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Full text of "Latin synonyms, with their

different significations, and examples taken
from the best Latin authors;"
LaL.D
LATIN SYNONYMS,
WITH
THEIR DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS:
AND
EXAMPLES
TAKEN FROM THE BEST LATIN AUTHORS,
BY
M. J. B. GARDIN DUMESNIL,
LATE PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC IN THE COLLEGE OF HARCOURT, AND
PRINCIPAL OF THE COLLEGE OF LEWIS THE GREAT,
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS.
TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH,

WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS,
BY
THE REV. J. M. COSSET.
Non sunt contemnenda quasi parva, sine quibus constare magna non
possunt. Div. HIERONYM. Epist. 89.
SECOND EDITION.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA LANE;

BALDWIN, CRADOCK AND JOY, PATERNOSTER ROW;
j. CUTHELL, HOLBORN; OGLE, DUNCAN AND co.,
PATERNOSTER ROW; AND J. NUNN,

GREAT QUEEN STREET.
1819.
Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-lane.
TO
SIR VICARY GIBBS, KT.
MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT
FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,.
AND
HIS MAJESTY'S ATTORNEY GENERAL,
THESE
LATIN SYNONYMS
ARE WITH HIS PERMISSION HUMBLY DEDICATED
BY
HIS MUCH OBLIGED,
/
MOST OBEDIENT,
AND DEVOTED SERVANT,
J. M. COSSET.
a 2
THE
TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE.
ALTHOUGH the author of this work appears to have

thought it unnecessary to prefix, any thing to its various
editions, but his Dedication to the University of Paris,
and the Decree of that learned body, which recommended
it to all who were desirous of attaining an eminent de-
gree of knowledge in the Latin language, enjoining its
us,e to those under its own jurisdiction ; yet circumstances
have occurred, which oblige the translator to beg leave
to make a few observations.
Being engaged in the instruction of youth in the Latin

language, he had frequent occasion to observe the want
of some work of this nature, to facilitate the progress of
his pupils ; and was much surprised that neither had any
been attempted by English writers, nor had this work of
Mr. GARDIN DUMESNIL, though so universally adopted
on the Continent, been translated into the English lan-
guage. He accordingly undertook the present volume,
with a strong impression that its utility would ensure its
success.
He had proceeded some length, when, upon observing

an advertisement of Doctor HILL'S Latin Synonymous
Words, he thought he had no longer need to persevere.
But the opinion of several competent judges, well ac-
VI
quainted with the nature of Doctor HILL'S work-Justifies

his own, that the necessity of continuing his undertaking
was by no means superseded by the above publication.
Doctor HILL'S elaborate work appears not sufficiently

concise for general utility, and might be thought in many
instances more calculated to perplex than to instruct the
young mind ; and to require more close attention than
the generality of youth are disposed to pay to the acqui-
sition of knowledge. Notwithstanding its great bulk,
the work contains fewer words explained, by several thou-
sands, than that of Mr. GARDIN DUMESNIL.
The present volume contains the explanations of near

7,000 words, each of which is exemplified by appropriate
quotations from the most elegant writers of ancient
Rome ; and leaves but little difficulty in the choice of the
proper expression to convey their meaning in English,
when translating ; or the most elegant word or phrase
in rendering English into Latin.
The translator has made but very few alterations or

additions ; and encouraged by the sanction of many emi-
nent judges of the Latin, French, and English languages,
he submits his work to the public with some degree of
confidence in their approbation.
Bird Street, Wtst Square, Lambeth,

November 1, 1808.
N.B. In the following sheets the examples quoted G.D. were

made by the original author Mr. GAUDIN DUMESNIL.
ALPHABETICAL TABLE
OF THE
WORDS TREATED OF IN THIS WORK.
[Note. The Figures point out the Articles, and not the Pages.']
A.
1. A primo. Primum. Primo.
A PRIMO, (tempore understood} at first, at the beginning. Utinam

id ii primo tibi esset visum. Cic. PRIMUM relates to the order of
things- Primum igitur est de honesto, turn de utili disserendum.
Cic. PRIMO relates to time. Primo Gabinia lege, biennio post Cas-
sia. Cic.
2. Ab alif/uo tempore. Intra aliquod tempus.
AB ALIQUO TEMPORE denotes a space of time quite ended, whereas

INTRA ALIQUOD TEMPUS denotes a space of time still lasting. Ab
hora tertia bibebatur. Cic. Quae intra decein annos nefarie flagi-
tioseque gesta sunt. Id.
3. Ab initio. Initio. a Principio. Principle.
AB INITIO, from the beginning. Quod tibi esse et antiquissimum,

t ab initio fuisse constante fama atque omnium sermone celebra-
tum est. Cic INITIO, at the beginning. Cum id mihi propositum
initio non fuisset. Cic. Initio andab initio are employed only to mark
the time; whereas a PRINCIPIO and PRINCIPIO are very properly used
to denote the order of things. Principio generi animantium omni est
a natura tributum, ut &c. Cic. Principio ccelum et terras campos-
que liquentes &c. Virg. Vellem a principle te audiisse. Cic. It
may be likewise observed that initio is very seldom placed at the
begin-
ning of a sentence, being too full of short syllables; principio
sounds
much teller, itsjirst syllable being a long one.
4. Abdere. Condere. Abscondere. Recondere. Occulere. Occultare.

ABDERE, ( dare ab ) to remove from the sight. Ille se in interiorem
partem sedium abdidit. Cic. Figuratively : Abdere se totum litteris.
Cic. CONDERE, (dare cum ) to put together. Pecuniam, fructus con-
dere. Cic. Quae cum abdidisset cornea corpus domo, ne ullo pacto
laedi posset condita. Phaed. Figuratively : Condere historiam. Liv.
because, in composing a history, several events are put together. We
also say, condere urbem. ABSCONDERE, (dare cum abs) to put to-
gether out of sight. Erant fortasse gladii, sed ii absconditi. Cic.
Fi-
guratively : Nihil de abscondito jure Pontificum dicam. Cic. RE-
CONDERE, (from re an iterative particle, and condere) to shut up
again,
to shut up carefully, to hide. Gladium cruentum in vaginam recon-
didit. Cic. Nummos aurumque recondere. Hor. Figuratively:
Reconditae artes. Cic. Natura tristi et recondita fuit. Id. OCCU-
LERE, (from oculus) not to leave insight; to cover. Vulnera Appii
apparent, nee occufi possunt. Cic. Quaecumque premes virgulta
per agros, sparge pingui fimo, et multa memor occule terra. Virg.
Figuratively: Puncta argumentorum plerumque occulenda sunt.

Cic: OCCULTARE, (frequentative of occulere) to hide with, great
car*:, Marius senile corpus paludibus occultavit demersum. Cic.
Figuratively : Tenuitas hujus eo magis elucet, cum magis occulta-
tur. Cic. A man in fear se in remotiorem et tutiorem aedium par-
tem abdit ; the husbandman condit fruges et fructus in horrea; a
gardener, before frosty weather, covers his artichokes with dung,
occulit
cinaras, ne trigore laedantur ; a miser occultat aummos. G. D.
5. Abdicare. Exhteredare.
ABDICARE filium, (dicare ab) to deprive a >on of all his rights as a

son, to disown him. Mavult pater filium corrigere, quam abdicate.
Quint. EXH^REDARE filium, is only to disinherit him. Themisto-
cles a patre exhaeredatus. C. Nep. A son abdiqatus, is thereby ex-
haeredatus ; but a son exhaeredatus, is not always abdicatus. Abdi-
care is used in a more general sense. Tutela, magistratu, libcrtate se
abdicare. Cic. Abdicare magistratum. Sail. To abdicate, to resign
an office.
6. Abdicere. Aljudicare.
ABDICERE, (dicere ab) to reject, to disapprove : particularly used

in speaking of augural matters. Cum tres partes aves abdixissent.
Cic. Abdicentibus avibus. Aur. Viet. Under tad omens. ABJU-
UICARE, (judicare ab) to take away by a verdict or judgement. Id
ab eo contra jus aequitatemque abjudicavit. Cic. It i< also used for
to reject. Ubi plus niali quam boni reperio, id totum abjudico. Cic.
7. Abducere. Aligere.
ABDUCERE, (ducere ab) to lead away, speaking of men. ABI-

GERE, to drive nway, speaking of leasts. Famiiiam abduxit, pecus
abegit. Cic. IVe however read in Q. Curtius : Abducijumentajuss.it.
Figuratively : Abducere mentis aciem a consuetudine oculorum.
Cic. To raise ones mind beyond the reach of human senses. Abigere
curas. Hor.
8. Abducere. Deducere.
ABDUCERE, considered as synonymous with deducere, differs from

it in this, that deducere is to lead downwards, to make one come down.
Carmina vel coelo possunt deducere lunam. \ 'irg. And abducere is to
lead away from a place. Abduxit inde multa millia captivorum. Trog.
DEDUCERE is often an effect of regard and respect. Frequentesque
cum domum deduxerunt. Cic. Figuratively : De animi lenitate ali-
quem deducere. Cic.
9. Abedere. Adedere. Exedere.
ABEDERE, Tederc ab) to eat, to nibble, to browse. Exorta vis lo-

custarum abeui-rat quidquid hcrbidum aut frondosum. Tac. ADE-
DERK, (ederead) to devour, to eat up. Nam sacpe tavos ignotus
adt tlit tcl!io. ^ "\\-_r. POT O ft en the lizard hides itself within
the honey-
combs, and devours them. Figurativt'lij : Pecunia adesu. Cic. Adesi
lapides. Ilor. EXKDERK, to consume. Tibi onmu est exedendum.
'I ( r. Figuratively: Pila exesa rubigine. Virg. JEgritudines
dunt homiiH-s. Cic. i s ic corruerint. Id.
10. Alerrare. Deerrare. Oberrare.
ABERRARE, (errare ab) to lose ones way ; DEERRARE, to tvander

out of ones way. Aberrare a via. Phaed. Vir gregis ipse caper de-
erraverat. Virg. Figuratively : Aberrare a proposito. Cic. De-
errabat sors ad parum idoneos. Tac. The chance fell on those who
were very little worthy of it. OBERHARE, (errare ob) to wander
about. Oberrabant tentoriis. Tac. Figuratively : Et citharaedus ri-
deter chorda qui semper oberrat eadem. Hor.
11. Alesse. Distare.
ABESSE is more generally said of things capable of going away and

coming near again; whereas DISTARE (from diversim stare) is said
of things immoveable, or considered as such. ABESSE implies only a
fixed point from which we are away; DISTARE supposes two fixed
points. Abesse a donio paulisper maluit. Cic. In this case distare
would le improper. Abesse is more properly said of persons. Absen-
tem qui rodit amicum. Hor. Distantem would be wrong. Foro ni-
raium distare carinas jam grandis natu queritur. Hor. It would not
le so proper to use abesse in the foregoing sentence. We however find
in Cicero : Cum patris domus a foro longe abesset.
The same difference is to le made in a figurative sense : Ferenda for-

tunaquaeabsit aculpa. Cic. Hominum vita plurimum distat a victu
cultuque bestiarum. Id.
12. Aljectus. Demissus. Summissus. Humilis. Supplex.
ABJECTUS, (jacere ab) cast away, thrown down. Turn super ab-
jectum posito pede nixus. Virg. Figuratively : Vir abjecto animo.
Cic. DEMISSUS, (mittere de) lent down, let doivn. Purpura de-
missa usque ad talos. Cic. Demisso capite discessit. Id. Figura-
tively : Demissum animum erigere. Cic. SUMMISSUS, (missus sub)
let down under. Summissas infantibus praebuisse mammas. Liv.
Figuratively : Oportet aequo et pari jure cum civibus vivere, neque
summissum et abjectum, neque se efferentem. Cic. HUMILIS (from
humus) creeping or growing along the ground. Humilesque myricae.
Virg. Vitis et ea quae sunt humiliora. Cic. Figuratively : Nihil
abjectum et humile cogitare. Cic. Humili arte praeditus. Id. SUP-
FLEX, (plicare sub) humbly entreating, that desires any thing
kneeling,
or prostrate. Quibus saepe supplex ad pedes jacui, veniamque sup-
plex poposci. Cic. Figuratively : Verbis supplicibus orare. Cic.
Vox supplex. Liv.
13. Aljicere. Projicere. Deponere.
ABJICERE, (jacere ab) generally denotes passion, or contempt. E

muro se in mare abjecit, lecto Platonis libro. Cic. Figuratively :
Cum spe vincendi simul abjecisti certandi cupiditatem. Cic. PRO-
JICERE, (porro jacere) to throw afar off; to throw alout. Projice
telamanu. Virg. Cadaveraprojectajacent. Id. Figuratively: Pro-
jicit ampullas. Hor. DEPONERE, (ponere de) to lay or put down in
an easy ivay. Corpora sub ramis deponunt arboris altae. Virg. Ab-
jiciunt would not do so well. Figuratively : Id quod semel mihi fide
impositum est, aut propter perfidiam abjicere, aut propter imbecil-
litatem animi deponere. Cic.
B2
1 1. Alire. Discedere. Decedere. Ercedere. Proficisci. Facessere.
ABIRE, (ire ab) to go away, lideni abeunt, qui venerant. Cic.

Disci. UKIU:, DECEDERE, EXCEDERE, to retire; but decedere, (cedere de)
is to retire in order to make room for another; excedere, (cedere ex )
not only to make room, but to leave the place entirely ; dis-
cedere, (diversim cedere) to leave a place in order to go to some
other place. Eo die Capua discessi, et mansi Calibus. Liv. Factoque
se-
natusconsulto, ut excederent Volsci. Liv. Multi obviam prodie-
runt de provincia decedent!. Cic. Figuratively : A fide discedere,
Cic. De jure suo decedere. Id. Excessit res ad publicam queri-
moniam. Liv. That abuse had grown so great, that they were obliged
p complain to the senate. Sic te existimare velim, cum a vobis sa-
lutN meae autoribus discesserim, neminem esse, &c. Cic. It would
not Le improper to say : Non modo provincia sibi decedendum cen-
suit, sed Ctiam excedendtim ; itaque paucos post dies Roniam dis-
cessit. G. D. PROFICISCI, to set ojf for a journey. Adolescentulus
miles ad Capuam pvofectus sum. Cic. Figuratively : A quibus li-
bertatis initium profectum est. Cic FACESSERE, (frequentative of
facere) to do quickly. Jussa facessunt. Virg. Vtry often it is,used
in the sense nf to gel away, to get gone, and then it implies
contempt.
Facesse hinc. Liv. Facessant igitur qui nihil docere possunt. Cic.
15. Abjurure. Ejurare.
ABJURARE, (jurare ab) to deny upon oath the having or owing a

thing which is asked. Abjurare certius est quam dependere. Cic.
Abjuravit creditum. Sail. Abstracts boves, abjuratasque rapinae,
ccelo ostenduntur. Virg. The oxen dragged away , and the" theft de-
nied upon oath, are shown in the light of day. EJURARE, to protest
or swear against ; to refuse. Bonam copiani ejurare. Cic. to protest
upon oath that one is not able to pay. Judicem ejurare. Id. to refuse
a judge. Ejurare militiam. Plant, to quit the military service.
16. Alnuere. Renuere. Recusare. Negare. slbnegare. Pernegare.

Denegare.
ABNUERE, (from nutus) to deny one's assent by countenance or ges-

ture. Vos imperium auspiciumque abnuistis. Liv. Figuratively :
Nihil unquam abnuit meo studio voluntas ttia. Cic. RENUERE, to
show ly signs that n thing is unpleasant. Oculo renuente negavi.
Ovid. RECUSARE, to refuse what is offered. Recusare munus legationis.
Cic. Non recuso, non abnuo. Id. NKCAHE, to refuse g;
a thing, to refuse irltnl is asked. Oranti negavit ista. Stat.
Alimenta
miser is negare. Ovid. Negare signifies also to gainsay, to say no.
Negant quemquam virum bonum essc, nisi sapientcm. Cic AB-
Figurativefi/ : Oecupatio opus impositum denegat. Cic. Denegare

M more expressive than negare.
17. 41'solvere. Perficere.
ABSOLVERE, (solvere ab) in its proper meaning is to untie, to let

loose, to set free. Ibo ad foruni, ut hunc absolvam. Ter. Figura-
lively : 1 . to absolve. Non tu absolutus improbitatis, sed ille dam-

natus est caxlis Cic. Et ccdo invidisc, dummodo absolvar cinis.
Phced. 2. to finish. Nemo pictor Veneris earn partem, quani Apel-
les inchoatani reliquerat, absolvit. Cic. In this sentence the verb
ab-
solvere signifies to finish in any way whatever ; whereas perficere
would
signify to complete, to finish so that nothing may be wanting. In omni
natura necesse est aliquid absolvi ac perfici. Cic. Id nos tbrtasse
non
perficimus, conati quidem sumus. Id.
18. Absonus. Dissonus. Absurdity.
ABSONUS, (quasi ab sono) that has a bad sound, or a sound dis-

agreeing with another. Vox extra modum absona et absurda. Cic.
Figuratively : Absoni a voce motus. Liv. Absonum fidei divinae ori-
giiiis. Id. That does not agree with the belief people had that he
(Ro-
mulus] wasofa divineorigin. DISSONUS, (diversus sonus) dissonant, .
that is out of tune. Dissoni clamores. Liv. Dissonum quiddam au-
dientibus canere videtur chorus. Cic. Figuratively : Gentes mori-
bus dissona?. Cic. ABSURDUS, (ab auribus alienus) harsh or gra-
ting to the ear. Si absurde canat is qui se haberi velit musicum. Cic.
Figuratively: Quo quid absurdius ? Cic. Est hoc auribus animisque
hohiinum absurdum. Id. // is offensive to the ears and mind. Inge-
ttium absurdum. Sail. Absonus is the cause, and absurdus is the
effect.
19. Abslerrere. Deterrere.
ABSTERRERE, and DETEKRERE, (from terror) to frighten from?

with this difference, that deterrere is more elegantly followed by ab
aliquu re, than by ab aliquo. Ab impugnanda patria deterreri. C^C-
Whereas absterrere is with equal propriety followed by ab aliquo, or
ly ab aliqua re. Supplicem a se absterrere. Cic. It would not do so
well to make use of deterrere in the foregoing sentence : but we may
indifferently say absterreri and deterreri a pecuniis capiendis.
20. Abstinens. Continens. Temperans. Temperatus. Modestus.
Moderatus.
ABSTINEXS, (tenere abs) that abstains, is said of things that are out
of its, and especially of the property of other people. Abstinens du-
centis ad se cuncta pecuniae. Hor. COKTINENS, (tenere cum) conti-
jiual, without intermission or interruption. Longum agrnen nee con-
tinens. Liv. Figuratively, it is used when speaking of our natural ap-
petites and faculties. Continentia in omni victu, omnique cultu cor-
poris tuendi causa cernitur. Cic. Nulla re t'acilius conciliatur be-
nevolentia multitudinis, quam abstinentia et continentia. Id. Esse
abstinentem, continere omnes cupiditates pra^clarum est. Id. Vix
prorsus abstinens erit qui satis continens non tuerit. Abstinentia is
properly used when speaking of diet. Abstinentia mitigare febrem.
Quintil. TEMPERANS, used actively, properly signifies moderating
strong things by intermixing them with mild onex. Vinum aqua tem-
perans. Hor. Figuratively : Vim consilii temperans. Cic. Tempe-
rans, an adjective, signifies him who wisely regulates his desires,
even in
the use of lawful things ; a man free from all excess. Temperantia in
practermittendis voluptatibus cernitur. Cic. Temperantiores a cu-
pidine imperil. Liv. Temperans is said of all desires, and continens
particularly of pleasures. TEMPETIATUS, moderate, temperate. Vim
temperatam Dii quoque provehunt in melius. Hor. MODESTUS,

(in modo stans) moderate, that keeps within due bounds, reasonable
through habit, or natural temper. Modestia est in animo continens
moderatio cupiditatum. Cic. Negate cupidis, modestis etiam of-
ferre quod non petierint. Phaed. MODERATUS, moderate, ruled by
some particular consideration, or in a particular circumstance. Contu-
meliis impetitus raoderatum se praebuit. Cic. Moderatuset tempe-
rans homo. Id.
Abstinens is in opposition to Rapax ;

Continens . . . . Luxuriosus ;
Modestus . . . . Petulans ;
Moderatus . . . . Effrenatus ;
Temperans . . . . Libidinosus.
21. Abstrahere. Detrahere. Alripere.
ABSTRAHERE, (trahere abs) to drag away with violence and igno-

miny. De complexu amicorum abstrahi. Cic. In servitutem abs-
trahi. Id. Figuratively : A corpore abstractus animus. Cic. DE-
TRAHERE, (trahere de) to take away, to lessen. Detrahere vest em
alicui. Ter. Detrahere de pondere. Cic. Figuratively : Multae res
sunt, in quibus de suis commodis viri boni multa detrahunt, ut amici
potius quam ipsi fruantur. Cic. Detrahere ab abliquo. Id. to speak
ill of one. Victor hostis ab^trahit liberos de complexu parentum ;
victis spolia detrahit ABRIFERE, (rapere ab) to take au-ay violently.
Quern obtorta gula de convivio abripi jussit. Cic. A liberis suis abs-
tractum, a conjuge abreptum, ab aris focisque projectum. Id.
22. Absumere. Consumers. Absorbere.
ABSUMERE, (sumere ab) to consume a thing in turning it from a

natural and laudable destination. Dicendo tempus absumere. Cic.
Rebus maternis atque paternis fortiter absumptis. Hor. Quos pcs-
tilentia absunipsit. Liv. CONSUMERE, (sumere cum) to consume
several things at the same time; to consume all (he parts of the same
iking, or several of those parts. ./Edes consumitur incendio. Liv.
Pecuniam consumere. Cic. In agris colendis tempus et operam
consuinere. Id. Consumi senio et mcerore. Id. A spendthrift ab-
sumit res suas per luxuriam omne aetatis tempus consumendo. G. D.
ABSORBERE, (quasi sorbeudo absumere) to absorb, to swallow up,
is properly said of liquids. Humorem absorbere. Plin. Figuratively:
Hunc absorb uitaestus quidam non insolitaj adolesccntibusgloriac. Cic.
23. Abundans. Copiosus.
ABUNDANS, (from ab and unda} is properly something overflowing.

Lactis abundans. Virg. Figuratively : abounding, well supplied or
provided. Abundans copiis. Cic. Vita abundans bonis. Id. Inge-
nio et doctrina abundantes. Id. COPIOSUS, (from copia) rich, co-
pious, wealthy. Inter suos copiosus. Cic. Copiosum patrimonium.
Id. Copiosum ingenium. Id. Abundans is in opposition to egens;
and copiosus to tcnuis.
24. Abundare. Redundare.

ABUNDAHE, properly, to overflow. Rursus abundabat fluidus li-
quor. Virg. Figuratively, to abound: Abundare divitiis. Cic. Abun-
dare denotes only abundance and plenty ; but redundare denotes super-
fluity, plenty beyond possibility of use, and a great deal too much of
a
thing. Si lacus Albanus reclundasset, isque in mare fluxisset, Ro-
mam periturara, &c. Cic. Figuratively: Asiatic! oratores parihn
pressi et nimis redundantes. Cic. Hoec omnia in tuum caput re-
dundabunt. Id. I should say of a fountain that gives plenty oj water,
abundat; but if too muck, redundat.
25. Abunde. Abundanter.
Although these two words seem to have been used indiscriminately, as

Abundanter loqui. Cic. Quibus Senatus etiamsi non abunde po-
titur, non omnino caret. Id. it may be observed iliat abunde means
often less, and signifies enough, sufficiently. Terrorum et fraudis
abunde est. Virg. Parentes abunde habemus, amicos quaerimus.
Sail. IVe have people enough that obey ; we are looking out for
friends.
Abundanter is more expressive. Satis abundanter demonstratum est.
Cic.
26. Accedere. Propinquare. Appropinquare.
ACCEDERE, (cedere ad) to go towards, supposes a Jixed point to

which we are advancing. Accedere ad fores. Ter. Ad flammam
accessit imprudentius. Id. Accedere mcenibus. Liv. PROPIN-
<}UARE, (from prope) expresses a proximity forming itself. Legio-
numaciespropinquabat. Tac. APPROPINQUARK, (propinquare ad)
to approach, to draw near a term. Appropinquare finibus. Caes. to
draw near the frontiers ; accedere finibus is only, to advance towards
the frontiers. Jamque dies appropinquabat. Caes. Accedebat would
not mean the same thing. Libertas nobis appropinquat, illis pcena.
Cic. Accedit would be less expressive. Specioso periculo propin-
quat quisquis ad reipublicae gubernacula accedit. G. D.
27. Accedere ad aliquem. Accedere alicui.
ACCEDERE AD ALIQUEM, to approach or to come near one. Cum

ad Caesarem supplex accederet. Cic. ACCEDERE ALICUI, to resem-
ble, to be like. Antonio Philippus accedebat, sed longo intervallo,
tamen proximus. Cic. Deo propius accedit humana virtus quam
figura. Id.
28. Accendere. Incendere. Inflammare. Succendere. Cremare. Urere.
Am bur ere.
ACCENDERE, to setjlre to a thing, to light it up, Deus ipse solem,

quasi lumen, accendit. Cic. Figuratively : Accensus furiis. Virg.
INCENDERE, to set fire to a thing, to burn it. Urbem incendere.
Cic. Figuratively : Nulla mens potest incendi, nisi inflammatus
ipse accesseris. Cic. INFLAMMARE, to put in a blaze, to inflame.
Classem inflammari, incendique jussit. Cic. Figuratively : Popu-
lum inflammare in improbos. Accendere cupiditatem, to give rise
to a passion ; incendere, in animate it ; inflammare, to make it burst
out. SUCCENDERE, (accendere sub) to set Jire under a thing. In
succensum rogum corpora injecerunt. Liv. Figuratively : Succen-
sus amore. Ovid. CREMARE, to reduce to ashes- Num incensa cre-
mavit Troja viros ? Virg. URERE, to burn. Cedrum urere. Virg.
It would nnt be proper to say facem urere. Figuratively : Loris uri.
Hor. Calceus angustior urit pedem. Id. Urit fulgore suo qui prae-
gravat artes infra se positas. Id. Whosoever raises himself above

others by the superiority of his talents, irritates those whom he
outshines.
AMBVRERE, to burn all about, to burn imperfectly. Oblitus cruore
et luto....amburitur etiani abjectus. Cic. speaking of Clodius, whose
body was only half burnt. Figuratively : Ambustae fortunarum re-
liquia 1 . Cic.
29. Acceptum referre. Eipensurn ftnrre.
ACCEPTUM REFERRE, to mcke ones account debtor. EXPENSU.M

FERRE, to make one's account creditor. Se habere tabulas, in quibus
sibi expensa pecunia lata sit, acceptaque relata. Cic. Figuratively -
Quod vivo, tibi acceptum refero. Cic. I am indebted to you for my
life. Creditores suae negligentia? expensum ferre debent, as lawyers
say.
30. Accessus. Accessio. Incrementum.
ACCESSUS, (cederead) access, approach. Illi acce^sus ad urbem

nocturnus metuendus est. Cic. Accessum dare. Pha?d. to let one
come near. ACCESSIO, the action of approaching. QUIE tibi accessio
est ad hasce aedes? Plant. Figuratively: I. Increase, addition. Ac-
ccssionem addere acdibus. Cic. Qnantaecumque tibi fiant accessi-
ones et fortunae et dignitatis. Id. 2. Accessory. Perseus caput belli
erat, Gentius accessio. Liv. Perseus was the chief manager of the
war, and Gentius only an accessory one IXCREMENTUM, (from cres-
cere) an increase. Incrementa vineae. Cic. the young shoots of the
vine. Incrementum urbis. Liv. Omnia incrementa sua sibi debuit.
Cic.
31. Accidil. Contingit. Evenit. Obvenit. Obtingit.
ACCIDIT, when the event takes place against our expectation, gene-
rally in an unfavourable sense. Si quid adversi accident. Cic. Quod
video tibi etiani novum accidissetanquam niihi. Id. COXTINGERE,
when the event takes place contrary to our hopes, and is a prosperous
one.
JSi mihi vita contigerit. Cic. Scies plura mala contingere nobis,
quam accidere; quoties enim felicitatis causa et initium fuit quod
calamitatis vocabatur ? Sen. EVENIRE, is said of either a lucky or
an unlucky event. His male cvenit, illis optime. Cic. OBTINGERE,
to happen by chance or by lot. Illi aquarum provincia obtingit. Cic.
OBVENIKK, ( venire ob) of itself means to gn in order to meet some-
body. Qui primus mihi obvenisset. Cic. OBVENIT, considered as
synonymous with the others, expresses what happens by chance. Au-
spicia secunda obvenerunt. Cic. Contingunt bona optanti ; acci-
dunt mala imprudenti, vel timenti ; his male, illis bene evenit ; ob-
tingit sorte ducenti ; obvcnit causas naturales aut legitimas spec-
tanti. G. D.
32. Accingere. Prcecingere. Snccingere.
ACCISGERE, (cingere ad) to gird to. Later! i-nsem accingere.

\ irg. Figuratively : Accinctus studio populoruni. Tac. Quin igi-
tur ad hoc accingeris? Liv. because it is customary to gird one's self
in order to be more free in ones motionf. Virgil has said tvith the
same
meaning: Accingar dicere pugnas Cacsaris. PK.T:CIN(;KRE, (cin-
gere pra> I to begird, to encompass with a girdle. Pinu caput
prascinc-
tus. Ovid, having a croirn of pine round his head. Accinctus would
be improper. Pra'cingitur ense. Id. offers a meaning auite different
from that which later! ensem accingere does. SUCCINGERE, to tuck up

(from cingere sub). Vestem ritu succincta Dianae. Virg. Figura-
tively: Carthago succincta portubus. Cic. Carthage surrounded with
sea-ports.
33. Accipere. Arripere.
ACCIPERE, (capere ab) to receive what is offered. Quod dat ac-

cipimus. Cic. Cum diu recusans nihil profecisset, provinciam ac-
cipit invitus. Id. ARRIPERE, to receive with eagerness. Atque ille
non mediocri cupiditate arripuit imperium. Cic. Arripere occasio-
neni. Liv. To lay hold of the opportunity.
34. Attire. Arcessere. Adsciscere. Excire.
ACCIRE, (cire or ciere ad) to call or send for. Si accieris, ego

accurram. Cic. EXCIRE, to draw or rouse out. Extremes cubili-
bus suis excitos in fugam impulit. Liv. ARCESSERE, to make one
come near, to send for in consequence of a right so to do. Verres P.
Vec-
tium ad se arcessiit. Cic. Figuratively : Arcessere splendorem ora-
tioni. Cic. Commendatio arcessita. Id. A recommendation legged for.
IVe must not say accersere, nor accersire, nor arcessire ; it is
always ar-
cessere, which must be used, although it has its preler perfect
arcessivi,
and its supine arcessitum : this is a remark made by Vossius. ADSCIS-
CERE, or ASCISCERE, to call for, to admit, to associate. Sacra majo-
res nostri ab exteris nationibus ascita atque arcessita coluerunt.
Cic.
Asciverunt sibi illud oppidum. Id. They have got the interest of that
town to themselves. Asciscere sibi nomen regium. Liv. To take the
title of king.
35. Acciamare. Indamare. Exclamare.
ACCLAMARE, (cbmare ad) /<? shout, to huzza, generally in con-

tempt. Populus cum risu acclamavit. Cic. Non metuo ne mihi ac-
clametis. Id. / do not fear you should disapprove my conduct by your
shouting. INCLAMARE, (clamare in) to cull out loud. Sed ita te
para, ut, si inclamavero, advoles. Plant. Fit sonus, inclamat co-
mites, et lumina poscit. Ovid. Inclamare alicui signifies to cry out
to somebody. Dum Albanus exercitus inclamat Curiatiis, ut opem
ferant fratri. Liv. EXCLAMARE, to name one with a loud voice. Hie
Brutus nominatim Ciceronem exclamavit. Cic- Memoria dignaex-
damare. Id. Exclamare, without a case after it, signifies, to testify
joy or indignation hj very loud cries. Qui volunt exclamare majus,
toto corpore contentioni vocis asserviunt. Cic.
/
36. Acclamatio. Plausus.
ACCLAMATIO. Acclamations are expressed by the voice: this word

is understood of approbation or disapprobation. Cato contradixit, et
Cassius maxima acclamatione Senatus. Cic. Vitanda est acclama-
tio adversa populi. Id. PLAUSUS, (jrom plaudere, tu clap hands}
expresses the applause given by the clapping of hands. Datus in the-
atro cum tibi plausus. Hor.
37. Acclinare. Inclinare. Recline/re. Vcrgere.
ACCLINARE, to tend, to incline towards. Circumspexit Atyn, se-

que acclinavit ad ilium. Ovid. Figuratively : Acclinare se ad cau-
sani Senatus. Cic. INCLINARE, to give a direction or tendency to-
wards. Genua inclinaverat armis. Ovid. Inclinantem erigere, stan-
10
tern inclinare. Cic. Figuratively : Haec ut sequar Inclinat animus.

Cic. Inclinata respublica qua? jam declinare coepit. Id. Inclinat.i
onera a pauperibus in divites. Liv. Inclinat acies. Id. The army
begins to give way. RECLIXARE, to lie down, to lie all along. De-
figunt tellure hastas, et scuta reclinant. Virg. Seu te in remoto
gramine reclinatum bearis interiore nota Falerni. Hor. Figurative-
ly : Nulluni a laboreme reclinat otium. Hor. IJind no relief for my
troubles. VERGERE, (versus agere) to l-e turned or bent towards. Id
tectum vergit in tectum inferioris porticiis. Cic. Figuratively : Pro-
spice quo ista vergant. Cic. Ejus auxilium ad Italiam vergere, quam
ad Asiam maluissemus. Id.
38. Acclinis. Acclivis.
ACCLINIS, leaning on, that has a declivity. Corpusque levabat,

arboris acclinis trunco. Virg. Aditus leniter acclinis. C*es. Figu-
ratively : Acclinis falsis animus meliora recusat. Hor. ACCLIVIS,
sleep, rising, ascending. Carpitur acclivis per multa silentia trames,
arduus. Virg.
39. Accola. Incola.
ACCOLA, (colere ad) a near inhabitant, a neighbour. Nullos alios

accolas, nee finitimos habere, quam vos, volo. Liv. IXCOLA, (co-
lere in) he who dwells within. Socrates totius mundi se incolam et
civem arbitrabatur. Cic. The same difference of meaning eiists be-
tween accolere and incolere. Vos qui accolitis Istrum fluvium. Cic.
Illam urbem Graeci incolebant. Id.
40. Accommodare. Aplare.
ACCOMMODARE, (from commodus) to adjust, to Jit up, to make con-

venient. Accommodare coronam capiti. Cic. Lateri accommodat
eusem. Virg. Cicero said in the same sense : Accommodare cedes ad
nuptias, to make ones house convenient, to lend it for the celebration
of
nuptials. Figuratively: Accommodare se ad alicujus arbitrium. Cic.
Humanitati qui se non accommodat. Phaed. APTARE, (from arrcr,
necto) to make things Jit, to put things in order. Aptare enses dox-
tris. Hor. Figuratively : Aptari virtutibus. Cic. Res aptantur ut
congruant ; accommodantur ad tempus, ad voluntatem alicujus. G.D,
41. Accommodate. Commode. Commodum.
ACCOMMODATE, in a proper and convenient manner : It is generally

followed ly ad. Oratoris officium est dicere ad persuadendum ac-
commodate. Cic. Dicere debet orator quam maximu ad veritatem
accommodate. Id. COMMODE, commodiously, very well. Quod com-
mode facere possis. Cic. Commode cadit. Id. 7 he thing succeeds
very well. Minus commode audire. Id. To have a bad reputation.
Commode dicere. To speak with ease. Commode saltare. C. Nep.
To dance perfectly well. COMMODUM, in good time, in the nick of time.
Commodum hue adverterat. Ter. Commodum followed by cum,
signifies scarcely, hardly. Commodum discesseras lieri, cum Tre-
batius venit. Cic.
42. Accommodatus. Appositus.
ACCOM VOPATUS, suit all e, Jit for, disposed for or to. Accommo-
datus ad Hagifia. Cic. Ha?c lex vobis accommodata atque utilis
Id. Accommodata metendis frugibus, aut percipiendis tcm-
11
pora. Id. APPOSITUS, (positus ad) laid near, put to, situate by. Gla-
dium prope appositum e vagina eduxit. Cic. Figuratively : Appo-
situm tempus ad aliquid agendum. Cic.
43. Accumbere. Discumlere.
ACCUMBERE, (cubare ad) to lie down, to sit at table after the way
of the ancients, who lay ow beds to eat their meals. Turn ille negavit
moris esse Graecorum, ut in conrivio virorum mulieres accumberent.
Cic. Tu das epulis accumbere Divum. Virg. DISCUMBERE, (diver-
sim cubare) has the same meaning as accumbere, except that it is said
of several people getting their meals together. Discubuinms omnes
prae-
ter illam. Cic. Discubuere toris Theseus comitesque. Ovid.
44. Accusare. Incusare. Arguere. Insimulare.
ACCUSARE, (/rom causa) to accuse, to charge a fault upon one, either

juridically or otherwise. Is apud C. Sacerdotem reicapitalis accusatus
est. Cic. Ego et Kbrarios tuos culpa libero,neque te accuse. Id. Fi-
guratively : Naturae infirmitas accusatur. Sail. INCUSARE, tojind
fault with one, to blame or complain of one. Quid me incusas, Clytipho
?
Ter. Quern non incusavi aniens hominumque Deorumque ! Virg.
Figuratively : Graecorum vana promissa incusare. Liv. It is never
used to express any juridical accusation. Familiaris familiarem incu-
sat, quod nihil scribat : inimicus inimicum accusat. G. D. AR-
GUERE, 1. to show or declare. Degeneres animos timor arguit. Virg.
2. to convince or convict. Harum rerum nullum erat crimen apertum,
quoargui posset. Cic. IXSIMULARE, (from similis) in a strict sense,
to seem, to feign, to make as if. Fugere insimulavi. Cic. More com-
monly it means to accuse, to hint by some reasoning that somebody is
guilty. Marcellum insimulabat sinistros de Tiberio habuisse ser-
mones. Tac. Probri insimulasti pudicissimam fceminam. Cic. In the
last sentence, nomine or crimine is understood. Arguere, rationis et
subtilitatis est ; insimulare, improbitatis. G. D.
45. Accusalor. Delator. Mandator.
ACCUSATOR, the accuser, prosecutes the offender before a tribunal.

Judicium accusatoris in reum pro aliquo praejudicio valere non opor-
tet. Cic. DELATOR, (from deferre) the informer, being an enemy
to any individuals, reports all they say or do contrary to the
disposition
of the government. Princeps qui delatores non castigat, irritat. Plin.
jun. MANDATOR, one who suborns a witness. Inter adversa tempo-
rum, et delatores mandatoresque erant ex licentia veteri. Suet.
46. Acer or Acris. Asper.
ACRIS, sharp, sour ; ASPER, harsh, grating, are said of fruits as

well as of other food. ACRIS (from day, a point) makes a sharp im-
pression, that may originate from an excessive quantity of salts. Acre
potet acetum. Hor. Figuratively : Bellum acre ac magnum. Cic.
Acrior memoria. Id. Defensor acerrimus. Id. Quia videor acer,
alligant me interdiu. Phaed. ASPER means something rough in its
composition. Sensus judicat dulce, amarum ; laeve, asperum. G. D.
Figuratively : Monitoribus asper. Hor. In silvis asperam vitam tra-
hens. Phaed.
12
47. Acerbitas. Acrimonia.

ACKRBITAS is properly said of fruits that are not ripe. Fructus
acerbitate permixti. Cic. Figurative ly : sourness, grief, anguish,
af-
fliction. Si implacabilcs iracundiae sint, sunnua est acerbitas ; sin
auteni exorabiies, summa lenitas ; quaeut in malisacerbitatiantepo-
nenda est. Cic. Hujus acerbitatis evcntum altera acerbitate non vi-
dendi fratris vitavi. Id. ACRIMOXIA, sharpness, poignancy, as in
mustard Figuratively, liveliness, keenness. Convenit in vultu pudo-
rem et. acrimoniam esse. Cic. Exornatio hscc cum multiim venus-
tatis habet, turn gravitatis et acrimoniae. Id.
1-S. slcerbus. Crudus.
ACERBUS, that is not ripe, grating. Nondum maturaest; acerbam

nolo sumere. Phsed. Figuratively : Acerba inors. Virg. An un-
timely death. It also signifies, hard, grievous. Quod nisi concedas,
habeare insuavis, acerbus. Hor. Acerbum incendiuni. Cic. Cufcf-
DUS, raw, that is not ripe, that is not digested or has not digested.
Cruda'
caro. Juven. Ponm, si crada sunt, vi avelluntur; simatura et cocta,
decidunt. Cic. Crudum pavonem in balnea portas. Juven. Crudi-
que postridie se rursiis ingurîtant. Cic. Figuratively : Viridis et
cruda sencctus. Virg. Crudum servitiuni. Tac. A servitude to which
one is not accustomed. Vulnera cruda. Ovid. Fresh wounds still bleed-
ing. Et crudo fidit pugnam conimittere cajstu. Virg.
49. Acervallm. Cumulate.
ACERVATIM. In one heap, by heap 1 ;. Plerique acervatim se de

vallo praicipitaveruiu. Cacs. Figuratively : Acervatim jam reliqua
dicam. Cic. 1 will say the rest promiscuously CUMULATE is only
wed in a figurative sense. Cumulate Pubiicanis satistactum est. Cic.
C'uniulalJssiine mihi gratiam reddiderunt. Id.
'. Acervus. Congeries. Slrues. Cumulus. Moles.
ACEKVUS, a heap or collection of things of the same kind. Ut aci-r-

vus ex sui gi'iicrisgrauis, sic beatu vita ex sui simiiibus partibus
effici
debet. Cic. ACITVUS scutorum. Virg. Figuratively: Acervus fa-
cinorum. Cic. si multitude of crimes. CONGERIES, (gerere cum)
a mass of tilings iruughl together. Silvae congeries. Ovid. An accu-
mulation of ivo'td. Copiarum congeries. Tuc. Congeries is the ge-
nerical word.- . n gnat f/uaniity of things piled up. Strues
lignorum. Liv. Strues .-aiinarum. Cic. CUMULUS, a high heap, a

considerable collection. Consults corpus ro ilio. <|iiia obrutum super
stratis (hillorum cuinulis ernt, inveniri non potuit. Liv. Figura-
tively : Cuniiilus ad Irrtitiam ejus accedit. Cic. He is overjoyed.
DL-
ruere cuinulum de alicnis laudibus. Cic. Srrues and cumulus express
a heap of'thir,g< piuced one upon another, with this difference a/so,
that
Strues may be tJi< posed icitii symmetry ; and cumulus has no other
order
Irut what chance produces. It would 7,ot be improper to say : Cum
obses-
sione prciiuTfiitur oppidani, collatis in medium (juotquot erant apud
ditipres non moclo i'rumenti, sed etiam pecunijc acervis. t'acta con-
geries in cuinulum excrevit ingentuu. G D. M<n.i:s, a mass, any
thing huge and vast. Erit igitur extructa moles opere niagnifico. Cic.
Contiacta pisces acquora .--entiunt, jactis in altum molibus. Hor.
13
Moles gigantum. Cic. Figuratively : Aspice quanta mihi mole pa-

rentur insidiae. Ovid. Omissis excubiis et fortuna? suae mole. Tac.
51. Acheron. Avernus. Erebus. Tcenarus.
ACHERON, (from a. privative and p/a7:;ov, laetitia) Acheron, a river

of Hell. Hinc via Tartarei qua: fert Acherontis ad undas. Virg.
This word is used to express Hell itself. Qui solus honos Acheronte
sub imo est. Virg. AVERNUS, (from a. increasing, andopvof, obscu-
rus) a lake in Italy. The ancients feigned that the descent into Hell
was by this lake : in their sacrifices they made use of its waters in
order
to obtain the favour of the infernal deities. Grave olens Avernus.
Virg.
It is often taken for Hellitself. Facilis descensus Averni. Virg. ft
is
of the neuter gender in the plural number. EREKUS, (from ipeGof,
blackness, obscurity, darkness). Erebus was one of the infernal
deities,
son of Chaos and Tenebrce. He married Nox. Amor, dolus, Parcae,
Hesperides .... quos omnes Erebo et Nocte natos ferunt. Cic.
Poets use the word Erebus for Hell itself. Imas Erebi descendit ad
umbras. Virg. TJENARUS, a holhw cave, in which there was a de-
scent into Hell. Taenarias ctiam fauces, alta ostia Ditis .... Ingres-
sus, Manesque adiit, regemque tremendum. Virg. // is frequently
used to express Hell itself.
52. Acies. Acumen. Cuspis. Mucro.
ACIES, (from dxr], a point) very seldom expresses any thing but the
cutting and sharp part of an instrument ; whereas ACUMEN is said of
the point itself. Acies securium. Cic. Acumen styli. Id. They are
less distinguished in thefigurative sense. Cicero has said acies
ingenii,
and acumen ingenii. It may however be observed that acies is used
with a determined object. Acies oculorum, acies ingenii. Cic. But
it is not a' ways so luilh acumen. Sine acumine ullo. Cic. It would
be bad Latin to say sine acie ulla. CUSPIS, the point of an arrow, or
of any other instrument, the end o which is armed with iron. Acuta
cuspide telum. Ovid. Acuta cuspide contos. Virg. MUCRO is
usually the sharp point of a sword or any other weapon. Ferreus ad
costas alto stat vulnere mucro. Figuratively : Hie est mucro defen-
sionis meas. Cic.
53. Acies. Exercitus. Agmen.
ACIES, considered as synonymous with the other two, is understoodof

the front of an army, which is like the edge of a sharp instrument.
Aciem
instruere. Cic. Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine abiit. Liv. It is
also understood of the battle itself. Non sentiunt viri fortes in acie
vul-
nera.Cic. EXERCITUS, (from exercere) is properly a troop of soldiers
formed by reiterated exercise. Fortissimorum militum exercitus. Cic.
AGMEN, (from agere ) is any body of people in full Anarch, either with
or
without arms. Nunciatumque Coriolano adesse ingens mulierum ag-
men. Liv. Cum a3stu magno ducebat agmen. Cic. Hunc ubi Tyran-
nus vidit extreme agmine. Phaed.
54. Acta. Gesta. Gestes res.
ACTA, (from agere) is particularly said of actions in the civil line,

and of less striking actions. Ut acta prcclari tui Tribunatus hominis
dignitate honestes. Cic. Arraorumque decus proecede forensibus ac-
14
tis. Ovid. It is used also to express registers and other looks for
records.
In acta referre. Tac. GESTA. (from gerere) expresses nob I e actions
and grand exp/oit.t in war. Nee Agricola unquam in suara famani
gestis exultavit. Tac. Good authors generally make use o/'res gestae;
Cicero has used gesta only once. Thucydides res gestas et bella
narrat.
Cic.
55. Actio. Gestio.
ACTIO. 1. An action, an operation. Virtutis laus omnis in actione

consistit. Cic. /Equabilitas universae vitae, turn singularum
actionum.
Id. 2. Gesture, the way of speaking in public. Actio in dicendo una
dominatur. Cic. Est enini actio quasi senno corporis. Id. Actio non
tragica, ncc seenae, sedmodica jactatione corporis, vultu tamen multa
conficiens. Id. 3. An action, the right we have of prosecuting before
a
tribunal any one for what he owes us, or for any other cause. Civibus
cum sint ereptee pecuniae, civili fere actione, et privatojurerepetun-
tur. Cic. GESTIO is properly the action vf carrying; figuratively, it
is
the way of conducting or administering. Negotii gestio. Cic. Fabulae
actio. Id. The representation of a play.
56. Actionem dare. Actionem inlendere.
ACTIONEM DARE is said with propriety of a judge who gives leave to

begin a law-suit or an action at law. Si quis eum pulsasset, edixit
ipsi
nullius rei actionem sese daturum. Cic. ACTIOXEM INTENDERE, to
begin a latv-suit, to accuse juridically. Intendere actionem perduel-
lionis. Cic. To accuse one of high treason against the prince or
state.
Diem mihi, credo, dixerat, actionem intenderat. Id.
57. Aciivus. Actuosus.
ACTIVUS, (from agere) quick, active ; it is opposed to contempla-

tivus. Philosophia et contemplativa est et activa. Sen. ACTUOSUS,
J . Busy, that can act : in this sense it is opposed to nihil agens.
Virtus-'
autem actuosa, et Deus vester nihil agens. Cic. 2. That requires ac-
tion. Comcedia actuosa. Ter.
58. Actor. Causidicus.
ACTOR, 1. who acts. Ut eum efficeret oratorem verborum, acto-

remque rerum. Cic. 2. an actor on the stage. In theatro malos ac-
tores perpeti. Cic. 3. a pleader at the iar. Causarum actor medio-
cris. Hor. Lawyers give the name of actor to the plaintiff. CAUSI-
DICUS, (causam dicens) a pleading counsellor. Causidicum quemdam
sc(|iumtur, non ilium quidem amplum atque grandem, subtilem et
elegantem tamen, et qui in forensibus causis posset pracclare ci>:
tere. Cic.
59. Actuarius. Agilis.
ACTUARIES, light, nimble, that moves easily. Actuariae naves. Cses.

Ships worked with oars and sails, fly-boats. AGILIS, active, brisk.
Oderunt hilarem tristes .... agileuique remissi. Hor. Vir a
Ovid. Agilis industria. Col.
GO. Actus. Gestus.
Aci 08, I . an action. Quod side vita mea atque actibus huic con-
vii-iatori respondero. Cic. 2. an act of a play. Neque enim histrioni,
15
ut placeat, peragenda est fabula, modo, in quocumque fuerit actu,

probetur. Cic. GESTUS, gesture or action of the body. Gestus distor-
v'ic. Histrionum gestus. Id.
61. Acuere. Pungere. Stimulare. Exacuere.
ACUERE, (from O.KT,, a point) to whet. Acuere ferrum. Hor. Acuere

serram Cic. Figuratively : to excite, to provoke. Acuere aliquem ad
crudelitatem. Cic. Acuatque se diligens industria. Phaed. PUN-
GERE, tit prick or sting. Acu pungere. Cic. Gladio pungere. Id.
Figuratively: Pungit ignominia. Cic. STIMULARE, (from stimulus)
to sling, to spur on. both in the common and figurative sense.
Stimulare
equiuu. Ovid. Hunc mihi ex animo scrupulum evelle, qui me dies
noctesque stimulat ac pungit. Cic. Te conscientiae stimulant niale-
ficiorum tuorum. Id. EXACUERE, to give a very sharp edge. Spi-
cula exacuunt rostris. Virg. speaking of the dees. Figurativ dy : Sol-
licitudinesque meas quotidie magis tua merita exacuunt. Cic. Tyr-
teusque mares animos in Martia bella versibus exacuit. Hor.
62. Acus. Aculeus.
Ac us, {from dy.r lt a point) a needle. Seu pingebat acu. Ovid.

ACULEUS, a sting or dart of animals. Apis aculeus. Cic. Cornibus
uti boves, vespas aculeis. Id. Livy has made use of aculeus sagittas.
Figuratively : Contumeliarum aculei. Cic. Emittere aculeos seve-
ritatis in aliquem. Id.
63. Acutus. Sultilis. Solers. Jngeniosus. Perspicax. Sagax. Argufus.
Acuxus, {from acuere) made sharp, whetted. Acuta? cuspidis

hasta. Virg. Figuratively : acute, ingenious, penetrating, cunning.
In-
genium acutuin. Cic. Si latus ant renes morbo tentantur acuto. Hor.
SUBTILIS, (quasi sub te\a)Jine, thin. Subtile filum. Lucr. Figu-
ratively : Subtile judicium. Cic. Subtile palaturn. Hor. Subtile di-
cendi genus. Cic. SOLERS, (quasi solus in arte) learned In arts, skil-
ful, clever. Quid hoc homine solertius ? Cic. Figuratively : Solers
subtilisque descriptio partium corporis. Cic INGENIOSUS, (from
gignerej of a productive genius, quick at contrivance. Docilitas, me-
moria, qua? fere appellantur omnia uno ingenii nomine ; casque vir-
tutes qui habent, ingeniosi vocantur. Cic. Ingeniosus vir, Cic., is a
nan naturally, fit for arts and sciences. Furtum ingeniosus ad omne.
Ovid. Ingeniosus ager ad fruges, of the same author, seems to be ra-
ther a lold expression. PERSPICAX, (from per and the obsolete spi-
cere) quick-sighted, quick of judgement and understanding. Id quod
acutumet perspicax natura est. Cic. Palamedis perspicax pruden-
tia. Id. SAGAX, sagacious, cunning. Sagire enim sentire est, ex quo
sagae anus, qua; multa sure volunt, et sagaces dicti canes. Cic. Sa-
gax ad pericula prospicienda. Id. ARGUTUS, (from arguere) has
several meanings, 1. Ingenious. Quis in sententiis argutior ? indo-
cendo edisserendoque subtilior ? Cic. Calo argutus. Hor. Judicis
argutuni quae uon forniidat acumen. Id. 2. Resounding, echoing, so-
norous. Argutum nemus. Virg. Arguti olores. Id. 3. Thin, slen-
der. Illi (equo) ardua cervix, argutumque caput. Virg. Cicero says
arguta exta, entrails clearly foretelling futurity. Argutus dolor,
acute
pain. Sedulitas arguta. Cic. Oculi nimis arguti quemadmodum
animo affecti sumus loquuntur. Id.
16
61. Ad annum. In annum.
AD ANNUM, a twelvemonth hence, at the end of a twelvemonth.

Utrum illuc mine veniani, an ad annum. Cic. Now, or a twelve-
month hence. IN AxxuM,yor the space of a year. Magistratibus in
annum creatis. Liv. Ad annum would have a meaning quite diffe-
rent. This distinction deserves attention.
65. Ad diem. In diem. In dies. De die.
\ D DIEM, at the appointed day. Quando ille frumentum quod de-

beret, non ad diem dedit. Cic. IN DIEM, from day to day. In diem
rapto vivere. Cic. Cum servitute premeremur, et in diem nmlum
cresceret. Id. Fundum emere in diem, C. Nep., has another mean-
ing ; it signifies to buy an estate on condition that it shall be paid
for on
a certain day. IN DIES always denotes progression. Ingravescit in
dies intestinum malum. Cic. Hie magis in dies convalescit. Id.
DE DIE, during the day, in the day-time, by day-light. Vos convivia
lauta, sumptuosa de die facitis. Catul. Jam minime miror te cum
perditissiuiis latronibus noa solum de die, sed etiam in diem vivere.
Cic.
66. Ad, summum. Ad summam.
AD SUMMUM, at the most. Ex primis, aut ad summum secundis

literis. Cic. AD SUMMAM, (rem understood) in a ivord, in short.
Ad summam, ne again de singulis. Cic.
67. Ad tempus. In tempus. Per tempus. Ex tempore. In tempore.
AD TEMPUS, 1. For a time. Coluntur simulatione amicitiae dun-

taxat ad tempus. Cic. 2. At the appointed time. Ad tempus re-
dire. Cic. 3. According to circumstances, as the circumstance shall
require. Ad tempus consilium capiam. Cic. IN TEAITUS, when the
time comes, under proper circumstances. Ejusmodi sunt ii versus, ut
in tempus ab inimico Pompeii scripti esse.videantur. Cic. Plera-
que differat, et praesens in tempus omittat. Hor. IN TEMPORE, in
the proper time, seasonally. Opportune te in ipso tempore ostendis.
Ter. Ex TKMI'ORK, ] . From circumstances. Consilium ex tempore
capere. Cic. 2. Directly, immediately. Dicere ex tempore. Cic
PER T KM ITS seasonably, in the nick of time. Per tempus subvenis-
tis mihi. Plaut. 8ed video Phidippum per tempus egredi. Ter.
6S. Addicere. Adjudicare.
ADDICKRK, (dicere ad) to adjudge to the test or highest lidder. Li-

cetur /Ebutius : deterrentur emptores : t'undus addicitur /Ebutio.
Cic. In another sense : Incidebantur domi leges qua; DOS nostris ad-
dicemit. CiV. Scnatus, cui me semper addixi. Id. ADJUDICARE,
(judicare ad) to adjuilge hj a sentence. Agri quos P. AtVicanus po-
pulo Romano adjudicavit. Cic. Judex qui nobis causam adjudica-
turus est. Id. It is u<ed likewise in circumstances where no sentence
is pronounced. Pompeius sacpe multisque verbis suis mihi salutein
imperii adjudicavit. Cic.
69. Addict us. Mandpatus. Deditus. Olnoxius.

ADDICTUS, considered as synonymous with the twojiillounng words, is
properly said of a debtor, whom the praetor had already adjudged to
his
17
creditor, who might do with him what he pleased. Iste cum judicatuni
non faceret, addictus Hermippo, et ab hoc ductus est. Cic. Among
the Romans, a soldier was said to be addictus, who after entering his
name took the oath in the presence of his captain. Horace said in the
samesense: Nullius addictus jurare in verbamagistri. MANCIPATUS,
(quasi manu captus) given up to the power of another. Senectus
honesta t^t, si se ipsa defendit, si jussuum retinet, si neminimanci-
pata est. Cic. Turn iste venditum atque mancipatum tribunatum
consiliis vestris opposuit. Id. DEDITUS, surrendered as a town sur-
renders to the besiegers; given up. Hunc addictum, deditum vobis
habetis. Cic. // expresses praise as well as contempt. Crassum Juni-
anum honiinem mihi deditum per me deterruit. Cic. Animus libi-
dini deditus. Id. Homo gravitati deditus. Id. OBXOXIUS, ( from
ob and noxa) who is beholden to one for some kindness received;
exposed
to be hurt or injured. Vestra obnoxia capita Q. Fabio objicite. Liv.
Pars hominum pravis obnoxia. Hor. Servitus obnoxia. Phaed. Ob-
noxiam carnificis arbitrio animam ducere. Liv. To be at the e.re-
70. Addulitare. Subdubitare.

ADDUBITARE, to be in some doubt or uncertainty. Quod sine prae-
nomine familiariter ad me epistolam misisti, primum addubitavi nuni
a Volumnio senatore esset. Cic. De legatis paululum addubitavit.
Liv. SUBDUBITARE, to behalf in doubt, to be at a little stand. Jam
enini dico meum ; antea subdubitabam. Cic.
71. Adeps. Pinguedo. Pinguitudo. Sagina. Omasum. Omentum.

Arvina. Sebum.
ADEPS and PINGUEDO differ in this, according to Doletus, that

adeps crassior est neque facile liquescit; fusus tamen facile coit ac
! conglaciatur, multo pinguedine durior ; pinguedo autem celeriter
j liquescit, sed non facile concrescit. Adeps lies at the extremity of
the muscles, and sticks to the membranes; pinguedo is between the
flesh
and the skin. Adipem tenuare, Quint., to make leaner. Adeps
Cassii, Cic., the fat and bulky Cassius. Nuces avellanae pinguedini
I conferunt. Plin. PINGUITUDO, fatness, is only used figuratively :
I Literarum nimia pinguitudo, Quint., a thick pronunciation. SAGINA,
good plight of body, which is more the effect of art than of nature.
Bibite, pergraecamini, et serite vobis saginam. Plaut. In segnitiem
lapsus saginam corporis nimia luxuria contraxit. Tac. Sagina is
also used to express the aliments that give fatness to the lody.
Multi-
tudinem illam non auctoritate, sed sagina tenebat. Cic. Figura-
tively : Sagina dicendi, Quint., fullness of discourse. OMASUM, fat
tripe. Patinas coanabat omasi vilis et agninae, tribus ursis quod
satis
esset. Hor. Pingui tentus omaso. Id. OMENTUM, the cawl where-
in the bowels are wrapped, or the fat of it. Ventriculus atque in-
testina pingui actenui omento integuntur. Plin. Alba porci onienta.
Juv. ARVINA, fat of bacon. Et spicula lucida tergunt arvina
pingui. Virg. SEBUM and SEVUM, tallow or suet. Sevum ex omento
' pecudis. Plin. Quae ratio adipis eadem in his qviae ruminant, sevi
est. Id.
72. Adequitare. Obequitare.
ADEQUITARE, (equitare ad) to ride up or ly. Numida adequi-
18
tare, delude refugere. Liv. OBEQUITARE, to ride round or over.

Obequitare moenibus. Q. Curt. Statioaibus hostium-obequitare.
Liv.
73. Adesse. Interesse.
ADESSE, to le near, to be present. Coram quern quaeritis, adsum.

Vir-r. AuY>s-e senaUii-consulto scribendo. Cic. INTERESSE, to be
between. Id morari victoriam rati, quod amnis interesset. Liv. Inter-
ionsidered as a word synonymous withadesse, denotes not only the
presence, but also that the person interferes in what is the adject of
de-
liberation. Publicis consiliis intcresse, Cic., to have a concern in
public
deliberations. Adesse, in th.scase, would only signify that one is
pre-
sent at them.
74. Adesse. Prceslo esse.
ADESSE, considered as synonymous with the other, signifies to assist

with one's presence. Adsum aniicis, venio in Senatum t'requens. Cic.
Pueri iceminaeque supra animi corporisque vires adsuut pugnanti-
bus. tela ministrant. Liv. PRESTO ESSE, says Popma, is openi ferre
in tenipore, to assist in time of need. Mihique molestissimis teni-
poribus fideliter benevoleque praesto fuit. Cic. Cum sibi nonmulti-
tudinem niilitum . . . non pecuniam praesto esse viderunt. Id. It
means likewise to be present. Praesto est ante oculos, Ovid., he is
before my eyes.
75. Adheerere. Adhcerescere.
ADH;ERERE, (haerere ad) to stick to, to be fixed to. Tela in tuis

visceribus adhaerebant. Cic. Figuratively : Adhaeret nn'hi ad infi-
mum ventrem fames. Plaut. ADIIÊRESCERE, to cleave to, to keep
one's self close to. Ad earn tanquam ad saxum adhaerescunt. Cic.
Figuratively : Justitia? honestatique adhaerescere. Cic.
76. Adhibere. Addere. Adjicere.
ADHIBERE, (habere ad) properly, to have near, to make use of.

Adhibere vestes ad ornatum. Cic. Adhibere audaciam. Caes. Ad-
dere and adjicere would have r/uite another sense. ADDERE, (dare
ad) to give over and above. Addere acervo. Hor. Cum aliquid
additur aut minuitur. Cic. ADJICERE, (jacere ad) to cast unto.
Ut ex interiore loco satis commode tela adjici possent. Caes. Figu-
ratively : Animum ad consilium adjicere. Liv. Addere would have
a different meaning. We may say: Consul Tribunis paulum digni-
tatis addit; saepe difficilius intelligtiur quid patronus dicat,
quamsi
ille ipse, qui patronum adhibet, de re sua dicat ; axles fiuio
adjectae
sunt. G. D.
77. Adhibere Jidem. Habere Jidem.
ADHIBERE FIDEM. 1. To make use of one's probity, of ones fide-

lity. Adhibere fidein in amicorum periculis. Cic. To give proofs
of fidelity when friends are in danger. 1 2. To give belief .
Insanorum
iides r.on est adhibemla, quod falsa sint. M. 7o give a new mo-
tive for believing. Kpistolu tua puero fidein adhilmit. C'ic. Your
Utter has confirmed me in the belief of what 1 had been told by your
tiger. HARKKK i IDEM has likewise several meanings. 1. To
believe. His fidein haLcmus, quos plus intelligere, quam nos jirbi-
tramur. '1. To obtain faith or belief. Res habuit fidein. Ovid. Quac
fidem ;:ullam habebunt, sublatu vcri et falsi nota. Cic.
19
78. Adhuc. Etiam. Quoque.
ADHUC, (tvd hoc tenipus) hitherto, as yet. Me adhuc non legisse

turpe est. Cic. Unam adhuc a te epistolam acceperam. Cic. It is
usedjbr praeterea. Nisi quid adhuc vultis. Cic. ETIAM, also, too,
further. Auctoritate tua nobis opus est et consilio, et etiam gratia.
Cic. QUOQUE, also, in the same manner. Quidquid* dicunt, laudo;
id rursum si negant, laudo id quoque. Ter. Nam non sunt solae
arbitrate hae ; ego quoque etiam credidi. Id.
79. Adire. Convenire.
ADIRE, (ire ad) to go to : it is said of persons and things. Tribu-

num aliquem censeo adeant. Cic. Adire periculum. Id. CON-
VENIRE, (venire cum) to meet in the same place. Eamque, si opus
esse videbitur, conveniam. Cic. Convenire implies that we Jind the
person we want to see, but adire does not imply the same. Figura-
tively : Multae causae convenisse in unum locum videntur. Cic. Ut
convenire debet inter nos. Id. Num videntur haec convenire nup-
tiis? Ter.
80. Aditus. In ir oil us.
ADJTUS, access, approach. Duo sunt aditus in Ciliciam ex Syria.

Cic. Primo aditu aedium suarum quempiam prohibere. Id. Diffi-
ciles aditus primes habet. Hor. It is at first difficult to have
access
to him. Figuratively: Si quis mihi erit aditus de tuis fortunis agen-
di. Cic. If 1 can find a good opportunity to defend your interests.
INTROITUS, (ire intro) entrance. Non solum introitu, sed omnino
aditu prohiberi. Cic. Ad omnes introitus armatos homines op-
ponit. Id. figuratively : Introitus defensionis. Cic. Introitus in
causam. Id.
81. Adjungere. Agglutinare. Alligare. Annectere. Attexere.
ADJUNGERE, (jungere ad) to join one thing to another. Ulmis

adjungere vites. Virg. Figuratively : Juris scientiam eloquentiae
tanquam ancillulam adjungere. Cic. AGGLUTINARE, (from glu-
ten) to glue together. Agglutinare chartas. Col. Figuratively:
Novum procemium exaravi, et tibi misi, tu illudagglutinabis. Cic.
ALLIGARE, (ligare ad) to tie one thing to another. Alligare ad palum.
Cic. Figuratively : Alligari beneficio. Cic. ANNECTERE, (nec-
tere ad) to join one thing to another ly a knot. Aurea coccineas an-
nectit fibula vestes. Ovid. Figuratively : Quod orationi annexum
est. Cic. ATTEXERE, (texere ad) to weave unto. Attexunturlo-
ricse ex cratibus. Caes. A parapet is made of hurdles. Figuratively :
Vos ad id quod erit immortale partem attexitote mortalem. Cic.
82. Administer. Administrator.
ADMINISTER, an inferior acting as a servant. Unus puer quo-

tidiani victus administer non est relictus. Cic. Infimi homines mer-
cedula adducti administros se praebent in judiciis oratoribus. Id.
Figuratively : Administer cupiditatum. Cic. ADMINISTRATOR, a
governing administrator Cum esset constitutus administrator belli
gerendi, Cic. It is better to say regni administrator than administer.
Sometimes good authors make use of administrator in the meaning of
administer. Itaque nee pulchros illos administratores aspiciebat,
nee plenum artis argentum, nee manum porrigebat in mensam. Cic
c2
20
83. Admiratio. Admirabilitas.
P7ADMIRATIO, surprise, admiration. Hoc certe quod mihi maximam

admirationeni movet, non tacebo. Cic. Magna est admiratio copi-
ose sapienterque dicentis. Id. ADMIRABILITAS, what is admiral- le,
astonishing, marvellous or excellent in a thing. Quanta sit admira-
bilitas ccelestium rerum atque terrestrium! Cic. Admirabilitas di-
vinorum operum admirationem movet. G. D.
84. Admiscere. Immiscere. Permiscere.
ADM isc ERE, (miscere ad) to mix or mingle by degrees. Aquae

etiam admistus est calor. Cic. Figuratively: Tune admiscere huic
generi orationis illud alterum ccepi. Cic. IMMISCERE, to minis
.with or jumble together. Immisti turbae militum togati. Liv. Figu-
ratively : Iramiscere se colloquiis. Cic. Immiscere se alicui bello.
Liv. PERMISCERE, to mix or mingle together thoroughly, to huddle
together. Corpora viva permista sepultis. Luc. Figuratively : Ego
autem sentio omnes in oratione quasi permistos et confusos pedes.
Cic. Omnia potius permiscuerunt, quam ei legi conditionique pa-
rerent. Id. Immiscuerunt would be less expressive.
85. Admittere. Immittere.
ADMITTERE, (mittere ad) properly, to send towards. Signum

equitibus datum est, ut in hostein admitterent equos. Liv. More com"
manly, to let one in, to receive into a place where one is. Turpiiis
ejicitur quam non admittitur hospes. Ovid. Salutatum veniebant,
admissus est nemo. Cic. Figuratively : Nee ad consilium casus ad-
mittitur. Cic. Si quae in eum lis capitalis illata est, non admittunt.
Id. Admittere scelus. Id. IMMITTERE (mittere in) tosendforth or
i/o, jor or against. Immittere in forum sicarios. Cic. Figura-
tively : Immittere se in voluptates. Cic. Jactam et immissam a te
nefariam in me injuriam semper duxi. Id.
86. Admovere. Applicare.
ADMOVERE, (movere ad) to move towards, to approach. Fasci-

culum ad nares admovebis. Cic. Admovere exercitum ad urbem.
Liv. Figuratively : Admovere terrorem, minas. &c. Cic. AFPLI-
CARE, (plicare ad) to lay one thing to or near another. Applicare se
ad arborem. Caes. Applicare naves terrae. Cic. Applicare scalas
muris, Liv., to set ladders against the wall*. Admovere would only
signify, to bring them near the walls : Admoventur, turn applican-
tur. G. D. Figuratively : Se ad doctorem applicare. Cic. To take
lessons of a master. Voluptas non potest ad honestatcm applicari.
Id. Voluptuousness is inconsistent with honesty. Se ad philoso-
phiam applicare. Id.
87. Admurmurare. Obmurmurare.
ADMURMURARE, to show by murmur either approbation or disap-

probation. Admurmurante senatu, meque non invito, factun.
Cic. Memoria tenutis quam valdt- universi admurmuraverint, quam
palam principes contradixerint. Id. OBMURMURARE is always ex-
pressive of indignation. Yana pt'to, precibusque meis obmurmurat
pontus. Ovid.
21
88. Adnatare. Enatare.
ADNATARE, (natare ad) to swim to, to go swimming towards a

place. Illse (ranae) timore posito certatim adnatant. Phaed. ENA-
TARE, to swim out, to swim to land. Turn pauci enatant. Phsed.
Figuratively : Reliqui habere se videntur angustius, enatat tamea
Epicurus. Cic.
89. Adniti. fnniti.
ADNITI, (niti ad) to lean against. Adnixa columnae hasta. Virg.

Adniti denotes tendency toward an object. Natura solitarium nihil
amat, semperque ad aliquid, tanquam adminiculum, adnititur. It
signifies also to join one's endeavours or efforts. Nullo circum adni-
tente. Sal. INNITI, to lean upon. Scutis innixi. Liv. Hasta in-
nixus. Id. Figuratively: Secreta ejus innituntur illi. Tac. He
trusts his own secrets to nobody but himself. Cujus accusatio rebus
judicatis inniti videbatur. Cic.
90. Adolescens. Juvenis. Adultus.
ADOLESCENS, (from olescere, to grow) is properly said of the

time of life between twelve and twenty-one ; quandiii scilicet, says
Pliny, homo crescit in longitudinem corporis, et primam lanuginem
producere incipit. Officium adolescentis est majores natu vereri.
Cic. Adolescens, in good authors, is said of men from twelve to
forty years of age. Qui enim citius adolescentiae senectus, quam,
pueritiae adolescentia obrepit ? Cic. Livy calls the Tarquins ado-
lescentes, although they were above thirty years old. Ccesar is called
adolescens, although he had been the highest pontiff, when six-and-
thirty years of age. Adolescens is said of both sexes. JUVENIS,
( from juvare) because that age is more able to endure fatigues. Res
quae juventute geruntur et viribus. Cic. // is for this reason that
juvenis is used by Virgil instead of miles. Juvenes, fortissima
frustra
pectora. Ancient writers denoted by juvenis a man who was under
forty years of age. Virgil calls a young hors& juvenis. Juvenemque
Magistri exquirunt, calidumque animis, et cursibus acrem. A young
horse, full of fire, and a good racer. ADULTUS, grown up, who has
attained to years of maturity. In gremio anus aviae jacebant adultae
virgines. Q. Curt. It is said also of inanimate things. Adulta pestis.
Cic. A plague which has already spread much devastation. Non na-
scentibus Athenis, sed jam adultis. Id.
91. Adoptio. Adrogatio. Adoptatio.
ADOPTIO was of two sorts. Cum in alienam familiam inque

liberorum locum extranei sumuntur, aut per praetorem fit, aut per
populum : quod per populum fit, Adrogatio dicitur ; quod per prae-
torem, Adoptio. Gell. Adoptantur fi'lii familias ; adrogantur qui
sui juris sunt, say the lawyers. ADOPTIO was a legal act, by virtue
of which a son passed into the power of another father, who had no
children. Quod est jus adoptionis ? nempe ut is adoptet, qui neque
jam liberos procreare possit, neque, &c. Cic. ADROGATIO properly
signifies a prayer, because in that case it was necessary to ask
permis-
sion of the people. It was a legal act, by which a son was admitted
\inlo another family. ADOPTATIO is the very same as Adoptio: but
ancient authors never make use of the word Adoptatio.
22
92. Adorare. Colere. Ol-servare. Venerari. Revereri.

ADORARE, (ad os) 1. To adore, to salute with the profoundest
reverence, in lifting up the hand to the mouth. Hac prece adoravi
supcros. Ovid. 2. To pray, to leg humbly. Romanus Dictator cum
hostia caesa pacem Deum adorasset. Liv. COLERE, considered as
synonymous with the other words, signifies to honour, to worship.
Deum maxim e Mercurium colunt. Cic. Poetarum nomen et De-
orum delubra colere. Id. Colere loco parentis. Id. To honour as
a father. OBSERVARE, (sen r are ob) considered as a synonymous
word, signifies to court, to attend to one with the greatest
assiduity.
Regem non sic JEgyptus observat. Virg. Coli et observari ab ali-
quo. Cic. VEXERARI, (quasi veniam orare) to pray unto. Vene-
rari aliquem ut Deum. Cic. Dii quos colere, venerari solemus. Id.
It is also used for to respect. Venerari memoriam alicujus. Cic.
REVERERI, to revere, to stand in awe of, is the effect of a respectful
fear. Observantia, per quam aetate, aut sapientia, aut honore, aut
aliqua dignitate antecedentes reveremur et colimus. Cic. Deum
solum adoramus ; colimus Deum et parentes ; Deum veneramur, et
sanctorum memoriam: patrem observat filius officii et honoris causa;
viros dignitate praestantes revereri subditorum est. G. D.
93. Adoriri. Aggredi. Impugnare.
ADORIRI, (oriri ad) to go out towards, to attack near at hand.

Adoriri a tergo, ex insidiis. Cic. Hi novissimos adorti. Caes.
Figuratively : to undertake. Occasio idonea ad rem adoriendam.
Cic. AGGREDI, (gradiorad) to go unto, to assault or fall upon.
Quis audeat bene comitatum aggredi ? Cic. Adoriri would convey
another meaning, figuratively : to undertake. Aggredi historian!,
ad historiam. Liv. IMPUGNARE, (pugnare in) to fght against.
Impugnare terga hostium. Liv. Utrum enim defenditis, an im-
pugnatis plebem ? Id.
94. Adrepere. Irrepere. Obrepere.
ADREPERE, (repere ad) to creep to or into. Ne mus, aut lacerta

qua adrepere ad columbaria possit. Var. Figuratively: to endea-
vour to insinuate one's self. Leniter in spem adrepe officiosus, ut et
scribare secundus haeres. Hor. Endeavour to insinuate yourself gently
into his good graces, in order that he may bequeath his estate to
you.-
IRREPERE, (repere in) to creep in l-y stealth to steal into, to get in
by little and little, is only used in the figurative sense. Irrepsit
in
tabulas publicas. Cic. He artfully got his name inscribed in the
public registers. Irrepit in hominum mentes dissimulatio. Id.
OBREPERE, (repere ob) to creep in privately, to get in impercepti-
bly, is only used in a figurative sense. Mors obrepit. Plaut. Adoles-
centiae senectus obrepit. Cic. Old aqe imperceptibly succeeds to
youth. Obrepsisti ad honores errore hominum. Id. Adrepimua
in spem haereditatis ; irrepimus in haereditatem saepe malis artibus
obrependo. G. D.
95. Advehere. Coxvehere. Evehere. Invehere.
ADVEHERE, (vehere ad) to carry to or into. Cum Pyraeum navi
advectus essem. Cic CONVF.HERE, (vehere cum ^ to carry together.
Plaustris aes et aerarium convehunt. Liv. EVEHERE, (vehere e)
23
to carry from a place. Omnia palam plaustris evecta asportataque

esse. Cic. Figuratively : Ut semel Pyreo eloquentia evecta est,
omnes peragravic insulas. Cic. INVEHEHE, (vehere in) to import,
to carry in. Invchi ex alto in portum. Cic. Figuratively: Invehi
in aliquem acerbius, Cic., to inveigh and speak too bitterly against
one. Invehere avaritiam, Liv., to introduce avarice.
96. Advena. Convena. Hospes. Peregrinus. Peregrinator. Exterus.

Extrarius. Externus. Exlraneus. Alienus. Alienigena.
ADVENA, (venire ad) he who leaves his own country in order toin-
habit another. Advena classem cum primum Ausoniis appulitoris.
Virg. CONVENA, (venire cum) people of various countries assembled
together to live in the same place. Romulus pastores et convenas
consilio et sapientia conjugavit. Cic. HOSPES, as synonymous with
the other words, is he who inhabits another s house, or a foreign
(own.
Tu hospes in hac urbe versaris. Cic. PEREGRINUS, (from per-
agrare) an alien, one who travels in a foreign country. Jam non hos-
pites, sed peregrini et advense nominabamur. Cic. PEREGRINATOR,
one who makes many journeys ; often from home. Et me hercule non
sum tarn peregrinator jam, quam antea solebam ; sedificia mea me
delectant, et otium domus est. Cic. EXTERUS, foreign, of another
country. Extera quaerere regna. Virg. i. e. Quaerere regnum extra.
Externa would not be so proper. EXTRARIUS, (quasi extrarem) out-
ward, foreign, strange. Sine ulla assumptione extrariae defensionis.
Cic. EXTERNUS, external, outward. Animos externa et adventitia
religione pulsari. Cic. Extera in this case would be improper. Ex-
terna religio means a religion coming from a foreign country. Ex-
TRANEUS, who is of, and lives in, another country. Pax etconcordia
extraneis gignetur, cum jam domesticis non insideat. Cic. Ex-
ternis would not be so proper. Likewise Extranea bona sunt cor-
poris et animi, honos, pecunia, potentia, &c. Cic. ALIENUS is used
in opposition, 1. to proprius. Alienae domi esse. Cic. 2. to pro-
pinquus, consanguineus. Apud me coenant alieni novem. Plaut.
3. to conjunctus, amicus. Ut tuum factum alieni hominis, meum
vero, conjunctissimi esse videatur. Cic. ALIENIGENA, (quasi alibi
genitus) born in another country. Quid alienigenae de vobis loqui
soleant? Cic. Alienigenae hostes. Id.
97. Advenire. Adventure.
ADVENIRE, (venire ad) to arrive, to come to. Advenis modo ?

Ter. Hora proficiscendi advenit. Tac. ADVENTARE, (the fre-
quentative of advenire) to draw near, to approach. Adventare, et
prope jam esse debes. Cic. Reipublicae excidiurn adventat. Tac.
98. Adventitius. Adventorius.
ADVENTITIUS, coming by or from some other person or thing.

