IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

CODEN [USA]: IAJPBB ISSN: 2349-7750

INDO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF

PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES
http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1123248

Available online at: http://www.iajps.com Review Article

A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON NOVEL

PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS
APPLICATIONS
Pankaj Khuspe1*, Kishori Kokate1, Trushali Mandhare1, Priyanka Nangre1,
Balmukund Rathi2
1
Navsahyadri Institute of Pharmacy, Pune-412213
2
Ideal College of Pharmacy & Research, Kalyan-421306
Abstract:
The health care industry is one ofhuge part of world industries today. With such a huge customer based and an
increasing demand, pharmaceutical industries will respond to patient’s demands by developing and successfully
expanding their technologies. The nature of newly discovered drugs becomes more complex and toxicity also
increased, new novel modes of delivery are necessary to deliver them to the desired sites of the body. Due to this
reason the renowned pharmaceutical companies are concentrating on applying new methods and technologies. As
compared to other technologies pharmaceutical nanotechnology is one of the most comprehensive technologies.
Pharmaceutical nanotechnology gives novel tools with lots of opportunities and scope, which are expected to have a
great impact not only on complicated diagnosis of disease but also on the therapeutics of diseases. Due to this
advances, pharmaceutical nanotechnology is now popular and well-established for diagnostics, drug delivery and
treatment of diseases through its nano-structured tools & devices. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology assists to
develop novel technologies where current existing and conventional technologies may have their limits.It also
provides opportunities to improve materials, medical devices performance. Due to current novel development in
nano-technology, global interest shown by scientists, governments and industries assure that there is enormous
potential and huge scope of nano-technology based drug delivery system in near future.
Keywords: Pharmaceutical nanotechnology, Nano technology in drug delivery system, Nano technology in disease
diagnosis.
Corresponding author:
Pankaj Khuspe, QR code

Navsahyadri Institute of Pharmacy,

Pune-412213
[email protected]

Please cite this article in press as Pankaj Khuspe et al., A Comprehensive Review on Novel Pharmaceutical
Nanotechnology and Its Applications, Indo Am. J. P. Sci, 2017; 4(12).

