie, ebenso klug wie)
das Mädchen. Der Schmetteriing ist nicht so schnell
wie die Schwalbe. Die See ist tiefer als der See. Der
Eiffelturm ist höher als der Kölner Dom.
171
Exercise 56
How muchdo these apples cost? Are these cherries
dearer than those (there)? These are dearest. Marie
is the nicest girl in the village. Ottilie sings beautifully,
Hilda sings more beautifully, but Else sings most beauti-
fully. Which boy is the cleverest? Otto is the cleverest,
but Konrad is almost as clever. Is Belgium not as big
as Holland? This girl is as pretty as her sister. The
older a man gets, the less he can learn. A higher (taller)
tree than that (one) is in our garden. Can you speak
German? Yes? So much the better. The sooner we
arrive the longer we shall have to wait. The more he
drank the thirstier he became. These bicycles are the
best. Otto is the tallest boy in the class. It is pleasanter
here in the garden than in the house. Irmgard is more
diligent than her brother. We must travel more care-
fully through this fog. These cherries are the sweetest.
The garden looks prettier in the summer than in the
winter.
Exercise 57
Je fieissiger er arbeitet, desto weniger lernt er. Das
Wasser ist heute kälter als gestern. Es wird dunkler.
Es wurde langsam heller. Otto ist gross, Konrad ist
grösser, und Wilhelm ist der grösste. Marie singt süsser
als ihre Schwester. Sind Sie (eben)so faul wie Ihr
Bruder? Dieser Junge sieht nicht so klug aus wie sein
Bruder. Je länger wir hier warten, desto dunkler wird
es sein, wenn wir nach Hause zurückgehen. Ich habe
sehr wenig, sie hat weniger und ihre Kusine hat am
wenigsten. Dieser Hund ist der treueste. Ist jenes
Messer schärfer als dieses? Ich antwortete aufs beste.
Ich werde die grössten und süssesten Äpfel kaufen. Der
Lehrer wird dem klügsten Jungen dieses Buch geben.
Exercise 58
These gloves are mine, those are yours. Do you
always read the same paper? My house is not so big
172
KEY TO EXERCISES
as yours. Their (your, her) garden is longer than ours.