Adventitium auxilium. Cic. ADVENTORIUS, relating to coming
home. Adventoria epistola. Cic. A letter am ouncing the arrival of
somebody.
99. Advcrsari. Repugnare. Resistere. Obsistere. Refragari.
ADVERSARI, to oppose, to be contrary. Ejus libidini adversari non

poterat. Cic. Non adversata petenti annuit. Virg, REPUGNARE,
24
to face, to contend. Cede repugnanti, cedendo victor abibis. Ovid.

figuratively : Haec repugnant inter se. Cic. Adversante et repu-
pnante natura. Id. RESISTERE, to resist, to hold against one. Le-
giones hostibus resistunt. Caes. Figuratively : Fortiter resistere do-
iori. Cic. Dictis et factis alicui repugnare et resistere. Id OBSIS-
TKRE, (stare ob) to oppose strongly. Audaciter alicui obsistere. Cic.
Resistere would le less expressive. REFRAGARI, properly, to refuse
one's suffrage or vole : it is in opposition to suffragari. Ne
refragari
homini atnicissimo videar ; etsi quis potest refragari non modo non
petenti, veruni etiam recusanti. Cic. Figuratively : to be against, to
ie contrary. Tota ilia lex petitioni tuae refragata est. Cic.
Philosophi
adversari solent omnibus in disputando ; obsistimus accedenti ; per-
sequenti resistimus ; repugnamus vim inferenti ; injusta petenti re-
iragamur. G. D.
100. Adversaria. Tabula:. Commentaria. Diarium. Ephemeris.
ADVERSARIA, a note-book, a memorandum-book, in which is written

hastily what people ivant to remember, in order to set it down after'
u'ards in a settled register, called TABULJE. Quid est quod negli-
genter scribamus adversaria? Quid est quod diligenter conficiamus
Tabulas ? Quia haec sunt menstrua, ilJae sunt aeternae : haec delen-
tur statim, illae servantur sancte Haec sunt conjecta, illae in or-
dinem confectae. Cic. They were called Adversaria because they were
written on allsides. COMMENTARIA OTZ^COMMENTARII, (from cum
and mens) -memoirs, registers, commentaries, books in which things of
consequence are written. Pontificum commentaria. Cic. Commen-
taria Ca^saris. Id. Conficiam commentaries rerum mearuni. Id.
Lege commentarios Aristotelicos. Id. DIARIUM, (from dies] pro-
visions for one day given to a soldier, or to a slave. Cum servis ur-
foana diaria rodere mavis, Hor., Thou wouldest rather be reduced to
the allowance granted to slaves. lis diariis militum celeritatem inci-
tat. Cic. Good authors have never used diarium to express a journal.
KIMIEMERIS, (hii^fUfOt dies) a journal, a day-look. Ad ephemeri-
dem revertitur, invenitur dies profectionis. Cic.
101. Adversarius. Conlrarius.
ADVERSARIUS, (adjective) opposite, which is against. Adversarii

duces. Cic. Tribunus seditiosis adversarius. Id. Opinio oratori
adversaria. Id. CONTRARIES, contrary to, repugnant. Nihil magis
officio contrarium t-sse potest. Cic. Verba rebus contraria. Id.
Contrarius is only said of things, and adversarius of both things and
persons.
102. Adversarius. Inimicus. Hostis. Perdue/Us.

ADVERSARIES, (substantive} is properly he who begins a law-suit
against another. Nemo horum ita tt- rctatandum ut grave-in achiT-
arium Urbitrabatur. Cic. It means also an adversary, a resisting
enemy.
Accepti* & forti adversario vulneribus. Cic. IMMULS, (non ami-
cus) a private enemy. Qui mihi tain cnideliter inimici sunt. Cic. It
is properly used to express an enemy of his country. ( )mnibus
inimicis
reipublica rsx- na- acerrinnnn host em j)ni- me fero. Cic. Enemies
(ir.imifi) strive to d<> linrm the one to the other, their heart z'v
bent to-
tvirds it : adversaries urê their reciprocal claims the one against
the
25
other, and then are called adversarii. HOSTIS anciently was the same
as peregrinus, a foreigner, a man of another country. Hostis apud
majores nostros is dicebatur quern nunc peregrinum dicinms. Cic.
Hostis gratiosum aliquando nomen, et sine invidia ; nunc vero ini-
micitias denuntiat ; nee solum hostis dicitur qui bellum infert, sed
hostis est quisquis nobiscum inimicitias gerit, aut qui gravius nobis
adversatur. Id. // is now commonly understood of a public and foreign
enemy in war. Qui saepius cum hoste conflixit, quam quisquam cum
inimico concertavit. Cic. PERDUELLIS is an enemy actually en-
gaged in war against us, but with more animosity than hostis. Qui
proprio nomine perduellis esset, is hostis vocabatur, lenitate verbi
tristitiam rei mitigante. Cic.
103. ' Adversitas. Adversa.
ADVERSITAS, opposition, antipathy. Magna putatur esse scorpi-

onibus adversitas cum stellionibus. Plin. It is never used in the
mean-
ing of adversity. ADVERSA is properly an adjective, having negotia
or tempora understood. Affliction, misery, misfortune. Tot premor
adversis. Ovid.
101. Adversus. Aversus.
AD VERSUS, opposite, over against, right towards us. Haud procul

a latere castelli, quod adversum praeliantibus erat. Sail. Intueri so-
lem nequitis adversum. Cic. Vulnera adverse corpore accepta. Id.
Figuratively : Res adverse, Cic., Misforlunts. AVERSUS, turned
away or back, with the back turned towards one, on the back side. Ne
aversos nostros equites aggrederentur. Cic. Figuratively: Aversus
a vero. Cic. Intueri aliquem adversum means to look a person in
the face; but aliquem aversum intueri signifies to look at his back.
105. Adversus. Adversum. Versus. Ergo,.
ADVERSUS and ADVERSUM, towards, against, either in a favourable

or unfavourable sense. Pecuniae conciliate adversus leges, adversum
rempublicam. Cic. Pietas adversus Deos. Id. Adversus viam, qua
in Capitolium ascenditur, Liv., Over against the way that leads to the
Capitol. VERSUS, towards, is used after its case. Brundusium versus,
Cic., towards Brundusium. ERGA, towards, is always used in a fa-
vourable sense. Tua voluntas erga me, meaque erga te, par atque
mutua. Cic.
105. Advertere. Obvertere.
ADVERTERE, (vertere ad) to turn to. Terraeque advertere proras

imperat. Virg. Figuratively : Advertebatur Pompeii familiares as-
sentire Volcanio. Cic. OBVERTERE, (vertere ob) to turn towards.
Quern spectabant, cujus ob os Graii ora obvertebant. Cic.
107. Advigilare. Euigilare.
ADVIGILARE, (vigilare ad) to keep watch and ward. Ei colendae

virgines praesint, ut advigiletur f'acilius ad custodiam ignis. Cic
EVIGILARE, (vigilare e) properly, to awake. Et duce stant acies
evigilante sono. Catul. Figuratively : Quos studium cunctos evigi-
lavit idem. Ovid. It is very often used for to watch carefully. Tanta
industria est, tantumque evigilat in studio, ut, &c. Cic. In quo evi-
gilarunt curae et cogitatioues. Id. i
26
108. Adulari. Assentari. Blandlri. Eblandiri.
ADULARI, to be sweet upon (as we say), to fawn (properly of dogs).

Canum tarn ft da custodia, tamque amans dominorum adulatio. Cic.
// is generally understood of base flattery. Cavendum est ne assenta-
toribus patetaciamus aures, nee adulari nos sinamus. Cic. Adulator,
homo levis atque fallax, ad voluptatem facit ac dicit omnia, nihil ad
veritatem. Id. Adulari consists in words and actions ; Assentari, in
words only ; it signifies tn applaud and approve every thing. Semper
auget assentatio id quod is, cujus ad voluntatem dicitur, vult esse
magnum. Cic. BLANDIRI, (from blandus) to flatter with sweet
words. Quippe qui adversando saepe assentatur, et litigare se simu-
lans blandiatur. Cic. Ita nati sumus, ut et blandiri et suppliciter
insinuare possimus. Id. Sic liabendum est nullam in amicitiis pes-
tem esse majorem quam adulationem, blanditias, assentationem. Id.
Figuratively: Umbra blanditur populus, Ovid., The poplar- tree de-
lights by its shade. Blandiebatur captis fortuna. Tac. EBLAN-
DIRI, to obtain by flattery or fair words. Apud Plancum enitere,
elabora, vel potius eblandire. Cic. Suffragia eblandiri. Id. Assen-
tamur voce ; gestu adulamur ; tactu blandimur, as grammarians say.
109. Adulterare. Adulterari.
ADULTERARE, to debauch or commit adultery with. Adulterare

matronas. Suet. Figuratively : to corrupt, to counterfeit. Adulte-
rare tabulas, Cic., to adulterate registers. ADULTERARI (a deponent
verb) is never used in a figurative sense. Adulterari turpe est, Cic.,
It is a shameful thing to commit adultery.
110. Adulterium. Inceslum. Stuprum.
ADULTERIUM, adultery (properly of married persons}. Adulterium

cum aliena uxore committere. Quint. IXCESTUM is said of criminal
carnal intercourse in general, but especially between relatives.
Inces-
tum is a greater crime than adulterium. Omnibus ex animi pertur-
bationibus est profecto nulla vehementior, stupra dico, et corrupte-
las, et adulteria, incesta denique, quorum accusabilis est turpitude.
Cic. INCESTUS has exactly the same weaning, but besides it expresses
the profanation of sacred mysteries by a Jilthy action ; in which
sense
Cicero says : De servis nulla quaestio est in dominum, nisi de
incestu.
The adjective incestus is more generally taken in this sense. Non
solum
aspectu, sed etiam incesto flagitio et stupro polluit caeremonias.
Cic.
STUPRUM is properly a criminal intercourse with a person unmarried.
I nferre stuprum virgini. Cic. It is also taken in a general sense. Ad
stuprum rapi matres Campanas, virginesque, &c. Liv.
111. Advocare. Convocare.
ADVOCARE, to call or send for friends. Advocare ad concionem.

Cic. Advocare is a law-exprtssion. Quos tibi advocasti ad consul-
tandum. Cic. Figuratively : Advocare artem, Cic., to make use of
artful means. Advocare animum ail seipsum. Id. CONVOCARE,
fvocare cum) to call together, to assemble. Convocare consilium.
Caes. Piscatorcs ad se convocavit. Cic. Figuratively .- Convocare
in animum consilia. Plaut. To advise with one's self.
27
112. Advolare, Involare.
ADVOLARE, (volare ad) to fly to. Avis Platalea sibi cibum quaerit
advolans ad eas aves quae se in mari mergerent. Cic. Figuratively :
Sed certior auctor advolat JEneas. Virg. INVOLARE, to fly in, to
fly precipitately on or against. In villam ultro involant columbae.
Var. Vix me contineo quin involem in capillum. Ter. In posses-
sionem alterius involare. Cic. Figuratively : Animum cupido invo-
lat. Tac.
113. Advolvere. Involvere. Provolvere.
ADVOLVERE, (volvere ad) to roll to. Totas advolvere focis ul-

mos. Virg. Figuratively: Clamor advolvitur astris. Stat. Tanta-
rum rerum cumulos in unum carmen advolvere, Claud., to bring
so many great things within the compass of a single poem. INVOLVERE,
to wrap, or j old. in, to envelop. Fceno aliquem involvere. Ovid. In-
volvit se farina. Phaed. Figuratively : Saevum ingenium variis in-
volvens modis. Phaed. Virtute mea me involve. Hor. Involutum
bellum pacis nomine. Cic. PROVOLVERE, to throw off, to roll before.
Jam ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam. Ter.
114s Adytum. Penetrate.
ADYTUM, (from a. privative, and Svstv, to enter, to go in) the most

secret and sacred place of a temple, which every one was not permitttd
to
enter. Pergamique in occultis ac remotis templi, quae praeter sacer-
dotes adire fas non est, quae Graeci oiSvra appellant, tympana sonu-
erunt. Caes. PENETRALE, the inmost recess of a house or temple.
Penetralia regum. Virg. Contaminare penetralia. Liv. Adytum
is said of sacred places only ; and penetrale may be used in speaking
of
a place either sacred or profane.
115. jEdes. JEdifidum.
ÊDES (in the plural] expresses a house either inhabited or empty.

JEdes venales. Ter. Vix pars aedium mearum decima ad Catuli
porticum accedit. Cic. It is not understood of a temple, but when
joined to some other word which determines the meaning : as, JEdes
sacrae. Cic. Deorum aedes. Id. ^DIPICIUM, an edifice, fortress,
any house or building. Quae aedes aedificiaque intra fines regni An-
tiochi sunt. Liv.
1 16. jEdes. Templum. Delubrum. Fanum.
JDES (in the singular) generally expresses a sacred place, built for
the worship of a divinity, but without the assistance of auguries, as
JEdes Vestae. Cic. Êdes Minervae. Id. TEMPLUM originally sig-
nified any extent or space that could be seen. Lucida cceli templa.
Lucret. Templa Neptuni, Plaut., large tracts of sea. Templum,
considered as synonymous with the rest, is a profane place,
consecrated
by augurs. In like manner the palaces of Hostilius, Pompeius, and Ju-
lius were called templa, although they had not been consecrated to any
divinity. Templum in the meaning of a temple, expressed a building
more extensive than delubrum, which was only a small temp'e, or even
n part of a temple. The Capitol was a temple, templum, which con-
tained three small temples, delubra, within the same inclosure: Delu-
brum Junonis, Jovis, et Minervse. Cic. Good authors make a proper
28
distinction between templum and delubrum. Templorum et delu-

brorum religiones. Cic. Deorum delubris ac templis. Id. DELU-
BRUM was a place where the statue of the divinity stood, FANUM (Jrom
fari) was properly a place consecrated for the construction ef a
temple.
Sed fanum tantum, id est, locus templo effatus jam sacratus fuerat,
caeterum hoc demum anno, ut aedern etiam fieri juberet in religionem
venit. Liv. Houses consecrated by the pontiffs were called fana. Pro
fanis atque delubris propugnare. Cic.
117.
JDICULA (diminutive of aedes) is a small temple consecrated to a

divinity. lisdem diebus sediculam Victorian virginis Cato dedicavit.
Cic __ JEoieuLJE (in the plural) is a small liouse. Pauper fuit, ha-
buit enim aediculas in Labicano. Cic.
118. jEdificare. Rrcedijicare. Struere. Construere. Fundare.
JDIFICARE, (aedem facere) to erect any sort of building. /Edi-

ficare domum, porticum, navem, hortos, &c. Cic. Figuratively.-
yEdificare rempublicam. Cic. jEdificare caput, Juv., (speaking of a
woman's head-dress}. EXJEDIFICARE, to finish a building, to raise it
very high. Cum domum atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum
exasdificatas. Sail. Non gravere exaedificare id opus quod institu-
isti. Cic. STRUERE, (from strues). 1. to pile up, to raise high. Mo-
les struere. Tac. Opes struere. Liv. 2. to place in order. Aciem
struere. Cic. Figuratively : Mendacium struere. Cic. Componere
et struere verba. Id. CONSTRUERE, (struere cum) to heap up, to
build up. Acervi nummorum apud istum construuntur. Cic. ^di-
ficiuin construere. Id. Figuratively: Copia ornamentorum uno in
loco constructa, Cic. FUNDARE, (from fundus ) to found, to lay the
ground-work. Arces fundantem, ac tecta novantem. Virg. Figu-
ratively : Praeclare fundata respublica. Cic.
119. jEdificator. Architeclus.
DIFICATOR, a builder, a mason. Cur mundi aedificatores re-

pente extiterint? Cic. ARCHITECTUS, (from dpyji and n'jy^:, to
L-uild] an architect, a master-builder, a surveyor of a building. Mali
a-dificii dominus gloriabatur architectum non habuisse. Cic. Figu-
ratively .- Architectus legis facienda.\ Cic. Sic res ordinavit
asdifi-
cator Deus. Id.
120. sEgritudo. rfgrotatio. Morbus.
-Ec.HiTUDd is generally used for sorrow, care, anxiety, discomfort,

&c. and oROTATIO.jfor bodily sickness. Sed proprie ut acgrotatio
in corporo, sic aegritudo in animo nomen habet. Cic. When Cicero
says, quod minus noceant animi aegrotationes quam corporis, he
speaks of the passions which last for some time. We say likewise in
English, the diseases of the mind. MORBUS, a disease or distemper.
Morbutn appellant totius corporis corrupdonem ; aegrotatiooem,
inorbum cum imbecillitate. Cic. QuintU'i Curtius has -made use of
aegritudo in sficaking of bodily diseases. Animiim a^ritudo corporis
urgebat. Q. Curt. Cum sanguis corruptus est, aut pituita redundat,
Uilis in rorpi.irt-, inorbi aegrotationesque nascuntur. Cic.
29
121. JEgritudo. sEgriinonia. Molestia. Angor. Anxietas. Cvra.

Soliicitudo. Dolor. Mosror. Moestitia, Tristitia. Ajflictatio.
7F/GRITUDO, synonymous with the other words, generally signifies

trouble of mind, JEgritudo est perturbatio animi : itaque praeclare
nostri molestiam, sollicitudinem, angorem, propter similitudinem
aegrorum aegritudinem nominavere. Cic. It is said of a present evil.
Est aegritudo opinio recens mail praesentis. Cic. ÊGRIMONIA is a
continued state of sadness or grief. Ferrem graviter, si novae aegri-
moniae locus esset. Cic. MOLESTIA, (from moles) a heavy trouble,
or troublesomeness of mind, that follows one every where. Molestia
est aegritudo permanens. Cic ANGOR, (from ay/a, to straiten)
anguish, distress. Angor est aegritudo premens. Cic. Angoribus
confici. Id. ANXIETAS, fretfulness, anxiety. Anxietas prona ad
luctum, et mcerens, semper ipsa se sollicitans. Cic. Estque aliud
iracundum esse, aliud iratum, ut difFert anxietas ab angore. Id.
CUR A, (quasi cor urens) grief, trouble of mind. Cura absumi. Ter.
At regina gravi janidudum saucia cura. Virg. SOLLICITUDO, an-
guish of mind, solicitude, deep concern. Soliicitudo est aegritudo cum
cogitatione. Cic. Soliicitudo conscientiae vexat impios. Id. Quanta
me cura et sollicitudine afficit gnatus ! Ter. Cura, says a gramma-
rian, est in conservatione bonorum ; sollicitudo in metu malorum.
It may be very properly said, Adverse casu perculsum premit angor ;
superstitiosum aut animi suspensum discruciat anxietas ; patrem-
familias obsident sollicitudines et curse. G. D DOLOR, pain, smart,
ache. Dolor est segritudo crucians. Cic. It is said of the mind and
of the body. Dolor, asper motus in corpore. Cic. Summus animi
dolor. Id. MGEROR, deep and pensive sadness, habitual state of af-
fliction. Mo3ror, aegritudo flebilis. Cic. Mcerorem minui, dolorem
non potui. Id. Dolor, says Popma, aegritudo animi afflicti vel ex
mali alicujus prfcsentia, vel absentia boni ; mceror, contractio
animi,
et demissio : hie interior et gravior ; ille levior et exterior. Mos-
STITIA, actual sadness or mournfulness. Sapientia est una quaemoe-
stitiam pellat ex animis. Cic. TRISTITIA, sadness shown outwardly.
Lacrymis et tristitiae te tradidisti. Cic. AFFLICTATIO, pain, tor-
ment. Afflictatio, aegritudo cum vexatione corporis. Cic.
122. JEgrotare. jEgrescere.
JEGROTARE, to le sick or ill. Medici leviter aegrotantes leviter

curant. Cic. It is very properly used to express the diseases of the
mind. TEgrotationes animi, qualis est avaritia, ex eo quod magni
sestimetur ea res, ex qua animus aegi-otat, oriuntur. Cic. Vitio
animi aegrotare. Hor. Figuratively : ^grotant in te artes animi
tui, Plaut., your tricks are of no service to you. ^GRESCERE, to
lecome more sick, is only said of the soul. Violentia Turni exsuperat
magis, segrescitque medendo. Virg. Tantum in corde sedens
aegrescit cura parentis. Stat.
123. jEgrolus. JSger.
ÊGROTUS, sick, ill, is very seldom said but of the body. -rEgroto,
dum anima est, spes esse dicitur. Cic. // is in a figurative sense
that Terence says, Animum decuit aegrotum adolescentuli tractare.
afflicted, enduring pain, is said of loth body and mind.
30
JEger ex vulnere. Liv. Consolantur aegram animi. Id. Figura-

tively : Mihi videor magnam, et maxime aegram et prope deposi-
tain reipublicac partem suscepisse. Cic. Good authors make use of
;cger, and not of aegrotus, in speaking of animals. Et quatit aegros
tussis anhela sues. Virg.
12-t. JEmulari aliquem, alicui, cum alif/uo.
ALIQUEM, to imitate (in a good sense}. Pindaruin
quisquis studet scmulari. Hor. Omnes ejus urbis instituta laudare

faciliiis possunt, quam aemulari. Cic. JEMULARI ALICUI, to envy
somebody. His aemulamur qui ea habent, quae nos habere cupimus.
Cic. Êmulari alicui signifies also to be upon] the square with, one.
Consummati jam patroni veteribus aemulantur. Quint. JEMULARI
CUM ALIQUO, to contend, to dispute with a person for any thing. Nee
mecum aemuletur. Liv.
125. JEmulatio. Imitatio. Rivulitas.
TEMULATIO, a desire to equal and even to excel, either in a good

or in a bad sense. Imitatio virtutis aemulatio dicitur; et est aemu-
latio, aegritudo, si eo quod concupieris, alius potiatur, ipse careas.
Cic. Nee haec invidia, verum aemulatio est. Phaed. IMITATIO,
imitation, is said of both vice and virtue. Excellentium hominum
virtus imitatione digna est. Cic. Vitiuni imitatione ex aliquo ex-
pressum. Id. /Emulatio is generally the cause, and imitatio the
effect. RIVALITAS, rivality, is always said in a bad sense. Ilia
vitiosa aemulatio, quae rivalitati similis est. Cic. Rivales, says Do-
letus, a rivo dicuntur, et sunt proprie qui per eundem rivum aquam
ducunt, inter quos saepe contentio est de aquae usu. Translate vero
rivales dicuntur qui eandem amant. Quam translationem nonnulli
sumptam volunt a bestiis, quaj sitientes, cum ex eodem rivulo
haustum petunt, praelium contra se invicem concitant ; vel a re
rustica, : nam rivales proprie etiam dicuntur ii quorum agros rivus
aliquis detenninat, qui incertitudine et mutatione crebra cursus lites
sacpe inter eos suscitat.
126. sEqualitas. jEquabilitas. JEquatio.
ÊQUALITAS, equality, evenness, is only used in a Jigurative sense.

Quidam, virtutibus exceptis atque vitiis, caitera in summa anjuali-
tate posuerunt. Cic. jEqualitas fraterna. Id. ^QUABILITAS, even-
ness of temper, uniformity. Praeclara est aequabilitas in omni vita.
Cic. In this case aequalitas would not be a proper word. /EcuATio,
an equal sliare or portion. Êquatio bonorum. Cic. yEquatio for-
tuna; et dignitatis. Id. Êqualitas and aequabilitas would have a
quite different meaning.
127. Square. Adcequare. Excequare. JEquiparare.

SQUARE, in its proper sense, is to lay flat and level. Area cum
primis ingenti aequanda cylindre. Virg. Figuratively : to equalize,
to make equal. Inventum est temperamentum, quo tenuiores cum
principibus ;r<|u;iri se putarint. Liv. AD.-ECJUAHK, to make equal
or even with. L't prope summam muri aggcrisque altitudinem acervi
arniorum ad.-rqiuirent. Caes. Ada^quare solo, Liv., to level with
the ground. Figuratively : Cum virtute ibrtunam adacquavit. Cic.
31
Adaequarunt judices. Id. One half of the judges were of one opi-
nion, and the other half of another. EXJECIUARE, to equalize per-
fectly : it is very seldom used but in a figurative sense. Pecunia om-
nium dignitatem exaequat. Cic. Omnia jura pretio exaequavit, Id.
He determined the degree of right by the quantity of money. ./EQUI-
PARARE, to arrive at an equality with. /Equiparas magistrum,
Virg. You are equal to your master.
128. SEque. Mqualiler . Pariler. Similiter.
jEQUE, alike, with equity. Benevolentia civium non aeque omnes

egent. Cic. .Êque statuere, to decide or command ivitk justice and
equity. ^QUAHTER, equally, in equal parts. /Equaliter perpolire.
Cic. /Equaliter aut sorte agros legionibus assignari puto oportere.
Id. PARITER, in like manner. Laetamur araicorum laetitia aeque ac
nostra, et pariter dolemus angoribus. Cic. Ut nostra in amicos
benevolentia illorum erga nos benevolentiae pariter aequaliterque re-
spondeat. Cic. SIMILITER, in the very same manner. Similiter
facis ac si roges. Cic. Verba qua; similiter desinunt, aut quse ca-
dunt similiter. Id.
129. jEquus. JEqualis. jEquabilis. Par. Similis.
JEavvs, (in its proper sense,") level, even. JEquus et planus locus.
Cic. Figuratively: what is constantly the same. Animus aequus. Cic.
JEouALis. 1. Equal, alike. Êqualia esse peccata. Cic. 2. Of the
same age, or cotemporary. Demosthenes maximos oratores habuit
asquales. Cic. ^QUABILIS, equable, always in the same strain.
jEquabilis praedae partitio. Cic. Fama aequabili et inviolata. Sail.
PAR, even in number, equal, like. Ut stellarum numerus par an
impar sic nesciatur. Cic. Par est quod inter omnes aequabile est.
Id. Erant ei paria cum Crasso quasdam, quaedam etiam superiora.
Id. SIMILIS, like in aspect or in nature, or in any other way. Aqua
aquae similis. Plaut. Similis turn forma turn moribus. Cic. Si simili
. utamur fortuna atque usi sumus. Id. Pauci cum viverent inter
aequales, constant! et aequabili jure regi se animo semper sequo fere-
bant ; neque enim erant omnes opibus ac dignitate pares, aut mori-
bus similes. G. D.
130. JEquus. Justus.
Ê(juus, considered as synonymous with Justus, signifies equal,

equitable. TEqua conditio, aequumque certamen proponitur. Cic.
Jura aequa describere. Cic. Athena; cum florerent aequis legibus.
Phaed. Ab aequis vehementer excolamur et amemur. Cic.- JUS-
TUS, which is within rule, lawful, legitimate, conformable to custom.
Justa uxor. Cic. Justa causa. Id. Justtss exercitus, justum bel-
lum, Justus consul. Liv. An army, a war, a consul, all in excellent
order. Justus is also used for just, equitable. Justus homo, isque
quern bonum virum dicimus. Cic.
131. Aer. sElher.
AER is properly the dense air which we breathe, the atmosphere.

Aer quern spiritu ducimus. Cic. ./ETHER is the sky, the pure region
of air above our atmosphere. Êther immensus ae'rem complectitur.
Cic.
32
132. JErarium. Fiscus.
, (from aes) the treasury or exchequer. Meam domum

senatus ex acrario aedificandani putavit. Cic. Fiscus was properly
a great bag which contained a large sum of money. Muli gravati sar-
cinis duo ; unus ferebat fiscos cum pecunia. Phxd. Fiscus has been
used to express the money of the emperor. Quantum aerario, quantum
fisco pendebant in quinquennium remisit. Tac. At fortasse non
eadem severitate fiscum, qua aerarium, cohibes : imo tanto majore,
quanto plus tibi licere de tuo, quam de publico credis. Plin. Jun.
Fiscus, before Cicero s time, was the public money : and aerarium,
the money of individuals.
133. &rugo. Ruligo. Ferrugo.
yERUGO (from aes) is properly the rust of brass, verdigrise. /Es

Corinthium in aeruginem incidit. Cic. Figuratively: At haec ani-
mos aerugo cum semel imbuerit. Hor. RUBIGO, blasting of corn
and vines, mildew. Nee sterilem seges sentiet rubiginem. Hor.
It expresses also the rust of metals. Xec scabie et salsa rubigine
ferrum. Virg. FERRUGO, (ferri aerugo) rust of iron. It ismostly
used to express colours. Pictus acu chlamidem, et ferrugine tinctus
Ibera. Virg. Figuratively : Animusque mala ferrugine purus.
Ovid. i. e. a spotless mind.
134. jEstimare. Existimare.
ÊSTIMARE, (from aes) to examine, to value or set a price upon.

Vulgus ex veritate pauca, ex opinions multa aestimat. Cic. In the
same sense we say TEstimare litem, Cic., to fix the costs of a law-
suit.
JEstimare aliqueni, in good authors, does not signify to esteem a
person,
lut to form a judgement of him, to value him; in which sense we say
niagui, magno, pro nihilo, pluvis, &c. aestimare aliqueni. EXISTI-
MARE, to judge, to decide after a sufficient examination. Regal i no-
mine dignum aliquem existimare. Cic. It may be used in the sense
of aestimare. Ad unamquamque rem existimandam momentoque
suo ponderandam. Cic. Quorum extant orationes, ex quibus ex-
istimari de ingeniis oratorum potest. Id.
135. &stimatio. Existimatio.
ÊSTIMATIO, a valuing or setting a price, and the things themselves

which are valued. Non aestimatione census, vertim victu atque cultu
terminatur pecuniae modus. Cic. Milit>bus aequa facta aestimatione
pecuniam pro his rebus solvit. Id. In aestimationem accipere, Id.
to take a thing for the value set on it. Non eo sis consilio, ut, cum
me hospitio recipias, scstimationem te aliquam putes accipere. Id.,
In receiving me into your house as a guest, do not believe you receive
an
estate properly valued. EXISTI.MATIO of itself only signifies an opi-
nion. Homo sine existimatione, C'ic., is a man of whom nothing is
thought or said Existimationi consulere, Id. to endeavour to make
a noise in the world. Existimationcm assequi, in the sense of To ac-
quire esteem, would be a barbarism : it means esteem, reputation, only
when accompanied by an epithet that points out such a signification.
Fructus bonoe existimationis. Cic.
33
136. jEtas. Tempus. jvum. Sceculum. Hora.
includes the several states of life, as infancy, youth, &c.

Philosophise qui paret, omne tempus aetatis sine molestia potest de-
gere. Cic. ./Etas media, astas ingravescens, &c. It is understood of
time. Volat aetas. Cic. // expresses a year. Altera jam teritur bellis
civilibus aetas. Hor. Sometimes it means a hundred years. Vixian-
nos bis centum ; jam tertia vivitur aetas. Ovid. TEMPUS, time, du-
ration, revolution within a space. Tempus est pars quaedam seterni-
tatis, cum alicujus annui, menstrui, diurni, nocturnive spatii certa
significatione. Cic. Tempus insequens, instans, praeteritum. Id. It
is iiketvise understood of opportunity, convenient or seasonable time,
the
âlpos of the Greeks. Tempore et in tempore advenis. Ter. You
come very seasonably, in the nick of time. It expresses also need,
diffi-
cult times, hard circumstances. Nisi forte earn pecuniam in reipub-
licze magnum aliquod tempus contulerit. Cic. Reddas amicis tem-
pora. Phaed. Serve your friends who have served you before. JEvmi,
a very long space of time. Hie est definitus in caelo locus, ubi bead
aevo sempiterno fruuntur. It is said of a persons age. Forte meuni
si quis te percontabitur aevum. Hor. SPECULUM (spelt more com-
monly SECULUM) and by contraction S.SECLUM, an age, a century. It
is said of a long space of time. Quorum aetates non annis, sed sae-
culis scimus esse disjunctas. Cic. Poets use this word for astas,
tempus. Foecunda culpae saecula. Hor. According to Servius, it is
used to express a space of 30, 110, and sometimes 1,000 years. In
saeculo, says Doletus, aliqua est annorum iteratio et recursus. Multis
saeculis ante ejus aetatem id acciderat. Cic. HORA, (from ccca) a
time, age, hour. Mobil is hora. Hor. A season. Qui mare et terras
variisque mundum temperat horis. Hor. It is more commonly used
to express what is called the hour. Cum hora diei fere decima esset.
Cic.
137. SEtas affecia. JEtasingravescens.
./ETAS AFFECTA is a state of total decay in the human frame. Q.

Mutii janua et vestibulum, quod in ejus infirma valetudine, aflfecta-
<me jam aetate maxima quotidie civium frequentia ac summorum
hominum splendore celebratur. Cic. ^TAS INGRAVESCENS, the
weight of years, a burthensome age. Didicimus quibus rationibus
facillime ingravescentem aetatem ferre possimus. Cic.
138. dStas Jirmata. JEtas constans. jEtas malura.
&TAS FIRM ATA, the prime or full strength of age. Multi cives
fuerunt, quorum cum adolescentiae cupiditates deferbuissent, ex-
imiae virtutes, firmata jam aetate, extiterunt. Cic. ^TAS CON-
STANS, a steady age. Infirmitas puerorum est, ferocia juvenum, gra-
vitas jam constantis actatis. Cic. JETAS MATURA, the age of ma-
turity, the age of prudence. Hoc studium quotidie ingravescit, credo,
et aetatis maturitate ad prudentiam, et horum temporum vitiis. Cic.
firmata is the age of thirty; aetas constans, the age of forty ;
aetas matura, the age offfty.
139. jEtas exacta. jEtas provecta. JEtas decrepita. jiEtas prcecipi-

tata. JEtas extrema.
EXACTA is the decline of age, the end of life. Êtatis ex-
34
actac jam Camillas erat. Liv. JErAs PROVECTA, advanced age.
IS DECREPITA, decrepit age, relates to the countenance and state
of old age. Ex iis igitur bestiolis horii octavu qua? mortua est, pro-
vecta aetate mortua est ; qua? verd occidente sole, decrepita. Cic.
ÊTAS PRJECIPITATA is said of old age, the decline of life. An quod
adolescens praestiti, ciim etiam errare cum excusatione possem, id
mine rotate praecipitata commutem, ac ipse me retexam ? Cic.
s KXTREMA relates to the approaching end of life. Non habet

titillationes a?tas extrema. Cic.
1 i-0. jEtalem degere. sElatem terere. JEtatem consumer e.
^TATEM DKGERE, to pass one s life. Id sibi quisque genus a;

degendae constituit, quod maxiuie adamavit. Cic. .ETATEM TE-
RERE is generally understood in a lad sense, as we say, to kill lime.
Terere omneni aetatem in nugis discendis. Cic.~-.'ETATEM CDS-
SUM EUE, to spend all one's life. Quoniam in eo studio aetatem con-
sumpsi. Cic.
141. jEtatis cursus. JEtatis prctgressus.
/ETATIS CURSUS is the course of age, and .-ETATIS PROGRESSUS

is the advance of age. Cursus est certus aetatis, et via una naturae,
eaque simplex. Cic. C. Caesar ineunte aetate docuit ab excellent!
eximiaque virtute progressum aetatis expectari non oportere. Id.
142. JEternus. Sempiternus. Immortalis. Perpetuus. Perennis. Jugis.
JExERNUs, eternal, ivhick is without a beginning, and ha* no end.

Deus beatus et acternus. Cic. It is said also of things that had a be-
ginning, and last as long as life, as long as the world. Urbs condita
in aeternum. Liv. Ablue corpus illuvie, aeternisque sordibus squali-
dum. Q. Cur. SEMPITERXUS (semper aeternus) enlarges upon tlie
idea of aeternus. Optimi et sapientissimi cujusque animus ita prae-
sentit in posterum, ut nihil nisi sempiternum spectare videatur. Cic.
IMMORTALIS, (non mortalis) which is not subject to death. Optimi
cujusque animus ad immortalem gloriam nititur. Cic. Immortalis
is said only of things that are animate, or considered as such, and in
some respect peisonijied. .-Eternus is said of any being whatever.
PERPETUUS, perpetual, uninterrupted. Firina et perpetua amicitia.
Cic. Ilium ignem Vestas perpetuum ac sempiternum. Id. PER-
FNNIS, (quasi per annos) everlasting. Perennes et perpetui cursua
stellarum. Cic. Aquae perennes. Id. Ab hac perc-nni virtute ma-
jorum non degeneravit. Id JUGIS, (from jungere, ex eo quod
junctae semper undia undae profluant) continually streaming, inex-
haustible, rutei perennes jugis aquee. Hor. Aqua hausta de jugi
puteo. Cic. Jugis thesaurus. Plant. Juge auspicium, Cic., is in
another sense, and signifies an augury taken from one of the beasts of
a. team voiding his excrements. It is the interpretation given by
Festus.
143. Affalim. Sails. Sat. Satis super que.
AFFATI.M, abundantly. Affatim materia-. Liv. Affatim satis-

facere. Cic. SATIS and SAT, enough. Libri satis multi. Cic. l j ec-
cant qui non vident quod satis est. Id. Satis tempore, Id., season^
ably enough. Tan turn quantum sat est. Id. SATIS SLPERQUK,
enough, and even too much, something more than enough. Sed id satis
superque. Cic. Satis superque id habeo quod mihi dederis. Id.
35
Affatim ex-presses a greater alundance than satis. Satis est et
affatim
prorsus. Cic.
144. Affectio. Affectus. Molus. Perturbalio.
Cicero informs us what ive are to under stand ly the word AFFECTIO.
Affectio est animi et corporis aliqua de causa connnutatio, ut lae-
titia, cupiditas. It is the action that inclines the mind. Animi talis
affectio, neminem ut violem comrnodi mei causa. Cic. AFFECTUS,
the disposition of the mind, the feelings. Qualis cujusque animi af^
fectus est, talis est homo. Cic. Affectus proprios in fabellas trans-
tulit. Phasd. MOTUS, motion, Deus motum dedit ccelo. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Videndum est ne animi motus a natura recedant. Cic.
PERTURB ATIO, the action of troubling, trouble, disturbance,
confusion.
Cffili perturbatio, Cic., a storm, a tempest. Videtis in quo motu
temporum, quanta in conversione rerum, et perturbatione versen-
tur. Id. Figuratively : irregular passions. Perturbationes fugiamus,
id est, motus animi nimios, rationi non obtemperantes. Cic. Cum
perturbationem ratione depulerint, et ad primam et optimam affec-
tionem animi pervenerint. Id. Ex bonis affectibus oriuntur motus
laudabiles ; ex pravis, perturbationes. G. D.
145. Afferre. Infer re.
AFFERHE, (ferre ad) and INFERRE, (ferre in) include the idea of
a thing carried, and of the place where it is carried to : the
difference be-
tween these two words is, that afferre is only to bring the thing to,
and
inferre is not only to bring it to, but also to bring it into. Afferre
epi-
stolam. Cic. In urbem inferre. Id. Figuratively : Inferre menti-
onem, Liv., to make mention of. Inferre crimen alicui, Cic., to accuse
a person.
146. Affigere. Infigere.
AFFIGERE, (figere ad) to fasten to, to clap close, to fix upon.' Pro-
metheus affixus Caucaso. Cic. Affigere cruci. Liv. Figuratively ;
Ea maxime nostris animis affigi dicebat, quae essent a sensu tradita
atque impressa. Cic. INFIGERE, ( figere in ) to fasten in, to thrust
or
shove in. Sagitta infigitur arbore. Virg. Infigere gladium alicui in.
pectus. Cic. Figuratively : Infixus animo haeret dolor. Cic. Af-
fixus would express less.
147. Affinis. Propinquus. Agnatus. Cognatus.
AFFINIS, a relative by marriage, a relative of our relations. Marius

affinis noster. Cic. One of Marius 's family had been admitted into
Cicero's family. It signifies also a neighbour. Ut quisque potentiori
affinis erat, sedibus pellebantur. Sal. Figuratively : Affinis
sceleri,
culpae. Cic. PROPINQUUS, (from prope) near of kin, allied. Ves-
talis hujus propinqua. Cic. Gives propriores quam peregrini, et
propinqui quam alieni. Id. AGNATUS, signifies literally one born
ofler the father's will is made. Cui filius agnatus sit, ejus
testamen-
tum non esse ruptum judica. Cic. Agnatus is said of kindred by the
fathers side. Agnati, say the lawyers, qui per virilis sexus agnatio-
nem conjunct! sunt, quasi a patre congeniti, velut frater eodem pa-
tre natus, filius fratris, &c. Jupiter, Juno, reliqui quos fratres
inter
se et agnatos usurpare atque appellare solemus. Cic. Jupiter, Juno,
and the other deities were related ly Saturn. COGNATUS, (cum natus)
D2
36
a relative, a cousin. Pro reditu Pompeii multi cognati et affines de-

precati sunt. Cic. // is an axiom in law that agnati are cognati ;
litt
all cognati are not agnati. For example, an uncle by the father s side
is agnatus and cognatus ; whereas an uncle by the mother's side is co-
gnatus and not agnatus, because the mother was not originally one of
her husband! s family , and u>as only admitted into it by her
marriage.
148. Affinitas. Propinquitas.
AFFIXIT AS, affinity, alliance Iry marriage which establishes the

right
of a relative between the husband and his wife's relations, and
likewise
letween the wife and her husband's relations. PROPJNQUITAS is any
kindred whatever. Cum illo maximis vinculis et propinquitatis et
affinitatis conjunctus. Cic.
14-9. Afflictus. JErumno&us. Calamitosus.
AFFLICTUS, (from ad and the obsolete fligere) pushed or thrown

down, dashed on or against the ground. Statua deturbata et afHicta.
Cic. Xavis ad scopulos afHicta. Figuratively : Afflictus debilita-
tusque aegritudine. Cic. Afflictus et jam omni spe salutis orbatus.
Id.
Afflicta virtus maxime luctuosa. Id. Mcer ore affi ictus. Id. /ERUM-
xosus, (from aerumna, a kind of stick with a hook used by travellers
to carry their bundles on their back,) is only used in a figurative
sense:
wretched, calamitous, miserable. /Erumnosus et miseriarum compos.
Cic. CALAMITOSUS, (from calamus, a stalk of corn). Calamitas
is properly a storm of hail that has beat down cnrn : it is with this
meaning that Terence says, nostrifundi calamitas, speaking of a
courte-
san who was ruining a young man. Calamitosus may be used in an
active or passive signification. Tempestas calamitosa. Cic. Atrcr
calo calamitosus. Id. Figuratively : Calamitosa pra?tura Verris.
Cic. Eos qui se aegritudini dederunt, miseros, afHictos, aerumn
calamitosos putamus. Id. Afflictos excitamus ; sustentamus aerum-
nosos ; calamitosis subvenimus. G. D.
150. Affligere. Affiictare. Effligere.
AFFLIGERE, (from ad and the obsolete fligere) to throw or dash on

the ground, to demolish. Catuli momimentum afHixit, meam doiuum
diruit. Cic. Leonis affliguntur horrendo impetu. Phaed. Figura-
tively : to deject, to throw into a state of consternation. Ut me
levarat
tuus adventus, sic disccssus afflixit. Cic* AFFLICTARK, (the fre-
quentative âffligere) is only used in a figurative sense: to torment,
to
ruin, to undo. Hie tu me accusas, quod me afflictt-m, cum ita sim
afflictus, ut nemo unquam. Cic. De domesticis nostris rebus acer-
bissimc afflictor. Id. EFFLTGEKK increases upon the meaning of the
above two verbs, and conveys the idea of overwhelming, and totally un-
doing. Effligere lapide, Plaut., to knock down with stones. Filium
misitad effligendum Cneium Poropeium, autccrtt- capiendum. Cic.
l.j!. Ajfiuere. Circumfluere.
i'Huert- ad) to flow upon or towards. Ad ripam Galli-

cam la'tior i r placidior affluens. Tac. Figuratively : Affluit ad eos
voluptas. Cic. Vestitu affluens, Phaed., having a long and full gown.
Omnium rerum copia affluentes. Cic. Cnu IMFLUERE, to flow
round or about. Cocytusque sinu labens circumfiuit atro. Virg. Figu-
37
ratively : Res secundae circumfluunt vos. Q. Curt. Circumfluere

et abundave omnibus rebus. Cic.
152. Age. Age dum. Agile dum. edo. Amalo te.
AGE, AGE DUM, AGITE DUM, are properly imperatives, and to be

used when a person is exhorting. Age nunc, refer aniraum. Cic. Age
may be used with a plural number. Age verb, nunc considerate. Cic.
Agite requires to be follmved by a verb in the plural number. Agile
dum, ite mecum. Liv. Quare agite, 6 tectis, juvenes, succedite
nostris. Virg. CEDO, is an expression of demanding ; tell me, give me.
Cedo qut amisisti. Cic. Tell me how you have lost. Cedo tabulas.
Id. Give the registers. AMABO TE, (future tense p/amare) becomes
any body who wants to insinuate himself. Vide, amabo, num sit domi.
Ter. Amabo te, incumbe in earn rem. Cic.
153. Ager. Campus. Arvum. Rus.
ACER is said of a Jieid, land, or ground admitting of cultivation.

Ager quamvis fertilis, sine cultura fructuosus esse non potest. Cic.
It is used sometimes instead of rus. Neque agri neque urbis odium
me unquam percipit. Ter. CAMPUS is an extensive plain, a very large
place, either in town or country. Si pinguis agros metabere campi.
Virg. /Egyptii camporum patentium sequoribus habitantes. Cic.
Camposque liquentes, Virg., the sea. Campus Martius, Cic. Marss
field, where the Romans held their assemblies. Figuratively : Me, ut
ita dicam. ex hoc catnpo cequitatis ad istas verborum angustias, et
ad omnes literarum angulos revocas. Cic. ARVUM, (from arare)
arable land, or plowed kind. Nee semper credenda Ceres fallacibus
arvis. Virg. Squalent abductis arva colonis. Id. The same poet has
said, Neptunia arva, the sea. Kus includes in its meaning all the
country, the woods, lands, fountains, inaivordall things without
cities.
Evolare rus ex urbe, tanquam ex vinculis. Cic.
154-. Ager pascuus. Ager compascuus.
AGER PASCUUS, (from pascere) afield serving for leasts to graze

in. Non arvus hie qlii arari soleat, sed pascuus est ager. Plaut.
AGEK COMPASCUUS is said of a common pasture wherein each inhabi-
tant of a place has a right to bring his cattle. Si compascuus ager
est, jus est compascere. Cic.
155. Agere cum populo. Agere ad populum.
AGERE CUM POPULO, says Gellius, est rogare quid populum, quod
suffragiis suis aut jubeat, aut vetet. AGERE AD POPULUM est con-
cionem habere sine ulla rogatione. Any one amongst the Romans,
with the leave of the chief magistrate, fiad a right to assemble the
people to propose laws to them. Cum populo patribusque agendi jus
esto consuli. Cic.
156. Agere fabulam. Facere falulam.
AGERE FABULAM is said of the actor who acts a play. Nunc quam
acturi sumus Menandri Eunuchum. Ter. FACERE FABULAM is
said of the author who composes a play. Populo ut placerent quas
fecisset fabulas. Ter.
38
157. Agere gratiam, Reftrre, Habere, Reddere, Facere.
AGERE GRATIAM or GRATIAS, to testify ones gratitude Ly thanks.

Cui senatus singularibus verbis gratias egit. Cic. UEFERRE GRA-
TIAS, to show one's gratitude by deeds. GHATIAS HABERE, to pre-
serve gratitude. Inops si rcferre gratiam nou potest, habere certe
potcst. Cic. Maximas tibi gratias ago, majores etiam habeo. Id.
Gratiam qui reiert, habct ; et qui habet, in eo ipso quod habet, re-
fert. Id. Cicero has rcferre gratiam in a Lad sense : Xunc tecum
sic agam, ut tulissepotiiis injuriam, quam retulisse gratiam videar.
GRATIAM REDDERE, to do a favour, to return a good office for
a good office. Beneficio magno gratiam reddam parem. Phacd.
GRATIAM FACERE, to excuse from, to dispense with. Jurisjurandi
gratiam facere. Plaut. To excuse from or dispense with the religion
of an oath.
158. Agger are. Exaggerare. Cumulare. Accumulare. Coacervure.
AGGERARE, (gerere ad) to heap up, to lay on heaps. Atque ag-

gerat ipsis in stabulis turpi dilapsa cadavera tabo. Virg. She heaps
up in the stables the dead bodies of the animals infected with that
cruel
poison. Figuratively : Incenditque animum dictis atque aggcrat iras.
Virg. By her discourses she inflames her jealousy , and aggravates her
resentment. EXAGGERARE, to heap up together, to raise a heap
higher. Qui magnas opes exaggerare quaerit omni vigilia. Phaed.
Figuratively : Verbis exaggerare beneficium. Cic. CUMULARE, to
heap up, to pile. Altaria donis cumulant. Virg. Figuratively: Cumu-
lare benefacta. Cic. Cumulari gaudio. Id. ACCUMULARE, to add
one heap to another. Auget, addit, accumulat aurum, argentum ex
praeda. Cic COACERVARE, [from cum and acervus) to lay on
heaps, to amass together. His adjectis et coacervatis cadaveribus.
Cic. Coguntur et coacervantur divitia?. Cic.
159. Aggregare. Congregare.

ACOEEOARB, ( from ad and grex) improperly to add to a. /lock. It
is only used in a figurative sense; to axsociate, to aggregate into a

so-
ciety. Ego te semper in nostrum collegium agirregare soleo. Cic.
Aggregare suam voluntatem ad dignitatem alterius. Id. Ejus ctiani
filium eodein judicio et crimine ad patris interitum aggrcgare volu-
isti. Id. COVGREGARB, to assemble together. Congregare cum le-
onibus vulpes. Mart. Figuratively: Homines dispersos et dissipa-
tos unum in locum congregare. Cic.
160. Agitare. Ciere. Vibrare.
AGITARE, ( frequentative o/"agere) to agitate, to drive on. Sacpius

vcntis agitatur ingens pinus. I lor. Atomi pellunt st-ipsas. et agi-
tantur inter sc concursu fort ui to. Cic. Alias aves inscctatur et
agitat
jupiila. Id. Figuratively: Intidos agituns discordia tratrcs. \'irg.
Ipse longe aliter agitabat animo. Cic. Agitare gaudium atque la;-
titiam. Sal. To \hoti' one's joy by transport of mind. CJKHE, to ex-
cite. Ciere niotus. Cic. Natunc ista sunt oinnia cientis ct agitantis
motibu> si;i^. Id. Ciere is very properly used when we speakofpain
and of tears. Fletus cicrc. \ 'irg. The cierc patrem f Livy has
ijuite a different meaning: it sigjiifies, to declare who is one's
father.
39
VIBRARE, to vibrate, to quiver as the string of an instrument does.

Sicos vibrare et spargere venena. Cic. Fcedare in pulvere crines
vibratos calido ferro. Virg. To trail in the dust one's hair skilfully
dressed. Vibrat mare. Cic. Demosthenis non tarn vibrarent fulmina
ilia, nisi numeris contorta ferrentur. Figuratively : Oratio incitata
et vibrans. Cic. An animated and vehement speech.
161. Agricola. Ruricola. Arator. Villicus. Colonus.
AGRICOLA, (agrum colens) one who tills the ground, a husland-

man. O fortunatos nimium, sua si bona norint, agricolas ! Virg.
Arbores seret diligens agricola. Cic. RURICOLA, (rus colens) one
living in the country, one tilling or manuring the ground. Haeccine
ruricolae paterentur monstra. Col. // is applied even to animals.
Ruricolasque boves letho declit. Ovid. Donatus maintains that agricola
aratrum may be said, grounded on this verse of Ovid : Tempore
ruricolae patiens fit taurus aratri. As if ruricolae could not be
governed of taurus, or aratri, the ox, or plough of the husbandman.
ARATOR, a plougher or filler , whether he be proprietor or farmer of
the land. Stivae innixus arator, Ovid., the husbandman leaning on the
handle of hii plough. Cicero distinguishes him from the proprietor.
Incolumis numerus manebat dominorum et aratorum. VILLICUS,
(villam colens) a steward in the country, a bailiff' in the manor. Si
mandantkun aliquid procuratori de agricultiya, aut imperandum
villico sit. Cic. Catullus says in a figurative way, villicus
aerarii ;
and, Juvenal, villicus urbis : but loth in a satirical joke. COLOXUS,
(from colere) a farmer. Qui colonus habuit conductum de Cce-
senna fundura. Cic.
162. Ala. Penna. Pluma.
ALA, a wing. Galli cantu plausuque premunt alas. Cic. It is

understood of the arm-pit or arm-hole. Cubat hircus in alis. Hor.
Figuratively : Alas ventorum, Virg., the sails. PE^X A properly sig-
nifies the grown feathers or quills in a wing, and by extension, the
wings themselves. Pennas pavoni qua? deciderant sustulit. Phaed.
Gallinae pullos pennis fovent, ne frigore laedantur. Cic. PLUMA,
small and soft feathers that cover the bodies of birds. Versicolores
pluinae columbis ad ornatum datae sunt. Cic. Dixi te pennani te-
nere ; mentitus sum, tantum plumam tenebas. Senec.
163. Ala. Cornu.
ALA, in the tactics of the Romans, signifies the wings of an army,

or the horse on each side flanking the foot, just as wings are fixed
to-
the bodies of birds : which method is still used in our armies. Alas
si-
nistrae equites. Sal. Alas prasfectus. Liv. CORNU signifies likewise
the wing of an army. Equites pro cornibus locare. Liv. Dextrum
et sinistrum cornu, Cic., the right and the left wing of an army.
Alas is said of the horse ; and cornu of the foot.
16-i. Albere. Allescere. Exallescere.
ALBERE, to be white. Canis capillis albet caput. Ovid. ALBE-

SCERE, to become white. Lenit albescens animos capillus. Hor. Ex-
ALBESCERE, to turn pale, to become very while. Exalbescere metu.
Cic. Si qui fremerent et exalbescerent. Id. The foregoing expres-
sions seem used in a figurative sense.
40
165. Albus. Candidus. Canus.
ALBUS is more commonly said of a natural ivhiteness. Alba avi*.

Cic. Alba nix. CANDIDUS is said of a Iright and shining white-
ness. Lilia Candida. Virg. Figuratively : Animse candidiores. Hor.
Candida vita. Cic. Purum et candiduni dicendi genus. Id. Can-
dida hora, Ovid., a favourable hour or time, Candidus lector, Id.,
a. sincere and impartial reader. Aliud est, says Servius, candidum
esse, id est, quadam nitenti luce perfusum esse ; aliud album, quod
pallori constat esse vicinum. Those who put up for places were called
candidati by the Romans, from the white garments they ivore.
CANUS, hoary, turned white on account of old age. Cani capilli. Hor.
Figuratively: Cana fides. Virg. Sometimes good authors have used
promiscuously albus and candidus.
166. Mere. Nutrire.
ALERE, in its proper sense, signifies to Jind one in victuals and

clothes. Cum agellus eum non satis aleret. Cic. Neminem esse di-
vitem, nisi qui exercitum alere possit. Id. Figuratively : Alere
bellum. Liv. Dicendi assiduitas aluit audaciam. Cic. NUTRIRE,
to nurse, to suckle, or feed young ones. Balenae mammis foetus nu-
triunt. Plin. Figuratively : to encourage, to abet. Privatorum nu-
trire audacias. Cic. Amorem nutrire. Ovid. Infantem nutrit sedula
mulier, deinde alunt parentes. G. D.
167. Alga. Ulva.
ALGA, sea-weed. Vestiunt alga littus inutili. Hor. It is also said

of weeds growing in pools and standing waters. Virides in algas misere
fugientes ruunt. Phaed. A little before he had said ad lacum ULVA
is only used to express the reeds or iveeds growing in pools and
standing
waters. Limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva delitui. Virg.
168. Alicitli. Aliquo.
ALICUBI, somewhere or in some place ; any where, in any place,

(without motion}. Si salvus sit Pompeius, et constiterit alicubi. Cic.
ALIQUO, (ad aliquem locum) to someplace, or any whither, (with
motion). Aliquo prot'ugiet militatum. Ter.
169. Alio. Alili.
ALIO (ad alium locum) to another place. Statuam Arpinum ne

mihi eundeni sit, an quo alio. Cic. Si manere hie sese maluit, quam
alio nubere. Plaut. In the foregoing sentences a change of place is
expressed by alio. ALIBI, elseu-iiere, in another place, (without any
motion). Quae nusquam inessent alibi veri et certi notae. Cic.
170. slliundc. AlicuniCc.
ALIUNDE, from some other place or person. An aliunde pretiosi-

ora opera aflenmtur ? Plin. ALICLNDE, from some place or other ;
from somebody or something. Venit meditatus alicunde. Ter.
171. Aliorshm. A Hover sum.
ALIORSUM, 9<f ALIO .'awards (mother with this
diJJ'mence, that \ianbra. u itied in boik the proper and t lie

figurative
41
sense, and alioversum only in the figurative. Ancillas jubet ....

aliam aliorsum ire. Plaut. Vereor ne illud aliorsum atque ego feci,
acceperit. Ter. Atque ego istuc alioversum dixeram. Plaut.
172. Alienare. Abalienare. Inimicare.
ALIENARE, and ABALIENARE, (from alius) are the same loth in

the proper and in the figurative sense, and signify to alienate.
Pretio
ea quae accepisset vendidisse atque alienasse. Cic. Abalienare agros.
Id. Alienare quempiam a se, Id., to fall out with one. Ab aliquo
alterum abalienare. Id. Alienatas civitates ad officium redire co-
egit. Liv. It is taken sometimes in a more remote sense. Alienantur
momento intestina evoluta, Cic., the intestines pulled out, and
exposed
to the open air, decay in a moment. INIMICARE, to make enemies. Et
miseras inimicat urbes. Hor. This word seems to have been invented
ly Horace. It is however found in some editions of Cicero's works. Sin
autem id neges, statim abalienant se et inimicantur. Cic. Inimicare
expresses more tluin alienare.
] 73. Alii. Caeteri. Reliaui.
ALII, others, different persons. Nos autem quantum in utroque

profuerimus, aliorum sit judicium. Cic. IVhen cunctus or omnis is
found with alii, they are taken in the same sense as cseteri. Scelere
ante alios immanior onmes. Virg. CSETERI, all the others, the rest.
Omnes homines qui sese student prasstare caeteris animantibus. Sail.
RELIQUI, ike others, (when some have been named before}. Dein-
ceps gradatim reliqua reliquis debentur. Cic.
174. Aliquantum. Aliquantulum. Aliquantisper. Aliquandiu.
ALIQUANTUM, a little. Lectis tuis litteris aliquantum acquievi.

Cic. After having r tad your letter, I found myself a little relieved.
ALIQUANTULUM, a very little, somewhat never so little. Aliquan-
tulum deflectere de spatio. Cic. ALIQUANTISPER, a little while,
for a small time. Aliquantisper concedere hinc intro mihi libet.
Plaut. ALIQUAXDIU, a good while, so?ne time. Aristum Athenis
audivit aliquandiu. Cic.
175. Aliquoties. Aliquando.
ALIQUOTIES relates to number, and ALIQUANDO to time. Aliquo-

ties jam iste locus a te tactus est. Cic. Spes est hunc infelicem ali-
quando tandem posse consistere. Id.
176- Alius. Alter.
ALIUS, other, another. Virtus habet plures partes, quarum alia

est ad laudationem aptior. Cic. Alius also signifies different. Lux
longe alia est solis et lychnorum. Cic. Alius is said of three, four,
or more objects; instead of which ALTER is only said of two. Cum
is unum jam diem et alterum desideraretur. Cic. Ad Brutum nos-
trum hos libros alteros mittamus. Id. A second sending of books is
here mentioned. Cicero however has made use of alter to express the
third. Joves tresnumerant ii qui theologi vocantur, ex quibus pri-
mum et secundum natos in Arcadia, alterum patre Êthere. Alter
is very properly used to express' the second. Qui turn regnabat alter
post Alexandriam conditam. Cic. Alter denotes also likeness. Ad
omnia me alterum se for^ dixit. Cic.
42
177. Allevalio. Allev amen turn.
ALLEVATIO, the act of raising or lifting up. Humerorum raro

decens allevatio. Quintil. Figuratively : the act of relieving, or as-
suaging pain, the relief itself given. Ut cloloris diuturnitatem alle-
vatio consoletur. Cic. ALLEVAMENTUM, the ease or comfort re-
ceived. In adversis sine ullo remedio atque allevamento permanere.
Cic.
178. AUicere. Allectare. Delinire. Attrahere. Compellere.
ALLICERE, (from the obsolete lacire to seduce] to allure, to entice,

to wheedle. Allicit homines ad diligendum virtus. Cic. Figuratively :
Magnes lapis ferrum ad se allicit, et attrahit. Cic. ALLECTARE,
(its frequentative) to persuade by allurement, adds to the idea of
allicere. Ad agrum fruendum non modo non retardat, verum etiain in-
vitat atque allectat senectus. Cic. DELINIRE, (from lenis, soft,
smooth,) to allur e with flattering ivords .* it is only used in a
figurative sense. Delinire animos praeda, pretio, sermone. Cic.
Allicere would not signify the same thing. Animum adolescentis
pellexit iis omni-
bus quibus ilia setas capi ac deliniri potest. Id. ATTRAIIE/IE, (tra-
here ad) denotes a sort of violence: to drag on forcibly. Lisadsub-
sellia attractus. Cic. Figuratively : Ad amicitiam nihil tam allicit
et attrahit, quam similitudo rnorum. Cic. COMPELLERE, (pellere
cum) to compel, drive, or bring together. Compellere greges in
unum. Virg. Ad rivum eundem lupus et agnus venerant siti com-
pulsi. Phtcd. Figuratively: Allici beneficiis, et compelli injuriis.
Cic. The difference between allicere and compellere is striking in the
last example.
179. Allidere. Collider e. lUidere.
ALLIDERE, (Iccdere ad) to dash or throw any thing against, or on.

Allisit caput aci ostium. Caes. Xavem ad scopulum allisit. Cic.
COLLIDERE, (laedere cum) to beat, knock, or bruise together, or one
against another. Humor ita mollis est, ut facile premi, collidique
possh. Cic. Man us collidere. Quint. Figuratively: Graecia bar-
baric lento collisa duello. Hor. ILLIDERE, (laedere in) to bruise,
to thrust into. Illisit duros cestus in ossa. Virg.
180. Alloqui aliquem. Alloqui cum aliquo.
ALLOQUI ALIQUEM, to speak to, or address oneself to a person. Te

nunc alloquor, Africane. Cic. 1'opulum alloqui. Liv. ALLOQUI
CUM ALIQUO, to converse or discourse with any one. Alloquebatur
familiariter cum illis. Q. Curt.
181. Alloquium. Colloquium.
ALLOQUIUM, (loqui ad) is generally said of a consoling and kind

discourse. Allocutum, says Varro, mulieres ire uiunt, cum emit ad
aliquem locum consohmdi causa. Illic omne malum vino cantuque
levato dcibrinis a-grimoni;c, ac dulcibus alloquiis. Hor. Endeavour
to assuage yvur sorrows l-y feasts, music, and the consoling
discourses
of your Jiiends. Firmatos alloquio adolescentes. Tac. COLLO-
QUIUM, (loqui cum) a talking with, conversation, interview. Serere
colloquia cum aliquo. Liv. To converse with one. Priusquam di-
43
micent opus esse colloquio. Id. Amicorum absentum colloquia,

epistoltE. Cic. Colloquium includes the idea of two persons talking
together ; alloquium only supposes one person speaking.
182. Allucinari. Alludere. Alludere.
ALLUCINARI, (from lux) to be unable to face the light, to bedaz-

zled by it. Ne fur aut bestia allucinantem pastorem decipiat. Col,
Figuratively : to mistake, to blunder, to speak, inconsiderately. Ista
a
vobis tanquam dictata redduntur, quas Epicurus oscitans allucinatus
est. Cic. It is said of inanimate things. Quemadmodum coram cum
sumus, nobis deesse non solet; sic epistolae nostrae debent interdum
allucinari. Cic. ALLUDERE, (ludere ad) to play and sport with or
about or near one. Intempestive qui occupato alluserit. Phaed. Fi-
guratively : to allude to or speak in reference to another. Alludens
varie. Cic. Making different allusions. ABLUDERE, (ludere ab) to
play afar off". It is not used but in the figurative sense, and
signifies,
to be unlike. Haec a te non multum abludit imago. Hor.
183. Alluvies. Alluvia. Circumluvio. Eluvies. Eluvio. Diluvies.

Diluvium. Illuvies. Colluvies. Colluvio. Proluvies. Proluvium.
ALLUVIO, says Doletns, immoderata aquarum violentia, vel fiuvi-

alium, vel pluvialium, vel similium, quae nou tantiim agros confun-
dit, sed quandoque eripit, et nonnunquam funditus destruit. CIR-
CUMLUVIO est, cum partem alicujus agri rapidus amnis in alveum
suum impulerit, et in modum insulse circumvolvitur. Sed cum pars
alicujus agri impetu fluminis aggregatur in alium agrum, tune cedit
in possessionem ejus, cujus estager ; circumluvio jure vicinioris est.
From whence, alluvionum et circumluvionum jura. Cic. ALLUVIES
pro sordida aqua poni volunt, quae alluit. ubi lutum cum aqua non
multa. In proxima alluvie pueros exponunt. Liv. PROLUVIES,
immundities, abundantia cujusque rei sordidas. Romae, et maxime
Appia via ad Martis aedeni mira proluvies, magna vis aquae usque ad
piscinam publicam. Cic. Hie sine immunditie intelligi potest pro
aquarum redundantia, vel pluvia maxima. Fcedissima ventris pro-
luvies. Virg. Q.U32 res tarn repente mores immutavit tuos ? Quod
proluvium ? Quae est ista subita largitas? Ter. ILLUVIES est im-
munditia in homine, aut veste, aut re quzivis alia insita aut injecta.
Infuscat pectus illuvie scabrum. Cic. Pannis obsita, neglecta, im-
munda illuvie. Ter. Dira illuvies immissaque barba. Virg. COL-
LUVIES, sordes coeni, aut cujusvis rei coactae. Te in certamine vinci
cum illo facilius patiare, quam cum hoc in ea, quae perspicitur, fu-
tura colluvie regnare. Cic. Tune etiam nantiurn serpentumque
pestes, coano et f'ermentata colluvie venenatas mittit. Cic. Ille ne-
farius omnium scelerum colluvione natus. Cic. ELUVIO magis
delet, quam expurgat. Collectis caeteris causis eluvionis. Cic. Elu-
viones exustionesque terrarum. Id. Ab altera parte voragines, elu-
viesque praeruptae sunt. Liv. Tu adillamlabem atque eluviem civi-
tatis pervenire potuisti. Cic. DILUVIES, quando immodicis imbri-
bus vel vexatur terra, vel obruitur. Horrendam cultis diluviem
meditatur agris. Hor. Fera diluvies irritat amnes. Id. DILUVIUM,
inundatio. Non si tellurem effundat in undas diluvio miscens, etc-
44
lumve in tartara solvat. Virg. Virgil calls the overthrow of Troy di-
luvium. Diluvio ex illo tot vasta per aequora vecti.
18k Alternus. Mutuus.

ALTERXUS, (from alter) that is done by turn, every other or second.
Alterno pede terram quatere. Hor. Alternis annis aegrotat. Caes.
He is ill every other year. Alternus sermo. Hor. A conversation
wherein every one speaks in turn. MUTUUS, mutual, reciprocal. Mu-
tuuni in amicitia est, cum par voluntas accipitur et redditur. Cic.
In amici mutua benevolentia conquiescere. Id.
IS.". Altus. Profundus.
ALTUS, high, deep. Coeluni altum. Cic. Mare altum. Id. Figu-
ratively: Homo sapiens et alta mente praeditus. Cic. Altus dolor.
Virg. Alta quies. Ovid. PROFUNDUS, immensely high ur deep, con-
cave, hollow. Profunda altitude. Liv. Ccelumque prot'undum. Virg.
Mare profunduni. Id. Altum would offer a different idea. Figura-
tively : Cupido profunda imperii et divitiarum. Sal. Alta would not
express the same thing.
186. Altus. Arduus. Cehus. Excelsus. Prcecelsus. Editus. Sullimis.
Procerus.
- ALTUS, considered as synonymous with the otliers, signifies high,

lofty. Via alta atque ardua. Cic. ARDUUS, steep, inaccessible. As-
censu difficili et arduo erat opidum. Cic. Figuratively : Ardua mo-
liri. Ovid. CKLM'S, (from the obsolete cello, to exceed) high,
stately,
lofty. Celsa. 1 turret. 1 lor. Figuratively : Vir celsus et erectus,
et
omnia, quie accidere possunt, despiciens. Cic. EXCKLSUS, of a
great elevation. Ostendebat Carthaginem de excelso quodam loco.
Cic. Figuratively : Altus et excelsus, et humana despiciens. Cic.
Finxit te natura ad oumes virtutes magnum et excelsum. Id. PRJE-
< KLSUS rises above the idea of excelsus, and signifies extremely
high.
EDITUS, (datus e) raised above the level. Enna est loco praecelso
atque edito. Cic. Enna stands on a rising ground, and on the highest
Jtart of that ground. SIHMMIS, (supra limum) raised above the
ground. Mice locutus subliinisabit. Liv. Figuratively: Versus sub-
lime?. Hor PROCKKU.S, very tall, very long. Procerae arbores.
Hor. Procerus habit u. Tac. Of a gigantic stature.
187. Amandare. Ablegare. Relegare. Aqua et igni Interdicere.
AM AX DARK, (mandare a) to send away, to set further off, to re-

move, nil/tout determining either time or place. Me expulso, Catone
amandato. Cic. Amandat hominem : quo: Lilyb;tum. Id. Figu-
ratively . Sic natura res similes procul amandavit a seiisibus. Cic.
A 1,1, i.i, \ i; i . ( Icgare ab) to send one out nf the it'uy, irho
hinders a
design, or in any way displeases. Honestos homines, qui causum no-
rant, ablegarat. C'ie. Sub id tenipus pueros vnn'tum ablegavit.
Liv. He sent the young men on a hunting- [tarty , in order to keep
them
out of the way . HKI.I -,,A in :. to send away far , to lanish, to
exile.
Cyprum relegatur. Cic-. A person iva* banished (relegatus)
for a filed or indeterminate time, but always to a determined place,
which it rrai forbidden to quit. In quinquennium relegat. C'ic. //
45
was a punishment inflicted ly a magistrate. Figuratively: Ambiti-

<me relegata. Hor. Without courting your favours. AQUA ET IGNI
INTERDICERE, ivos very nearly what is called amongst us a banish-
ment for life. It ivas forbidden to assist the exiles with ivater or
fire.
Ut Tullio aqua et igni interdicatur. Cic. Forbid Tully the use of
fire and water.
188. Amare. Adamare. Deamare. Redamare. Diligere.
AMARE, to love cordially. Quid autem est amare, nisi velle bonis,
aliquem affici quam maximis, etiamsi ad se ex iis nihil redeat ? Cic.
ADAMARE, to love greatly. Haec si persuaseris tibi, et virtutem
adamaveris, amare enim parum est. Cic. Omnes niatres amant li-
beros suos, tanquatn adamarent. Quint. DEAMARE, to love early,
to love to excess. Nae ego sum fortunatus ; deamo te, Syre. Ter.
REDAMARE, to love him who loves us, to love maturely. Cicero always
joins some corrective word to it. Animus qui vel amare, vel, ut ita
dicam, redamare possit. Cic. Ut redameris, ama. Vida. Amare
likewise signifies, to take a thing kindly of one. Te multurn amamus,
quod ea abs te diligenter curata sunt. Cic. Sometimes it expresses,
to like, to find agreeable. Equidem valde Athenas ipsas amo. Cic.
DILIGERE expresses a love founded on and created by virtue and
esteem. Ego admiratione quadam virtutis ejus, ilie vicissim opinione
fbrtasse nonnulla quam de meis moribus habebat, me dilexit. Cic.
Amare is more expressive than diligere. Quis erat qui putaret ad eum
amorem quern erga te habebam, posse aliquid accedere ? Tantura
accescit, ut mihi nunc denique amare videar ; antea dilexisse. Cic.
189. Amice. Amanter. Amatorie.
AMICE, friendly, like a true friend. Amicissime vivere. Cic.

AMANTER, lovingly, courteously, affectionately. Amanter rogitare.
Cic. AMATORIE, like a lover, amorously, is the effect of passion*
Erat amatorie scripta epistola. Cic.
190. Amicus. Amator. Familiaris.
AM ic us, a friend, one who sincerely and constantly loves. Amici

maxima amoris conspiratione consentientes. Cic. Vita inculta et
deserta ab amicis non potest esse jucunda. Id. AMATOR, a lover y
one who has a natural affection to any one, or thing. Ruris amatores.
Hor. Sapientiae amator. Cic. It very often is used to express one
loving passionately. Non solum amicus, verum etiam amator. Cic.
Longe aliter est amicus atque amator. Plaut. FAMILIARIS, (from
familia) one of nigh or long acquaintance. An ego non venirem
contra alienum pro familiari meo ? Cic. Figuratively : Habere ami-
cos quibuscum possis familiares conferre sermones. Cic. Quosdam
familiares habent scelesti ; amicum vero nullura. G. D.
191. Amicitia. Amor. Benevolentia. Charitas. Pietas.
AMICITIA, friendship, attachment. Amicitia estvoluntas erga ali-

quem rerum bonarum, illius ipsius causa quern diligit, cum ejus pari
voluntate. Cic. Amicitia nihil aliud est, nisi omnium divinarum
humanarumque rerum cum benevolentia et charitate summa con-
sensio. Id. AMOR is as it were the bond and tie of friendship, the
very sentiment of love. Amor ex quo amicitia est nominata, est prin-
46
cipium ad benevolentiam conjungendam. Cic. Amor amicitiae. Id.

Amor in amicitia quatenus progredi debeat. Id. Amicitiffi autcm
charitate et aniore cernuntur. Id. It may besides le,-observed that
anaor is acting with more liveliness ; and amicitia with more firmness
and constancy. BEXEVOLENTIA (quasi bona voluntas). Amicitia
est amantis; benevolentia diligentis. Cic. CHARITAS, affection.
Benevolentiac charitas. Cic. Charitas is only said of rational
beings :
it is often in the heart only ; instead of which amor always shows it-
self by deeds PIETAS, love of duty. Pietas ergti parentes. Cic.
Pietas et summus amor in patriam. Id. Mea in te pietas ; quid enim .
dicam benevolentiam, cum illud ipsum nomen pietatis levius mihi
meritis erga me tuis esse videatur ? Id.
192. Amliguus. Anceps. Dulius.
AMBIGUUS, (jrom ambo and agere) ambiguous, of doubtful mean-

ing, that may be taken several ways. Ambiguum, cum duae diffe-
rentes sententiae accipi possunt. Cic. Si quando aliud in sententia
videtur esse, aliud in verbis, genus quoddam est ambigui. Id. Ax-
CEPS, (from ambo ancf capere) two-edged. Anceps securis, Ovid.,
a two-edged hatchet. Figuratively: Ancipites bestiae, Cic., amphi-
bious animals. Anceps belli fortuna. Id. The event of the war is
uncertain. In ambiguis ancipitem verborum potestatem esse. Id.
Jus anceps novi. Hor. DUBIUS, (quasi duae viae) doubtful, uncer-
tain, undecided or undetermined. Cum equites procol visi non sine
terrore ab dubiis quinam essent cogniti. Liv. Perspicuis dubia
aperiuntur ; dubiis perspicua tolluntur. Cic. A feast, where there
are so many dishes that a man knows ntif which to eat of, is dubia
ccena; but ambigua cocna is a lanc/uet half meat and half [fish served
up together. Ambigua securis would be an improper expression ; ay
well as ancipitem or dubiam (instead q/~ambiguam) in the ambiguam
tellure nova Salamina futuram of Horace ; because it is tlie name of
Salamin that will be equivocal.
193. Ami-ire. Cingere. Redimire. Circumdare. Circiimducere.
AM B i RE, (aa, circum, su, ire) to encompass on several sides, on

all sides. Terrain ambit ae'r. Cic. Oras ambiit auro. Virg. Cix-
GERE, to surround. Comam lauro cingere. Cic. Cingitur et con-
cluditur urbe portus. Id. Figuratively : Cingi periculis. Cic.
REDIMJRE, to encircle, to trim round, is properly said of ribbands,
fes-
toons, crowns of flowers, c. Sertis redimiri. Cic. Redimibat tem-
pora infula. Virg. CIRCUMDARE, to compass about, to environ or en-
close horizontally. Nova mrenia circumdedit oppido. Cic. Animum
circumdedit corpore Deus. Id. Terra quasi quihusdam redimita et
circumdata cingulis, e (juibus duo maxime inter st- diversi. Cic.
figuratively : Finibus t-xiguis munus oratoris circumdare, Cic., to
confine the orator within a small compass. ClRCUMDUCERR, to lead
about or around. A rat rum circumducere. Cic. Figuratively : Cir-
cumducere aliquem per dolos. Plaut.
194. Amliire. AJfectare. Capture.
AMBIRE, in a figurative sense, may be considered as synonymous

with affectare: it then signifies to stand for or make an interest for
any
thing. It is customary to surround those whose suffrages and favour
47
are sought for. Sollicitis precibus ambire aliquem. Hor. Quod si

comitia placet in Senatu habere, petanuis, ambiamus. Cic. Neu
connubiis ambire Latinum /Eneada: possint. Virg. In order to pre-
vent the Trojans from enticing Latinus by a marriage. AFFECTARE,
earnestly to endeavour or follow after, to $_eek for over muck. Noli
affectare quod tibi non est datum. Phaed. AfFectare regnum. Liv.
CAPTARE, (frequentative of capere) to lie in wait or go about to
take } to seek after with care. Captare frigora. Virg. To try to cool
ones self. Captare plausus. Cic. Captare occasionem. Id. Si me
mendacii captas, non potes me capere. Plaut. If you wish to con-
vict me of having told a lie, you shall not succeed in it.
195. Ambitio. Ambitus.
AMBITIO, a going about ; in a figurative sense, a strong desire of

hojiours and glory. Ambitio nihil aliud est, qmlrn immoderata cu-
piditas honorum aut gloriae. Cic. Me ambitio quaedam ad honorum
studium duxit. Id. Ambitio signifies also a suing for favour, court-
ship, vain-glory, ostentation. Ambitione relegata dicere possum. 2
may say so without suing for your favour. Ambitiosus is often taken
in the last sense. Quibus L. Lucullus tantum laudis impertit, quan-
tum non ambitiosus imperator. Cic. AMBITUS, in its proper sense,
is a circuit, a way about. Et properantis aquae per amcenos ambitus
agros. Hor. Figuratively : a making interest for a place, steps taken
in order to raise one's self higher in life. Per ambitum irrepere ad
honores. Tac. Ambitio is the cause, and ambitus the effect.
196. Ambrosia. Nectar.
AMBROSIA, (from a privative and fiseros, mortalis) ambrosia, the

food of the Gods. NECTAR, (from ve privative and Y.rtlvw, to cause
death] the drink of the gods, an immortal drink. Nectar et ambro-
siam, latices epulasque deorum. Ovid.
197. Ambulare. Deambulare. Inambulare. Obamlulare. Spatiari.
AMBULARE, to go on foot, to go about, to take a walk. Si recte

ambulavit is qui hanc epistolam tulit, in ipsum tuum diem incidit.
Cic. Ambulare in sole. Id. DEAMBULARE is only said of taking
a walk. Ubi satis erit deambulatum, quiescemus. Cic. INAMBU-
LARE, to walk, to take a walk within a place. Ante solem inambu-
labam domi. Cic. OBAMBULARE, to walk before or round. Obatn-
bulantes ante vallum portasque. Liv. Gemebundus obambulat
jEtnam. Ovid. SPATIARI, (from spatium ) to go up and down a
place. Et sola in sicca secum spatiatur arena. Virg. She walked by
herself on a lonely part of the shore. In Xisto spatiari. Cic. De-
ambulamus ad voluptatem ad sanitatem ; ssepe cogitabundi spati-
amur. G. D.
198. Ambulatio. Ambulacrum.
AMBULATIO, the exercise of walking, the place to walk in. Am-

bulationem pomeridianam conficere. Cic. Nostram ambulationem
velim, cum poteris, invisas. Id. AMBULACRUM is only said of the
place, ^dificare vult hie in suis et balneas, et ambulacrum, et por-
ticus. Plaut.
48
199. Amens. Demens. Excors. l r ecors. Insanus. Pesanus.