www.iajps.com Page 4640

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

INTRODUCTION: dendrimers, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of many more [7]. Nanomaterials are widely used in
producing and utilizing nano-sized particles that they drug delivery due to their advantages like they can
are having very small size, that measure in nano- increase drug solubility; drug targetingand can lead to
meter. In other words, nanotechnology is the art of controlled release. They are used in various drug
characterizing, manipulating and organizing matter deliveries like genedelivery, hormone delivery
systemically, at the nano-meter scale, which has through the skin, drug delivery through the eye and in
created a revolution in all research perform in oral and vaccine delivery systems and treatment like
science, engineering, technology, drug delivery and targeted anti-cancer treatment. Now a day’s lot of
therapeutics. The normal size of accessible structures companies worldwide employ nanoparticles in anti-
is resides in the sub-micrometer range, being within cancer treatment. Nano devices are very small
the limits of optical resolution and visible barely with devices in the nanoscale and some of which include
a light microscope. This scale is very smaller than microarrays for the different kind of biological assay
structures that could be resolved by the naked eye, e.g. DNA, protein, cell, microfluidics for control and
but still 1000 times larger than an atom. The manipulation of micro or nanolitre of fluids, nano-
nanotechnology is defined as developmentof a and micro-electromechanical systems (NEMS/
novelsizestructureresides is in the nano-meter range MEMS), and disease signatures and some intelligent
and the size range below these dimensions of a nano machines like respirocytes. Nanocrystals are
typical structure [1]. Today there are lots of prepared in special mills and the resulting nano sized
treatments that require a more time and are also very drugscan be applied intravenously as
expensive too. With the utilization of nanotechnology nanosuspensions or bronchially through an inhaler.
in pharmaceutical field, quicker and less expensive This reduced size drug size increases the
treatments can be developed. Normally, drugs flows surface/volume-ratio and altimetly enhancement in
and travels through the whole body before it reach bioavailability of almost insoluble pharmaceuticals
the disease affected area or site. Using [8].
nanotechnology pharmaceuticals, the drug can be
targeted to a precise location which would make the TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL
drug much more effective and reduce the chances of NANOSYSTEMS WITH THEIR
possible side-effects [2,3]. Current development in APPLICATIONS
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology provides a novel The following are different types of nanosystems
approach and complete technology against cancer for with their pharmaceutical applications
early diagnosis, prediction, prevention, personalized
therapy and targeted drug delivery of anticancer drug Dendrimers
or medicine.Nanotechnology would play important Dendrimers are globular, highly branched, and
role in target-specific drug delivery and methods for synthetic polymers containing of an initiator core and
early diagnosis of diseases and disorders [4]. multiple layers with active terminal groups. These
layers are comprised of repeating units and each of
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Based Systems these layer is called a generation. The core of a
It is a challenging task developing a drug delivery dendrimer is indicated as generation zero. The
system that enhances the pharmaceutical action of a specific molecular structureof dendrimers with
drug whilereducing its toxic side effect in vivo. By interior coremakes them suitable to carry various
using pharmaceutical nano-systems these challenging drugs using their multivalent surfaces
task can controlled. Nano-materials and nano- throughelectrostatic adsorption or covalent
devicesaretwo basic type’s pharmaceutical conjugation. The advantages of dendrimers are that
nanotechnology, which play a main role in they are uniform in size to many proteins and
pharmaceutical nanotechnology and other fields.The biomolecules like insulin, and haemoglobin. Second
nano materials, are made from biomaterials; used in generation dendrimers have a width similar to that of
dental implants or orthopaedic. Their DNA (2.4 nm). Through hydrophobic interaction,
biocompatibility with the living cells can enhances by hydrogen bond, or chemical linkage drugs can be
surface modified or coatings. These are further loaded in the cavities in dendrimer cores. Researchers
classified into two main type nano-structure materials in Michigan developed a polyamidoamine-based G5
and nano-crystals [5]. Nanostructured materials are dendrimer for targeted drug delivery to tumour.The
vital because it can bridge the gap between molecular polyamidoamine-based G5 dendrimer has a diameter
& bulk levels [6]. Nanostructured materials are of about 5 nm and more than 100 functional primary
processed forms of nano-materials with special size, amines on the surface. By attaching folate as the
shapes and functions. These include fullerenes, targeting molecule and methotrexate as the