I have read my book and my brother's. I have seen
his car, but not theirs (hers). Those who come (too)
late must wait here. We always eat at the same restaur-
ant. He has always hved in the same street. He who
does not work shall not eat. She has found my hat,
but not his.
Exercise 59
Das sind Ihre Bücher, nicht meine. Sein Bruder ist
klüger, als der ihrige. Mein Messer ist schärfer als das
deinige. Beide Tanten wohnen in derselben Stadt. Er
liest dasselbe Buch. Die, die (Diejenigen, welche) nicht
fleissig arbeiten, werden nichts lernen. Ihre Bäume
sind höher als die unsrigen. Sie kauft immer dieselben
Bonbons. Unsere Stadt ist grösser als die Ihrige.
Seine Arbeit ist besser als die seiner Schwester. Sein
Haus ist nicht so klein wie das seines Onkels. Die, die
(Diejenigen, welche) am besten arbeiten, können früh
nach Hause gehen.
Exercise 60
Last summer we spent our summer-hoHdays on the
North coast of Germany. We packed our trunks (cases)
and set out on the 28th August for Swinemünde. The
weather was magnificent during the whole month which
we spent there. We stayed (Uved) in a large hotel
which was near the beach.
Every (each) morning we got up early. After break-
fast we went down to the beach. We took (carried)
our bathing-suits with us and when the weather was
warm we put on our bathing-costumes and caps and
swam in the sea. I cannot swim like a fish, yet I like
swimming. Some little children, whose parents were
sitting in deck-chairs, were making sand-castles. Others
played football or looked for shrimps and crabs with
their nets. After bathing we lay on the warm sand and
took a sun-bath. Soon we became quite brown, almost
»73
like black men. One day we saw a boy in the sea. He
could not swim very well. A fisherman saved him from
drowning.
Sometimes we went for an outing in a fishing-smack.
That was very nice and we had a lot of fun (we enjoyed
ourselves). We dived from the boat into the sea. It
was quite nice when the waves were big. We often
cHmbed up the cliffs, or went for a walk along the beach.
My father had hired a beach-hut and so we could
have coffee in the afternoon on the beach. My father
often played golf on the beautiful golf-links. We were
quite sad when we had to return home.
Exercise 61
Ich will morgen früh nach Stuttgart abfahren. Im
Herbst müssen wir die Äpfel pflücken und die Felder
pflügen. Wo ist der Korb, in den ich die Äpfel legte?
Zu Weihnachten haben wir vier Tage Ferien. Wir
dürfen hier nicht rauchen, denn es ist verboten. Das
Kind, dessen Eltern tot sind, ist sehr klug. Ich kann
diesen Brief nicht lesen, weil er so schlecht geschrieben
ist. Darum müssen Sie mir den Brief zeigen, den Sie
heute morgen geschrieben haben. Gestern regnete es,
als ich die Strasse herauf kam. Der Mann, mit dem ich
gestern sprach, ist der Bürgermeister. Bevor Sie aus-
gehen, zeigen Sie mir die Zeitung, die Sie heute morgen
gekauft haben. Er ging gestern abend aus, obgleich
(obschon) er krank war. Da es so spät war, ging er
gleich (sogleich, sofort) zu Bett. Während er seinen
Mantel anzog, hörte er jemand an der Tür.
Exercise 62
Dieser Briefkasten wird dreimal am Tage vom Brief-
träger geleert. Dieser Brief wurde gestern von meiner
Stenotypistin geschrieben. Ist der Brief schon geschrie-
ben? Ich werde meinen Freund in Bonn besuchen. Das
Telegramm wurde gestern geschickt. Als wir ankamen.
^74
KEY TO EXERCISES
war die Tür schon geschlossen. Das Haus ist schon
gebaut worden. Dieses Kleid wurde letztes Jahr vom
Schneider gemacht.
Exercise 63
Ich bin von meinem Bruder gebeten worden, nach
Berlin zu fahren. Diese Äpfel wurden gestern von den
Kindern des Bäckers gepflückt. Wann werden diese
Briefe geschrieben werden? Das Kind ist bestraft
worden. Diese Zeitung wird jeden Tag von Tausenden
von Männern und Frauen gelesen. Ist das Auto schon
repariert worden? Sind Sie von jemand gesehen worden?
Der Briefkasten wird jetzt vom Briefträger geleert.
Dieses Kleid wird vom Schneider gemacht werden.
Wann wurde dieses Buch geschrieben?
Exercise 64
I thanked him for his letter. He died of gout. He
was annoyed at my answer. I asked for the price of
the apples. He has translated this book from the Ger-
man, while he was staying with his aunt. He ordered
the man to wait for the train. The girl blushed at this
answer. I entrust this work to you. To whom does the
house with the red roof belong? Allow me to help you.
I read the letter out to my mother. Describe to me the
city in which (where) you Hve. Do you remember the
day (when) we met the man? What has become of your
brother? The boy (lad) leant against the wall. Follow
me, please. Do you like it here in England? I do not
like the Enghsh weather. You can rely on him. When
did you give this wrist-watch to your sister? The others
laughed and made fun of the poor boy. The little girl
was afraid of the big cow. The poor man asked me for
money. We trembled with cold.
Exercise 65
Die Mädchen und Jungen (colloquially: Mädels und
Jungens) tanzten vor Freude. Mein Neffe ist Seemann
75
geworden. Ich erstaunte über seinen Brief. An wen
denken Sie? Fragen Sie nach dem Preis des Mantels
im Schaufenster! Reichen Sie bitte Ihrem Bruder den
Zucker. Gefiel Ihnen der Film gestern abend? Ich
glaube (es) ihr nicht. Haben Sie nicht nach dem Arzt
geschickt? Ich fürchte, dass wir morgen schlechtes
Wetter bekommen werden. Ich erlaubte den Kindern,
in dem Garten zu spielen. Wir erzählten dem Schutz-
mann die ganze Geschichte. Er bat mich um Geld,
aber ich schlug es ihm ab. Ich erinnere mich nicht des
Mädchens. Er regte sich über meine Antwort auf und
befahl mir, ihm das Buch zu zeigen. Er lehnte sich an
die Tür und wollte mir nicht erlauben auszugehen.
Fürchten Sie sich vor Löwen? Dort ist der Mann, dem
wir in dem " Roten Löwen " begegnet sind.
Exercise 66
Before going to bed he wrote a letter. After reading
the paper he went out. Putting on his coat and hat
he ran out of the room. Bathing is forbidden here.
He sat in the garden smoking a pipe. Who is the girl
wearing the green hat? We heard our cousin singing.
He remained standing at (or by) the door. Knowing
he was at home I telephoned him. On looking out of
the window I saw our doctor's car go by. He saw them
{or her) playing tennis. He smoked while shaving.
The little girl came running and spoke to us. I stood up
on seeing the man enter, but my sister remained sitting.
Exercise 67
Als ich den Brief auf dem Tisch sah, las ich ihn.
"Sind Sie fertig? " fragte er, indem er seinen Mantel
anzog. Er stand bei {or neben) der Tür und las eine
Zeitung. Der Mann arbeitete, und seine Frau spielte
Klavier. Ich bat ihn sich zu setzen, aber er blieb
stehen. Als wir die Schublade öffneten, fanden wir
176
KEY TO EXERCISES
einen Brief von ihm. Wer ist der Mann, der auf dem
grossen schwarzen Pferd reitet ? Wir fanden sie weinend.
Bevor er ausging, telefonierte er seinem Bruder. Da wir
wussten, dass es spät war, beschlossen wir, unseren
Onkel nicht zu besuchen. Nachdem er die Anzeige in
der Zeitung gesehen hatte, telefonierte er seiner Schwe-
ster. Der sterbende Matrose bat um Wasser. Der Mann
stirbt. Als ich die Strasse entlang ging, begegnete ich
meinem Zahnarzt. Ich kannte diesen Arzt. Er weiss
nichts.
Exercise 68
I am going swimming this afternoon with my friend.
Have you promised to send him a book? My uncle
taught me to play the piano. I am getting (I get) my hair
cut. I have had a new house built. Where did you
learn to play golf? Help me to get in (i.e. a vehicle).
Must you go home now? We shall have some new
clothes made (for us) in Paris. He decided to go by car
to Dresden. I decided to have my hair cut. My
father has promised to me(;t me at the station. Do
you wish to leave (set out) to-morrow? I ordered the
waiter to bring me a bottle of wine. I have had a bottle
of wine brought (for me). We saw him riding in the
wood. Wash his hands! Have you washed your hands?
I have washed his hands. The barber has cut the man's
hair. Please do not cut my hair too short. Have you
tinted your finger-nails and plucked your eyebrows? I
have my shoes cleaned. Has he gone home? They