AMESS is a man agitated ly such a violent passion that he is out of
his wits and leside himself. Amens exterrita monstris. Virg. An
me tarn amentem putas, ut apud imperitos isto modo loquar? Cic.
DEMEXS is a man who is deficient in point offense and sound judge-
ment in certain things. In tranquillo tempestatem optare dementis
est. Cic. The two above adjectives are sometimes used
indiscriminately.
Nee minus illud acute quod animi affectionem lumine mentis caren-
tem nominaverunt amentiam, eandemque dementiam. Cic. Ex-
CORS, heartless, spiritless, not feeling as other people do. Neque tu
eras tarn excors tamque demens ut nescires, &c. Cic. VECORS,
rash, foolish, impertinent. O vecors et amens ! Cic. Audacia vecors.
Liv. IXSANUS (non sanus) is he who, ruled by an imperious passion,
cannot listen to the voice of reason. Tune insanus eris, si
acceperis ;
an magis excors rejecta praeda quam Mercurius fert? Hor. Homi-
nes prorsus ex stultis insanos facit. Ter. Insanitas animi, quamvo-
camus insaniam. Cic. VESAXUS, a man so far overcome by a passion
as to be in a kind of delirium. Homo vesanus et furiosus. Cic. De-
mens est qui pennis non homini datis in ccelum evolare contendit.
Amens est qui filium amissum dolens, Deum ipsum incusat. Ve-
cordem eum dixerim, qui mulierculae causa amicum perdat aut
etiam jugulet. Excors videatur qui comparandae laudis opportuui-
tati jocum futilem anteponat. Quis neget insanum esse eum qui
yirtutis ostentandae cupidus frustra periculum arcessat ? Vesani
carminum recitatores molesti sunt. G. D.
200. Amictus. Amiculum. Vestis. Vestitus. Vestimentum.
AMICTUS (from amicire) is said of any thing used to wrap up or

to envelop. Purpureos moritura manu discindit amictus. Virg. Mihi
amictui est Scyticum tegmen. Cic. AMICULUM, an upper garment,
or cloke, either Jor men or women. Summa quaeque amicula exuunt.
Q. Curt. Amiculum grandi pondere. Cic. VESTIS, all manner of
clothes used to cover either the body, or the furniture of a house.
Au-
ratis mutavit vestibus atras. Ovid. Stragula vestis, Cic., a counter-
pane or coverlet used ly the ancients for a night covering. Frustra
jam
vestes, frustra mutantur amictus. Catul. Vestis is said of any thing
that covers. Aurea caesaries ollis, atque aurea vestis, Virgil.,
speak-
ing of the beard which covers the face. Imperat astas impubem molli
pubescere veste. Lucret. Vestiebantur tabulis, Cic., they were co-
vered with pictures. VESTITUS, apparel, clothes. Pulcherrimo
titu et ornatu regali. C ic. Victus vestitusque necessarius. Id. It
also signifies any thing that covers. Montium vestitus densissimi.
Cic. Figuratiuely : Vestitus orationis. Cic. VESTIMKNTUM, a vest-
ment to cover the body only. Calceos et vcstimt-nta mutavit. Cic.
Grammarians observe that vestimentum is especially said of men's
clothes, and vestis of women's attire.
201. Amita. Matertera.
AMITA, an aunt by the father's side, the father's sister. Qui uxori
suac Cluentia?, quac amita hujushabita fuit, &c. Cic. MATERTERA
Tquasi mater altera), an aunt by the mother's side, the mothers
sister.
C. Aculeo, quo cum erat nostra matertera. Cic.
49 ,
202. Amittere. Perdtre.
\MITTERE, (mittere a) to loose or let go, to let fall, loth in the

Proper and the figurative sense. Rem de mambus amittere. Cic.
Amittere occasionem. Id. , Nam neque quo pacto a me amittam,
neque ut rctineam scio. Ter_PERDEREwV/ of a real oss. Zonam
perdere. Hor. Sic ne perdiderit, non cessat perdere lusor. Ovid.
A sambler, in striving to repair his losses, makes new ones: Amittere
does not express so much as perdere. Classes optima? atque oppor.
tunae cum magnaignominiapopuli Romani amissae et perditae Cic.
Cicero has pointed out the real dtference between amittere and per-
dere, when speaking of Decius, who devoted himself for his country.
Amisit vitam, non perdidit ; re enim vilissima et parva maximam re-
demit ; accepit patriam, amisit animam,
203. Amittere lernpus. Perdere tempus.
AMITTERE TEMPUS, to lose the opportunity, not to improve the time.

Cujus gloriae cave tempus amittas. Cic. PERDERE TEMPUS, to lose
time, to spend it in trifles. Cum mihi non sit difficile periclitari,
et
aut statim percipere ista, quse tu verbis ad ccelum extulisti ; aut si
non potuerim, tempus non perdere. Cic. Adolescens qui tempus
perdit in nugis, scientias comparand* tempus opportunum amittit.
G. D.
204. Amoliri. Amovere. Repellere.
AMOLIRI, (from moles) to remove or put away with some difficulty .

Amoliri saxuni. Plaut. Figuratively: Si omnia amoliri non poteram,
tamen plura amoliebar. Quintil. AMOVERE, (movere a) to draw
back. It denotes less difficulty than amoliri. Sive procul amoveris,
sive vehementer prope admoveris. Cic. Figuratively : Amovere a
se culpam, Liv., to justify one's self. REPELLERE, (from re adver-
sative, and pellere) to repel, to drive back any way. Cum obsistere
sonarentur, male mulctati fustibus repelluntur. Cic. Vim vi re-
aellere. Id. Figuratively : Clodii furorem a vestris cervicibus re-
3uli. Cic. Amolimur saxa, trabes ; amovemus lapides ; vim vi re-
Dellimus. G. D.
205. Amphora. Cadus. Urceus.
AMPHORA, a vessel with two handles, used for the measuring of dry
>r liquid things : this vessel was made narrower at the top, and held
'according to the best account] nine gallons. Amphora mellis. Cic.
n singulas vini amphoras. Id. CADUS was a wine vessel, ending at
he top in the form of a pine-apple, and holding about eighteen
gallons.
nigiunt cum faece cadis siccatis amici. Hor. Vina bonus quae de-
nde cadis onerarat Acestes. Virg. URCEUS, a pitcher, a pot for
voter. Hie tibi donatur panda ruber urceus ansa ; Stoicus hoc ge-
idam fonte petebat aquam. Mart. Amphora coepit institui, cur
srceus exit ? Hor.
206. Amplecti. Amplexari. Complecti.
AMPLECTI, (a^4>/, circum, and TfXtY.u}, to bend, ) to surround or en-

jrcle, to embrace, to fold in one's arms. Divum amplexae simulacra
linebant. Virg. Amplectimur tibi genua egentes opum. Plaut. Fi-
uratively Amplecti jus civile, Cic., to study the civil-law. Libenter
50
amplector talem animum. Cic. Quod ego pluribus verbis amplec-

terer, si, &c. Id. / should expatiate more on that subject, if, &c.
AMPLEXARI, {frequentative o/amplecti) to embrace heartily, to fold
close in ones arms. Inimicum nieum sic aniplexabantur, sic fove-
bant, &c. Cic. Figuratively: Amplexari otium. Cic. COMPLECTI,
to embrace, to clasp together in one's arms. Lacertis complecti mem-
bra alicujus. Ovid. Complectitur vitis suis claviculis quidquid est
nacta. Cic. Figuratively: Omnes omnium charitates patria una
complexa est. Cic. Complecti aliquem benevolentia. Id. Uno
verbo omnia complecti. Id. Philosophiam complecti. Id. Amplecti
would be less expressive. Complecti is likewise used to express pro-
tecting, defending. Ego vos in omni fortuna complectar. Cic.
207. Amplexus. Osculum. Osculatio. Basia. Suavium.
AMPLEXUS, an embrace, a hug. Amplexibus avidis inhaerere.

Ovid. OSCULUM, (a diminutive of os, because the mouth is contracted
in kissing, ) a kiss. Amplexaeque tenent postes atque oscula figunt.
Virg. Osculum means a kiss of politeness. Dividere oscula sodali-
bus. Hor. OSCULATIO is the act of kissing. Non flagrantia ocu-
lorum, non liberlate sermonis, sed etiam osculatione. Cic. BASIA,
kisses of tenderness. Dat basia mille. Catul. SUAVIUM, an amorous
kiss. Suavium dulci dulcius ambrosia. Catul. Good authors make
a proper distinction between the above words.
208. Ampliare. Amplificare. Augere. Adaugere.
AMPLIARE, (from amplus) to increase, to augment. Aut ampliet

ut rem. Hor. Annibalis bellicis laudibus ampliatur virtus Scipionis.
Quint. AMPLIFICARE, (amplius f'acere) to amplify, to enlarge.
Amplificare aedem, urbem. Liv. To give more energy, more conse-
quence to the things we are treating of, to show their merits and
great
value. Vereor ne talium virorum, cum amplificare velim, imminuam
gloriam. Cic. Ea quae pro nobis essent, amplificanda et augenda ;
quaeque essent pro adversariis, infirmanda atque frangenda. Cic.
AUGERE, to make bigger, to corroborate. Benevolentiam auxit con-
suetudo. Cic. Beneficium magnum magno cumulo augere. Id.
Amplificare beneficium is to amplify a good office, to make it greater
than it is. Augure beneficium is to add much to agood office, to make
as great as can be. ADAUGERE rites above the idea of augere. Haec
aliis nefariis cumulant, adaugent. Cic.
209. Ampliare. Comperendinare.
AMPLIARE, (considered as synonymous with the other] is, to put riff

the hearing of a cause until more inquiry could be made, either
because
the witnesses had not been examined, or because the proofs were not
evi-
dent ; or lastly, because the judges had not yet made up their minds
about the kind of punishment to be inflicted. Ut, etiamsi lex ampli-
andi facial potestatem, tamenisti sibi turpe existiment non primo ju-
dicare. Cic. COMPERENDINARE, to postpone giving judgement. Com-
perendinati rei in causis criminalibus, says Doletus, quos curia tide
sua dimissos esse voiuit, id est, quos suae ipsorum custodiae com-
missit, ut aut urbem justi carceris loco habeant, aut privatam ali-
quam domum, ut fit interdum ex personarum dignitate, et genere
51
causarum. Ideo autern comperendinati, quia nondum comperta

crimina satis, vei quia nondum se innocentes probaverant. Glaucia
primus tulit, ut comperendinaretur reus: antea judicari vel primo
poterat, vel amplius pronunciari. Cic. Amplius pronunciari is used
here for ampliari. Illorum venire in mentem comperendinatum
Verrem, id est, qui in secundam actionem impetraverunt judicium
difibrri. Cic.
210. Ampullae. Sesquipedalia verla.
AMPULLA was properly an oblong earthen vessel, with a large lelly.

figuratively : it signifies any thing blown or puffed up. SESQUIPE-
DALIS is a measure of a foot and a half. Sesquipedalia has been
used to express long words. Projicit ampullas et sesquipedalia verba.
Hor. In the verse of Horace ampullas seems to signify swelling lines,
lomlast, high-flown stujf, rodomontade; and sesquipedalia verba,
swelling words.
211. Amputare. Circumcidere. Tondere.
AMPUTARE, to cut off, to chop off, to prune. Pestiferum aliquid

in corpore amputare. Cic. Figuratively : Amputare ramos miseri-
arum. Cic. CIRCUMCIDERE, (caedere circum) to cut or pare about.
Ars agricolarum, quae circumcidat, amputet, erigat. Cic. Figura-
tively : Qui circumcidis omnem impensam funeris. Phjed. Multi-
tudinem sententiarum circumcidere et amputare. Cic. TONDERE,
to shear, to cut short. Barbam tondere. Cic. Brachia arborum ton-
dere. Virg. Figuratively : Tondere aliquem auro. Plaut. To cheat
one cunningly of his money.
212. An. Num.
AN a/zrf.NuM, considered as interrogative adverls, differ in this,

that
an will have always a second member either expressed or understood.
Erravit ? an potiiis insanivit ? Cic. An ego toties de eadem re te
audiam? ( an non understood. ) Ter. An will also require sometimes
an answer. Postulo mihi respondeat, qui sit ille Verrutius, mer-
cator, an arator, an pecuarius ? Cic. Scire velim quomodo dicat
spopondissc ; pro patre, an pro filio? NUM supposes neither a se-
cond member, nor any answer. Num cogitat quid dicat? num facti
piget ? He does not then think of what he says, nor feel himself sorry
for what he has done : does he ? Num quod eloquentiae vestigium ap-
paret ? Then no trace of true eloquence is remaining : is there ?
213. Anfractus. Ambages. Circuitus. Circuitio.
ANFRACTUS, (from du,<pi, circum, and tppdtnrcu, cingo) the turn-

ing, lending, or winding of a way in or out. In rupis anfractu.
Justin. In the cavity of a rock. Anfractus longior. C. Nep. A longer
turning or circuit. Anfractus solis. Cic. The turning of the sun.
Figuratively ; Anfractus judiciorum. Cic. The cunning tricks or wind-
ings of chicanery. AMBAGES, (aju.<|>< and ay to, toleadround or
about],
turnings, intricacy, puzzle. Daedalus ipse dolos tecti ambagesque re-
solvit. Virg. Dcedalus taught Theseus how to succeed in getting out
of those tortuous ways. Figuratively : Vix pueris dignas ambages
exquirere. Liv. CIRCUITUS, (ire circum) a going round about, a
circuit, an inclosure. Circuitus orbis. Cic. Figwatwehi : Circuitus
E2 *
52
verborum. Cic. Anfractus describuntur; resolvuritur ambages; cir-

cuitus conficiuntur. G. D. CIRCUITIO, the action of going round a
place, of walking rounds in a city or camp. Circuitio ac cura ./Edi-
lium plebis erat. Liv. Figuratively : Aperte ipsam rein modo lo-
cutus, nihil circuitione usus es. Ter.
21 4-. dnguis. Serpens. Draco. Viper a. Hydrus or Hydra. Coluber.
ANGUIS, (from lyyoc, a dart] a reptile resembling a dart, and

living in the water. Immensis orbibus angues incumbunt pelago.
Virg. SERPEXS, (from serpere) serpent, reptile, seems to be a gene-
ral name. Qualis saepe vise deprensus in aggere serpens. Virg. Quae-
dam serpentes ortas extra aquam, simul atque niti possunt, aquam
persequuntur. Cic. DRACO, (from ocaxsTv, tepy.eiv, to see) a dragon,
a kind of monster, to which in fables are attributed claws, wings, and
a tail like that of a serpent : it has very piercing eyes, and is
bigger
than any other serpent : it retires into temples and decayed houses.
In-
somnis draco. Virg. Domini patrimonium circumplexus, quasi the-
saurum draco. Cic. VIPER A, (quasi vivipara) a viper, a kind of
serpent which brings forth its little ones alive, different from the
most
part of others that lay eggs. The viper is of a smaller size. Viperis
implicata crines Canidia. Hor HYDRUS and HYDRA, (from uoup,
water,} a water serpent or snake, which lives in rivers and ponds. It
is mostly said of a fabulous serpent that had seven head*, one of
which
being cut off, several others sprang up in lieu of it. Immanis hydrus.
Virg. Dira hydra. Hor. COLUBER, (from xoMôf, mutilus, ) an
adder, a kind of reptile lying in the shade of woods, and in houses.
Aut
tecto assuetus coluber succedere et umbrae. Virg. It is the province
of naturalists to point out the striking differences that are to be
found
among serpents. Poets very often have taken them indiscriminately.
215. Angustiec. Fauces.
ANGUSTI/E, (from angustus) a narrow passage, a defile. Angus-

tiae viarum. Caes. Figuratively: Ex meis angustiis sustento illius
tenuitatem, Cic., 1 find in my distress wherewith to relieve his
misery.
FAUCES, the gullet or wind-pipe, the part where the mouth grows
narrower. A faucibus bolum eripere. Ter. Figuratively.- the straits
or narrow passes between hills, &c. Corinthus erat posita in angus-
tiis atque in faucibus Graeciae. Cic. Patefactis terra? faucibus. Id.
Portus fauces. Id.
216. Angustus. Arctus. Contractus.
ANGUSTUS, (from ay%o>, to straiten, ) narrow (sf)eaking of a place).

Angusta domus. Cic. Figuratively : Angusta pauperies, Hor., nar-
row circumstances. ARCTUS, (from arceo) clo\e, light, fast. Arcti-
oribus laqueis coerceri. Cic. // would not be proper to zweangusti-
oribus. Arcta convivia. Hor. Rtpasts in which tfie guests sit very
close together, figuratively : Arctior somnus, Cic., a profound sleep.
Arctis in rebus opem ferre. Ovid. CONTRACTUS, (trahere cum)
contracted. Spatio brevi contractus. Ovid. Frons contracta, Hor.,
a wrinkled forehead. Figuratively: Contracta cupiditas, Hor., amo-
derate passion. Angustus may be considered as opposed to latus ; arc-
tus to laxus ; contractus to porrectus.
53
217. Anhelare. Exhalare.
ANHELARE, to pant, to fetch one's breath short. Principle clivi

noster anhelat equus. Ovid. Anhelans ex imis pulmonibus spiritus
ducebatur. Cic. Gratis anhelans, multa agendo nihil agens. Phaed.
It is also used to express to exhale, to send forth, to stream out.
Amnis
Anhelat vapores. Plin. Fornacibus ignis anhelat, Virg., the Jire im-
petuously bursts out of the furnaces. Figuratively : Scelus anhelare,
Cic., to pant or thirst after crimes. EXHALARE, to exhale, to send
forth a fume or vapour. Vinum exhalare. Cic. Nebulam fumosque
volucres exhalat terra. Virg. Animam exhalare. Ovid.
218. Anhelus. Anhelatus.
ANHELUS, out of breath, breathing thick and short. Certamine an-

helus. Virg. Anhela tussis. A cough making one out of breath.
ANHELATUS, thrown out in breathing or blowing. Isset anhelatos non
praemeditatus ad ignes. Ovid. Figuratively : Anhelata verba gra-
viiis, Cic., words pronounced with the greatest difficulty of
uttering.
219. Animadvertere. Attendere.
ANIMADVERTERE, (vertere animum ad) to give attention to a thing

that has made an impression on our eyes or our senses. Experrecta nu-
trix animadvertit puerum dormientem, circumplicatum serpentis
complexu. Cic. ATTEXDERE, (tendere ad) to pay attention to: in
which case animum, oculos, are understood. Quid attendis, quid ani-
madvertis horum silentium ? Cic. Sometimes animum is expressed.
Aurem admovi, ita animum ccepi attendere. Ter. We may very pro-
perly say, Cum admonitus esset, animadvertit, attendit. G. D.
220. Animalia. Animantia.
ANIMALIA is said of both men and beasts. Pronaque cum spec-

tent animalia csetera terram, os homini sublime dedit, ccelumque
tueri jussit. Ovid. ANIMANTIUM, says Cicero, genera quatuor, quo-
rum unum divinum atque cceleste, alterum pennigerum et ae'rium,
aquatile tertium, terrestre quartum. It is used to express vegetables.
Proxima animalibus sunt ea (animantia) quae vivere dicuntur, ne-
que habere animam, ut virgulta, herbae, sata, &c. Var.
221. Animalis. Animabilis. Animatus.
ANIMALIS, (from anima) having life, sensible. Animalia corpora.

Lucret. Sive ill sint animales, id est, spirabiles. Cic. ANIMA-
BILIS, giving life and breath. Animabilis spirabilisque natura, cui
nomen est ae'r. Cic. ANIMATUS, animated. Stellae divinis animatae
mentibus. Cic. Animatum est quod motu cietur interiore et suo.
Id. Figuratively : inclined to or towards. Ut quemadmodum in se
quisque, sic in amicum sit animatus. Cic. Pompeius animatus
melius quam paratus. Id.
222. Animus. Anima. Mens. Spirilus.
ANIMUS, (frojn avepyy) the soul in general, inasmuch as it receives

sensible impressions, and is agitated by passions. Animus est qui vi-
get, qui sentit, qui meminit, qui praevidet et moderatur, et movet id
corpus, cui praepositus est. Cic. Animus ita constitutus est, ut et
54
sensibus instructus sit, et habeat proestantiam mentis. Id ANIMA,

wind, breath, animal life, the air we breathe. Agere aniraam et ef-
flare dicimus. Cic. DiiKcile est animum perducere ad contemptum
animae. Id. It is also taken in the same sense as animus. Anima con-
silii est rationisque particeps. Cic. MENS, that part of the rational
soul which is the seat of natural parts and acquired virtues, the
under-
standing. Mens cui regnum totius animi a natura tributum est. Cic.
Mens animi tautis fluctuat ipsa malis. Catul. Ut non mediocriter
omnium mentesanimosque perturbaret. Cass. Magnam cui mentem
animumque Delius inspirat vates. Virg. The God of Delos inspires
her with his power, and exalts her mind. It expresses also
disposition.
Caesar est ea mente qua optare debemus. Cic. SPIRITUS, (from
spirare) air, breathing, respiration. Eodem tempore suscipimur in
lucem, et hoc coelesti spiritu augemur. Cic. Ae'r, quern spiritu du-
cimus. Id. Demosthenes, cum spiritus ejus esset ungustior, tan-
tum continenda anima in dicendo est assecutus, ut, &c. Id. Figu-
ratively, it expresses haughtiness. Ipse auteni Ariovistus tantos sibi
spiritus sumpserat, ut ferendus non videretur. Caes.
223. Annona. Commeatus.

ANNONA, (from annus) properly provisions for a year : it it under-
stood of provisions in general. Vilitas annonae. Cic. Annona cara.
Teren. // sometimes expresses the price, the value of victuals. An-
nona crevit. Caes. The price of provisions is raised. Laxat annona.
Liv. Provisions become cheaper. Figuratively .* Vilis amicorum est
annona, bonis ubi quid deest. Hor. COMMEATUS, (from cum and
meare) 1. Goings and comings. In stativis, ut fit longo magis quam
acri bello, satis liberi commeatus erant. Liv. Duobus commeatibus
exercitum deportare constituit. Caes. He determined to convey his
army in two convoys. 2. Leave of absence, passport, pass. Magna
pars sine commeatu dilabebatur. Liv. Si quis vestrum suos invi-
sere vult, commeatum do. Id. 3. Troops that are sent or conveyed.
Secundum commeatum in Africam mittit ad Caesarem. Caes. 4.
Victuals, provisions of victuals, either public or private. Abundare
commeatu. Caes. Commeatum subvehere. Liv.
224. Annuere. Innuere.
ANNUERE, to hint, or intimate a thing by a nod. Annuere toto capite

aliquid. Cic. INNUERE, to beckon, or to make signs with the head to
one. Abiens innuit mihi. Ter. Quod si iste suos hospites rogasset,
imo innuisset modo. Cic.
225. Annumerare. Dinumerare. Enumerare.
ANNUMERARE, (numerare ad) to count to, to reckon up among

others, and put into the number. Annumeravit illi pecunlam. Cic.
His duobus annumerabitur nemo tertius. Id. DINUMERARE (di-
versim numerare), to reckon by parts or lots, to number or reckon
things scattered about. Stellas dinumerare. Cic. Dinumerare pe-
cuniam, Id., is understood of a large sum of money, which ii counted
ly several people at the same time; but annumerare pecuniam is said
of any sum which is counted to somebody. ENUMERARE, to enume-
rate, to count with accuracy. Quae ne smgula cnumerem, totam tibi
65
domum commendo. Cic. Jamne enumerasti quid ad te rediturum

putes ? Id. Dixi jam antea me non omnia istius, qua; in hoc genere
essent, enumeraturutn. Id.
226. Annuntiare. Obnuntiare.
ANNUNTIARE, (nuntiaread) to bring news to somebody (generally

of a pleasant nature). Eique salutem annuntiabis. Cic. OBNUN-
TIARE, to tell or bring evil news. Primus sentio mala nostra, primus
rescio omnia, primus porro obnuntio. Ter. The augurs made use of
this word to prevent the assemblies of the people, or some public
under-
taking. Legem Tribunus plebis tulit, ne auspiciis obtemperaretur,
ne obnuntiare consilio, aut comitiis liceret. Cic. The Tribune enacted
a law forbidding acquiescence to the auspices, and to prognosticate
fu-
ture disasters, in order to prevent the assemblies, and resolutions
which
might be taken therein.
227. Annuus. Annalis. Anniversarius. Solemnis.
ANNUUS, of a year, of the year. Annua cultura. Hor. Ae'r an-

nuas frigorum et calorum facit varietates. Cic. ANNALIS, relating
to or concerning the year. Annalis lex, Cic., the law prescribing the
age requisite for being promoted to public employments. ANNIVER-
SARIUS, (from annus and vertere) done every year at a certain time.
Anniversaria sacra. Cic. SOLEMNIS, (solet annis) 1. Done on cer-
tain days of the year. Sacra solemnia. Sail. 2. Done with solem-
nity, renowned. Dies solemnes. Cic. Funus solemne. Ter. Solemne
bellum. Liv.
228. Anquirere. Inquirere.
ANQUIRERE, to make a diligent search, to make inquisition. An-

quiritur quid valeat id quod fieri possit, Cic., we diligently inquire
into the value of what we can do. INQUIRERE, (quaerere in) to ex-
amine carefully. Is nimium inquirens in sese, atque ipse sese ob-
servans. Cic. Inquirerein ea quae sunt memoriae prodita. Id. These
two verbs are likewise used in law, with this difference, that
anquirere
is to accuse, to prosecute ; and inquirere is to take an information
against one, in order to a prosecution. Cum Tribunus bis pecuniae
anquisivisset, tertio capitis se anquirere dixisset. Liv. Capite an-
quisitum est ob rem male gestam. Id. A criminal action was brought
for a misdemeanor. Inquirere in competitores. Cic.
229. Antea. Supra.
ANTEA, speaking of time. Quod ad te antea, atque adeo prlus

scripsi. Cic. SUPRA, speaking of a place. Quae supra dixi. Cic.
What I have said above or before.
230. Antecedere. Preevenire. Prcecedere. Antevertere. Prcevertere.
ANTECEDERE, to go or walk before. Pompeius expeditus ante-

cesserat legiones. figuratively: Antecedere aliquern aetate. Cic.
PRJEVENIRE, to arrive before. Prsvenerat non solum fama, sed
nuntius etiam ex servis regiis. Liv. PRJECEDERE, to go before. Nee
tardum opperior, nee praecedentibus insto. Hor. ANTEVERTERE,
to set off before. Vidit necesse esse Miloni proficisci Lanuvium illo
ipso quo profectus est die,- itaque antevertit. Cic. Expeditus fa-
56
cile antecedit inipeditum ; vicit aemulus qui properantem aemulum

ad metani praevenit ; profecturum antevertimus ; currentem celeri-
tate praervertimus ; sequentem militein praecedit signifer. G. D.
PRJEVERTERE, to get before or out-run. Cursuque pedum praiver-
tere ventos. Virg. Figuratively : Nihil bello praeverti debere. Liv.
231. Antecellere. Excellere.
AXTECELLERE, to surpass, to surmount. Participes rationis prae-

stantiasque ejus qua antecellimus bestiis. Cic. EXCELLEKE, to ex-
cel, to distinguish or raise ones self above, &c. is more expressive
than
antecellere. Excellere super omnes alios. Liv. In scientia excel-
lere pulchrum est. Cic. Excellere opibus. Liv. Antecellere im-
plies only comparison ; and excellere denotes excellence and real su-
periority.
232. Anteferre. Anteponere.
ANTEFERRE, to carry before, or forward. Dixit et antetulit gres-

sum. Virg. He said, andwalked on before them. ANTEPONERE, to
put before, to place forward. Nullis antepositis vigiliis, Tac., with-
out having placed any sentry forward. It is most difficult to point
out
a difference between the above two verbs in the figurative sense: they
seem to have been promiscuously used by good authors. Tenuem vic-
tum antefert copioso. Cic. Alterum alteri anteferre. Id. Pom-
peium omnibus antepono. Id. Ut amicitiam omnibus rebus ante-
ponatis. Id.
233. Antesignanus. Primipilus.
ANTESIGNANUS, (ante signa) he who goes right before the standard

to defend it ; he that marches in the van or the front of the battle.
Unius
legionis antesignanos praecurrere atque occupare eum tumulum ju-
bet. Caes. PRIMIPILUS, the centurion or captain of the first company
of a legion. Primus centurio, quern nunc primipilum vocant. Liv.
// is also understood of <the company itself. Centurio primipili
tertia?
legionis. Sail. Primipilum ducere. Cocs.
234>. Anticipare. Prceoccupare.
ANTICIPARE, (capere ante) to anticipate, to take up beforehand.

Quid igitur proficis, qui anticipes ejus diei molestiam, quam triduo
sciturus sis ? Cic. PH.EOCCUPARE, to seize upon beforehand, to be
beforehand with others who claim a right to the same thing. Quas
partes ante ipse mihi sumpseram, cas praeoccupavit Antonius. C'ic.
Praeoccupavit legem ferre. Liv. He hastened to enact that law. Mo-
lestias anticipat auxins ; gratiam praooccupat ambitiosus. G. D.
235. Antif/uc. Ant'u/uitus.
ANTIQUE, after the manner and fashion of the ancients. Si quae-

dani nimis antique, si pleraque dure dicere credat cos. Hor. if he
should think they sometimes make use of obsolete ivords, and that
their
style is commonly uncouth. ANTIQUITUS, of.oldtime, in former times.
Qui in eorum fide antiquitus erant. Caes.
236. Apex. Culmen. Fastigium. Cacumen.
APEX, (from the obsolete apere, vinculo comprehendere) a kind of

cap ending in a pointed (op, such os was worn iy the pritsts of Mars
57
(called Salii). It very nearly resembled the mitre of our bishops.

Apex
expresses also the top of a helmet, to which the aigrette was
fastened.
Nee dubito quin ab aquila Tarquinio apicem impositum putent.
Cic. Ecce levis summo de vertice visus liili fundere lumen apex.
Virg. Flamraeus apex exarsit comis. Ovid. Figuratively : the top,
the highest degree of any thing. Apex senectutis est auctoritas. Cic.
CULMEN is properly the stalk or straw of corn. Durae culmen inane
fabae. Ovid. In after times, as houses were covered with straw, cal-
men has been used to express a roof. .rEdis culmen Jovis fulmine ic-
tum. Liv. // is taken in a more general sense. Culmen Alpium. Caes.
Circa sununum culmen hominis auspicium fecisse. Liv. Claudian
has made use of regale culmen to express royal majesty. FASTIGIUM,
the ridge of a house. Summi fastigia tecti. Virg. Figuratively : Operi
inchoate tanquam fastigium imponere. Cic. Sed summa sequar fas-
tigia rerum. Virg. / will only relate the most striking events. CA-
CUMEN, the very peak or point nf a thing. Fracta cacumina fagi.
Virg. Nimbosi mentis cacumina. Id. Figuratively: Venire ad sum-
mum cacumen, Lucret., to arrive at perfection.
237. Apollineus. Apollinaris.
Although these two words may sometimes le used the one for the-
other, APOLLINEUS signifies properly what is Apollo s, what belongs
to Apollo. Apollinea clarus in arte senex. Ovid. APOLLINARIS is
said of what does not so closely relate to Apollo. Apollinares ludi,
Cic., public games which were celebrated in honour of Apollo.
238. Apotheca. Talerna. Officina.
APOTHECA, (from dvo, and rijijai, pono,)a place where any thing
is laid up, a store-house, a warehouse. Apotheca vinaria. Plin. A
wine-cellar. Cum omnium domos et apothecas furacissime scruta-
rere. Cic. TABERNA, a tradesman's shop, where goods are exposed
to sale. Ille se sub scalas librarise tabernae conjecit. Cic. OFFI-
CINA, (from ob and facere) a workshop, the room where goods are
manufactured. Cyclopum graves officinae. Hor. Figuratively :
Quaestuosissima commentariorum et chirographorum officina. Cic.
239. Apparatio. Apparatus.
APPARATIO, the act of preparing. Est multus in laudanda'ap-

paratione ludorum. Cic. APPARATUS, the preparation itself. Ap-
paratus epularum. Cic. Apparatus belli, Id., warlike preparations.
240. Apparere. Comparers.
APPARERE, to appear, to show one's self. Apparent rari nantes

in gurgite vasto. Virg. Res apparet, Ter., the thing is plainly visi-
ble. Quid rectum sit apparet ; quid expediat, obscurum. Cic.
COMPARERS, to appear together, to make one's appearance. Omnis
suspicio in eos servos qui non comparebant, movebatur. Cic. lis
redderet res quae comparerent. Liv. That he should return to them
the things which remained unaltered. Auctor non comparet, Id., the
author is not known. Apparet might perhaps be used in the same
sense.
58
241. Appendere. Suspender e.
APPEXDERE, (pendere ad) to weigh out, to hang by. L. Piso au-

rifici palam appendit auruin. Cic. Omnia tibi annumeravit, appen-
dit. Id. Gladium e lacunari seta equina appensum demitti jussit.
Id. Sus PENDERE, (sursum pendere) to hang up or upon. Tignis
nidum suspendit hirundo. Ovid. Suspendere se de ficu. Cic.
242. Appendix. Appendirula. Additamentum. Corollarium.
APPENDIX, ( from pendere ad) is properly a small building added

to the main fabric. In a figurative sense it signifies accessory, that
which depends upon another. Appendix animi corpus. Cic. // is
sometimes used to express auxiliary troops and recruits. Centum millia
Carpentanorum cum appendicibus fuere. Liv. APPENDICULA, (its
diminutive) a little appendage, a small incident. Est enim hsec causa
quasi quaedam appendicula causa? judicata? atque damnatae. Cic.
ADDITAMENTUM, (from addere) an addition, an accession. Inter-
cessit Ligus iste Rescio quis, additamentum inimicorum meorum.
Cic. COROLLARIUM, (from corolla, a diminutive of corona) the
overplus. De vivo igitur erat aliquid resecandum, ut esset unde
Apronio ad illos fructus arationum hoc corollarium nummorum ad-
deretur. Cic. // is also understood of the little presents which were
made to actors or to guests, instead of crowns. Festivum acroama, ne
sine corollario de convivio discederet, convivis inspectantibus, em-
blemata avellenda curavit. Cic. Kummulis corrogatis de scenico-
rum corollariis. Id.
243. Appetere. Expetere.
APPETERE, (petere ad) not only to wish for, lut also attempt to
get a thing. Cupide appetere agros alienos. Cic. Spurius Melius
jncidit in suspicionem regni appetendi. Id. In a figurative sense,
and in a more remote meaning : Comitiorum dies appetebat, Liv., the
day of the assembly of the people was approaching. EXPETERE is
still more expressive, and signifies to covet, to wish earnestly for.
Ex-
petuntur divitiae, turn ad usus vitae necessarios, turn ad
perifruendas
voluptates. Cic. Quod optabile est, id esse expetendum. Id. Fi-
guratively : Dii in Cluilium expetant clades belli ! Liv. May the
gods cause the evils of the war to fall upon Cluilius ! Poenas ab ali-
?uo expetere. Cic. To punish somebody. Vitam alicujus expetere,

d., to attempt somebody's life. Adolescens perditus voluptates ap-
petit ; optabilia et necessaria expetit sapiens. G. D.
241. Appetitio. Appetentia. Appetitus.
APPETITIO, the act of wishing for, or of endeavouring to get a

thing. I-Iuic cupiditati adjuncta est appetitio qiucdam principatus.
Cic. Appetitio alieni turpis. Id. Appetitio, qua ad agendum im-
pellimur, et id appctimus quod est visum, mover! non j)otest. Id.
A ITKTKNTI A, the desiring of, the hungering or hankering after a
thing.
Libido ett'renatam appetentiam efficit. Cic. Artium fiberalium ap-
petentia. Id. APPETITUS, the concupiscible faculty, natural appetite
and desire: it is said of the senses. Voluptatis appetitus. Cic. Animi
appetitus reguntur, remittuntur, continentur. Id. Artium libera-
lium appetentia laudanda est, si prsesertim adjuncta est appetitio
59
salutis aeternae ; sed sedandi et contrahendi appetitus omnes vehe-
mentiores. G. D.
24-5. Apportare. Asportare. Importare. Comportare.

APPORTARE, (portare ad) to carry, to Iring unto. Apportari
Alexandrian! juberent ad virum uxorem, ad patrem filios. Liv.
ASPORTAKE, (portare a) to carry or convey away. Quae tabula
picta, quae non ab hostibus victis capta atque asportata sit ? Cic.
Asportare multa de suis rebus secum. Id. IMFORTARE, (portare
in) to carry, bring, or convey in. Frumentum importare in oppidum
instituit. Caes. Figuratively : Detrimenta rebus publicis importata.
Cic. COMPORTARE, (portare cum ) to carry with or together to some
place. Cum arma in aedem Castoris comportabas. Cic.
24*6. Aptus. Idoneus.
APTUS, tied, joined, fitted. Aptum ex tribus. Cic. Composed of

three things joined together. Ccelum stellis ardentibus aptum. Virg.
{An Inversion instead of ccelum, cui aptae sunt Stella?.) The heaven
Jilted up with stars. In a figurative sense: 1. Suitable, accurate,

ex-
act. Apta compositio membrorum. Cic. An exact proportion of all
the limbs of the body. 2. Proper, meet, convenient. Amicis aptus,
Hor., suitable to his friends. Apta verba, Cic., words proper to the
subject. Aptus regi, Ovid., which can easily be managed. IDONEUS,
fit, suitable. Pugnae non satis idoneus. Hor. Idonea tempestas.

Cic. Idoneus locus. Id. Idoneus auctor, Liv., a credible author.
Haec res non est idonea dignitati tuae. Cic. Qui ad amicitiam essent
idonei. Id. Aptus is the effect of art or nature. Idoneus (quasi ad
id natus) always is the effect of nature. Natura aut studio sumus
apti ad aliquid : nascimur idonei. G. D.
247. Apud. Ad. In.
APUD, synonymous with AD, implies no motion, which ad does.

Apud Platonem id legitur. Cic. It would be improper to say ad Pla-
tonem. Eo ad patrem. Ter. Apud patrem would be bad Latin.
Intro nos vocat ad se se, tenet intus apud se. Lucil. When Cicero
says. Fuit ad me sane diu ; and Livy, Qui ad regem remansit, ad
only denotes proximity. IN, into. We say ire ad flumen, and not in
flumen, because one cannot enter a river : likewise, we say ad
tribunal
litigator venit, because he who has a lawsuit only approaches the tri-
bunal ; instead of which we say in tribunal venit praetor, because the
magistrate enters the tribunal. Caesar has however said, ea quae ad
eos
geruntur. Such examples are very seldom to be found.
248. Apud. Penes.
APUD, as synonymous with PENES, denotes only that we have the

thing $ and penes, that we have it in our power, and may dispose of it
as we please. Apud se rem habet, Ter., the thing has been intrusted
to him : he has it at home. Alexander deposuit apud solem in de-
lubro pecuniam. Cic. Ille penes quern est omnis potestas. Id.
Servi centum dies penes accusatorem fuerunt. Id. He had them in
his absolute power : apud would only signify that they were at his
house.
60
2-i9. Aqua. Undo. Lympka.
AQUA, water In general, what is called the liquid element. Aqua

ex terra oritur. Cic. UNDA Is a collection of water, a surge, the
waves. Rapere currus suspenses per undas. Cic. Incursu undaruni
sonat unda. Ovid. Unda always denotes an abundance, whence is
said in a Jigurative sense : comitiorum undae. Cic. The poets have
used unda instead o/âqua. Fons sonat a dextra tenui pellucidus unda.
Ovid. LYMPHA is a limpid water running out of a clear spring.
Lympharum in speculo vidit simulacrum suum. Phaed. Lympha
fugax obliquo trepidat rivo. Hor.
250. Aquam arcere. Aquam coercere.
AQUAM ARCERE, to stop water, to prevent it from doing any harm.

COERCERE AQUAM, to prevent it from being wasted away in the
ground. Ille tenet et scit, ut hostium copiae, tu ut aquae pluviae
arce-
antur. Cic. Fluvium extra ripas diffluentem coercere. Id. Fontem
purges, reficias, ut aquam coercere, utique ea possis. Ulp.
251. Aquam perdo. Aqua mihi Iieerei.
AQUAM PERDO, / lose my time. There was a certain fixed time

allowed to orators, after which they were forbidden to speak any
longer : it was done by means of water-clocks. AQUA MIHI H^RET,
/ am stopped short : this expression is taken in the same sense : I am
not permitted to say any thing more. Aqua nunc haeret. Cic. / am
at a stand.
252. Aquan. Adaquari.
AQUARI, to provide or fetch water. Cum miles aquatum profectus

esset. Q. Curt ADAQUARI, to water animals. Ita decrevit ut ad
lacum, ubi adaquari solebat jumentum, duceretur capite involuto.
Suet. Figuratively : to water plants or trees. Denis diebus adaquari
arbores, Plin., speaking nf new-planted trees.
253. Aquarius. Aquat'dis. Aquaticus. Aquosus.
AQUARIUS, of or be'onging to water. Aquaria provincia, Cic.,

the surveyorship of rivers, &c. AQUATILIS, that lives in the water.
Bestiae terrenae, aquatiles, volatiles. Cic. AQUATICUS, 1. That
likes to live in the water. Haud procul a stagnn vivebat aquatica
lotos. Ovid. 2. That occasions rain. Aquaticus auster. Ovid.
AQUOSUS, watery, that contains abundance of water. Aquosus
campus. Liv. Languor aquosus, Hor., the dropsy. Nubes aquo-
sa. Virg.
254. Ara. Allarc.
ARA, (from apa, vows) the a/tars on which prayers and drink-offer-
ings were presented. Arae calent thure. Virg. Those who prayed or
took an oath held in their hands the horns of the altar. Is si aram
te-
nens juraret, nemo crederet. Cic. Talibus orabat dictis, arasque
tenebat. Virg. Hence some authors have attributed a quite dijj'erent
meaning to the word ara. The ancients often used ara for asa. and asa
for ansa. The horns of the altar were mode like the handles of a
vessel.
ALTARE (quasi alta ara) was a rising place on which the victims
were burnt. Impositis ardent altaria fibris. Virg. Ut ne propiti-
61
anclis quidem numinibus accendi ex his altaria araeque debeant.

Plin. According to Servius, altare was consecrated to the heavenly
gods, and ara to the terrestrial gods. The poets however sometimes use
indiscriminately ara and altare. En quatuor aras ; ecce duas tibi,
Daphni, duoque altaria Phoebe. Virg.
255. Arare. Terrain colere.
ARARE is properly to plough. Terram arare, et sulcum altius im-

primere. Cic. Bos enectus arando. Virg. Figuratively: poetically:
Nullum raaris aequor arandum. Virg. COLERE, speaking of the
earth, is said of all sort of cultivation. Hortos colere. Virg. Vitem
colere. Cic. Arare aut -colere agrum. Id. In this sense we say,
jftguratively, colere amicitiam, virtutem, &c. Cic.
256. Aratrum. Vomer. Stiva.
ARATRUM, ( from arare) a plough. Terram centum vertebat

aratris. Virg. VOMER and VOMIS, the plough-share. Nullo sul-
cantur vomere campi. Ovid. STIVA, the plough-tail or handle.
Stivaque quae currus a tergo torqueat imos. Virg. Stivae innixus
arator. Ovid.
257. Arliter. Judex. Recuperator.
ARBITER, an arbitrator, an umpire, a judge between two, either ap-

pointed by a court of justice, or chosen by contending parties to
settle
their differences amicably. Simus et Crito, vicini nostri, hie ambi-
gunt de finibus ; me cepere arbitrum. Ter. Q. Fabius Labeo ar-
biter Nolanis et Neapolitanis de finibus agri a senatu datus. Cic.
JUDEX, o judge appointed by the law. The contending parties were
sometimes permitted to choose their judges. Flavius noster de contro-
versial quam habet, te sumpsit judicem. Cic. The arbitrator judges
ex aequo et bono ; the judge, according to the law. Melior videtur
conditio causae bonae, si ad judicem, quam si ad arbitrum mittitur,
quia ilium formula includit, et certos, quos non excedat, terminos
imponit ; hunc libera et nullis adstricta legibus religio : et detra-
here aliquid potest et adjicere, et sententiam suam non prout lex et
justitia suadet, sed prout humanitas et misericordia impellit, regere.
Sen. RECUPERATOR, a commissioner appointed to judge concerning
usurpation of territory between the Roman people and the neighbour-
ing cities. This name was afterwards given to a commissioner appointed
by the praetor to examine and decide private matters. Postquam prae-
tor recuperatores dedit. Plaut. Nullum unquam judicem, nee re-
cuperatorem dedit. Cic. Arbiter is likewise said of a witness. Loca
abdita et ab arbitris remota. Cic.
258. Arlitrium. Judicium.
AD ARBITRIUM, says Popma, hoc modo adimus, ut neque nihil,

neque tantum quantum postulavimus, consequamur ; ad JUDICIUM,
ut aut totam litem obtineamus, aut amittamus. Judicium est certae
pecuniae, arbitrium incertae. Cic. Ut penes unum hominem judi-
cium arbitriumque de fama ac moribus senatoris fuerit. Liv.
259. Arlitrari. Opinari. Reri. Credere. Putare.

ARBITRARI, to judge on motives of equity, or on probable and plau-
62
sible reasons. Quod tibi notum esse arbitror. Cic. Arbitrari was
anciently understood in the sense of observare, to observe, to be a
wit-
ness to. Hue et illuc potero quid agant arbitrarier (for arbitrari).
Plaut. In the same sense Livy has said, Per Deos fcederum arbitros ;
and Horace, Ratio et prudentia curas, non locus effusi late maris
arbiter aufert. OPINARI, to believe on probabilities, or prejudices.
Falso multa in vita homines opinantur. Cic. Opinor, narras ? non
recte accipis ; certa sunt. Ter. RERI, to believe a thing to exist
really. Illos in quibus virtutes esse remur, a natura ipsa diligere
cogimur. Cic. CREDERE, considered as synonymous with the others,
signifies, to think, to imagine. Credo te credere. Ter. Satis credo.
Id. I believe it true enough. Illud teneto nervos atque artus esse
sapientise, non temere credere. Cic. PUTARE, properly signifies to
prune, to top, to dress trees, &c. Rusticus vitem fingit putando.
Virg. From the above signification, Latin authors hove figuratively
used putare to signify to think after having considered a thing
attentively
in every respect, because by thinking so we, as it were, cut off the
su-
perfluous parts of the object considered. Non committendum est, ut
aliquandd dicendum sit, non putaram. Cic. Neque id putabit pravura
an rectum sit, quod putet. Ter. Neminem prae se putare. Cic. In
the same sense we say putare rationes cum aliquo, Cic., to settle ac-
counts with somebody. Sapiens raro opinatur quod nesciat ; nihil
sine certa ratione retur; nee tenacem propositi virum esse arbitra-
tur, si quis privatam communi utilitati gratiam post habendam pu-
tet. G. D.
260. Arbor. Arlustum. Virgultum. Frutex.
ARBOR, is said of all sorts of trees, either large or small, bearing

or
not bearing fruit. It is a general, word, under which ivy, osiers, and
even reeds are comprehended. Truncus, rami, folia arborum. Cic.
Bis pomis utilis arbor. Virg. ARBUSTUM is properly a place planted
with trees, such as a grove or an orchard. Pratis, vineis, arbustis
res
rusticae laetae sunt. Cic. Resonant arbusta cicadis. Virg. The groves
resound with the noise of grasshoppers. VIRGULTUM, (from virga)
a collection of young sprigs growing together. Via deserta et inculta
atque interclusa jam frondibus et virgultis. Cic. FRUTEX, any
shrub, either producing or not producing fruit. Genus omne fruti-
cum. Virg. Frutex buxeus. Col.
261. Arbor insita. Arbor adsita or assita.
ARBOR INSITA is a grafted tree. Si in pirum silvaticam inseveris

pirum quamvis bonam. Var. Mutatamque insita mala ferre pirum.
Virg. ARBOR ADSITA, a tree planted quite near another. Qua po-
pulus adsita surgit. Hor. The vines were twined round poplars. Lenta
quae velut assitas vitis implicat arbores. Catul.
262. Arbutus. Arbutum.
ARBUTUS, the wild strawberry-tree. Et qua? vos rani viridis tegit

arbutus umbra. Virg. ARBUTUM, the fruit of this tree. Dant ar
buta silvae. Virg.
263. Area. Capsa. Scrinium.
ARCA, a chest, a coffer, a dungeon. Dives area veram laudem

intercipit. Phaed. Argentum in area positum. Cic. Servi in areas
63
conjiciuntur, ne quis cum eis colloqui possit. Id. CAPSA, (from

the Greek xaâ) a small strong box. Et una cum scriptore meo
capsa porrectus aperta deferar in vicum vendentem thus et odores.
Hor SCRINIUM, (from secernere, because there were partitions in
it] a case to put books or paper in, a port-folio. Et prius orto sole
vigil calamum et chartas et scrinia posco. Hor.
264. Arcere. Prohibere.
ARCERE, (fromdpxsw, sufficere, removere, opitulari,) to keep off,

or from advancing. Brutus Antonium in Galliam invadentem arcuit.
Cic. PROHIBERE, (porro habere) to keep afar off. Quod praedones
ab urbe prohibuisset. Cic. Hospitio probibemur arenae. Virg. Figu-
ratively to hinder from doing a thing, to save from. Prohibuit ne,
&c. Cic. A periculo rempublicam prohibere. Cic. Injuria tenui-
ores prohibere. Id. Prohibemus a nobis furiosos ; arcemus quos
prohibemus ne accedant. G. D.
265. Ardere. Flagrare. Dejlagrare. Êstuare. Excesluare.
ARDERE, to be on fire. Jam proximus ardet Ucalegon. Virg.

Largior arserit ignis. Hor. Figuratively : Ardebant oculi. Cic.
Podagrae doloribus ardere. Id. Omnia turn in ilium odia civium
ardebant desiderio mei. Id. Virgil has made use of ardere in the
active voice. Formosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim. FLA-
GRARE, (from pAeyw) to burn, to be all in a flame. Noctu flagran-
tes onerarias, quas incenderant milites, videbatis. Cic. Ignes fla-
grabant ignibus. Id. Figuratively : Flagrat bello Italia. Cic. In-
opia flagrare et cupiditatibus. Sail. Flagrabant apud ilium vitia li-
bidinis. Cic. Consules flagrant infamia. Id. DEFLAGRARE, to be
burned down, to be entirely consumed by fire. Phaeton ictu fulminis
deflagravit. Cic. In the figurative sense, it expresses to get
somewhat
cool. Spes subibat animum deflagrari iras vestras posse. Liv.
ÊSTUARE, to swelter, to be all in a heat. .flLstuat fretum. Q. Curt.
Sitiendo, algendo, aestuando. Cic. Figuratively : Êstuabat dubi-
tatione animus. Cic. EXÊSTUARE, to boil over, to cast up waves and
billows. Fundo exaestuat imo. Virg. Figuratively : Tacita exaestuat
ira. Ovid.
266. Ardescere. Ignescere. Inardescere.
ARDESCERE, to take fire, to grow hot. It is mostly used in the

figurative sense. Ardescere mucronem jussit. Tac. He ordered that
his sword should be sharpened. Ardescere in iras, Ovid., to be in-
flamed with violent passion. IGNESCERE rises upon the meaning of
the former expression, and signifies to lie all on fire. Ut ad
extremum
omnis mundus ignesceret. Cic. Figuratively: Ignescunt irae. Virg.
Ardescunt would be in this case a weak expression, the fire itself is
more than the heat. INARDESCERE, (ardescere in) to take fire, to be
more and more inflamed inwardly. Qualis cum caerula nubes solis
inardescit radiis. Virg. Nee munus humeris efficacis Herculis in-
arsit aestuosius. Hor.
267. Ardor. Calor. Fervor.
ARDOR, an excessive heat. Solis ardore torreri. Cic. Ardore

terra dehiscit. Virg. CALOR, a moderate or natural heat. Omne
64
quod vivit, sive animal, sive e terra editum, id vivit propter inclu-
sum in eo calorem. Cic. Calidior est, vel potius ardentior animus,
quam hie aer. Id. FFRVOR, a violent and scorching heat. Siccis
aer fervoribus ustus. Ovid. Figuratively : ^tatis fervor. Cic. Pec-
toris fervor. Hor. Calor expresses less than fervor, and fervor less
than ardor.
268. Area. Platea. Planities.
AREA, (from arere, to be dry) an empty space, such as we see in

the front of many of our temples or palaces to serve as an ornament /
them. Area Capitolii. Liv. It is likewise said of a thrashing-floor ,
a barn-floor. Quidquid de Libycis verritur areis. Hor. PLATEA
( from 7?\a.TOc , large) is said, of a public place, such as Lincoln
's-lnn
Jields, Grosvenor-sf/uare, &c., in London. In hac habitasse platea
dictum est Chrysidem. Ter. Purae sunt platese, nihil ut meditanti-
bus obstet. Hor. PLANITIES, (from planus) a plain field. Duum
millium planities castra Romana ab Hernicis dividebat. Liv.
269. Arena. Salurra.
ARENA, (from arere) sand. Xumeroque carentis arena;. Hor.

It is also said of a sandy ground. Arenam aliquam aut paludes
emere. Cic. SABURRA, ballast for ships. Onerarias ducere multii
saburra naves. Liv.
270. Arere. Arescere.
ARERE, to be dry. Aret succis ademptis tellus. Virg. ARES-

CERE, to grow dry. Da mihi vestimenti aliquid, dum mea arescant.
Plaut. Lacryma citius arescit, praesertim in alienis malis. Cic.
271. Argentarius. Argentens. Argenlatus. Nummarius.

ARGENTARIUS, belonging to silver or money. Argentariae tabernas,
tankers' shops ARGEXTEUS, of, or made of, silver. Aquila argentea,
Cic. ARGENTATUS, overlaid or plated with silver. Argentati mi-
lites. Liv. Soldiers glittering with silver. Argentata sandalia.
V. Maxim. NUMMARIUS, belonging to money. Res nummaria.
Cic. Concern or business of money. Judex nummarius. Id. A judge
corrupted wilh money.
272. Argentarius. Mensarius.
ARGBNTARIUS, (substantive) a banker, one that puts other men's

money to interest, a money-scrivener. Quod argentario obtuleris ex-
pensum, a socio ejus repetere possis. Cic. ARGENTARIUS was used
for the individuals of a slate, and MENSARIUS for the stale itself.
Ad dissolvcndurn ees alienum creati quinque viri mensarii, deinde
Tribuni mensarii. Liv. The terms were used indiscriminately under
the Roman emperors.
273. Argenlum factum. Argentum signatum.
ARGENTUM FACTUM, silver plate, silver dishes, plates, pots, and

such like things used at table, or other things made of silver. ARGEN-
TUM SIGNATUM, silver coin. Cautum erat, quo ne plus auri et ar-
genti facti, quo ne plus signati argenti et aeris domi haberemus. Cic.
There is the same distinction to be made between aurum orees signatum,
and aurum or aes factum.
_^
65
274<. Argentum infectum. Argentum grave.
ARGENTUM INFECTUM, silver in tars or ingots. Argenti infecti

tulit in eerarium quatuordecim millia pondo septingenta triginta
duo, et signati, &c. Liv. ARGENTUM GRAVE, silver in weight or in
mass. Decem millibus argenti gravis damnatus. Liv.
'275. Argumentum. Argumentatio. Ratiocinatio.
ARGUMENTUM, (from arguere) an argument, a proof or evidence.

Argumentum est ratio quas dubiae rei fidem facial. Cic. // is used
to express the subject of a thing. Argumentum epistolae. Cic. Non
ita dissimili sunt argumento fabulse. Ter. The subject of the two
comedies is very nearly the same. ARGUMENTATIO, (quasi argu-
menti ratio) the producing of arguments, either probable or necessary.
Argumentatio est argument! explicatio. Cic. Argumentatio con-
stat ex argumento et argumenti conformatione. Id. RATIOCINA-
TIO, reasoning. Ratiocinatio est o ratio ex ipsa re probabile aliquod
eliciens, quod expositum et per se cognitum sua se vi et ratione
conh'rmat. Cic. Ratiocinatio est diligens et considerata fuciendi
aliquid aut non faciendi excogitatio. Id.
276. Aridus. Siccits.

ARIDUS, (from arere) thoroughly dry, parched. Atque arida
circum nutrimenta dedit. Virg. Figuratively : Vitam omnino sem-
per horridam, atque aridam cordi f'uisse..Cic. Aridus sermo. Id. A
speech without life. Siccus, dry, that has little or no moisture. Agri
sicci. Hor. Siccaque in rupe resedit. Virg. Pedibus siccis super
aequora currit. Ovid. Aridis pedibus would be improper. Siccus
expresses less than aridus. Arida sint potius quam sicca folia. Plin.
Atqui corpora sicciora cornu, aut siquid magis aridum est, habetis;
Catul.
277. Ariolus. Conjector. Fatidicus. Fatiloquus. Faticqnus. Sortilcgus.
Divinus.
ARIOLUS and HAUIOLUS, (quasi farTolus, from fari) he who fore-

tells futurity by a prophetic spirit. Hariolorum furibundee praedic-
tiones. Cic. CONJECTOR, (from conjicere) an expounder or inter-
preter of dreams or of presages. Somniorum atque ominum inter-
pretes, conjectores vocamus. QuintiJ. FATIDICUS, (fata dicens)
FATILOQUU.S, (fata loquens) FATICANUS, (fatacanens) one who
foretells' the decrees of the gods. Fatidicorum effata. Cic. Car-
menta fatiloqua. Liv. Haec ubi faticano venturi praescia dixit ore
Themis. Ovid. SORTILEGUS, (sortes legens) a sorcerer, one who
foretells future things by lots. Nunc ilia testabor non me sortileges,
nee eos qui quaestus causa ariolentur, agnoscere. Cic. DIVINUS,
a diviner, one who professes to discover hidden things, and to
foretell
futurity. Non sum divinus, sed scio quid facias. Mart. Hoc loco
Chrysippus asstuans fall! sperat Chaldaeos, casterosque divinos. Cic.
Avis divina imbrium. Hor.
278. Arista. Spica.
ARISTA is properly the beard of corn. Seges contra avium mi-

norum morsus munitur vallo aristarum. Cic. SPICA, an ear of corn.
66
Seges cum e vaginis emerserit, fundit frugem spicae ordine structam.

Cic. Poets use indiscriminately either of these two words.
279. Armarium. Armamentarium.
ARM ARIUM, a store-house for the keeping of any thing, as a press,

locker, safe, pantry, study, closet, chest, counting-house. Aurum ex
armario tuo promere ausus es ? Cic. Cellas refregit omnes intus,
reclusitque armarium. Plaut. ARMAMENTARIUM, an arsenal. Ex
armamentariis publicis arnia populo Romano dantur. Cic.
280. Armentum. Grex. Jumentum.
ARMENTUM, a herd of large cattle, as oxen, camels, &c. Armenia

bourn. Virg. Pecudes dispulsae sui generis sequuntur greges, ut
bos armenta. Cic. GREX signifies properly a company or bund of
men, a gang, a numerous set. Grex amicorum. Ter. Grex orato-
rum. Cic. IPhen the signification o/~grex is not determined, it is
under-
stood of small cattle. 5'Iille greges Uli, totidemque armenta per her-
bas pascebant. Virg. Hsec satis armentis, pars altera curae lanigeros
agitare greges. Id. JUMENTUM (from juvare) is properly a lat-our-
ing least, whatever it be, either for carriage or tillage, in which it
helps
us. E6 missa plaustra jumentaque alia ab urbe ad exercitum affec-
tum praelio ac via nocturna excepere. Liv. Sarmenta in cornibus
jumentorum alligata incendit. Id.
281. Armifer. Armiger* Armatus.
ARMIFER, (arma ferens) bearing armour. Armifera dea. Ovid.

PaUas. AKMIGER, (armagerens) one who carries his master's arms.
Quid est Sergius? Armiger Catilinae. Cic. Nympharum tradidit
uni armigerae jaculum, pharetramque arcusque retentos. Ovid.
ARMATUS, one provided with arms. Armatos, si Latine loqui vo-
lumus, quos appellare vere possumus ? Opinor, eos qui telis scutis-
que parati ornatique sunt. Cic. Figuratively : Armatus animis. Cic.
Armata muris urbs. Id.
282. Armus. Humeruf.
ARMUS, (from aû, dpfidZw, apto) w properly the part where the
human arm, or the fore-leg of an animal, is joined to the body. Latos
huic hasta per armos acta tremit. Virg. Seu spumantis equi foderet
calcaribus armos. Id. HUMERUS is the whole of the shoulder of a
man or beast. Cum humeris bovem sustineret vivum. Cic. In bobus
vires humerorum, et latitudines ad aratra extrahenda. Id.
283. Arrha. Pignus.
ARRHA, and Arrhabo, in the Greek language dfyaZujv, earnest-

money, given as a security for the execution of a bargain. PIGNUS,
a pledge given as a security for money lent. A pledge is to be re-
turned, on the money being repaid, but the earnest-money is kept.
Minis
triginta sibi puellam destinat, datque arrhabonem, ct jurejurando
alligat. Plaut. Terence has used arrhabo in the sense of a pledge.
Et relicta huic arrhaboni est pro illo argento. Ter. Ager apposifus
est pignori ob decem ininas. Id. Figuratively : Affinitatis conjunc-
tionem pignori fore ad confirmandas inimicitias putavit. Cic. Arrha
pretii numerandi quasi pignus datur. G. D.
67
28i. Arrogant. Svperbus. Gloriosus. Insolens. Vanus. Fastidiosus.
ARROGANS, (rogare ad) arrogant, haughty, full of self-conceit. Ne

arrogans in praeripiendo populi beneficio videretur. Cic. Arrogans
beneficiorum praedicatio. Id. Arroganter de se sentire. Id SUPER-
BUS majore fastu tumet quani arrogans, says Popma : proud, scorn-
ful, disdainful, high-minded. Praebere se superbuni in fortuna. Cic.
In rebus prosperis superbiam magnopere, fastidium, arrogantiam-
que fugiamus. Id. It likewise signifies magnificent, pompous. Su-
perbos vertere funeribus triuinphos. Hor. It is also said of a violent
and tyrannical man; one of the Tar quins was called superbus on ac-
count of his proud and tyrannical behaviour. GLORIOSUS, 1. G/o-
rious. Mors gloriosa. Cic. C 2. Vain- glorious, braggadocio. Deforme
est cum irrisione audientium imitari militem gloriosum. Cic. IN-
SOLENS, (non solens) unaccustomed, unwonted, who is not in the
haiit of. Quid tu Athenas insolens ? Ter. Insolens hostis, Caes.,
a new enemy. Insolens infamiae, semper in laude versatus. Cic. Lae-
titia insolens, an extraordinary joy. Insolens, considered as synony-
mous with the other words, says Donatus, qui praeter legem huma-
nam et naturalem agit. An impudent, haughty man. In victoria
quae natura insolens et superba est. Cic. Insolenter gloriari. Id.
VANUS, vain, that has only an outside appearance. Expectata seges
vanis elusit aristis. Virg. Vanus metus. Hor. Vanus, as synony-
mous with the other words, a vain man, who L-oasts of advantages which
he does not possess. Ubi vanus animus aura captus frivola. Phaed.
Uti prosperitate rerum in vanitatem. Tac. FASTIDIOSUS, disdain-
ful, squeamish. In aequos et pares fastidiosus. Cic. Auriura sen-
sus fastidiosissimus. Id.
285. Ars. Scientia. Artificium.
ARS definitur ex rebus penitus perspectis, planeque cognitis, at-

que ab opinionis arbitrio sejunctis, scientiaque comprehensis. Cic.
And in another place, Ars est perceptio quae dat oertam viam ratio-
nemque faciendi. Ars is the art, the practice ; and SCIENTIA, the
knowledge of a thing. Ars sine ecientia esse non potest. Cic. Ha-
bere scientiam magnarum artium. Id. Ars is used for cunning, de-
ceit. Nam ei in te aegrotant artes antiquae tuae. Plaut. ARTIFI-
CIUM, (from ars and facere) workmanship, art, trade. Non acie
vicisse Romanes, sed artificio quodam et scientia oppugnationis.
Caes. Simulacrum singular! opera artificioque perfectum. Cic. It
is often understood in a bad sense. Vicinitas non fallax, non erudita
artificio simulationis. Cic.
286. Artet. Dotes.
ARTES, considered as synonymous with dotes, is said of qualities

acquired by education. Instructus artibus ingenuis. Cic. DOTES
are the natural qualities. Ingenii dotes. Ovid. Raras dotes quas
natura dedit. Id.
287. Arleria. Fena. Aspera arleria.
ARTERIA and VENA, according to Pliny, are distinguished thus :

Ubi sunt nervi, interiores conducunt membra, superiores revocant :
inter hos latent arteries, id est, spiritus semitse : his innataut
venae,
F2
68
id est, sanguinis rivi, Pliny has followed Cicero s opinion, who says,
Sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur, et spiritv.s per arte-
rias. Modern physicians have a. m^rc accurate knowledge of the hu-
man lody. Arteries convey the iltiod from the heart to the different
pans of the body, and reins bring it lack In the heart. There are
other
differences which it is the province of physicians to point on I.
the veins of the earth, the veins of a jlint, &c. Seu dv
(calor) et venas astringit Mantes. Virg. Whether the heat makes the
earth harder, and contra'.: too much relaxed. Silicis veni-
trusus ignis. Id. Venoe auri et argent i. C: fcecundae vena
periret aqua?. Ovid. Figuratively : Vena bcnigna ingenii. Hor.

Prioris venae revum. Ovid. Teneat orator cportet venas cujusque
generis, a?tatis, ordinis, et eonim aputl quos aliquid agit, mentes
sensusque degustet. Cic. ASPEKA ARTEKIA, the wind-pipe that
carries the air into the lungs. Aspera : liabet adjunc-
tum lingua? radicibus, et paulo supra quam ad ling-iam stomachus

annectitur, eaque ad pulmones usque pertinet, excipitque animam
earn, qua 1 ducta sit spiritu, eandemque a pulmonibus respirat, et
reddit. Cic.
288. Articulate. Articulatim.
ARTICULATE is only used in a .figurative sen f e, and signifies

namely, especially, particularly. Valebis igitur, et puella: saJutem
articulate dices, nostrceque Pilise. Cic ARTICULATIM, from jmnt
to joint, to bits, to pieces. Puerum obtruncat, membraque articu-
latim dividit. Cic. Figuratively : from point to point, distinctly.
Quae fuse olini disputabantur ac libere, ea nunc articulatim distinc-
teque dicuntur. Cic.
289. Artifex. Faber. Opifer. Operarius. Operce. Opera. Mer-
cetiarius.
AUTIFEX, (from ars and facere) en artist, u-ho follows the prin-
ciples of his art. Qui distingues artificem ab inscio ? Cic. Artifex
corporum, Id., a painter, a statuary. Dicendi artifices et doctorcs
(inuci. Id. Figuratively: Artifex ad corrumpendum judicium.
Skilful in corrupting judges. FABER, a workman in hard materials,
a hammerer. Faber tigr.arius, Cic., a carpenter. Marsnoris aut
ebon's fabros aut sen's aniavit. Hor, OPIFKX, (opus faciens) an ar-
tificer or mechanic. Opus opificem probat. J J h;cd. Figuratively :
Yerborum opifex ignobilis. C'ic. Oi'i KAiurs. a day-labourer, a
ivorkman. Utrum de l)i>uis q'ueerendum, quid bajuli atque operarii,
an quid homines doctissimi senserint? Cic. OI-KEA and Oi'KR.t are
taken in the same sensf !.-s opera agro nona Sabino. Hor.
/ u'ill send you to u-ork the ground u-ith the eight slaves I have at
my
house in the country of the Scibines. Erat mihi contentio non cum
victore i-xert-itu, seil cum operis condm from
merces) a mercenary, one u~ho trorks for money. 111. sor-
didi qita. i stus inerceiiarioruin sunt omnium. Cic. It is contrary to

gratuitus. .Mcrcenarii gratuitis, impii religiosis non sunt ai,
rendi. Cic.
290. Artificialis. Artifiriosus.
AUTIFICIALIS, artificial, what is the effect of art. Artificialcs

69
probationes. Quintil. ARTTFICIOSUS, done ly rules of art, and that

has the art of. Artificiosum opus et divinum. Cic. Artificiosus
ignis ad gignendum. Id.
291. Arx. Castrum. Caslellum.
ARX, (from arcere) any fortified place, fort, or castle, for the
protection of a town. Tarento amisso, arcem tamen Livius Sali-
nator retinuit. Cic. Figuratively : Communis arx bonorum, Cic.,
the asylum of good people. Arx causae, Id., the main point of a busi-
ness. In arce legis praesidia defensionis suae quasrere. Id. CAS-
TRUM, a fortress or citadel surrounded with thick walls. Caesar firmo
progressu in castrum Truentinum venit. Caes. It is in the same sense
that in the plural it is said of a camp, which is surrounded with a
large
ditch, and inclosed with palisadoes. Cum Caesar ad oppidum castra
haberet. Cic. CASTELLUM, (the diminutive of castrum) a small
fort. Extemplo in vicos castellaque sua omnes dilapsi. Liv.
292. Ascribere. Attribuere. Assignare.
ASCRIBERE, (scribere ad) to write amongst, to write into. Non

adscripsi id quod tua nihil referebat. Cic. In the same sense Livy
has said ascribere novos colonos, because their names were added to
those of the old ones. ATTRIBUERE, (tribuere ad) to attribute or im-
pute, to give unto. Attribuere causam calamitatis alicui. Cic. Fa-
berius si venerit, videbis ut tantum attribuatur, si modo attribuatur,
quantum debetur. Cic. Pudor quern mihi natura attribuit. Id.
Bonos exitus habent boni, eos quidem ascribimus, attribuimusque
Diis immortalibus. Id. ASSIGNARS, to assign, to appoint or de-
pute. Agros assignare. Liv. Munus humanum a Deo assignatum
defugere. Cic. llli assignari debet haec narratio, qui re secunda
fortis est, dubia fugax. Phaed. Quas attribuuntur, assignari puto
oportere, ne jurgia gignantur. G~D.
293. Ascriptus. Ascriptitius.
ASCRIPTUS, enrolled, registered, determined or fixed for. Fcede-

ratis civitatibus ascripti, Cic., those who were registered in the
number
of citizens in confederate cities. Cum venerit ascriptus pcenae dies.
Phaed. ASCRIPTITIUS, enrolled among, superadded. Quos quasi
novos et ascriptitios cives in ccelum receptos putaret. Cic. Ascrip-
titii milites, Var., newly enlisted soldiers.
294*. Asinus. Onager.
ASINUS, an ass. Longum est mulorum persequi utilitates, et asi-

norum. Cic. ONAGER, (ovt$ aypiv$, asinus sylvestris) a wild ass.
Horum (asinorum) genera duo ; unum ferum, quos vocant ona-
gros, in Phrygia et Lycaonia sunt greges multi ; alterum mansue-
tum, ut sunt in Italia omnes. Var. Saepe etiam cursu timidos agi-
tabis onagros. Virg.
295. Asinus. Ignarus.
ASINUS, in a figurative sense may be considered as synonymous with

ignarus, and said of him who is a blockhead by his turn of mind;
and IGNARUS. is a man ignorant for want of instruction. The former
has no knowledge, because he is not Jit for learning ; and the latter
is
70
ignorant, because he has not learnt nor been taught any thing. Quid
nunc te, asine, litteras doceam ? Cic. Ignarus philosophise. Id.
296. Asper. Salebrosus.
ASPER. (synonymous with salebrosus) rough, uneven, rugged.

Asper locus. Cic. Jugum asperum. Caes. Figuratively : Asper
animus. Liv. Aspera vita. Phaxl. SALEBROSUS, (from saltus)
properly, that cannot be passed but by leaping over a place where the
pass is dangerous. Non tain salebrosus, ut ante (locus). Virg. Fi-
guratively : Salebrosa et exiliens oratio, Sen., a discourse that is
not
smooth.
297. Asperare. Rrasperare. Acerlare. Exacerlare.
ASPERARE, to roughen, to make uneven. Asperare asserem, ne

sit euntibus lubricus. Col. Asperat undas hyems. Virg. Saxo
pugionem asperare, Tac , has the same meaning. Figuratively : Ita
moderans, ne lenire neve asperare crimina videretur. Tac. Aspe-
rare iram. Id. EXASPERARE adds to the meaning of asperare, both
in the proper and the figurative sense. Concussat Triton exasperat
undas. Ovid. Exasperati anitni. Liv. ACERBARE, (properly, to
make sharp) is only used in the figurative sense. Et formidine cri-
men acerbat, Virg., by a pretended fear he wishes to give more
strength to his accusation. EXACERBARE adds to the idea of acer-
bare. Exacerbata superbia. Liv.
298. Aspergere. Rigare.
ASPERGERE, to besprinkle. Aram sanguine aspergere. Cic. Fi-

guratively : Si illius comitatem tuae gravitati asperseris, Cic., if
you
season your gravity with, the gentleness of his manners. Sales oratio-
ni aspergere. Id. Haec aspersi, ut scires, c. , Id., I have slightly
touched that point, in order that you should know, &c. RIGARE, to
water, to bathe. Fons circumjectos irrigat agros. Q. Curt. Rore
rigare. Cic. Figuratively : Rigare ingenia, Cic., to enlighten minds.
299. Aspersio. Aspergo.
ASPERSIO, the act of besprinkling. Aspersio aqua?. Cic As-

PERGO, the sprinkling itse'f. Salsa spumant aspergine cautes. Virg.
300. Aspirare. Inspirare.
ASPIRARE, (spirare ad) to breathe er blow towards. Veatos

aspirat eunti, (Juno.) Virg. Aspirant aurae in noctem. Id. Figu-
ratively : Primo aspirat fbrtuna labori. Virg. Haec ad earn lau-
dem, quani volumus, aîrare non possunt. Cic. Omnesque aditus
tuos interclusi, ut ad me aspirare non posses. Id. ISSI-IKAHE, to
How in, to force into by blotrin^. Inspirantes ramis arborum aurae.
Quint. Figuratively : Venenutn inspirans inorsibus. Virg. Occul-
tum inspires ignem. Id.
301. Assecla. Asseclator. Clicns. Deductor. Salulator.
AV.SECLA, (from sequi) an attendant on great people. Asseclae

patriciorum. Cic. And in another sense : Assecla mensarum, Cic.,
fl parasite. Assr.c i ATOK is of a more distinguished sort, one in the
retinue of a grai.dte. Quidam assectator ex niunero aiuicorum.
71
Cic. CLIENS, a client, a vassal. Populi Gallorum clientes. Caes.

The people vassals of the Gauls, who are under the protection of the
Gauls. Cliens is opposed to patronus. Assecla officiosus est ; cliens
submissus. DEDUCTOR, among the Romans, was thus distinguished
from, SALUTATOR : the latter was one who went early in the morning
to pay his respects to people of consequence ; and deductor adhered to
one patron, to whose house he repaired at day-break, in order to wait
till he got up, and to walk ly the side of his litter when he went
out.
Deductorum officium quod majus est quam salutatorum. Cic. Ejus
autem rei tres sunt partes, una salutatorum, cum domum veniunt ;
altera deductorum ; tertia assectatorum. Id.
302. Assensus. Consensus.
ASSENSUS, (from assentiri) assent, approbation. Assensu suo

comprobare aliquid. Cic. Sustinere se ab omni assensu. Id. CON-
SENSUS, consent of many, agreement or accord. Vulgi voluntas, vel
potius consensus omnium. Cic. Omnium ordinum consensus. Id.
Figuratively: Convenientia consensusque naturae. Cicl Assensum
cohibere ab incertis rebus, prudentis est ; bonorum consensum di-
vellere, sedit'iosi. G. D. Assensus is rather a motion of the mind ;
and consensus, the work of the wilL
303. Assentiri. Consentire. Permittere. Sinere.
ASSENTIRI and ASSENTIRE, to be of another's mind or opinion.

De quibus habeo ipse quid sentiam, non habeo autem quid tibi as-
sentiar. Cic. Cavendum est ne his rebus teniere assentiamus. Id.
CONSENTIRE, to consent, to agree or accord with others. Consen-
serant inflammare urbem. Liv. Neque se cum caeteris Belgis con-
sensisse, Caes., that they had not conspired with the rest of the
Belgce.
Si consenserint possesores non vendere. Cic. Figuratively : Inter
se omnes partes cum quodam lepore consentiunt. Cic. PERMIT-
TERE, (mittere per) properly to send through. Concitant equos, per-
mittuntque in hostem. Liv. It is generally used in the sense of to
permit, to grant, to give up to, to intrust with, to refer to. Lex
jubet,
aut permittit, aut vetat. Cic. Totunn tibi negotium permisi. Id.
Sententiis judicum vitam alicnjus permittere. Id. Consulibus per-
missa est respublica. Id. SINERE, to suffer or let one do a thing, to
put no hinderance to. Sine ut veniat. Ter. Sine nunc meo me vi-
vere modo. Id.
304. Assequi. Consequi.
ASSEQUIMUR, says Popma, quern in via sequimur; consequimur

proprie, cum eum, qui nos in itinere praecedit sequentes, tandem
ubi ille est, vel constitit, pervenimujs. Si es in via, cum eris me
assecutus, coram agemus. Cic. Ita cito, jam vos assequar. Plaut.
Nunc tu propera, ut nos consequare. Cic. Figuratively : Assequi
is used for grand and difficult things. Eosdem sumus honorum gra-
dus, quos illi, assecuti. Cic. Nihil sequere quod assequi nequeas.
Id COXSEQUI, in a figurative sense, signifies to obtain several
things.
Dignitatem et gloriam consequi. Cic. Omnia quae ne per populum
quideni sine seditione se assequi arbitrabantur, per Senatum con-
secuti sunt. Id. Consequi has besides a particular signification which
assequi has not. Libertatem pax consecuta est. Cic. Assecuta
72
would le lad Latin in the foregoing sentence. Crassus cum dixisset,

silentium consecutum est. Id. Assecutum would le highly improper.
305. Assessor. Consessor.
ASSESSOR, (sedere ad) he who is seated ly somelody, a counsellor.

Lacedannonii regibus suis assessoreni augurem dederunt. Cic.
COXSESSOR, he that sits with a colleague or partner in the same
office.
Cur dives pauperem consessorem fastidiret ? Cic. Testes accusa-
toris, consessores, convivae. Cic.
306. Asseverate. Asserere. Ajfi.rma.re, Confirmare.
ASSEVERARE, (from severus) to assure, to maintain seriously.

Asseverabat firmissime. Cic. Bella ironia, si jocaremur ; sin as-
severemus, vide, <i-c. Id. ASSERERE, (from serere, serui, sertum)
to assert, to attribute, to hold. Asserere aliquem ccelo. Ovid. Nihil
igitur asserunt qui in re gerenda senectutem versari negant. Cic.
Asserere in servitutem. Liv. Asserere se, Ovid., to free one's self.
Asserere sibi aliquid. Sueton. Asserere aliquem manu, in liberta-
tem, Cic., to stcure liberty to a person ly laying hands on him. AF-
FIRMARE, (from firmus) to nffirm, to certify. Affirmare jureju-
rando. Liv. Omni tibi asseveratione affirmo, quod mihi credas ve-
lim. Cic. Non soleo temere affirmare de aliquo. Id. CONFIR-
MARE, as synonymous with the other words, is, to confirm, to
strengthen
or fortify. Confirmare aliquid rationibus et argument's. Cic. Asseve-
ramus nos aliquid fecisse, vel facturos ; quae certa sunt affirmamus ;
rem argumentis confirmamus ; tortorum cruciatus martyres ccelo
asserebant, aut in servitutem. G. /). An oath is used in order to
affirm ;
and new proofs are employed in order to confirm.
307. Assidire (2d Conjug.). Assidcre (3d Conjr.g.).
ASSIDERE, (sedere ad) to sit ly. Sthenius est is qui nobis as-
sidet. Cic. Figuratively : Parcus assidet insano, Hor., there is
little
difference between a stingy man and a madman. ASSIDERE, to >it
one's self down, to go and sit down ly. Et simul assidamus, si vi-
detur. Cic. This veri is sometimes used with an accusative case. Ad-
herbalem dextra assidit, Sail., he sits himself down at the right hand
of Adherlal.
308. Assidue. Continents.
ASSIDUE, often, with assiduity. Assidue veniebat. Virg. Assi-

duissime mecum fuit Dionysius. Cic. CONTINKNTKI:, (tenere
cum.) 1. Without interruption. Belgae cum Germunis contincnter
bellum gerunt. Cass. 2. Moderately. Honestum est parcu, conti-
v i v /^
liuiikj j. w unoui interruption. DC

bellum gerunt. Cass. 2. Moderately
nenter, severe, sobriu vivere. Cic.
3C9. Assiduus. Conlinuus.
ASSIDUUS, (sudcre ad) assiduous. Ca.ssides t'uit assiduus mecum.

Cic. Fletuamici assiduo augetur amici molcstia. Id. CONTINUI s,
(tenere cum) close together, touching each other, without
intermission.
continuos complures in littore conviviisque jacuisti. Cic.
Tanaquil pcregrina mulier tantum nioliri potuit ammo, ut duo con-
tinua regna viro, ac deinceps genero dtderit. Liv. In the two fore-
going sentences assiduos and assidua ti-ould le lad Latin.
73
310. Assimulare. Assimilare.
ASSIMULARE, to counterfeit or sham. Ulysses furentem assimu-

lavit. Cic. ASSIMILARE, to compare, to make a comparison. Grandia
si parvis assimilare licet. Ovid.
311. Astrologia. Astronomia.*
ASTROLOGIA, ( from dtrrpov and Xeyia} astrology, a chimerical art

ly which one believes himself able to know futurity by the inspection
of
the stars. Eudoxus in astrologia facile princeps scribit Chaldaeis in
prsedictione et notatione cujusque vitae ex natali die minime esse
credendum. Cic. ASTROXOMIA, (from dvrpov, and vzpw, distribuo)
astronomy , the science of the course and situation of the celestial
bo-
dies. The astronomer knows the course and motion of the stars ; the
astrologer reasons about their influence.
312. Aslruere. Extruere. Substruere.
ASTRUERE, (struere ad, from strues) to build near to, or join one
building to another. Novum cum veteri astruitur, rimosoque recens
sedificium quasi surgenti reluctans oneri cedit. Col. figuratively :
Dignitati alicujus aliquid astruere. Plin. jun. -ExTRUERE, to erect,
set or pile up. Ad ccelum villam extruere. Cic. Figuratively :
Altitudinem excellentiamque virtutum animo extruere. Cic. Fun-
dare et extruere disciplinam. Id SUBSTRUERE, to lay a founda-
tion underneath: Capitolium saxo quadrate substructum est. Liv.
The foundations of the Capitol were built of freestone.
313. Astrum. Sidus. Stella. Planeta.
ASTRUM, (dcrpf/v) is said in general of all the celestial bodies.