www.iajps.com Page 4641

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

therapeutic agent, the G5 dendrimer was many folds drug pharmacokinetics, biological distribution and
more effective than methotrexate alone in prohibiting reduced drug toxicity [3].
tumourgrowth [9]. Dendrimers used in drug delivery
and imaging are usually 10 to 100 nm in diameter Quantum dots
with multiple functional groups on their surface, Quantum dots are nanocrystal or small tiny particles
makes them ideal carriers for targeted drug delivery a semi conducting material with 2-10 nanometer
[10]. However, Dendrimers with poly cationic diameter. Quantum dots are first discovered in
surface shown great potential in the targeted delivery 198013. Quantum dots are used for periods ranging
of anticancer therapeutic agents, which can form from milliseconds to minutes to track individual
multiple interactions with a number of target glycine receptors (GlyRs) and to analyse their
receptors. The poly cationic surface is also having dynamics in the neuronal membrane of living cells
main disadvantage in therapeutic delivery [14]. In recent years, semiconductor quantum dots
applications are due to their toxic effect on cell have attracted the attention of many research groups
membranes [11]. because of their applications in scientific and
technological significance in microelectronics,
Liposomes optoelectronics and cellular imaging [4]. Quantum
In 1976 liposomes was first described as lipid Dots are semi conducting materials consisting of a
vesicles that was applied in drug delivery [11].In semiconductor core coated by a shell to improve
1995 liposomes were the first nanoscale drug optical properties. Their properties originate from
delivery devices gets approval for clinical use. Since their physical size which ranges from 20-200A⁰ in
then, up to today many of developments are takes diameter [7]. Quantum dots are widely used in
place in liposomes drug delivery system. Now a days biological applications that require fluorescence,
liposomes are available not only for oral but also for including cell biology and immune fluoresence
topical and transdermal route. Long circulating assays, DNA array technology, particularly in the
liposomes, stimuli-responsive liposomes, elastic immune staining of proteins, microtubules and
liposomes, nebulized liposomes are the new advances nuclear antigens [15]. The most commonly used
of liposomal drug delivery system [12]. Liposomes Quantum dots are cadmium telluride, cadmium
are spherical vesicles composed of amphiphilic selenide, indium, arsenide and indium phosphide. In
phospholipids and cholesterol, which self-associate bio-imaging these particles serve as contrast agents,
into bilayers to encapsulate an aqueous interior. The providing much greater resolution than existing
amphiphilic phospholipid molecules form a closed fluorescent dyes. Quantum Dots particles absorbing
bilayer sphere in an attempt tostill maintaining white light and re-emit it with different bulk band gap
contact with the aqueous phase via the hydrophilic energies corresponding to different combinations of
head group, while shield their hydrophobic groups particles within nanoseconds [10].
from the aqueous environment. Because a liposome
can encapsulate an aqueous solution with a lipophilic Carbon nanotubes
outer membrane, hydrophilic solutes cannot pass Carbon nanotubes are hexagonal networks of carbon
through the lipids. So, liposomes can carry both atoms. Carbon nanotubes are 1nm in diameter and 1-
lipophilic molecules as outer membrane and 100nm in length. Nanotubes are of two type’s single
hydrophilic molecules in the inner aqueous core. walled nanotubes and multi walled nanotubes. These
Liposomes can be classified into three categories are small macro molecules have unique size, shape
depending upon their size and number of bilayers as: and remarkable physical properties [16]. Carbon
multilamellar vesicles (multi bilayer), large nanotubes are carbon cylinders composed of benzene
unilamellar vesicles (large size, single bilayer), and rings.Carbon nanotubeshave been used as diagnostic
small unilamellar vesicles (small size, single bilayer). devices for the discrimination of different proteins
Liposomes can be divided into five types based upon from serum samples, biological sensors for detecting
composition as well as mechanism of intracellular protein and DNA, and as carriers to deliver drug,
delivery: conventional liposomes, pH-sensitive protein or vaccine4. Single-walled carbon nanotubes
liposomes, cationic liposomes, immune liposomes, have been usedto develop highly specific electronic
and long-circulating liposomes [10]. The biomolecule detectors as well as a platform for
liposomeslipid bilayer fuse with bilayers of the cell investigating surface–protein and protein–protein
membrane delivers its contents to the appropriate binding [14].
area. Liposomes have been intensivelyinvestigated
for their use in cancer therapy. The effectiveness of Polymeric nanoparticles
drug delivery systems due to their small size, Polymeric nanoparticles having some inherent
controlled time release of the drug, modification of properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability,