have not yet arrived. My brother flew to Amsterdam
yesterday.
Exercise 69
Ich hörte Sie im Garten singen. Wer hat Sie Klavier
spielen gelehrt? Ihnen einige Zigaretten kaufen,
Soll ich
wenn ich in der Stadt bin? Wir sind zum Bahnhof
geeilt, um Sie abzuholen. Sind Sie in Russland gereist?
'77
Die Bäume in Ihrem Garten sind sehr hoch gewachsen.
Ich Hess gestern das Gras des Rasens schneiden. Ich
werde nächste Woche einen neuen Anzug machen lassen.
Wir sind oft über diese Felder gewandert {or gezogen).
Sind Sie den ganzen Tag zu Hause gebUeben? Können
Sie mir dieses Rad reparieren lassen? Ich habe Ihnen
ein Glas Wein bringen lassen. Soll ich Ihnen diese Sa-
chen zuschicken lassen? Ich habe beschlossen, mir die
Haare ondulieren zu lassen. Wollen Sie mich tauchen
lehren? Wir versprachen, ihnen jede Woche einen Brief
zu schicken. Er bat sie, ihm zu schreiben. Haben Sie
dem Kellner befohlen, noch etwas Brot zu bringen?
Nein, ich habe einige Zigaretten bestellt. Wollen Sie
Radio hören?
Exercise 70
Taxi, drive to an up-do-date but cheap hotel. I want
to spend a few weeks in this town. Here is a good