Astra oriuntur in ardore ccelesti. Cic. SIDUS, (from <rvv and ISsiv,
to see together) a constellation, a sign in the heavens consisting of
many
fixed stars. Illi sempiterni ignes, quos vos sidera stellasque
vocatis.
Cic. STELLA, ( from stare) a star, a luminous body, which appears
as if fixed in the heavens, and always at the same distance from other
bodies of the same kind. Stellae inerrantes. Cic. Stellae is sometimes
used to express the planets. Stellae errantes. Cic. PLANETA, (from
TAKVIJ, wandering,] a planet, a celestial body that shines only by re-
flecting the light of the sun, and has its own proper and periodical
motion. Planetarum motus tarditate et celeritate dissimili. Cic.
We reckon seven of them : Saturn , Jupiter, Mars, the Sun, Mercury,
Venus, and the Moon.
314. Aslutia., Astus. Calliditas. Dolus. Fraus. Fallacia.
ASTUTIA and ASTUS, (from aru) craft, subtlety, cunning. Nunc

opus est tua mihi ad hanc rem exprompta memoria atque astutia.
Ter. Intelligendi astutia. Cic. Versare dolos astu. Virg. CAL-
LIDITAS, (from callus, the hard thick skin that grows under the feet)
consummate wile and deceitfulness. O mira calliditate virum ! Cic.
Scientia quae est remota a justitia, calliditas potius quam sapientia
est appellanda. Id. DOLUS, (ooXos) guile, deceit, treachery: it is
always understood of a bad design. Dolus mains est, cum aliud si-
niulatur, aliud agitur. Cic. Ne qua fraus, ne quis dolus adhibe-
atur. Id. Dolis malitiosa Carthago. Id. FRAUS. ]. Damage,
74
loss. Id mihi fraudem tulit. Cic. 2. Fraud, disguise. Fraus quasi

vulpeculae videtur. Cic. Fraus is not always understood of a bad
design. Fra-ude pi a. Ovid. FALLACIA, cheat , imposture, is said of
him who speaks one way, and acts quite the contrary. Hie ex fraude,
fallaciis, mendaciis constare totus videtur. Cic. Perditissimi est
hominis fallere eum qui laesus non esset, nisi credidisset. Id. Fraus
is particularly said of deceit in acting, and fallacia of deceit in
speaking.
315. Asylum. Perfugium. Profugium. Refugium.
ASYLUM, (from a. privative and <rj\r t , spolium) a sanctuary, a

privileged place, a place of rtfuge. E fano Dianae servuin suum,
qui in illud asylum confugisset, abduxit. Cic. PERFUGIUM, a place
of safety. Commune perfugium domus. Cic. PROFUGIUM, a re-
mote place of safely, the means of avoiding an evil. Exilium, nan
supplicium est, sed profugium, portusque salutis. Cic. Cicero calls
death paratum profugium. REFUGIUM, refuge, retreat. Regum,
populorum, nationum portus erat et refugium senatus. Cic. Prox-
ima domus refugium est, to one closely pursued by a thief; sed non
perfugium, nisi bene clausa sit. A man forced to leave his own country
profugium quaerit apud exteras nationes. G. D.
316. Ater. Niger. Pullus.

ATER is said of a coal-black colour. Tarn excoctam reddam, tarn
atram, quam carbo est. Ter. Calculus ater. Ovid. NIGER is said
of a dark and deep Hack colour. Noctis nigrae umbra. Lucret. Ne-
mus nigrum. Virg. Nigris oculis, nigroque capillo. Hor. Figu-
ratively: Hie niger est; hunc tu, Romane, caveto. Hor. PULLUS,
blackish, a deep or dark gray colour. Agna pulla, Hor., is a sheep
of a dark gray colour ; agna nigra is a sheep quite Hack. Ficus pulla.
Hor. Pullus was the colour of the clothes of the confmon people of
Rome, and of mourning. Pullata turba, Quintil., the rabble. Pulla
toga, Cic., a mourning gown.
317. Athlela. Gladiator. Pugil. Lanista. Mirmillo. Retiarius. Se-

culor. Eestiarius.
ATHLETA (from a.faof a .fighting) was the general name of all

those who were admitted to fight in public games. A champion. Cum
Milo jam senex esset, athletasque se in curriculo exercentes vide-
ret, aspexisse lacertos suos dicitur, illacrymansque dixisse : Et hi
quidem jam mortui sunt. Cic. GLADIATOR, (from gladius) a gla-
diator, one who among the old Romans, to amuse the people, fought
with a sword in the amphitheatre, either willingly or forcibly,
against
other champions, or wild- beasts. l*t repente gladiatores populo non
debitos polliceretur. Cic. Athletre et gladiatorea nihil nee vitando
faciunt caute, nee petendo veheraenter. Id. LANISTA ( from
lanius) was the name given to those who bought, bred up, or sold
gladi-
ators. Hie nuper se ad lanistam contulit. Cic. Figuratirety : La-
nistis aÊtolis dimicavit. Liv. He fought at the instigation of the
jEtolians. MIRMILLO, a gladiator, armed after t/m manner of the
Gauls, with a shield, scythe and helmet, with the figure of a fish
upon the crest. Quern gladiatorem non ita appellavit, ut interdum
ctiain M. Antonius appcllari solet ; sed ut appellant ii qui plane
75
Latine loquuntur, mirmillo in Asia depugnavit. Cic. This sort of

champion fought against another called RETIARIUS. The latter in
Jighting made use of a net, w hich he threw on his opponent,
endeavour-
ing to get him so entangled by it, as to be deprived of the use of his
limbs, and of the means of defending himself. Retiario pugnante ad-
versus mirmillonem cantatur, Non tepeto; piscem peto : quid me
fugis, Galle ? Fest. SECUTOR ( from sequi) was so called, because
lie fought running away. Ergo ignominiaip graviorern pertulitomni
vulnere cum Graccho jussus pugnare secutor. Juven. BESTIARIUS,
{from bestia) one who fought with wild-beasts at public shows, either
hired or condemned to it. Gladiatoribus et bestiariis Rempublicam
obsidere. Cic. PUGIL, (from pugnus) a boxer. Pugiles etiam cum
feriunt adversarium in jactandis caestibus ingemiscunt. Cic. They
were armed with leathern gauntlets loaded with lead.
318. Atrium. Purlieus. Vestibulum.
ATRIUM amongst the ancient Romans was a large hall at the en-
trance of houses, wherein they used to dine, and to keep the statues
of
their ancestors. It was in that hall that clients stood, as well as
those
who went to make their court to the great men. Atria servantem
postico falle clientem. Hor. There were also halls of this kind at
the entrance of temples. Quaestiones urgent Milonem quae sunt ha-
bitae in atrio libertatis. Cic. PORTICUS, (from porta) a porch or
gallery, a covered walking'place with pillars, a portico. In
porticibus
deambulantes disputabant philosophi. Cic. VESTIBULUM, (from
Vesta, whose altar was generally placed in that part} a fore-court,
vestibule, first entrance. Primo aditu veslibuloque prohibere aliquem.
Cic. Figuratively : Vestibulum et aditus ad rem aliquam. Cic.
319. Attellance faluhe. Mimi.
ATTELLAX.S: JTABULJE ivere a sort of plays intermixed with comi-

cal and tragical reflections. The subject of the fable was some in-
teresting event of the life of a hero : and the choruses were formed
by
Satyrs, who sung the praises of Bacchus, and said many merry things
to amuse the spectators. These plays were called Attellanae, from
Attella, a city of the Osci, wherein they had originated among the La-
tins. Quod genus ludorum (Attellanae) ab Oscis acceptum tenuit
juventus, nee ab histrionibus pollui pa&sa est. Liv. Venio nunc ad
jocationes tuas, quando tu, non, ut olim solebat, Attellanum ; sed,
ut nunc fit, mimum introduxisti. Cic. MIMI, in the sense we con-
sider this wonl here, were ridiculous and wanton plays, in which the
dancing, gestures and songs suited the obscenity of the subject. Scri-
bere si fas est iruitantes turpia raimos. Ovid.
320. Attenuare. Exlenuare.
Although these two verbs seem to be used without any particular di-
stinction, their meaning however can be distinguished. ATTENUARE
is less expressive than EXTEXUARE. The former signifies to make
thin, to make slender ; and the latter, to make very thin, very
slender.
Attenuant juvenum vigilatce corpora noctes. Ovid. Extenuant
would express more. Ae'r extenuatus in sublime fertur. Cic. At-
tenuatus would be less expressive. Figuratively : Attenuatum dicendi
genus. Cic. Attenuare curas. Ovid. Extenuare would express
76
more. Extenuatur spes, et evanescit. Cic. Attenuatur would ex-

press less.
321. Avaritia. Aviditas.
AVARITIA (from avere) is said of him u-ho acts too stingily or

niggardly. Est autem avaritia opinatio vehemens de pecuniu qua>i
valde expetenda sit, inhaerens ac penitiis insita. Cic. Avaritia pe-
cunia; studium habet. Sail. AVIDITAS is said of him who covets
every thing he has not, who is never satisfied with whatever he may
get. Hujus mendicitas aviditati conjuncta in fortunas nostras im-
minebat. Cic. Horace has used avarus in the signification o/avidua,
Praeter laudem nullius avaris. Avarus delights in possession, and
makes no use of what he gets : he deprives himself of what is ex-
pensive. Avidus covets gain and profit, and very seldom strives to
get unprofitable things.
322. Auctionari. Venundare. Venders. Fenditare. Mancipare.
AUCTION A RI, ( from augere) to make an open sale, to give public

notice of goods, slaves, &c., to be sold by auction. Dejotarus auctio-
natus est, seque expoliari maluit, quam tibi non pecuniam submi-
nistrare. Cic. VENUXDARE, (quasi dare ad venum) to expose to
sale. Se venum a primoribus datos. Liv. Whom the great people
had exposed to sale. VENDERE, not only to expose to sale, but also to
sell. Vendo meum non pluris quam caeteri. Cic. VEXDITARE, (its
frer/uentative) to strive to sell, to sell often. Istius omnia
decreta,
imperia, literas peritissime et callidissime venditabat. Cic. As a
seller generally cries up his own goods, venditare has been used to
sig-
nify to extol, to praise. Per illos se plebi venditare. Liv. MAN-
CIPARE, not only to sell, but also to give up one's right and title to
a
thing to another; to alienate or make over to another with certain so-
lemn forms prescribed by the Roman laws, requiring five witnesses, all
Roman citizens and arrived at the age of puberty. Venditis hortis
;-tu-
tuam August! simul mancipavit. Tacit. Figuratively: Quaedam
mancipat usus. Hor. Long possession gives a title to some things.
323. Auctor. Scriptor.
AUCTOR and SCRIPTOR, applied to men of letters, who compose and

publish ivorks, differ in this, that scriptor is only said of those u-
ho
have published books on belles leltres, or at least is very seldom
used but
with relation to the style. Auctor is said of a man writing on any
subject whatever, and relates more to the ground than to the form of
the work. Nonnulli ex iis quos lectito auctores. Cic. Omnes bo-
narum artium scriptores legendi et pervolutandi. Id. Scriptor poli-
tissimus. Id. Sheridan is scriptor politissimus ; and Shakespear auc-
tor egregius.
32 1. y/wc/or. Consiliarius. Suasor. Hortalor. Impulsor.
AUCTOR, (from augere) synonymous with the others, is, 1. He

who makes a motion and supports it. Donee labantcs consilio patres
firmnret auctor nunquam alias dato. Hor. 2. He u-h'j approves or
ratifies. Decreverunt ut, cum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum
;>;itivs auctores fierent. Liv. 3. One vested with original
power and right. Turn illi intellexerunt, sc id quod a malo auctore
77
emissent, diutiiis obtinere non posse. Cic. 4. He who performs or

executes. Haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem et aucto-
rom reruni Sail. CONSILIARIUS, one of the council. Non invito
rege et consiliariis ejus. Cic. It is said of one who gives counsel.
Sed certe et ego te auctore amicissimo et sapientissimo, et tu me
eonsiliario fortasse non imperitissimo, fideli quidem et benevolo
certe usus esses. Cic. Sed tamen ea ratio sedificandi initur, con-
Hli:.rio quidem et auctore Vestorio. Id. SUASOR, he who by per-
suasion induces to do a thing. Quanquam hasc epistola non suasoris
est, sed rogatons. C;c. HORTATOR, (from of>w) an adviser, an en-
courager. Quaaquam hortatore non egetis ; ipsi enim vestra sponte
exarsistis. Cic. Non supplex venit orator, sed hortator atque auc-
tor. Id. IMPULSOR, (pellere in) a pusher on, an enticer or persuader
to a thing. Auctor et impulsor et socius sceleris. Cic. Here, ne
me spectes : me impulsore haec non fecit. Ter.
325. Auctoritas. Auclorameniuvi.
AUCTORITAS, synonymous with auctoramentum, signifies a war-

ranty, a Lai/, a security. Si ea praedia dividuntur, quas ipse Caesar
vendidit, quae tandem in ejus venditionibus esse poterit auctoritas ?
Cic. If those lands are divided which Ccesar himself has sold, what
security will I here be in such sales ? Domus jure auctoritatis. Id.
AUCTOKAMENTU.M, a stipulating or contracting, whence arises an ob-
ligation to serve. Est in mercenarily ipsa merces auctoramentum
servitutis. Cic.
326. Auctoritas. Gratia. Favor.
AUCTORITAS, synonymous with the others, signifies authority, credit,

reputation, esteem, acquired by integrity, wisdom, &c. Propter magna
in rempublicam merita mediocris auctoritas. Cic. Homo tenui auc-
toritate. Id. GRATIA, 1. Gratitude. Gratia est in qua. amicitia-
rum et officiorum alterius memoria, et alterius remunerandi volun-
tas continetur. Cic. 2. Credit, esteem acquired ly serving our
friends.
Propter officiosos labores meos nonnulla npud bonos gratia. Cic.
3. Gracefulness, loveliness, Quae gratia vultus ! Virg. 4. Friend-
ship, good graces. Nam niihi cum hominibus his et gratia et ne-
cessitudo est, Cic. Componere gratiam inter aliquos. Ter. Quos
meis inimicitiis, nulla senatus mala gratia, comitiorum ratione pri-
vavi. Cic. / have prevented their promotion to dignities, without ex-
podng the senate to their resentment, ly taking upon myself their en-
mity. 5. Favour. Animus obnoxius gratiae. Quint. A man who
grants every thing to favour. FAVOR, (from favere) favour, good-
will, kindness, protection. Favor non respondet mentis. Hor. Tutus
favore alicujus. Ovid. Favor is very little used by Cicero, and never
tvilhout the following precaution : Cum amorern, et eum, ut hoc
verbo utar, favorem in consilium advocabo. Cic. Favorem et ur-
banura Cicero nova credit. Quint.
327. Aucupari. Venari.
AUCUPARI, (aves capere) logo bird-catching. Laqueis aucupari.

Plin. Figuratively : Aucupari gratiam, Cic., to strive to insinuate
ones self into favour. Aucupari tempus, Id., to watch for a fa-
vourable opportunity. Aucupari rumusculos, Id., to be in quest of
78
idle rumours or stories, to l-e fond of tittle-tattle. VENARI, to

hunt,
is particularly said of hunting stags and deer, &c. Apros venari.
Cic. Apros aucupari would be an improper expression. Figuratively :
Sunt qui pomis et crustis viduas venentur avaras, Hor., there are
people who, by means of small presents, endeavour to impose on avari-
cious widows. P/uedrus, speaking of a coquet, says: Oculis venantem
viros.
328. Audacia. Audentia.
AUDACIA, audaciousness, presumption, impudence. It is generally

taken in a bad sense. Audacise expertae homo. Liv. Audacia non
contrarium est fidentiae, sed appositum ac propinquum, et tamen
vitium est. Cic. It is used sometimes in a good sense. Quod si de-
ficiant vires, audacia certe laus erit. Propert. AUDENTIA, assu-
rance, confidence, is taken in a good sense. Kara et privata cujusque
audentia. Tac. Tu ne cede inalis, sed contra audentior ito. Virg.
Audentia shoivs fortitude and assurance ; audacia shows haughtiness
and rashness.
329. Audax. Temerarius.
AUDAX, audacious, bold, resolute. Audax ad facinus. Cic.

Homo petulans et audax. Id. Audax omnia perpeti. Hor. Audax
does not always imply the idea of vice. Audaces fortuna juvat. Virg.
TEMERARIUS, one believing or acting giddily, and at all events.
Homo temerarius et audax. Cic Temerarium inagis quam audax
consilium. Liv. Temeraria lama popularis. Cic. Audacter hoc
dico, non temere confirmo. Id. Audax nihil timet ; temerarius
non attendit. G. D.
330. Audientia. Anditio. Auditus.
AUDIENTIA, audience, attention given to a discourse. UK praeco

faciebat audientiam. Cic. Maximam audientiam orationi nicac im-
probitas illius factura est. Id. AUDITIO, hearing, as of a lecture
or discourse; hearsay or report. Fabellarum auditione duci. Cic.
His rumoribus atqueauditionibus permoti. Id. AUDITUS, the sense
of hearing. Aspectu, auditu, tactu, odore, gustatu. Cic. Audi-
tiones fictae, quibus auditus saepius patet, audientiam facere solent.
G. D.
331. Audire. Exaudire. Inaudire. Auscultare.
AUDIRE, to hear, to hearken. Attente audire verba alicujus. Cic.

EXAUDIRE, to hear perfectly. Maxima voce, ut onines cxaudire
possint, dico. Cic. Audire would not have the same energy. Audire
and exaudire are also used to signify to hear favourably. In quo
Dii immortales meas preces audierunt. Cic. Nulli exaudita Deo-
rum vota precesque meae. Virg. IXAUDIRE, to hear secretly, to over-
hear. Consilia sunt inita de me, qua? te video inaudisse. Cic. Credo
ego jam ilium inaudisse mihi esse thesaurum domi. Plaut. The
participle passive it used in a quite contrary sense, and signifies
un-
heard of. Nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis, aut cuiquam noTum.
Cic. Crudditas inaudita. Id. AUSCULTARK (quasi aure occul-
tare), to hearken or listen to. Auscultare ab ostio. Plaut. Au-
sculta paucis. Ter. Nam istis magis audiendum quam auscultandum
ivnsus. Cic. Te auscultabo lubens. Ter. Auscultare alicui has a
sense different from, auscultare aliquem. // means not only to listen
79
to attentively, but also to do what we are desired, to obey. Mihi au-
sculta, vide ne tibi desis. Cic.
332. Audire aliquem. Audientem esse alicui.
AUDIRE ALIQUEM, as we consider it here, is to take lessons of 'one ;

to believe one. Veniunt etiam qui me audiant, quasi doctum homi-
nem. Cic. Ego te de rebus illis non audiam. Id. AUDIENTEM ESSE
ALICUI, to obey one. Ut audiens dicto esset huic ordini. Cic. Ita
nobis dicto audientes sunt, ut simul atque velimus, accurrant. Id.
333. Ave. Salve. Vale.
AVE, (imperative of avere) I wish you much prosperity, le happy.

SALVE, (imperative of salvere) farewell ! God save you ! adieu !
Aveto. Sail. At the conclusion of Catiline's letter to Catulus. Ave
atque salve. Auson. VALE, (imperative of valere) take care of your
health. Vale, mi Tyro, vale, vale, et salve. Cic. Salve and vale
were used in addressing even the dead. Salve aeternum mihi, maxhne
Palla, aeternumque vale. Virg.
334. Avellere. Eximere.
AVELLERE, (vellere a) to pull out or off, denotes some effort. Poma.

si cruda sunt, vi avelluntur; si matura et cocta, decidunt. Cic.
EXIMERE, (emere ex) to take out of. Eximeix aliquem e vinculis.
Cic. Eximere aliquem de proscriptorum numero. Id. Figuratively :
Diem dicendo eximere. Cic. Eximere curam. Plant.
335. Avertere. Averruncare. Avocare.
AVERTERE, (vertere a) to turn away. Fuisse neminem, quin re-

moveret oculos, et se totum averteret. Cic. Avertere hostem a por-
tis. Caes. Figuratively : Avertere ab infamia. Cic. Cogitationem
& miseriis avertere. Id AVERRUNCARE, to turn or take away what-
ever hurts, to avert an impending misfortune. Placuit averruncandae
Deum irae victimas caedi. Liv. In Cato it expresses the cutting off
superfluous branches. AVOCARE, (vocare a) to call ojf or aside.
Metus a fcedissimis factis potest avocare. Cic. Avocat a rebus ge-
uendis senectus. Id. A fcedo spectaculo caput avertimus ; vitae
cupiditas avocat a pernicioso consilio ; Dei iram precibus averrun-
caraus. G. D.
336. Aversari. Deprecari.
AVERS ARI, (from avertere) to turn from one, and look another
way, either through horror or contempt. Aversari advocati, etiam
vix ferre posse. Cic. Figuratively : Aversari preces, to reject
prayers. DEPRECARI, (precari de) to pray or wish against a thing,
to beg off. Deprecari sanguinem et mortem innocentissimi civis.
Cic. It is sometimes used in opposition to precari. Saepe precor mor-
tem, mortem quoque deprecor idem. Ovid. It is also used in the sense
of legging earnestly. Vitam alicujus ab aliquo deprecari. Cic.
337. Auferre. Adimere. Eripere. Diripere. Subripere.
AUFERRE, (ferre a) to lake or carry away. Quod custodire non

poterunt, id auferre et abducere licebit. Cic. Figuratively : Hi ludi
quindecim dies auferent. Cic. These games will last a fortnight, or
80
occasion the loss of fourteen days. Ne te auferant aliorum con-

silia, Id., do not follow ike counsels of other people. ADIMICRE, to
remove, to take off. Pecuniain si cui fortuna ademit, aut alicujus
eripuit injuria. Cic. Speni dcditionis non ademit. Id. Primum ut
Caesari aliquid adimat, inde ut Pompeio aliquid tribuat. Id. ERI-
PERE, (rapere e) to take away ty force. Quod in unaquaque re
beneficio populi Romani habebam, tu mihi eripuisti, atque abstu-
listi. Cic. DIRIPERE, (diversim rapere) to snatch away ty jorce,
to tear asunder or in pieces, to ransack. Diripere fortunas. Cic. Di-
ripere socios et provincias. Id. SUCRIPKRE, (rapere sub) to steal
privily, to lake away ly stealth. Captivum custodia subripere. Cic.
Virtus nee eripi nee subripi potest. Id.
338. Aufugere. Effugere. Dijfugere. Subterfugere.
AUFUGERE, (fugere ab) to fly from. Jam aliquantum spatii ex

eo loco, ubi pugnatum est, aufugerant. Liv. EFFUGERE, not only
io jlij , L-ut also to escape from. Effugit rex e manibus. Cic. Vin-
cula efFugere. Hor. DIFFUGERE, (diversim fugere) to fly away
in all directions. In proximas dilapsi silvas, inde domos diffugerunt.
Liv. SUBTERFUGERE, to escape or get air ay secretly, to give one the
slip. Subterfugere militiam simulatione insanice. Cic. Criminum
vim subterfugere. Id.
339. Augur. Auspez. Aruipex. Falicinans.
AUGUR, (from avis and gero, or garrio) an augur : he who fore-

tells the events of affairs lij the flying, singing, or feeding of
birds.
Est augurum ante dicere ea quse vitari posunt. Cic. Augurs were
magistrates, whose province it was (o foretell futurity ly inspecting
the
flying, singing, or feeding of birds, and to explain dreams, oracles,
and prodigies. They were originally of a patrician extraction. Romulus
created three of them, and Servtiu Tullius added one to that number.
Afterwards the tribunes of the people insisted upon five more '
created out of the plebeians. Sylla added ffteen others to their num-
l-er, so that the college of augurs consisted of four-and-lweniy
persons.
The office of an augur wcs a public one, and a situation for life.
AUSPEX, (from avis and the obsolete spicero a diviner by birds, only
in a transitory way. The consuls themselves consulted the omens in
private cases. Quod si ilia precatio solemnis consularibus auspiciis
consecrata. Cic. Auspcx is also f aid of a protector. Teucrou
et auspice Teucro. Hor. ARUSPEX, or HARUSPKX, (from araawdf
spicere) diviner, one <f the priests who among the ancient Romans
foretold futurity by inspecting the entrails of victims, and examining
every circumstance preceding or attending the sacrifice. It was like-
wist- their rtffice to explain prodigies, and to make expiatory
offerings
to the gods, in order to avert impending disasters. Cum haruspices
'<n ; IK -triiria convenisscnt, totius urbis et imperil occasum ;;]>-
propinquaix- dixerunt. Cic VATICIXANS, (from vates and ca-
ncre) a foreteller of things to come. Vaticinans is the effect of'
fun/
and enthusiasm ; and hj'.ruspex, the effect of art. Omnis divinandi
pt-ritia in duas p.irrt-s dividitur; nam aut furor est, ut in
vaticinantc;
aut ars, ut in haruspicibus. Cic.
81
340. Augurari. Ontinari. Ausplcari. Portendere.
AUGURARI and AUGURARE, to presage by the flying, &c. of birds.

Calchas ex passerum numero belli Trojani annos auguratus est. Cic.
It is used in a more general sense. Mortem suam augurari. Cic. Bene
augurari de aliquo. Id. Si quid veri mens augurat. Virg.ÔMi-
NARI, to prognosticate, to speak words of happy or of evil import. Me-
lius, quaeso, ominare. Cic. Malo alien quam nostrse reipublicae omi-
nari. Id. AUSPICARI, to consult the auspices, to consult the flying or
singing of birds. Flaminius cum tripudio auspicaretur, pullarius diem
praelii committendi difFerebat. Cic. As the ancient Romans never be-
gan any thing without consulting the auspices, oftentimes auspicari
ex-
presses the beginning of a thing. A suppliciis vitam auspicatur homo.
Plin. PORTENDERE, to portend, to signify before a thing happens.
Principibus periculum, csedemque portendunt. Cic.
341. slugescere. Crescere.
AUGESCERE, to increase in bigness or stature. Uva succo terrae et

calore solis augescit. Cic. Asdrubal cum hostium res tacitis auges-
cere incrementis cerneret. Liv. CRESCERE, to grow, to become larger
or taller. Haec villa inter manus meas crevit. Cic. Crescentem se-
quitur cura pecuniam. Hor. Uva succo terras augescit ; crescunt
vites. G. D.
342. Avius. Jnvius. Devius. Jnaccessus. Impervius.
Avius, (non via) without ivay or passage, although not impassable.

Avii mantes. Hor. Avia cursu dum sequor. Virg. Nocturnis et
aviis itineribus Sail. INVIUS, that cannot be come at, impassable.
Saltus invii. Liv. Ilegna invia vivis. Virg. DEVIUS, ( quasi 1 de via)
out of the way or road. Devia et silvestris gens. Liv, Devium op-
pidum. Cic. IXACCESSUS, (non accedere) inaccessible, unapproach-
able. Vertex inaccessus. Tac. IMPERVIUS, (non via per) that can-
not be crossed or passed over. Amnis impervius. Ovid.
343. Aula. Regia. Basilica. Palatium.
AULA, (aJAij) properly a large and airy hall. It is used to express

a prince's court or palace. Perfeci ut rex .... omni auctoritate aulae
communita regnum cum dignitate obtineret. Cic. Si quis mihi par-
vulus aula luderet Êneas. Virg. REGIA, (from rex) the palace of
a king : it is an adjective, and the word domus is understood. In
regia
reges ipsi quasi product! ad dignitatem. Cic. Hie fuit antiqui regia
parva Numae. Ovid. BASILICA, (from /Sotf/Aet/f ) a grand and noble
portico, such as those which surrounded the Forum at Rome. Plenum
forum et basilicas videmus. Cic. In the course of time, temples and
ttately churches were called basilics, on account of the colonnades
that
adorned them, inside or outside. PALATIUM, a palace, because Au-
gustus had his palace on mount Palatine. Quare ab Augusto quoque
nepotibus ejus preceptor electustransiit in palatium cum tota schola.
Suet.
344. Avolare. Revolare. Devolare. Evolare.
AVOLARE, (volare a) to fly from a place. REVOLARE, toflylack

again to it. Pavones et columbae avolare et revolare solent. Col.
Figuratively : Fluit voluptas corporis, et prona quseque avolat. Cic.
82
DEVOLARE, to fly down. Constat vulturem frequent! foro in ta-

bernam devolatse. Liv. Devolare de coelo. Id. Figuratively : De-
volant de tribunal!, ut lictori auxilio essent. Liv. EVOLAUE, lofly
upwards. Ex arbore evolat ales nuncia Jovis. Cic. Figuratively :
Evolare ex severitate judicis. Cic. Tantus cursus verborum fuit, et
sic evolavit oratio. Id.
345. Aura. Ventus. Flatus. Flatnen. Flabrum. Flabellum.
AURA, a gentle gale, a breeze. Et levis impulses retro dabat aura

capillos. Ovid. Figuratively: Aura rumoris. Cic. Aura? popularis
homo, Liv., a man who seeks for popular favour or applause. VEX-
TUS, the wind in general, the air blowing from one place to another
with
more or less violence. Affluens ae'r hue et illuc ventos efficit. Cic.
Figuratively : Omnes rumorum et concionum ventos colligere. Cic.
FLATUS, (from flare) a gentle breeze, a moderate agitation of the
air caused by the wind. It is generally said of a javourable wind.
Prospero flatu uti. Cic. FLA.MEX is used in poetry for an impetuous
wind. Fugant inductas flamina nubes. Ovid. FLABRUM, and (bet-
ter") FLABRA, the blowing of the winds. It is only used in poetry.
Ergo non hyemes, illam, non flabra, nequeimbres convellunt. Virg.
Boreae flabra. Propert. FLABELLUM (its diminutive] is a fan. Tenui
ventos movisse flabello. Ovid. Figuratively : Cujus lingua, quasi
flabello seditionis, ilia turn est egentium concio ventilata. Cic.
346. Aureus. Aureolas. Auratus. Aurifer.
AUREUS, of gold, made of gold. Aureus ramus. Virg. AUREO-

LUS, (its diminutive) of the colour of gold. Aureolum nialum, Col.,
an orange. It is more commonly used iit a figurative sense: excellent,
worth gold. Aureolus libellus. Cic. Oratiuncula aureola. Id.
AURATUS, gilt or gilded. Currus auratus. Cic. AURIFER, (aurum
ferens) tliat bears of produces gold. Aurifera arbor. Cic.
347. Auriga. Agitator. Agaso.
AURIGA, (from aurea, the head-stall ofabridle,andagere) a cha-

rioteer, a chariot-driver. Hie jacet Phaeton currus auriga paterni.
Ovid. Figuratively : Aurigam video vela dedisse rati. Ovid. AGI-
TATOR, a driver of cattle or of a vehicle. Nee est melius quicquam,
quam ut Lucullus sustineat currum equosque, ut bonus saepe agita-
tor. Cic. Saepe oleo tardi costas agitator aselli, vilibus aut onerat
pomis. Virg. AGASO, a horse-keeper, a groom of a stable. Acceptos
ab agasonibus equos. Q.Curt. Duo equi phalerati cum agasonibus.
Liv.
348. Auris. Auricula.
AURIS, an ear, the sense of hearing. Aures cum sonum recipere

debeant, qui natura in sublime fertur, recte in altis corporum parti-
bus collocatae sunt. Cic. AURICULA, the flap of the ear, the rising
part at the entrance of the ear : it is often uiedfor the whole ear.
De-
mitto auriculas ut iniqua? mentis asellus. Ilor. Auriculam fort;:
mordicus abstulisset. Cic. Aurem would not do well at all.
349. Auritus. Auritulus.

AURITUS, having large or long ears, hearing well. Auritosque
83
sequi lepores. Virg. Figuratively : Doctum et auritas fidibus ca-

noris ducere quercus. Hor. Auritus testis, Plaut., has a different
meaning ; it is a witness who relates a thing which he has heard. Au-
RITULUS, (its diminutive) having small ears. It is ludicrously that
Phtedrus calls an ass auritulus. Hie auritulus clamorem subitum
tollit totis viribus.
350. Austerus. Severus. Rigidus.
AUSTERUS, austere, harsh, serious, is said of persons and things.

Austera poemata, Hor., poetry too serious. Suavitas austera et so-
lida, non dulcis atque decora. Cic. Fortasse austerior esse potuis-
set, Id., perhaps he might have been more serious. Labor austerus,
Hor., a hard and fatiguing work. SEVERUS, (valde verus) severe,
exact. Non potest severus esse in judicando, qui alios in se severos
esse judices non vult. Cic. Vultus severus et tristis. Id. Imperia
severiora nulla esse putant sine aliqua acerbitate iracundiac. Id. Au-
sterus is opposed to dulcis, affabilis : and severus to dissolutus,
indul-
gens. RIGIDUS, ( from rigere ) properly, stiff' with cold, frozen.
Tel-
lurem Borea rigidarn spirante moveri. Virg. Nee potuit rigidas scin-
dere remus aquas. Ovid. Figuratively : rigid, rigorous, inflexible.
Mores rigidi. Ovid. Rigida innocentia. Liv. Rigidum jus. Ovid.
Minas rigidae. Id. A man is austerus in his way of living ; severus
in his way of thinking and judging ; rigiditas does not alleviate
pain,
and forgives nothing.
351. Avus. Proavus. Abavus. Atavus.
Avus, a grandfather. Vir avo, patre, majoribusque dignissimus.

Cic. PROAVUS, a great-grandfather. ABAVUS, a great-grand-
father's father. ATAVUS, the great-grandfather's grandfather. Pater,
avus, proavus, abavus, atavus. Cic. Poets sometimes have deviated
from the above order of consanguinity, and used any of the foregoing
words to express ancestors. Maecenas atavis edite regibus. Hor.
352. Auiiliari. Adjuvare. Opitulari. Subvenire. Succurrere.
AUXILIARI, to increase the strength. Nihil Numantinis auxiliatae

sunt corporis vires. Cic. JUVARE and ADJUVARE, to help to carry
a burthen, to a&ist. Tu pueris curre obviam, atque his onera adjuva.
Ter. Qui nostros duces auxilio laboris, commeatus, periculo suo
juverit. Cic. Multum in eo nos tua humanitas juvabit. Id. OPI-
TULARI, ( from opis, and ferre, tuli) to assist with money, or
interest
any body in want. Ut quisque maxime opis indiget, ita ei potissimum
opitulari. Cic. Sontibus opitulari poteram. Id. SUBVENIRE, to go
to the assistance of. Subvenisti honiini jam collum in laqueum inse-
renti. Cic. SUCCURRERE, to run or fly to the assistance of. Incensae
succurritis urbi. Virg. Subveni patriae, opitulare collegae, omnium
gentium consensum et incredibilem conspirationem adjuva. Cic. Li-
berates sunt qui .... aut in filiarum collocatione adjuvant, aut opi-
tulantur, vel in re quaerenda vel augenda. Id. Sociis dimicantibus
auxiliari solebant Romani ; amicum consiliis et manu juvare fideli-
tatis est ; destitutis, debilioribus, lapsuris subvenirej_ humanitatis
;
deprehensis et periclitantibus celerando succurrimus ; indigent! opi-
bus, minus gratioso gratia opitulamur. G. D.
G2
84
353. Atunliaris. Auxiliarius.
AUXILIARIS is generally said of any one coming to give assistance.

Auxiliaris Dea. Ovid. Duces auxiliares. Liv. Auxiliares equites.
Caes. AUXILIARIUS is only said of auxiliary troops. Pedites auxi-
liarii. Caes. Miles auxiliarius, a soldier of auxiliary troops. The
troops
provided ly the allies were called auxiliary. Auxiliaris amicus in ad-
versis rebus utilis est ; auxiliarias miles, in bello. G. D.
3o-l Auxllium. Adjumentum. Adjutorium. Suppetuc. Presidium.

Subsidium.
AUXILIUM, properly an addition of strength. Deos immortales no-

bis contra tantam vim auxilium esse laturos. Cic. In the plural it
expresses the auxiliary forces sent into the army ly the Roman allies.
Magna equitum et peditum auxilia. Cic. ADJUMEXTUM, aid, sup-
port, help. Qui habent a natura adjumenta rerum gerendarum. Cic.
Praesidia periculis, et adjumenta honoribus queerenda sunt. Id. A
philosophia omnia adjumenta, et auxilia petamus bene beateque vi-
vendi. Id. ADJUTORIUM, assistance, succour. Adjutorio legis elabi
ex crimine. Quint. Ut exhac eddem societatemortalibus adjutoria
senectutis praepararentur. Cic. SUPPETIJE, ( from sub andpetere)
supplies. Suis suppctias mittit. Cres. Suisque rebus timens, suis
finibus suppetias profectus est. Id. (ad understood). PRJESIDIUM,
(sedere pra?) a lody of troops destined for the defence of a place.
Con-
sules praesidia omnia deducturi sunt. Cic. Prscsidia portisimposuit.
Liv. // signifies also a place of defence, a post. Armatos in
prassidiis
collocare. Cic. Figuratively : Insigne mcestis pra?sidium reis. Hor.
SUBSIDIUM (sedere sub ), succour in danger -, whereas presidium
signifies succour to prevent danger. Ad eum rnittit, nisi subsidium
sibi
submittatur, sese diutius sustinere non posse. Cic. Sociorum invo-
cem subsidium, cum a civibus interclusum sit praesidium ? Id. Non
ut ex ea acie auxilium haberemus, sed ut ipsa acies subsidium ha-
beret etiam transmarinum. Id. Subsidium is a lody of reserve, the
rear of an army. Jaculatores in fronte locat, Ilomanos, sociorumque
quod roboris fuit, in subsidiis ; firmatos equites in medium accipit.
Liv. Figuratively : Haec tria frumentaria subsidia l-eipublicae
h'rmis-
simis praesidiis munivit. Cic. Praesidia, imo subsidia reipublicae,
con.
silia, auxilia. Id. Auxilium dimicantibus mittitur ; praeparatur prae-
sidium ; subsidium servatur ; feruntur suppetiae periclitantibus ; ad-
jumenta reficiunt ; sustentant adjutoria. G. D.
E.
355. Bacchanalia. Orgia. Dionysia.
BACCHANALIA, the feasts of Bacchus, c n lelrated every other year,

or, according to others, every third year. These feasts, at their
first
institution, were spent in decent amusements ; but in course of time
they
degenerated into such shocking debaucheries that it was found
necessary
to abolish them. Severitatem majorum scnatus vetus auctoritas de
Bacchanalibus declarat. Cic. They were also called ORGIA (from
V7 r )> f ur }')> a "rf ivere celebrated every third year, u' hence
they got the
85
name of Trieterica. Ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho, noc-

turnusque vocat clamore Citheron. Virg. Then the priestesses, called
Bacchantes, Thi/ades, Menades or Bassarides, with dishevelled hair ,
and
howling frightjully, ran over the mountains like mad women. Dio-
NYSIA (from ho; vio;, son of Jupiter). These feasts were celebrated
at Athens on the twelfth day of every month. The poets use indiscri-
mir.ateiy any of the above three words.
356. Bacchari. Delacchari.
BACCHARI (from Bacchus) to run about in a distracted manner,

as the priestesses of Bacchus did. Virginibus bacchata Lacaenis Tay-
geta. Virg. // mount near Sparta. Totamque incensa per urbem
bacchatur. Virg. Quorum altior oratio actioque esset, furere et bac-
chari arbitrabatur. Cic. Figuratively : Fama bacchatur, Virg., there
is a report spread about. Quanta in voluptate bacchabere ! Cic.
DEBACCHARI is only used in a figurative sense : to rage furiously, to
le violent and loud. Egone debacchatus sum in te, an tu in me ? Ter.
Si jam satis debacchatus es. Id. In a poetical way : Qua parte de-
bacchentur ignes. Hor.
357. Bacillus. Bacillum. Scipio.
BACULUS and BACCLLM, a stick. Baculus tortus. Ovid. Bacu-

1 unique tenens agreste sinistra. Id. BACILLUM, (its diminutive} a
smalt stick, a wand. Leviter inflexum a summo bacillum lituus est.
Cic. Proximus lictor Sextius, converse bacillo, oculos misero tun-
dere ccepit vehementissime. Id. SCIPIO, ( from ffK&ifTta} a walking-
staff. Scipione eburneo in caput incusso. Liv.
358. Ba/atro. Nequam.
BALATRO, (from blaterare) a shabby rascal, a pitiful fellow, a

sorry rogue, a scoundrel. Mendici, mim, balatrones. Hor. NE-
QUAM, a good-for-nothing wretch. Nequam et improbus homo. Cic.
359. Balbus. Blcesus.
BALBUS, lisping, incapable of pronouncing certain letters. Os te-

nerum pueri balbumque poeta figurat. Hor. Demosthenes cum ita
balbus esset, ut ejus ipsius artis, cui studereret, primam litteram
non
posset dicere, &c. Cic. BL,=ESUS, stammering, having an impediment
in his speech. Reddebas blasso tarn bene verba sono. Ovid.
360. Balneum. Balnea. Thermce. Lavatio.
BALNEUM and BALINEUM, a bath. This word was generally used

for the bath which every master of a family had in his house ; and
BAL-
NE.E or BALixEJEfor public bathing-p'aces. Quod plures essent qui
balneis uterentur, multitudinis potius, quam singular! vocabulo ;
balneum vero ubi domi suae quisque lavaretur, veteres appellarunt.
Var THERMJE, (from SJisaat) hot-baths, hot-houses. In thermis
tantum calefacimur, in balneis etiam lavamur. Valla. Neronianas
is refrigerat thermas. Mart. Thermae were baths of water naturally
hot ; and balnea were baths made hot by fire. LAVATIO is understood
of a bathing-tub, and of the bathing itself. Faciam ut lavatio parata
sit. Cic. Argentea lavatio. Phted. Vasa quae ad lavationem per-
tinent exponebantur. Cic.
86
361. Balteus. Pharelra.
BALTEUS and BALTEUM, a shoulder or sword belt, a scarf. Auratae

vaginae, aurata baltea illis erant. Liv. PHARETRA, a quiver of ar-
rows. Alter Araazoniam pharetram, plenamque sagittis Treiciis,
lato quani circumaniplectitur auro balteus . . habeto. Virg. The
second shall have an Amazonian quiver, jull of Tracian arrows, with
its large golden belt.
362. Barlarismus. Solaecismus.
BARBARISMUS, a barbarism, a fault against the purity of any lan-

guage, by using bad words or bad sentences. Barbarismus est, cum
verbum aliquot! vitiose efFertur. Cic. SOLCECISMUS, a solecism, an
incongruity of speech against grammar. Soloecismus est, cum verbis
pluribiis consequens verbum superiori non accommodatur. Cic.
Prima barbarismi ac solcecismi fceditas absit. Quintil.
363. Barbarus. Atrox. Immitis. Immanis. Inhumanus. Trux.

Dirus. Durus. Ferox. Ferinus. Ferus. Crudelis. SCPVUS. Teter.
Truculentus.
BARBARUS, properly, foreign. Mare barbarum, Hor., the foreign

sea, the Indian sea. Tarn barbari lingua et natione illi, quiim tu na-
tura et moribus. Cic. The Greeks called those barbarous who did not
speak properly. Barbarus hie ego sum, quia non intelligor ulli. Ovid.
Cicero uses barbarus in opposition to disertus, doctus. Gens immanis
ac barbara, cui opponitur humana atque docta. Cic. Qui aliis bar-
barus, isti uni disertus videretur. Id. ATROX, inflexible, terrible,
dreadful. Praeter atroceru aniraum Catonis. Hor. Inimicus atrox.
Ter. Atrocissimae litteraB. Cic. IMMITIS, (non mitis) sour, unripe,
crabbed. Uva immitis. Hor. Figuratively: cruel, without pity. Im-
mite minaxque edictum. Cic. IMMANIS, of an unfeeling nature, of
a bad heart. Immanis natura. Cic. Immanis ac fera bcllua. Id.
INHUMANUS, wilhout humanity or lenity. Inhumana crudelitas. Liv.
TRU\,fierce, savage. Truces oculi. Cic. Horridus et trux tri-
bunus plebis. Id. Truces inimicitiae. Hor DIRUS, direful, destruc-
tive, fatal. Dira execratio. Liv. Grando dira. Hor. DURUS, hard,
such as marble, stones, c. are. Duris genuit te cautibus horrens
Caucasus. Virg. Figuratively : Corda dura. Ovid. Dura domina
cupiditas. Cic. Dura fames. Hor. FEROX, high-spirited, is only
said of animate things, either to praise or to blame. Ileddit hominem
ferociorem impotentioremque victoria. Cic. Sceleribus suis ferox
atque praeclarus. Sail. Ille animo feroci negat. Id. FEIUNUS de-
notes such qualities of wild beasts as relate to their mode of living,
their
Jiesh, their milk, their cries, &c. Sibi victu ferino vitam
propagabant.
Cic. Getulis cibus erat caro ferina. Sail. Ferina ista rabio
sanguine gaudere et vulneribus. Sen. FERUS is said of animate and
inanimate things. Ferus always implies cruelty, and ferox often sig-
nifies courage, bravery. Ex feris et immanibus mites reddidit et man-
suetos. Cic. Feri cultus. Hor. Rude and uncivil manners. CRU-
DELIS, a cruel and inexorable man. In alicujus calamitate crudelem
Cic. S;EVU.S, furious, is always the effect of anger. Saevae
memorem Junonis ob iram Virg. It signifies also brave, formidable.
Maternis sacvus in armis. Virg. TETER, foul, stinking, nasty. Aqua
87
teterrima. Hor. Figuratively : Libido tetra. Hor. Cicero opposes

teter to clarus. Vir clarissimus ab homine teterrimo acerbissima
niorte est affectus. Cic. It is used for cruel. In alios teter. Cic,
Bellum teterrimum. Id. TKUCULENTUS, (trux oculis) one of a fe-
rocious and savage look. Truculentus aspectu. Cic. Truculentius
se gerebat, quam caeteri. Id. Barbaras erudiri potest ; atrociier mi-
namur ; adeo Syllae victoris immite fuit ingenium, ut barbaros im-
manitate superaret ; calamitosis illudere inhumanum est ; trucem
aspectum contorquemus ; vulneratum Philoctetem saxo durior
Ulysses in insula destituit ; feros magis quam feroces viros alit
Africa ; etsi natura crudelis foret Alexander Pherseu?, non tamen
semper et in omnes et ubique saevus ; tetrum averseris, et horreas ;
hostis truculentus et terribilis aspectu. G. D.
364. Bardus. Stupidus. Heles. Ineptus. Insulsus. Stultus. Fatuus.

Insipiens. Slolidus. Brutus.
BARDUS, dull-witted, a simple and silly man. Bardum se facere.

Plaut. STUPIDUS (from stupere), stupid, one whom fear or some
passion has made insensible. Omnes stupidi timore obniutuerunt. Cic.
HEBES, properly, blunt. Gladii hebetes. Ovid. Figuratively : one
I esotted and stupefied. Hebes ceque ac pecus. Cic. INEPTUS (non
aptus), improper, unfit for. Quern ineptum vocamus, is mihi videtur
ad hoc riomen habere, quod non sit aptus. Cic. Qui aut tempus
quid postulet non videt, aut plura loquitur, aut se ostentat, aut
eorum quibuscum est, vel dignitatis vel commodi rationem non ha-
bet, aut denique in aliquo genere aut inconcinnus aut multus est, is
ineptus dicitur. Id. Inepta via, Id., an uncomfortable road. INSUL-
SUS, (sine sale) insipid, unsavoury : it is only used in a figurative
sense. Sic insulsi extiterunt, ut nihil aliud eorum nisi insulsitas
ri-
deatur. Cic. STULTUS, a fool, a simpleton, a sottish wan. Credu-
litas stulta. Ovid. Stulta loquacitas. Cic. Sed stulti sumus, qui
nos cum P. Clodio conferre audeamus. Id. FATUUS, that has no
taste nor savour. Cibi fatui. Col. Figuratively : impertinent, non-
sensical. Stultum me existimo, fatuum me non existimo. Cic. IN-
SIPIENS, (non sapere) unwise ; one who, knowing the state of things
and persons, does not see what should be done. Insipienter sperare.
Cic. Nee quicquam fortunate insipiente intolerabilius. Id. STO-
LIDUS, blockish and giddy at the same time, stupidly foolish.
Idnonpro-
missum magis- stolide, quam stulte creditum. Liv. Fiducia stolida.
Cic. Insipiens fuit Roboam, qui, spretis seniorum consiliis, juniorum
sententiam secutus est ; stultus habeatur, qui Thersitem Achilli
comparat ; imo et stolidus et fatuus, si praesertim inepte dictum,
tueri velit. G. D. BRUTUS, brutish, senseless, void of reason. Bruta
tellus. Hor. Bruta fortuna, Cic., because fortune is blind.
365. Basis. Fundamentum.
BASIS, a base, a support. Basis stature. Cic. Basis trianguli. Id.

JEsopo ingentem statuam posuere Attici, servumque collocarunt
aeterna in basi. Phaed. FUNDAMENTUM (from fundus), a founda-
tion or groundwork. Operis fundamenta jacere. Cic. Figuratively :
Virtutum omnium fundamentum pietas. Cic.
88
366. Beatus. Felix. Fortunatus.
BEATUS expresses that situation of mind in which a person is com-

pletely pleased with his or her way of living, and enjoys every thing
he
or she wishes for. Is beatissimus est, qui est totus aptus ex sese,
quique in se uno sua ponit omnia. Cic. Qui beatus est, non in-
telligo quid requirat ut sit beatior ; si est enini quod desit, ne
beatus
quidem est. Id. Neque alia huic verbo, cum beatum dicimus, sub-
jecta notio est, nisi secretis malis omnibus, cumulata bonorum om-
nium complexio. Id. Beata vox, in Quintilian, is plena et perfecta
vox. FELIX particularly expresses the state of the heart disposed to
taste pleasure, and Jind it in what it possesses ; happy, prosperous.
Ab omni laude felix. Cic. Caesar Alexandrian! se recepit, felix, ut,
sibi quidem videbatur ; mea autem sententia, si quis reipublicae sit
infelix, felix esse non potest. Cic. Felix is also used actively. Sis
bonus 6 felixque. Virg. FORTUNATUS, favoured by fortune, fortu-
nate. Quis me vivit hodie fortunatior ? Ter. Fortunatus et ille
Deos qui novit agrestes. Virg. Felix vulgo ita natus est; fortu-
natus cum opibus nomen accipit. Felix naturae bono fruitur ; fortu-
natus, commodo temporis. G. D.
367. Bellare. Prceliari. Militare.
BELLARE and BELLARI, to le at war. Bellare cum Diis. Cic.

Pictis bellantur Amazones armis. Virg. PRJELIARI, to fight in
lattle. Eudemus praelians ad Syracusas occidit. Cic. MILITARE,
to be a soldier, to Lear arms. Qui in eadem legione militabat. Cic.
Libenter hoc etomne militabitur bellum, in tuae spem gratia?, Hor.,
/ will take the field this campaign and all others, with the view only
of keeping in your favour. Figuratively : Catulus militat in silvis.
Hor. Dii mecum militant, Plaut., The gods are in my favour.
368. Bellator. Bellicosus.
BELLATOR, a warrior. Bellator Turnus. Virg. Nee vero de bel-

latoribus solum disputant. Cic. Virgil has said bellator equus.
BELLICOSUS, valiant in arms, skilful in war, martial. Bellicosus rex.
Cic. Bellicosissima natio. Id.
369. Bellicus. Militaris.
BELLICUS, of war, belonging to war. Bellica laus. Cic. Bellicfe

res. Id. MILITARIS, belonging to a soldier, concerning war. Opera
militaris, Liv., the profession of a soldier. Res militaris. Id. Mili-
taris aetas. Tac. Tribuni militares. Liv.
3^0. Bellua. Bestia. Fera. Pecus.
BELLUA, any great beast. Bellua vastu et immanis. Cic. Boves

et equi, aliaeque belluoe. Id BESTIA, any animal deprivedof reason.
Alias bestias nantes aquaram ineolas esse voluit ; alias volucres frui
coelolibero; serpentes quasdamesse gradients. Cic. FKUA, a fe-
rocious beast. Vitam degere more ferae. Virg. Excitare et agitare
. Cic. Fera f.> opposed to cicur, a tame animal. A horse, an o.r,
are bellua- ; a lion, a tiger, a bear, areft-nv. Pi.cus -ORIS, mott
usu-
ally, animals that are fed at home or led into pasture-grounds. Turn
89
niultitudo pecorum partim ad vescendum, partim ad cultus agrorum,

partim ad vehendum, partim ad coi'pora vestienda, Cic. Pecus is
common to all beasts. Lanigerum pecus. Virg. Aligerum pecus.
Id. Squamiferum pecus. Plaut.
371. Bellona. Pallas.
BELLONA, the sister or wife, and even the daughter, of Mars : she
passed for the goddess of war. Gaudens Bellona cruentis. Hor.
Quam cum sanguineo sequitur Bellona flagello. Virg. PALLAS,
the daughter of Jupiter's own brain, and midwived by Fulcan : she
was the goddess of war. Hanc et Pallas amat, patrio qua; vertice
nata est. Lucan. Armisonae Palladis sancta numina. Virg. Cicero,
speaking of Pallas, calls her belli inventricem et principem. The
poets often confounded her with Bellona. She is also called Minerva,
and under that name worshipped as the goddess of wisdom, sciences,
and fine arts. ^
372. Belluatus. Belluosus. Beliuinus.
BELLUATUS, representing figures of beasts. Belluata tapetia,

Plaut., Tapestry wrought with the figures of beasts. BELLUOSUS,
full of beasts, of monstrous creatures. Belluosus oceanus. Hor.
BELLUINUS, of or belonging to a beast. Belluino more. Gell.
373. Be Hum. Duellum. Militia.
BELLUM, war. Bellum Trojanum. Hor. Bellum Punicum. Cic.

It is used by poets for single fight. Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu
caetera nusquam bella forent. Virg. DUELLUM, a Jight between two
persons. Ut bellum duellum, duis bis ; sic duellium eum qui Poenos
classe devicit, bellium nominavere, cum superiores appellati essent
semper duellii. Cic. It was the proper word. Jam aes atque ferrum
duelli instrumenta. Cic. ^MILITIA, the profession of a soldier, the
soldiery. Dare nomen militiae. Liv. Militiae djsciplina. Cic.
374. Vellum. Tumultus.
BELLUM may also be considered as synonymous with tumultus.

Quid est tumultus, says Cicero, nisi perturbatio tanta, ut major ti-
mor oriatur, unde etiam nomen ductum est tumultus? TUMULTUS
is something more frightful than war. Potest esse bellum sine tu-
multu; tumultus sine bello esse non potest. Cic. Gravius autem
tumultum esse quam bellum hinc intelligi licet, quod bello vacatio-
nes valent, tumultu non valent. Id. Tumultus was used to point
out the war against the Gauls, and the Italic war, which were destruc-
tive to the Republic. Itaque majores nostri tumultum Italicum, quod
erat domesticus ; tumultum Gallicum, quod erat Italiae finitimus,
praeterea nullum tumultum nominabant. Cic. Rem administrandam
arbitror sine ulla mora, et confestim gerendam censeo, tumultum
decerni, justitium indici, saga sumi oportere, delectum haberi, sub-
latis vacationibus, in urbe et in Italia. Cic.
375. Bellum adminislrare. Bellum ducere.
BELLUM ADMINISTRARE, to have the management of the war.

Non commemorabo nuper ita vobis esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario
spes imperii ponerctur, et idem cum Jugurtha, idem cum Cimbris
90
bellum administraret. Cic. BELLUM DUCERE, to prolong the war.

Desperans victoriam primum coepi suadere paceni ; dein cum ab
ea sententia Pompeius valde abhorreret, suadere institui, ut bellum
duceret. Cic.
376. Bellum comparare. Bellum suscipere.
BELLUM COMPARARE, to prepare or provide ivhat if necessary for

a war. Bellum terra et raari comparat. Cic. Mithridates omne
reliquum tempus, non ad olivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparatio-
nem novi contulit. Id. BELLUM SUSCIPERE, to undertake a tvar.
Bella suscipienda sunt ob earn causam, ut sine injuriu in pace vi-
vatur. Cic.
377. Bellum conficere. Bellum componere.
BELLUM CONFICEKE and COMPONERE, to put an end to the war;

lut conficere is to put an end to it by fighting, and componere to
ter-
minate it by a treaty. Si tanta bella legisset, quanta gessit et con-
fecit. Cic. Componi foedere bellum. Virg.
378. Bellum facere, gerere, patrare.
BELLUM FACERE, to make war. Si fugitivi in Italia bellum fa-

cerent. Cic. BELLUM GERERE, to conduct a war, to have the ma-
nagement of it. Turn enim nostri duces bella gerere incipiunt. Cic.
BELLUM PATRARE, to finish or achieve a war. Uno die inter
duos reges cceptum atque patratum bellum. Sail. Bellum faciebat
populus Romanus, gerebant duces. G. D-
379. Bellum decernere, indicate, denunciare, inferre.
BELULM DECERNERE, to resolve upon a war, to decree a war. Se-

natus bellum decrevit. Cic. BELLUM INDICERE, to proclaim or de-
clare war. DKNUXCIARE, to give notice or send the manifesto of a
war. Ex quo intelligi potest nullum bellum esse justum, nisi quod
aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denunciatum ante sit et indictum.
BELLUM INFERRE, to ivage war against. Nisi publice satisfactum
sit, ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri. Cic. Primo decernebat
bellum senatus, deinde indicebat, turn denunciabat per legates, post
interebat per duces. G. D.
380. Benigne. Comiter. Civiliter. Urbane,
BF.NIONE, bountifully, graciously. Benigne negare. Ter. Be-

nigne audire. Cic. It is elegantly used in rejusir.gan offered
kindness.
Benigne respondet, Hor., He answer!, I thank you : firay excuse
me. COMITER, kindly, courteously. Salutare benigne, comiter ap-
pellare unumquemque. Cic. Erranti comiter monstrare viam. Id.
Ci\ ILITKR, after the manner of citizens, after the civil law. Con-
tendere civiliter. Cic. I'HKANK, with a good grace, civilly, as they
do in cities. Facet e et urbane irridere. Cic. Sin autem urbanius
me agere mavis, sic again tecinn. Id.
381. Benignus. Jjeneficus. Liberalis. Largus. Largitor. Prodigus.
Munificus. Profusus.
BENIONUS, that does good. Qui ber.igniores csse volunt, quam

res patitur, peccant. Cic. Benignitas quac constat ex opera et in-
91
dustria honestior est, et latius patet, et prodesse potest plurihus.

Id. BENEFICUS, beneficent, that delights in giving. Beneficus est
qui non sui, sed alterius causa benigne facit. Cic. Benefica volun-
tate movetur, etiamsi res forte non suppetat. Id. LIBERALIS is a
man who gives nobly. Liberalis dicitur qui officium, non fructum,
sequitur. Cic. LARGUS is a man that gives abundantly. Largum,
beneficum, liberalem esse, ha; sunt regia? laudes. Cic. LARGITOR,
a bountiful giver. Existunt in Republica plerumque largitores et
factiosi, qui &c. Cic. PRODIGUS, one who gives prodigally. Om-
nino duo sunt genera largorum, quorum alteri prodigi, alteri Hbe-
rales. Cic. Figuratively : Fides arcani prodiga. Hor. MUNJFI-
cus,. (munus faciens) free of gifts > generous. Convenit in dando
munificum esse. Cic. PROFUSUS, profuse, wasteful. Profusi di-
cuntur qui epulis et viscerationibus, et gladiatorum muneribus, lu-
dorum, venationumque apparatu profundunt pecunias in eas res,
quarum memoriam aut brevem, aut nullam sint relicturi omnino.
Cic. Figuratively : Profusa hilaritas, Cic., An excessive joy.
Sumptus profusi. Id.
382. Bibere. Ebibere. Potare. Epotare.
BIBERE, to drink in order to quench one's thirst. Darius cum aquam

turbidam bibisset, negavit unquam se bibisse .jucundius. Cic.
EBIBERE -is much more expressive than bibo. Quid comedent, quid
ebibent ? Ter. Figuratively: Cum vino simul ebibi imperium, Plaut.,
In drinking, I forgot my master s orders. POTARE, to drink hard.
Totos dies potare. Cic. De medio potare die. Hor EPOTARE, to
drink all, to swallow up. Epotare medicamentum. Liv. Anus ja-
cere vidit epotam amphoram. Phaed. Bibunt sobrii, potant ebriosi.
G. D.
383. Bibulus. Polor. Poiator. Comlilo.
BIBULUS, (speaking of persons] a toper. Horace calls himself bi-

bulus Falerni. Speaking of things ; soaking, taking in wet. Bibula
arena. Virg. Lanse bibulee. Ovid. POTOR does not of itself denote
any excess in drinking : it signifies one who drinks to quench his
thirst.
Aquae potores. Hor. Some epithet must le added to give it another
meaning. Potor acer. Hor. Potores bibuli. Id. POTATOR, (its
frequentative) one excessively fond of, and much addicted to,
drinking.
Voluptarii, atque potatores maximi. Plaut. COMBIBO, (bibere
cum) a pot-companion. Controversias habeo cum tuis combiboni-
bus Epicureis. Cic.
384. JBimensis. Bimestris.
BIMENSIS, (bis and mensis) is a substantive : the space of two

months. Ut ad opera qua? locassent probanda, anni et bimensis tern-
pus prorogaretur. Liv. BIMESTRIS is an adjective : two months old,
that lasts two months. Bimestris consulatus. Liv.
385. Bini. Duo. Amlo. Uterque.
BINI is only used with a substantive in thq plural number. Bina

castra. Cic. Cicero finds fault ivith his son for having said duas
litteras, because litterae used in the sense of epistola is always put
in
the plural. We say binas litteras, and duas epistolas. Bini u also
92
used in a distributive sense. Bini oratores vix singulis annis extite-

runt. Cic. Bini, terni, quaterni, &c., signify two and two, three
and three, four and four, five and Jive, two to eac/i, &c. Bini ambu-
labant, Cic., they walked two and two. Binos gladiatores singulis
patribus-familiarum distribuit. Id. Two to every one. Virgil has
however said, Duo quisque Alpina coruscat gesa manu. Duo, two,
is said of distinct things. Video sepulchra duo duorum corporum.
Cic. AMBO, both, is said nf two that do something at the same time,
or together. Una ambo abierunt foras. Ter. UTERQUE is said of
two that do something separately, and at a different time. Domus
utriusque nostrum aedih'catur strenue. Cic. Vicinus amborum, utri-
usque particeps. Id. Eteocles et Polynices ambo (i. e. una) peri-
erunt. Romulus et Africanus uterque triumpharunt, diverse tern-
pore. G. D.
386. Bipes. Bipedalis.
BIPES, (bis and pes) two-footed. Omnium non bipedum solum,

sed etiam quadrupedum imp'urisshnus. Cic,. BIPEDALIS, two feet
long or wide. Moduli bipedalis totus. Hor. Trabs bipedalis. Cass.
387. Blanditice. Blandimenlum.
BLANDITL, enticing a?id flattering words. Blanditiis benevolen-

tiam civium colligere turpe est. Cic. BLANDIMENTUM, blandish-
ment, the thing itself that is ^flattering. Blandimenta multa plebi a
Senatu data ; annonae imprimis habita cura. Liv.
388. B'andus. Dulcis. Lenis. Suavis. Mansuetus. Mitis.
BLANDUS, gentle, flattering, caressing, is said of feeling with the

hand. Lacertis blandis tenere colla. Ovid. Canes blandi. Virg.
Figuratirely : insinuating. Blanda oratione falli. Cic. Blandae men-
dacia lingua;. Ovid. Ut pueris dant olim crustula blandi doctores.
Hor. DUI.CIS, sweet to the taste. Mustum dulce. Virg. Dulcior
melle. Ovid. Figuratively: Dulcissima epistola. Cic. Dulcis in-
expertis cultr.ra potentis amici, expertus metuit. Hor. LENI>.
so/t to the sense of touch. Lene et asperum. Cic. Figuratively :
Non lenis dominus. Hor. Lene concilium. Id. Xunc lenitate dulces
sumus. Cir. SUAVIS, agreeable, pleasant to the smell. Odor suavis
et jucundus. Cic. Figuratively : Suavis homo. Ter. Suavis con.
suetudo. Cic. MANSUETUS, (r/uasi nianui assuetus) tame, good-
natured. Quaero cur tarn subito mansuetus in Senatu f'uerit, cum
in edictis tain f'uisset ferus. Cic. Ex teris et immanibus mite5 red-
didit et mansuetos. Id. Lenitatis et mansuetudinis genus, cui op-
ponitur vehemens et atrox. Id. MITIS is said of ripe fruit. Sunt
nobis mitia poma. \ 'irg. Figuratively : Patientia mitiorem dolo-
rem tacit. Cic. Timcydides si posterius fuisset, multo maturior fu-
isset ac mitior. Id. JVe may oppose a>per. and, figuratively ,
crudelis,
to lenis ; graveolens, and, figuratively, tetricus, to suavis ;
molestus,
contumeliosus, in blandui ; amarus, and, figuratively, injucundus.
invisus, to dulci.s ; acerbus to mitis.
389. Bonum. Bonilas.
lioxu.M, any good or blessing, an advantage. Bonum forma?,

Ovid., The advantages of beauti/. Patria bona alicui eript re. C'ic.
93
Bonum litterarum, Id., The advantages of learning. Faucis te-
meritas est bono, multis inalo. Phaed. Bonum, quod est natura
appetendum, aut quod prodest, aut quod juvat. Cic. BONITAS,
goodness. Quid praeclarius bonitate et beneficentia ? Cic. Divina
bonitas. Id. Causae bonitas. Id. Praediorum bonitas. Id. Ingenii
bonitas. Id.
390. Bonus. Probus.
BONUS, relating to men, signifies) 1 . Virtuous, good, fond of

doing good. Boni viri omnes aequitatem ipsam amant ; nee est viri
boni errare, et diligere quod per se non sit diligendum. Cic. Bonis
inter bonos quasi necessaria est benevolentia. Id. C 2. Excellent.
Bonus poeta. Cic. Vir bonus militia. Tac. Bonus et assiduus
dominus. Cic. 3. Favourable, propitious. Sis bonus et felix. Virg.
Bonus, relating to things, signifies good, desirable, advantageous.
Bonas in partes aliquid accipere. Phaed. Bona fides. Ter. Bona
causa. Cic. Bona memoria. Id. Quidquid est quod bonuni sit, id
expetendum est. Id. Bona bello cornus, Virg., The cornel-tree
useful in war. Bono anirno esse, in Terence, to be in high courage ;
and in Ccesar, to have good intentions. Bona conditione emere. Cic.
Bonis aut perditis rebus. Id. Bona pars, Hor., A great number.
PROBUS, speaking of men, one acting with probity and integrity,
faithful to the 1aivs, manners, and (economy. Neque hoc probior
quisquam. Cic. We generally say probus homo, and bonus vir.
Homo probus, bene moratus, et bonus vir. Cic. Sic imperabat
ut Justus parens probis filiis. Id. Probus, in speaking of things,
sig-
nifies excellent, honest. Probum navigium. Cic. Probum argentum,
Liv., Good silver. Poe'ta peccat,- cum probam orationem affingit
improbo. Cic. Probum ingenium, An upright mind, Cic. A good
heart, Sail.
391. Brackium. Lacertus.
BRACHIUM, the arm, that part from the shoulder to the elbow. Et
evinctis attollit bracliia palniis. Virg. It is said of a river, tree,
&c.
Brachio fluminis objecto. Liv. Turn fortes late ramos et brachia
tendens. Virg. LACERTUS, the arm, that part from the elbow to
the wrist. Subjuncta lacertis brachia. Ovid. Laudat digitosque
manusque, brachiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos. Id. Fi-
guratively : Oratoris lacerti. Cic. In Lysia sunt ssepe lacerti sic
ut fieri nihil possit valentius. Id. It is said of a lizard. Occultant
spineta lacertos. Virg.
392. Eractea, Lamina.
BRACTEA, a thin leaf or plate of any metal. Inspice quam tenuis

bractea ligna tegat. Ovid. LAMINA, (and by contraction LAMNA)
a small plate of any metal. Laminis et clavis religare. Caes. Cum
ignes candentesque laminae, caeterique cruciatus admovebantur. Cic.
Nullus argento color est, avaris abdita? tern's inimice lamnae, Crispe
Salusti, nisi temperate splendeat usu. Hor.
393. Brevi. Breviter. Propediem.
BREVI, (tempore or sermone understood,) in a short lime, in a few

words. Brevi adero. Cic. Faciendum mihi putavi, ut tuis litteris
brevi responderem, Id., / thought I ought to answer your letter in a
04
Jew words. BREVITER, in a few words. Breviter tlicerc. vel ex-

ponerc. Cic. It is not said of time. PROPEDIEM, within a few days,
Propediem te vidcbo. Cic.
391. Brevis. Eriguus. Parvus. Pusus. Pusillus. Minutus.
BREVIS, short, brief. Aliquid contractione brevius fieri, aut pro-

ductione longius. Cic. Breve et irreparabile tempus. Virg. Brevis
census. Hor. EXIGUUS, little, small. Exiguus rnus. Hor. Lau-
dato ingentia rura ; exiguum colito. Virg. Ab exiguis initiis pro-
ficisci. Liv. Exigua fortunu. Cic. Brevis is opposed to longus; and
exiguus to ingens, crassus, multus. PARVUS, little, is generally
said uf physical or moral things that are less than others of the same
sort. Corpus parvum. Hor. Magnus aut parvus. Id. Non par-
vum beneficiuin. Cic. Pusus, veiy tittle. PUSILLUS, uncommonly
little. Pusuni aut pusillum appellat. Hor. Pusillus animus. Cic.
Pusilla epistola. Id. MINUTUS, ( from minuere) thin, of a small
size or circumference. Minutorum opusculorum fabricator. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Minutum animum pro parvo dicimus. Cic. Minutae
interrogatiunculae. Id. Minutus capite, Cic., He who has lost the
rights of a citizen, or of his progeny.
395. Bruma. Solstitium. Hyems.
BRU.MA improperly the winter-sol itice, and SOLSTITIUM the summer-

solstice : In this sense Cicero said brumalis dies ; and in. another
place,
solis accessum discessumque brumis solstitiisque cognosci. Poets
very often use bruma to express winter. Frigida sub terra tumidum
quern bruma tegebat. Virg. HYEMS, the winter. Solvitur acris
hyems grata vice veris et Favoni. Hor.
396. Bucca. Of. Maxilla.
BUCCA, the hollow inner part of the cheek. Buccas inflare. Hor.
Buccis fluentibus, Cic., Cheeks that hang down. It is also said of
a morsel or mouthful. Oret caninas panis improbi buccas, Mart.,
Let him be reduced to the necessity of legging for bits of bad bread
made for the dogs. Os, oris, the mouth of any creature, that part of
the human face out of which the sound of the voice comes, andthrouo/i
which our victuals get into the body. Inferre cibos in os alicui. Cic.
// is said of the fate. Ora omnium atque oculos intuemur. Id. It
sometimes, from this signification, is used for impudence. Nosti pro-
fecto os adolescentioris academiae. Cic. Os, figuratively, very pro-
perly expresses the passage or entrance into any place. In aditu ore-
que portus. Cic. MAXILLA, the jaw, jawbone. Ordo maxillarum.
Plin.
C.
397. Calallus. Mannus. Eauus.
CABALLUS, a little horse, a sorry horse. Aut clitoris aget mer-

cede caballum. Hor. MASXUS, (Jrom mantis) a nag, a horse that
ambles or moves upon an amble. Aut Appiam mannis terit. Hor.
EQUUS is the name of the species, without any accessory idea ; the
epi-
thet only pointi out what sort of horse is meant. Advectus equo. Cic.
Jungere equos. Virg. Acer equus. Ovid.
398. Cadere. Huere.
CADERE, to fall, to tumble or fall down. Si semel constiterit,

nunquam cadet. Cic. Figuratively . Cadere animis, Cic., To de-
spond. Cadere causa. Id., To be cast at law, to lose the suit. Verba
inelius in longiores syllabas cadunt, Id., The words sound letter
when ending with long sy 'dalles. RUERE. to fall down with violence
and precipitation. Ruit alto a culmine Troja. Virg. Figuratively :
Quis ruit tantus clamor ab urbe ? Virg. It is also used actively, to
push on with violtnce. Spumas salis aere ruebant. Virg.
399. Ccecare. Exccecare. Obccecare.
C-ffiCARE, to blind one. Potitios Herculis sacerdotes pretio cor-

rupit, unde caecatus est. Plin. Figuratively : Caecari erroribus aut
cupiditate. Cic. Caecata celeritate oratio, Id., A discourse made
less intelligible by the rapidity of its delivery. EXCÊCARE, to make
blind, to put out one's eyes. Quidam tune excaecant eum supina
falce auferendo oculos. Plin. Num ergo is excaecat nos, aut orbat
sensibus ? Cic. Figuratively : Mentem excascare. Plaut. OBCJE-
CARE, to blind a person /-y putting something on or l.-efore his eyes
in
order to prevent his seeing. Respersu pinnarum hostem obcaecantes.
Plin. Figuratively : Caligo obcaecaverat diem. Liv. Obcaecat ora-
tionem totam narratio obscura. Cic.
400. Ccccus. Lusciosus.
C.fficus, blind, that does not see any thing. Ut si caecus iter mon-
strare velit. Hor. Figuratively : Caecus animo. Cic. Caeco car-
pit ur igni. Virg. Caeca sors. Hor. Caeco die emere, Plant., To
buy upon trust. Lusciosus, dim-sighted, that has a weak sight. Ves-
peri non videre quos lusciosos vocant. Var. Lusciosi oculi lucem
reformidant ; caeci non vident. Sen.
401. Caedere. Secare. Resecare.
CREDERE, to beat, to cut, to tear to pieces. Virgis ad necem caedi.

Cic. Januam caedere saxis. Id. Caedere, said of stones, signifies
to cut them off from a quarry ; whereas secare is to saw them previ-
ous to the laying them out to use. Marmora secanda locas. Hor.
SECARE, to cut. Secare varices alicui. Cic. Figuratively: Quo
niultae magnaeque secantur judice lites. Hor. RESECARE, to. pare,
to clip, to cut or saw off. Resecare linguam, palpebras. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Resecare audacias et libidines. Cic.
402. Casdes. Occidio. Occisio.
CJZDES, slaughter, murder. Qui in caede atque ex caede vivunt.

Cic. Caedes facta est. Id. Although OCCIDIO and Occisio seem
to have been indifferently used, it may be observed that Occidio, com-
ing from occidere, is the action of killing ; and Occisio, coming from
occisus, is the state of being killed, a slaughter. Omnes occidione
occidit. Liv. Tu vim negabis esse factam, si caedes et occisio facta
non erit. Cic. Occisione occisus est. Id.
403. Ccelare. Sculpere. Scalpere.
CJELARE, to chace or emboss, to raise figures (said of metals].

Hanc speciem Praxiteles caclavit argento. Cic. Caelataque in auro
96
fortia facta patrum. Virg. Virgil has improperly used caelare, speak-
ing of wood. SCULPERE, to carve, to engrave on marl-je, stone, ivory,
Ac., to cut figures in relievo. Ebur sculpsit mini arte. Ovid. Sculp-
tus e saxo. Cic. SCALPERE, to scratch, to scrape. Terrain scalpere
unguibus. Hor. Digito caput scalpere. Juv.
-KH. C&remonice. Ritus.
C.EIUEMONIJK, (from Caere, a city of ancient Etntria). Albinus

quidain, de plebe llomana lionio, virgines, sacraque Caere plaustro
advexit. Liv. Czeremoniae refer especially to the worship of the
Gods. Quorum sacra maximis, et occultissimis caeremoniis conti-
nentur. Cic. Ca;remoniae sepulchroruni. Id. RITUS, a rite, a
custom, is said of both religious and profane ceremonies. Quibusnam
verbis aut quo ritu ejus donmm consecrares. Cic. Erat ei viven-
dura latronum ritu. Id. Qui pecudum ritu, ad voluptatem crania
referunt. Id.
4O5. Ccerulus. Cceruleus. Caesius. Glaucus.
CJERULUS, Hue, sky-coloured. Ad cccli caerula templa. Cic.

CCERULEUS, imitating a Hue colour. Sol CEeruleus pluviam denun-
ciat. Virg. Caerulus is the effect of nature, and caeruleus is an imi-
tation of nature. CJESIUS, sky-coloured with specks of gray. Caesios
oculos Minervae, caeruleos esse Neptuni. Cic. GLAUCUS, green
intermixed with while., sea-green. Glauca car.entia ironde salicta.
Virg. Caput glauco contexit amictu. Id.
4-06. Cceterum. Ccetero. Cceieroijui.
C^TERUM, in all other respects. Ego me in Cumano, praeter-

quam quod sine te, caeterum satis commode oblectabar. Cic.
CJBTK&O, as for the rest of the time. Palumbes fcemina incubat
post meridiana in matutinum, caetero mas. Plin. CJETEROQUI and
C.^TEHOQUIX, otherwise, in other thing*. Non enim potfta suavis,
verum etiam caeteroqui doctus, sapiensque traditur. Cic. Adhibet
quidem hie subtilis, quern, nisi quod solum, caeteroquin recte qui-
dem vocant Atticum. Id.
407. Calamistrum. Culamistri.
CALAMISTRUM, an iron to curl the hair with Non te unguento-

rum odor, non frons calamistri notata vestigiis in earn cogitationem
adducebat? Cic. CALAMISTRI, curled hair, is only used in a Jigu-
rative senser, ornaments full of affectation, llemovebitur omnis in-
signis ornatus : ne calamistri quidem adhibebuntur. Cic.
408. Calcar. Stimulus .
CAI.CAH, (from calx, the heel, IT which it is fired) a spur. Con-

citare calcaribus eqiuim. Liv. Figuratively : Immensum calcar
liabet gloria. Cic. STIMULUS, a goad, a sting, a prick. Stimulo
tardos increpuisse boves. Tib. Figuratively : Doloris stimulos con-
temnere. Cic.
-1O9. Calcare. Terere.
CALCARE, ( from calx) to tread underfoot, to trample upon. Im-

posito pcdc calcare. Ovid. Figuratively : Honores calcare. Ovid.
97
TERERE, to beat small, to pound in a mortar, to wear out ly dint of

rubbing. Lapis lapidem terit. Plaut. Area terit fruges. Virg.
Terere iter, Id., To make or open a way, to go often through it
whereas calcare iter is only to walk in it. Figuratively : Hoc verbum
satis hesterno sermone trivimus. Cic. Verbum hoc trivit consue-
tudo. Id. Custom has made this word common, or has sanctioned it.
Terere otium conviviis. Liv.
410. Calceamenlum. Calceus. Gallicce.
CALCEAMENTUM, (from calx) any thing that covers the legs and
feet, as shoes, boots, &c. Mihi amictui Scythicum tegmen : calcea-
mentum, solorum callum ; cobile, terra. Cic. Calceamenta utrique
sexui convenientia seponebantur. Id. CALCEUS, a shoe. Calceos
et vestimenta mutavit. Cic. Calceus, si pede major erit, subvertet ;
si minor, uret. Hor. GALLICS, wooden pattens, skabots, gallashes,
suck as the ancient Gauls wore in rainy weather. Nam qaod quaere-
has quomodo rediissem; primum luce, non tenebi'is ; deiade cum
calceis et toga, nullis nee Gallicis, nee lacerna. Cic.
411. Calcitrare. Recalcitrare.
CALCITRARE, (from calx) to wince or winch, ax a horse, &c. does.