www.iajps.com Page 4642

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

non-toxicity and non-immunogenicity [7]. Polymeric hydrophilic groups. These are used for systemic
nanoparticles are the combined name for nanospheres delivery of water insoluble drugs [7].
and nanocapsules [11]. Polymeric nanoparticles are
solid colloidal particle with radius ranging from 0.5 Metallic nanoparticle:
to 500 nm [17]. Polymeric nanoparticles are Metallic nanoparticle can be prepared by various
developed as effective delivery vehicles because methods by using metals like gold etc. A metal
itsability to enhance the efficacy and minimizes the nanoparticle shows similar optical properties which is
side effects of chemotherapeutic drugs due to their dependent upon shape and size [23]. Researcher
passive tumour-targeting properties. Polymeric made nanoparticle by using various metals but out of
nanoparticles having preferentially capacity to all of themgoldand silver nanoparticles are important
accumulate in and around the tumour mass also gives for biomedical use, a large number of ligands have
a platform for improved diagnostics of tumour, been linked to nanoparticles such as peptides,sugar,
hereby this property laying the foundation for the proteins and DNA [7]. They have been used fordrug
new development of multi-functional nanoparticle discovery, bioassays, active delivery of bioactive,
systems in cancer diagnosis &therapy [18]. For detection, imaging and many other applications due
preparation of polymeric nanoparticles natural to surface functionalization ability. Due these
macromolecules, such as proteins and advantages it is an alternative to quantum-dots [8].
polysaccharides, non-polar lipids, metal oxides and
silica, and Polymers like poly Fullerenes
(alkylcyanocrystalates), poly (mythylidenemalnolate A Fullerene isentirely composed of carbon in the
2.1.2), polyesters, e.g., poly (lactic acid), poly(e- forms of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tubular and many
caprolactone), and their copolymers are used [19]. more shapes. Buckminster Fuller who designed
Polymeric nanoparticles can be used for better geodesic physical structures and buildings based on
application by overcoming obstacles in conventional this geometry, fullerenes are commonly referred to as
drug delivery & effective drug delivery and would “Buckyballs”. A Buckyball is a carbon consisting
enhance treatment & patient compliance [20]. hollow geometric sphere, first found in soot
developed from a laboratory experiment [24].
Polymeric micelles Fullerenes are similar to carbon nanotubes in that
Now a day’s these micelles have emerged as a new their molecular framework is entirely composed of an
promising colloidal carrier for targeted delivery of extensive p-conjugated carbon skeleton. They are
poor water soluble as well as amphiphilic drugs. typically synthesized by poorly understood empirical
Polymeric micelles can enhance solubilisation of methods; for instance, the vaporization of graphite by
hydrophilic compounds in their inner core. These are resistive heating yields grunge from which fullerenes
more stable as compared to surfactant micelles [21]. can be isolated chromatographically [25]. Fullerenes
A polymer micelle is a nanoparticle consisting of two bind very efficiently and inactivate radicals that play
main parts one hydrophilic shell and one hydrophobic a vital role in the development of diseases of the
core. It can be divided into two main categories: central nervous system e.g. Parkinson, Alzheimer
hydrophobically assembled micelles and polyion- diseases and cardiovascular diseases [26].
complex micelles. The hydrophobically assembled
micelles consist of amphiphilic copolymers with a APPLICATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL
hydrophobic and a hydrophilic block. Balance NANOTECHNOLOGY
between those two blocks in an aqueous medium From the concept of the Nanotechnology, the current
induces spontaneous formation of nano-sized approach to Pharmaceutical therapy in which drug is
particulates. For most block copolymers, poly systemically absorbed by whole body in order to
(ethylene glycol) is used as a hydrophilic block. affect a single localized organ, according to which
Different micelle properties originate from the nature that organ, or diseased part of it , should be targeted
of hydrophobic core-forming materials, which with molecular precision. The pharmaceuticals in
include biodegradable polyesters polymers such as current rely on slight differential selectivity of
poly (glycolic acid), poly (lactic acid), and poly (e- binding or uptake, and a dose sufficient to be
caprolactone) [22]. These are usually of less than effective against the diseased organ is likely to have
100nm and their hydrophilic surface inhibit uptake by significantly deleterious effects on the body as a
reticuloendothelial system. Micelles formed in whole when weak binding and uptake are summed
solutions as aggregates in which the component over the entire rest of the body. The pharmaceutical
molecules are arranged in a spherical structure with nanotechnology has been also focusing the following
hydrophobic core shield from water by a mantle of applications.