hotel. Sir, the " Riesenfiirstenliof." Good! I'll get
out here. How much do I owe your Three marks
fifty? Here is a tip for you. Thank you, Sir! That's
all right (Not at all. Don't mention it)! Can I have
{or get) a room for a few nights? Yes, certainly! What
sort of one? I do not want to spend too much.
The man said he had a few nice rooms which were quite
quiet and well lighted. I replied that I should like to
see them. He said I could go up by lift: Number 15.

I asked where the lift was. He replied that it was in the
corner. I asked the lift-boy if {or whether) the hotel
had central heating. " Yes, of course! " he answered.

He asked to what room I was going. I said I should
spend a few days there. I asked if {or whether) the
hotol had a garage. Whether the hotel had electric
light (= was lighted by electricity) in all rooms. He
replied that there was a bathroom near my room and
that there was central heating in all rooms.
1 rang for the porter. I asked him if {or whether)
178
KEY TO EXERCISES
he would wake me up at 5 o'clock. He replied that he
would not forget. I pulled up the blind and looked
down upon the street.
Exercise 71
Der Chauffeur ganz fertig sei (or wäre)
sagte, dass er
(or: ganz fertig). Ich fragte ihn, ob
sagte, er sei (wäre)
er wüsste, wo das Hotel Bismarck sei (or wäre). Er
sagte, dass er es nie{mals) gesehen hätte. Ich fragte den
Schutzmann, ob die Post (das Postamt) in jener Strasse
wäre (or sei). Sie sagte, dass er Montag käme (or kom-
men würde). Das Mädchen sagte, dass sie sein Auto in
der Garage gesehen hätte. Der Mann sagte mir, dass sie
nach England mit dem Flugzeug gefahren wäre (or sei).
Ich antwortete, dass ich den Zug versäumt hätte. Sie
fragte mich, ob ich mit ihnen spielen möchte. Es leben
unsere Freunde aus Deutschland!
Exercise 72
Wenn Sie das Geld hätten, möchten Sie nach den
Vereinigten Staaten (fahren) ? Wenn ich Sie wäre, würde
ich gleich nach Hause gehen. Wäre mein Freund zu
Hause gewesen, dann hätte ich bei ihm übernachtet
(hätte ich die Nacht bei ihm verbracht). Sie hätte den
Zug versäumt (Si würde den Zug versäumt haben), wenn
sie nicht mit der Taxe zum Bahnhof gefahren wäre.
Ich hätte Ihnen telefoniert (Ich würde Ihnen telefoniert
haben), v/enn ich nicht hätte kommen können. Ich
sagte ihnen, dass ich ihnen helfen würde, wenn ich könnte.
Ich wäre sehr gern mit Ihnen ins Theater gegangen
(Ich würde sehr gern mit Ihnen ins Theater gegangen
sein), aber ich war furchtbar beschäftigt. Wenn der
Aufzug (Fahrstuhl, Lift) in Ordnung gewesen wäre, so
(or dann) wäre ich nicht die Treppe hinuntergefallen
(so würde ich nicht die Treppe hinuntergefallen sein).
Ich fragte ihn, wieviel ich ihm schuldig wäre (or sei).
Er fragte mich, ob ich dort ausstiege (aussteige). Ich
179
fragte ihn, ob er das Licht anknipsen könnte. Er fragte
mich, ob ich mit dem Fahrstuhl hinauffahren wollte
{or wolle). Ich sagte ihm, dass ich jede Woche einen
Brief von ihr bekäme (bekomme). Der Chauffeur fragte
mich, zu was für einem Hotel ich gehen möchte (or
wollte). Ich sagte ihm, dass ich die Treppe herauf-
gekommen wäre {or sei). Der Lift junge sagte, dass er
einen Wecker auf den Kamin in meinem Zimmer {or
meines Zimmers) gesetzt hätte {or habe). Das Mädchen
sah aus, als ob sie {or es) mehrere Wochen an der See
verbracht hätte.
Exercise 73
A Sea-Voyage from Ostend to Dover
A great desire of mine ^ was at be fulfilled.
last to
My parents promised that I might a friend in Lon-
visit
don. Quite apart from the reunion with him (meeting
him, seeing him again) (I had not seen him for a year), I
was especially looking forward to the sea-voyage. I had
always heard and read so much about the beauty of
the sea that I longed (thereafter) to be allowed to admire
this beauty with my own eyes. I was not disappointed.
The day of my departure dawned at last. The clerk of
the weather seemed to me to be quite friendly, and the sun
beamed {or shone) quite brightly from the dark-blue sky.
After a long railway journey from Wiesbaden I arrived
at 4 o'clock in Ostend. I hired a porter to take my cases
on to the ship. Together with all the other passengers
I passed a barrier, where my passport was carefully
examined. They asked me if I had any (= had not any)