Mulas non calcitrare, cum vinum biberint. Plin. Figuratively :
Calcitrat, respuit, non putat tua dona esse tanti. Cic. RECALCI-
TRARE, (rursus calcitrare) to kick or strike again with the heel, to
wince several times. It is only used figuratively . Cui male si pal-
pere, recalcitrat undique tutus. Hor.
412. Calere. Calescere.
CALERE, to be hot. Calet ignis. Cic. Figuratively : Judicia ca-

lent, Cic., Justice is administered carefully. Caluit crimen re recen-
ti, nunc autem refrixit, Id., The indignation was great when the crime
was just committed, now it is abated a great deal. CALESCERE, to
wax hot, to grow warm. Accede ad ignem ; jam calesces plus satis.
Ter. Figuratively : Illi rumores caluerunt, Cic., These rumours
tvere very much spread.
413. Caliga. Ocrea.
CALIGA was properly the sole of a soldier's buskin, ft is used for

the covering of the leg andjoot of a military man. Juventam inopem
in caliga militari tolerasse. Cic. OCKEA, ((/uasi ob crus) a loot,
which at .first tvas made of brass or iron, and afterwards of leather.
It covered the whole of the legs of soldiers amongst the Romans. Si-
nistrum crus ocrea tutum. Liv.
414. Caligare. Ccecuiire.

CALIGARE, (from caligo) to be dark and dim, In be misty. Cali-
gant oculi ex somno. Cels. Caligat in sole, Quint., He does not
see at noon-day. Caligantem nigra formidine lucum, Virg., Having
entered the wood full of darkness and horror. CÊCUTIRE, (from
caecus) to turn blind, to lose one's sight. Caecutientes dicuntur
quasi
semicaeci. Val. Utrum oculi mihi csecutiunt, an ego vidi servos in
armis contra dominos ? Nonn.
98
415. Caligo. Tenelrce. Obscuritas. Obscuratio. Nox,

CALICO, fog, mist. Tres adeo incertos caeca caligine soles erramus
pelago. Virg. Figuratively: Mentis caeca caligo. Lucret TKXE-
BR;E, darkness, want of light. Fugatis tenebris dies pulcher. Hor.
Tetris tenebris et caligine se Alexandrian! perventuros arbitraban-
tur Cic. Figuratively : Offundere tenebras alicui rei. Cic. OBS-
CURITAS, obscurity, dimness. Obscuritas oculorum. Plin. Figura-
tively : llejecit te a libris obscuritas, Cic., The obscurity of books
ha* inspired you with dislike. Generis obscuritas, Id., An obscure
extraction. Tanta insolentia ac turba vcrborum, ut oratio quae lumen
adhibere rebus debet, ea obscuritatem et tenebras afterat. Id. 1 he
word tenebras seems to express something real and opposed to light,
and
obscuritas z< a mere privation of light. OBSCURATIO, a darkening.
Interitus Romuli in obscuratioue solis factus est. Cic. Figuratively :
In quibus propter earuni exiguitatem obscuratio sequitur. Cic.
Nox, the night, the cessation of the day : It is taken in a more
general
sense both in the proper and in the figurative way. Atra nox incubat
ponto. Virg. Tantaque nox animi est. Ovid. Objicere noctem
peccatis, et nubem fraudibus. Hor.
416. Callere. Scire. Noscere.
CALLERK, (from callus, hardness end thickness of the skin) pro-

perly to have callosities. Asini costs? plagis callent. Plaut. As cal-
losities are formed by reiterated acts of labour, so knowledge is
acquired
ly the reiterated work of experience. Figuratively, Callere signifies,
to know well. In illis rebus animus exercitatus callere jam debet.
Cic. Callere jura. Id. Qui durani callet pauperiem pati. Hor.
SCIRE, to know. Non sciunt ipsi viam, qua domum redeant. Ter.
Omnes qui latine sciunt. Cic. Cum is qui de omnibus scierit, de
Scylla se scirenegavit. Id. Callere would not make good sense. Scire
is tetter said of things. NOSCERE and NOVISSE, to know, is said
loth of things and of persons. Unde tarn bene me nosti? Hor. Novi
animum tuum. Ter. Virtutem tu ne de facie quidem nosti. Cic.
Noscere is to have in one's mind the idea or the notion of a thing or
of a person ; and scire is only to have a knowledge of a thing or
person.
417. Callidus. Vafer. Veterator. Astutus. Versutus.
CALLIDUS, (from calleo) skilful ly experience. Callidos cos ap-

pello, quorum tanquam manus opere, sic animus usu concalluit. Cic.
Callidus rerum judex. Id. Callidi vincunt a?quora navitae. Hor.
VAFER, crafty, cunning. In disputando vat'er. Cic. Jus vafrum.
Hor. VETERATOR (from vetusj is properly an old slave. Proeci-
piunt vEdiles ut veterator pro novitio veneat. Ulp. // is said of a
man who has practice and experience. In causis publicis nihil, in pri-
vatis satis veterator. Cic, Jt is also properly used to express a
crafty
knave, an old fox. Veterator magnus. Cic. ASTUTUS, (from a<rrv,
cunning,) witty, subtile, sharp. Astuta vulpes. Hor. Certe non
aperti, non simplicis, non ingcMiui, non justi, nonviriboni; scd ver-
suti potius, obscuri, astuti, f'allacis, ambitiosi, callidi,
veteratoris,
vafri. Cic. VKKSUTUS, (from vertere) a man u-hoae mind is natu-
rally inclined to malice, or able to turn any tvay and assume any
form.
Versutos eos appello, quorum ccleriter mens versatur. Cic.
99
418. Calo. Lixa.
CALO, (from K&XOV, wood,') a mean sort of a servant who used to

carry wood in an army. LIXJE are servants who follow the army with-
out being enrolled, and who make themselves useful to the soldiers in
many things ; for example, in cooking their meat, or fetching water
for
them. Lixarum proprietas base est, says Nonnius, quod officium
sustineant militibus aquae vehendae ; lixam namque aquam veteres
vocavere. Impedimenta subsequi jussit ; calones lixasque et in-
validos ' milites ferre vallum. Liv. Inutile Marti lixarum vulgus.
Sil. Ital.
419. Calumniam ferre, Calumniam jurare.
-CALUMNIA, a false accusation, a forged crime. CALUMNIAM

FERRE is to accuse one out of malice and fraudulently. CALUMNIAM
JURARE, to swear one does not accuse a man out of malice, but only to
have justice done. C. Sempronius Rufus calumniam maximo plausu
tulit ; quod is, &c. Cic. De divinatione Appius cuin calumniam ju-
rasset, contendere ausus non est, Pylioque cessit. Id.
420. Calumniator. Ollrectator. Conviciator.
. CALUMNIATOR, a slanderer, a litigious plaintiff. Calumniatores

de sinu suo apposuit, qui, &c. Cic. Calumniator ab ove cum pe-
teret canis quern commodasse panem se contenderet. Phaed. OB-
TRECTATOR, an envious or malicious opposer, a backbiter. Obtrec-
tatio est aegritudo ex eo quod alter quoque potiatur eo quod ille
ipse concupierit. Cic. Sermon! obtrectatorum locum dare. Id.
CONVICIATOR, he who reviles one with undeserved reproaches. Si vere
objicitur, vehementis accusatoris ; sin falso, maledici conviciatoris.
Cic.
421. Caminus. Fornax. Focus.
CAMINUS, a chimney, the fire itself . Ruptis flammam expirare

caminis. Virg. Camino luculento utendum censeo. Cic. FORNAX,
a furnace. Sulphureis ardet tbrnacibus ^tna. Virg. Apparent-
que in ardentibus saepe fornacibus volantes. Cic. Focus, a .fire-
hearth. Et focus a flammis, et quod fovet omnia dictus. Ovid.
Extruere focum lignis. Hor. Large super focum ligna reponens.
Id.
422. Candere. Candescere. Excandescere.
CANDERE, to be inflamed to such a degree as to turn white. Vixque

suis humeris candentem sustinet axem. Ovid. Hence candere has
been used to express being white. Candenti corpora cycnus. Virg.
CANDESCERE, to grow while by dint of being heated. Currusque
suos candescere sentit. Ovid. Ae'r candescit. Id. EXCANDESCERE,
to turn f/uite white, speaking of a hot iron. Cum bitumen et sul-
phur additum est, excandescit. Cat. Figuratively : Ira excandes-
cere. Cic.
423. Canere (2d conjug. ). Canescere.
CANERE, to be while. Dum mane novum, dum gramina canent.

Virg. Figuratively : jEmula nee dum temporibus geminis canebat
sparsa senectus. Virg. CANESCERE, to grow white. Situ canes,
cunt tecta. Ovid. Figuratively : Cum ipsa oratio jam nostra canes-
H2
100
ceret, haberetque suam quamdam maturitatem, et quasi senectu-

tem. Cic.
424. Canere (3d conjug.). Cantare. Modular:. Psallere.
CANERE, to sing; also to play upon instruments. Si canere velitn

vel voce vel fidibus. Cic. We say intus canere io express speaking to
ones advantage. Atque hoc carmen iste non vobis, sed sibi intus
canit. Cic. CANTARE, ( frequentative of canere) to sing often. Ab-
sentem cantat amicam multa prolutus vappa nauta. Hor. Canit
would not le so proper. Et cantare pares, et respondere parati.
Virg. MODULARI, (from modus) to measure sounds, to compose or
set to a tune as musicians do, to play a tune upon an instrument. Car-
mina pastoris Siculi modulabor avena. Virg. Sonurn vocis pulsu
pedum modulari. Liv. Aves hominum vocem natura modulantur
ipsa. Cic. PSALLERE, ( from ^/aAAw) to play on a lute or any other
musical instrument. Qui canerent voce, et qui psallerent. Gell.
Doctus psallere. Hor. Pueri lepidi ac delicati, qui cantare et
psallere didicerunt. Cic.
425. Cant. Canities.
CANI, gray hairs, (cupilli understood}. Non cam", non rugae re-
pente auctoritatem afferre possunt. Cic. Honorati cani. Ovid.
Cani is only used in relation to men. CAXITIES, grayness of hairs, is
said of men and horses. Canities homini tantum et equis. Piin.
Canities is also whiteness. O turpem exactii aetate canitiem ! Cic.
Donee virenti canities abest morosa. Hor. Poets have made use of
camties instead of cani. Canitiem immundo deformat pulvere.
Virg.
426. Cantor. Canlalor.

CANTOR, a singer, a chanter by profession. Omnibus hoc vitium
est cantoribus inter amicos, ut nunquam inducant animum cantare
rogati. Hor. Figuratively : Cantor tbrmularum. Cic. He who teaches
the formula; of law. CANTATOR, (frequentative of cantor)one who
actually sings or chants. Dulcia defecta modulatur carmina lingua
cantator cycnus funeris ipse sui. Mart.
427. Cantus. Canticum. Cantilena. Canlamen. Cantio. Cantiuncula.
Conor.
CANTUS, a singing or melody. Musicorum cantus. Cic. It is said

of birds and instruments. Crrharae cantus. Hor. Avium cantus.
Cic. CANTICUM, a song set to music, a tune. Canticum agere. Liv.
To sing a song. Notum canticum imposuit. Phasd. CANTILENA,
a song, verses sung in tune. Ut crebro mihi insusurret Epicharmus
cantilenam illam suam. Cic. Figuratively : Cantilenam eandem
cam's, Ter., You repeat the same thing over again. CANTAMEN, en-
chantment, the effect of magic words; it is properly said of what re-
lates to the illusion of the senses. Tragicae cantamina musa;.
Propert.
CANTIO, a song or tune, an enchantment. Subito totam causam ob-
litus est, idque veneficiis et cantionibus Ticiniae factum esse
diccbat.
Cic. Lusciniolae cantio. Piaut. CANTIUNCULA, a tittle song. Vidit
Hoaaerus fabulam probari non posse, si cantiunculis tantus vir irre-
titus videretur. Cic. CANOR, melodious singing, a melody. Nee
taiuen ille canor mulcendas natus ad aures. Hor.
101
428. Capere. Sumere. Rapere.
CAPERE, to take, to get hold of. Probabo Verrem contra leges

pecuniam cepisse. Cic. Cape sacra manu. Virg. Figuratively:
Capere consiliuni. Cic. De aliquo exemplum capere. Liv. Pcenam
de aliquo capere. Id. It also signifies, to hold or contain. Nee te
Troja capit. Virg. Troy is not large enough for you. Moram non
capit ira. Ovid. Observe, we very proptrly say capere voluptatem,
and voluptate capi ; but not voluptas cepit me ; whereas when men-
tion is made of disagreeable things, tve very properly say, cepi dolo-
reni, molestiam, &c. and, cepit me tredium, oblivio ; tut not labore,
molestia captus sum. SUMERE, to take a thing ready at hand, a thing
that belongs to us. Epistolam super caput in pulvino temere posi-
tam sumit ac perlegit. Sal. It would be bad Latin to say, sumpsit
me taedium ; sumere voluptatem, consilium. RAPERE, to carry by
haste or violence. Distat sumasne pudenter, an rapias. Hor. Cicero,
after having quoted this passage of Ennius, Vive, Ulysses, dum licet,
oculis postrernum lumen radiatum rape, adds: Non dixit cape, non
pete ; haberet enim morain sperantis diutius se victurum ; sed rape :
hoc verbum ad id aptatum est quod antea dixerat, dum licet.
429. Capi. Decipi.
CAPI, to be caught, to be seduced. Capi assentatione. Cic. Capi

errore. Id. DECIPI, to be deceived, to be beguiled. Decipimur specie
recti. Hor. A child is unwilling to take a medicine which is necessary
;
the physician employs artifice ; in this case the sick person
decipitur,
non capitur. i.ucretius expresses himself thus : Ut puerorum setas
improvida ludificetur labrorum tenus, interea perpotet amarum ab-
sinthii laticem, deceptaque non capiatur.
430. Capra. Caprea. Capella.
CAPRA, a she-goat. Capras et oves quot quisque habeat dicere

posse; quot amicos habeat, dicere non posse. Cic. CAPREA, a
wild-goal, a deer. Fugaces capreae. Ovid. Caprere prius jungentur
lupis. Virg CAPELLA, (diminutive o/'capra) a young, a small goat.
Dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae. Virg.
431. Cap tare. Capessere.
CAPTARE, ( frequentative of capere) to lie in wait, or go about to

take, to entrap, is very elegantly used in a figurative sense. Captare
risus. Cic. Captare occasionem. Id. Nomen imperatorium cap-
tare. Id. CAPESSERE, to lay hold of, to seize upon. Capessere ci-
bum hiatu oris et dentibus ipsis. Cic. Sociis arma capessant edico.
Virg. Figuratively : Fugam capessere. Liv. Ad capessendas caere-
moniag promptior animus. Tacit.
432. Captalio. Captus. Captura.
CAPTATIO, (from captare, capere) an affected seeking after. Cap-

tatio testamenti. Plin. Captatio verborum. Cic. Criticism on words.
CAPTUS, as much as can be taken ivith the ends of tivo or three
fingers, a pinch. Flos cujuscumque generis triam digiterum captu
dysentericos emendat, Plin., A pinch of these fLowers is a remedy
against dysentery. Figuratively : Captus signifies capacity, or
ability
102
of m'md, Ut est captus honiinum. Cic. CAPTURA, a catching, a

taking. Capturae interesse. Plin. Cum captura incidit, quam vigi-
lans et paratus ad cursum ! Id., speaking of a spider.
433. Captio. Prcestigice. Captiuncula.
CAPTIO, properly the art of taking. Figuratively : a taking ad-

vantage of, a snare, a taking unawares. Cur igitur vos inducitis in
eas captiones, quas nunquam explicetis ? Cic. Captionts dialec-
tical Sophisms. Si plus dederis referam ; nulla in ea re captio est.
Plaut. PlUBSTIGUK, (from prae and stringere) deceit, illusion. Non
per prastigias sed palam. Cic. Majore quadam opus est vel arte,
vel diligentia, ne ab iis quac clara sunt ipsa per se, quasi
praestigiis
quibusdam et captionibus depellamur. Id. CAPTIUXCULA, (di-
minutive of captio) a little quirk or fetch. Omnes captiunculas
pertimescere. Cic.
i34-. Cdptiosus. Dolosus. Suldolus.
CAPTIOSUS, ( from capere ) captious, full of deceit. Captiosa pro-

babilitas te fallit. Cic. Captiosa interrogatio. Id. Captiosa socie-
tas. Id. DOLOSUS, (from dolus) crafty, treacherous. Mulier do-
losa. Hor. Consilia dolosa. Id. Amici ferre jugum pariter dolosi.
Id. SUBDOLUS, where there is craft and cunning concealed. Lingua
subdola. Ovid. Subdcflum rete turdis tendere. Mart.
435. Captivitas. Servitus. Serviludo. Servitium. Servitia.
CAPTIVITAS, captivity, the being deprived of liberty, speaking of

prisoners of war. Quocunque oculos Romanus inf enderet, captivi-
tateni, clademque et dira omnia obversari. Tac. SERVITUS, slavery,
the condition of slaves. Cum omnibus gentibus finem diuturnae cap-
tivitatis, turpitudinis et servitutis afferret. Cic. Diutius
servitutem
perpessi sumus, quam captivi frugi ac diligentes solent Id. SERVI-
TUDO, a habitual state of bondage and slavery. Servitudinis indigni-
tatisque homines expertes adversus notum malum irritates <.
Liv. SERVITIUM, the work, the service of slaves. Ego, Pamphile,
hoc tibi pro servitio debeo. ler. Levare aliquem longo servitio.
Hor. Servitus est eub domino ; servi patientia f'acit servitium. It
would likewise be very proper to say, Servitutem oegre ferebant om-
nes, licet apud humanum et clementem herum minime durum esset
illis servitium. SERVITIA, Lond-mcn, ioiul-*ervants. Incitare ad
caedem servitia. Cic. Servitium is likewise understood in the same
meaning. Et tamen cceptum esse in Sicilia moveri aliquot locis ser-
vitium suspicor. Cic.
436. Captivus. Dedititius.
CAPTIVUS, (from capere) captive, taken in war. Pyrrhi senten-

tia de captivis redimendis. Cic. DEDITITIUS, (from dedere) that
has surrendered himself into another's power. Quidquid deinde pati-
emur. dedititii tui patienuir. Liv. Ad tuos sive captivos, sive de-
dititios pertinet. Cic. Captivus is forced to surrender himself; de-
dititius surrenders of himself.
437. Capuhts. Manubrium.
C \PULUS, (from capere) a hilt, a handle. Capulo tenus abdidit
103
ensem. Virg. Ipse manu capulum moderatus aratri. Ovid. MA-

NUBRIUM, ( from manu habere) a haft, a handle. Factumque aptans
manubrium ccepit securi magna excidere robora. Phaed. Figura-
tively : Exiinere e manu manubrium. Plaut. To cause one to lose a
favourable opportunity.
438. Caput. Vertex.
CAPUT, the head. Quod inde, says Farro, initium capiant scnsus
et nervi Dolore capitis. Hor. Figuratively: 1 . A chapter. Prima
duo capita. Cic. 2. The spring of a river. Caput Rheni. Hor.
3. A beginning. Sed cedo caput coenae. Cic. 4. The main-point, the
principal. Caput rerum. Cic. Caput est ad bene vivendum secu-
ritas. VERTEX, (from vertere) the top or crown of the head. Ab
imis unguiculis ad verticem summurn. Cic. Ignes qui ex ./Etnae ver-
tice erumpunt. Id. Celso vertice quercus. Virg.
439. Carere. Egere. Indigere. Vacare.

CARERE, properly, is to be deprived of a thing agreeable. Carere
hoc significat, egere eo quod habere velis ; inest enim velle in ca-
rendo. Cic. Non caret is qui non desiderat. Id. Expetuntur vo-
luptates, ut dolore careas. Id. Carere implies feeling, Dicitur etiam
carere, cum aliquid non habeas, et non habere te sentias. Cic. Ca-
rere sentientis est. Id EGERE, to lack, not to have. Egere con-
silii. Cic. TEris egere. Hor. Egens aeque est is qui non satis habet,
et is cui nihil satis potest esse. Cic. Malo virum pecunia, quam.
pecuniam viro egentem. Val. Max. INDIGERE is the same. Indigeo
consilii. Cic. There is however this difference, that indigere is very
properly said of inanimate things. Bellum indiget celeritatis. Cic.
Jam ilia non tarn artis indigent, quam laboris. We may oppose ca-
rere to habere, non desiderare ; egere to abundare ; and indigere to
non opus habere. VACARE, properly to be empty. Tota domus
superior vacat. Cic. The whole oj the upper rooms are empty. Fi-
guratively: to have not, to be free from. Vacare pecunia. Liv. To
have no money. Carere pecunia, is to be without, and wish for money.
Vacare culpa. Cic. Vacare a metu. Liv. Vacare signifies also, to
be intent on, to study a thing, in which case it will have after it
the
dative case, or the accusative ivilh in. Philosophise vacare. Cic. In
nullum opus grande vacavit mens mea, Ovid., / have not been em-
ployed in any considerable wotk. It is often taken impersonally. Non
vacat Jovi, Ovid., Jupiter has no time for it. Et vacat annales nos-
trorum audire laborum. Virg. Jt is taken personally in the same sense.
Scribes aliquid, si vacabis. Cic.
440. Caritas. Penuria.
CARITAS, (from carere) dearth. It is only said of provisions. In

summa annonse caritate. Cic. PENURIA, ( from v^va, fames) ex-
treme want or scnrdty of necessaries. Vertere morsus exiguam in
Cererem penuria adegit edendi. Virg. Penuria amicorum. Cic.
Caritas is opposed to vilitas, and penuria to copia.
441. Carmen. Versus. Versiculus.
CARMEN, a song, a poem Hie ego qui quondam gracili modu-

latus avena carmen. Virg. The same author says Hem carmine signo,
though there be but one verse. Carmen is properly said of prose, when
written in a prescribed formula or containing maxims expressed in a
sententious style, and words consecrated by custom. Pliny calls carmen
the prayer by which the Decii devoted themselves to death for their
country. Durat immenso exemplo Deciorum patris filiique, quo se
devovere, carmen. The sayings, sentences, and maxims of philoso-
phers were called carmina. VERSUS, (from vertere) firstly and pro-
perly a line either in verse or prose Non paginas tantum epistolae,
sed etiam versus syllabasque numerabo. Plin. It is more commonly
used for what we call verses : as when we say one verse, two verses,
three verses, &c. Componere versus. Hor. Malus versus. Cic.
Versus signifies also a ran!:, row, or series. Ille etiam seras in
versum
distulit ulmos. Virg. Triplici pubes quam Dardana versu impellunt.
Id. speaking of a ship with three banks of oars. VERSICULUS, (di-
minutive of versus) a short line, a short verse, a versiclv. Xunc
venio
ad ilium tuas epistolae versiculum. Cic. Scribere versiculos. Hor.
442. Carnifex. Tor tor.
CARNIFEX, (from caro and facere) a hangman, an executioner,

Quales hunc carnifices habere putamus, qui medicis suis non ad sa-
lutem, sed ad necem utatur ? Cic. Sextius carnifex Verris. Id.
TORTOR, (from torqueo) a torturer of criminals. Cum jam tortor,
atque essent tormenta ipsa defessa. Cic. Pouite ante oculos car-
nificem tortoremque Samarium. Id.
443. Carpentum. Pilenlum. Thensce. Etsedum. Carrus. Petorritum.
Cisium.
CARPENTUM (quasi carmentum, from Carmenta. Evander's

mother) was an open and suspended carriage for the use of the ladies.
Nam prius Ausonias matres carpenta vehebant ; haec quoque ab
Evandri dicta parente reor. Ovid. These carriages were used on grand
and ceremonial occasions. PILEXTUM, a sort oj suspended and covered
chariot in which the Roman ladies were carried when they went to per-
form the holy riles or mysteries of their religion. Castie ducebant
sacra per urbem pilentis matres in mollibus. Virg. Honoremque
ob earn munificentiam ferunt matronis habitum, ut pilento ad sacra,
ludosque, carpentis festo profestoque uterentur. Liv. THJ:N
(from SfOf ) a sort of carriage wherein the images or statues of the
gods were carried. Te appello, Lentule, cujus sacerdotii sunt thenste.
Cic. Dii omnes qui thensarum vehiculis solemnes ca-tus ludorum
initis. Id. ESSEDU.M, a chariot for fighting. i:-elgica vel molli
melius feret esseda collo. Virg. CARRUS, a wain with Jour wheels
for the use of the army. Alteri ad impedimenta et carros suos se
contulerunt. Caes. Essedis carrisque superstans armatus hostis, in-
genti sonitu equorum rotaruiu<iue advcnit. Liv.- PETORRITUM. a
chariot with four irheels for carrying the luggage and slaves. Esseda
lestinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves. Hor. CJ.SILM, a carriage wittt
two wheels, used for speed, and very nearly like post-chaises. Decom
lioris nocturnis quinquaginta sex millia passuum cisiis pervolavit.
Cic.
444. Carpere. Legere. Metere.
CARPERE, to gather, to pull off, to force out. Vcre rosam atque
105
autumno carpere poma. Virg. Carpere lanam, Hor., to spin wool,

to draw it from the distaff in spinning. Carpere gramina, Id., to nib-
ble grass. Figuratively : Carpere somnos. Hor. LEGEKE, to gather
with, choice. Qui legitis flores et hunii nascentia fraga. Virg. Ca-
pillos homini legere ccepere invieem. Phaed. METERE, to gather or
reap corn and fruits. Ut sementem feceris, ita et metes. Cic. Me-
tere fructus, Id., to gat her fruits. Figuratively: Orcus metit
grandia
cum parvis. Hor. Turn vita omnibus metenda, ut f'ruges. Cic.
44-5. Carpere. Rodere. Vellicare.
CARPERE, as synonymous with the others, signifies to bite, to cen-

sure. In Pompeio deiendendo, nani is carpebatur a Bibulo. Cic.
Carpere aliorum facta. Id. In multorum peccato carpi paucos non
oportet, Cic., sinwngst a great number of guilty persons, it is im-
proper to select only a few to be accused. And in a more remote
sense .*
Et caeco carpitur igni. Virg. Carpere orationem membris minuti-
oribus, Cic., to divide a discourse into small sections or parts. Livy
has said in the same sense: Carpere exercitum in multas partes. Car-
pere aliquam partem exercitus, Liv., to attack only one part of the
army. RODERE, properly to gnaw as mice do. Mures noctem et diem
aliquid rodunt. Cic. Vivos et roderet ungues. Hor. Figuratively :
Absentem qui rodit amicum. Hor. VELLICARE, ( frequentative of
vellere) to pull off', to pluck off', to pinch. Comix vulturios
vellicat.
Plaut. Ex paedagogo se vellicari respondit, Quint., speaking of a
child tvhom the judges asked the cause of his tears. Figuratively : to
tear away. Vellicare scriptu alicujus. Var. More hominum invi-
dent, in conviviis rodunt, in circulis veilicant, non illo inimico,
sed
hoc maledico dente carpunt. Cic.
446. Casa. Tugurium. Mapalia.
CAS A, (from KxortruEiv, consuere, reficere) a small dwelling-place

of very little solidity, and made of poor materials. Sub Jove pars
durat ; pauci tentoria ponunt ; sunt quibus e ramis frondea facta
casa est. Ovid. TUGURIUM, (quasi tegerium, from tegere) a
thatched house, small house of a peasant. Pauperis et tuguri con-
gestum cespite culmen. Virg. Viliarn aedificare in oculis omnium
tantam, tugurium ut jam videatur esse ilia villa, quam ipse tribunus
plebis pictam olim in concionibus explicabat. Cic. In casis et tu-
guriis habitabant. Var. American! casas incolunt rusticorum apud
nos degentium tuguriis non firmiores, atlonge tamen elegantiores.
MAPALIA and MAGALIA, Numidian cottages built round like ovens,
or like the keels of ships. Tecum ego vel sicci mapalia Poeni, et po-
teram Scyticas hospes amare casas. Mart. Miratur molem JEneas,
magalia quondam. Virg.
447. Cassis. Galea. Galerus. JEgis.
CASSIS, (from cassus, hollow, empty} properly a helmet, a head-

piece. Abdere caput casside. Ovid. Virgil has said cassida, instead
of cassis. Aurea vati cassida. GALEA, ( from yaAaj, a cat) the
helmet being originally a cap made of cat's skin: afterwards it was
made of metal. JErea galea. Virg. Ovid has promiscuously used cassis
and galea. Seu caput abdiderat cristata casside pennis, in galea for-
mosus erat. GALERUS, a furred cap in the form of a helmet. Ful-
106
vosque lupi de pelle galeros, tegmen habent capiti. Virg. JEcis,

the shield of Jupiter and Pallas. It has its name from the Greek a*,
aiycf, a she-goat, because Jupiter, after the death of the she-goat
Amal-
thcea, that had nursed him, took her skin to cover his shield. Arcades
ipsum credunt se vidisse Jovem, cum stcpe nigrantem aegida con-
cuteret dextra, nimbosque cieret. Jupiter aftti wards gave this shield
to Pallas, who fixed to it Medusa s head, and gave to it a power of
turning into stones those who looked at it. Contra sonantem Palladis
aegida. Hor.
448. Cassus. Irrilus.

CASSUS, (from carere) in the proper sense: deprived, destitute,
emoty. Cassa dote virgo. Plaut. A maid without a portion. Nunc
cassum lumine lugent. Virg. Cassa nux. Hor. Figuratively : rain,
frivolous, of no effect or value. Cassus labor. Juv. Cassa vota. Virg.
IRRITUS, (nonratus) of no effect, force, or weight, nothing worth.
Quod modo erat ratum irritum est. Ter. Labor irritus anni Virg.
Irritas preces. Tac. Irritus spei, Q Curt., disappointed of his hope.
449. Castigare. Punire. Animadvertere. Plectere. Mulctare.
Mulcare.
CASTIGARE, (castum agere) to make one good, chaste, inodest, ir-

reproachable, to chastise. Castigare aliquem verbis, dictis, litteris.
Cic. Castigare inertiam. Cic. In the same sense Horace lias said,
Castigare carmen, to correct, to polish a poem, to expunge all its de-
fects. PUXIRE, (from pcena) to punish, is said of a corporal punish-
ment. Qui punit aut verbis castigat. Cic. Punire supplicio. Id.
Puniri issomelimts used as a verb deponent. Punitus est inimicum. Cic.
Castigamus him who is guilty of a fault, in order to prevent his
relapse
into it ; we wish to make him a letter man : punimus a person guilty
of a crime, that he may ulontfor it : God castigat nos as a father du-
ring our mortal life, ne puniat nos as a judge during eternity. Axi-
MADVERTERE in aliquem, to punish one, is only taid of judges, and of
those who are invested with authority. Qui in alios animadvertisset
indict?, causa. Cic. A master animadvertit in discipulos mendaees ;
whereas pum're is said of all persons. Punire sontes. Cic. Punire
inimicum, Cic., to revenge one's-self 'fan enemy. PLECTERE, (from
K^rêta, to strike], 1. to tend, to L-ow. Plectere de vimine calathos.
Virg. 2. to beat, to punish. Plecti tergo. Cic. Quidquid delirant
reges, plectuntur Achivi. Hor. MULCTARE, (from nmlcta) to put
a fine upon one. Mulctari bonis. Cic. It is used in a more general
sense. Vitia hominum atque fraudes daninis, ignominiis, vinculis,
verberibus, exiliis, morte mulctantur. Cic. MULCARE, to strike
with one's feet or fists, to pull to pieces. Mulcato fcedi corpore,
tan-
dem periere. Sail. Omnemfamiliam mulcavit usque ad mortem. Ter.
4-50. Caslilas. Caslimonia. Pudor. Pudicitia.
CASTITAS, chastity, is only said of women Metuens alterius viri

certo fcedere castitas. Hor. Ut sentiant nuilieres in nutura fa-mi
narum omnium Deuni castitatem pati C'ic. Ca>titas i* rery seldom
used but to express the chastity of the soul, whereas CASTIMOXIA is
said loth of the soul and l-ody, either of men or of women C'astr li-x
jubet adire Deos, animo scilicet, nee tollit castimoniam corporis.
107
Cic. Quae sacra per summam castimoniam virorum ac mulierum

erant, eadem per illius stuprura esse violata. Id. PUDOR, shame-
facedness, bashfulness, modesty, sense of honour. Ex quo fit ut pudo-
rem rubor consequatur. Cic. Homo in quo aliquis si non famae pu-
dor, at supplicii timor est. Id. Amicitia quae impetrata gloriae sibi,
non pudori sit. Liv. Pudor relates loathe soul, and pudicitia to the
body. Adeone pudorem cum pudicitia amisisti ? Cic. Non ego
illam mihi dotem duco esse, quae dos dicitur j sed pudicitiam, pu-
dorem, &c. Plaut. As for me, 1 think the true portion of a woman is
not the money she brings to her husband on marrying him, but modesty,
virtue, sense of honour, &c. Quid salvi potest esse mulieri, pudicitia
amissa? Liv. PUDICITIA is opposed to stuprum, and PUDOR to pe-
tulantia, protervia, lascivia. Ex hac parte pudor pugnat, illinc pe-
tulantia ; hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum. Cic. Pudor, metus rerum
turpium, et ingenua quaedam timiditas deJecus fugiens, laudemque
consectans; pudicitia, continentia a libidine. Doletus.
451. Castra (estiva, hyberna, stativa, navalia.
CASTRA ÊSTIVA, summer encampment. Cicerones nostros l)ejo-

tarus filius secum in regnum, dum in aestivis nos essemus, duxit.
Cic. CASTRA HYBERNA, winter quarters, whe.n the soldiers are in
garrison. Quo ille cohortes in hyberna misit. Cic. CASTRA STA-
TIVA, a pitched camp. Stativa sibi castra facere. Cic. CASTRA
NAVALIA, the place where a fleet is stationed, a port or harbour.
Castra navalia de improvise aggrediuntur. Cses.
4-52. Castus. Pudicus. Pudens. Pudibundus. Ferecundus.
CASTUS, (from xacw, orno) chaste, pure, undefiled. Casta pudi-

citiam servat domus. Virg. Praemia virtutis et officii sancta et casta
esse oportet. Cic. Hoc vestra? mentes tarn casta?, tarn integrse sus-
cipient. Id. Res familiaris cum ampla, turn casta a cruore civili.
Id. Ebur baud satis castum donum Deo. Id. Castus a culpa. Plaut.
Castus has a more general sense than chaste in English. Casti sacer-
dotes. Cic. Virtuous priests. Judex castus et integer. Id., an up-
right and incorruptible judge. PUDICUS, honest, modest, relates to
manners only. Pudica domus. Cic. Audiet C. Marius impudico
homini servire nos, qui ne militem quidem habere voluit nisi pudi-
cum. Id. PUDENS, a man full of honour, sense, andmodesty. Grave
est pudenti homini petere aliquid magnum ab eo de quo se bene me-
ritum putet. Cic. Pudens impudentem, perjurum castus fraudasse
dicitur. Id. Pudens is very properly applied to things. Nihii apparet
in eo ingenuum, nihil moderatum, nihil pudens. nihil pudicum. Cic.
Risus pudens et liberalis. Id. PUDIBUNDUS, that actually blushes,
bashful, shamefaced Matrona pudibunda. Hor. Ora pudibunda.
Ovid. VERECUNDUS, circumspect in his words and deeds, cautious.
Nimis verecunda est, Plaut., she is too scrupulous. Verecundus est
qui, ut bene audiat, erubescit, et pudet impudica loqui Cic. Tu ea
in te admisisti, quae a verecundo inimico audire non posses. Id. Figu-
ratively : Verecunda translatio, Cic., a metaphor not carried too far.
453. Casus Evenlus. Eventum. Exitus.
CASUS, ( from cadere) a fall, adventure, fate. Ille miser ignarus

casus sui. Cic. Speaking of Phaeton. Mirificus casus intervenit. Id.
108
Casus humanarum rerum varii sunt. Id. EVENTUS, event, what does
happen. Eventus est alicujus rei exitus. Cic. Consilia prirnurn,
deinde acta, postea eventus. Id. Quid casus, quid eventus, nisi cum
sic aliquid cecidit, sic evenit, ut vei non cadere atque evenire aut
aliter cadere atque evenire potuerit. Id. Chance has not so much in-
fluence in eventus, as in casus. EVENTUM, the issue of a thing, what
did happen. Causaj eventorum magis.movent quura ipsa eventa.Cic.
EXITUS, properly a going forth or out, when synonymous with the
others, signifies the issue or success of an aj}\dr. Contigit exitus
quern
sperabamus. Cic. Si mihi alterutrum de eventu atque exitu promit-
tendum esset. Id. Eventus, says Popma, successus reruni nondum
ad finem perductarum ; exitus, finis rei, qui sequitur eventum, et
absolvit.
454-. Catena. Vinculum,. Laifueus.
CATENA, an iron or metal chain. Stridor ferri tractaeque catenae.

Virg. Graciles ex aere catenae. Ovid. Figuratively : Plena catenaruin
quaestio. Cic. A question full of difficulties. VINCULUM, (from vin-
cire) any thing that ties or fastens. Linea vincula. Virg. Teneras
arcebant vincula ])almas. Id. Figuratively : Vincula propinquitatis
et amoris. Cic. Vincula legiun. Id. LAUUEUS, a noose, a string
with a running knot, a halter. Laqueis feras captare. Virg. Collum
inlaqueum inserere. Cic. Figuraively : Laquei disputationum. Cic.
Captious subtilties. Laquei judiciorum. Id.
455. Catulus. Pullus.
CATULUS, (from cam's) properly a little dog, a whelp. Siccanibus

catulos similes, sic matribus haedos. Virg. Poets have used catulus
for tfie young of other animals. Leaena catulorum oblita. Virg.
PULLUS, the young of every animal. Pulli generosi pecoris. Virg.
Pullus columbinus. Cic. Cavea liberati pulli. Id. Pullus equi. Virg.
456. Caudex. Caulis.
CAUJDEX, the trunk of a tree, the stem of a shrub, is only said of

trees. Quin et caudicibus sectis, mirabile dictu, truditur e sicco ra-
dix oleagina ligno. Virg. Figuratively : a blockhead, a stupid man.
Caudex, stipes, iisinus, plumbeus. Ter. CAULIS, the stalk or stem of
a herb, the i/uill of bird". Cauiis pennarum avium. Plin. A cabbage,
greens, roots. Unge caules oleo. Hor. Qui teneros caules alieni
iregerit liorti. Id.
4-57. Cavea. Cavus.
CAVEA, synonymous with cavus,a cage, a place where birds or wild-

leasts are kept. Avis inclusa cavea. Cic. E cavea leo missus. Id.
CAVUS, a hole, a hollow place. Macra cavum repetes quern ma-
cra subsisti. Hor. Excipere cavo. Id.
k38. Cavea. Circus. Constssus.
(' \\i:.\, (fnun (\ivus) an amphitheatre, alarge building of around

form, the inside of which divided into rows of seals surrounded the
area,
from which the combats of gladiator? or wild-beasts were seen : It
tras
likewise a place rising, formed of seats one above the other, opposite
the
theatre, from which the spectators might more commodiously see the
spectacles. Quid clamores tola cavea in hospitis ct amici mei Pa-
109
cuvii fuerunt novafabula? Cic. Ciucus, a large place in ancient

Rome between mount Avent'meand Palatine, wherein the people sat and
saw the put-lie games, chiefly horse- and chariot-races. This place
was
of an oval form. Capax populi circus. Ovid. Nescis heri quartum
in circo diem ludorum Romanorum i'uisse. Cic. CONSESSUS, (se-
dere cum) an assembly sitting together. Consessus curiae. Cic. Con-
sessum caveae clamoribus implet. Virg.
459. Cavere. Dedinare.
CAVERE, to beware of. Nihil credam et omnia cavebo. Cic. Tu

quod cavere possis stultum est admittere. Id. Cavere is the ejfect of
foresight. DECLiNARE,/o/rn one's-sflf another way, in order to avoid.
Declinare icturn. Liv. Figuratively : A religione officii declinare.
Cic. To recede from ones duty. Hue declinabam non invitus. Id.
It is the point I wished to come to. Cavemus quae provider! possunt ;
furiosi hominis impetum declinare prudentius est quam sustinere.
G.I).
460. Cavere al'iquem. Cavere ab aliquo.
CAVERE ALIQUEM, to beware of somebody. Ut considerares qui-

bus crederes, et quos caveres. Cic CAVERE AB ALIQUO is some-
times taken in the saine sense. Qui ab homine nefario non caverit.
Cic. Sometimes cavere ab aliquo signifies to ask for a security. At
tibi ego, Brute, non solvam, nisi prius a te cavero, amplius eo no-
mine neminem cui petitio sit, petiturum. Cic. Dear Brutus, I shall
not pay you till you give me a security that nobody having a right to
the debt will disturb me again about it.
461. Caverna. Antrum. Specus. Spelunca. Spelccum.
CA VERSA, (from cavus) a cavity, a cave, a cavern. Elicere ferrum

ex cavernis terrae. Cic. Penitusque cavernas ingentes, uterumque
armato milite complent. Virg. Speaking of the wooden horse of the
Grecians. ANTRUM, a cave, a den, is only used in poetry. Abdita
antra. Ovid. Exesaeque arboris antro. Virg. SPECUS, a deep hole
in the ground. Ex infimo specu. Liv. Est specus in niedio silvis et
vimine densus. Ovid. SPELUNCA and SPEL/EUM, in poetry, a re-
treat for deer, &c. It is seldom used but to express cavities made
within
rocks. Spelunca alta fuit, vastoque immanis hiatu, scrupea. Virg.
Ex spelunca saxum in crura ejus incidit. Cic. Certum est in silvis
inter spelaea ferarum malle pati. Virg.
462. Cavillalio. Dicacitas.
CAVILLATIO, says Cicero, genus facetiae, quod fit raentiendo.

DICACITAS, according to Quintilian, est sermo cum risu aliquos in-
cessens. Cicero gives it the epithet o/'scurrilis. Scurrilis oratori
dica-
citas magnopere fugienda est. The same author distinguishes the
above two words thus : Cum duo genera sint facetiarum, alterum
aequaliter fusum in omni sermone, ajterum peracutum et breve : ilia
a veteribus superior, cavillatio ; haec altera dicacitas nominata est.
Cavillatio frivola est, dicacitas salsa.
463. Caula. Ovile.

CAUL A, (seldom used in the singular} the entrance into the sheep-
110
fold; and OVILE, the sneep-fold itself, the place wherein the sheep
are
shut up. Acveluti pleno lupus insidiatus ovili cum fremit ad caulas.
Virg.
464. Causa. Ratio.
There is this difference between causa and ratio, that CAUSA is what
produces an effect. Semen et causa bellorum. Cic. RATIO is the
order of things that results from the cau>e. Nulla est ratio amittere
ejusmodi occasionem. Cic. Num parva causa, aut parva ratio est?
Traditus sum mulieri. Ter. These two words have various significa-
tions. Ratio signifies 1. regard, consideration. Habere rationem
officii.
Cic. 2. reason. Cujus rationis ratio non extat, ei rationi ratio non
est iidem facere. Cic. 3. a reckoning or account. Rationem exactam
habere. Cic. 4. relation, intercourse. Quae ratio tibi cum eo inter-
cesserat? Cic. Similium inter se ratio. Id. Causa videndi, in order
to see. Contumeliae causa. Ter. JVilh the purpose of off ending. Tem-
poris causa. Cic. In regard to circumstances, to time. Verbi causa.
Id. For example. Pro causa faciendi. Caes. Under pretence of doing.
It is not improper to remark in this place that good authors have
rather
made use of causa mea, tua, vestra, sua, &c. than of causa mei, tui,
vestri, &c. Quis est qui facit nihil, nisi sua causa ? Cic. Te abesse
mea causa moleste fero ; tua gaudeo. Id.
4-65. Causa. Lis.
CAUSA, synonymous ivilh lis, is a formal plea or defence in law, an

affair or business, a party. Indicia causa damnari. Cic. In causam
descendere, Id. to come to the subject, Tradere causam adversariis,
Ter., to give up the point to the adverse party. Indormire causae,
Cic.,
to neglect an affair. Qui in eadem causa, in qua ego, fuisset, Id.,
who had taken the same part as myself. Lis, process or action at law,
a vehement contention. Componere lites. Virg. Atris litibus impli-
citus. Hor. Adhuc sub judice lis est. Id. Lites sunt inter illos,
Plaut., there are vehement disputes amongst them.
4-66. Causam componere. Causam judicare.
CAUSAM COMPONERE, to settle an affair in an amicable way. Cum

domesticum tempusin cognoscendis componendisque causis, forense
in agendis consumeret. Cic. CAUSAM JUDICARE, to judge an affair,
to give sentence. Est haec causa quasi quaedam appendicula causae
judicatae atque damnata?. Cic. Causam componit amicus ; judicat
magistratus. G. D.
4-67. Causam dicere. Causam percrare.
CAUSAM DICKRE, to plead a cause; CAUSAM PERORARE, to con-

clude the pleading of it. Dicta est a me causa, Judices, et perorata.
Cic.
468. Causam sustinere. Causam defenderc.
CAUSAM SUSTINERE, 1. to support a cause, to take it upon one's-

self. Non putat se sustinere causas posse multorum. Cic. 2. to
stand under odium Jor a thing. In quern ne, si insidiis quidcm ille
interfectus esset, caderet ulla suspicio ; nunc vero cum de Magio
constet, nonne furor ej us omnem causam sustinet ? Cic. DEFEN-
DERE CAUSAM, to defend a cause. Jus anceps novi, causas defendere
possum. Hor.
Ill
469. Causari. Prelexere.
CAUSARI, (from causa) to pretend, or plead in way of excuse.

Morbum causari. Cic. /Etatem afFeret, id est, causabitur? Id. It
also signifies, to begin a law-suit. Nee causanti pupillo sic tutor
irascatur, ut non remaneant amoris vestigia Quint. PRÊTEXERE,
(texere prae) properly to put before any thing interwoven, to cover.
Prastexens picta t'errugine ccelum. Tibul. Quid referam Baias, prae-
texta littora velis ? Ovid. Figuratively . to palliate a thing, or
cover
it with excuse, to cloak under a pretence. Non tamen Anna novis pra?-
texere funera sacris germanam credit. Virg., Anna does not suspect
that her sister it preparing every thing for her own death, under the
appearance of a sacrifice. Hoc praetexit nomine culpam. Id.
470. Cautio. Satisdatio. Satisdaium.
CAUTIO, (from caveo) a caution or taking heed. A malis natura

declinamus; quae declinatio, si cum ratione fit, cautio appellatur.
Cic. It also signifies security, warranty. Tua cautio, nostra cautio
est. Cic. Est et ex coriditione juris, et ex consuetudine cautionis
firmissimum testimonium. Id. It is a strong proof according to the
dispositions of the law, and the usual practice of taking securities.
Cau-
tiones fiebant pecuniarum. Id. Securities or bonds were given in wri-
ting for the money received. SATISDATIO, a putting in sufficient secu-
rity for performance. Prsestare satisdationem. Ulp. Sunt aliquot
satisdationes secundum mancipium in his, et Memmianorum prae-
diorum, vel Atilianoriun. Cic. SATISDATUM, the bond itself with
sureties, the recognizance. Illi turpe arbitror, eo nomine quod sa-
tisdato debeat, procuratores ejus non dissolvere. Cic.
471. Cautionem habere. Cautionem adhibere.
CAUTIONEM HABERE, to have occasion for precaution, to require

precaution. Quae provided poterunt, non fallar in iis ; quae cautio-
nem non habebunt, de iis non ita valde laboro. Cic. Beneficentia
habet multas cautiones ; videndum est enim primum, ne obsit be-
nignitas, et iis ipsis quibus benigne videbitur fieri, et caeteris, de
inde, &c. Id. CAUTIONEM AI>HIBERE, to le cautious, to use great
caution. Ut privatis rebus meis adhibeam quandam cautionem. Cic.
In rebus quae cautionem habent, cautionem non adhibere, temeri-
tatis est. G. D.
472. Cautus. Consideratus. Providus.
CAUTUS (from cavere) cautious, that is aware. Nemo minus ti-

midus, nemo cautior : res declarat. Cic. figuratively : Consiliis cau-
tioribus uti. Cic. Quo res mulieri esset cautior. I'd. That the pro-
ptrty of the woman might le more safe, or more secure. Cautosnomi-
nibus certis expendere nummos. Hor. To take all possible securities
in putting out one's money at interest. Cauti nummi. Money put out
with care. CONSIDERATUS, circumspect, considerate. Quintus una
in re paulo minus consideratus. Cic. It is used passively, speaking of
things : Considerata tarditas. Cic. Dare consilium consideratum.
Id. PROVIDUS, (videre pro) foreseeing, provident. Cautus etpro-
vidus homo. Cic. Mens provida rerum futurarum. Id. Cautus pe-
riculum vitat ; consideratus nihil temere suscipit; futura providet
providus. G. D.
112
473. Celare. Silere. Tacere. Obticcre. Reticere. Conticere.

Obmutescere.
CELARE, to conceal, not to acquaint with. Non celavi te sermonem.

Cic. De armis, deinsidiis celare te voluit. Id. Celare hamos cibis.
Ovid. SILERE, to say nothing, to keep silence. Muta silet virgo.
Ovid. Figuratively : Inter arma silent leges. Cic. TACERE, to keep
silence when one might or should speak. Si cum caeteri de nobis
silent,
non etiam nos taceamus, grave est. Cic. Enunciabo quod semper
tacui. Id. Silete, atque tacete, atque animum animadvertite. Ter.
Figuratively : Cum tacet omnis ager. Virg. OBTICERE, to keep si-
lence in a particular circumstance, not to dare to speak a word, to be
struck silent. Virgo conscissa veste lacrymans obticet. Ter. Tur-
piter obticuit sublato jure nocendi. Hor. RETICERE, to conceal
something by one's silence. Neque enim id est celare quidquid reti-
ceas ; sed cum quod tu scias, id ignorare emolument! tui causa velis
eos, quorum intersit scire. Cic. Dolorem reticere. Propert. CON-
TICERE, (tacere cum) to keep a profound silence, to hold one's peace
altogether. Qui jam conticuere pene ab ipso foro irrisi. Cic. Con-
ticuere omnes. Virg. Figuratively: Cum obmutuisset Senatus, judicia
conticuissent. Cic. Celare is the reverse o/'patefacere, publicare;
ta-
cet qui loqui desinit; qui silet, nondum ccepit; conticet qui undique
silentium praestat ; dolorem reticemus ; quorum nos pudet obtice-
mus. G. D OBMUTESCERE, to become dumb, to be at a loss what to
say. Aspectu obmutuit amens. Virg. Figuratively : to be out of use.
Lydius lapis Sardibus emebatur, qui nunc obmutuit. Plin.
474*. Celelrare. Fretjuentare.
CELEBRARE, to publish, to celebrate. Res clara atque omnium ser-

mone celebrata. Cic. Natales celebrare. Hor. Via? multitudine
legatorurn undique missorum celebrantur. Cic FREUUENTARE, to
frequent, to resort much to, to give celebrity . Frequentare
commercium
epistolarum. Sen. To keep up a frer/uent correspondence of letters.
Frequentari domus dicitur, quae a multis aditur, vel cum multis.
Cic. Quern tamen populum nisi tabernis clausis frequentare non po-
teras. Id. You could not assemble the people in great number, without
causing the shops to le shut up. Ad triumphum frequentandum de-
ductos esse milites, qui egregiam navare operam Reipublicae potu-
issent. Id. To give more celebrity to the triumph, &c.
475. Celebratio. Celebritas.
CELEBRATIO, a celebration, solemnizing, frequent going to. Cele-

bratio ludorum, the celebration, the acting of public games Cic. Quae
domus, quae celebratio quotidiana, quae familiaris dignitas ? Id. Ce-
lebrationem habere. Plin., To be much frequented, visited, or of great
solemnity. CELEBRITAS, celebrity, affluence. In maxima celebritate
vivere. Cic. Celebritatem ludis addere. Liv. To give celebrity to
the games ; celebrationem would not do in this case. Celebritas vi-
rorum ac mulierum. Cic. si numerous assembly or concourse of men
and women. In this meaning celebritas is opposed to solitudo. Me
hec solitudo minus stimulat, quam ista celebritas. Cic. Sua cele-
britate aliquem honestare. Id. To be in a person's retinue out of ho-
113
nour to him. Celebratio ludorum is the celebration of games ; celebri-

tas is their celebrity or solemnity.
476. Celerare. Festinare. Maturare. Properare.
CELERARE, to act with speed or quickness, to get forward. Agere

ac celerare statuit. Tac. Unum quod uno modo semper celeraret.
Cic. FESTINARE, to make haste. Quae causa, cur Romam festina-
ret ? Cic. Quid haec tanta festinatio, celeritasque ? Id. Mea au-
tem festinatio non solum victoriae avida est, sed etiam celeritatis.
Id. MATURARE, properly to make ripe. Uva primo est peracerba
gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit. Cic. Figuratively : to do a thing
with convenient speed. Quod ut faceres, idque maturares, magnopere
desiderabat Respublica. Cic. Profectus cum quantum accelerare
poterat, maturasset ad portum. Liv. PROPERARE, to do a thing in
haste, to dispatch business quickly and speedily. Rem properavi de-
ducere in judicium. Cic. Inde ventis remisque in patriam omni fes-
tinatione properavit. Id. Multa forent quae mox coelo properanda
sereno maturare datur. There are many things to be done beforehand,
which else would require to be done with great haste in fine weather.
Festinat quern urget necessitas, aut cupiditas ; celerat qui moraepe-
riculum sentit ; properat qui citius, quam diligentius conficit, ut
aliud agat ; maturat, qui rem tempestive perfectam cupit. G. D.
477. Cella. Sacrarium. Sacellum.
CELLA, taken for a sacred place, signifies a sanctuary or chapel in a

temple. Annatos in cella Concordiae inclusit. Cic. In cella Jovis
exul habitabat. Liv. SACRARIU-M, the place wherein holy things are
laid, whether in a temple or in a house. Sacrarium bonse Deae. Cic.
Cui ille sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat. Id. It 'is also under-
stood of an oratory or closet appointed in a house for divine worship-
Sa-
crarium erat apud Heium cum magna dignitate in aedibus a majori-
bus traditum. Cic. SACELLUM was nothing but a place consecrated
and surrounded with a wall, without any roof to cover it. Exiit in
quod-
dam sacellum ominis capiendi causa. Cic. // is said of a small temple:
Modicum sacellum Jovi conservator! aramque posuit. Cic. Sunt sa-
cella, quae majores nostri perfugia periculi esse voluerunt. Id.
478. Censere. Sentire.
CENSERE, to le of opinion after examining the exposition of a case.

De re ista censeo ut C. Pansa. Cic. Censere signifies, besides, to
give
an account and a declaration of one's property. In qua tribu ista
praedia
censuisti ? Cic. In what tribe did you give an account of these lands?
SEXTIRE, to be thoroughly persuaded. De caeteris rebus quill sen-
serim, quidve sensuerim audisse te arbitror. Cic. Sentire is said
loth of the body and soul. Quidam inorbo aliquo, et sensus stupore
suavitatem cibi non sentiunt. Cic. Animos hominum post mortem
vigere et sentire. Id. Qui non sentit vim carminis. Phaed. Sentiet
quern attentaverit. Id. / will make him feel whom he is laughing at.
Multi inter deliberandum, quod alii censuerint, suffragio compro-
bant magis, quam quid ipsi sentiant, aperiunt. Sentire is never said
of the sense of smelling.
114
479. Cento. Centunculus.
CENTO, a patched garment mude up of several shreds of divers co-

lours, a shroud or tarpiiwli'ig to keep off* stones or darts from
soldiers in
their approaches at the siege of a town. Centones superinjecerunt,
ne tela tormentis niissa contabulationem perfringerent. Caes. Figu-
ralively : Quin tu aliain quaeras, cui centones t'arcias ? Plant, IVhy
do you not look out for somebody else whose heud you may fill with
your
idlestories ? CENTUNCULUS, (diminutive of cento) a patched cover-
let, a horse-cloth laid under ike dorsers. Mulis strata detrahi jubet,
binisque tantum centunculis relictis. Liv.
480. Centuria. Decuria.
CENTURIA, (from centum) a company or land of a hundred men.

The Roman people were subdivided into centuries or hundreds : each
century gave their separate vole. Ei paucae centuriae ad consulatum
detuerunt. Cic. Renunciatur praetor centurils cunctis. Id. DE-
CURIA, (from decem) a company of ten men : or (from de and curia)
a set or roll of judges Lex promulgata est de tertia decuria judi-
cum. Cic. Hunc hominem judioum numero habebimus ? Hie al-
teram decuriam senatoriam judex obtinebit : Id.
481. Centuriata lex. Curiatalex.
CENTURIATA LEX, a law made by the Roman people gathered by

their hundreds in a general assembly CURIATA LEX, a law approved
of by the assemblies of every ward of Rome. Centuriata lex censoribus
ferebatur, cum curiata caeteris patriciis magistratibus Cic. Centu-
riata lex was considered the most authentic of all : Cicero takes
pride
in having teen recalled from banishment lege centuriata.
482. Cerelrosus. Ceritus.
CEREBROSUS, ( from cerebrum ) a passionate and choleric man.

Senex hie cerebrosus est certe. Plaut. Donee cerebrosus prosilit
unus, ac mulae, nautaeque caput lumbosque salignofuste dolat Hor.
CERITUS, (Jroni Ceres) one distracted with the wrath and indigna-
tion of Ceres (quasi a Cerere percussus), mad,Jrantic. Ceritus fuit,
an commotae crimine mentis ? Hor.
483. Cereus. Cerinus. Ceratus.
CEREUS, (from cera) made of wax. Imago cerea. Hor. Effigies

cerea. Id. CERINUS, of wax colour. Cerinum vestimentum. Plaut.
CERATUS, waxed, covered with wax. Rates ceratae. Ovid. Ceratas
taedae. Id. Torches. Ceratae tabula;. Cic. Writing- tables.
484. Certe. Certo. Sane.
CERTE, undoubtedly, at least. Certe aliquidboni attulimus juven-

tuti, Cic., Undoubtedly we have done some good to young people. Ho-
mines mortem optare incipiant, vel certe timere desistant. Id. Or
at leaflet them cease to be afraid cf it. CERTO, certainly ,sure
enough.
De quo etiam nibil scribente me, te non dubitare certo scio. Cic.
Certe scio illud, // iv certain 1 know that ; whereas certo scio illud
signifies, I know that for certain. SANE, 1. u an advert of
affirmation.
115
Sane vellem obsequi voluntati tuae. Cic. Sane moleste Pompeium

id ferre constabat. Id. 2. It is used for grunting something to an
adversary, and signifies, Well, le it so. Quid enim habet commodi,
quid non potius laboris ? sed habeat sane. Cic.
485. Cerlus. Comptrtus. Ratus. Exploralus.
CERTUS, certain, sure. Incerta haec si tu postulas ratione certa

facere, nihilo plus agas. Ter. Per littora certos dimittam. Virg.
Dein portat onus ignotum certis mensibus, Phced., which has a dif-
ferent meaning, a certain number of months. In the same manner,
In certa verba jurant, Liv., They take their oath according to certain
formulae. COMPERTUS, known by proofs, or for certain. Manifesto
compertum facinus. Cic. Nihil ipsos habuisse cogniti, nihil com-
perti. Id. RATUS, 1. Fixed. Astrorum rati et immutabiles cur-
sus. Cic. Aliquid ab omni aeternitate certum fuisse, esse venturum
rato tempore. Id. 2. Allowed, confirmed, ratified. Ista ipsa quae te
emisse scribis, non solum mihi rata erunt, sed etiam grata. Cic.
Testamentum ruptum aut ratum. Id. EXPLORATUS, well and cer-
tainly known after a diligent searching and examination, that does not
leave a shadow of doubt. Bene provisa et explorata principia. Cic.
A quo mihi exploratum est, nihil eura fecisse. Id.
486. Cessare. Desinere. Desistere.
CESSARE, to le doing nothing, or to have nothing to do, to loiter, to

le idle. Nunquam in studio suo cessavit. Cic. Cessare in praeliis.
Liv. Quid ita cessarunt pedes ? Phaed. Cessas in vota precesque ?
Virg. At pueri etiam cum cessant, exercitatione aliqua delectan-
tur. Cic. DESINERE, (sinere de) to lay aside, to omit for a time.
Desine ei succensere. Cic. Artem desinere. Id. Illud jam mirari
desino. Id. Desine mollium tandem querelarum, Hor., which latter
sentence is turned after the way of the Greek language. DESISTERE,
(stare de) to abandon, to give over, to desist. Desistere bello. Liv.
A sententia desistere. Cic. Mene incoepto desistere victam ? Virg.
487. Cessatio. Intermissio. Intercapedo.

CESSATIO, a sitting still and doing nothing, total want of activity.
Cessatione torpere. Cic. INTERMISSIO, (intermittere) a ceasing
for a while, an interruption. Ut nulla intermissio officii fiat. Cic.
Ab actione saepe fit intermissio, multique dantur ad studia reditus.
Id. INTERCAPEDO, (carpere inter) properly a space of time between,
Me non jam pcenitebat intercapedinem scribendi fecisse. Cic.
Nulla est intercapedo molestiae. Id. Cessatio pigrum et cunctan-
tem arguit ; intermissio est operis destinati, ut quiescas aut aliud
agas ; intercapedo esse potuit operis jam absoluti, aut continuatae
rei cujuslibet. G. D.
488. Ceslus. Zona.
CESTUS, the girdle of Venus and Juno : some say it was likewise a
girdle given by the husband to his wife on the wedding-day. Spirans
blando numine cestus. Claud. ZONA, (from gwvvvw, to encompass)
a girdle. Brevis zona constringit sinus. Sen. Zonam solvere.
Catul. It is also a girdle and purse in it, according to the custom of
the ancients. Zonas quas plenas argenti extuli, eas ex provincia
I 2
116
inanes retuli. Gel. Quinque tenent ccelura zonae. Virg. The sky it
divided into Jive parts or large spaces called zones.
4-89. Ccu. Sive. Sen.
CEU, as, (an advert- of comparison] . Adversi rupto seu quondam

turbine venti. Virg. Animalia quae semper defossa vivunt, ceu
talpae. Plin. // also signifies, as if. Ceu vero nesciam adversus
Theophrastum scripsisse fceminam. Plin. SIVE and SEU, whether,
or. Sive uxor, sive soror, Ter., IVhelher she be his wife or his
sister.
Sive dolo, seu jam Trojae sic fata ferebant. Virg. Resistas, sive
etiam occurras negotiis. Cic.
490. Chiragra. Podagra.
CHIRAGRA (%~f> o. hand, and aypa, pain] is properly the gout in

the hands. Postquam illi justa chiragra contudit articulos. Hor.
PODAGRA, (vas, afoot, and ay/a, pain) the gout in the feet. Ardere
podagrae doloribus. Cic. Tollere nodosam nescit medicina poda-
gram. Ovid. Poets use either of the above two words indiscriminately.
491. Chirographum. Syngrapha.
CHIROGRAPHUM, (from yj~p, a hand, and ypdqw, to write] a

hand-writing, a sign-manual. Quo me teste convinces? an chiro-
grapho ? At littera? sunt librarii manu. Cic. Mittere chirographo
suo litteras. Id. SXNGRAPHA, (from a-jv, with, and ypdpx, to
write) an obligation, bill, or bond, between two or more. Per syn-
grapham alicui credere, Cic., To lend to one upon his lond. Ex
syngrapha agere, Id., To sue one at law in consequence of his bond.
Chirographa, says Asconius, ab una parte servari solent ; syngraphae
signatae utriasque manu, utrique parti servandae traduntur. byn-
graphus and syngraphum, as well as chirographus, are used by good
authors.
492. Chorographia. Topographia.
CHOROGRAPHIA, ( from ^wpof, region, country, and ypdq>ta, de-

scribere) a description or map of a large country, such as a province
or kingdom. TOPOGRAPHIA, ( from -roirt$ , place, and ypatpui) the
description of a place. Flumina orbe terrarum chorographis picta.
Vitruv. Ripulae topographia. Cic.
493. Ciboria. Poculum. Cyathus. Cantharus. Scvphus. Cupa.
Trulta.
CIBORIA, the shell of the Êgyptian bean, used as a cup by the

jEtryptians. Cups that had nearly the same form were called ciboria.
Oblivioso levia Massico ciboria exple. Hor. POCULUM, a drinking"
cup. Poscere majoribus poculis, Hor., To ask to drink out of big-
ger glasses. It is said of the liquor itself: Infundere poculum
alicui.
Cic CYATHUS, (from xuafioj,) a sort of vessel used to measure the
wine and water that were poured into the cups. Tribus aut novem
miscentur cyathis pocula commodis. Hor. It is said of any thing
to drink out of. Qui musas amat impares ternos ter cyathos attoni-
tus petet vates. Hor. CANTHARUS (from xavSaaaf ) was a sort of
cup a little bigger, a tankard: it was the cup of Bacchus. Marius
post victoriam Cymbricam cantharis potasse Liberi patris exemplo

traditur. Plin. This cup had a handle. Et gravis attrita pendebat
cantharus ansa. Virg. SCYPHUS, (from <rxu'<poj) a kind of bowl,
without either foot or handle, used in ancient times to drink out of.
Natis in usuni hetitiae scyphis pugnare Thracum est. Hor. CUPA,
a cup, or drinking vessel, used in taverns or other drinking~houses.
Post hoc ludus erat cupa potare magistra. Hor. TRULLA was pro-
perly a large spoon with a long handle used in the kitchens. Trulla
excavata cum manubrio. Cic. // is said of a drinking -vessel with a
handle, used by common people. Vejentanum festis potare diebus
Campana solitus trulla. Hor. Our word trowel is derived from trulla.
494. Cibaria. Cibus. Alimentum. Esca.
CIBARIA, (from cibus) food, meat, victuals for men andanimals.

Facta sunt uberiora cibaria caritate. Cic. Menstrua cibaria. Id.
CIBUS, any kind of food. Tantum cibi et potionis adhibendum, ut
reficiaiatur vires, non opprimantur. Cic. Figuratively : Omnia ci-
bus invidiae Ovid. Animi cultus ei erat humanitatis cibus. Cic.
ALIMENTUM, ( from alere) nourishment, sustenance. Fruges et cae-
tera alimenta. Cic. Alimenta lactis dare puero. Ovid. Alimenta
corporis. Cic. Figuratively: Atque ipsae vitiis sunt alimenta vices.
Ovid. ESCA, (from edere) the eating food. Quae prima iratum
ventrem placaverit esca. Hor. Nux erat esca tibi. Ovid. Sus
vero quid habet praeter escam ? Cic. Figuratively : Voluptates
escae malorum. Cic. Esca ignis. Liv. Ex collectis ante cibariis
suppetit cibus in singulos dies; cibaria vero dicimus ea quibus vesci
consueverunt homines, aut animalia ; non autem escas omnes, qua?
latius patent, et quarum nonnulloe vix quidpiam habent alimenti.
G. D.
495. Cidaris. Tiara.
CIDARIS was the head-ornament of the Persian kings. Cidarim

regium capitis vocant insigne. Q. Curt. TIARA and TIARAS, an
ornament for the head, used L-y Phrygian priests and kings in
sacrifices.
Phrygia vestitur bucca tiara. Juv. Sceptrumque sacerque tiaras.
Virg.
496. Cingulum. Cingula. Redimiculum.
CINGULUM, (from cingere) a girdle, or binding-land, a sword-

lelt. Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae. Virg. CIN-
GULA, a band to bind horses, &c. with ; a girth. Et nova velocem
cingula laedat equum. Ovid. REDIMICULUM, (from redimire) the
attire or ornament of a woman's head or neck. Aure ieves baccae,
redimicula pectore pendent. Ovid. Haec civitas mulieri redimicu-
lum praebeat ; haec in collum, haec in crines. Cic.
497. Cinis. Favilla. Scintilla.
CINIS, ashes, cinders. Postquam collapsi cineres, et flamma qui-

evit. Virg. FAVILLA, (quasi fovilla, from fovere,) a hot ember,
the white ashes wherein the fire is raked up. Calens favilla. Hor.
Candens favilla. Virg. Et neque jam cineres ejectatamque favillam
ferre potest. Ovid. Figuratively : Venturi prima favilla mali. Pro-
pert. SCINTILLA, a spark ofjire, a sparkle. Cum saxis pastores
118
saxa feribant, scintillam subito prosiluisse ferunt. Ovid. Figura-

tively : Scintilla belli. Cic. Favilla would convey quite a different
idea.
4-98. Circa. Circum. Circumcirca. CiTciter.
CIRCA and CIRCUM seem to be the same. It is however necessary

to observe that circa belter denotes, round about, at some distance,
and
circum, near about. Cum Rullus Capuam et urbes circa Capuam
occuparit. Cic. Circum might not be so accurate. In the same maner
Templa quae circum forum sunt. Id. Circa might imply a greater
distance. CIRCUMCIRCA, round about, on every side. Cum ab
Êgina Megarum versus navigarem, ccepi regiones circumcirca pro-
spicere. Cic. CIRCITER, about, nigh unto. Circiter meridiem.
Caes. (ad understood). Loca haec circiter excidit mihi. Plaut. (per
understood) 1 lost it thereabout. In media circiter urbe. Caes.
4-99. Circinare. Circulars.
CIRCINARE, (from circinus, a pair of compasses) property to com-

pass round. Circinata rotunditas. Plin. It is taken in a general
sense.
Inclinat cursus, et easdem circinat auras. Ovid. CIRCULARS,
(from circulus) to make a circle, to turn round, to encircle. Videt
oscitantem judicem, colloquentem cum altero, nonnunquam etiam
circulantem. Cic.
500. Circulator. Institor.
CIRCULATOR, (from circum, and t'ero, tuli, latum,) a mounte-

bank, a quack, who goes about from town to town in order to sell
medicaments in public placea. Quod per quaedam medicamenta cir-
culatores faciunt. Cels. Figuratively : Circulator auctionum notis-
simus. Cic. A very well-known auctioneer. IXSTITOR, (stare in)
a hawker, a pedlar. Urbi frequentandae multitude incolarum, liber-
tinorum et institorum, opificumque retenta. Liv. Institor ad do-
minam veniet discinctus emacem. Ovid. Figuratively : Institor elo-
quentiae. Quint. One who sells his eloquence to the highest bidder.
501. Circulus. Orbis. Orbila. Rota. Glolus. Gyrus. Spira.
CIRCULUS, a circle. Circulos suos et orbes conficiunt celeritate

mirabili Stellas. Cic. Figuratively : In circulis et in conviviis
sermo
liberior. Cic. ORBIS, any round thing, imaginary or real. In orbem
volvi. Liv. The universe, the world is called orbis on account of its
being round Figuratively : In Thucydide orbem orationis desidero.
Cic. There is an orderly process wanting in the discourses of Thucy-
dides. ORBITA, (from orbis) an orbit (in astronomy), a wheel-rut
or track. I't vix impressam orbitam videre possis. Cic. Orbita
lunae. Virg. The orbit of the moon. ROTA, a wheel. Orbis rota-
rum. Plin. The circumference of the wheels. Sumnuc curvatura
rota?. Ovid. GLOBUS, a globe. Globus terne. Cic. Ex solidis
globus, ex planis autem circulus, aut orbis. Id GYRUS, (from
'/vpo;,) a circuit, a round turning. In gyrum equuni cogere. Cic.
Figuratively . Simili gyro venient aliorum vices. Plia-d. Homines
sccundis rebus effraenatos tanquam in gyrum rationis duci oportet.
Cic. TVio.vf must be brought again within the compass of reason, whom
prosperity has rendered haughty and imprudent. SPIRA, a winding
about, a spiral line. Spira is very properly said of serpents. Anguis
119
se colligit in spiram. Virg. Immensum spiris facientibus orbem.

Ovid. Ut signarent astrorum orbes, varies in coelo circulos Astro-
nomi finxerunt, atque etiam orbitas, quamvis sol et luna non pror-
sus in eosdem quotidie gvros revolvi, sed in spiram ferri videantur.
G D.
502. Circumstare, Circumsistere.
CIUCUMSTARE. properly to stand alout Desinant circumstare

tribunal Praetoris urbani. Cic. Ad circumstantes vertit suabrachia
silvas. Ovid. Figuratively : Circumstant te summae auctoritates, quae
te oblivisci laudis domesticae non sinant. Cic In tot circumstanti
bus malis mansit aliquandiu irnmota acies. Liv. CIRCUMSISTERE,
to gather about (either to assail or defend). Impeditumque hostes
circumsistunt. Caes. Haec cum maxime loqueretur, sex lictores
circumsistunt valentissimi. Cic.
503. Circunivenire. Circuire. Circumire Circumvadere.
ClRCi MVENIRE, to come about, to surround or encompass. Nostros

circumvenerunt latere aperto. Caes. Figuratively : Multa senem
circumveniunt incommoda. Hor CIRCUIKE and CIRCUMIRE, to
go round about. Caecina cum circuiret praedium, venit in istum fun-
dum. Cic Cum equites nostrum cornu circuire vcllent, recipere
me ccepi. Id. Circumiri tentoria jussit. Tac. Circumire saucios,
Id., To visit the sick. Figuratively: Circumire aliquem, Ter., To
deceive one. CIKCUMVADERE, to seize or set upon on alt parts. It is
Letter used figuratively Circumvasit urbem terror. Liv.
504. Circunivenire. Circumscribere.
CiRCUMvfiNiRE (figuratively} i.\ again synonymous with CIRCUM-

SCRIBERE. It signifies to impose upon, to over-reach, to cheat one.
Acerbum est ab aliquo circuinveniri, acerbius a propinquo. Cic.
Judicio inimicorum circumventus. Id. CIRCUMSCRIBERE is pro-
perly to draw a circle round. Circumscribere orbem. Cic. Figu-
ratively to confine within certain limiti, to entrap one. Curriculum
vitae circumscripsit nobis natura. Cic. Praetorem circumscribere,
Id., To stop the enterprises of the Prcetor. Adolescentulos circum-
scribunt, Id., They defraud young men of their property.'
505. Cis. Citra.
Cis and CITRA, on this sirfe with this difference, that cis is par-
ticularly used w th names of rivers or mountains. Cis Rhodanum,
cis Ligerim, cis Alpes. Cic. But citra is used for all sorts of
places.
Qui sunt citra Rhenum. Caes. Citra forum, citra templum. Cic.
Natus citra mare Hor. Figuratively : u-ithout Citra ^mulum
aliquid facere. Quint. Citra senatus populique auctoritatem. Suet.
506. Citus. Properus. Prceproperus Festinus. Rapidus. Velox. Oder.

Levis. Pernic. Prcepes. Placer Promptus.
CITUS, (from ciere) quickly moved. Incessus modo citus, modo

tardus. Sail PROPERUS, that makes haste, and is forced to be speedy.
Properam ancillam video venientern. Plaut. Properus cursus. Ovid.
PRÊPROPERUS, very hasty, over-hasty. Ex tuis litteris cognovi
praeproperam quandam festinationem. Cic. FFSTINUS, that hastens
120
to do a thing. Cursu festinus anhelo. Ovid. RAPIDUS, (from ra-

pere) swift, rapid, violent. Venti rapidi. Virg. Rapidus amnis. Id.
Figuratively : Nunquam rapidani orationem coerceas. Cic. VELOX,
sprightly, fast, brisk ; both in the' proper and figurative sense.
Velox animus. Hor. Pedites velocissimi. Caes. Nihil est annis ve-
locius. Ovid. CELER, active, expeditious. Evaditque celer ripam
irreineabilis undae. Virg. Oderunt sedatum celeres. Hor. Animus
celer. Virg. LEVIS, light, of no weight, nimble. Levis exilit. Hor.
Pondus love. Ovid. Figuratively : Homo levis. Cic. An incon-
stant man, a ^fickle man. Spes levis. Hor. PERXIX, (nisi per) per-
sisting, persevering. Pedibus celerem et perr.icibu? alls. Virg. Fi-
guratively : Et amata relinquere pernix. Hor. PR.SPES, swift in
flying. Avis praepes. Cic. Prrepetibus pennis ausus se credere
ccelo. Virg. ALACER, merry, cheerful, pert. Equus alacer. Cic.
Ille enimvero adsilit donationis alacer certae gaudio. Phaed.
PROMPTUS, (from promere,) drawn or brought forth, taken out.
Aliud clausum in pectore, aliud in lingua promptum habere. Sail.
Figuratively : Ready, disposed, prompt. Gallorum ad bella suscipi-
enda alacer et promptus animus. Caes. Alacri et prompto ore ac
vultu hue atque illuc intueri. Cic. Facilis et prompta responsio.
Id. Promptus begins immediately, and hates delays. Celer does things
one after another, and admits of no interruption. Citus is rery active
in employing every moment of time, and is an enemy to slowness.
507. Civicus. Civilis/
These tito words are often used without preference. Civica jura.
Cic. Civilia jura. Id. Furor civilis. Id. Rabies civica. Id. It
is however to be observed, that civicus is more especially said of
what
relates to the inhabitants of a place ; and civilis more particularly
de-
notes what concerns the city ilsel/, or the state. Scientia civilis,
Quint.,
The knowledge necessary for governing a state. Civica corona, Cic.,
A garland of oak given to him who had saved a citizen. Curae ci-
vilcs, Hor., The cares attending the government of a state. Civilis
also signifies, civil, courteous. Agere se civilem, Suet., To prove
one's-
self very polite and civil.
508. Civis. Concivis. Popularis.
Civis, (quasi coivis, from coeo,) a citizen, one that inhabits the
same town. Colebatur a civibus, et ab omnibus advenis visebatur.
Cic. Civis Atticus. Id. CONCIVIS is a barbarous word: Good
authors do not say concives mei, but cives mci. POPULARIS,
1. Of or belonging to the people. Coetus populares. Cic. 2. De-
lighting tind pleading the people. XLM; quusquam mails artibus postea
tarn popularis csset. Liv. y. Of the same notion, town, or city. Et
hoc Anaximandro popular! . ao non persuasit. Cic. Sal-
lu^t hat used popularis in the meaning of an accomplice. Popularis

conjurationis.
509. Civis. Incnla.
Civis, considered as synonymous u'ith IXCOI.A, has a particular

reference to political socit-ty, and denotes a member of the state.
In-
cold, an inhabitant, rtlates only to the place of usual residence,
either
in a town or in the country. Eques Romanus ex hac urbf, civis
121
hujus reipublicae. Cic. Civis boni summa ratio et aequitas est, com-
moda civium defendere. Id. Socrates totius mundi se incolam et
civem arbitrabatur. Id. Coloneus ille locus, cujus incola Sophocles
fuit. Id.
510. Civitas. Urbs. Oppidum.
CIVITAS, ( from coire, ) a corporation or assembly of people living

under the same laws. Ccetus hominum jure sociati, quae civitates
appellantur. Cic. Julius Caesar has used civitas in the meaning of a
city. Hoc idem fit ; urbes incenduntur in reliquis civitatibus. In
this sense there rn.i3.ht le several urbes in one city. UKBS is a town
and
all its buildings. Domicilia conjuncta, quas urbes dicimus, moeni-
bus sepserunt. Cic. Liberasti et urbem periculo, et civitatem metu.
Id. OPPIDUM, (from opes) a fortress, a strong hold. Oppidorum
appellationem usurpations appeliatam esse existimo, quod opem
darent. Cic. Oppidum was said of all towns, except Rome, which
was called Urbs the Jirst of all ; other towns in course of time were
likewise called urbes. Ejusmodi conjunctionem tectorum oppidum
vel urbem appellarunt. Cic. Oppidum is better used to express small
towns. Oppidum and urbs have been said of the same place, and in
the same sentence. Pharae, urbs Thessaliae, in quo oppido, &c. Cic.
511. Clades. Strages.
CLADES, (from xAafo?, ramus) is properly said of (he breaking of

a branch, occasioned by the wind or any other cause. Figuratively:
defeat, discomfiture, severe loss. Mutium, cui postea Scaevolse a
clade
dextrae manus cognomentum inditum. Liv. Afferre magnam cla-
dem populo. Cic. Clades exercituum. Tac. STRAGES, ( from
sternere) the felling or cutting down to the ground. Strages arbo-
rum. Liv, Figuratively : grtat ruin and fall, havoc, overthrow. Quas
ego pugnas, et quantas strages edidi ? Cic. Similis ruinae strages
erat. Q. Curt.
512. Clam. Cl&nculum. Occulte. Furtim. Furtive. Obscure. Secreto.
Tacite.
CLAM, without ones knowledge. Multa palam domum suam au-

ferebat ; plura cliim de medio removebat. Cic. Clam, a preposition,
is used either with the ablative or accusative case. Timens ne ejus
fa-
cinora clam vos essent. Sail. Clam praeceptore Cic. CLANCU-
LU.M, (its diminutive) secretly, without noise. Consecutus est me
clanculum ad fores. Plaut. Clanculum, a preposition, admits of the
accusative case only. Clanculum patrem. Ter. OCCULTE, (quasi
ab occulo) under-handed, far from sight. Per istos, quae volebat, in
navem clam imponenda, occulte exportanda curabat. Cic. FUR-
TIM, (from fur) by stealth, secretly. Furtim totar/Egyptus Decem-
viris traditur. Cic. Facere aliquid furtim. Id. FURTIVE, privily,
by stealth, speaking of a thing that has been done. Certiorem esse
te volui, ne quid furtive accepisse censeas. Plaut. OBSCURE,
darkly, not manifestly. Serpit obscure hoc malum. Cic. Nonagam
obscure. Id. SECRETO, (seorsim cernere) apart, in secret. Se-
creto colloqui. Cic. Secreto ambulare. Sen. TACITE and TA-
CITO, without noise, silently. Fugam tacito molitur. Cic. Clam aut
clanculum agit, qui palam non audet ; occulte serpit, molitur, qui
detegi non vult ; t'urtim adrepit, auf'ert, elabitur, qui reprehend!
non
vult ; obscure agit, qui luceni metuit ; secreto peragit, parat aut
colloquitur, qui testes aut conscios fugit; tacite quidpiani agit aut
meditatur, cui strepitus aut verba noceant. G. D.
513. Clamare. Vociferari.
CLAMARE, (quasi calamare./rom calamus) properly to imitate the

noise uf reeds agitated by the wind ; it generally signifies to speak
aloud.
Ego quod i'acio, me omnium vestrum causa facere clamo atque
testor. Cic. VOCIFERARI. (vocem ferre) to cry out aloud in great
pain and indignation. Vociferari palam, lacrymas interdum vix te-
nere. Cic. Talia vociferans, gemitu tectum omne replebat. Virg.
514. Clamator. Declamator. Rabula.
CLAMATOR, one who makes a noise, a bawling man. Utintelligi

possit quern existimem clamatorem, quern oratorem fuisse. Cic
DECLAMATOR, a declaimer : this name was given to professors / rhe-
toric amongst the ancients, because they taught the art oj declamation
in thnr schools. Non eum declamator aliquis ad clepsydram latrare
docuerat. Cic. RABULA, (from rabies) a pleading advocate that
brawls in delivering his discourses, and suys nothing right. Rabulae
qui et indocti plane, aut inurbani, aut rustici fuerunt. Cic. Non
declamatorem aliquem de ludo, aut rabulam de foro quaerimus. Id.
515. Ciamosus. Clamatorius.
CLAMOSUS, clamorous, that spt-aks shrilly Clamosi fere sunt qui

litteras nesciunt. Quint. Altercator clamosus et turbidus Id.
Ciamosus circus. Juv. Clamosum theatrum. Stat. CLAMATO-
RIUS, pertaining to the exercise of declamation. Clamatorium genus.
Cic.
516. Claritas. Claritudo.
CLARITAS and CLARITUDO, according to Festus and Nonnius, are

the same It mutt however be ol-served, 1. That claritas is used both
in the proper and figurative sense : Claritas solis. Plin. Claritas
vocis,
Cic., Clearness of the voice Claritas vita?, Tac., Magnificence of
life. Nascendi claritas, Quint., hoblenes* <f birth. Claritudo is
only usea figuratively . Ad omnem claritudincm sublatus. Tac. Fa-
miliie claritudo. Id. 2. Claritudo is better used to express something
habitual and duraUe ft would be very proper In say : Lgregie thc-
torum claritate claritudinern adeptus est Nelsonus. G. D.
517. Clarus. Manifest us.
CLARUS, clear, bright. Clarus dies. Cic. Clara lucerna. Hor.
Figuratively : lies clara. Cic. Vox clara. Id MANIFESTUN, quasi
maim fact us) mani/e^l, plain, evident C axles manitesta. Cic. Mani-
festas litteras quaeris. Id. Clarus is opposed to obseurus ; and mani-
- to latens.
518 Clarus. 1/luslris. Insignis. Nol-ilis Celebris. Inclytus.