www.iajps.com Page 4643

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

Drug discovery and design Molecular Diagnostics

Nanotechnology is playing vital role for better The nano science of representing, characterizing, and
understanding of mechanism of the drug action and quantifying subcellular biological processes in entire
identification of biomarker associated with specific organisms is called as Molecular imaging. These
disease which assist in new drug discovery and processes include gene expression, protein-protein
design. Byidentifying the protein present on the interaction, signal transduction, cellular metabolism,
surface or target surface nanotechnology helps in and both intracellular and intercellular trafficking.
identification and validation of Some nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanocrystal,
target.Nanotechnology will enhance the drug quantum dots and metallic nanoparticleswhich have
discovery process, through miniaturization, inherent diagnostic properties. They have been
automation, speed and reliability of assays. The successfully utilized in various magnetic resonance
examples of nanotechnology in drug discovery imagings, optical imaging, ultrasonic imaging and
arequantum dots are used for periods ranging from nuclear imaging [31]. The combination of other
milliseconds to minutes to track individual glycine nanotechnology-based materialswithnanoparticles
receptors and to analyse their dynamics in the has the potential to address this emerging challenge
neuronal membrane of living cells, single walled and provide technologies that makes diagnoses
nanotubes are successfully used to identity surface possible at the level of single molecules and single
protein of pathogen. Similarly, gold nanoparticles, cells [28]. In bio-imaging quantum dots particles
nanobodies which are smallest, intact, antigen- such ascadmium telluride, cadmium selenide, indium
binding fragments produced by Ablynx are some phosphide, and indium arsenide serve as contrast
commonly used nanomaterials in diagnostics [27]. agents, providing much higher resolution than
existing fluorescent dyes [10].
Drug delivery
The pharmacokinetics profile of new discovered drug Tissue Engineering
entity can be modified by using Pharmaceutical Tissue engineering makes use of artificially
nanotechnology7. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable
has many advantages over conventional drug delivery nanomaterialbased growth
system, such as enhancing drug-therapeutic factorsandscaffolds.Nanotechnology can assist to
efficiency and pharmacological characteristics. repair damaged tissueor toreproduce it. In future with
Because nanoparticles having advantages such more advances in tissue engineering might replace
asmodify pharmacokinetics, improve the solubility of today’s conventional treatments like organ
poorly water-soluble drugs, improve transplants or artificial implants [32].
bioavailability,increase drug half-life by reducing Nanotechnologies and micro technologies can be
immunogenicity, increase specificity towards the merged with biomaterials to generate scaffolds for
target cell or tissue therefore reducing side effects, tissue engineering that can maintain and regulate cell
diminish drug metabolism and enable a more behaviour [33]. Nanotechnology can be used to
controllable release of therapeutic compounds and create Nano patterns, nanofibers and control release
the delivery of two or more drugs simultaneously for nano particles with useful application in tissue
combination therapy [28]. The nanotechnology based engineering [34].
drug delivery system also used for delivery of
miconazole to the skin [29]. Nanotechnologies endue In gene therapy
drug delivery system with optimized physical, In gene therapy, using a carrier moleculea normal
chemical and biological properties can serve as gene is inserted in place of an abnormal
effective delivery tools for currently available diseasecausing gene. Conventional viral vectorsuse
bioactives. Few nanotechnology based drug delivery as a carrier molecule are associated with
devices are liposome,dendrimer,polymeric inflammatory reactions, adverse immunologic, and
nanoparticles, polymer-drug conjugates, polymeric diseases in the host. Nanotechnology based drug
micelles, antibody- drug conjugates, which can delivery systems have currently emerged as potential
broadly be classify as (i) stimuli sensitive delivery carrierfor effective and promising tool in systemic
system, (ii)sustained and controlled delivery system, gene treatment. Nanoparticles composed form
(iii) intracellular, cellular, tissue site specific polymer like chitosan, poly-l-lysine and modified
targeting, (iii) multifunctional system for combined silica nanoparticles have been reported to have
delivery of therapeutics, bio-sensing and diagnostic, enhanced transfection efficiency and reduced
and (iv)functional system for delivery of bioactives cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology provides viable option
[30]. as ideal vector in gene delivery [35]. Nano sized
liposomes can be used for delivery of genetic