dutiable goods. I replied in the negative. After I had
opened my cases I was allowed (to go) through {or by).
I went across the wooden gangway on to the big boat.
It was a Belgian boat. A few sailors with bronzed faces
and weather-beaten features were hurrying about on the
deck. I had a look round the ship. I soon became
* Ein Freund von mir, a friend of mine.
180
KEY TO EXERCISES
acquainted with a young Englishman who had already
made this journey several times and was a bit more
conversant with everything. He showed me where we
could sit comfortably and be protected from the wind.
A loud, deafening blast of the siren indicated that we
were ready to leave. We went (sailed, steamed) out of
the harbour into the open sea.
The coloured sails of the fishing-smacks looked very
beautiful in the sunshine. The sea, slightly ruffled by
a pleasing fresh wind, gave a picturesque impression.
Ostend, with its beautiful beach and the big hotels,
retreated further and further away.
We went past the buoys which tinkled and tossed about
in the water. After three hours' journey we could see the
white coast of England. An hour later the travellers
conversed merrily with one another and looked for their
cases, in order to get ready for going ashore. The
boat entered Dover harbour. The sun was already
slowly sinking in the west. In Dover the immigration
officers examined our passports and the customs officers
examined our cases. I entered a compartment of the
through-train for London which stood waiting and made
myself comfortable. I had a cup of Enghsh tea brought
to me. Then I felt like a giant refreshed. Thank
Heaven! I had not been seasick!
Exercise 74
Er wäscht sich im Badezimmer. Sie hat sich die
Hände schon gewaschen. Haben Sie (etwas) Geld bei
sich? Haben Sie den Reifen selbst repariert (ausge-
bessert) ? Die Tür öffnete sich und ein grosser Herr trat
herein. Sie kleidet sich an, glaube ich.Ich fühle mich
ganz komisch. Zwei Jungen waren an die Tür gelehnt
und plauderten miteinander. Sie wandte sich (drehte
sich) schnell um. Das Rathaus war in der Friedrich-
strasse. Kein Blatt regte sich. Sie setzten sich auf den
181
Stuhl. Haben Sie sich rasiert? Sie kleideten sich
schnell aus. Ich will mich in der Stadt umsehen. Sie
irren sich, wenn Sie glauben, dass ich ein Franzose bin.
Ich habe mich erkältet. Wir haben uns vorgenommen,
einige Freunde in Bonn zu besuchen. Wir verirrten uns
in dem Walde. Erinnern Sie sich des Namens von un-
serem Hotel (unseres Hotels would sound unpleasant
after des Namens). Ich freue mich, dass Sie angekom-
men sind. Das Kind legte sich auf das Bett und weinte.
Warum regen Sie sich so auf? Meine Schwestern sehen
sich die Schaufenster an. Waschen Sie sich! Waschen
Sie sich die Hände! Drehen Sie sich nicht um! Setzen
Sie sich, bitte! Ich habe mir vorgenommen, einige Tage
in Dresden zu verbringen.
Exercise 75
Es kam mir ganz komisch vor. Es freut mich, dass
Sie angekommen sind. Es schneite, als wir Bonn ver-
liessen. Es waren mehrere Soldaten in dem Wirtshaus.
Waren (lagen) einige Schiffe in dem Hafen? Es schlug
zwei Uhr, als wir am Rathaus vorbeifuhren. Ich be-
dauere (= I regret; or es tut mir leid), wir haben keine
englischen Zeitungen übrig.^ Gefällt es Ihnen in Berlin?
Ihr neues Auto gefällt ihr nicht. Wie geht es Ihnen?
Sind einige Briefmarken in der Schublade? Gelang es
ihr (Ist es ihr gelungen), ihre Prüfung zu bestehen? Wie-
viele Personen sind (befinden sich) in dem Abteil? Es
gibt keine Sklaven in diesem Lande. Es langweilt mich
hier zu bleiben. So kam es mir vor. Es ist mir gelun-
gen, diese schwere Sprache zu lernen. Bitte, machen Sie
das Fenster zu, mir ist kalt. Es tut ihm leid, dass er
heute abend nicht kommen kann. Mir war, als ob ich
mich seit Wochen nicht gewaschen hätte. Das geht Sie
nicht an. Zieht es?
^ Übrig, left over, remaining; mehr would mean here no
longer, never any more.
182
CONCLUSION
The student who has conscientiously worked out the
exercises and has followed our advice in reading German
isnow in a position to advance on his own account.
He should buy a good dictionary a good choice would
;
be The E.U.P. Concise German Dictionary.