CLARUS (rowsi icred as synonymous with the other word*} signifies
famous, reinark'ttli;. Genere et f'actis clarus Cic ILLUSTRIS, (from
123
lux) lightsome, well lighted. Via illustris et lata. Sail. Figura-

tively : illustrious, renowned for laudable actions. Homo illustris
ho-
nore et nomine. Cic. Factum illustre notumque omnibus. Id.
INSIGNIS, (from signum) marked naturally. Maculis insignis et
auro. Virg. Figuratively : Insignis genere. Cic. Notis omnibus
turpitudinis insignis homo. Id. Insignior contumelia. Liv. No-
BILIS, (from nosse) known, well known. Tibi nunquam nobilis fui.
Plaut. Vir nobilis et clarus ex doctrina. Cic. Locus nobilis. Id.
.// is sometimes taken in a "Tad sense. Qui nunquam sunt tain genere
insignes, quam vitiis nobiles. Cic. CELEBRIS or CELEBER, renown-
ed, very much, frequented Celebris homo, says Valla, qui celebra-
tur, qui frequentatur ab honoratis personis. Locus Celebris. Cic.
Forum celebre. Id. Vicini furis celebres vidit nuptias Êsopus,
Phaed., where many people were present. INCLYTUS, (from K\VW to
hear) of great renown. Armis inclytus. Virg. Inclytum divitiis
templum. Liv. Illustris supposes a merit that causes one to be known
and esteemed. Celebris is founded on an excellence of talents honour-
able to the person.
519. Classiarii. dassici.
CLASSIARII, marines. Classiarios convocat. C. Nep. CLASSICI,

seamen. Tandem remis pertinacius everberatum mare, veluti eripi-
entibus navigia classicis, cessit. Q. Curt.
520. Classis. Tribus.
CLASSIS, a class or rank of citizens. Servius Tullius divided the

Roman people into Jive classes : that order of classes was according
to
thtir incomes. Pro modo census, ita ut prima classis primum octo-
ginta centuriarum fuerit, ex iis constans, qui in censu centum millia
aeris, aut eo amplius habebant, permixtim ex senioribus et juni-
oribus ; reliquse ex minoribus deinceps censibus usque ad quintam
classem. Liv. TRIBUS, a tribe. Livy says that Rome was divided
into four parts called tribes, a tributo. There were, according to the
same author, tribus urbanxand tribus rusticae. The number of tribes
was increased to thirty-Jive. Aliae atque alias initio urbis fuerunt ;
sed
Ciceronis aetate trigmta quinque. Plin.
521. Classis. Scho/a.
CLASSIS, synonymous with schola, signifies a class, or the order in

which scholars are placed in a school, according to their different
abili-
ties. In classes distribuere pueros. Quint. Classem ducere, Id.,
To be thejirst of the class. SCHOLA, (from crôA^, leisure]. Schola
dicta est, justa laboriferis tribuantur ut otia Musis. Auson. // sig-
mjies a school or college where sciences are publicly taught.
Exercita-
tiones scholarum. Quint. Frequentia scholarum. Id. It is a/so said
of disputations or dissertations at school. Dierum quinque scholas in
totidem libros contuli. Cic. Vertes te ad alteram scholam, disseres
detriumpho. Id.
522. Claudere. Obserare. Olturare. Obstruere. Oppilare Olsepire.
CLAUDEUE, (from clavis) to shut. Fores cubiculi claudere Cic.

Transitum claudere. Liv. Figuratively : Claudere verba pedibus,
Hor.. To make verses JEtas claudit octavum lustrum, Id., He is
124
forty years old. OBSERARE, (from ob and sera) to lock. Abi, at-
que ostium obsera intus. Ter. Figuratively : Obseratis auribus
preces fundere. Hor. OBTURARE, to stop up, to slop with a bung.
Obturem patulas impune legentibus aures. Hor. Os alicui obtu-
rare. Cic. OBSTRUERE, (from ob, and strues, aheap,) to raise any
thing high against. Luminibus alicujus obstruere, Cic., To stop up
the view to one, by raising a building against his. Qui iter Pcenis
vel
corporibus suis obstruere voluerunt. Cic. OPPILARE, (from oband
pila) to oppose a security or defence. Nisi ille se sub scalas
tabernae
librarian conjecisset, bisque oppilatis impetum tuum compressisset.
Cic. Figuratively: Jam inihi oppilabit sua vaniloquentia aures, Ter.,
He is going to Jill my ears with his useless talk. OBSEPIRE, (from
ob, and sepes, a hedge) to plant a hedge before, to shut up with a
hedge. Obsepire viam alicui. Cic. Obsepire iter. Liv.
523. Claudicare. Titubare. Vacillare.
CLAUDICARE, (from claudus) to limp, to hobble. Carvilio gra-

viter claudicanti ex vulnere. Cic. Figuratively : Si quid in orati-
one claudicet. Cic. TITUBARE, to stagger, to reel. Ille mero som-
noque gravis titubare videtur. Ovid. Figuratively : Testes, si verbo
titubaverint, quo vertantur non habebunt. Cic. VACILLARE,
(quasi bacillare,yro7 baculus) to move to end fro, to waggle. Curio
in utramque partem toto corpore vacillans.-Cic. Figuratively : Res
tota vacillat et claudicat. Cic. Epistola scripta vacillantibus litte-
rulis. Id. Cicero was just recovered from a severe illness. Partim
etiam sumptibus in vetere aere alieno vacillabant. Id. Claudicare
is applied to a man who has one leg shorter than the other ; titubare
is particularly said of the feet, of the steps ; vacillare is applied
to all
the limbs, to the whole body.
5'2\:. Clavis. Claustrum. Pessulus. Repagulum. Sera.
CLAVIS, a kty to shut or open a door. Caecuba centum servata

clavibus. Hor. CLAUSTRUM, a bar, any manner of thing that shuts
up, or incloses. Intringi fores, revelli claustra jussit. Cic. Laxat
claustra Sinon. Virg. PESSULUS, (from rao-3-aôf ) a bolt. Anus
foribus obdit pessulum. Ter REPAGULUM, (retro pangere) a bar
put behind a door to keep it s'.rongly shut up. Partae repagula ceci-
derunt. Ovid. Occludit aedes pessulis, repagulis. Plant. Figura-
tively : Repagula juris perfringere, Cic., To infringe or transgress
the laws. Recludcre iram repagulis. Id., To vent one's passion, or
anger ; to break all barriers that kept it in subjection. SERA does
not
signify a lock made like ours, but a kind of lever which was taken off
when the door was 'to be opened. Excutere serani porta?. Ovid. Abi,
"atque ostium obsera intus. Ter.
.. Clemens. Misericors. Indulgent. Placidus.
CLEMENS is a dispassionate man, a man whose soul is undisturbed.

dementia cst per (mam animi temere in odium alicujus concitati
comitate retinentur. Cic. Castigatio clemens. Id. Clemens, nulli
la-diTL' i'-. TIT. MISERICORS, merciful, compassionate, tender-
hearted. Misericordia est acgritudo ex alterius rebus adversis. Cic.
Cum hi quibus ignovisti, nolint te in alios esse misericordeni. Id.
125
INDULGEJJS, indulgent, that refuses nothing. Obsequium multo mo-

lestius, quod peccatis indulgens praecipitem amicum ferri sinit. Cic.
Pater nimis indulgens quidquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat. Id. PLACI-
DUS, cairn, peaceful, both in its natural and. figurative sense. In
morem
stagni placidajque paludis. Virg. Aliquem iratum, placidum ac
mollem reddere. Cic. Placida senectus. Id. Placidus arridere omni-
bus. Ter. Placidus is also used in the meaning of favourable. Adsis
6, placidusque juves. Virg. Clemens is contrary to iracundus, ulti-
onis et vindictae cupidus ; indulgens, to severus ; placidus, to pro-
cellosus, agitatus, iratus, infestus ; misericors, to durus. Clemens
animo. Placidus vultu. G. D.
526. Clibanus. Furnus.
CLIBANUS, (from xA/Saxof, an oven} a portable oven, a pan to

lake pies in. FUKNUS, an oven to bake bread in. Cortices quoque
decussi ligni cibanis et furnis praebent usum. Plin. A furno et lacu
redeuntes. Hor.
527. Clientela. Tutela.
CLIENTELA, (from cliens) the relation of clients to their patrons,

protection granted by a patron to his clients. Se in Chrysogoni fidem
et clientelam contulerunt. Cic. It is said of the clients themselves.
Si te fautore usus erit, amplissimas clientelas acceptas a majoribus
confirmare poterit. Cic. TUTELA, (from tueri) guardianship, the
authority invested in one by the law, or the magistrate, in order to
take
care of the person and properly of one under age. Ut enim tutela, sic
procuratio Reipublicae, ad utilitatem eorum qui commissi sunt, non
ad eorum quibus commissa est, gerenda est. Cic. // means also pro-
tection, support, defence. Salutem hominum in Dei tutela esse, Cic.,
Rerum tutela mearum cum sis. Hor. In clientela alicujus esse, Cic.,
To be under the patronage of somebody. In tutela alicujus esse, Id.,
To be under the guardianship or prolectionshift of somebody.
528. Clitellce. Ephippia.
CLITELL.S/, a pannel, a pack-saddle. Hinc muli Capuae clitellas

tempore ponunt. Hor. Clitellae bovi sunt impositte : non est no-
strum onus, sed feramus, Cic., This is a pack-saddle on the back of
an ox : we are unef/ualto (he burden, but we will bear it. EPHIPPIA,
(from tir} and *T?K'J;, a horse} the harness of a horse, a saddle.
Optat
ephippia bos, optat arare caballus. Hor. Every one wishes to change
his condition.
529. Clypeus. Parma. Scutum. Umlo. Pelta. Ancile.

CLYPEUS, (from y\d$(a, yAu'4>a, to make hollow, to engrave.)
Scutis continebantur imagines, unde et nomen habuere clypeorum.
Plin. Clypeus was the round and hollow shield : it covered the whole
breast. PARMA was likewise a round shield or buckler, but smaller
than clypeus : it was used by both horse and foot soldiers. Ense levis
nudo, parmaque inglorius alba. Virg. Cuspide parmaque innixus.
Liv. SCUTUM (from (TKUTOS, skin, leather,) was the long shield.
Scutis protecti corpora longis. Virg. Scutum pro clypeo secundae
classi datum est, qugod sine lorica essent, ut scutum et clypei et
loricae loco esset, et totum corpus protegeret. Liv. Servius says
126
(without any foundation) that clypeus was for infantry, and scutum
for cavalry. UMBO is properly the boss of the shield. Et summo
clypei nequicquam umbone pependit (telum). Virg. PELTA,
(from TTfAri;,) a very short buckler, in form of a half-moon, used by
the Amazons. Ducit Amazonidum lunatis agmina peltis. Virg.
Pelta was smaller than parma ANCILE, a kind of short oval shield,
which was used only by the priests of Mars to dance with up and down
the city in the month of March. Ense levi scutum versatum leniter
aura decidit ; ii pnpulo clamor ad astra venit : idque ancile vocat,
quod ah omni parte recisum est. Ovid. Lapsa ancilia ccelo. Virg.
// was believed amongst the ancient Romans that the ancile had fallen
from heaven in the reign of Numa, as a token of the protection of the
Gods.
530. Coagmentare. Conglutinare. Compingere.
COAGMENTARE is properly said of pieces of timber that are joined

together; to join, or assemble together. Opus ipsa suum eadem quae
coagmentavit, natura dissolvit. Cic. Figuratively : Verba verbis
quasi coagmentare. Cic. Docebo ne coagmentari quidem pacem
posse. Cic. CONGLUTINARE, (from cum and gluten) to glue to-
gether. Vulnus conglutinant folia vitium, Plin., The leaves of vine-
trees shut up the opening of a wound. Figuratively : Si utilitas ami-
citias conglutinaret, eadem mutata dissolveret. Cic. Homo ex li-
bidine, crudelitate, petulantia conglutiuatus. Id. COMPINGERE,
(from cum and pangere, to strike in,) to press close, to join together
with a great ejfort, to compact. Septem compactu cicutis fistula.
Virg. Quid in operibus manu factis tarn compositum, tamque com-
pactum, et coagmentatum inveniri potest ? Cic. Figuratively : In
Apuliam se compegerat. Cic. Detrudere et compingere in pistri-
num. Id. Apta conglutinamus, ut in unum coalescant; varia co-
agmentamus, ut in formam aliquam conveniant ; laxiora compingi-
mus, ut arctius cohaereant. G. D.
531. Coarguere. Redarguere.
COARGUERE, to prove manifestly, to convince or convict. Fuga la-

boris desidiam coarguit. Cic. Earn occasionem, ut litterae legatis
darentur, quae deprehensae rem coarguere possent, expectabat. Liv.
Coarguere reum testibus. Cic. Alicujus coarguere mendacium. Id.
REDARGUERE, (retro arguere) to convict of forgery, to confute.
Redargue me, si mentior. Cic. Haec ego non eo consilio dispute,
ut homines eruditos rcdavguam. Id. Inconstantiam alicujus redar-
guere, Id., To blame one for his inconstancy. Advenit qui vestra
dies muliebribus armis verba redargueret, Virg., The day is come
wherein the warlike exploits of a woman have brought down your pride.
532. Cochlea. Concha.
COCHLEA, a Jish called a cockle, the shell of it. Cochlea abscon-

dens et retentans se se, quo sit tuta, comeditur. Cic. CONCHA, a
iheU-fsh with two shells, as an oyster. Ostreaque in conchis tuta
fuere suis. Ovid. Pisciculi in concham hiantem innatant. Cic.
533. Codes. Luscus. Strabo. Ptelus. Lippus.

COCLES, that is born with one eye only. Qui altero lumine orbi
127
nascerentur, coclites vocabantur. Plin. Luscus, llindof one eyely

accident. Cum Getula ducem portaret bellua luscum. Juv. Annibal
was not born until only one eye. STRABO, goggle eyed one who looks
awry, squint eyed, P^xus, that has little leering or unfixed eyes; or,
according to others, that has one eye smaller than the other.
Strabonem
appellat paetum pater. Hor. LIPPUS, blear-eyed. Omnibus et lippis
notum et tonsoribus. Hor. Figuratively : Cum tua pervideas ocu-
lis mala lippus inunctis, cur in ainicorum vitiis tarn cernis acutum ?
Hor.
534-. Codex. Codicillus.
CODEX, a table covered over with wax, a look made of these tables,
and written upon with an iron style. Codicis extrema cera. Cic. Codex
accepti et expensi, Id , A book of receipts and expenses. CODICIL-
LUS, (diminutive of codex,) 1. A little table-book covered over with
wax Exarare in codicillis exemplum epistolae. Cic. Referre in
codicillis dicta. Id. 2. Letters potent containing a gift granted by a
prince. Datorum officiorum codicilli, Suet., The letters patent of the
offices granted by a prince. 3. Private orders of a prince under the
royal seal. Lectis codicillis, Suet., Having read the order of the
prince under the royal seal.
535. Caelestis. Divinus.
CffiLESTis, heavenly, of or from heaven. Ccelestis ira. Liv. Coe-

lestia prodigia. Virg. DIVINUS, appertaining to or coming from God.
Ludit in humanis divina potentia rebus. Ovid. Animos hominum
esse divinos. Cic. Coelestes irae, divinaeque legione-s. Id. Rem di-
vinam facere, Ter., To sacrifice, to be at prayers. Divinus likewise
expresses, very great, admirable. Senatus frequens divinus fuit in
supplicatione Gabinio deneganda. Cic.
536. Ccelum. Polus. Olympus.
CCELUM, ( from xo7A.O, concave) is taken for the whole of the upper
hemisphere that appears concave, and for the space contained therein.
Forma coeli undique sideribus ornata. Cic.- Ccelum hoc, in quo
nubes, imbres, ventique coguntur. Id. // is said of the air. Athenis
tenue est ccelum. Cic. POLUS, ( from -rfo^stv, verso,) the pole, the
end or point of the axletree whereon astronomers imagine heaven to be
turned : there are two poles, called the Arctic and Antarctic. Quo-
niam terra a verticibus duobus, quos appellaverunt polos, centrum
cceli est oblique inter eos siti. Plin. Poets use polus to express
heaven
itself Humentemque aurora polo dimoverat umbram. Virg.
OLYMPUS, Olympus, a mountain in Macedonia very high, and that
appears to hide its summit in the clouds ; from whence poets have used
olympus to express heaven, the seat of the Gods. Viam affectat
olympo. Virg. Vasti rector olympi. Ovid.
537. Caena. Prandium. Comessatio.
CCENA (from Koivof, common) was the evening meal amongst the
ancients, when all the family met. Ccenato mihi et jam dormitanti.
Cic. PRANDIUM (from Tca.f/x, IvJiov, meridianum) is what we call
dinner, a repast or refreshment at noon. Quid ego istius prandia et
coenas commemorem ? Cic. COMESSATIO is what the Greeks called
128
xo,'|xajv, to go and pay a visit to Comus, a revelling, when after

sup-
ping at home people went out somewhere else to resume drinking and to
make themselves merry. Ad mediam noctem comessationem cum
aliis extendere. Suet. Epulas trifariam semper, interdum quadri-
fariam dispertiebat, in jentacula, in prandia, et cocnas comessatio-
nesque. Id.
538. Caena munda. Caena lauta.
CCENA MUNDA, a simple and decent repast. Plerumque gratae

divitibus vices, mundaeque coenae parvo sub lare pauperum. Hor.
CCENA LAUTA, a splendid and elegant repast. Ccena magnifica et
lauta. Cic.
539. Caenaculum. Coenatio. Triclinium.
CCENACULUM is generally said of the upper chambers, the upper

stories of a dwelling-house. Roma ccenaculis sublata atque suspensa.
Cic. These rooms were commonly let to poor people. Hence Juvenal
says : Rarus venit in ccenacula miles. CCENATIO, a place in the
lower part of the house, wherein the better sort had their meals. Al-
gentem rapiat ccenatio solem. Juv. Ccenationes laqueatae tabulis
eburneis versatilibus. Suet. TRICLINIUM, (from rps7$, three, and
xAi'vij, a bed,} beds for guests to lean along upon, three on each.
Ro-
gatus est a Maximo, ut triclinium sterneret. Cic. The dining-room
itself where they were set. Lecti tricliniorum. Cic. Triclinium capax
quindecim convivarum. Plin.
540. Cosnum. Lutum. Limus.
CCENUM, (from Koivoc, impure) mire, a muddy place. Cceno

cupiens evellere plantam. Hor. Male olet omne coenum. Cic.
LUTUM, (from Xuoi, solvo) diluted earth. Fictus ex argilla et luto
homunculus. Cic. LIMUS, slime, sediment that is formed at the bot-
tom of water. Sive gravis veteri craterae limus adhaesit. Hor.
541. Cogere. Colligere.

COGERE, (cum agere) to assemble together, to thicken. Tityre, coge
pecus. Virg. Cogere senatum, milites. Cic. Frigore mella cogit
hyems, eademque calor liquefacta remittit. Virg. Figuratively : In
semi-horae curriculum cogere, Cic., To restrain within the space of
half an hoar. Ex his, quod volumus, cogitur, Id., The consequence
we wish for is unavoidably drawn. It a/so signifies, to force, to com-
pel. Num te coegit, qui ne hortatus quidem est ? Cic. Vis ven-
torum in portum navem coegit. Id. COLLIGERE, (legere cum) to
gather, to collect. Fructus colligere. Hor. Colligere exercitum ex
desperatis senibus. Cic. Capillos colligere in nodum. Ovid. Col-
ligere naufragia fortunae. Cic. Figuratively : Colligere animos,
Liv., To come again to one's senses. Colligere ventos omnes rumo-
rum, Cic., To listen to all the reports that are spread abroad. Col-
ligere iram, Hor., To fall into a passion. Ex eo colligere potes
quanta occupatione distineor, Cic., You may conclude from that how
busy I am. Colligere rationes, Plaut., To draw up one's accounts.
Colligere rationes, Cic., To get many arguments together.
542. Cogitare. Eicogitare.

COGITARE, (from agitare cum, or, according to Parro, from co-
129
gere ; mens plura in unum cogit, unde deligere possit) to think, to

revolve in one's mind. De te dies noctesque cogitans. Cic. Quanto
magis, magisque cogito. Ter. In the like meaning Cicero said : In
Ciliciam cogitabam (ire understood] , Male de aliquo cogitare. Id.
To entertain a bud opinion of one, to expect nothing good of him.
EXCOGITARE, to think or consider thoroughly, to Jind out ly thinking
upon. Excogitare quae tua ratio sit non possum. Cic. Cogita, vel
potius excogita. Cic.
543. Cogitate. Cogitato.
COGITATE, with previous and good consideration. Cogitate verba

facere, Plaut., To speak after one has seriously thought upon it. Ac-
curate cogitaêque scribere, Cic., To write after using much care and
reflection. COGITATO, on purpose, designedly. Permultum inter-
est, utrum perturbatione aliqua animi, an consulto et cogitato fiat
injuria. Cic. Cogitate verba facere prudentis est oratoris ; cogi-
tato injuriam facere, improbi hominis est. G. D.
544. Cogitatio. Cogitatum.
COGITATIO, the act of thinking, of reflecting. Liberae sunt cogi-

tationes nostrae, et quae volant sic intuentur, ut ea cernimus quae
videmus. Cic. COGITATUM, (properly an adjective} what is thought,
the thought itself. Hasc per Deos imrnortales utrum esse vobis co-
gitata sapientum, an optata furiosorum videntur ? Cic. Homo co-
gitatione caeteris animantibus praestat ; solus cogitata eloqui
potest.
G.D.
545. Cogitationem Jigere in aliqua re. Cogilalionem abjicere in ali-

quant rem.
COGITATIONEM FIGERE IN ALIQUA RE, to apply one's thoughts

to serious things. Cogitationem tuam figas in omnium laude con-
sequenda. Cic. COGITATIONEM ABJICERE IN ALIQUAM REM is
always taken in a lad sense ; to apply one's thoughts to mean things.
Nihil altum, nihil magnificum ac divinum suscipere possunt, qui
suas omnes cogitationes abjecerunt in rem tam humilem atque ab-
jectam. Cic. Juvenis bene cordatus cogitationem suam figit in
virtute comparanda ; insipiens cogitationes abjicit in res turpes.
G.D.
546. In cogilationem cadere. In cogitationem venire.
IN COGITATIOXEM CADERE is said of things Quod ne in cogi-

tationem quidern cadit. Cic. IN COGITATIONEM VENIRE is said of
persons. Illius vicem, credo, doles, quoties in earn cogitationem
necesse est ut tu veneris. Cic. Libenter venimus in cogitationem
earum rerum quae in cogitationem cadunt, si modo jucundae sunt.
G.D.
547- Cognilor. Quccsitor.
COGNITOR, one that takes cognisance of and examines an affair, as

he does who reports a cause. Sthenius invenire neminem Siculum
potuit, qui pro se cognitor fieret. Cic. Ascribere alicui cognitorem
in rem aliquam. Id. Sis cognitor ipse. Hor. Cicero has used it in
a different sense, speaking of Roman citizens going to a foreign
country .-
130
Neque semper cum cognitoribus esse possunt. dnd in another

place : Civem Romanuni, qui cognitores homines honestos daret,
sublatum esse in crucem : / hat z>- to say, that a Roman citizen had
been crucified, although he. had called to his character honest people
thtt had certified they very well knew him to be a Roman citizen, and
made themselves answerable for the truth of it. QUJESITOR, (from
quaerere) an examiner nf capital offences, he who wakes an inquest.
Sapiens judex, aequus qaaEsitor. Cic. Hunc quoesitorem ac judicem
fugiebant atque horrebant ii quibus periculum creabatur. Cic. Vi-
tasque et crimina discit quaesitor Minos. Virg.
.OiS. Cognoscere. Agnoscere. Dignoscere. Recognoscere,
COGNOSCERE, to know a person or thing unknown before, to know

again several things at once. Potestas dominis res suas cognoscendi
facta. Liv. Cum prius omnes sua signa cognovissent. Cic. AG-
NO.SCERE, to know again what teas known before. Et veterem An-
chisem agnoscit amicum. Virg DIGNOSCERE, to discern, to distin-
guish. Curvo dignoscere rectum. Hor. RECOGNOSCEKE, (rursus
cognoscere) to call or bring to remembrance, to revolve a thing in
one's mind. Se non tam ilia discere, quam reminiscendo recognos-
cere. Cic.
54-9. Cognoscere de re aliqua. Cognoscere ex a'iqnd re.
COGNOSCERE DE RE ALIQUA, to take cognisance of a thing. COG-

NOSCERE EX ALIQUA RE, to know by a thing. The following example
fully illustrates the difference. De mea benevolentia erga te potes
cognoscere ex amicorum litteris. Cic.
550. Coh&rere. Congruere.
COH.KRERE, (haerere cum) to slick or hang together. Neque enim

rnateriam coha^rere potuisse. si nulla vi contineatur. Cic. Ad co-
haerendum oninia duo tertium anquirunt. 1. Figuratively : Vix co-
haeret oratio. Cic. Non cohserent, Ter., These things are inconsis-
tent CONGRUERE, (perhaps from cum and grus, a crane ; because
cranes always are. in a flock,) lo agree with, to accord, Congruit
rnulieri mulier magis. Ter. Lex quos congruit cum judicio senatus.
Cic. Congruunt dicta f'actis, Id., The actions agree with the words.
Congruunt et coha?rent cum causa. Id. Ea mini congruere videntur
quae ad unum et idem similitudine magis accedunt ; res nexu quo-
libet aut glutine cohaerent G. D.
551. Collu. Clivus. Mons. Jugum. Tumulus, jigger.
COLLIS, a little hill, an easy asrent. Exercent vomere colles.

Virg. Collis paululum ex plunitie editus Ctt's. CLIVUS, (from
xXivw, to bend downirards) the ascent or descent of a hill. Descen-
cifro per clivum. Ovid. Qua se subducere colles incipiunt, molli-
que jugum dcmittcre clivo. Virg. MONS, a mountain, a great henp
of any thing. Altitude montium. Cic. Prarruptus aquae mons.
\\T'.[. .Montcs auri. Ter. .h GUM, (f>om jungere) J. A yoke. De-
mere juga fatigatis bobus. Hor. Figuratively: Grave servitutis ju-
gum. Cic. 2. /Is jugum is placed on the head of oxen, it figuratively
signifies the top of a mountain. Summum jugum inontis acendere.
-. 3. A pair of any thing. Jugum bourn. Col. Cicero said in
131
the like meaning : Juguvn hominum impiorum. 4-. The seat in a ship
whereon the rnwers sit. Inde alias animas, quae per juga longa se-
debant, dcturbat. Virg. 5. A weaver's beam. Tela jugo estjuncta.
Ovid. TUMULUS, ( from tumere) a rising ground, any raised place.
Tumulus terrasus. Caes. Est urbe egressis tumulus. Virg. AGGER
( jmm gerere) is said of a heap of earth, of a terrace. Fossas aggere
complent. Virg/ Tepidoque onerabant aggere terras (ossa), Id.,
They covered the lones with a soil still smoking.
552. Cohibere. Continere. Coercere. Comprimere. Frcenare. Com-

pescere. Inhibere.
COHIBERE, (habere cum) to restrain:. Crinem cohibere nodo.

Hor. Cohibere lapsu. Cic. Figuratively : Assentionem cohibere
a rebus incertis. Cic CONTINERE, (tenere cum) to hold together.
Exercitum castris continuit. Caes. Figuratively : Taciturn conti-
nere gaudium. Liv. COERCERE, (arcere cum) to stop, to lie by.
Clausa domo teneor gravibusque coercita vinclis. Ovid. Mundus
omnia complexu suo coercet et continet. Cic. Figuratively : Te-
meritatem coercere. Cic. COMPRIMERE, (premere cum) to press
together, lo keep close. Aliquid comprimere morsu. Cic. Com-
primere denies. Plaut. Figuratively : Comprimere seditionem, tur-
bas. Cic FR.SNARE, to bridle, to curb a horse. Instructus fraena-
tusque equus. Liv. Figuratively : Cum ejus animum conscientia
sceleris fraenaret. Cic. Exigua cum fraenaret materia impetum.
Phaed. COMPESCERE, ( from cum and pascere) properly to keep
within the same pasture : it is very seldom used but figuratively, to
mo-
derate, to repress. Hunc fraenis, hunc tu compesce catena. Hor,
Mappa compescere risum. Id. Qua? mare compescant causae. Id.
Qui Jissolutos mores vi compescuit. Phaed. INHIBERE, (habere
in) to hold in, to keep. back. Sponte sua properant ; labor est inhi-
bere volantes. Ovid. Inhibere remos, Cic., is used in another sense :
Cicero informs his friend that he knew only the day before the energy
of this word ; till then he had thought that inhibere remos was susti-
nere remos, instead of which it was alio modo remigare, lo row in a
different way, to a different part. Livy has said; Retro navim remis
inhibere. // also signifies, to threaten. Supplicia alicui inhibere.
Cic. Imperia inhibita ultro citroque, Liv., They threatened every
one that they would make use of their authority. Cupiditates vel
mediocres cohibe ; erupturas contine ; erumpentes, obluctantes co-
erce; liberiores comprime ; indociles f'raena ; excurrentes compesce.
G. D.
553. Colaphus. Alapa.
COLAPHUS, (from xoXaupos ) a blow with the hand, either open or

shut. Homini misero plus quingentos colaphos infregit mihi. Ter.
Colaphis tuber est totum caput. Id. ALAPA, a blow or slap on the
cheek with the open hand. Ridere potest qui Mamercorum alapas.
Juv. Infligere alapam. Phaed. Dignus eras alapis. Mart.
554-. Collegium. Gymnasium. Palaestra. Academia.
COLLEGIUM, (legere cum) a company of those that have an equal

aut/writy, an assembly of colleagues, a college. Collegium pontifi-
cum. Cic. Collegium decemvirale. Id. Per collegium consulates,
K 2
132
Tac., By our being consuls at the same lime. Ambubajarum col-

legia. Hor. Scire se nihil concordi collegio ad Rempublicam tu-
endam firmius esse. Liv. GYMNASIUM, (from, yupva^w, exerceo)
a place of exercise. Is Laodiceae in gymnasio interfectus est. Cic.
Cum omnia gymnasia philosophi teneant. Id. Gymnasium plenum
pueris. Quint. PALAESTRA, (from irdXy, lucta) a place amongst
the Greeks for wrestling and other exercises. Illi statim hominem
duxerunt in palsestram, atque ei pueros ostenderunt multos magna
praeditos dignitate. Cic. It is also used to express the exercise
itself.
Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras. Virg. It is very seldom said
lut of bodily exercises. ACADEMIA (from Academus, a nobleman
who gave to the citizens of Athens a park planted with ail sorts
ofjine
trees, adorned with statues, and surrounded with porticoes). It became
famous for Plato s school, whose disciples were called Academici.
Constituimus inter nos ut ambulationem postmeridianam confice-
remus in Academia. Cic. Academia is also said of the society or
sect itself. Nobis autem nostra academia niagnam licentiam dat, ut
quodcumque maxime probabile occurrat, id nostro jure liceat de-
fendere. Cic.
555. Collum. Cervix.
COLLUM, (from xoAAaw, jungo) the neck, the part of the body
whereby the head is joined to the body. Collum secuit hominis. Cic.
Procerum et tenue collum. Id. CERVIX, the hinder part of the neck,
the hollow part that is between the head and the nape of the neck. Im-
pendet cervici gladius. Cic. // is elegantly usd in the plural : Ab-
scindere cervicibus caput, Cic., To cut o/T the head from the shoul-
ders. It is also said of animals. Natae ad jugum bourn cervices.
Cic. Figuratively: In cervicibus bellum est, Liv., We are threat-
ened with war. Sustinere collo et cervicibus pcenam avaritiae, Cic.,
To be punished for the avarice of another. In the plural it also
signi-
JieSj pride, firmness. Qui erant tantis cervicibus, Cic., Who had
firmness enough. Frangere cervices, Id., To subdue the pride of a
man.
556. Coloniee Romance. Coloniee Latince.
COLONIA, (from colere) a colony, a number of men and women

that are sent to dwell in an uninhabited place, with an allowance of
land for their tillage- Deducere novas colonias, renovare veteres.
Cic. Among the Romans the colonies were of two sorts ; Romans;
and Latins?. They were all composed of Roman citizens, with this
difference, that Romanae colonia? were free of Rome, with all the
privileges of Roman citizens, and the right of suffrages at elections.
Videtur in suffragiis multum posse Gallia. Cic. Speaking of Roman
colonies. The colonias Latinae were free of Italy only, and enjoyed
less privileges than the Romanae coloniae ; hence Cicero, in his
oration
for Ball-us, says : Multos ex coloniis Latinis cives esse factos.
557. Colonus. Colonicus.
COLONUS, an adjective, (from colere) Jit to be tilled. Uti con-

sules agnoscerent, qui ager colonus esset, quo militcs veterani de-
ducti essent. Cic. COLONICUS, pertaining to a colony. Cohortes
colonica?. Caes.
133
558. Color. Pigmentum. Fucus.
COLOR signifies colour in general. Crebra colons mutatio. Cic.

Figuratively : Urbanitatis color. Cic. Descriptas servare vices ope-
rumque colores, Hor., To preserve the different characters, and to
represent each part of a work with its proper features and colours.'
PIGMENTUM, (from pingere) painters' colours, colours for painting.
Aspersa temere pigmenta in tabula oris lineamenta efficere possunt.
Cic. Figuratively : Orationis pigmenta, Cic., The ornaments of a
discourse. Fucus, a sort of plant used in dyeing, wherewith women
painted their cheeks ; paint. Color non sanguine diffusus, sed fuco
illitus. Cic. Vetulae vitia corporis fuco occultant. Plaut. Figu-
ratively : Sine fuco et fallaciis. Cic.
559. Colorare. Tingere. Intingere.
COLORARE, (from color) to colour, to give colour to. Cum in sole

ambulem, fit natur^ ut colorer. Cic. Figuratively : Colorata oratio.
Cic. An ornamented and graced discourse. TINGERE, to dye, to dip
in colour. Tunica sanguine Centauri tincta. Cic. Figuratively :
Tinctus arte, elegantia, litteris. Cic. Poculis tingere aliquem, Hor.,
To make one drink hard, to subdue one with loo much drink. INTIN-
GERE, to dip or steep in. Intingere calamum. Quint. Figuratively :
Arte intinctus. Cic. Tinctus ivould be Less expressive.
560. Columen. Fultura. Fulcrum.
COLUMEN (from culmus, a stein, or columis, safe] is properly a

perpendicular beam, that supports the whole structure of a house. Fi-
guratively : support, help. Columen Reipublicae. Cic. Rerum me-
arum columen cum sis. Hor. Columen actionis, Cic., The strongest
part of an accusation. FULTURA, (from fulcire) a stay, a prop or
support. Fulturse ac substructiones non tarn firmae mihi, quam
sumptuosae videntur. Plin. Figuratively : Ingens accedet stomacho
fultura ruenti. Hor. FULCRUM is properly what supports a thing.
It is commonly said of the back of a bedstead. Adhibebant omni
ccenae liberos suos cum pueris puellisque nobilibus, qui more vetert
ad fulcra tororum sedentes vescerentur. Suet. Lucent genialibus
altis aurea fulcra toris. Virg.
561. Columna. Pila.
COLUMNA, a column, a round pillar that bears up or adorns a build-

ing. Marmoreae columnae. Cic. Vastis innixa columnis templa.
Ovid. PILA, a pilaster, a square pillar that generally is part of the
wall, and is placed behind the columns. Nulla columna meos habeat
neque pila libellos. It is also said of a mole or stone bank at the
en-
trance of a harbour, to break the course of water, and make ships more
safe. Qualis in Euboico Bajarum littore quondam saxeapila cadit.
Virg. There is, besides, this difference, inter columnas et pilas,
quod
columnae uno scapho constant, id est, lapide oblongo, perpetuo ;
pilae autem structural constant aut lapidea, aut caementitia, aut la-
teritia. Budaeus.
562. Coma. Capillus. Crinis. Ccesaries. Cincinnus.

COMA, (from xdpy) ahead of hair either dressed or not. Ca!a-
134
mistrata coma. Cic. Processit madenti coma. Id. CAPILLUS,

(quasi capitis pilus) the hair in general. Lenit albescens animos
capillus. Hor. Promissus capillus. Liv. CHIXIS, (from y.p'uu;, di-
scerno) is said of the hair when set in order or platted. Serus ad-
ulteros crines pulvere collines. Hor. Haec civitas mulieri redimi-
culum praebeat, haec in colluni, haec in crines. Cic. Majores natu
capite aperto erant, capillo pexo, vittisque innexis crinibus. Var.
C^SARIES, (from caedo) is particularly said of a man's head of hair ,
because women's heads of hair never were cut. Pectere caesariem.
Hor. Promissa caesaries. Liv. Cixcixxus, (fromttoawos) a curl
of hair. Erant illi compti capilli, et madentes cincinnorum fimbriae.
Cic. Figuratively : Cincinni oratorii, farfetched ornaments in a dis-
course.
563. Comes. Socius. Sodalis.

COMES (ire cum) is properly a fellow-traveller. Comes quieto
sequitur et placido gradu. Phaed. Ipse comes Niso graditur. Virg.
Socius, a companion of fortune'. Periculorum socius. Cic. Cujus
fugientis comes, Rempublicam recuperantis socius esse debeo. Jd.
Cum se victoria? Pompeii comitem esse mallet, quam socium Cae-
saris in rebus adversis. Id. Figuratively : Turn enim vitae socia vir-
tus, inertis comes gloriae fuisset. Cic. SODALIS, a companion at
pastimes or pleasure; and socius, a companion in serious mutters. Epu-
labar cum sodalibus omnino modice. Cic. Plancus in petitione
habuit multos cupidos sui et gratiosos; quos si tu sodales vocas,
officiosam amicitiam nomine inquinas criminoso. Id. Socius ageu-
tem adjuvat ; comes sequitur euntem. G. D.
564:. Comessalor. Comessabundus.
COMESSATOR, he who eats and drinks out of meal-time, a reveller.

Alia subselliorum ratio, alia lectorum ; non idem judicum conu'<-
satorumque conspectus. Cic. Figuratively: Comessatores coi ju-
rationis, Cic., Revelling conspirators (alluding to those that come
when a repast is over). Comessator is said of the habit, and Co-
MESSABUXDUS, of the very act, of revelling Temulento agmine co-
messabundus incessit. Liv. Item in vehiculis comessabundus exer-
citus, Q. Curt., The whole army followed in waggons, eating ami
drinking in a dissolute manner.
. 565. Cominus. Prope.
COMINUS, (cum manu) nigh at hand, hand to hand. Cum hoste

cominus ense pugnare. Cic. Quid dicam jacto qui somine cominus
arva insequitur, cumulosque ruit male pinguis arena; ? Virg. Some-
times the husbandman is obliged to break the lumps of earth u-ith a
pick-axe and a great deal oj labour, figuratively: Nunc cominus
agamus; experiamurque, &c. Cic. PIIOPE, near. Intueri propc.
Cic. Bellmn tarn propt- a Siciiia. Id. Cominus wnuld l-e improper.
Figuratively : 1'rope t'actum est, ut exirent. Liv. Prope urbis um-
ros adolescentes quidam petulantes circulatorem cominus ino
bant baculis. G. D.
566. Comis. Humanus. Urbanus,

COMIS, (from y.otruo;, ornatus) courteous, affalh'y civil, complai-
135
sani. Comls in uxorem. Hor. Comes esse dicuntur, qui erranti

comiter monstrant viam. Cic. HUMANUS, humane, obliging, kind.
Comis et humanus erga alios. Cic. URBAUUS, of or belonging to a
city. Urbanus mus Hor. Vir urban us among the Romans signi-
Jied a courteous man, as ar-rsios among the Greeks ; what we generally
call a courtier,' because in republic 1 ; the capital city is properly
the resi-
dence of the court. Comis et urbanus. Hor. Comis is contrary to
injuriosus; humanus to ferus; urbanus to rusticus, agrestis, rusti-
canus.
567. Comitari. Stipare.
COMITARI, (comes ire) to accompany : it is generally said of an

inferior going along with a superior. Pastorem comitantur oves.
Virg. Palsemon Herilem filium dum comitatur in scholas, litteras
didicit. Suet. Figuratively: Caetera quae comitantur huic vitae. Cic.
STIPARE, (from <rruTfr it lew) to stop with toiv. Stipare per ta-
bulata. Col. // is used for to thicken, to condense, to heap up. Aut
cum liquentia mella stipant (apes). Virg. Stipatque carinis ingens
argentum. Id. Figuratively : To attend upon, to be in the train or
retinue of, to escort Antonius Senatum stipavit armis. Cic. Non
usitatafrequentia stipati sumus. Id. A footman accompanies his master,
comitatur ; u'hen the musttr has guards with him, stipant.
568. Comitia Concilium. Concio. Costus. Convening.
COMITIA, ( from coire) an assembly of the people for the election

of consuls and other magistrates, or lor making laws Venio ad co-
mitia, sivemagistratuum, sive legum. Cic. CONCILIUM, ( from cum
and calo, to ca//) the assembly of the people in order to deliberate.
Concilium populi datur a magistratibus. Liv. It is especially said of
the assembly of the Gods, of the great ones. Concilium Deorum.
Cic. Concilium ducum. Id. CONCIO, (ciere cum) tat assembly of
the people, or rf the soldiers. Livy has very wdl pointed out the
diffe-
rence between concio and concilium. 4ft er having mentioned an as-
sembly of fvldiers, that was followed by <i court-martial, he says :
Di-
missa concione, concilium liabitum. Concio however is sometimes
used for an assembly of great people: Principum conciones. Cic.
Concilium z'j likewise said of an assembly of the people Hunc pater
senex concilium plebis habentem detemplo deduxit. Cic. CCETUS,
(from coire) any assembly or meeting whatever. Ccetus matronarum.
Cic. Ccetus nefarii. Id. CONVENTUS is said of people assembled
within thu same place. Siracusani festos dies agunt celeberrimo vi-
rorum et mulierum conventu. Cic. Comitia sunt liberorum civium,
ut magistratus eligantur, aut lex aliqua sanciatur ; concilium est
principum, ut aliquid decernatur ; concio plebis aut militum, ut au-
diatur oratio ; ccetus est paucorum aut plurium ad negotium quod-
libet, aut etiam ad oblectationem ; conventus fit aut statis aut in-
dictis diebus, sive ad festum celebrandum, sive ad mercaturam, sive
ad audiendum praetorem jus in sua provincia dicentem. G. Jj.
569. Comitium. Curia. Forum. Senatus.
COMITIUM, the place where the assembly of the people met. Ad

comitium veniant, ad stantem judicem dicant Cic. The comitium
jormed one of the sides of the public place at Rome. The rostrum had
136
leen placed on that spot. CURIA, the state-house where the senate as-
sembled. Venit in curiam frequens senatus. Cic. Jt is used for the
senate itself. Jubet curia. Cic. // also signifies a consecrated
place.
Saliorum curia erat in palatio. Cic. Pompeiana curia, in qua Pom-
peii simulachrum erat. Id. FORUM, considtred as synonymous with
the other words, was the common place where courts were kept, and
matters of judgement pleaded, at Rome; and those courts were kept
under the porticos of the forum. Forum litibus orbum. Hor. Cum
forum, comitium, curiam multa de nocte armatis hominibus ac servis
plerisque occupassent. Cic. SENATUS, the senate, either the whole
Lody of senators, or the place whertin they assembled to treat of the
affairs of the Roman republic. In senatum venit. Cic. Senatus est
convocatus, frequensque convenit. Id.
570. Comitialis. Comitiarius.
COMITIALIS, appertaining to an assembly of the people. Conse-

cuti sunt dies comitiales, per quos senatus haberi non poterat. Cic.
Mensis comitialis. Id. Comitiales homines, Plaut., Litigious peo-
ple constantly attending courts. Comiliale vitium, Sen., has a very
different meaning : it signifies the falling- sickness, epilepsy : The
Ro-
mans broke up their assemblies when any body was taken ill of the
fall-
ing-sickness COMITIARIUS, after the manner of a public assembly
or convocation of the people. In hue comitiaria jam duorum exerci-
tuum statione principes Nolanorum nuntiant Marcello nocturna
colloquia inter plebem et Poenos fieri. Liv.
571. Commeare. Migrare. Immigrare. Remigrare.
COMMEARE, (meare cum) to go and come, to go to and fro, to

travel. Ultro citroque commeant. Liv. Te illam navem parare,
quae atl ea furta, quae reliquisses, commearet. Cic. Figuratively :
Cujus in hortos jure suo libidines omnium commearent. Cic. MI-
GRARE, to remove from one place to another ; to shift one s
habitation.
Migrare domo. Cic. Migratum est Romam. Liv. Figuratively :
Voluptas migravit ab aure. Hor. IMMIGRARE (migrare in) relates
to the place wherennto one is going. In suas aedes immigrate. 1 i-
guratively : Immigrare in ingenium suum, Plaut., To live after one's
own way, without control. REMIGRARE, (rursus migrare) to go
lack, to return to one's Jirst dwelling-place. Remigrare in domum
veterem de nova. Cic. Figuratively : Ei ne integrum quidem erat,
ut ad justitiam remigraret. Cic
572. Commemoralio. Menlio.
COMMEMORATIO, a mentioning and putting in mind of a thing past

or well known. Antiquitatis commemoratio. Cic. Commemoratio
hujus rei magnum mihi lietitiam attulit. Id. Verres in ussidtia com-
memoratione omnibus omnium vitiorum fuit. Id. Every body was
continually mentioning Verres, as rendered infamous by all sorts of
vices.
MKNTIO, mention, remembrance. Facere mentionem de pecunia.
Cic. Casu in eorum mentionem incidi. Id. Multos rerum a so
gestarum ita commemoratio delectat, ut vix alienae virtutis raenti-
onera ullam fieri patiantur. G. D.
137
573. Commendare. Commit tere.
COMMENDARE, (mando cum) to recommend to one's favour or care.

COMMITTERE, to intrust with, to commit to one's care. Egometuae
commendo et committo fidei. Ter. Omne vobis erga meam digni-
tatem studium et judicium non raodo commissum, verum etiam
commendatum esse arbitrabantur. Cic.
514;. Commendare alujuem alicui. Commendare aliquem apud

alterum.
COMMENDARE ALIQUEM ALICUI, to recommend one to another, to

place one under another's protection. Ille tibi raoriens nos commen-
davit senex. Ter COMMENDAUE ALIQUEM APUD ALTERUM, to
praise one to, and get him the esteem of, another. Commendo te regi,
/ recommend you to the king, 2 put you under his protection. Com-
mendo te apud regem, / praise you to the king, I speak well to him of
you. In this last sense Cicero said : Multis monumentis ad omnem
memoriam commendari.
575. Commentari. Meditari.
COMMENTARI, to employ one's thoughts upon doing a thing, to de-

vise a plan, a work. Orationern commentari. Cic. Cum litteratis
commentari. Id. It is also said of reflecting upon a thing. Com-
mentari secum futuras miserias. Cic. Commentari aliquem, Plaut.,
is used in a different sense, and signifies, to ape, to mimic one.
MEDI-
TART, ( from ^few, p$w, curam gero) to meditate, to pay a par-
ticular attention to, and seriously reflect on ivhat ought to be said
or
done. Meditabar quomodo cum illo loquerer. Cic. Meditor esse
affabilis. Ter. Figuratively : Meditaris arundine carmen. Virg.
576. Commentalio. Commentum.
COMMEXTATIO, meditation, attentive consideration. Subitam

orationem comrnentatio et cogitatio facile vincit. Cic. Is sese quo-
tidianis commentationibus exercebat. Id. Tota philosophorum vita
commentatio mortis est. Id. COMMENTUM, a Jeigned story, a false
tale. Opinionum commenta delet dies. Cic. Idem sua et com-
menta et scripta, et, nullo referente, omnia adversariorum dicta
meminerat. Id.
577. Commhsio. Commissum.
COMMISSIO, (mittere cum) properly a setting together of two for

trial of mastery in any exercise. It is generally said of the art of
en-
gaging in battle, of beginning public games, and of setting people to-
gether by the ears. Ab ipsa commissione ludorum. Cic. COM-
MISSUM, an offence or fault committed. Post mihi non simiii pcena
commissa luetis. Virg. Turpe commissum. Hor. // also signifies
a secret, a trust. Commissa tacere, prodere. Hor. It is properly
an adjective.
578. Commhsura. Compares.
COMMISSURA, a joint of any thing closed and open, the setting of

one thing in another. Digitorum commissurae. Cic. Quid dicam
de ossibus, quae mirabiles commissuras habent ? Id. Figuratively :
Commissura verborum, Cic., The connection of words. COMPAGES,
138
( from cum and pangere) a close joining of several parts into a whole.
Efficiens humilem lapiduin conipagibus arcum. Ovid. Diini sumus
in his inclusi compagibas. Cic.
579. Commodore. Mutuum dare.
COMMODARE, properly to make commodious or convenient. Om-

nibus in rebus se alicui commodare. Cic. Patientem culturae com-
modet aurem. Hor. /// this sense we say : Comniodare aurum, ar-
gentum, frumentum, aedes, Cic., To lend gold, silver, corn, a house.
MUTUUM DARE, to lend Huic dedit magnam pecuniam mutuum.
Cic. It ought to be observed here that good authors do not \ny nmtuo
dare, sumere, accipere, &c. but nuituum dare, &c. We find in
( icero mutuo facere, but quite in a different senê. Te ut diligas
me,
si mutuo me facturum putas, rogo, if you think I will give you like
J'or like. Commodare is more general than mutuum dare ; it signifies
utendum dare. We very properly say commodare equum, aedes ;
but we cannot say with any propriety mutuas dare aides, mutuum
dare equum.
580. Commoditas. Commodum. Ulilitas.
COMMODITAS, commodity, convenience, facility. Vitae commoditas

jucunditasque. Cic. Externae commoditates, vineta, segetes, oli-
veta, &c. Id. Commoda would admit of a different senê. COMMO-
DUM, advantage. Valetudinis commodum. Cic. Ex incommodis
alterius sua comparare commoda. Id. Quod commodo reipublicoe
facere possis. Id UTILITAS, (from uti) utility. Natura provida
utilitatum omnium. Cic. Non abhorret ab utilitate auditorum hasc
mea oratio. Id.
581. Commodus. Opportunus. Utilis
COMMODUS, commodious, Jit for. Commodum anni tempus. Cic.

Non commoda terra Baccho. Virg Commoda oratio Cic. An
agreeable speech. OPPORTUNUS, ( from ob and portus) fin'ou table,
meet for. Urbs portu opportunissima. Cic. Tempus opportunum.
Id Opportunus injuriic, Liv., ./ -gainst whom an in jit slice may
easily be committed. Opportunus criminibus, Id , slgninst whom ac-
cusations are easily lelieved Ad omnia haec magis Opportunus nemo
est, Ter , Nobody is fitter fur all those things th'in he is. UTILIS,
useful, advantageous. Cibus utilis aegro. Ovid. Nunquum est utile
peccare, quia semper est turpe. Cic.
582. Commodus Facilis.
COMMODUS, synonymous n-ith facilis, is a complaisant wan, a man

tt'ho nevi-r contradicts other people'^ tempers. Commodis moribus.
Cic. Sibi commodus uni, Hor., One good to nobody I ut himself.
FACILIS, easy, who easily grants. Si Indies nos habucrint ad con-
ceck'iulum. Cic. Faciles deoe habere Ovid. Facilem populum ha-
bere. Cic Facilis acl eum privatorum ailitus. Id Volens facilis-
que sequetur, Virg., You will easily pud it out (the gulden bough).'
583. (ommotio. ( ommotrunculn
COMMOTIO, (movere cum) emotion, agitation. Commotio animi.

Cic. Commotionem quidam accipi volunt temporarium animi
139
motum, sicut iram. pavorem. Quint. COMMOTIUNCULA, (diminu-
tive of commotio) a small motion Tentationes et commotiunculse
non morbi sunt, sed morborum initia. Cic.
584. Communicare. Parliri. Participare. Impertiri.
COMMUNICARE, (from communis) to communicate, lo share a th ng

with another. Ego provinciam cum Antonio communicavi. Cic.
Causam doloris sui cum aliquo communicare. Id. PARTIRI, to di-
vide, to share out. Bona sua partiri. Cic. Neque hoc partiendae
invidiae, sed communicandae laudis causa loquor Id. PARTICI-
PARE, (from pars) to give a share of, to receive a share of. Suas
laudes cum aliquo participare. Liv. Qui alteri exitium parat, eum
scire oportet sibi paratam pestem, ut participet parem. Cic - IM-
PERTIRE and I.MPERTIRI, (from in and partiri) to give part lo an-
other, to make partaker of. Fortunas aliis impertiri. Cic. Terentia
impertit tibi multani salutem. Id. This verb varies in its syntax.
Aliquem malis impertiri. Ter. Sa?pe idoneis hominibus indigenti-
bus de re familiari impertiendum est. Cic. Plurima salute Parme-
nionem impertit Gnato. Ter. Ut si quam prastantiam virtutis con-
secuti sunt, impertiant earn suis, communicentque cum proxirnis.
Cic. It might be properly said : Fortunas cum fratre meo partitus,
tibi non modo libenter impertior aliquid, ut participes ; sed ultro
tecum omnia communicabo. G. D.
585. Communicatio. Communio. Communitas.
COMMUNICATIO, communication, making of a thing common to se-

veral. Nunquam amajoribus nostris intermissa est largitio et com-
municatio civitatis Cic. Communicatio utilitatum. Id. Suavissima
sermonis communicatio. Id. COMMUNIO, mutual participation, an
equal enjoyment of the same thing. Communio parietis, Tac., si par-
tition-wall. Communio sanguinis, Cic., Consanguinity Communio
beneficiorum, Id., Mutual good-offices In communionem tuorum
bonorum bona ac fortunas meas contuli. Id COMMUNITAS, com-
munity, society. Communitas cum improbis. Cic. Naturaiis com-
munitas, Id., A natural union. Communitas vitae atque victus. Id.
Vitas communitas, et utilitatum communicatio non raroarctius jun-
gunt homines, quam communio sanguinis. Per communicationem
paria fiunt inter singulos jura ; per communionem id tantum quisque
habet quod ipsi ex legibus, aut institutis usu venit. G. D.
586. Comcedus. Comicus. Histrio Mimus. Litdius. Ludio.
COMCEDUS, (from xcjuprj, a village, and uor t , a song] a co-e<Han, an

actor of comedies Comedies were acted in villages, trilfi much
singing.
Sed comcedum in tragcediis, et tragoedum in comoediis admodum
placuisse videmus. Cic. COMICUS, ie ringing to comedies, comic.
Poeta comicus Cic. Versibus exponi tragicis res comica non vult.
Hor. HISTRJO. (ab hister, a Tuscan word] a bujjoon, a dancer on
the rope or on the stnge, a juggler. Qui ne in novissimis quidem erat
histrionibus, ad primos pervenerat comcedos Cic. MIMUS, ( from
pifisHyfat, to mimic, to imitate), a mimic, a scurrilous buff non Mhni
Isidori filia. Cic. Luuius and LUDIO were young men who, in public
games, danced in the circus before,any others did. Ludiones ex Etru-
140
ria acciti ad tibicinis modos saltantes. Liv. Ludius aequatam ter pede
pulsat humum. Ovid.
587. Comparabilis. Comparandus. Comparativus .
COMPARABILIS, that may be compared, comparable. Cotnparabile

est quod in rebus diversis similem aliquam rationem obtinet. Cic.
COMPARAXDUS, to be compared with.. Minime cum his qui sedeant
comparandus. Cic. COMPARATIVUS, wherein is comparison, used to
make a comparison. Judicatio comparativa. Cic. Comparativus gra-
dus, Quint., The comparative degree (in grammar).
588. Compendiarius. Compendiosut.
COMPEXDIARIUS, (from cum and pendere) brief, short, abridged.

Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam, et quasi compendiariam
esse dicebat, si quis id ageret, ut qualis haberi vellet, talis esset.
Cic.
COMPEXDIOSUS, profitable, useful, advantageous. Quod per partes
nonnunquam damnosum est, in summa tamen fit compendiosum.
Cic.
589. Compes. Monica. Nervus.
COMPES, (quasi continens pedes) a fetter or shackle for the feet of

criminals. It was very heavy. Dura compede perustus crura. Hor.
Tardae passurus compedis orbes. Claud. MANICA, (from manus)
manacles to lie the hands. In manicis et compedibus saevo te sub
custode tenebo. Hor. Manica properly signifies a sleeve NERVUS,
(fromvsi'p'j'/, a nerve or sinew,) the siring of an instrument.
Nerviin
fidibus ita sonant, ut a digitis pulsi sunt. Cic. Hard and dry nerves
were used to make a pair of stocks for the neck, hands, or feet, in
torture.
Corpus in nervum et supplicia dare. Liv. In nervum ire. Ter.
590. Compilart;. Expilare.
COMPILARE (from -snX&lv, to pile />) and EXPILARE differ in this,

that coinpilare conveys the idea of many persons pillaging and
plunder-
ing together, or of many things stolen together. Alii onmia quae
possunt
fana compilant. Cic. Uno impetu totum oppidum compilavit. Id.
Nete compilent servi. Hor. EXPILARE is not only to pillage, toplun-
der, but also tit carry off' the spoil. Dionysius fanum Proserpinae
Locris
expilavit. Cic. Expilare thesauros, Liv., To carry off' treasure.
Figu-
ratively: Expilatquc genis oculos : facit ira valentem. Ovid.
591. Compita. Trivium.
COMPITA, (from cum and petere) a place where several ways

meet. Manat per compita rumor. Hor. TRIVIUM, (tres via?) a
place where three ways meet. Ut in atriis auctionariis potius quam
in triviis aut in compitis auctionentur. Cic.
592. Complementum. Supplamentum.

COMPLKMF.XTUM, (from cum awdplenus) a complement or comple-
tion. Inculcata reperias inania qua-darn vtrba, quasi complementa
nuinerorum. Cic. Omnium aecusatiomim complementuni. Id
Suri'i.KMKXTUM, a supplement, a supply of men for the navy or army.
Decem millia novorum inilitmu scriptu in supplementum. Liv. Com-
plementuni rein pcrticit ; supplementum id quod deerat adjicit.
G.D.
141
593. Complexio. Complexus, Comprehensio.
COMPLEXIO, ( from cum and plectere) the act of interlacing or twist-

ing one with another, of joining together. Una complexione devincire
omnia. Cic. Mira verborum complexio, Id., A fine series of expres-
sions, a beautiful period. COMPLEXUS, an embrace, the joining toge-
ther the same thing. Continet omnia complexu suo mundus, Cic.,
The world contains all things within its compass. Complexus gentis
humanae, Id., The whole of mankind. COMPREHENSIO, (prehendere
cum) the laying hold, or seizure, of a person. Comprehensio sontium,
mea : animadversio, Senatus fuit. Figuratively . the understanding
of a thing. Cogitationes comprehensionesque rerum, Cic., A period.
Comprehensio et ambitus ille verborum (si sic periodum appellari
placet). Id. Comprehensio numerose et apte cadat. Id.
594. Complures. Plures. Complusculi. Multi.
COMPLURES, a great many. ( Without a comparison.} Dies com.

plures cum Pompeio versatus sum. Cic. In the neuter gender, com-
plura and compluria. Ambiguorum complurasunt.Cic. Scyphorum
paria compluria. Id. PLVRES general/y implies a comparison. Plures
discent quemadmodum haec fiant ; quam quemadmodum his resista-
tur. Cic. Plures nimio simultates exercuerunt. Liv. It is sometimes
used without comparison. Summus dolor plures dies manere non po-
test. Cic. Complures would express a greater number of days.
COMFLUSCULI, some, a certain number. Dies complusculos bene con-
veniebat sane inter eas. Ter. MULTI, a great many people. Unus
e multis orator non fuit Callidius, potius inter multos prope singula-
ris fuit. Cic. Multi fortissimi atque optimi viri. Id. Multi is con-
trary to pauci ; plures to unus ; complures to pauciores; complus-
culi lonulli.
595. Componere. Scrilere. Scriptitare.
COMPONERE, (ponere cum) to put together. Componens mani-

busque manus, atque oribus ora. Virg. Figuratively : 1. to compose.
Componere librum ex alienis orationibus. Cic. Res gestas compo-
nere, Hor., To write the history of wars ; iy doing which several
events
are put together. 2. To regulate, to appease. Animos nostros ratio
componat, Cic., Reason ought to l;e our ruler. Cur non vides inter
nos, si haec potius cum bona ut componantur gratia. Ter. SCRI-
BERE, to write, is said of both the hand and the mind. Erat scriptum
ipsius manu. Cic. Orationes, poemata scribere. Id. SCRIPTITARE,
(frequentative of scribo) to write often. Ad me scribas velim, vel
potius scriptites. Cic.
596. Componere. Conferre. Comparare.

COMPOXERE, synonymous with the others, is to compare: the objects
of comparison are put together, in order to examine what relation may
be between them. Parvis componere magna solebam. Virg. CON-
FERRE, (ferre cum) properly to carry together. Signa conferre. Liv.
It signifies comparing ; because, as it were, the o/jects compared are
brought together. Conferre novissima primis. Cic. Conferre has a
more extensive signification. Conferre sermonem, Cic., To discourse
with one. Consules veluti deliberabundi capita conferunt, Liv., The
consuls have an interview to deliberate. COMPARARF, (from cum and
142
par) to compare, to point, to point out the relation of similitude.

Simi-
litudines comparare. Cic. Comparare hominem cum homine, et
tenipus cum tempore, et rem cum re. Id Comparare (from cum
and parare) signifies to hoard up.
597. Compos. Potens.
COMPOS, (potiricum) that has obtained his desire or purpose Com-

potem patriao f'acere aliquem. Liv. Compos libertatis. Plaut. Com-
pos sui. Liv. Compos praeda exercitus. Id. Compos scientia. Cic.
Compos miseriarum. Plaut POTENS, synonymous with compos,
powerful, master. Diva potens Cypri. Hor. Potens regni. Liv.
Horum adventus consules imperil potentes fecit, Id., Their arrival
restored the consuls to all their authority. Sui potens. Cic. Voti
ali-
quem potentem f'acere. Ovid. Compos and compotem would not
le improper in the two last examples ; but potens rather signifies the
habit, and compos the act.
598. Compos voti. Reus voti. Damnatus voti.
COMPOS VOTI, is one who has obtained his desire. Aliquem voti
compotem facere. Liv. REUS VOTI, that is bound by a vow or pro-
mise. Vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in littore taurum constituam
ante aras voti reus. Virg. DAMNATUS VOTI, that is obliged to fulfil
his vow, having obtained the effect of his prayer. Tibi vota quotannis
agricolae facient ; damnabis tu quoque votis, Virg., The husband-
men will offer you their vows every year ; you will hear them favour-
ally, and thereby oblige them to fulfil their promises.
599. Composite. Composito.
COMPOSITE, in order, orderly. Oratoris est composite, ornate,

copiose eloqui. Cic. Agere aliquid compositius quam f'estinantius.
Tac. COMPOSITO, of set purpose, for the nonce. Composito rumpit
vocem et me destinat arae, Virg., In concert with Ulysses, he broke
silence, and devoted me to the altar as a victim.
600. Compromissum. Repromissio.
COMPROMISSUM, (promittere cum) a compromise, a bond or en-

gagement wherein two parties oblige themselves to stand to the
arbitra-
tion or award of the umpire or umpires. Compromisso et jurejurando
impediri, Cic , To be bound by a compromise and oath. Compromis-
sum facere, Id., To' give lonfito an award, to put to arbitration.
Com-
promissum dicitur, say the lawyers, eo quod uterque, litigator simul
promittat se arbitrisententiaepariturum. REPHOMISSIO, areciprocal
promise, a mutual engagement. Cautione et repromissione id Fan-
nius Roscio debebat. Cic. Qurero a te quid ita de hac pecunia com-
promissum feceris, arbitrum sumpseris ; quanto acquius et melius sit
dari repromittique ? Id.
601. Conari. Niti. Moliri.
Cox A K i, to endeavour. Conari manibus pedibusque, Ter., To

strive tooth and nail. Conari signifies also to form great designs, to
rne-
dilale grand things. Magnum opus et arduum conari. Cic. NITI,
to lean or rest upon, to be supported. Nituntur radicibus suis
arbores.
Cic. Alis niti. Virg. Figuratively: Niti pnesidio alicujus. Cic.
143
Divinatio nititur in conjectura. Id. MOLIRI, (from moles) to move

a thing with great labour and difficulty. Num monies moliri sua sede
paramus ? Liv. Figuratively : To do a toilsome work, to make great
preparations. Discordiam Optimaturn moliri. Cic. Moliri arcem.
Virg. Dum moliuntur, dum comuntur, annus est. Ter. (Speaking
of coquettes whilst they are dizening, &c.)
602. Concavus. Convexus.
CONCAVUS, concave, hollow on the inside. Ventus concava vela

tenet. Ovid. Speluncarum concavae altitudines. Cic. CONVEXUS,
convex. IVe only understand by convexus the outside surface of any
thing that . lending downwards ; but the ancients meant likewise by
it the curve even of the inside surface. Aspice convexo nutantem pon-
dere munduni. Virg. Tasdet coeli convexa tueri. Id.
603. Concedere. Tribuere. Cedere.
CONCEDERE, to grant as a favour. Malta multis de jure suo con-

cedere. Cic. Concedere amicis quidquid velint. Id. Multi saepe
in judicando liberum peccata parentum misericordiae concesserunt.
Id. It also signifies, to yield out of complaisance. A me sic
diligitur,
ut tibi uni concedam, praeterea nemini. Cic. TRIBUERE, to give a
thing which is due, or that seems just. Suum cuique tribuere. Cic.
Tribuenda est opera Reipublicae. Id. CEDERE, to give up, to leave.
Cedere fortunse. Id. And in a more general sense, cedere domo, vita,
&c. Cic. Horas quid cedunt et dies Id. Cesserit Ausonio si fors
victoria Turno. Virg. Poena cessit in vicem fidei, Liv., Their pu-
nishment passed instead of payment ; or (as some translate it] they
pay
him average instead of money.
604-. Concsntus. Harmonia.
CONCENTUS, (canere cum) a concert of music, the harmony of se-

veral voices or instruments, or of two only. Avium concentus. Cic.
Hie est, inquit ille, sonus, qui intervallis conjunctus imparibus, sed
tamen pro rata portione distinctus impulsu et motu ipsorum orbium
efficitur, qui acuta cum gravibus temperans, aequabiliter concentus
efficit. Id. Figuratively : Nunc age, quid nostrum concentum divi-
dat, audi. Hor. HARMONIA, (dppovia,) harmony, melody, a due
proportion of sounds Harmoniam ex intervallis sonorum nosse pos-
sumus, quorum varia compositio etiam harmonias efficit plures. Cic.
Good authors never use this word figuratively. Concentu difficilia
peragimus ; harmonia demulcentur aures. G. D.
605. Concerlars Controversari.
CONCERTARE, to contest, to dispute together, to del-ate. Concertare

verbis cum aliquo. Cic. CONTROVERSARI, (vertere contra) to be
of a different opinion, to controvert. Nunc a vobis postulo, ut de
isto
concedatis alter alteri, et inter vos de hujusmodi rebus controver-
semini, non concertetis, Cic., You may differ in point of opinion on
the subject ; but do not quarrel.
606. Cancer latorius. Concertativus.
CONCERTATORIUS, belonging to a pleading in suits and trials at

laiv y controversial. Genus dicendi concertatorium, Cic., The judi-
144
rial style used in law. CONCERTATIVUS, contentious, recriminating,

impeaching one another. Mutua accusatio, quam nostri vocant con-
certativarn. Quint.
607. Concidere. Corruere.
CONCIDERE, (cadere cum) to Jail together, to sink with too much

weight. Venti concidunt, Hor., The winds are abating. Tola do-
mus concidit. Cic. Sub onere concidere, Liv., To sink under a
burden. Figuratively : Concidere animis, Caes., To be faint-hearted.
Simul animus cum re concidit. Cic. Artes concidunt, Id., The arts
fall to decay. CORRUERE, (ruere cum) to fall violently together, to
tumbledown. Tabernae mihi duas corruerunt. Cic. Figuratively:
Uno meo fato et tu et omnes mei corruistis. Cic. Et pene ille ti-
more, ego risu corrui. Id.
608. Conciliare. Reconciliare.
CONCILIARE, to conciliate, to unite. Ipsius virtus debet te con.

ciliare illi. Cic. Hoc statuo esse virtutis conciliare animos homi-
num. Id. Conciliare does not suppose any breach of peace; but RE-
CONCILIARE (rursus conciliare) a/ways implies variance. Quod scri-
bis de reconcilianda nostra gratia, non intelligo cur reconciliatam
esse dicis, quae nunquam immutata est. Cic. Quibus eadem Res-
publica me reconciliavit, quae alienaverat. Id.
609. Concinere. Occinere.
CONCINERE, (cum and canere) to accoralin one st>ng or tune. Om-

nia tristia concinuerunt aves. Tibul. Ubi certis numeris ac pedibus
velut facta conspiratione consensit, atque concinuit chorus. Cic.
Figuratively : to agree well together. Stoici cum Peripateticis re
con-
cinere videntur, verbis discrepare. Cic. OCCIXERE, (canere ob) to
hoot or sing inauspicious ft/, as an owl does. Si pulli non pascentur,
si tardius ex cavea exierint, si occinuerit avis. Liv.
610. Concinnitas. Elegantia.
CONCINNITAS, (from cinnus, a curl of hair] neatness, regularity,

Sententiarum concinnitas. Cic. Verborum concinnitas. Id. Collo-
cata verba habent ornatum, si aliquid concinnitatis habent. Id.
ELEGANTIA, (legeree) good taste, propriety, elegancy. Elegancy
consists in nobleness of thoughts and purity of expression. Elegantia
sermonis. Cic. Agricultura abborret ab omni politiore elegantia.
Id. Annos celans elegantia. Phaed.
611. Concio. Oratio.
CONCIO, synonymous with oratio, a harangue : It is generally ad-

dressed to the people or to the soldiers. Dux condone-in babuit ad
milites. Liv. // is said of the place whence the harangue is
delivered.
Ascendi in concionem, concursus est populi factus. Cic. ORATIO,
an oration. i<; generally prepared for solemn and pub lie occurrences.
Iso-
crates orationis facienda: ac ornandac auctor locupletissimus. Cic.
A commander addresses concionem to his soldiers, in order to raise
their
courage : an academician delivers orationem.
145
612. Concionalis. Concionarius.
CONCIONALIS, of or belonging to assemblies. Clamor concionalis.

Cic. Concionalis senex, Liv., An old man fond of speaking in assem-
blies. Concionale genus causarum, Quint., A deliberative style used
in assemblies. CONCIONARIUS, which is often in or comes to assem-
blies. Concionarius populus. Cic.
613. Concitare. Excitare. Incitare. Jnstigare. Extimulare.
CONCITARK, (from ciere) to move, to stir, both in the proper and

figurative sense. Eurus aquas concitat. Ovid. Equum concitare,
Liv., To prick forward a horse. Divino instinctu concitatur animus
a corpore abstractus. Cic. EXCITARE, to make one go off. Excitare
mortuos ab inferis. Cic. Homines qui sequi possent, sedibus exci-
tabat. Liv. Concitabat would have a different meaning. Excitare
vapores, Cic., To raise vapours. INCITARE, to incite, to push for-
ward, to spur on. Dormientem excitare, currentem incitare. Cic.
Ad studium et laborem incitandi juvenes. Id. Figuratively : Exer-
citatio eloquendi celeritatem incitat. Cic. INSTIGARE, (from
a-fifa, pungo) to instigate, to egg on, it more forcible than
incitare: it
is mostly used figuratively. Incensi et irati Romanos in Annibalem
instigabant. Liv. Variis instigant clamoribus alas. Virg. EXTI-
MULARE, (from stimulus) to urge an action already begun, to do all
in one's power to prevent the slackening of it. Dictis extimulare ali-
quem. Ovid. Fame extimulata tigris. Instigare is to inspire or to
rouse again.
614>. Conclave. Cubiculum.
CONCLAVE, (from cum and clavis) a private room shut up with a key,
a study. Cum pater coenatus cubitum in idem conclave cum duobus
filiis isset. Cic. Est mihi ultimis conclave in aedibus quoddam retro.
Ter. CUBICULUM, (from cubare) a bed-room. Is, cum iste etiam
cubaret, in cubiculum introductus est. Cic. Plautus has made use
o/'conclavium : Et conclavium mihi pervium facitis.
615. Conclusio. Consequens. Consequentia. Consecutio.
CONCLUSIO, (claudere cum) a conclusion, the inference drawn

from a reasoning. Conclusio autem rationis ea probatur, in qua, ex
rebus non dubiis, id quod dubitatur efficitur. Cic. Conclusio signi-
Jies also the finishing or termination of a thing. In extrema parte et
conclusione muneris et negotii tui diligentissimus sis. Cic. CONSE-
<JUENS, (sequi cum) that follows, that is meet or Jit. Homo rationis
particeps perquam consequentia cernit, causas rerum videt. Cic.
logicians call consequens the position drawn from the premises, a ne-
cessary consef/uence of which it is. CONSECJUENTIA, an orderly fol-
lowing. Qui cursum rerum eventorumque consequentiam diutur-
nitate notaverunt. Cic. Consequentia, in logic, is the connexion of
the conclusion with the premises. CONSECUTIO, what comes after. De-
tractio modestiae consecutionem affert voluptatis. Cic. Mens quae
et causas rerum et consecutiones videat. Id.
616. Concordare. Quadrare.
CONCORD ARE, (from cum and corda) to agree, to accord. Et sen-
146
sit varies, quamvis diversa sonarent, concordare sonos. Ovid. Figu-

ratively: Animi sanitas dicitur, cum ejus judicia opinionesque con-
cordant. Cic. QUADRAUE, (from quatuor) properly to square, or
make square. Capitolium saxo quadrate substruetum. Liv. Agmen
quadratum. Cic. Figuratively : Omnia in istum quadrare apte vi-
dentur, Cic., Every thing suits him very well. Visum est niihi hoc
ad nmlta quadrare, Id., This seemed to me to serve for many purposes.
Res apti inter se forma et compositione quadrant ; ea vero concor-
dare videntur, e quibus unum quidpiam existit, aut efficitur. G. D.
617. Concordia. Unanimitas.
CONCORDIA, agreement, concord. Concordia et conspiratio omnium

ordinum ad defeudendam libertatem. Cic. Si ad concordiam res
adduci posset. Id. Concordia parvae res crescunt ; discordia maxima?
dilabuntur. Sail. UNANIMITAS, (unus animus) agreement of mind
and will. Fraterna unanimitas. Liv. Concordia jucunde vivimus ;
unanimitate semper eadem amplectimur aut aversamur. G. D.
618. Concrescere. Gladare. Rigere.
CONCRESCERE, (cresccre cum) to thicken, to grow thick. Aqua

concrescit nive pruinaque. Cic. Concrevit frigore sanguis. Virg.
GLACIARE, to congeal, to turn to ice Cum glaciantur aquae. Ovid.
Positas ut glaciet nives puro lumine Jupiter. Hor. Figuratively :
Curio nitribunatus glacial, Cic., Curio is quite idle during his
tribune-
ship. RIGERE, to stiffen, to grow stiff. Rigere gelu. Liv. Vestes
ostro auroque rigentes. Virg. Rigent frigore partes mundi incultae.
Cic.
619. Concubia nox. Intempesta nox.
CONCUBIA NOX, (cubare cum) when people are in led and in their
first sleep. Qui ut ccenati quiescerent, concubia nocte visum est in
somnis ei qui erat in hospitio, &c. Cic. Nox INTEMPESTA, (non
tempus, because the lime nf the night is not employed in working) at
an
unseasonable time of thenight. Nocte intempesta nostram devenit do-
mum. Liv. Repente nocte intempesta servoruni armatorum fit con-
cursus. Cic.
620. Conculina. Pellex. Merelrix.
COXCUBTNA, (from cum and cubare) a conculine, a kept mistress

who lives with a man either marritd or unmarried. In concubinne lo-
cum duceretur. Cic. PELLEX (from pellicere) denotes almost
always a woman who withdraws trie affection of a husband from his
wife. Pellex has a reference to the injured female, not to the man
with
whom the pellex is connected Filia matris pellex, tibi jucundior atque
obsequentior, quam parenti par est. Sail. It is sometimes, but very
seldom, used in reference to an injured husband. Mater rilia? pellex,
Cic., A mother that seduces her own daughter from her affection for
her husband. Reginae pellex, Suet., Who has seduced the queen
MKHETHIX, a common prostitute, a tvhore, a courtezan. Stat meretrix
certo cuivis mercabilisauro. Ovid.
621. Concurrere. Concursnre.
CONCURRERE, (currere cum) to run together. Concurrit ad me

maxima multitude. Cic. Figuratively: Concurrunt multae opiniones.
147
Cic. Tot concurrunt verisimilia, Ten, So many things authorize the

suspicion, Concurrunt nomina, Cic., As much is due to me as I owe.
CONCURSARE, (frequentative of concurrere) to run up and down,
hither and thither. Qui armati noctes diesque concursabant. Cic.
Concursabant barbatuli juvenes. Id.
622. Concursus. Concursio. Concursatio.
CONCURSUS, a concourse of people. Concursus est ad eum factus.