www.iajps.com Page 4644

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

material into desire cells. Liposomes incorporated development of artificial organs and implants but still
with polyethylene glycol and galactose target liver safety and clinical approvals yet to grant by
cells effectively due to their rapid uptake by liver respective regulatory authority. Current research and
Kupffer cells. Thus gene therapy may be useful with investigations are going on for replacement of
such liposomal nanoparticles for variousliver defective or incorrectly functioning cells and organs
disorders such ashereditary hemochromatosisand with artificial cells [14].
Wilson’s disease [25]. A polymeric nanoparticle
givesanti-proliferative effects by targeted delivery of FUTURE ASPECTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL
gene therapy to breast cancer cells [36]. NANOTECHNOLOGY
Now a day’s materials with nanostructure by
Stem cell therapy combination with nanotechnology techniques are
Current research suggestsnanoparticles may be useful being used to make better composite materials,
as effective tools for improving stem cell therapy. materials with enhanced catalytic activity, hardness
Chemical engineers have successfully used and scratch resistance, and a wide range of consumer
nanoparticles to enhance stem cells' ability to products that improve human life. Pharmaceutical
stimulate regeneration of damaged vascular tissue nanotechnology has emerged as a discipline having
and reduce muscle degeneration in mice36. In stem tremendous potential as a carrier delivery of
cell therapy magnetic nanoparticles coupled to bioactives and diagnostics and provides smart
antibodies are added to a blood or bone marrow materials for tissue engineering. It offers novel tools,
sample that contains the target adult stem cells. The scope and opportunities, which are anticipated to
magnetic particles bind the target cells, which then have a great impact on many areas in diagnostics of
can be recovered using a magnet. This technique is disease and treatment of diseases through its nano-
used in cell therapies to isolate adult stem cells that engineered tools. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology
are then retransplanted in the patient e.g. to treat gives better opportunities to enhance materials,
blood disorders or cardiac diseases [26]. Theuse of medical devices and assist to develop novel
iron oxide nanoparticles to develop technologies where existing and more conventional
magnetodendrimers that can be used to label human technologies may have their limits. In coming future
neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells nanotechnology will provide us the new
through nonspecific membrane adsorption processes nanotechnology such as Nano cocoons, smart
[37]. The use of super paramagnetic iron oxide medicine and nanorobots to make important
particles to label human mesenchymal stem cells to contributions to disease diagnosis, detection, therapy,
track their migration using MRI after transplanting it and prevention.
for cartilage repair [38].
CONCLUSION:
In Cancer treatment New innovations in pharmaceutical nanotechnology
The research going on their conclusions shows that provide new tools, opportunities and scope, which are
nanoparticles are useful for cancer treatments these expected to have a great impact on many areas in
includes are liposomes, quantum dots, solid lipid disease diagnostics and therapeutics. Pharmaceutical
nanoparticles, nano shells, gold nanoparticles. Due to nanotechnology has emerged as a discipline having
small size nanoparticles penetrate small capillary and enormous potential as carrier for spatial and temporal
are taken up by the cell which allows for efficient delivery of bioactives and diagnostics and provides
drug accumulation at the target sites in the body [39]. smart materials for tissue engineering.
The effectiveness of nanotechnology based drug Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is now well-
delivery systems have few advantages such as their established as specialized area for drug delivery,
small size, reduced drug toxicity, controlled time diagnostics, prognostic and treatment of diseases
release of the drug and modification of drug through its nanoengineered tools. Few products and
pharmacokinetics and biological distribution delivery systems of nanotechnology base are already
overcome drawbacks of conventional anti-cancer approved by regulatory bodies are also they in
drug delivery system [40]. market. Nanotechnology creates new hope to
pharmaceutical industries by providing new age
Artificial organs and implants patentable technologies in view of revenue loss
Transplantation is often the only option for many caused due to off-patent drugs. Various researcher
patients those suffering from end-stage organ failure. and scientist of scientific industries, research
Application of nanotechnology in artificial organ and societies and governments all over world are looking
implant development generates hope for those with great expectations and contributing their best to
patients. Nanotechnology can be useful for the discover and unleash the potential of nanotechnology.