To obtain greater mastery of the language it is neces-
sary to write and read as much as possible. The student
who follows our advice and finds a correspondent in
Germany will find he is making good progress if his
German friend is conscientiously helping him with his
grammar and construction. This service, to be perman-
ent and beneficial, must, of course, be mutual. The
student should endeavour to study and sympathize with
the views and likes and dislikes of his correspondent.
If an exchange of visits can result from such a corre-
spondence, so much the better.
The important thing is to read as much as possible,
looking up just those words and idioms necessary for an
appreciation of the matter. A close attention to the
meaning of every word is only going to kill the interest
and bring discouragement or boredom. The vocabulary
and " feeling for the language " (das Sprachgefühl) will
then come unconsciously and pleasantly.
By the time the student has progressed thus far upon
the road, he will be able to dispense with his guide and
proceed alone on a wonderful voyage of discovery,
delighting in every fresh vista that opens up before his
eyes. And in this interesting, nay, exciting enterprise
"
we wish him " Glückliche Reise!
»83
APPENDIX A
TABLE OF GERMAN DECLENSIONS
A
bracketed Umlaut means that not all the nouns indicated
take the Umlaut in the plural. This is best learnt by sa^^ng for
— — —
the four declensions " Sometimes sometimes always never."
:
1.
: —
Notes
1. Feminine nouns take no ending in the singular.
2. As a rule monosyllables take the -es of the Gen. sing, in
Declensions 2 and 3, and words of more than one syllable
take -s.
3. Words ending in -s in Declension 2 and in -in in Declension

4 double the final consonant before the ending : Autobus
Autobusse ;
—
Königin Königinnen.
4. Notice all Declensions have -n in the Dative plural.
SPECIA L LISTS OF NOUNS

Nouns of Declension I taking the Umlaut in the plural :
Masculine :
Acker, field Hafen, harbour Ofen, stove, oven
Apfel, apple Hammer, hammer Sattel, saddle
Boden, ground Kasten, box Schnabel, beak
Bruder, brother Laden, shop Schwager, brother-
Faden, thread Mangel, lack in-law
Garten, garden Mantel, coat Vater, father
Graben, ditch Nagel, nail Vogel, bird
Neuter : das Kloster, monastery
2. Masculine nouns of Declension 2 not taking the Umlaut in the

plural
Aal, eel Kran, crane Punkt, point
Apparat, apparatus Lachs, salmon Salat, salad
Arm, arm Lauch, leek Salm, salmon
Docht, wick Monat, month Schal, scarf
Dom, dome, cathe- Mond, moon Schuh, shoe
dral Omnibus, omnibus Star, starUng
Fasan, pheasant Park, park Stofi, stuff
Grad, degree Pfad, path Tag, day
Huf, hoof Puis, pulse Thron, throne
Hund, dog
3. Feminine monosyllables of Declension 2 {all taking Umlauf
where possible) :
Axt, axe Hand, hand Maus, mouse