Cic. Figuratively : Litterarum asper concursus. Cic. Calamitatum
concursus. Id. CONCURSIO, a meeting together, a beating one against
another. Fortuita atomorum concursio. Cic. Vocalium concursio.
Id. CONCURSATIO, (frequentative of concursio) a running of peo-
ple together up and down, hither and thither. Quid puerorum ista con-
cursatio ? Cic. Figuratively : Perturbationum concursatio. Cic.
Somniorum concursatio. Id. Exagitatae mentis concursatio, Sen.,
The confusion of an agitated mind.
623. Conculere. Discutere. Ejccutere.
CONCUTERE, (quatere cum) to shake, to jog. Concutit arces bal-

lista. Ovid. Et acres concussit equos. Virg. Figuratively : Te ipsum
concute, Hor., Examine yourself. Foecundum concute pectus. Virg.,
Call together all your abilities. Quae totam luctu funditus urbem
concussit, Id., This event Jilled the town with consternation. DISCU-
TERE, (diversim quatere) to agitate or shake in divers parts. Discu-
tere lateritium nmrum. Caes. Figuratively : Caligo discussa est. Liv.
Periculum discutere, Cic., To escape danger. Captiones discutere,
Id., To unravel captious subtleties. EXCUTERE, (quatere ex) to
shake off. Ilium excussit equus. Liv. Et excuti juberent pallium.
Phaed. Figuratively : Hanc excutere opinionem mihimet volui
radicitus. Cic. Excute intelligentiam tuam, ut videas, Id., Rouse
your senses, that you may see.
624. Conditio. Condimentum.
CONDITIO, ( from condire) a seasoning, the way of making it.

Compositiones unguentorum, ciborum conditiones. Cic. CONDI-
MENTUM, the seasoning itself. Coquos equidem minus demiror, qui
tot utuntur condimentis. Plaut. Figuratively : Sapientiae aetas con-
dimentum est, sapiens aetati cibus est. Plaut. Condimentum ami-
citiae suavitas morum et sermonum. Cic. Condimento humanita-
tis mitigare severitatem. Id. Cibi Condimentum est fames, potionis
sitis. Id.
625. Conditio. Status.
CONDITIO, (from condere) condition, relates particularly to the

rank we hold in the divers classes of a state. STATUS, state, is
letter
said of our trade or profession. Conditio atque fortuna infimi
generis.
Cic. Contra periculosissimas hominum potentias conditioni omnium
civium providere. Id. Conditio regia. Id. Me de vitae meae statu
lacrymis suis deduxerunt. Id. Conditio omnium nostrum, locus quo
quisque natus est .... hunc vitae statum usque ad senectutem obti-
nere. Id. De statu nostrae dignitatis nobis non est recedendum.
Id.
L2
148
626. Conditionem offerrc, proponere,ferre.
CONDITIONEM OFFERRE, to offer a condition. Illis conditionem

pacis obtulit, si id facere vellent. Cic. CONDITIONEM PROPONERE,
to point out a condition. Hanc conditionem supplicii majores in bello
timiditati militis propositam esse voluerunt. Cic CONDITIONEM
FERRE, to impose as a condition. Hanc conditionem misero ferunt,
ut optet utrum malit. Cic. Conditionem offerimus non petenti ; pro-
ponimus inferiori ; victo ferimus. G. D.
627. Confertim. Conglobatim.

CONFERTIM, (from cum and farcire) ctose, in a crowd. Quo
acrius et confertim magis utrinque pugnabatur. Liv. CONGLOBA-
TIM, (from cum and globus) in lumps, in a round lump. Congloba-
tim pugnam ineunt. Liv.
628, Confertus. Refertus. Differtns. Plenus. Repletut.
CONFERTUS, (cum farcire) crammed in, stuffed up, Confertus

cibo. Cic. Figuratively : Vita conferta voluptatum omnium varie-
tate. Cic. Turba conferta iter clausit. Liv. Ut nunquam conferti,
sed rari magnisque intervallis praeliarentur. Ca^s. REFEKTUS, (from
re and farcire) replenished, full. Insula Delos referta divitiis. Cic.
Êrarium refertum. Id. Refertus plenum significat, Confertus vero
densum. DIFFERTUS, (diversim farcire ) filled upon all sides. Inde
forum Appii differtum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. Hor.
Confertum and refertum would not lie so proper. However, Tacitus
says, Odoribus differtum corpus conditur, The body is buried after
having been embalmed. PLEXUS, full. Cadus a summo plenus.
Plaut. Figuratively : Grave et plenum carmen. Cic. Plenus ingenii.
Id. Plenior vox, Id., Full voice. IVhat is full cannot contain any
more. REPLETUS, filled. Referto foro repletisque omnibus templis.
Cic. Plenus particularly relates to the capaciousness of the vessel ;
and
repletus to the quantity which can be received within that capacious-
ness.
629. Conficere. Patrare. Perpetrare.
CONFICERE, to finish, to make an end of. Bellum conficere. Cic.

Cursus annuos sol conficit. Id. PATRARE, (from pater) to per-
form, to effect, to execute. Inccepta patrare. Sal. Facinus patrare.
Cic. Decreta patrare. Id. PERPETRARE, to go through with, to
achieve. Perpetratis omnibus quae ad pacem divum pertinent. Liv.
630. Confingere. Effingere.
CONFINGERE, (fingere cum) to form, to make together. Apesfavos

confingunt et ceras. Plin. Figuratively : To invent, to forge,
tofeign.
Confinxerunt dolum. Plaut. Confingunt de industria hunc rumorem.
Cic. EFFINGERE, (fingere e) to represent after an original. Effin-
gere casus in auro. Virg. Figuratively : Tullius effinxit vim De-
mosthenis. Quint. Formas et mores, et plerosque status et motus
effingunt a parentibus liberi. Cic.
631. Confirmare. Corroborare.
CONFIRMARE, (from firmus) synonymous with corroborare, to

strengthen, to fortify j and CORROBORARE, (from robur) to corrobo-
149
rate, to make strong. These two verbs differ in the manner wherein
they express the increase of strength. Confirmare is rather said of a
convalescent person. Cura igitur le, et confirma, says Cicero to a
friend in a state of recovery. Figuratively : Erige te et confirma, si
quae subeunda dimicatio erit. Cic. Veteranum ac tironem militem
opere assiduo corroboravit. Suet. Figuratively : Se corroborare,
et virum inter viros esse. Cic. Conjurationem nascentem non cre-
dendo corroborare. Id. Milites corroborantur opere et exercita-
tione ; corpora alimentis, ae'ris salubritate ; anirai, dictis
confirman-
tur. G. D.
632. Cortfigere. Defigere. Refigere.
CONFIGERE, (figere cum) to thrust into a thing, to fasten together,

to pierce. Pereunt confixi a sociis. Virg. Confixus claris, Caes.,
Nailed up. Figuratively : Confixus est ducentis Senatus-consultis.
Cic. Cogitationes in Reipublicae salute configere. Id. DEFIGERE,
(figere de) to drive or thrust into. Terrae defigitur arbos. Virg.
Gladios jugulo defigere. Liv. Crucem defigere, Cic., To plant a
cross. Figuratively : Posita et defixa spes omnium in te. Cic. Furta
alicujus in oculis populi defigere, Id., To expose to public sight the
robberies of any one. Tacita mcestitia ita defycit omnium animos, ut,
&c. Liv. REFIGERE, (from re, an adversative or iterative particle,
and figere) to pull down what was fastened. Quamvis clypeo Trojana
refixo tempora testatus, Hor., Though he gave as a proof the shield
which he had taken from Juno's temple. Refigere is also properly used
for thrusting a second time into. Nam stve prope truncum defigitur
palus, pedali tamen spatio refigendus est. Col.
633. Conflictio. Conflictus.
CONFLICTIO, (from cum and the old word fligo) a dashing of one
against another. Duorum inter se corporum conflictio. Quint. Fi-
guratively : Contrariorum et dissimilium et inter se pugnantium con-
flictio. Cic. CONFLICTUS, the dashing itself, the friction. Lapidum
conflictu atque tritu elici ignem videmus. Cic. Nubium conflictus.
Id.
634. Confluere. Influere. Prqfluere.
CONFLUERE, (fluere cum) to Jlow together. Fibrenus aequaliter

latera haec alluit, rapideque dilapsus cito in unum confluit. Cic.
Figu-
ratively : Ad hasc studia plures confluxerunt. Cic. Causae pleraeque
ad nos confluunt. INFLUERE, to Jlow into. Ligeris influit oceanum,
Ca?s., The river Loire falls into the ocean. Figuratively : Influere
in animos, Cic., To insinuate oneself into the affections. Ex hac le-
nitate ad hanc vim influat aliquid necesse est. Id. PROFLUERE,
(fluere pro, porro) to rundown towards, to run abundantly. Lacus
emissus lapsu et cursu suo ad mare profluxit. Cic. Figuratively :
Ego ab his fontibus profluxi ad hominum famam, Cic., These are the
ways whereby I got fame. Ad libidines profluere, Tac., To give one's
self up to one's passions. Cujus ore sermo melle dulcior profluebat.
Cic.
635. Confugere. Perfugere.
CONFUGERE, (fugere cum) properly tojly together. It generally

signifies, to go for refuge, to have recourse to. Priamum, cum ad aras
150
confugisset, hostilis manus interemit. Cic. Ad te confugimus, a te

opem petimus. Id. Figuratively : Confugit ad stukitiam, adolescen-
tiara, vim, persuasionem. Cic. PERFUGERE, properly to fly away :
its proper signification is, to fly into a place of safety. Jam
Tarquinii
ad Lartem Porsenam perfugerant. Liv. Hie locus est unus, quo
perfugiant ; hie portus, haec arx, haec ara sociorum. Cic.
636. Confundtre. Miscere. Turbare. Perturbare.
CONFUNDERE, (fundere cum) properly to flow or pour out together.

Arethusa Siculis confunditur undis. Virg. Figuratively : Confun-
dere sermones in unum, Liv., To talk all at once. Confundere vera
falsis. Cic. Vultus confusus, Ovid., A look of fright and dismay.
MISCERE, to mix, to mingle. Qui alteri miscet mulsum ipse non si-
tiens. Cic. Figuratively : Totam quia vitam miscet dolor et gau-
tlium. Phaed. Procax libertas miscuit civitatem. Id. TURBARE,
(from turba) to trouble, to disturb, to embroil. Eversae turbant con-
vivia mensse. Ovid. Zephyro turbantur arenae. Virg. Figuratively :
Turbare pacem. Liv. Omnia infima summis paria fecit, turbavit,
miscuit. Cic. PERTURBARE, to turn topsy-turvy, to throw into con-
fusion, both in the proper and figurative sense. Perturbata et confusa
onusti cibo etvino cernimus. Cic. Seditionibus perturbata civitas.
Id. De Reipublicae salute magis quam de sua perturbari. Id. Si
aquam et oleum confuderis, vix ea nisi turbata et agitata misceri
possunt. G. D.
637. Confutare. Refutare. Refellere.
CONFUTARE, (from cum and the old verb future, frequentative of

fundere, which signified to pour often, or drop by drop, cold water
into
boiling water ; whence the vessel used for that purpose was called
futum).
Coquus ubi ah en urn fen-it, paulla confutat trua. Nonn. Confutare
generally signifies to calm, to convince in reasoning. Confutavi
verbis
admodum iratuiu patrem. Ter. Dolores maximos alicujus rei re-
cordatione confutare. Cic. Audaciam confutare. Id. REFUTARE
expresses more, and signifies to repel, to repress, to refute.
Refutare
bello. Liv. Refutare conatum alicujus. Id. Refutare testes, Cic.,
To refuse witnesses. Ilefutatio orationis dicitur in qua est depulsio
criminis ; confutatio est locorum contrariorum dissolutio. Id. RE-
FELLERE, (from re, an adversative or reciprocal particle, anc/fallere)
to contradict other people s sentiments, to prove them false. Cum tu
horum nihil refelles, vincam scilicet. Cic. Refellere sine pertinacia,
et refelli sine iracundui, parati sumus. Id Figuratively: Eorum
vita refellitur oratio, Id., Their way of living contradicts their
speeches. Although these three words may be promiscuously used, the
difference of their meanings is pointed out in the follou-ittg
example.
Iratum confutare, moderati hominis est ; incurrentem refutare aut
impugnantem, fortis et animosi ; dolo aut errore vana fingentem re-
fellere, prudentis et acuti. G. D.
638. Congiarium. Donalivum.
CONGIARIUM, (from congius, a Roman measure} a largess given

to the people. Multitudinem imperitam congiariis lenire Cic.
DoNATivt'M, (from donum) a largess to soldiers. Congiario dona-
batur populus, sic donativo milites donabantur. Sen. Additum
151
nomine Neronis donativum militi, congiarium plebi. Tac. Congia-

rium consisted in corn, wine, oil, vegetables, &c. It is also said of
the
present of a prince to a private man. Plancus magno congiario dona-
tus a Caesare. Cic.
639. Conglolare. Glomerare.
CONGLOBARE, (from cum and globus) to gather into a ball.

Terra undique in se nutibus suis conglobata. Cic Conglobatur
undique mare. Id. Figuratively: Definitiones conglobatae, Cic., Ac-
cumulated Definitions. Ubi nunquam conglobari hostes compertum
est, Tac., As they perceived the enemy were nowhere rallying. GLO-
MERARE, (from glomus) to wind upon a bottom in the form of a ball.
Lanam glomerabat in orbes. Ovid. Figuratively : Glomeratae clades.
Cic. Ventus incendia glomerat, Virg., The wind raises a terrible
conflagration. Jam legiones in testudinem glomerabantur. Tac.
640. Congressio. Congressus.
CONGRESSIO, (gradior cum) the act of coming together or meeting

with one. His de causis hoc malum, quod te non vidi, minus acer-
bum fuit, quam fuisset turn congressio, turn vero digressio nostra.
Cic. -CoNGRESSUS, the coming together or meeting itself. Aut scri-
bam ad te alias, aut in congressum nostrum reservabo. Cic. // is
also said of a conflict, of ajight. Multi in eo congressu perierunt.
Sal. Tres uno congressu neci mittit. Virg. Adolescentes ab impro-
borum congressione prohibent magistri, ne eorum congressu cor-
rumpantur. G. D.
641. Conjugare. Copulare. Conjungere. Colligare. Connectere. Con-
stringere.
CONJUGARE, (from cum and jugum) to yoke or couple together.

Conjugare boves. Col. Figuratively : Jucundissima amicitia est,
quam similitude morum conjugavit. Cic Conjugata verba, Id.,
JVords derived from the same origin, as sapiens, sapientia, sapienter.
COPULARE, (from copula) to couple, tojoin together. Copulare uno
vinculo. Liv. Copulant hominem cum bellua. Cic. Figuratively :
Copulare concordiam, Cic., To cement concord Honestatem cum
voluptate copulare. Id. CONJUNGERE, (jungere cum) tojoin toge-
ther. Calamos cera conjungere. Virg. Figuratively : Summa mi-
seria summo dedecore conjuncta. Cic. COLLIGARE, (ligare cum)
to tie together. I, lictor, colliga manus. Cic. Figuratively: Colli-
gare uno libro otnnia. Cic. Verbis sententias colligare. Id. CON-
NECTERE, (nectere cum) to connect, to link. Nodi connexi. Ovid.
Figuratively : Amicitia cum voluptate connectitur. Cic. CON-
STRINGERE, (stringere cum) to bindjast, to tie tightly together. Quae
dissipata sunt aut divulsa constringere. Cic. Figuratively : Ut se
virtuti tradat ad constringendam voluptatem. Cic. Constringi ne-
cessitate. Id. Paria conjugamus, ut similiter inoveantur, agant et
sentiant ; convenientia copulamus, ut se mutud juvent ; conjungi-
mus separata, ut una consistant ; propiora connectimus, ne soluta
divagentur ; simul posita coiligamus, ut firmiter constent ; conjuncta
constringimus, ne divellantur. G. D
642. Conjuncle. Conju.nciim.

CON JUNCTE, jointly. Conjunctissime versati sumus. Cic. Con-
152
junctissime cum aliquo vivere. Id. CONJUNCTIM, together; it is

opposed to separatim. Hujus omnis pecuniae conjunctim ratio ha-
betur, fructusque servantur. Caes.
643. Conjuratio. Conspiratio. Coitio.
CONJURATIO, (jurare cum) a confederacy, a compact. Conjuratio

quae jurejuramlo firmatur. Sal. Conjuratio nobilitatis, Caes., It is
generally understood in a bad sense. Nefanda in omne facinus ac li-
bidinem conjuratio. Liv. CONSPIRATIO, (spirare cum) conspiracy,
union, generally taken in a good sense. Conspiratio omnium ordinum
ad defendendam Rempublicam. Cic. Cicero has however said: Sce-
leratissima conspiratio. Figuratively: Conspiratio virtutum. Cic.
COITIO, (ire cum) an interview. Senex adest, vide quid agas :
prima coitio est acerrima. Ter. // is generally taken for a plot, a
ca-
bal, an assembling of men together for some secret crime. Dubitatis
quin coitio facta sit, cum, &c. Cic. Quod audisti in candidatorum
consularium coitione me interfuisse, falsum est. Id. Cum per coi-
tiones potentiorum hominum injuria fieret. Liv.
644. Conjux. Sponsus.
CONJUX, (jungere cum) properly signifies married: vir is under-

stood for the husband, and uxor for the wife. Quis te casus dejectam
conjuge tanto excipit? Virg. Egregia conjux. Cic. Cicero applies
conjux to the wife. SPONSUS, (from spondere) one who has promised
marriage to a woman in a public and solemn manner: vir or adolescens
is understood; as virgo in sponsa. Cognito super humeros paluda-
raento sponsi. lav. Hue venisti sponsam praereptum meam. Plaut.
645. Conniti. Eniti.
CONNITI, to try to the utmost. Toto corpore connixus. Virg.

Connixus omnibus copiis Ancus aciem primam vicit. Liv. Pirgil
has used conniti to express the bringing forth of twins. Namque ge-
mellos, spem gregis, ah ! silice in nuda connixa reliquit. ENITI,
to make painful efforts. Sic velim enitare quasi in eo sint omnia.
Cic. Quantum viribus eniti potero // also signifies to ascend with
effort. Aggerem and in aggerem eniti. Tac. It means, besides, to
le brought' to-bed. Plures partus enixa. Liv.
616. Connubium. Conjugium. Matrimonium. Nuptice.
CONNUBIUM, (nubere cum) an alliance by marriage. Connubia

patrum et plebis. Liv. Sequuntur connubia et affinitates. Cic.
CONJUGIUM, (jungere cum) marriagt, the conjugal union. Conjugia
virorum et uxorum. Cic. // is said of animals, baepe sine ullis con-
jugiis vento gravidce, Virg., speaking of mares. MATRIMONIUM,
(matris munu*) wedlock, matrimony. Matrimonii jus castum et le-
gitimum. Cic NUPTI;E, the wedding, the marriage solemnities. Coe-
nare apud aliquem in nuptiis. Cic. Nuptiae non matrimonii digni-
tate, sed sceleris societate conjunctae. Id. Matrimonia 'copulant
nuptiarum solemnibus. Arnob. Nupt.isc sunt matrimonii celebratio,
quae legitimum esse conjugium testificatur ; comuibium vero jus
legitimi matrimonii. G. Z).
153
64<7. Conscientia. Memoria.
CONSCIENTIA, (from cum and scire) knowledge, the testimony of

ones own mind. Magna vis est conscientiae in utramque partem, ut
neque timeant, qui nihil commiserint, et pcenara ante oculos versari
putent qui peccarint. Cic. Maleficiorum conscientiae stimulant. Id.
Constrictam jam horum omnium conscientia teneri conjurationem
tuam non vides ? Id. MEMORIA, the memory, the remembrance of
what has been seen or heard, and not forgotten : it is a free
attention
of the mii.d to ideas which it still retains, though it be not
continually
bent upon them. Memoria est per quam ;nens repetit ilia qua? fue-
runt. Cic. Omnia bella quae nostra memoria fuerunt. Id.
648. Conscius. Testis, Index.
CONSCIUS, (scire cum) conscious, privy to, an accomplice. Mens

sibi conscia recti. Virg. Qui si alicujus injuriae sibi conscius
fuisseU
Cic. Meorum omnium consiliorum conscius. Id. Temeritatis ali-
cujus et mendacii conscium esse. Id. TESTIS, a witness. Testis
et spectator. Cic. Testis et conscius alicujus rei. Id. INDEX, a
discoverer, a shower. Hose omnia indices detulerunt, rei confess!
sunt. Cic. Imago animi vultus, indices oculi. Id. It is also taken
for an index, or table of a book. Librorum indicibus decipi. Cic.
649. Conscribere. Inscribere. Perscribere.
CONSCRIBERE, (scribere cum) to ivrite many things together.

Conscribere volumen. Cic. Conscribere milites, Id., To enlist
soldiers : Their names were set down in a register. INSCRIBERE,
(scribere in) to write in or upon, to inscribe, to put an inscription.
Qui vestris monumentis nomen suum inscripsit. Cic. Inscribi jussit
in fastis, Caesari dictatori perpetuo. Id. Liber qui CEconomicus in-
scribitur. Id. Figuratively : Inscribere in anirne orationem. Cic.
PERSCRIBERE, to write at large, to write throughout. Dicta om-
nia judicum perscribere. Cic. Pleniora atque uberiora Romam ad
suos perscribebant, Id., They wrote to their friends at Rome long
and full accounts of what was doing. And in another seme : Pecu-
niam in aedem sacram reficiendam se perscripsisse dicunt, Cic., They
say they have ordered all that money for the rebuilding of a temple.
650. Consecrare. Dedicare. Inaugurari.
CoifSECRARE, (sacrarecum) to consecrate, to dedicate to God with

solemn rites. Consecrare, say grammarians, e profano sacrum fa-
cere, non verbis modo solemnibus, sed etiam manu. Aram Deo
Consecrare. Cic. DEDICARE, to dedicate, to consecrate to divine wor-
ship. Smyrnaei delubrum Homero dedicarunt. Cic. Consecrare
has a more religious cu\t than dedicare. Consecrare est Deo pub-
lice dedicare ; and dedicare, Deo dicendo dare atque dicare. An
consecratio nullum habet jus, dedicatio est religiosa ? Cic. Con-
secratur quod profanum est ; dedicatur Deo quod iili debetur. De-
dicare is often said of profane things. Librum exarabb tertium
j^sopi stylo, honori et meritis dedicans ilium tuis. Phaed. INAU-
GURARI and INAUGURARE, properly to consult auguries. Palatinum
Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.
Liv. It also signifies to consecrate a place or person after the
consult-
154
ing of auguries. Locum inaugurari. Liv. Cur non inaugurare ?

Sume diem : vide qui te inauguret. Cic.
651. Com ignore. Obsignare.
CONSIGXARE, say grammarians, signo impresso occludere ; OB-

SIGNARE, testificandi gratia signum imprimere : consignantur lit-
terse, pecunia, quod in sacculo ligneo trajecto, signisque cerac im-
pressis olim deponebatur : obsignari item litterae, testamenta, cum
testium subscriptione et annulis signatoriis firmabantur. Has ta-
bulas obsignatas, consignatas quas fero, Plaut. The above two words
have been promiscuously used. Lagenas etiam inanes obsignabat, ne
dicerentur inanes aliquae. Cic. Tabulae signis hominum nobilium
consignantur. Id. Consignare moreover signifies, to register and re-
cord, lisdem litteris illius praetura, et tua quaestura consignatae
sunt. Cic. Hanc commendationem, quam his litteris consignare
volui, scito omnium esse gratissimam. Id. Figuratively : Consig-
natae in animis notiones. Cic.
652. Consilium. Sententia.
CONSILIUM, 1. counsel, advice. In consilio capiendo prudentia,

in dando fides requiritur et religio. Cic. Ire in consilium, Id., To
gather the votes. 2. A design, a project. Consilium est aliquid faci-
endi, non laciendive excogitata ratio. Cic. Optimus est portus
pcenitenti, mutatio consilii. Id. SENTENTIA, 1. A dtcidtd opinion.
De quibus tres video ferri sententias, quarum nullam probo. Cic.
2. An extra-judicial deliberation and judgment. Facere non potui,
quin tibi et sententiam, et voluntatem declararem nieam. Cic. Ami-
cus dat consilium de animi sententia. G. D.
653. Consobrinus. Sobrinus.
CONSOBRIXUS, a cousin- german ; the children of brothers and sis-

ters are consobrini. Ne cum Tito Broccho avuticulo suo, ne cum
ejus filio consobrino suo vivat. Cic SOBRINUS, a second cousin.
Suquuntur fratrum conjunctiones, post consobrinorum sobrinorum-
que. Cic.
654-. Consolabilis. Consolalcrius.
CONSOLABILIS, that way be comforted or appeased. Est omnino

vix consolabilis dolor : tanta est rerum omnium amissio, et despe-
ratio recuperandi. Cic. COI;SOLATORIUS, consolatory, that com-
forts. A Caesare litteras accepi consolatorias de urbe augenda. Cic.
655 Consolari. So/ari.
These two words seem alike : it is hmvever to be observed that So-

LARI is rather used in poetry, and CONSOLARI in prose. Dictis so-
latur amicis. Virg. Figuratively : Famem metumque solari. Virg.
Longum cantu solata laborem Id. Consolari afflictos. Cic. Con-
scientia optimae mentis se Consolari. Id. Figuratively : Brcvitatem
vitic posteritatis memoria consolatur. Cic. Ovid has taid conso-
lantia verha.
C56. (onsolatio. Solatium. Solamen.
CONSOLATIO, the act of consoling, the motive made use of for thai
purpose. Levat dolorem consolatio. Cic. Jt is aho taken passively.
155
Magna est consolatio, cum recordare te recte vereque sensisse.

Cic. SOLATIUM is the consolation inwardly Jell. Vacare culpa
magnum est solatium. Cic. SOLAMEN has the same meaning as so-
latium, and is only employed in poetry. Mali solamen. Virg. Quis-
quis honos tumuli, quicquid solamen humandi est largior. Id. Hoc
deeus illi, hoc solamen erat. Id. Cicero scripsit librum de conso-
latione ad Tulliam, ex cujus lectione non leve solatium reportavit
Tullia. G. D.
657. Consors. Parliceps.
CONSORS, ( from cum and sors) a partaker or sharer of the same

condition. Fratres Consortes mendicitatis. Cic. Quid tibi consorti
mecum temporum illorum respondebo ? Id. PARTICEPS, (partem
capiens) that participates or shares with. Feci omnes participes
meae voluptatis. Cic. Conjurationis particeps. Id. Praeda3 par-
ticipes esse non debent, qui periculorum consortes non fuerunt.
G. D.
658. Conspicere. Circumspicere.
CONSPICERE, (from cum and the obsolete word spicere) to take a

view of several things together, to look Jorwards. Cum omnia dili-
gentissime conspexerit. Cic. Infestis oculis omnium conspici. Id.
CIRCUMSPICERE, to look about. Constitit atque oculis Phrygia
agmina circumspexit.Virg. Figuratively : Nunquamne, homo amen-
tissime, te circumspicies ? Cic.
659. Constant. Firmus. Stabilis. Solidus. Duralilis.
CONSTANS, (stare cum) constant, always the same, (both in the

proper and .figurative sense.) Constantissimus motus lunae. Cic.
Constans et perpetua vitae ratio. Id. Vir constans et gravis. Id.
Constantes rumores. Id. FIRMUS, Jirm. Poplite nondum firmo
constitit. Ovid. Figuratively : Firma et perpetua amicitia. Cic.
Accusator firmus et verus. Id. STABILIS, (from stare) steadfast,
stable.. Terminus stabilis. Cic. Figuratively." that does not vary.
Firmus et stabilis, et constans amicus. Cic. Stabilis opinio. Id.
SOLIDUS, solid, that resists the shock of bodies and the injuries of
time. Solida columna. Cic. Figuratively : Solidum gaudium. Cic.
Solidam veramque laudem quaerere. Id. DURABILIS, durable, of
long continuance. Quod caret alterna requie, durabile non est.
Ovid. Eum constantem arbitror, qui sola ratione potest a statu suo
aut a proposito dimoveri, et cujus f'acta dictave anteactis usque con-
gruunt ; illud firmum est quod aequabili quodam vigore semper agit
aut consistit ; solidurn est cujus partes inter se firmiter cohaerent
absque ulla continui solutione. Figuratively : Durabile, quod verum
et permansurum est ; Stabile, quod ita constitutum aut collocatum
est, ut non facile pcssit everti. G. D.
660. Consiantia. Firmitus. Firmitudo. Perseverantia.
CONSTANTIA, (stare cum) constancy, an even conduct. Nihil est

quod tarn deceat, quam in omni re gerenda consilioque capiendo
servare constantiam. Cic. FIRMITAS, firmness, strength Firmitas
materiae sustinebat ictum. Caes. Corporis firmitas. Cic. Figura-
tively : that firmness of mind and resolution that prevents us from
giving up our pursuits, and from being deterred by any aggression
156
whatever. Sapientis firmitas. Cic. Animi firmitas. Id. FIRMI-

TUDO denotes an habitual and permanent firmness ; and firmitas, a
firmness actually existing, without any relation to duration. Firmi-
tudo gravitasque animi. Cic. Firmitudo vocis. Id. PERSBVERAN'-
TIA, perseverance. Perseverantia est in re bene considerata stabilis
et perpetua permansio. Cic. Inter dubios et temere agentes emi-
net viri sapientis constantia ; inter factiosos et obluctantes pluri-
mum valet animi firmitas; multos commendavit in inccepto lauda-
bili perseverantia. G. D.
661. Consternare. Consternere.
CONSTERNARE, to affright, to dismay. Consternare animos. Liv.

Pavida et consternata multitude. Id. In fugam consternari, Id.,
To be routed or put in disorder. CONSTERNERE, to strew, to cover all
over loosely. Consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes. Virg.
Forum corporibus civium Romanorum constratum. Cic. Conster-
nere contabulationem lapidibus lutoque. Caes. Consternere terram
corpore, Cic., To prostrate ones self.
662. Constitutum. Constituta. Constitutio.
CONSTITUTUM, (tempus understood] a certain time agreed upon

letween parties for the trial of a suit at law. Ad constitutum ve-
nire. Cic. Figuratively : Si quod constitutum habes cum podagra,
fac in alium diem differas. Cic. CONSTITUTA, statutes, decrees, or-
dinances. Constituta et acta alicujus tollere. Cic. CONSTITUTIO,
the estallishing of a thing, institution, constitution. Constitutio
religi-
onum. Cic. Firma constitutio corporis. Id.
663. Consuetudo. Mos. Mores. Usus.
CONSUETCDO, (suescere cum) acquaintance, liabitual intimacy.

In consuetudinem alicujus venire. Cic. To keep company with.
Consuetudo naturae vim obtinet, quasi altera natura. Id. Famili-
aritas quotidiana consuetudine augetur. Id. Mos, fashion, custom.
Sed quia mos est ita faciendi. Cic. Meo more. Id. Variura cceli
praediscere niorem. Virg. In morem fluminis, Id., As a river gene-
rally does. Mos and consuetude admit of another sense. Consue-
tudo, according to grammarians, jus quoddam non scriptum, tacito
populi consensu et voluntate utentium introductum ; Mos est ipse
actus et usus inveteratus, ex quo consuetudo induci solet. Contra
morem consuetudinemque civilem. Cic. Non mos consuetudoque
servata. Id. MORES is generally moral virtue or vice, manners. La-
buntur ad mollitiem mores. Cic. Morum doctus imitator. Hor. It
is also said of the established customs. In patriis est moribun multo-
rum causas gratuito defendere. Cic. Usus, usage, practice. Ad-
jungatur usus frequens qui omnium magistrorum praccepta superat.
Cic. It also signifies advantage, benefit. Ex usu meo est, Ter., It
is for my advantage. Alio loco dicemus, si usus fuerit. Cic. Wliat
is in use amongst the greater numier of men, consuetude est ; what
has been in use for a long while, mos est.
664. Consulere. Consultare. Consiliare.
CONSULKHK, (from cum and salio) to consult, to ask counsel or

advice. Per litteras consulere aliquem. Cic. Jam vos consulo quid
157
mihi faciendum putetis. Id. CONSULT A RE, to consult or delate to-

gether. Omnes fere Galliae civitates de bello consultabant. Caes.
Octavius consultabat utrum, &c. Cic. CONSILIARE and CONSILI-
ARI, to give counsel. Ille bonis faveat, et consilietur amicis. Hor.
Gratum elocuta consiliantibus Junone Divis. Id. Which may be
understood of the Gods either giving counsel to Juno, or being
assembled
to consult together.
665. Consulere alicui. Consulere in aliquem.
CONSJLERE ALICUI, to take care of, or to regard, somebody. Obli.

viscere ilium aliquando familiari suo, tuo adversario, voluisse con-
sultum. Cic. Deligant quern maxime populo Romano consulturum
putent. Id. Consulere saluti suae. Id. Tempori, paci consulere.
Id. COUSULERE IN ALIQUEM is quite the reverse, and signifies to
act against. Pessime in te atque in ilium consulis, Ter., You do a
great deal of harm loth to him and yourself. In humiliores libidinose
crudeliterque consulebatur. Liv. In medium, in commune consu-
lere, in Cicero and Livy, signify to do and provide for the common
good. Sed oro te ut in medium consulas, in Terence, signifies, I
leg you will have the matter examined in common for loth parties.
Pliny junior said, Intermissum tandiu morem in publicum consu-
lendi reducere, in a different sense : To re-establish the custom, so
long interrupted, of proposing one's thoughts to the senate. The an-
cients said boni consulere, to approve, to Jind proper : this is the
in-
terpretation of Quintilian.
666. Consultatio. Delileratio.
CONSULTATIO, a consultation. Respondere consultation!. Cic.

DELIBERATIO, (from libra, libella) a deliberation, a considera-
tion. Inciditur omnis deliberatio, si intelligitur non posse fieri.
Cic.
Sapientem et bonum virum quaerimus ; de ejus deliberatione et con-
sultatione quaerimus. Id. Habet res deliberationem, Id., The sub-
ject requires deliberation. Ubi inciditur deliberatio, jam nulla est
consultatio. G. D.
667. Consults. Consulto.
CONSULTE, wisely, discreetly, warily. Consulte, docte atque as-

tute cavere. Plaut. Avidius quam consultius, Tac., Wilh more eager-
ness than prudence. CONSULTO, deliberately , purposely. Philosophia
multitudinem consulto fugiens. Cic. Consulte agere prudentiae est ;
consulto agere, nonnunquam temeritatis. G. D.
668. Consultor. Consultuf.
CONSULTOR, (from consulere). 1. One who asks counsel. Con-

sultoribus respondere. Cic. 2. One who gives counsel, a counsellor.
Simul ab eo petiit, ut fautor consultorque sibi adsit. Sail. CON-
SULTUS, 1. Consulted with. Consulti medici responderunt nihil esse
periculi. Cic. 2. Learned, of whom counsel may be asked. Natura,
non disciplina consultus. Cic. Vir consultissimus omnis divini hu-
manique juris. Liv. 1 can hardly believe that the inconsulti abeunt
of Virgil may signify that the men retired without an answer or with-
out counsel. Inconsultus cannot have an active signification : it is
opposed to consultus, which signifies skilful ; and consequently
incon-
sultus must signify unskilful, foolish.
158
669. Contagio. Contagium. Conlaclus.
COXTAGIO, (tangere cum) a communication. Quae potest igitur

contagio ex intiaito pene intervallo pertinere ad lunain ? Cic. So-
cietas et contagio corporis et animi. Id. // is said of catching dis-
orders. Figuratively : Latius patet illius sceleris contagio, quam
quisquam putat. Cic. Contagio belli. Id. Ne cujus facti dictive
contagione prasens violer, Liv., Lest leing caught here, 1 should be
thought an accomplice CONTAGIUM is the same : tut it is only used
in poetry. Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent. Virg. Figu-
ratively^: Contagio lucri. Hor. COXTACTUS, a touching. Con-
tactuque omnia i'cedaut immundo. Virg. Infecti quasi valetudine
et contactu. Tac.
670. Contaminare. Inquinare. Polluere.
CONTAMIXARE, in its proper sense is to touch with dirty hands :

it is only used figuratively . Integra contaminatis opponuntur. Cic.
Veritatem mendacio contaminate. Id. Contaminare se vitiis. Id.
IXQUIXARE, to defile, to cover with filth, is said of slinking and in-
fectious matters that slick to the outside. Aurum tempus inquinavit
aere. Hor. Merdis caput inquiner albis. Id. Inquinari nolo ignavo
sanguine. Pha?d. Figuratively: Faniam alicujus inquinare. Cic.
POLLUERE, to pollute, to distairi, to corrupt. Lues impura ludos
polluit. Hor. Jura nefario scelere polluere. Cic. Polluere consu-
latum, Sail., To render the consulate contemptible.
671. Contendere. Certare. Decertare.
COXTEXDERE, ( tendcre cum) properly to stretch. Contendere

tenacia vincla. Ovid. Contendere tormenta. Cic. Figuratively :
Contendere vocem. Cic. Conteudere Romam. Sal. (iter under-
stood.} Contendere aliquid cum re aliqua, Id., To compare one thing
with another. Contendere, synonymous with the others, signifies to
struggle against others for a thing, to endeavour to get it, to
contest
with. Contendunt inter severbis, non pugnis. Cic. Civiliter con-
tendere. Id. Jurgio Contendere. Id. CERTARE, to fight, both in the
proper andfigurative sense. Certare armis. Liv. Benedictis si cer-
tasset, audisset bene. Ter. Certare maledictis. Id. Certare mulc-
tam, Liv., To contest before a judge about a fine. Certare inter se
jure, Cic. Foro, Hor., To go to law one with another, to sue one
annther. DECERTARE, to contend about, to fight for, both in the
proper and figurative sente. Decertare manu. Cic. Demosthenes
et Êschincs inter se decertare solid sunt. Id.
672. Conleniiosus. L'tigiosus.
CONTEXTIOSUS, (from Contendere,) vehement, contentious, stub-

born. Oratio de qua loquor, pugnax et contentiosa est. Plin. jun.
Avidissimam moriendi cupiditatem conteutiosa mendicitate falle-
bain. Quint. LITIOIOSUS, (from Vis and agcre) litigious, fond of
law, and likewise a thing in dispute. Quid huic tain loquacitcr liti-
gioso respooderet ille non habebat, Cic. Ager litigiosus, Id., A
field about which there is a dispute.
159
673. Contestatio. Contentio. Disputatio. Concertatio.
COXTESTATIO, ( from cum an^testis) entreaty, strong solicitation.

Petivit a me maxima contestatione, ut. &c. Cic. Good authors
never use it in the sense of contestation and quarrel. CONTENTIO,
(tenclere cum) an effort. Vehementissima contentio animi, ingenii,
virium. Cic. It is said of a contestation, dispute, &c. Contentio
disceptationibus tribuatur judiciorum. Cic. It also signifies a com-
parison or putting of things together. Sed si contentio quaedam et
com-
paratio- nat. Cic. DISPUTATIO, (diversim putare) a disputation or
delate on a particular matter, between two persons of a different
opinion. Disputationem de re aliqua instituere. Cic. CONCER-
TATIO, (certare cum) contention, chicanery. Nunquam vidi iniquius
concertationem comparatam, Ter., / never saw a mote unequal con-
test. Disputationes plenas concertationum. Cic. Disputandi pru-
dentiam imitatur concertatio. Id.
674. Contiguus. Vicinus. Ficinalis. Confinis. Finitimus.
CONTIGUUS, ( from cum and tangere) contiguous, adjoining. Con-

tiguas habuere domos. Ovid VICINUS, (from vicus) a neighbour.
Vicini homines. Cic. Vicinse aedes. Id. Two houses may be vicinae,
without being contiguae. Figuratively : Mala sunt vicina bonis.
Ovid. Latona ad pariendum vicina, Cic. VICINALIS, of or be-
longing to neighbours or the neighbourhood. Lintres ad vicinalem
usum paratae. Liv. Vicinalibus bellis assidue vexati. Just. CON-
FINIS, (from cum and finis) next to, bordering. Quae gens confinis
Cappadociae est. C. Nep. Confinis ager, Cic., A Jield separated
from another by the same limits. FINITIMUS, (from finis) bordering
upon, adjacent to. Finitimae civitates. Liv. Figuratively : Perti-
nacia perseverantiae finitima est. Cic. Two fields separated by the
same limits are confines ; if they are on the confines of a country,
they
are finitimi.
675. Continuatio. Continuitas.

CONTINUATIO, (cum tenore) continuation, the action by which a
thing is continued, and its duration. Quasi fatalis et immutabilis
continuatio ordinis sempiterni. Cic. Continuatio et series rerum.
Id. Continuatio imbrium. Cses. CONTINUITAS, the continuity or
joining ivithout interruption of the parts, or whole length of a thing
;
it is said of txtens'.on. Collum et juba continuitate spinse porrigi-
tur. Plin.
676. Continuo. Statim. Confestim. Aclutum. Ilicet. lllico. Protinus.

Repente. Derepente. Subitb. Extemplo. Oppidb.
CoNTiNt 7 o, (cum tenore) without any interval. Haud mora,

continue perfectis sanguine votis, &c. Virg STATIM, (from stare)
on the spot, without leaving the place. Nee recedit de loco, quin
statim rein gerat. Plaut. CONFESTIM, (cum festinatione) quickly,
eagerly. Mulier confestim hue advolavit. Cic. ACTUTUM, (from
agere) with activity. Aperite aliquis actutum ostium. Plaut. lu-
CET, (ire licet) you may go when you like, you may depart when you
will, the business is over. Hoc nihil est. Phaedria, ilicet ; quid hie
160
conterimus operam frustra ? Ter. // generally signifies atjirst, im-

mediately. Ilicet obruimur numero. Virg ILLICO, (in loco) in
that very place. Otiose nunc jam illico hie consiste. Ter. // is
said of time ; presently. Simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus,
artes illico nostrae conticescunt. Cic. PROTINUS, (porro tenus)
at the first, instantly, without delay. Rogo te ut Romam protinus
pergas. Cic. REPENTE, (/romrepere) all on a sudden : it is op-
posed to sensim. Amicitiam magis decet sensim dissuere, quam re-
pente praecidere. Cic. DEREPENTE raises above the idea o/"repente.
Si cum hoc domi faceremus, tu derepente erupisses, &c. Cic.
SUBITO, (ire sub) quickly : it expresses less surprise than repente.
Mihi scriptum est te in febrim subito incidisse. Cic. EXTEMPLO
originally related to auguries : but custom has given to it the
significa-
tion of immediately. Extemplo convocato concilio. Liv. OPPIDO,
according to Festus and Donatus, had the following origin. Anciently,
when somebody was asked, whether he had got a good harvest, he used
to answer, when such was the case, that he had got corn enough to
provide a whole town, quantum vel oppido satis esset, to signify that
his harvest had teen very plentiful. Oppido signifies, very much.
Mimus oppido ridiculus. Cic. Prreterquam oppido pauci, Id., Ex-
cept very Jew people. It also signifies, immediately. Perdidi operam
fabrorum illico, oppido venit ignavia. Plaut. Omne argentum op-
pido reddidi, Id., may signify, I did immediately return the money, or
J did return the money to the last farthing.
677. Contra. E contrario. Contraric.
CONTRA, (an adverb} on the contrary. Non is sum qui obtrec-

tem libenter, sed contra qui laudem omnia. Cic. Si hsec contra ac
dico essent omnia. Id. Illi contra beati. Id. Cor.tra, (a preposi-
tion ) signifies opposite or over against, against. Italiam contra,
Virg.,
Opposite to, or over against, Italy. Aspice contra me, Plaut., Look
at me. Contra officium. Cic. Contra spem. Id. Haec res contra
me est, Id., This is against me, weakens iny cause. E contra is tad
Latin. E CONTRARIO is the proper expression. E contrario tibi sum
amicus. Cic. CONTRARIE, contrarily, in a contrary manner. Con-
trarie scriptum aut ambigue. Cic. Alio se eadem de re contrarie
scripto defendere. Id.
78. Controversia. Disceptalio. Altercatio. Rica. l.is. Jurgium.
CONTROVERSIA, (vortere contra) variance, dispute, contest. Con-

troversia mihi cum illo est rei familiaris. Cic. Est inter auctores
de numero annorum controversia. Id. DISCEPTATIO, (from fog
and cTCEirro/wu, to weigh} examination, discussion. Disceptatio et
cognitio veritatis. Cic. Juris disceptatio. Id. ALTEHCATIO, (from
alter) altercation, contestation between two or more persons. E dis-
ceptatione altercationem fecerunt Liv. Altercantur inter se nmli-
erum ritu. Id. RIXA, a quarrel. Consulum intercursu rixa se-
data est. Liv. Lis, a process or action at law. JURGIUM, a con-
testation between friends. Jurgare lex putat inter se vicinos, non
litigari. Cic. Si jurgant, benevolorum concertatio, non lis ininii-
corum, jurgium dicitur. Id. Cum hodie litibus ct jurgiis superse-
deri aequum sit. Liv.
161
679. Conlroversiam facere. Controversiam intendere.

CONTROVERSIAM FACERE, io give matter or cause for contestation.
Nihil ambigi potest, in quo non aut res conlroversiam faciat, aut
verba. Cic. CONTROVERSIAM INTENDERE, to excite a quarrel, to
contest. Vitiosum est intendere controversiam propter nominum dif-
ferentiam. Cic. Qui controversiam intendit de rebus iis quse contro-
versiani non faciunt, pestis est societatis. G. D.
680. Conlroversiosus. Controversies.
CONTROVERSIOSUS, that is the subject of a contestation. Quern

enini hoc privatae rei judicem fecisse, ut sibi controversiosam adju-
dicaret rem ? Liv. CONTROVERSUS, speaking of persons, litigious,
fond of contestation. Sicula, acuta gens et controversa natura, Cic.,
speaking of things, full of litigation, disputed. Controversum jus,
Cic., Contentious laws.
681. Contumacia. Pertinacia. Pervicacia. Obstinatio.
CONTUMACIA, (from tumere) scornful and insolent resistance, con-

tumacy. Itaque illi fastidio fere, et contumacia efferuntur. Cic. Po-
tentissimorum hominum contumaciam nunquam tuli. Id. Contuma-
cia is not always taken in a bad part. Earn contumaciam ' non a su-
perbia, sed magnitudine animi ductam. Cic. PERTINACIA (from
per and tenere) is the effect of a mistaken constancy, which does not
permit us to retract what we have said or done ; an obstinacy in main-
taining what we have done, said, or undertaken. Qua? pertinacia qui-
busdam, eadem aliis constantia videri potest. Cic. // may also le
understood in a good part. Vicit tamen omnium pertinax virtus. Liv.
Pertinax recti. Tac. PERVICACIA (Jrorn per arid vincere) seems
to originate from a kind of refractory disposition, that prevents us
at all limes to give up a point ; an obstinate determination to get
the letter of
others, right or wrong. Perdurandi pervicacia. Plin. Pervicacem
dici me esse, et vincere facile patior ; pertinacem nihil moror. Sen.
OBSTINATIO, (from ob and tenere) a stub born self-will. Obstina-
tio sententiae. Cic. Obstinatio fidei. Tac. Pluribus nocuit in opi-
nione tuenda, vel retinendo jure levissimo pertinacia ; sed turn id
quidam tulere pervicacia, quod nunquam ipsorum modestiae conces-
sum fuisset ; neminem offendit contumacia vir sapiens, nisi malum
ut avertat offensione gravius. Obstinatum a proposito non abdu-
cas ; pertinacem ab incoepto non retrahas ; pervicacem a conten-
tione non deterreas. G. D.
682. Convalescere. Consanescere.
CONVALESCERE, to recover health after a sickness. Ex rnorbo con-

valescere. Cic. Ne aegri quidem omnes convalescunt. Id. Figura-
tively: Convaluit civitas. Cic. CONSANESCERE, to be healing, speak-
ing of a wound. Nunc autem hoc tarn gravi vulnere etiam ilia quae
consanuisse videbantur, recrudescunt. Cic.
683. Conveniens. Consentaneus.
CONVENIENS, (venire cum) beseeming, convenient, suitalle. Ap-

tura et inter se conveniens. Cic. Sibi convenientia finge. Hor.
Bene convenientes amici. Cic. CONSENTANEUS, (sentire cum)
162
consentaneous, conformable. Mors consentaneavitae sanctissime actae.

Cic. Consentaneum cum iis litteris. Id.
684. Convertere. Inverters.
CONVERTERE, (vertere cum) to turn with, together. Conyertere

ora et oculos in aliquem. Cic. Figuratively : Se totum ad otium pa-
cemque convertere. Cic. Convertere Graeca in Latinum. Id. Con-
vertere spem in fidem alicujus. Id. In admirationem omnes con-
vertere. Liv. IN VERTERE, (vertere in) to turn inside out, to turn up-
side down. Campum fractis glebis invertere. Virg. Cum annulum
ad palmam converteret, a nullo videbatur ; ipse autem omnia vide-
bat ; idemque rursus videbatur, cum in locum annulum inverteret.
Cic. Figuratively : Negotium invertere, Cic., To invert or change
an affair, to give it a different turn. Nos virtutes ipsas invertimus,
Hor., We give a bad turn to the very virtues and good qualities of our
friends. Ordinem invertere, Id., To put things out of order, in confu-
sion. Viator, orta pluvia, inversa toga ambulare solet ; aut iter ad
domum proximam convertit. G. D.
685. Convincere. Revincere.
CONVINCERE, to convict* to prove, by judicial and sufficient proofs,

a man to be guilty of the charge laid against him. Quo me teste con-
vinces, si negem ? an chirographo ? Cic. Testimoniis convinci. Id.
Convincit ratio ipsa et veritas. Id. REVINCERE, to conquer in turn.
Vires revictae. Lucret. Figuratively : To confute, to put to a non-
plus. Revincere crimen aut verbis aut rebus. Liv. Quaere argu.
menta, si potes : nunquam enim hie neque suo, neque amicorum
judicio revincetur. Cic.
686. Convincere. Persuadere.

CONVINCERE, (synonymous ivith persuadere, ) to prove manifestly.
Convincere facta alicujus turpia. Cic. Convincere errores. Id.
PERSUADERE, to persuade, to induce one to follow advice. Suasi tibi,
sed persuadere non potui. Cic. Hoc mini non solum confirmavit,
sed etiam persuasit. Id. Persuadere is an acquiescence founded on
proofs apt to determine by moving the heart. Convincere does not ex-
actly correspond with what we call To carry conviction.
687. Conviva. Convictor. Convivator.
CONVIVA, (vivere cum) he or she that is invited to ones table, a

guest. Hilares ac bene accept! convivae. Cic. CONVICTOR, a mess-
mate, a fellow -boarder. Me convictore usus amicoque a puero est.
Hor. Familiares et quotidiani convictores. Cic. CONVIVATOR, an
entertainer, a feaster. Est autem res simillima coenae Chalcidensi,
sciti convivatoris, apud quern comiter accepti, &c. Liv.
688. Convivere. Convivari.
COXVIVERE, (vivere cum) to eat and drink together. Convivere

cum adolescentibus. Quint. Misisti ad navim Sosiam, ut hodie te-
cum conviveret. Plaut. CONVIVARI, to feast, to banquet together.
Quotidie solitum esse non solum in publico, sed etiam de publico
(at the public charge) convivari. Cic.
163
689. Convivia iempestiva. Convivia intempestiva.
CONVIVIA TEMPESTIVA were entertainments of a particular society

on certain days : they were repasts of pleasure and diversion. Ego
propter delectationem sermonis tempestivis conviviis delector Cic.
Quantum temporis alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, &c. Id.
INTEMPESTIVA CONVIVIA were repasts protracted to a very late hour
of the night. Intempestivi convivii, amceni loci, multarum delicia-
rum comes est extrema saltatio. Cic. Some people believe that con-
vivia tempestiva were suppers which began sooner than the usual time.
690. Convivium. Epulum. Epulce.
CONVIVIUM, (vivere cum) a feast, a repast of several people toge-

ther. Bene Majores accubationem epularum amicorum, quia vitae
conjunctionem haberet, convivium nominarunt. Cic. EPULUM, a
solemn banquet given to the people on account of public rejoicings, or
of
a religious ceremony. Is cum epulum populo Romano daret. Cic.
Epulum funebre, Id., A funeral Jeust EPUL.S, a banquet, an enter-
tainment. Regum epulae. Hor. Ita enim illud epulum est funebre,
ut m\nus sit funeris, epulae quidem ipsae dignitatis. Cic. // is said
>' the food itself. Mensae conquisitissimis epulis extruebantur. Cic.
Figuratively : Mens saturata bonarum cogitatipnum epulis. Cic.
Avidum hominem ad has discendi epulas recepi. Cic.
691. Coauere, Torrere.
COQUERE, to cook or dress victuals. Coquere coenam. Plaut. Co-

quere lateres, Catul., To bake bricks. Coquere rastra, Juv., To
forge rakes. Coquere cibum, Cic., To digest or concoct in the stomach.
Glebas coquat solibus aestas, Virg. Figuratively : Coquere bellum,
Liv., To machinate a war. Coquere consilia, Id., To hatch designs.
Coquit me cura, I am consumed with sorrow. Bene coctus et con-
ditus sermo. Cic. TORRERE, to toast, roast, or broil. Solis ardore
torreri. Cic. Torreri in tauro Phalaridis ignibus succensis. Id.
Fruges torrere igni. Virg. Caro tosta. Ovid. Figuratively : Me
torret face mutua, Hor., I am in love with him, and he with me.
Artus torrentur febribus. Ovid.
692. Coram. Anle.
CORAM, in presence of, by word of mouth. Coram Publio Caspio

tecum locutus sum. Cic. Mihi promiserunt coram, et absenti mihi
scripserunt. Id. ANTE, before : it is said of place, time, and per-
sons. Ante focum, si frigus erit. Virg. Ante lucem. Cic. Causam
interea ante eum diceret. Id.
693. Cordi mihi est. In animo mihi est.
ILLUD CORDI MIHI EST, that pleases me very much; I have no

greater desire thin to do that. Idque mihi eo magis cordi est, quod,
&c. Cic. Forma virginibus cordi est. Ovid. ILLUD IN ANIMO
MIHI EST, I intend, I purpose. Erat mihi in animo proficisci. Cic.
In animo est mihi, hyeme exacta, rus repetere ; idque mihi eo magis
cordi est, quod, &c. Id.
M2
164
694-. Cornus. Cornum.
CORNUS, the cornel tree. Et hona bello cornus, Virg., because

javelins were made of the wood of this tr'ee. CoRNUM, the fruit oj'the
cornel tree. Autumnalia corna Ovid. Lapidosa corna. Virg.
695. Corona. Sert urn.
CORONA, a crown, an ornament made of flowers, boughs nf trees, or

the like, as a token of honour, or a .ti^n of joy. Verno fecit de
flore
coronam. Ovid. Corona laurea ill! a Senatu decreta. Cic. Coroi a
aurea. Id. Coronas victoribus imposuerunt, Id. // is said of a circle
of men standing about one, or sitting round in a ring. Tibi ipsi pro
te erit maxima corona causa dicenda. Cic. Sub corona vendere,
Ca?s., To sell jor slaves, us prisoners of war were, with garlands on
thfir heads ; or, according to others, iecnuse kept with a guard of
sol-
diers round a/:out them. SERTA, (from serere, serui, sertum, to en-
twine, to interwrai-e, to join,] garlands of flowers, wreaths,
festoons,
crown* of flowers. Sertis redimiti. Cic. Si coronas, serta, unguenta
jusserit ancillam ferre Veneri aut Cupidini. Plaut. Textilia serta.
Mart
696. Corona classica or rostruta. Corona nnvulis.
CORONA CLASSICA or ROSTRATA was the crown given to a com-

manding officer who had gained a great victory at sea. Jnsigne corona?
classicae, quo nemo unquam Romanorum donatus erat, hoc bello
Agrippa singular! virtute meruit. Suet CORONA NAVALIS, a
crown formed like beaks of ships, given to him who first boarded an
ene-
my's ship. Tempora navali fulgent rostrata corona. Virg.
697. Corona olsidionalis, vallaris, caslrensis, muralis, civica.
CORONA OBSIDIONALIS, a crown made of the grass that grew in

the place besieged, and given to him who had caused the siege to be
raised. Secundum consulis donationem legiones gramineam coro-
nam obsidionalem, clamore donum approbantes, Decio ponunt. Liv.
COHONA VALLARIS or CASTRENSis, a cr own given to him whofirst
entered the enemy's tvorks or camp. Vallari insignes corona. Liv.
MURALIS CORONA, a crown given to him who first scaled the walls
and entered the town. Cedunt iis (obsidionalibus) murales, valla-
resquoe corona?. Plin. CORONA CIVICA, a crown given to a person
that saved the life of a citizen in killing his enemy, by him who was
so
saved. Civica corona appellatur, quam civiscivi, a quo servatus est
in praclio, testem vitae salutisque perceptae dat. Gell.
698. Corporeus. Corporalis.
CORPOREUS, that has a body, corporeal, material. Corporeum et

aspec|abile, itemque tractabile. Cic. Ignis corporeus. Id. Deus
quod erat corporeum substraxit animo. Id. CORPORALIS, of the
body, belonging to the body. Corporalia bona. Gell. Seneca has
used corporalis instead of corporeus. Quod est, aut corporalc
aut incorporale. Sen. Lapis est res corporea ; pulchritudo, robur,
divitias bona sunt corporalia. G. D.
699. Corrigere. Emendare.

CORRIGERE, (regere cum) properly to make straight what is
165
crooked. Miloni athletae maluin tenenti nemo digitum corrigebat,

Plin., IVhvn Milo hud got hold of an apple, no orif could unbend his
firmer. Martellum de sinu proferens vitruni correxit aptissirne, Id,,
Taking a AWQ/' hammer out oj hi* girdle, he very cleverly made the
glass
straight. Figuratively . Ea quae corrigere vult mihi quidem depra-
vafe videtur. Cic. Colligere alicujus sententiam. Id. EMENDARE,
(quasi extra mendam ponere) to amend, to correct, to lake away w hot
i>> defective Scripta emendare. Cic Figuratively: Si quidfecerim
imprudentia lapsus, corrigi me ac emendari hac castigatione posse.
Liv. Ut cupiditatibus priiicipum et vitiis inHci solet tola civitas,
sic
corrigi et emendari continentia. Cic. Fortunam arte emendare.
Hor. Emendare publicos mores. Cic. Facile corriguntur in dis-
cendo, quorum vitia iinitantur emendandi causa magistri. Quint.
Corriguntur quae prava sunt ; vitiosa emendantur. G. D.
700. Cor rum per e. Vniare, Depravare.
CORRUMPERE, (rumpere cum) to break together. Mihi corrupit

denies. Plant. Figuratively : to corrupt. Aqua conclusa facile cor-
rumpitur. Cic. Corrumpere animum Id. Corrumpere opportu-
nitates, Sail., To lo\e fnvouraHe opportunities Rem farniliarem cor-
rumpere, Id., To waste ones wealth. VITIARE, (from vitium) to
vitiate, to spoil Auras vitiantur cadaveribus. Ovid Res vitiata et
corrupta. Cic. DEPRAVARE, (f r o> pravus to d start Depraver-
Jicet, dum monstruoso et distorto aliquid supersit. Sen. figura-
tively : Corrupti mores sunt depravatique admiratione divitiarum.
Cic 'Quid pretio corruptum, quid spe aut metu depravatum ? Id.
Mores integros mails artibus corrumpit improbus ; puros et castos
afflatu vitiat libidinosus ; rectos ac sim,.lices depravat
fraudulentus.
G. D.
701. Corruplfla Corruplio.
CORRUPTELA, a bane. Largitionem corrupttlam dixit esse. Cic.

Adolescentulum corruptelarum illecebris irretire. Id. Corruptelam
judicii moliri Id. Corruptela nostrorum adolescentum, 1 ''he cor-
rupts of our young [mop e CoRRUPTIO, corruption, the act ot cor-
ruptinu Morbum apj)ellant totius corpt>ris corruptionem. Cic Opi-
nionum corruptio, Id., Falsity oj opinion - Tanta est corruptela mala?
consuetudinis, ut saepissiiiie morum corruptionem inferat G. D.
702. (.'osniouraphia Geo^raphia.
COSMOGRAPHIA, ( jro'ii xoaiM'jc . munclus, <ii,d yf,d<pu), scribo) a

description of th? u'tnld. GKOORAPHIA, (j'rom yr), terra, and ypaZw,
scribo) gentrrnfthy, a dr^crip/inn o, the tarth Cosmographia diftert
a Geographia tanquam totum a parte. Geographi enim solius terra?
situm describunt, praecipuasque ejus regiones flaminibus et monti-
busdistinguunt : Cosmographi autem mundi totius tam elementaris,
quain aetherei cotrnitionem ini|uirunt, terraeque situm non fluviis
aut
niontibus, sed coelestibus circulis discriminant Robert Stephens.
70:-$. Cras. Poftridic. Perendie
CRAS, to-morrow. Cras mane. Cic. Die mihi eras Postume,

quando ve; it Mart. PO.STHIDIE (postero diej is properly anobla-
iivK cane. The next day, the next day following. Postridie pugnae.
166
Cic. Postridie hujus diei. Id. PERENDIE, the day after to-morrow,
two days hence. Scies igitur fortasse eras, summura perendie. Cic.
Jam illud quidem mirum videri solet tot homines tarn ingeniosos
per tot annos etiam nunc statuere non potuisse, utrum diem tertium,
an perendinum dici oporteret. Id.
704% Crassus. Densus. Spissus.
CRASSUS, grots, thick. Crassum filum, Cic., Coarse thread. Crassi

parietes, Caes., Thick walls. Aer crassus. Cic. Crassus homo. Ter.
Toga quae defendere frigus, quamvis crassa queat. Hor. Figura-
tively : Crassa et pingui Minerva, Hor., Bluntly, ignorant/y, stu-
pidly. DENSUS, condensed, compact. Et quae densa relaxat. Virg.
Densus aer, Cic., is less expressive than crassus aer. Apud alios id
densius est, apud alios fortasse rarius. Cic. Acie densi milites. Liv.
Crassi would be improper. Figuratively : Densus labor, Val. Max.,
An uninterrupted work. SPISSUS is properly said of a forest, of lushes
or shrubs standing thick together. Umbrae spissas. Virg. Laurea
spissa ramis. Hor. It is taken in a more general sense : Caligo
spissa,
Ovid. Figuratively : long, slow, tedious, toilsome. Spissum opus et
operosum, Cic., Long and painful work. Spissum istud amanti est
verbum, veniet. Plaut. Crassus is opposed to tenuis ; densus to ra-
rus; spissus to pervius. Quo densius est aurum, eo gravius ; quo
foecundior terra, eo spissiores aristae ; quo crassior paries, eo
tutior
ad omnes impetus sustinendos. G. D. Crassus ager is a fat and
clayey ground ; densus ager, a compact ground ; and spissus ager, a
ground difficult to till or plough.
705. Creare. Gignere. Generare.
CREARE, to create, to gwe existence, to form out of nothing. Omnes

res quas natura creat. Cic. Figuratively : Creare magistratum, pe-
riculum, calamitatem. Cic. GIGNERE, to produce, to ieget. Ova
gignunt pisces. Cic. Quas in terris gignuntur, ad usum hominum
omnia creantur. Id. Figuratively : Artis maxime proprium est
creare et gignere. Cic. Genuitinhac urbe dicendi copiam. Id.
GENERARE, (from genus) to engender. Homines hominum causa
generati sunt. Cic. A Marte populum Romanian generatum acci-
pimus. Id. Figuratively : Cum puer ipse generabit aliquid et com-
ponet. Quint. Although the above verbs be indifferently used by au-
thors, they may be distinguished thus : Creatur quod nullum, aut pror-
sus ignotura erat ; Gignitur quidquid ex nativis elementis ita coa-
lescit, ut novum existat ; Generatur quidquid e simili procedens
genus propagat. Deus universum orbem creavit ; Gignuntur e
terra fruges ; Pater filios general. G. D.
706. Creber. Frequent.
CREBER, thick, reiterated. Crebri ccelo cecidere lapides. Liv.

Crebri hostes cadunt. Plaut. Litterac crebriores. Cic. Scitis per
hos dies creberrimum fuisse sermonem. Id. Erratque aures et tem-
pora circum crebra manus. Virg. FREQUENS, speaking of persons,
numerous, frequent, assiduous. Refert qui audiant, frequentes aut
pauci. Cic. Frequens Senatus convenit, Id., A full house assembled.
Auditor Platonis frequens fuit Demosthenes. Id. Speaking of things,
167
populous, muck resorted to. Municipium frequens. Cic. We find in

Plautus, Mihi frequentem operam dedistis.
707. Credere. Confidere. Committere.
CREDERE, as we consider it in this place, is the effect of esteem ;

and
CONFIDERE the effect of confidence. A quotation from Livy will com-
pletely illustrate this difference. Et consules magis non confidere,
quani non credere militibus suis, The consuls had no confidence in
their soldiers, because they were ill-disposed ; but they did not
question
their strength. COMMITTERE, (mittere cum) to commit to, to aban-
don to. Arbitrio alicujus aliquid comraittere. Hor. Committere se
fluctibus. Cic. Omnia illi et credi rectissime, et committi possunU
Id. A pilot, in a storm, committit navem fluctibus et ventis ; vix ta-
men credit. Credere pecuniam is to lend money depending on the
good faith of the person who borrows ; instead of which committere
pecuniam implies lending one's money with proper securities : hence
Cicero says, Per syngrapham pecuniam alicui committere, viz. under
the borrower's obligation in hand-writing. Committere consilium sig-
nifies lo acquaint one with a design ; credere consilium, to intrust a
person with one's design, to speak with open heart and confidence
about
it.
708. Credibilis. yerisimilis. Probabilis.
CREDIBIUS, (from credere) credible, that may be lelieved. Cre-

dibile est id quod sine ullo teste auditoris opinione firmatur. Cic.
VERISIMILIS, likely. Narratio credibilis et verisimilis. Cic. PHO-
BABILIS, probable. Probabile est id quod vere fieri solet ; aut quod
in opinione positum est, aut quod habet in se ad hoc quandam simi-
litudinem, sive id falsum est, sive verum. Cic. Probabilis signifies
also, laudable, that may be approved. Sicinius probabilis orator, jam
vero etiam probatus. Cic. P. Antonius voce magna, nee alia re
ulla probabilis. Id. Discipulus probabilis. Id.
709. Crepida. Solea.
CREPIDA, (from xpy/irif, a basis) a low shoe wit ha lalchet, mostly

used by the Greeks. Graiorum crepidae. Pers. SOLEA, ( from so-
lum, the ground) a kind ofpantoufle used at home. Cicero reproaches
Verres with having appeared in public with this sort of piintoujtes.
Stetit soleatus praetor populi Romani. It is also said of wooden
shackles used for criminals. Et statim ei lignese soleae in pedes in-
ductae sunt. Cic.
710. Crepitus. Fremitus. Fremor. Slrepitus. Stridor. Murmur.
Susurrus.
CREPITUS, ( from crepere, to crack) a cracking noise. Crepitus

dentium, Cic., The gnashing of the teeth. Forium crepitus. Plaut.
Viridis materiae crepitus. Liv. FREMITUS, (from fremere) a roar-
ing, a frightful noise. Maris murmurantis fremitus. Cic. Horribilis
fremitus armorum, Id., A horrid clashing of arms. It is sometimes
taken in a good sense. Fremitu secundo, Virg., With applause, with
acclamation. FREMOR has the same weaning, but is only used in poe-
try. Variusque per ora cucurrit Ausonidum turbata fremor. Virg.
STREPITUS, a creaking and confused noise. Strepitus, fremitus to-
168
nitruum. Cic. Ingens valvarum strepitus. Cic. Pedum crepitus,

et strepitus hominum. Ovid. Horace has said, dulcis strepitus au-
reae testudinis. STRIDOR, a shrill noise. Stridor serrae. Cic. Stri-
dorque rudentum. Virg. Reddidit stridorem janua verso cardine.
Ovid. Ferus stridor, Id., speaking of the hissing of a serpent. MUR-
MUR, a noise, a warbling or purling, a murmur. Maris murmur. Cic.
Vocis parvae murmur. Ovid. Ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae.
Virg. Horrendo labitur amnis murmure. Ovid. Jucundo labentes
rivi murmure. Id. Tacito venerantur murmure numen. Id. Strepit
omnis murmure campus. Virg. Magno miscetur murmure coelum.
Id. SUSURRUS, a whisper. Irenes sub noctem susurri. Hor Turn
in lecto quoque videres stridere secreta divisos aure susurros. Id.
Lympharum susurrus, Id., The purling of waters.
711. Crimen. Culpa. Delictum. Peccatum. Malejicium. Male-
Jicentia.
CRIMEX, (from x^'aa, judicium) properly an accusation, a re-

proach. Crimen diluere. Cic. Scyllae persona non suscipit crimen
tantorum facinorum. It sometimes in poetry expresses a crime, ffrgil
has used it speaking of a villanous person : Crimine ab uno disce om-
nes. CULPA, a slight offence, or imperfection. Si aliqua culpa tene-
mur erroris humani ; a scelere certe liberati sumus. Cic. DELIC-
TUM, (linquere de) an omission, a negligence, when one does not know
what should be done : whereas PECCATUM is a transgression ; an ill
action, when one does what he knows ought not to ie done. Necesse
est eum qui velit peccare, aliquando primum delinquere. Cic. Ho-
mines sapientes delicto suo, non aliorum injuria commoveri. Id.
Peccare est tanquam transire lineas Id. Tibi persuade praeter cul-
pam et peccatum homini accidere nihil posse quod sit horribile aut
pertimescendum. Id. Crimen fatetur, peccatum imprudentiae. Phaed.
MALEFICIUM (male tacere) is said of any wicked action. Conta-
minare se maleficio. Cic. Crimen ansam nocendi praebet malevolis ;
culpam omnem vitare ne vir quidem honestissimus usque poterit ;
nullum est intra recti justique fines peccatum ; otnne delii turn
f'ugit
vir diligens et officiorum memor; improbum arguit maleficium.
Culpa est inscientis ; peccatum potest esse ejus qui animum diligen-
ter advertit, sed vel consilii inopia, vel rerum rudis rem prudenter
sapienterque non gerat, peccatum quoque in re quavis consistit, sive
innegotiorum procuratione, sive in artium aut litterarum recte ap-
pellandarum ignoratio,ne. G /). MALEFICENTIA, a coniwitttd of-
fence. Sibi in ammo esse iter facere per provincial!) sine ulla male-
ficentia. Caes.
712. Criminari. Culpare. Vilnperare Impr<,bare.
CRIMINAUI, (from crimen) to accuse, to charge with a crime.

Hanc metui ne me criminart-tur tibi Ter. Invidiose potentiam ali-
cujus criminari. (j'c. CULPAKE, (f/n>n culpa) to lay the fault on
one, to censure. Arbor aquas culpat. Hor. Carmina culpare. Ovid.
VITUPERARE, (quasi vitiu.n aperire) to /-lame. Ego tuum consi-
lium vituperare non audeo. Cic. Coelum vituperat ipsum. Phaed.
IMPROBARE, (non probare) to disnfiiirarr. Ni'gas te posse nee
approbare ncc improbare. Cic. Imj)robantur ii qii:.cstu <|ui in odia
hominum incurrunt. Id. Ubisubest aliqua fraus minus probos cul-
169
pare pronum est ; vituperare factum aut rem aversantis est ; crimi-
nari, simultatis, aut cupiditatis est ; improbare, existimationis aut
judicii. G. D.
713. Crimini dare. Vilio dare.
CRIMINI DARE ALIQUID ALICUI, to reproach one with, or accuse

him of something. Scio raihi crimini datum iri pecuniam accepisse.
Cic. VITIO DARE, to impute as a crime, to object as a crime. Sura-
mam laudem alicui vitio et culpae dare. Cic. Crimini dare, accusa-
toris est; vitio dare, invidi aut iniqui hominis. G. D.
714-. Crinalis. Crinitus.
CRINALIS, of hair, belonging to hair. Solvite crinales vittas. Virg.

Acus crinalis. Apul CRINITUS, hairy, full, of hair. Mulier male
crinita Ovid. Figuratively ; Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, crinitum
anguibus. Cic.
715. Cruciatus. Cruciamentum. Supplidum. Tormer.tum. Carni-
Jicina.
CRUCIATUS, ( from crux) in its proper sense, the situation of a man

hanging from a cross. Qui cives Romanes cruciatu et morte affe-
cerit. Cic. Torment, pain : it is said bnth of the l-ody and mind.
Animi cruciatus et corporis. Cic. Confectus jam cruciatu maximo-
rum dolorum. Id. CRUCIAMENTUM, the anguish or smart of pain.
Nee graviora vere sunt tormenta carnincum, quam interdum cru-
ciamenta morborum. Cic. In ipso cruciatu vel saevissimo aliquam
esse cruciamentorum intermissionem negare non ausim. SUPI J H-
CIUM, (from supplex) the punishment inflicted by laivs. Supplicium
est poena peccati. Cic. Rapi ad supplicium ob facinus. Id. It also
signifies a supplication, a prayer Diis immortalibus supplicia decer-
nere. Sail. Nihil Jovi acceptum est a perjuris supplicii, Plaut., Ju-
piter rejects the prayers of perjured persons TORMENTUM, (from
torquere) the tortures that are endured in racking. Quod tormentis
invenire vis, fatemur. Cic Mortem naturae pcenam putat esse; ira-
cundise, tormentum atque cruciatum. Id. It is .\aid nf an engine of
war. Antonius ante oculos legatorum tormentis Mutimm verbera-
vit. Cic. CAKNIFICINA, (carnem facere) 1 A place where mule-
factor* were executed Duct urn se a creditore non in servitium, sed
in ergastulum et carnificinam esse. Cic. 2. 'I he punishment itself.
Non est ea medicina, sed carnificina et crudelitas. Cic. 3. 7 he
office of a hangman. Carnificinam tacere. Plaut.
716 Crudescere. Recrudescere.
CRUDESCERE, (from crudus ) toiiirease, to grnw worse. Cru-

descit pugna. Virg. Crudescit morbus Id - RECRUDESCERE, to
iegin again. Pugna recruduit. Liv. Recrudescit seditio Id. Re-
cruduit soporatus dolor. Q. Curt.
717. Cruor. Sanguis.
CRUOR, blond from a wound, gore. Cadaveribus, cruore, atque

luctu omnia compleri. Sail. Arma nondum expiatis ujicta cruori-
bus. Hor. Liberos vestros ad caedem et cruorem non sum passus
extrahi Cic. SANGUIS, Hood in the veins. Sanguis per venas in
170
omne corpus diffunditur. Cic. Membra quaedam anaputantur, si et

sanguine et tanquam spiritu carere coeperunt. Id.
718. Crustum. Crusta. Emtlema.
CRUSTUM, the crust nf those things which are to be eaten. Violate

manu malisque audacibus orbem fatalis crusti. Virg. CRUSTA, a
shell, a crust or solid outward case, viz. of ice. Concrescunt subitte
current! in flumine crustae. Virg. // is siid of heavy plates of gold
and
silver. Crustae argenti caelati. Cic. Figuratively: Non est istaso-
lida et sincera felicitas ; crusta est. Sen. EMBLEM A (from iv and
/SaAXw, jacio) is said of small images, flowers, or like ornaments,
set
in bosses on plate, to be taken off and put on when we wish. Cum in-
spiciendum poposcisces, avulso emblemate, remisisti. Cic. Vasis
crustae et emblemata detrahebantur, sic Haluntmi, excussis deliciis,
cum argento puro domum revertuntur. Id.
719. Crux. Furca. Patibulum.
CRUX, a cross : it had the form of a T. Tollere in crucem. Cic.

Quam damnatis servis crucem fixeras. Id. Figuratively : Et illis
crucibus (speaking nf prostitutes) quae nos nostramque adolescentiam
habent despicatam. Plaut. FURCA, a fork, or any thing to put under
or prop. Bicornes furcae. Virg. Furca - jas a kind of punishment.
The fork in this sense had the form of a V; it was the punishment of
slaves : circumduci solebant, says Pompa, collo furcae inserto ; hence
they were called furciferi. The triangle of the furca caught hold of
the
nape of the neck, and the two branches fell on the breast along the
shoul-
ders. Cum comperisset nudi hominis cervicem inseri furcae, corpus
virgis ad necem caedi. Suet. PATIBULUM, (from patere) a kind of
furca which had the form of the letter Y, which slaves, or those con-
demned to servile punishment, having their arms tied, carried through
the streets, being scourged all the while, and sometimes crucified
after.
Patibulum feram per urbem, deinde affigar cruci. Plaut. Patibulum
is also said of a gallows, a gibbet. Patibulo eminens affigebatur.
Sail.
Afterwards patibulum and furca have been promiscuously used.
720. Cubare. Jacere.
COBARE, (from xvirriu, caput decline) to lie down in led, to pass

the niht in led. Cum iste etiam cubaret, in cubiculum introductus.
Cic. Cubare in carcere. Plaut. Cubat is prope Caesaris hortos. Hor.
JACEKE, to lie along, either on a bed or on the ground. Cum pater
Curio mcerens jaceret in lecto. Cic. Patres hi, quos videtis, jace-
bant in liniine. Id. Figuratively: Jacent virtutes. Cic. In pace ja-
cere, quam in bello vigere maluit. Id. Pauper ubique jacet. Ovid.
721. Culicularis. Cubicularius .
CuBicuLARis,ybr sleeping, where one sleeps. Lectus cubicularis.

Cic. CUBICULARIUS, pertaining to the bed-chamber. Lucerna cu-
bicularia, Mart., A watch-light.
722. Cudere. Fabricari.
CUDERE, to beat, to strike, as smiths do. Cudere minimus, argen-

tum, Ter., To coin. Cudere frumenta, Col., To thrash corn. Figu-
ratively : Cudere alicui tenebras, Plaut., To impose upon and deceive
171
one. In me cudetur haec taba, Ter., I shall pay dearly for that.
FABRICARE ancf FABRICARI, to forge, to fabricate, speaking of works
done with a hammer. Gladium fabricare. Quint. Crateram f'abri-
care. Ovid. Fabricari naves. Tac. // is taken in a more general
sense. Quae terra gignit talia sunt, ut ea ipsa Deus immortalis ad
usum hominura fabricatus pene videatur. Cic. Figuratively : Fa-
bricare verba, Cic., To invent words.
723. Cujatis. Cujus.
CUJATIS, of what country ? Socrates quidem cum rogaretur cu-

jatein se ipse diceret, Mundanum, inquit ; totius enim mundi se in.
colam et civem arbitrabatur. Cic. Cujates estis, aut quo ex oppido ?
Plaut. Cujatis, cujatem and cujates only are in use. There is no ex-
ample of cujas employed by good authors. Cujus, CUJA, CUJUM,
whose? Cujm pecus, an Melibrei? Virg. Cujus, says a grammarian,
ad personam refertur hominis ; cujatis, unde significat.
724. Culcitra. Pulvinus. Pulvinar.
CULCITRA and CULCITA, a led, a mattress, a pillow. Culcitra

lanea. Plaut. Culcitra plumea. Cic. Druso adeo alimenta sub-
ducta, ut tomentum e culcitra tentaverit mandere. Sen. PULVI-
NUS, a cushion to sit upon, speaking of individuals. Turn Crassumpul-
vinum poposcisse, et omnes consedisse. Cic. PULVINAR, onrfPuL-
VINARIUM, a pallet on which the antients laid and exposed the statues
of their gods in their temples. Corvum in sedem Junonis devolasse,
atque in ipso pulvinario consedisse. Cic. Ad omnia pulvinaria Deo-
rum vota facere. Id. Ovid says, Incolumis conjux sua pulviuaria
servat.
725. Culeus. Uter. Saccus.
CULEUS, a leathern bag. Insutus in culeo vitam amisit. Cic. Such

as murdered their parents were put into such a bag with a cock and a
serpent. UTER, a goal-skin bottle used to hold liouors. Aquam utri-
bus cameli devexerant. Q. Curt. Caput Cyri in utrem humano san-
guine repletum conjicitur. Just. SACCUS, a sack or bag for holding
corn, money, &c. Saccus frurnentarius. Cic. Mensam poni jubet
atque effundi saccos nummorum. Hor.
726. Culmus. Stipula.
CULMUS, ( from xa'Aaaof ) a stalk of corn. Geniculato culmo

erecta herba. Cic. Ne gravidis procumbat culmus aristis. Virg.
STIPULA, the leaves that surround the stalk of corn. Frumenta in vi-
ridi stipula lactentia. Virg. Culmusque levis, stipulaeque volantes.
Id.
727. Cultus. Cultura. Cultio.
CULTUS, tilling, manuring. Aratores cultu agrorum defessi. Cic.