www.iajps.com Page 4645

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

Nanotechnology has the great potential to make Journal drug delivery, 2016, Vol 23, issue-9, pp.
remarkable contributions to disease diagnosis, 3319-3329.
therapy, and prevention. However, few suggested 13.Ekimov, A. I., Onushchenko, A. A., JETP Lett.
initiative must be taken in order to utilize the 34, 345-349 (1981)
advantage of this growing potential of 14.Kewal K. and Jain., ‘The role of
nanotechnology. We still don’t have sufficient data nanobiotechnology in drug discovery’, Drug dis.
and guidelines regarding safe use of devices and therp, 2005, 10 (21): 23-27.
materials based upon nanotechnology. There are few 15.Michalet, X., Pinaud, F. F., Bentolila, L. A., Tsay,
unresolved issues related with safety of J. M., Doose, S., Li, J. J., Sundaresan, G., Wu, A. M.,
nanotechnology. But still with all these Gambhir, S. S. and Weiss S., ‘Quantum dots for live
considerations pharmaceutical nanotechnology have cells- in vivo imaging and diagnostics’, Science,
very good potential to solve many issue related with 2005, Vol. 307, pp. 1268-1272.
pharmaceutical industry. 16.Niraj Sinha, John T.-W. Yeow, Carbon Nanotubes
for Biomedical Applications, IEEE transactions on
REFERENCES: nanobioscience, JUNE 2005, VOL. 4, NO. 2.
1.Aboofazel, R. Kinam Park Alexander Florence 17.Gref, R.,Minamitake, Y., Peracchia, MT.
‘Nanotechnology: A new approach in Trubetskoy, V. Torchilin, V. Langer, R.
pharmaceutics’, Journal of Controlled Release, 2010, ‘Biodegradable long circulating nanospheres’
Vol. 141, pp. 263–264. Science 1994, 236:1600-3.
2.Sagar R. Mudshinge , Amol B. Deore, Sachin Patil 18.Lilian E van Vlerken, L. E. V. V. and Amiji, M.
, Chetan M. Bhalgat, Nanoparticles: Emerging M., ‘Multi-functional polymeric nanoparticles for
carriers for drug delivery, Saudi Pharmaceutical tumour-targeted drug delivery’, Ashley Publications,
Journal, 2011, 19, 129–141. 2006, Vol. 10, pp.151-157.
3.Misra, R, Acharya, S. and Sahoo, S.K., ‘Cancer 19.Kubik, T., Bogunia-Kubik K. and Sugisaka, M.,
nanotechnology: application of nanotechnology in ‘Nanotechnology on Duty in Medical Applications’,
cancer Therapy’, Drug Discovery Today, 2010, Vol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. 2005 Feb; 6(1):17-33.
15, pp. 777-782. 20.Jawahar, N., Meyyanathan S.N., Polymeric
4.Darshana, P. and Joshi, K., ‘Emerging nanoparticles for drug delivery and targeting: a
nanopharmaceuticals’ Int. J. Pharm. Phytopharmacol. comprehensive review. International journal helath
Res., 2012, Vol. 2 (1), pp. 60-65. allied science, 2012, 1:217-223.
5.Jain, N.K. ‘Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology’, J 21.Leroux, C., Jones jean, M., ‘Polymeric micelles a
Nanomedicine, 2007, Vol. 2(7), pp. 210-215. new generation of colloidal drug carriers’ European
6.Bera, D., Qian, L., Tseng, T., Holloway, P. journal of pharmaceutical and biopharmaceuticals,
‘Quantum dots & their multimodal applications’ 1999, Vol. 48 (2);101-111.
Materials, 2010, 3(4), 2260-2345. 22.Kim, S., Shi, Y., Young Kim, J. Y., Kinam Park
7.The Nanotech Revolution in Drug Delivery and Ji-Xin Chen, ‘Overcoming the barriers inmicellar
Establishing a New Paradigm in Pharmaceuticals, drug delivery: loading efficiency, in vivo stability,
2007, published by Cientifica Ltd. London. and micelle–cell interaction’, Expert. Opin. Drug
8.Rangasamy, M., et al ‘Nano Technology: A Deliv., 2010, Vol. 7 (1), pp. 86-89.
Review’, Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 23.E. Dulkeith, T. Niedereichholz, T. A. Klar, J.
2011Vol. 1(2), pp. 8-16. Feldmann, G. von Plessen, D. I. Gittins, K. S. Mayya,
9.Zhang, L., Gu, F. X., Chan, J. M., Wang A. Z., and F. Caruso, Plasmon emission in photoexcited
Langer, R. S. and Farokhzad, O.C. ‘Nanoparticles in gold nanoparticles, Phys Rev B 70 (2004) 205424.
Medicine: Therapeutic Applications and 24.Andrew, W., Salamon S., Courtney, P. and
Developments’, Clinical Pharmacology & Shuttler, I., ‘Nanotechnology and engineered
therapeutics,2008, Vol. 83, pp. 54-57. nanomaterials’ Expert Opin. Drug Deliv., 2000, Vol.
10.Bawarski W.E., ‘Nanomedicine’, 9 (3), pp. 76-89.
Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, 2008, Vol. 25.Faraji, A. H., Wipf , V., ‘Bioorganic
4, pp. 273–282. Nanoparticles in cellular drug delivery’, Med. Chem.
11.Semete, B., Kalombo, L., Katata, L. and Swai, H., 2009, 17, pp. 2950–2962
‘Nano-drug delivery systems: Advances in TB, HIV 26.Barbel, V. W., Husing K., SibylleY.and Bock, A.
and Malaria treatment’, Medicine, VBRI Press. 2010, K., ‘Nanomedicine Drivers for development and
ISBN: 978-81-920068-01 possible impacts’, Expert Opin. DrugDeliv., 2004,
12.Zylberberg, C., Matosevic, S., ‘Pharmaceutical Vol. 7 (1), pp. 86-89.
liposomal drug delivery: a review of new delivery
systems and a look at the regulatory landscape’.