Bank, bench Haut, skin Nacht, night
Braut, bride Kraft, power Nuss, nut
Brust, breast Kuh, cow Stadt, city
Faust, fist Macht, might Wand, wall
Frucht, fruit Magd. maid Wurst, sausage
Gans, goose
186
: :
APPENDIX A
4. Neuter nouns of Declension 3
Amt, office Gesicht, face Land, country
Bad, bath Gespenst, ghost Licht, light
Bild, picture Glas, glass Lied, song
Blatt, leaf Glied, member Loch, hole
Buch, book Grab, grave Nest, nest
Dach, roof Gras, grass Rad, wheel
Denkmal, memorial Haus, house Schloss, castle
Dorf, village Horn, horn Schwert, sword
Ei,egg Huhn, chicken Tal, valley
Fach, subject Kalb, calf Tuch, cloth
Fass, barrel Kind, child Volk, people
Feld, field Kleid, dress Weib, woman
Geschlecht, sex Lamm, lamb Wort, word
5. Masculine monosyllables of Declension 3 :
Geist, spirit, ghost Mann, man Wald, wood

Gott, god Rand, edge Wurm, worm
Leib, body
6. Nouns, 2nd Declension in sing,, 4th Declension in plural

Masculine :
Bauer, farmer See, lake Strahl, ray

Mast, mast Staat, state Vetter, cousin
Nachbar, neighbour
Neuter :
Auge, eye Hemd, shirt Insekt, insect

Bett, bed Herz (-ens, Interesse, interest
Ende, end heart Ohr. ear
187
^ 4J •- to
tf) O 4} O
> ;; i *^ rt
5 ^ cx^Ä.h
? « ^ fl I _ •
«:
^
êo-ä
-S^^
Sag»
^5 a«
^"SISm
(ü.2o}4)OOrtrt;3;:3C2i;>;rti
iJ
~ (U C tn o
O 2 Î^.S
='«'^
^ 4>ba^- l'^ 1-2 ll^lllll^l :ä
> 5 2x3 «
> 0) vi ^
•
u ll-!^° I! 2l ii-JiMi.is|ii
to rt|-OX).p! - -Q-Q -Q -Q -Q-Q
<
- III«!! I J 'k.L.v .hJ^Jfh
tllN I |l1iistgg|ssi|| PP
' • ^ I s ,.
APPENDIX B
1
a
Ö o d
(U
Ö a
6
5=^
2 0-3
«5
gil|g|i§||| d
bObObOW) tuOfcObJO bßbjOBCbCtiCtiOÖOtaObObüCjOtiDtuO&ObOtijOW

bO
APPENDIX B
(0 a a
illsll a I P acn |& gcngag

(OOTcoa5mco oS en mm cnf^cntncoco cncAco Mmc/>»i»cA
C£ bo bO bo bo bO bo bo bobc be be bjo bo b£ bo be &wo bo bobobobobcbc
a ii V
ncocAcooon n en cocn 'cn^ta'cfl'cn'n wcocn cnncnncflco to
^^ I -O bo a
îJ-Q-MftfSSSî
w.tivv-M-r ^ ^ 9 £? xi
a>
*^
^bc
OÖT3— n v>ja
jixs^^xixi Ä Mo oortjTrtrtcjRj
*,^ ^ c c c Ö vh u
ÜÜOOOO
cncncAMcnm
o
m cncn
-cs-c
cn^cncnencn
en
2
rtCXO,
cncncn
rtrt.Si rt.Siu
+j^^_.+j+j-4->
cncncncncncn
I I I I I I I II „ II 11 III I i U I I
I I I I I I I I M . MM III IÛal
c ^
III I I II «
Ä
MM 1 1 I 1 1 1
'35 J3
S..Sga^ ° ° Is I iSl , I 'S

""^£-«2 1^ 1-^^ I& 111 «I« S
""--|||.|llll :-2|£ggi:-||i£ii|g||i
cncn
• •
en en cn(A
••
«ococncocficn cncncn
•
cncncncncncn
•« en
»9»
Hgobo :3
U Im W Ih :C
43 4J 4J 4J -4. > > ^ ^ S
.
3. . -
W> to
i3 iiiJiiiJ^ >> >>ii^^ ^ ^ i
I ..u
«Ö
•o He I I I I I !•§ ^ I
> >
>92
^
1
Fawcett VVtt m? j.y
J^
SPRECHEN SIE Dt Hl SCH?

Did you know tha^ Gcin an is THF leading language of
Europe? German, concearated in the heartland of the Eu-
ropean continent, is spoken not only Dy the inhabitants of
Germany, Austria and Switzer-and, out is the second lan-
guage of millions who live on ihe borders of the Teutonic
homeland. If you travel to Holland, Sweden, Polanu,
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Yugoslavia, northern Italy
eastern France, the chances are you will get along better in
German than English or French.
With the unique methods of self-teaching descn d in this
book you can learn to speak, read and write r.rni >n easily
and quickly. You need no other help. Everything you need
to know about grammar, pronunciation, vocabulary and
idioms is included in this one volume. The only other t'lin^^
required is your willingness to spend a few minutes eêry
day with it. Anyone who ""ollows this course conscientiously
should be able to maste- ihe basic elements of Gc .man
within a very short time.
TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN provides:

Condensed Grammar Pronunciation Guide»
•
Colloquial Phrases • Exercises • Translation Key

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?:?

the Commonwealth and the Crown possessions, where

twenty million people who speak German as a second

TEACH YOURSELF FRENCH

TEACH YOURSELF SPANISH

A FAWCETT PREMIER BOOK

All rights reserved, including the right to

First Premier printing, March 1969

Printed in the United States of America

FOR A FREE CATALOG of Fawcett paperbacks,

not only to read German, but also to write and speak it

§ I. THE GERMAN ALPHABET

Of the above, u and au may modify, i.e. change

TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN

mu6, must tfet, eats

Although the e in e^bar is short, the double 5 is written

In gu^ and 5^u6, the u in the former is long and in the

gufec (the double s not at the end but following a

Observations. —In writing German with Roman char-

93 (B) and S3 (V)

91 (R) and Ä (K)

Note carefully : b (b), b (d) and () (h).

Note also the difference in German written letters

^ (c) and ^ (t, with dot)

^^ (n)and ^ (u, distinguished from n by stroke over it)

Before we go any further we must explain that the

TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN

The Stress In German

1. The stress is laid on the stem of the word :

geh'-en, ge-fähr'-lich, Mäd'-chen

(The principal parts in these words being geh, fähr,

But not with the adverbial particles: hin-ein', da-mit',

3. Separable prefixes take the main stress :

aus'-gehen, hin-ajif'-klettern, her-un'ter-kommen

4. The negative prefix un- is always stressed :

un'-artig, Un'-sinn, un'-erwartet

A Simple Exercise In Reading

The following passage is given first in Roman type,

der vm't9r ^ist kalt, es reg'nat oft ?unt ?es Jnait

The is given as a rough guide, although the

ation, must read and re-read the foregoing rules, and

H/J/'Cn/w^/iwV^ •W-wH' ^vt-k^/»»'h/' /thlv/J-U'i/^ . '\JrV\f aA^pvv>/»v xvti'

yV^/ryvfe -'vC'v^ ./tv;^»^v^ . Arv-h, 'U-v^-wOV'VVVV ^VVVVV ?J1aAA>1^V7VV^

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

In this first section we are going to deal only with

TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN

Read and then turn into English

of them refer to things the English it must in all these cases

Turn the above sentences into the plural. Remember

arm. When you

2. The Feminine Nouns

TEACH YOURSELF GERMAN

Read and then turn into English

3. The Neuter Nouns

THE SIMPLE SENTENCE