www.iajps.com Page 4646

 IAJPS 2017, 4 (12), 4640-4647 Pankaj Khuspe et al ISSN 2349-7750

27.K. K. Jain, Nanotechnology-based Drug Delivery 34.Chung HJ, Park TG, Surface engineered and drug
for Cancer, Technology in Cancer Research & releasing pre-fabricated scaffolds for tissue
Treatment, Volume 4, Number 4, August (2005). engineering, Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2007 May
28.Sanvicens, N. and Marco, M.P., ‘Multifunctional 30;59(4-5):249-262.
nanoparticles -properties and prospects for their use 35.Liu, C., Zhang, N., ‘Nanoparticles in gene therapy
in human medicine’ Elsevier Ltd. 2008, Vol. 10, pp. principles, prospects, and challenges’ Prog. Mol.
1016. Biol. Transl Sci. 2011, 104:509-62.
29.Gajanan S. Sanap, Ajay Kharche , Pankaj Khuspe, 36.M. Abhilash, Potential applications of
Novel Carriers In Topical Antifungal Therapy Of Nanoparticles, International Journal of Pharrm. Bio.
Miconazole, World Journal of Pharmaceutical Sci. 2010, 1(1).
Research, 2016, Vol 5, Issue 3, ,553-569. 37.Bulte, J. W. M., Douglas, T., Witwer, B., Zhang,
30.Vasir, J. K. Reddy M.K. and Labhasetwar V. D., S. C., Strable, E., Lewis, B. K., Zywicke, H., Miller,
‘Nanosystems in Drug Targeting: Opportunities and B., Magnetodendrimers allow endosomal magnetic
Challenges’. Current Nanoscience. 2005, 1, 47-64. labeling and in vivo tracking of stem cells, Nat
31.Wickline S.A., Lanza G.M., ‘Molecular Imaging, Biotechnol. 2001 Dec; 19(12):1141-7.
Targeted Therapeutics, and Nanoscience’. J Cellular 38.Heymer, A., Haddad, D., Weber, M., Gbureck, U.,
Biochem 2005, Supp39, 90–97. Jakob, P. M., Eulert, J. and Noth, U., ‘Iron oxide
32.Reddy, J. R. K, Sagar, E.G., Prathap, S. B. C. and labelling of human mesenchymal stem cells in
Kumar, B. R., ‘Nanomedicine and drug delivery - collagen hydrogels for articular cartilage repair’,
revolution in health system’, Journal of Global Biomaterials, 2008, Vol. 29 (10), pp.1473-1483.
Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2011, Vol. 2 (1), 39.Vinit Kumar, Stefano Palazzolo, Samer Bayda,
pp. 21-30. Giuseppe Corona, Giuseppe Toffoli, and Flavio
33.Ali Khademhosseini, Robert Langer, Jeffrey Rizzolio, DNA Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy,
Borenstein, and Joseph P. Vacanti, Microscale Theranostics. 2016; 6(5): 710–725.
technologies for tissue engineering and biology, Proc 40.Ki Hyun Bae, Hyun Jung Chung, and Tae Gwan
Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Feb 21; 103(8): 2480– Park, Nanomaterials for Cancer Therapy and
2487. Imaging, Mol Cells. 2011 Apr 30; 31(4): 295–302.

www.iajps.com Page 4647