Figuratively : honour, respect, worship. Tribuere diligentem cultum
alicui. Cic. Religio Deorum cultu pio continetur. Id. CULTURA,
culture. Ager quamvis fertilis sine cultura fructuosus esse non po-
test. Cic. Adhibere culturam vitibus. Id. Figuratively : attend-
ance and waiting upon. Dulcis inexpertis cultura potentis amici ;
expertus metuit. Hor. Culture of the mind. Si modo culturae pa-
tientem commodet aurem. Id. CULTIO, the act of husbanding, of
172
tilling the ground- Qui se agricultione oblectabant. Cic. Bonus

arator agricultione se oblectat ; cultu saepe def'atigatur ; cultura
di-
tescit. G. D.
728. Cultus. Ornalus. Munditics. Ornamentum.

CULTUS, synonymous with ornatus, consists in the clothing, gold,
jewels, &c used in dress, and is regulated iy splendour and ningni-
Jiience. ORNATUS consists in Inking a proper care <>J the h'lir and
skin, and is regulated by fashion and decency Cultus in auro et ar-
gento, et genunis et vestibus deputatur ; ornatus in habitu capiilo-
rum, et cutis. Tertull. MUNDITT^; (from mundus) is said of clean-
ness. Munditiss, et ornatus, et cultus, haec fceniinarum insignia
sunt, his gaudent, et gloriantur : hunc mundum muliebrem appella-
runt majores nostri. Liv. Mundior justo cultus, Id., An affected
way of dressing. Figuratively : Munditia orationis, Cic , n elegant
discourse Ornatus oratorius, Id., The ornaments of > helonc OR-
NAMENTUM, inn/ ornament or embellishment in general. Hoec domus
erat ornamento civitati. Cic. Ornamenta orationis. Id , Tne m nu-
menls of a speech b'poliari ornamentis omnibus Cic. Ornanienta
honoris. Id. Virtutis et industriae ornamenta. Id. Ornatus lelutes
to him who gives it, and ornamentum to him who receives it.
729. Cum imperio esse. Cum poteslnte ease.
CUM IMPERIO ESSE was saidoj him whom the Republic had i if name
invented with a command ; CUM POTESTATE ESSE, of him trhom the
people had intrusted zuith the management of on uffa r, or with n pur
tich/ar commission. In provinciis intelligebant. si is qui esset cum
imperio ac porestate, quod apud quemque esset, emere vellet, idque
ei liceret, fore uti quod quisque vellet, sive esset venale, sive non
esset, quanti vellet, auferret. Cic.
730 Cunce Cunaiula. Incunabula.
C< N.ffi, a cradle Etsi mihi largiatur, ut ex hac aetate repuerascain,

et in cunis vagiam. Cic. CUNABIILA anil INCUNABULA are srl<iom
used but to txpres* the time or place of infancy In ciniabulis creatus
consul Cic. A priinis cunabulis Id Gentis cunabula nostra?.
Virg Jovis incunabula Crete Id Figuratively th>- t-tginning Ru-
dimenta et incunabula virtutis. Sail. Oratoris quasi incunabula Cic.
731. Cunctari. Hcetitare.
CUNCTARI, to fluctuate, to be uncertain, as he floes who a-ksgues-

tmn" or Advice. Quibus rebus cognitis cunctatus non sum i,i cursu
bonoruin consiliorunt. Cic. To slop, lo mak*' ^tuy Alii du u cunc
tantur in ripa Liv. Diutius cunctari in via Cic. H.*SITAKE, ( ,ra
tjunitiitive o) hyerere) property, to slick to In vadis hitMtubaut fru
inenti acervi Liv. In eodein ha?sitat> luto Ter FiguiaiiV'-ly : to
hesitate Non niultuni hiu.sitans respondebo. Cic Cu.n haesitan-t,
cu'ii cunctaretur, qu^sivi quid dubitaret profi:isci Cunctatur pie
luiuque prudens; ha'sitat incertus. G D
732. ('unclatin. Tarditas Afor-i
CUNCTATIO, delaying, t emporium". Abjocta o.mni cunctatione,

Cic., Without any jnore ado. Cunctatione field, Tac., />y a^fl\-cted
173
delays. TA EDIT AS, slowness, heaviness. Celeritati tarditas contraria

est. Cic. Tarditas ingenii. Id. Nonnunquam cunctatione et tar-
ditate, dum otiuni volunr etiam sine dignitate retinere, utrumque
amittunt Id MORA, delay. Afferre moram. Hor. Facere moram.
Cic. Trahere moras. Virg Tenuit mora nulla vocatos. Ovid. Fi-
guratively : Moras portarum frangere, Stat To vrenk the gates.
Cunctatio dubitantis, ac saepe etiam prudentis est; Tarditas corpo-
ris, aut ingenii pinguioris ; Mora ejus, quem obices, negotia, aut
voluptates detinent. G. D.
733. Cunctator. Cunctalundus. Dilator.
CUNCTATOR is a man who does nothing with precipitation. Pro

cunctatore segnem, pro cauto timidum, affingens vicina virtuti-
bus vitia, compellabat. Liv. Cunctatorem ex acerrimo bellatore fac-
tum, Id., expresses in the above sentence a defect. Minutius uses it
as
an injury. Cunctator is said of the habit of delaying, and CUNCTA-
BUNDUS of the act itself. Nusquam cunctabundus, nisi cum in Se-
natu loqueretur. Tac. DILATOR, (from difFerre, distuli, dilatum)
a man who terminates nothing, and has always recourse to delays. Di-
lator, spe longus, iners. Hor.
734. Cupere. Concupiscere. Optare. Avere. Desiderare. Veils.
CUPERE, to desire, to wish, is said of things that are at a distance.

Tua virtute frui cupimus. Cic. CONCUPISCERE, (frequentative of
cupere) to covet, to lust after, denotes one more in earnest. Quid
con-
cupiscas videris : quod concupiveris certe habebis. Cic. Divitias
infinite concupiscere. Id. OPTARE, to wish, to prefer, denotes choice
and discernment. Quodvis donum et praemium a me optato, id op-
tatum fer.es. Ter. Tuus, 6 regina, quid optes explorare labor. Virg.
Cum semel ad eum quem cupimus, optamusque vestitum, redieri-
mus. Cic. AVERE, to long for, denotes sentiment and taste. We long
for what pleases us. Valde aveo scire quid agas. Cic. Aveo audire
de divinatione. Id. DESIDERARE, to desire what one has had, and
has no more, to feel the want of it, to regret, to expect. Neque enim
vires desidero adolescentis. Cic. Desiderarunt te oculi mei, cum
esses Cyrenis. Id. Qui pretium meriti ab improbis desiderat, bis
peccat. Phaed. VELLE, to be willing, denotes knowledge and reflec-
tion. We are willing to get what may be convenient to us. Cupio om-
nia quae vis. Hor. Non gravarer, Laeli, nisi et hos velle putarem, et
ipse cuperem quoque aliquam partem hujus nostri sermonis attin-
gere. Cic. Quae honesta sunt volumus ; quae videntur bona cupi-
mus ; divitias concupiscit avarus ; meliora optamus ; absentia desi-
deramus. G. D.
735. Cupido. Cupiditas. Desiderium.
CUPIDO, an excessive desire or a violent passion for a thing. Creve-

runt et opes, et opum furiosa cupido. Ovid. Cupido atque ira.pes-
simi sunt consultores. Sail. Cupidinibus incoepta patrandi anxius.
Id. CUPIDITAS, a more moderate desire, bnt still lively. Cupiditas
ex homine, says llasilius Faber, cupido ex stulto nunquam tollitur,
quod cupiditas pars quaedam sit temperantior defluens ex cupidirie.
Cupiditas et studium defendendae libertatis. Cic. DESIDERIUM, the
desire or regret of a thing which one has had and has no more. Desi-
174
derium tui ferre non possum. Cic. Desiderium sui nobis reliquit.
Id. Erat in desiderio civitatis. Id. Quis desiderio sit pudor aut
modus tarn cari capitis ? Hor.
736. Cur ? Quare ?
CUR is a mere interrogation that requires no answer. Sed quid ego?

Cur me excrucio ? Cur me macero? Plaut. Cur ego id curem ? Id.
QUARE wants to know the cause or reason, and expects an answer.
Namque illud quare, Scaevola, negasti ? Cic. Quaeritur Egisteus
quare sit factus adulter ; in promptu causa est, desidiosus erat.
Ovid.
737. Cura. Curatio.
CUR A, (cor urens) care, concern. Cura et sumptu absumitur.

Ter. De Tirone mihi curae est. Cic. CURATIO, says Doletus, est
in qua versatur cura, vel est munus a nobis susceptum ad quod exe-
quendum curae nostras conferuntur. De curatione aliqua munerum
regiorum cum Oppio locutus sum. Cic. Omnes potestates, imperia,
curationes ab universo populo Romano proficisci conrenit. Id.
Êdes Telluris est curationis meae, Id., The care of the temple ofTel-
lus belongs to me as a public officer. CURATIO is also used, in
physic,
for cure. Medici gravioribus morbis periculosas curationes et anci-
pites adhibere coguntur. Cic. Aliquot menses transeunt, ad sanita-
tem dum venit curatio, Phaed., Months slide away before the wound
is healed. Curatio rerum multam curam afferre solet. G. D.
738. Curator. Procurator.
CURATOR, one in a public office, and even intrusted with the interest
of the state. Quod ad rempublicam vestram special, cujus curalor
hue missus es. Sail. PROCURATOR, (from pro and curare). Qui
legitime procurator dicilur, says Cicero, qui alieni negotii aliquid
ge-
rit, alieno praepositus negotio, pene dominus, et alieni juris
vicarius.
Nihil interest utrum per procuratores agas, an per te ipsum. Cic.
739. Curator. Tutor.
CURATOR, synonymous with tutor, a guardian for a person of age,

lut out of his or her wits. He was appointed by the magistrate. Insa-
nire putas solemnia me, nee medici credis, nee curatoris egere a
Praetore dati, Hor., You think I have an universal madness, &c.
TUTOR, (from tueri) a guardian to one in nonage. Amo ilium mor-
tuum, tutor sum liberis, totam domum diligo. Cic. Galba populum
Romanum tutorem instituere se dixit filiorum suorum orbitati. Id.
Figuratively : Orbae eloquentiae quasi tutores relicti. Cic.
740. Curiosus. Diligens. Attenlus. Sedulus. Studiosus. Officiosus.
CURIOSUS, over curious, inquisitive, too full of care. Ad investigan-

dum curiosior. Cic. Curiosi oculi. Id. Curiosus et negotiis plenus.
Id. In aliena republica curiosum minime esse, officium est peregrin!.
Id. Ut a diligente curiosus, et a religione superstitio distal. Quint.
DILIGENS, (from diligere) diligent, mindful. In omni genere di-
ligens. Cic. Homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare nosset. Id.
Jsegligentia diligens. Id. ATTENTI s, (tendere ad) attentive. At-
tentiores ad rem acnes omnes quam decet. Ter. Durus nimis atten-
175
tusque videris esse mihi. Hor. Attenta vita et rusticana. Cic.

SEDULUS, careful. Assideat custos sedula semper anus. Tibul. Se-
dulus denotes affectation. Eloquentes enim videbare, non sedulos
velle conquirere. Cic. Et sedulitatem mali poetae duxit aliquo ta-
men praemio dignam. Id. STCDIOSUS, 1. fond of study. Suscepi
laborem utilem studiosis. Cic. 2. Affectionate, ardently passionate.
Democritus studiosus nobilitatis. Cic. Ille restituendi mei, quam,
retinendi studiosior. Id. Curiosus plus diligentiae, quam oportet,
impendit rebus vel suis vel alienis ; diligentes sumus in iis quae
pla-
cent ; attentis animis audimus, attente nostra tuemur ; studiose de-
fendimus amicos ; studiosis libri sunt utiles ; sedulitate placemus
officiosa. G. D. OFFICIOSUS, officious, obliging, ready to serve.
Officiosus et liberalis homo. Cic. Natio candidatorum officiosis-
sima. Id. Figuratively : Officiosus dolor. Cic. Officiosi labores. Id.
741. Currere. Ruere. Folare.
CURRERE, to run, to go apace. Qui stadium currit, niti etconten-

dere debet, ut vincat. Cic. Figuratively : Êtas currit. Cic. Sen-
tentia currat, Hor., A maxim must be expressed in few words. Currit
oratio proclivius, Cic., The discourse is morejluent. RUERE, synony-
mous with the others, to run headlong. Ruere ad interitum. Cic. At
Nisus ruit in medios. Virg. Figuratively : In quem ruit semper
manca fortuna, Hor., Against whom fortune aliv ays misses her aim
VOLARE, in its proper sense, is said of winged animals, to fly. Sine

pennis volare baud facile est. Plaut. Volare denotes great swiftness.
Volasse eum, noa iter fecisse diceres. Cic. Si ingrederis, curre, si
curris, advola. Id. Volat vi fervidus axis. Virg. Figuratively : Vo-
lat aetas. Cic. Currit is less expressive.
742. Curriculum. Stadium.
CURRICULUM, (from currere) a chariot, the place to run in, the

lists, the course. In quadrigarum curriculum incurrere. Cic. Ath-
letae se in curriculo exercent. Id. Curriculum solis. Id. Curricu-
lum industriae meae. Id. STADIUM, a length of a hundred-and-twenly-
Jive paces, of which eight make an Italian mile. Cum a Leucopetra
profectus stadia circiter trecenta processissem, rejectus sum austro.
Cic. // is said of the plot of ground granted to champions or
wrestlers
to perform their exercises in. Olympicum stadium. Sen. Qui sta-
dium currit. Cic.
743. Currus. Plaustrum. Lectica. Rheda.

CURRUS, (from currere) the chariots used by the ancients in their
races. Effusi carcere currus. Virg. Domitant in pulvere currus.
Id. // is taken in a more general sense. Curru quadrigarum vehi.
Cic. Suis manibus in curru Automedontem collocat. Id. PLAU-
STRUM, a waggon, a cart. Se interfectum in plaustrum a caupone
conjectum esse. Cic. Omnia ex fanis, ex locis publicis, palam, spec-
tantibus omnibus, plaustris evecta, asportataque esse. Id. Vehere
poemata plaustris. Hor. LECTICA, (from lectus) a litter, a chair
with a led in it, wherein the grandees were carried by slaves. Verres
lectica octophoro vehebatur. Cic. Coactus sum in eadem lectica,
qua ipse delatus eram, meisque lecticariis in urbetn eum referre. Id.
RHEDA, (from pscu, fluo) a calash, a kind of light vehicle made use
176
ofly ike grandees, when they were going to war, or to their country
houses. Hanc epistolam dictavi sedens in rheda, cum in castrapro-
ficiscerer. Cic. Quern tollere rheda vellet iter faciens. Hor.
744. Cursim. Obiter.
CURSIM, (from currere) in full speed, cursorily. Alter in Asiam

irrupit cursim. Cic. Figuratively : Pergere cursim ad dignitates.
Cic. Ille sensim dicebat quo'd causae prodesset ; tu cursim dicis
aliena. ORITER, by the way, by the by, in going along : it is only
usedfiuuratively Aut obiter leget, aut scribet, aut dormiet intus.
Juv. Ut obiter istos caveam Homeromastigas, Plin., In order to se-
cure myself, by the by , from the attacks of these snarling critics.
Zoilus
had animadverted upon Homer, and was called Homeromastix.
74-5. Curtus. Mutilus. Truncus. Mancus.
CURTUS, short, curtailed. Nunc mihi curto ire licet mulo. Hor.
Figuratively : Nil curtum, nil redundans. Cic. Curta sententia, Id.,
An opinion not explained enough MUTILUS, mutilated. Mutilus
cornibus. Goes. Figuratively: Mutila oratio. Cic. TRUNCUS, cut
short, lopped, maimed. Trunca manum pinus regit, et vestigia firmat.
Virg. Figuratively : Urbs trunca, sine senatu, sine plebe. Liv.
MAXCUS, (quasi manu carens) defective in any limb or member. Prae-
peditus morbo, mancus, et membris omnibus captus, ac debilis. Cic.
Figuratively : Illo consule manca foret illius pra?tura. Cic. Talibus
officiis prope mancum. Hor.
716. Custodia. Career. Carceres. Ergastulum.
CUSTODIA, (from custos) watch and ward. Fida canum custodia.

Cic. Noctem custodia ducit insomnem ludo. Virg. It is said oj the
place where prisoners are kept. Emitti e custodia, et levari vinculis.
Cic. CARCER, a prison, a jail where criminals are confined. Ancus
Marcius carcerem ad terrorera crescentis audaciae media urbe im-
minentem foro aedificavit. Liv. Career scelerum vindex. Cic.
CARCERES were the part of the circus where, at a signal given, the
barriers were opened, and from whence the horses and chariots started
all at once to run in the arena. In circo primo, unde mittuntur equi,
dicuntur carceres. Var. Ut cum carceribus sese effudere quadrigae.
Virg. Career has letn used in the same sense. Ruuntque effusi car-
cere currus. Virg. Figuratively : Nee velim quasi decurso spatio ad
carceres a calcp revocari, Cic., From the end to the beginning. ER-
GASTULUM, (from epyov, work) a prison wherein slaves were kept in
chains. Quacumque lit, tola ergastula solvit. Cic. Quid fades; ta-
lem sortitus, Pontice, servum ? Nempe in Lucanos, aut Tusca er-
gastula mittas. Juv. Ergastula is also said of the slaves themselves.
Misit quoque eo nuntium, qui tola ergastula donaret libertate. Var.
7-17. Cutis. Pellis. Corium. Cortex. Alula.
CUTIS, (from xoTtf, skin) the skin when it is on the L-ody. Rursus
intendit cutem. Phaed. Si quid intracutem subest vulneris. Cic.
PELLIS, the skin or hide of a beast Jlayed off. Erepta juvenco pellis
operit humeros. Virg. CORICM, the hide of a beast after it is tanned,
leather. Ut canis a corio nunquam absterrebitur uncto. Hor. It
is only said of a strong and thick hide, like that of an ox. De pecore
177
coria recens detracts. Phaed CORTEX is properly the lark of trees.

Obducuntur cortice trunci, quo sint a frigoribus et caloribus tu-
tiores. Cic. It is said of a shell. Cortex ovi. Vitr. Dura cortex
testudinis. Phaed. It is also said of shells of fruit ; as of walnuts,
peas, &c. and is more commonly used in the masculine gender. ALUTA
properly signifies a thin sort of feather, such us was used by the
Gauls
for sails, and by the Romans for light shoes andpurses. Pro velis
alutae
tenuiter confectae. Caes.
D.
748. Damnosus. Perniciosus. Exitiosus. Entialis. Capitalis.
DAMXOSCS, ( from demere ) hurtful, causing damage- Damnosa

famae, reique mulier. Liv. It is properly said of a prodigal and ex-
pensive man. Xon in alia re damnosior quaui in edificando. Suet.
PERXICJOSUS, ( from per and nex) pernicious, bringing or causing
ruin or death. Assentatio perniciosa. Cic. Obsequium ventris mihi
perniciosius est. Hor. Exrnosus and EXITIALIS, destructive, dis-
astrous. It is said, concerning cities, states, fire, with this
difference, that
exitiosus properly signifies-exil'mm ferens, exitii plenus ; and
exitia-
lis, ad exitium inferendum aptus. Exitiosa conjuratio. Cic. Exi-
tialis eventus. Liv. Donum exitiale Minervae. Virg. Although these
last three words may ie used without preference, 1 believe we might
say with the greatest propriety : Perniciosa fuit Henrico secundo
Galliae regi cum hastatis ultima decursio; exitiosa fuit Gallis om-
nibus Siculorum conjuratio ; exitialis omnium gentium libertati
surgebat Romanorum potentia. G. D. CAPITALIS, (from ca-
put). 1. Mortal. Capitalis udversarius. Cic. Nulla capitalior pe.stis
quam voluptas corporis hominibus a natura data. 2. Criminal.
Fraudem capitalem admittere. Cic. 3. Murder. Treviros vites cen-
seo, audio capitales esse. Cic. 4*. That takes cognisance of capital
causes. Triumviris capitalibus mandatum, ut vigilias disponerent.
Cic. 5. That only relates the chief things. Thucydides scriptor capi-
talis. Cic. // is also said of the mind. Capitale vocamus ingeniurn
solers, Ovid., A subtle genius. Capitalis oratio, Cic., A seditious or
pernicious speech.
74*9. Damnum. Detrimentum. Inlertrimentum. Dispenclium. Jactura.

Incoimnodurn.
DAMXUM denotes th# loss of a thing one did possess. Damnum

Gracchi immature interitu res Komanae fecerunt. Cic. Quod de-
clamationibus nostris cares, damni nihil facis. Id. It is said of ex-
panses. Postquam alium repent qui plus daret damno. Plaut.
DETRIMENTUM, (from deterere) detriment, loss sustained L-y the
wearing of a thing. Sarcire detrimentum. Cic. INTERTRIMENTUM,
a loss on both sides between two persons. Cum eo sine ullo intertri-
mento convenerat. Cic. It is also understood of waste and decay. In-
tertrimentum argenti. Liv. DISPENDIUM, (from dis and pendere)
expense, cost. Sine sumptu, sine clispendio. Ter. JACTUHA, (from
jacere) properly loss by shipwreck, the throwing of goods overboard in
a storm. Si quid adversi coortum est, de illis potissimum jacturafit,
178
quia pretii minimi sunt. Sail. It has a more general sense. Facere
jacturam rei familiaris. Cic. Xon qurcro flagitiuni hujus jacturae
atque damni. Id. INCO.MMODV.M, an inconvenience, grievance, disad-
vantage, a small misfortune. Leniunt incommoda vitte commodorum
compensatione sapientes. Cic. Non ob ea aolum incommoda quae
eveniunt improbis, fugiendam improbitatem putanms. Id. Tempsa-
num inconnnodum, Id., speaking of Tempsa taken ty the slaves.
750. Dopes. Ferculum. E^culenlum. Oksonium. Laganum.
DAPES, exquisite dishes. Non Siculoe dapes dulcem elaborabunt

saporem. Hor. FERCULUM (from ferre) is properly a pageant car-
ried about in triumph, with the representation of countries conquered.
Spolia ducis hostiuin caesi suspensa fabricate ad id apte ferculo ge-
rens, in Capitolium ascendit. Liv. Cavendum est ne tarditatibus
utamur in ingressu mollioribus, ut pomparuin ferculis similes esse
videamur. Cic. It is said nf (he dishes of a repast. Multaque de
inagna superessent fercula ccena. Hor. ESCULEXTUM (from
edere) is said of any thing fit for esling. Eapars oris, qua
esculentis
et poculentis her natura patetecit. Cic. OBSOXIUM, any victuals
ealal-le, except bread and wine. Omnia conductis coemens obsonia
nummis. Hor. Obsonii scindendi magister, Sen., A carver at the
table of a prince. He who carves at a table. LAGAXUM, (from Aa-
a sort of hollow cake. Laganique catinum. Hor.
751. Dare. Dedere. Tradere.
DARE, to give, to grant. It has as extensive a signification as our

word To give. Dare aliquid alicui in manus. Ter. Nemo dat lar-
gius. Id. Dare beneficium. Cic. Dolorem alicui dare. Id. Dare
animum suum alicui. Id. Hoc mihi da, ut Curium conserves. Id.
Dare diem. Id. Se dare quieti. Id. Vela dare. Liv. Vos illi fugati
exercitus dedistis decus. Id. DEDERE, (from dare) to give up, to
surrender. Constrictum aliquem dedere hostibus. Cic. Se dedere
ad scribendum. Id. Tibi, pater, me dedo ; quidvis oneris impone,
impera. Ter. TRADERE, (trans dare) to transmit, to givefrom hand
to hand. De manu in manum tradere. Cic. Inimicitias posteris tra-
dere. Id. Tradere aliquid memoria?. Id. In custodiam tradere. Id.
Tradere arma, Cic., To give up arms.
752. Dare manus. Tendere manus.
DARE MAXUS, to submit, to confess one's self conquered. Tandem

dat Cotta manus, permotus superiore sententn. Caes. Jamjam ef-
ficaci do manus scientiae. Hor. TENDERE MANUS, to supplicate, to
entreat. Omnes manus ad consulem tendentes, pleni lacrymarum.
Liv. Hedui manus tendere, deditionem significare. Ca?s.
753. Debilis. Imberillus. Imbellis. Imbecillis.
DEBILIS, one deficient in iodi/ or mind, one deprived of the complete

use of some natural faculty or limb by weakness. Debilis senex. Cic.
Debilis aliqua parte animi. Id. Mustela annis et senecta debilis.
Phaed. Membra debilia. Ter. IMBECIJ.LUS, and IMBECILLIS, (sine
baculo) is a weak ondfeeble man. Marius et valetudine est, et na-
tura imbecillior. Cic. Imbecilli consilii mulier. Id. Imbecilla me-
dicina, Id., A good for nothing and ineffectual physic. IMBELLIS
179
(sine hello) is a cowardly faint -hear fed man, not suited to war, and
without energy. Imbelles hostes. Liv. Imbellis columba. Hor.
Annum imbellem agere, Liv., To be for a twelvemonth without a
war. Figuratively : Telumque imbelle sine ictu conjicit. Virg.
754-. Debilitare. Delumbare. Enervare. Infirmare.
DEBILITARE, to weaken, to enfeeble. Debilitatus vulnere. Q. Curt.

Me dolor debilitat. Cic. Figuratively : Veritas debilitata. Cic.
DELUMBAHE, (yromlumbus) properly to break ones back. Quadru-
pede delumbata. Plin. Figuratively : Delumbare sententias, Cic.,
To weaken sentences. ENERVARE, (from nervus) properly to ener-
vate, to debilitate. Non plane me enervavit senectus. Cic. Figura-
tively : Elumbiset enervata oratio. Cic. INFIRMARE, (nonfirmus)
to invalidate. It is seldom used but figuratively. Infirmare fidem
testis ad judicem. Cic. Quae pro adversariis sunt infirmare debet
orator. Id. Infirmatus conscientia scelerum, Id.
755. Debilitatio. Debilitas.
DEBILITATIO, a weakening, an enfeebling : it is mostly said of the

soul. Quid debilitatio, atque abjectio animi tui ? DEBILITAS,
weakness, feebleness, decay of strength, both in mind and body. Debi-
litas linguae. Cic. Bonum, integritas corporis ; misera debilitas. Id.
Debilitas animi. Id.
756. Debitio. Debitum.
DEBITIO, an obligation of paying, a quit-rent. Dissimilis est pecu-

niae debitio et gratiae. Cic. Quintius de emendo nihil curat, satis
enim torquetur debitione dotis. Id. DEBITUM, a debt. Priusquam
Fundanio debitinn solutem esset. Cic. Ne existimes eos, qui non
debita consectari soleant, quod debeatur remissuros. Id. Debitum
is properly an adjective. Mihi quidem ita debitio molesta est, ut op-
pido debitum exsolvam. G. D.
757. Decantare. Excantare.
DECANTARE, to sing continually : it is understood of to repeat often,

to go over the same thing again and again. Pervulgata praecepta de-
cantare. Cic. Ne necesse sit iisdem de rebus semper quasi dictata
decantare. Id. EXCANTARE, to enchant, to charm by magical opera-
tions. Quae sidera excantata voce Thessala, lunamque de coelo de-
ripit. Hor.
758. Decemviri. Decem primi.
DECEMVIRI : the Decemviri were magistrates invested with sove-

reign authority. They succeeded the Consuls ; but their government
lasted but two years. Anno trecentesimo altero, quam condita Roma
erat, iterum mutatur forma civitatis ; ab Consulibus ad Decemviros,
quemadmodum a Kegibus antea ad Consules veuerat. Liv. They
wrote the twelve tables of the law. Prasscripserunt duodecim tabulas
Decemviri. Cic. Whenever ten persons were legally appointed to any
function whatever, they were called Decemviri ; when two, Duumviri ;
when three, Triumviri, &c DECEM PRIMI were the ten personsjirst
inscribed in the books of the Decurions, thus they called those
composing
the deputation of Ameria. Itaque Decurionum statim decretum fit,
N2
180
ut decam primi prpficiscantur ad Syllam. .Cic. Those composing the

deputation of Agyria were called Quinque primi.
759. Decentia. Decus. Decor. Decorum.
DECEXTiA.rfecencz/, becomingness. Colorumet figurarum venusta-

tem atque ordinem, et, ut ita dicam, decentiam oculi vident. Cic.
DECUS, (from decet). 1. The honour arising from a noble action.
Verura decus in virtute positum est, quae maxime illustrator magnis
in Rempublicam mentis. Cic. Adeunda sunt pericula decoris ho-
nestatisque causa. Id. 2. Grace, ornament. Decus et laus civitatis.
Cic. Per hoc inane purpurce decus. Hor. Ingenium hominis decus.
Cic. DECOR, beauty, ajine mien, gracefulness, as far as it relates to
the face, and shape of the body. Inest proprius quibusdam decor in
habituet vultu. Quint. Scias nee gratius quicquam decore nee bre-
vius. Suet. DECORUM, decorum, becomingness, a? much as it relates
to actions and behaviour. Id decorum esse volunt, quod ita naturae
consentaneum sit, ut in eo moderatio, et temperantia appareat cum
specie quadam liberal!. Cic. Honestatem quod appellamus decornm.
Id. Decus honoris, decor formee, decorum actio'nis est. G. D.
760. Decel. Convenit.
DECERE, says Cicero, aliquid dicimus ex honestate, autexhabitu

quodam naturali ; COXVEXIRE, ex anteactis, ex decretis, et pro-
missis : decere declarat quasi aptum esse consentaneumque personae
et tempori, quod in omnibus valet. Cic. Ista decent humeros gesta-
mina nostros. Ovid. Lacrymae decuere pudicam. Id. Decet patriam
nobis chariorem esse, quani nosmetipsos. Cic. Vos his malis mederi
convenit. Id. Quo ex Senatus-consulto contestim interfectum te
esse, Catilina, convenit. Id. Nemo nescit quis mulierem, quis virum
ornatus deceat : quid obstrictum sacramento militem facere conve-
niat. G. D.
761. Decerpere. Eicerperc.
DECERPERE, (carpere de) to pull or pluck off together. Adducto

ramo pomum decerpere. Ovid. Figuratively : Nihil sibi ex ista laude
centurio decerpit, Cic., The centurion has no share in the glory of
this
action. Ne quid jocus de gravitate decerperet, Id., For fear the plea-
santness of the joke should destroy gravity. EXCERPERE, (carpere
ex) to takeout, to pick out. Quid cum Picenis excerpens semina po-
mia, gaudes, &c. Hor. Figuratively : Excerpsimus quod quisque
cominodissime pracipere videbatur. Cic. Decerpimus poma ex ar-
bore ; seligentes aiatura excerpimus. G. D.
762. Decider e. Excidere. Elabi.
DECIDERE (cadere de) and EXCIDERE (cadere e) are found used

tvithout preference. Decidere equo. Cic. Excidere equo. Ovid. It
is however necessary to observe that dccidere is to fall doivntvards ;
and
excidere to escape out of. Matura poma decidunt. Cic. Excident
gladii, fluent anna de manibus. Id. It is the same in the ^figurative
sense: Hoc verbum mihi excidit. Cic. Victoria nobis a manibus
excidit. Id. Haec res excidit e memoria. Liv. Ficta omnia celeriter
decidunt. Cic. Excidunt would be improper. E spedecidere. Liv.
Spes excidit. Id. Tantum nefas excidit ore. Virg. ELABT, (labi c)
181
to escape out of, to slide away from, denotes a more gentle fall. Quo-
ties tibi sica excfdit casu aliquo, et elapsa est ? Cic. Cum animal
ex utero elapsum excidit. Id. Figuratively : Elabi omni suspi-
cione. Cic. Ex isto ore Religionis verbum excidere, aut elabi po-
test? Cic., A bad horseman ex equo excidit. A paper elabitur out of
a sleeping man's hands.
763. Decldere. Decernere. Statuere. Transigere.

DECIDERE, (caedere de) to cutout, to take nff. Decisis humilem
pennis. Hor. Figuratively : To decide a business, to solve a
difficulty
in a quick way. Res ad istum defertur, et istius more deciditur. Cic-
DECERNERE, (cernere de) to decree, to order. Decernere bellum.
Liv. Imperium decernere alicui. Id. Uno judicio de omnibus for-
tunis decernere. Cic. STATUERE, properly to fix to a place. Taber-
nacula statuere in foro. Liv. Figuratively : to ordain, to enact. De-
cidis statuisque quid iis ad denarium solveretur. Cic. Stipendium
alicui statuere de publico, To decree a pension to one out of the
public
treasure. TRANSIGERE (trans agere) properly to pierce through.
Gladio pectus transigit. Phasd. Figuratively : To terminate, to
settle.
Multitudinem rerum uno tempore transigere. Cic. Qui cum reo-
transigat, post cum accusatore decidat. Id. Pro sociis transigere.
Id. Deciditaut arrogans, ut vir gravis ac peritior videatur, autpo-
testatem habens, ut in rebus indefinitis aliquid certum ac determi-
naturn sit ; decernit qui post deliberationem aliquid statuit, aut qui
controversiam sive judicio sive praelio dirimendam permittit ; statuit
qui ratum et fixum quod non erat, permanere vult ; deliberandum
porro est diu quod statuendum est semel; transigit qui omni cura
et molestia prqrsus defungi cupit. G. D.
764. Decipere. Deiudere. Inescare. Fraudare. Fallere. Frustrari.
DECIPERE, (capere de) to cheat, to dupe. Quae deceptus dolo quis

promised!. Cic. Et cceli toties deceptus fraude sereni. Virg. DE-
LUDERE, (ludere de) to delude, to beguile. Deludi vosmetipsos diu-
tius a Tribuno plebis patiemini : Cic. Aut quae sopitos deludunt
somnia sensus. Virg. INESCARE, (from esca) to bait, to allure. Si-
cut multa animalia cibo inescantur, sic homines non caperentur, nisi
aliquid morderent. Plin. Figuratively : Nescis inescare homines.
Ter. Annibal id damnum haud aagerrime pati, quinpotius credere
velut inescatam temeritatem consulis. Liv. FRAUDARE, (from
fraus) to defraud, to act against probity and fidelity , not to pay
what is
due ; whereas decipere has for its object matters ivherein interest
and
profit are concerned. Creditores fraudare. Cic. Stipendia fraudare,
Caes., To keep back the pay of soldiers. Debito fraudari. Cic. Genium
suum defraudare, Ter., To pinch one's belly by refusing one's-selfthe
necessaries of life. FALLERE, to lead one into an error or mistake.
Perditissimi est hominis fallere eum qui laesus non esset, nisi credi-
disset. Cic. In eo quidem fallis et decipis. Id. Ilia amphibologia
quae
Crcesum decepit,vel Chrysippum potuisset fallere. Id. FRUSTRARI,
(from frustra) to frustrate, to deceive, to seduce. Dehinc ne frustre-
tur ipse se. Cic. O bone, ne te frustrere ; insanis et tu. Hor. Men-
tiendo credulos fallimus; astu, dolo, specie decipimus incautos ; um-
bra et imagine deludimus imperitos ; objecta praeda inescamus avi-
dos ; debito fraudamus creditores ; expectantes frustramur. G. D.
182
765. Declamare. Declamitare. Pronunciare.
DECLAMARE, to declaim, to exercise ones-self in delivering speeches

on different subjects. Magister declamandi. Quint. Ad fluctum
aiunt Demosthenem declamare solitum, ut fremitum assuesceret
voce vincere. Cic. It also signifies, to cry out against, to inveigh
against. Ne in quemvis impune declamare liceret. Cic. DECLAMI-
TARE (frequentative of declamare) was a new word in the time of
Cicero. Commentor, says he, declamitans, sic enim nunc loquuntur,
saepe cum Marco Pisone, aut cum aliquo quotidie. // is said of of ten
practising the art of declamation. Quanquam tu quidem vini exha-
landi, non acuendi ingcnii causa declamitas. Cic. // also signifies to
inveigh often against. Ipse interea de me decem et septem dies de-
clamitavit. Cic. PROXUXCIARE, (nunciare pro) to pronounce, to
utter. Uno spiritu multos versus pronunciare, Cic., To proclaim, to
declare publicly. Pronunciare nomina victorum. Cic. Pronunciare
pugnam in posterum diem. Liv. Pronunciare is tery properly said
of an historian who relates what has happened. Thucydides rerum
gestarum pronunciator sincerus. Cic.
766. Declivis. Devexus.
DECLIVIS, (from de and clivus) leaning downwards. Collis a

summo aequaliter declivis. Cass. DEVEXUS, (vehere de) declining
down, shelving. Devexus ab Indis amnis. Virg. Devexus in viani
lacus. Cic. E colle declivi fbns devexus subjectos campus irrigat.
G.D.
767. Decolor. Discolor.
DECOLOR, that has lost its colour. Et quascunque bibit decolor

Indus aquas. Ovid. Sanguis decolor. Cic. Figuratively : Fama per-
venit ad aures decolor. Ovid. Êtas decolor. Virg. DISCOLOR, of
a different colour. Ut di^coloribus signis juratorum hominum sen-
tentiae notarentur. Cic. Discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit.
Virg. Figuratively : Ut matrona meretrici dispar erit atque discolor,
infido scurras distabit ainicus. Hor.
768. Decof/uere. Helluari. Alligurire. Oi-ligurire.
DECOQUERE. to ioil away. Neronis principis inventum est deco-

quere aquam. Plin. Argenti pars quarta decocta, Liv., The fourth
part of the silver was wasted in melting. Humorem nmlsi Vulcano
decoquere. Virg. Figuratively : Dccoquere creditoribus, Cic., To
turn bankrupt. Tenesne memoria pra?textatum te decoxisse ? Cic.,
Do you, remember that, when hardly fourteen years of age, you had
spent all your property ? Hunc alea decoquet, Pers., Game* of chance
will ruin him. Decoquere, said of the productions of the mind, signi-
fies that they are brought to greater perfection by time. Matcriam
prinium volo abundantiorcm, atque ultra quam oportet fusam:mul-
tum inde decoquent anni. Quint. HEI.LUAHI to derour, to consume
all. To squander away one's va///i in good living. Quid tu meo pe-
riculo gurges ac vorago patrimonii helluabare '? C'ic. Ille gurges
helluatus est simul tecuin lleipublicoe sanguinem. Id. ABLIC;U-
RIRE, (ligurire ab) properly to lick off. Figuratively : to spend
one's
property in dainties, in dainty His. Patria qui abligurierat bona.
Ter.
Portunas suas abliguriarunt. Cic. OBLIGURIRE, (ligurire ob) pro-
peril/ to lick round. Figuratively, it signifies, to dissipate and

spend every
thing in feasting and debauchery. Patrimonia sua profuderunt, for-
tunas suas obligurierunt : res eos jampridem, fides deficere nuper
coepit. Cic.
769. Decrela. Consulta.
DECRETA, synonymous with CONSULTA, is a decree, a decision

enacted by one in power ; and consulta is a decision made i:y the
advice
of counsel. Oportere quinquennii consulta omnia et decreta rescind!.
Sail.
770. Decreta. Jussa.
DECRETA, the decrees of the senate ; and JUSSA, the approbation,

the consent of the people. Nutus ejus pro decretis Patrum, pro po-
puli jussis esse. Liv. Decernit Senatus, populus jubet. Cic.
771. Decretum Senatus. Senatusconsultum. Senatiis auctoritas.
DECRETUM SENATUS, says Pompa, est species; et Senatusconsul-

tum est genus : Senatusconsultum, quodcunque Senatus de singulis
pluribusve rebus aut hominibus censuit ; decretum Senatus quod de
singulis rebus hominibusve Senatus constituit, ut cum alicui honos,
pecunia, supplicatio decernitur. SENATUSCONSULTUM was a law,
an ordinance of the Senate, which was to be observed, unless rejected
by
the people. The Decretum Senatus was only a part of the Senatus-
consultum. The name of Senatusconsultum was not given to any act t
unless it had passed without opposition, the senate had been legally
as-
sembled in a proper time and place, arid there were a sufficient
number
of senators, viz. two hundred at least ; otherwise the decision was
called
SENATUS AUCTORITAS, yet was nevertheless entered in the public re-
gisters. Senatus auctoritas, cui cum Cato et Caninius intercessis-
sent, tameri est perscripta. Cic.
772. Decretum. Edictum.
DECRETUM, synonymous with EDICTUM, was a resolution taken in

the Senate. Senatus a quo ssepe munificentissimis decretis honestati
sumus. Cic. EDICTUM, an edict, a law, an ordinance from a prince
or supreme rnngistrate. Flaccus sanxit edicto, ne frumentum ex Asia
exportari liceret. Cic. Pecuniam neque ex edicto neque ex decreto
depositam habui. Id. Decretum, in this sense, is likewise said of the
decision of individuals. Decretis edictisque tuis in te concitati
sunt.
Cic.
773. Decurrere. Discurrere.
DECURRERE, to run down. Metius Curtius ab arce decurrerat.

Liv. A te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor. Phaed. Figuratively :
Decurrere incceptum laborem, Virg., To complete one's work. Ne si
cuncta velim breviter decurrere possim. Ovid. Ad rniseras decur-
rere preces. Hor. DISCURRERE, (diversim currere) to run hither
and thither. Undique discurritur. Tibul. Figuratively : Fama, ut
solet, strenue totas urbes discurrit. Q. Curt.
774. Decursio, Decursus.
DECURSIO, a descent or inroad of horsemen from an elevated place

into an enemy's country. Aut Apennino, Alpibusque se teneat, et
decursionibus per equites vastet ea loca, in quas incurrerit. Cic. It
184
is said of a tournament, or of a sham-jig fit ordered for the prince's

guards in public rejoicings. Indicia decursione pnvtorianis. Suet.
DECURSUS, a running or flouring down, a descent. Aut ubi decursu
rapido de montibus altis dant sonitum spuniosi amnes. Virg. Subi-
tus ex collibus Albanorum decursus. Liv. Figuratively : A going
or passing through, a career. Decursus honorum. Cic. Decursus
mei temporis. Id.
77*3. JDedecere. Indeceie.
DEDECERE, to misbecome, to be unbecoming. Nee dedecuere comae.

Ovid. Errare tarn dedecet, quam delirare. Cic. IXDECERE setms
to express a smaller degree of unbecomingness. Nam juvenes adhuc
confusa quaedam et quasi turbata non indecent. Plin. jun.
776. Dedecorare. Turpare. Maculare.
DEDECORARE, to dishonour. Et me, et te, et familiam dedecoras.

Ter. Dedecorant bene nata culpae. Hor. Ti RPARE, properly to
disfigure, to deface. Rugae turpant te. Hor. Dedecoratur quod ho-
nestum in animo est ; turpatur quod honestum est in corpore. G. D.
MACULARE, to slain, to defile, to pollute. Terram tabo maculant.
Virg. Viden' tu illi maculari corpus totum maculis luridis ? Plant.
Figuratively : Maculare partus suos parricidio, Liv., To pollute one's
self with, the murder of ones children. Scelere maculari. Cic.
777. Dedisctre. Ollivisci.
DEDISCERE, to unlearn what one has learned. Dedidicit loqui.

Ovid. Figuratively : Naturam dediscere. Q. Curt. OBLIVISCI, to
forget, to lose the remembrance of a thing. Veteris contumeliae obli-
visci. Cxs. Dignitati-s sune oblivisci. Cic. Atnissos jam hinc obli-
viscere Graios. Virg. Dediscere is opposed to addiscere ; and obli-
visci to meminisse, recordari.
778. Dedilio. Subjectio.
DEDITIO, a giving up, a surrender. Legatos de deditione ad eum

miserunt. Ca?s. Subigere ad deditionem. Liv. In editionem acci-
pere. Tac. SUBJECTIO, 1. A plain exposition of a thing. Rerum,
quasi gerantur, sub aspectum pene subjectio. Cic. 2. The bringing
in of forged u'riling*. Subjectione testamentorum, fraudibus aliis
contaminati. Liv. Subjectio is not fuund in gond authors to signify
submission.
779. Defectio. Defectus.
DEFECTIO, the net of wanting, of failing. Defjctio virium. Cic.

Defectio animi. Id. It is also said of the act of abandoning, of'
r/uitting
a party. Circumspcctare defcctionis tempus. Liv. Defectio a recta
ratione. Cic. DKTECTUS ?< the very slate of foiling, being forsaken,
or wanting. Defectus solis is the stale of the sun irhtn eclipsed. De-
fectio solis denotes the eclipse of the sun. Copiaruni defectus, Q.
Curt.,
The revolt of the troops. Defectus nquarum. Liv.
7SO. Defervescere. Refrigescere.
DEFERVESCERE, (from fervor) to stop or cease boiling. Defer-

vescit aqua. Var. Figuratively : Dum defervescat ira. Cic. Cum
adolcscentitc cupiditatcs dci'orbuissent. Id REI-IUOESC-EKK, (frout
185
frigus) to grow cold, to begin to be cool. Concretus adeps refrixit.

Plin. Figuratively : Belli apparatus refrigescunt. Cic. Calor CO-
gitationis scribendi mora refrigescit. Quint.
781. Deficere. Deesse.
DEFICERE, synonymous with DEESSE, is said of a thing which one

IMS no more, but had formerly, and which has teen lost ; Deesse only
denotes the absence, the want of a thing. Paulo ante vacua turbam
deficiunt loca. Phaed. Ne oratio deesset, ne vox viresque defice-
rent. Cic. Non ratio, verum argentum deerat. Ter. Discentes
vita deficit. Cic. Id mihi deficit is bad Latin ; the accusative is
the
only case used with deficit.
782. Deficere. Desciscere. RebelLare.
DEFICERE, synonymous with the others, to abandon. Veritus ne ci-

vitas eorum impulsu deficeret. Sal. Figuratively : A virtute defi-
cere. Cic. A se ipso deficere, Id., To degenerate, to have altered
one'sformer sentiments. DESCISCERE, (sciscere de) to revolt from
authority, to quit the party of which one formerly was. Cum a Re-
publica pestiferi cives desciverint. Cic. Praeneste ab Latinis ad Ro-
manos descivit. Liv. Figuratively : A veritate desciscere. Cic. A
natura desciscere. Id. REBELLARE, (rursus bellare) to wage war
again. Volsci, ferocior ad rebellandum quam ad bellandum gens.
Liv. It also signifies, to rebel, to revolt, to rise up against. Quia
cum
Latinis rebellare noluissent. Liv. Multa Csesarem ad id bellum inci-
tabant, rebellio facta post deditionem, defectio, datis obsidibus, tot
civitatum conjuratio. Caes. Figuratively: Rebellant vulnera, Plin.,
The wounds open again. Eos vituperate non ausim, qui sociorum in-
jurias superbiamque perosi desciscunt ; sed perfidos arbitror eos qui,
periclitantibus sociis, minime laesi deticiunt, aut qui pace composita
rebellant. G. D.
783. De fleeter e. Inflectere.
DEFLECTERE. (flectere de) to bend or bow down. Ramum deflec-

tere, et ad crusarboris religare. Col. Figuratively : Deflectere se
de curriculo petitionis, Cic., To give over making interest for
prefer-
ment. Ut declinet a proposito, deflectatque sententiam. Cic. In-
flectat would signify the contrary. Deflectere is also a neuter verb.
Deflectere de via. Cic. A pristina deflexit consuetudine. Phaed. A
veritate deflectere. Cic. Redeat illiic, unde deflexit oratio, Id.,
Let
us resume our discourse. INFLECTERE, (flectere in) to bend in, to
bow. Cum ferrura se inflexisset. Caes. Figuratively : Oculos alio-
rum inflectere, Cic., To draw on one's self the regards of other
people.
Deflectere lumina, Ovid., To turn them from. Ut leviter inflecten-
dus, potius quam corrigendus esse videaris. Cic. Jus civile neque
inflecti gratia, neque perfringi potentia, neque adulterari pecunia
potest. Id.
784-. Dejlorare. Dejiorescere.
DEFLORARE, to take off the blossom orjlowers. Deflorati f'ructus.

Quint. Figuratively : Casu illo gloria victoria? deflorata est. Liv.
DEFLORESCERE is said of a tree or plant that sheds its blossom or
flowers. Flos tenui carptus defloruit ungui. Tib. Figuratively : Cum
corporibus vigent, et deflorescunt aninii. Liv.
186
Deflucre. Effluere.
DEFLUERE, (flucre de) to flow down. Ex arboribus defluit mel.

Plin. Aqua secundo defluit anini. Virg. Figuratively : Ubi salu-
tatio defluxit, litteris me involve, Cic., When the time of visiting
is
over, I give myself up entirely to study. Ab amicitiis perfectorum ad
leves amicitius defluxit oratio. Id. Ubi per socordiain vires, tempus,
retas, ingenium defluxit, infirmitas accusatur. Sail. EFFLUI:KE,
(fluere e) to flow from. E vasis vinum effluit. Cat. Figuratively:
Haec effluunt ex animo. Cic. Illi dicenti mens solet efHuere, Id.,
When he speaks, he forgets what he wishes to say. Vires effluunt las-
situdine, Liv., Great fatigue makes one faint. Effluet aetas. Ter.
Utrumque lioc falsura est, effluet, Id., / cannot keep it a secret.
786. Defodere. Effodere.
DEFODF.RE, to bury in the ground. Defodere in terram. Liv.

EFFODERE, to dig out, to dig up. Argentum effoderetur penitus ab-
ditum. Cic. Humana eftbdiens ossa, thesauruni invenit. Phaed.
Figuratively : EfFodit illius memoria pectus meum, Cic., The remem-
brance oj ' tliat man makes my heart ache.
787. Deformatio. Deformitas. Turpitudo.
DEFORMATIO, properly the act of forming or shaping. Ecce ille,

ncndum corporis deformatione completa, in mate'rnis visceribus
praemoritur. Firmic. // is said of disfiguring, ugliness. Deformatio
corporis. Cic. Figuratively: Disgrace, stains. Ut sua? quisque con-
ditionis oblitus, ab ilia deformatione tanta? majestatis, velut a ne-
fando spectaculo averteret oculos, Liv., speaking of the defeat of the
army near the Fur etc Caudince. DEFORMITAS, a state of deformity.
Insignis ad deformitatem puer. Cic. Figuratively : Defbnnitxi
fugae, Cic., The dishonour of a flight. Deformitas animi. Id. TUR-
PITUDO, meanness. It is said Loth of the soul and body. Xullum
est majus malum turpitudine, quac si in deformitate corporis habeat
aliquid oftensionis, quanta ilia depravatio, et fceditas turpiticati
animi dcbet vidcri ' Cic. Verborum turpitudinem, et rerum obscce-
nitatem vitare Id. Deformitas is a remarkable defect in the propor-
tion* ( and Turpitudo, a deject on the outside of the face. Rugae tur-
pant faciem. Ter.
788. Degravare. Pr<?gravare.
DEGRAVARE, ( from gravis) to ivtigh down, to sink down. Vitis

degravat ulmum. Ovid. Alios in aquam compulsos gurgites ferunt,
etiam peritos nandi lassitudo et vulnera et pavor (U-gra\'ant. Liv.
PRJEGBAVARE, (gravare pra?) to make heavy, to weigh dou-n. Une-
rata et pra?gravata corpora. Liv. Corpus onustum besternia vitiis
animutn quoque pra-gravat una. Hor. Figuratively : I'rit eniin ful-
gore suo qui pra'gravat artes infra se positas; t-xtinctus uniabitur
idem. Hor.
. Degredi. Digredi.
DF.GREDI, (gradiorde) logo down, to descend. Vbi di-gressos tu-
mulis montanoj videt. Liv. Degredi ad pedes ex equo, Id., To alight
ft/!' one's horse. DICRKDI, (diversim gnulior) to go or turn aside.
Cum ab eo digressus essem. Cic. Propter multitudinem a paren-
187
tibus digress!. Sail. Figuratively : De causa digredi, Cic., To go

from the purpose, Unde digressa est oratio. Id.
790. Dejicere. Deturlare.
DEJICERE, (jacere de) to throw or cant down. De ponte aliquem

dejicere. Cic. Figuratively: Praetura dejectus est. Cic. DETUH-
BARE, (turbare de) to throw down in a violent manner. Puppi detur-
bat ab alta. Virg. Deturbare aliquem de tribunali. Cic. Dejicere
would denote a less violence. Figuratively : Sua quemque fraus, suum
scelus, suum facinus de sanitate ac mente deturbat. Gic.
791. Deinde. Turn. Post. Postea.
DEINDE, secondly ; TUM, thirdly; POST or POSTEA fourthly.

Praecipitur primum ut pure loquamur ; deinde, ut dilucide ; turn,
ut ornate ; post, ad rerum dignitatem apte. Cic. Ut deberet re-
perire primum quid diceret ; deinde inventa ordine disponere; turn
ea vestire oratione ; post memoria sepire ; ad extremum agere cum
dignitate. Id.
792. Deinde. Deinceps. Exinde.
DEINDE and DEIN, synonymous with the others, next after. Primum
Appio Clodio, deinde Imperatori, deinde more majorum, deinde,
quod caput est, amico. Cic. Prius, dein, extreme. Id. DEINCEPS,
in order, successively, after. Cotta qui Tribunatum petebat, et Sul-
pitius qui deinceps eum magistratum petiturus videbatur. Cic. Sed
tamen tres fratres, quos deinceps Tribunes plebis per triennium video
fore, te nolo habere inimicos. Id. Prima, &c. secunda, &c. tertia, &c.
Deinceps gradatim reliquis debeantur. Id. EXINDE and ExiN,/rom
that time, from thenceforth, afterwards. Quisque suos patimur manes,
exinde per amplum mittimur Elysium. Virg. Igitur brachia ac
crura veiamentis, tiara caput tegit : et ne novo habitu aliquid occul-
tare videretur, eodern ornatuet populum vestiri jubet; quern morem
vestis exinde gens universa tenet. Justin.
793. Delabi. Dilali.
DELABI, (labi de) to fall down, to slip or slide down. Signum de

ccelo delapsum. Cic. Suffosso equo delabitur. Tac. Figuratively :
Delabi in inorbum. Cic. Delabi in aliquod vitium. Id. DILABI,
(diversim labi) to slip aside, or on different ways. Fluvius in duas
partes divisus, rapideque dilapsus cito in unum confluit. Cic. Gla-
cies calore liquef'acta et dilapsa diffunditur. Id. Dilabitur
vetustate
navis putris. Liv. Figuratively: Male parta male dilabuntur. Sail.
Res maximse discordia dilabuntur. Id. Delabuntur would offer quite
a different sense.
791-. Ddeclamentum. Delectatio. Olleciamentum. Oblectatio.

DELECTAMENTUM, ( from the ol-tolete word lacire, to attract) that
which creates pleasure. Possum persequi multa delectamenta rerum
rusticarum. Cic. DELECTATIO is pleasure itself, the sensation of
pleasure. Mira qusedam in cognoscendo suavitas et clelectatio. Cic.
OBLECTAMENTUM, that which creates amusement, diversion, or re-
creation. Erat ei in oblectamentis serpens. Suet. OBLECTATIO,
the amusement, diversion or recreation itself. Oblectatio otii. Cic.
Ob-
188
lectamenta quaerit otiosus ludendo, spectando, jocando, ambulando;

delectamenta reperit occupatus studendo, legendo, operando. Ob-
lectatione tasdium fallinius ; dclectatione ducitur animus. G. D.
795. D declare. Ob lector e.
DELECTARE, (from the ukulele lacire, to attract,) to delight, to

create pleasure. Ilefero me ad nninsuetiores musas, qua; me maxime
delectarunt. Cic. -OBLECTARE, ta entertain, to rejoice, to amuse.
Habebis qua? tuam senectutem oblectent. Ter. Oblectare vitam,
Plaut., To inak life pass pleasantly.
796. Delectus. Lectio. Elsctio.
DELECTUS, (legere de) a choice, a picking out. Omnium rerum

delectum atque discrimen pecunia sustulit. Cic. Delectus verborum
origo est eloquentias. Id. Habere delectum civ is et peregrini. Id.
LECTIO, a reacting, a lesson. Lucullus mirifice delectabatur lec-
tione librorum, de quibus audiebat. Cic. // is said of an election. Ut
vos judices legere auderet, quorum lectione duplex imprimeretur
Reipublicae dedecus. Cic. ELECTIO, the act of choosing. Initia
quorum ex electione virtus posset existere. Cic. Electio fit inter
paucos, aut contendente*; lectio inter multos, aut promiscue obla-
tos. G D. If'lien a c/ioice is made, to fill important places or
offices,
by persons invested by the law with the pou'er of making such a
choice,
we then make use of creare : if an election is made by others out of
Rome, and without the usual forms, legere is used. Marius militari
suffragio lectus ad tempus. Liv.
797. Delere. Obliterare. Alolere.
DELERE, to blot out. Jam scripseram, delere nolui. Cic. Cum

tabulas prendisstt Oppianicus, digito legata delevit. Id. Figura-
tively: Maculam bello susceptam delere. Cic. Qui non modo pru?-
fentia, verum etiam f'utura bella delevit. Id. Delere urbem. Ca:s.
OBLITKKARE, (quasi obliturare,/rom litura) to erase by scraping.
TEris obliteratio. Plin. Figuralire/y : to obliterate, to destroy the
re-
membrance of. Res obliterate vetustate. Liv. Nondum obliterata
memoria superioris belli. Id. ABOLERE, (Jrom ab and odor, olor)
to take <iway even the smell of a thin<>. Donee omnis odor aboleatur.
Plin. Figuratively : Da, pater, hoc nostris aboleri dedecus armis.
Virg. Cladis Cauclinae memoria nondum aboleverat. Liv. Abole-
verat comes from abolescere.
79S. Ddiberare. Deliberationem habere.

DELIBERARE, ( from libra) to consider, to examine, to deliberate.
Noctem si!>i ad deliberandum postulavit. Cic. Aho, to resvlve after
a serious constdgntion, Iste statut-rat et deliberaverat non adesse.
Cic. Deliberata morte ferocior. Hor. DELIBERATION ::M IIABERE
is said of things and persons : speaking oj things, it signifies l
require
examination, deliberation. Id coraai consideral)imus quale -sit, habet
fiiim res deliijerationem, etsi niagna ex parte tibi assentior. Cic.
Speaking of persons, to consult, to deliberate upon. Ad deliberationes
cas quas habebat domi de llepublicu, priucipr-- civitatis adbibebat.
Cic. Delibcrare is to erposd the stale of a question, and to discuss
the
reasons fur and against it.
189
799. Dehbutts. Unctus. Oblitus.
DELIBUTUS, lenmeared, daubed over. Cruore Nessi delibutus

Hercules. Hor. Delibuta veneno dona. Id. Unguento delibutus.
Phsed. Figuratively: Perjuriis delibutus, Cic., Defiled with perju-
ries. Delibutus gaudio, Ter., Overjoyed. UNCTUS, anointed, per-
fumed with some greasy matter. Uncti capilli. Hor. Manus unctae.
Id. Figuratively: Unctior loquendi consuetudo, Cic., A more polity
way of speaking. OBLITUS, (linere ob) done over with. Non cera
sed cceno obliti. Cic. Figuratively : Libidine flagitiosi oblita est
Antoniorum vita, Cic., The life of Anthony's partisans is defiled by
the most infamous crimes. Oblitus parricidio. Id. Facetia) oblitae
Latio. Id.
800. Delicatus. Voluptuarius. dmcenus.
DELICATUS (from deliciae, which originates from the obsolete la-

cire, to attract} is said of persons and things : speaking of persons,
it
signifies effeminate, given up to pleasure*. Muliebris et delicatus
an-
cillarum puerorumque comitatus. Cic. Adolescens delicatus. Id.
It is said of a person skilled in a thing. Nostrum unusquisque, qui
tarn beati, quam iste est, non sumus, tarn delicati esse non possu-
mus. Cic. In this sense the same author has said : Homo delicati
fastidii, A man of a very delicate taste. Delicatus, speaking of
things,
signifies delicious, full of delights, pleasures, and pastimes.
Delicatum
convivium. Cic. Delicata vita. Id. Turpe est in re severa convivio
dignum, aut delicatum aliquem inferre sermonem. Id. VOLUPTU-
ARIOS and VOLUPTARILS, git-en to pleasure. Epicurus homo volup-
tuarius nimis fuit. Cic. Disciplina ea voluptuaria, delicata, mollis.
Id. It also signifies, that which jeels pleasure, that which relates
to
pleasure. Gustatus qui est sensus ex omnibus maxime voluptarius.
Cic. Voluptariaj disputationes Aristippum delectabant. Id. AMCE-
KUS, charming, delightful, agreeable, is particularly said of the
country.
Amoenum rus. Hor. Praeciiola nostra satis amcena. Cic. Amcenus
fluvius. Virg. Amcena voluptas, Cic., speaking of the pleasures of
a country place.
801. Delicice. Voluptas.
DELICTI, delights, charms : it is said of the object, and expresses

the charms that, are found in it. Sempronius mel et deliciae tuae.
Cic.
In deliciis esse alicui. Id. VOLLPTAS, (from volupe, which is used
by Plautus, and comes from velle) pleasure ; it is said of the soul,
or
of the soul and body at the same time : it expresses the delicious
sensa-
tions that are felt. Verbo voluptatis omnes qui ubique sunt, qui La-
tine sciunt, duas res subjiciunt, laetitiam in animo, commotionem
suavem in corpore. Cic. Deliciarum et voluptatis causa. Id. Tra-
hit ua quemque voluptas. Virg. Ea sola voluptas, solamenque
mali. Id. Voluptas is often taken in a bad sense, especially in the
plural. In voluptatis regno virtus non potest consistere. Cic. Sperne
voluptates ; nocet empta dolore voluptas. Hor. In deliciis libros
habet vir litterarum studiosus, quod ex iis maximum capiat fruc-
tum ; voluptates spernit fortunae damnosas avarus. G. D.
802. Deligere. Eligere. Seligere.
DELIGERE, (legere de) to make choice among many of one that is

more fit for our purpose. Deligere generum. Liv. Deligere aliquem
190
ad extrema Reipublicce diserimina. Cic. Unum ex cunctis deligere.

Id. In deligenclo vitas genere. Id. ELIGERE, (legere e) to choose
amongst several things that are left to our free choice. Optionem
alicui
iacere, ut eligat utrum velit. Cic. E duobus malis, cum majus fu-
giendum sit, ievius est eligendum. Id. SELICERE, (seorsim legere)
not only to choose, but also to lay aside. Selecti e conventu judices.
Cic. Quae exempla sclegissem, nisi, <S:c. Id. A father has a daughter
to be married, deligit generum ; several young men offer themselves to
him. eligit genere, divitiis pnestantiorem; a butcher buys twelve
sheep
to be chosen out ofaftock, seligit pinguiores. G. D.
803. Delinitio. Delinimentum.
DELINITIO, (from lenis) the act of softening, of mitigating. Ipsa-

que ilia deiinitio multitudinis ad breve tempus exiguumque dura-
tura sit. Cic. DELINIMENTUM, the mitigation, the softening or as-
suaging itself. Aptissiraum tempus erat, vindicatis seditionibus. de-
liuimentum animis Volani agri divisionem objici. Liv. Vitae delini-
menta monstraverum tibi, Tac , 1 had shown you the tit-eels and com-
forts of this fife. It is ahn said of the allurements. Yitiorum
delini-
menta, Tac., The allurements office.
SOi. Delirare. Desipere. Insanire. Furere.
DELIRAKE, (from de, and lira, a. furrow) properly, in ploughing,

to slip out of the furrow. Delirat arator. Col. Figuratively : to talk
or act extravagantly, to swerve front reason. Delirare et mente cap-
turn esse. Cic. Multos se deliros senes saepe vidisse, sed qui magia
quam Phormio deliraret, vidisse neminem. Id DE.SII'EHE, (sapere
de) to recede from wisdom, to act foolishly. Licet me desipere
dicat;-.
Cic. Dulce est desipere in loco. Hor. Nimio gaudio pene desi-
pere. Cic. IXSAXIUE, (non sanus) to turn mad, to le mad. Incerta
haec si tu postules ratione certa facere, nihilo plus agas, quam si
operam des, ut cum ratione msanias. Ter. Insanire libet quouiam
tibi. Virg. FURERE, to be in nfury. Quid est aliud turere, nisi non
cognoscere homines, non cognoscere leges, non Senatum, non civi-
tatem ? Cic. Usque eo commotus est, ut insanire omnibus, ac fu-
rere videretur. Id. Figuratively : Furit aestus. Virg. Furcates venti.
Id. Furentes flammae. Id.
805. Ddiratio. Deliramentum.
DELIRATIO, the act of acting or talking extravagantly. O delira-

tionem incredibilem ! Cic. Ista senilis stultitia, qua? deliratio ap-
pellari solet, senum levium est, non omnium. Id. DELIRAMEX-
TUM, extravagance, delirium. Deliramenta loquitur, Plaut., She
talks extravagantly. It would le improper to use delirationem in the
foregoing sentence.
806. Demittere. Emittere. Dimitlere.
DEMITTERE, (mittere de) to send down. Jam nova progenies

crclo demittitur alto. Virg. Demittere oculos, Cic., To cast down
one's eyes. Figuratively : Animos demittere. Cic. I't eas voc<
lut oraculo missas in pectora animosque demitterent. Liv. EMIT-
TERE, (mittere e) to let go, to let out. Emitti custodia. Cic.
Figuratively ' Malcdicto nihil facilius umittitur, nihil citius
cxcipi-
tur. Cic. DIMITTERE, (diversim mittere) to send about. Dimisit

litteras in alias urbes. Liv. Dimittere comitia, Cic., To dismiss an
assembly. Aliquem a se dimittere. Id. Figuratively : Dimittere
occasionem. Caes. Libertatem meam neque dimisi unquara, neque
dimittam. Cic.
807. Demovere. Dimovere. Removere.
DEMOVERE, (movere de) to displace by moving. Nomen et effigies

privatis ac pubiicis locis demovendas censebat. Tac. Figuratively .
Aliquem de certa. sententia demovere. Cic. DIMOVERE, (diversim
movere) to thrust aside in moving. Obstantes propinquos dimovet,
Hor. Figuratively : Itabonis malisque dimoiis patenti via ad verum
perges. Sail. REMOVF.RE, (movere retro) to remove, to withdraw.
Removere praesidia. Cic. Multa palam domum suam auferebat,
plura clam de medio removebat. Id. Figuratively : Tu novum mor-
bum removisti. Cic. Removere se a suspicione. Id.
808. Demum. Denique. Tandem.
DEMUM, at length, after a long time. Nunc demum litteris tuis

rescribo. Cic. Demum is also taken in a sense analogous to solum,
tantum, only. Ea demum magna voluptas est, aequalem ac parem
verbis vitam agere. Cic. DENIQUE, in fine, is placed at the end of a
long enumeration. Non avaritia, non libido, non amcenitas, non no-
bilitas urbis, non denique labor, &c. Cic. TANDEM, when a thing
has been a great while longed-after. Tandem progreditur magna sti-
pante caterva. Virg. Ibis tandem aliquando, quo te, &c. Cic.
809. Denunciare. Renunciare.
DENUNCIARE, to denounce, to declare, to give notice. Denunciare

periculum, pestem. Cic. Denunciavit, ut adesset. Id. Domum de-
nunciare, Id., To subpcena one at ones house. Testimonium alicui
denunciare, Id., To subpoena a witness RENUNCIARE, 1. to adver-
tise, to acquaint. Fremebat tola provincia, nemo id tibi renunciabat.
Cic. Postquam mihi renunciatum est de obitu Tulliae filiae. Id.
2. to proclaim. Renunciare aliquem consulem. Cic. 3. to counter'
mand, to protest against. Renunciari extemplo amicis quos in con-
silium rogaverat, imperat. Sen. In the same sense we say amicitiam
renunciare. Cic. Societatem alicui renunciare. Liv. Renunciare
emptionem, pactionem, Cic., To go from a bargain, a contract.
810. Denuo. De integro.
DENUO, (quasi denovo) anew, afresh, once more. Siciiia teprae-

tore censa denuo est. Cic. Recita denuo. Id. Denuo rebellare.
Liv. DE INTEGRO, quite afresh, as if nothing had been done before.
Censores de integro creari. Cic. Denuo mould have a different sig-
nification. Qui in morbum de integro inciderunt. Id. Ferre leges
de integro. Id.
811. Depeculari. Spoliare. Prcedari.
DEPECULARI, (from peculium) properly, to rob one of his money.

Eum omni argento spoliasti et depeculatus es. Cic. Depeculator
aerarii, Id., A robber of the public money. It is used in a more
general
sense. Peccatum est patriam prodere, parentes violare, fana depe-
192
culari. Cic. Figuratively : Laudem honoremque alicujus depeculan".

Cic. SPOLIARE, to bereave, to deprive of every iking. Omnium
rerum spoliatio. Cic. Spoliarc vestitu, opibus. I J. Figuratively .-
Pudicitiam alienarn spoliare. Cic. Onmi dignitate spoliari. Id. Spo-
liare vita. Virg. PHJEDARI, (from prieda) to plunder, to rob, to pil-
lage, Verres omnibus in rebus apertissime praedatus est. Cic. Nevno
id agere debet, ut ex alterius praedetur inscitia. Id. Tuus apparitor
de aratorum bonis proedabitur. Id. Figuratively : Slngula de nobis
anni praedantur euntes. Hor.
812. Depopulari. Vaslare.
DEPOPULARI, (from populus) properly, to depopulate and strip a

country of its inhabitant!;. It is oftener used for populatim
diripere,
to plunder and pillage on all parts. Agros et urbem depopulatus
est. Liv. Depopulari civitates. Cic. Aves depopulantur dona Ce-
realia. Ovid. VASTARE, (from vastus) to lay waste. Omnia ferro
et incendiis vastare. Liv. Latos vastant cultoribus agros. Virg.
Sicilian! provinciam C. Verres per triennium depopulatus esse, Si-
culorum civitates vastasse dicitur. Cic.
813. Depravale. Corrupte.

DEPRAVATE, (from pravus, crocked] dishonestly, without probity.
CoRRUl'TE, corrupt /y, improperly, without sincerity. De quibus
neque depravate judicant, nequc corrupte. Cic.
81-t. Depravatio. Pravitas.
DEPRAVATIO, (from pravus) contortion, grimace. Depravatio

oris. Cic. Figuratively : depravity, corruption. Depravatio consue-
tudinis. Cic. Depravatio verbi, Id., Corruption of award, when an
improper sense is given toil. Depravatio is the action, and PRAVI-
TAS is the stale itself of being vicious in conformation. Vitium, cum
partes corporis inter se dissident, ex quo pravitas membrorum. Cic.
Pravitas ori*, Id., The deformity of the mouth; and Depravatio oris,
the act of distorting (he mouth. Figuratively: Depravity, licentious-
ness. Animi pravitates recte vitia dicuntur. Cic. Quas Cat ista pra-
vitas ? Quaeve est amentia ? Id.
815. Depuhio. Expulsio.
DEPULSIO, (pellere de) a thrusting, a beating away. It is seldom

used but figuratively. Depulsio mali. Cic. Depulsio doloris. Id.
Depulsio servitutis. Id. EXPULSIO, (pellere ex) expulsion, the act
of driving out, banishment. Expulsio vicinorum. Cic. Bene meri-
torum civiuni expulsiones. Id. It is not used figuratively.
816. Deputare. Imputare.
DEPUTARE, (putarede) properly, to prune, to cut otf'. Falx depu-

tat umbras, Ovid., The scythe cuts off the umbrageuus and shady
branches. Figuratively : To judge or estimate, to think. Deputare
alicujus operam parvi pretii. Tor. Quidquid proeter spem eveniet,
omne id deputabo esse in lucro. Id. Satis id dictum vobis puto jam
atque deputo. Plaut. IMPUTARE, (nonputare) properly, not to cut.
Imputata vitis. Plin. Figuratively: (putare in) to impute, to account.
Imputare in solutum, Sen , To reckon as paid. Imputare vanum be-
193
neficium, Phaed., To extol an imaginary favour. Caedem alicui impu-

tare, Quint., To impute a murder to a person. Imputare civitati terna
millia, Plin., To enjoin a sum of three thousand sesterces to be paid
by
a city. Villici rationes deputat dominus ; quod in solutum imputat,
detrahit de summa. G. D.
817. Descender e. Exscenderc. Desilire.
DESCENDERS, (scandere de) to descend Equo descendere. Liv.

Descendere in forum. Cic. In curiam. Id. Because the grandees of
Rome lived on the hills. This verb has an extensive signification in
the
figurative sense. Descendere ad extrema. Cic. Ad omnem anirai
remissionem ludumque descendebant. Id. Ad preces descendere.
Sen. Descendit pestis. Virg. Descendere in certamen. Cic. De-
scendere ad conditiones oblatas, Id., To accept the conditions
offered.
Paratus ad omnia descendo, Caes., is in the same sense. EXSCEN-
DERE, (scandere ex) is an expression relating to the sea, to debark,
to
land. Legati Asiam petentes cum exscendissent. Liv. Exscensu
e navihus in terram facto. Id. DESILIRE, (salire de) denotes a
greater quickness than descendere, to leap down. Ex equo desiluit.
Liv. Lecto desilit. Hor. Ex equo descendit senex ; desilit juvenis.
G. D.
818. Describere. Exscrilere. Transcriber.
DESCRIBERE, 1. To copy, to write out. Scripsit Balbus ad me, se

a te quintum de finibus librum descripsisse. Cic. 2. To describe, to
draw out. Hominum mores sermonesque describere. Cic. Rhenum.
aut pluvius describitur arcus. Hor. Si quis erat dignus describi,
quod malus, aut fur. Id. 3. To divide, to distribute, to mark. Urbis
partes ad incendia describere. Cic. Jura populis describere, Id.,
To give to every one what is his due. EXSCRIBERE, to make extracts.
Exscribere aliquid ex libris. Var, TRANSCRIBERS, to transcribe.
Testamentum in alias tabulas transcribere. Cic. Figuratively : to
transfer into another class or another order, to make over to another
per-
son. Transcribere fceminam in viros, Sen., To transfer a woman into
the class of men. Et tua Dardaniis transcribi sceptra Latinis ? Virg.
Cum multis legibus constricta avaritia esset, via fraudis inita erat,
ut in socios, qui non tenerentur his legibus, noroina transcriberent,
Liv., The avarice of usurers having been repressed by several laws,
they
found means to elude them, by transferring the debts to the allies who
were not bound Ly those laws.
819. Desecare. Exsecare. Pr decider t.
DESECARE, (secare de) to cut down. Auribus desectis, et singulis

effossis oculis. Caes. Desecta erat cum stramento seges. Lir. Figura-
tively : Tu illud desecabis, et hoc agglutinabis. Cic. EXSECARB,
(secare ex) to cut off or out. Exsecta lingua. Cic. Non minus est
probanda medicina quae sanaret vitiosas partes, quam quae exseca-
ret. Id. Figuratively : Hi medentur civitati, qui exsecant partem
aliquam tanquam strumam civitatis. Cic. PRJECIDERE, (caedere
prae) properly, to cut off apart jutting out. Illi manum glaaio prae-
ciderat. Cic. Praecidere os, Sen., To slash ones face. Figuratively :
Praecidere spem, Cic., To destroy all hopes. Plane praecidere, Id.,
has a different sense : to deny altogether.
194
820. Desertor. Proditor.
DBSERTOR, (from deserere) that forsakes or abandons. Desertor

amicorum. Cic. // is very properly said of a soldier that leaves his
colours without leave. Desertor miles. Caes. PRODITOR, ( from pro-
dere) a discoverer. Proditor arcani. Hor. // is said of a traitor, be-
trayer, or treacherous man. Proditor patriae. Cic. Cum viderem ho-
mines aut proditores esse aut desertores salutis meae. Id. Qui ex
iis secuti non sunt, in desertorum ac proditorum numero ducuntur.
Caes.
821. Deses. Desidiosus. Piger.

^ DESES, one that is actually idle. Sedemus desides domi mulierum
ritu inter nos altercantes. Liv. DESIDIOSUS, one in an habitual state
of laziness. Desidiosam artem dicimus, quia desidiosos facit. Cic.
Desidiosissimum otium. Id. PIGER, a sluggard, he that fears trouble
and labour ; a man careless of what it is his duty to attend to.
Militiae
piger. Hor. Piger scribendi ferre laborem. Id. Figuratively : An-
nus piger, Hor., A long and tedious year. Bellum pigrum. Ovid. Se-
nectus pigra. Id.
822. Desidere. Desidere.
DESIDERE, (from sedeo) to sit idle. Frustra ubi totum desedi

diem, &c. Ter DESIDERE, (from sidere) to sink, to chink. Terra
trium jugerum spatio caverna ingenti desederat. Liv. Figuratively :
Desidunt mores, Tac., Good manners are perverted or corrupted.
823. Desidia. Socordia. Segnitia. Segnities. Inertia. Ignavia. Otium.

Pigritia. Mollifies.
DESIDIA, ( from sedere) the stale of one who remains idle, inaction,
slothfulness. Desidiam puer ille sequi solet, odit agentes. Ovid. Ab
industriaplebem ad desidiam avocare. Cic. SOCORDIA, (sine corde)
sluggishness, complete indolence. Pcenus advena nostra cunctatione
et socordia jam hiic progressus. Liv. SEGNITIA and SEGNITIES,
(sine igne) want of energy, indolence. Enimvero, Dave, nihil loci
est segnitiae et socordiae. Ter. That is to say, according to Donatus,
segnitiae ad agendum, socordiae ad considerandum. Segnities may
le the habitual state, and segnitia the actual one. INERTIA, (sine
arte) nnskilfulness Artibus qui carebant, inertes a majoribus ap-
pellabantur. Cic. // is said of inaction. Qui propter desidiam in otio
vivunt, tamen in turpi inertia capiunt voluptatem. Cic. Strenua nos
exercet inertia. Hor. IGNAVIA, (non navus) u-ant of courage,
faint-hear tedness. Cicero uses it in opposition to fortitude) :
Ignaviam
fortitude odit et aspernatur. Nee tuaignavia etiam inertiam afferat.
Cic. OTIUM, leisure, is not always taken in an ill sense. Nostrum
otium negotii inopia, non requiescendi studio constitutum est. Tic.
Clarorum virorum non minus otii, quam negotii rationem cxtare
oportet. Id. Tabescere 6tio. Id. Diffluere otio. Id. PIGRITIA,
sluggishness, fear of trouble and labour, neglect of what it is a duty
to
attend to. Definiunt pigritiam metum consequentis laboris. Cu
aut pigritia, aut ignavia, aut tale quid appareat. Id. MOLMTIA and
MOI.LJTIKS. (imorousness, want of resolution in withstanding the dif-
Jiculties of an enterprise. Qui officia deserunt mollitia animi. Cic.
Civitatum mores lapsi ad mollitiem. Id. Mollitia may le the actual
state of a want of resolution ; and mollities the habitual one.
Desidio-
195
sus cessat ; ignavus nihil exequitur ; laborem metuit piger ; imperite

agit iners ; segnis non agit ; non considerat socors ; secum est otio-
sus, secumque, ut dicitur, vivit ; mollis officia deserit. G. D.
824. Desperare. Diffidcre.
DESPERARE, to be out of hope. Desperatio est aegritudo sine ulli

rerum expectatione meliorum. Cic. Vitam domini desperantes. Id.
De Reipublicae causa desperavi. Id. Desperare saluti. Id. It is
sometimes opposed to confidere. In quo considerandum est, ne aut
temere desperet propter ignaviam, aut nimis confidat propter cupi-
ditatem. Cic. DIFFIDERE, to distrust, to mistrust. Sententiae alicui
diffidere. Cic. Diffidens et desperans rebus suis. Id. It also
signifies
to despair. Eudemus graviter aeger fuit, ut omnes medici diffiderent.
Cic.
825. Despicere. Dispicere.
DESPICERE, (from the obsolete word spicere) to look down at.

Tollam altius tectum, non ut ego te despiciam, sed ut, &c. Cic.
DISPICERE, (diversim spicere) to look alout on every side, to look in
order to discern a particular object among others. Utprimum dispexit,
quaesivit salvus ne esset clypeus. Cic. Ego quid sperem non dispi-
cio. Id. Acie mentis dispicere cupiebant. Id. Figuratively : to con-
sider. Sine ad me ut redeam, turn aliquid dispiciam. Ter.
826. Despicere. Spernere. Fastidire. Temncre. Contemnere. Aspernarl.
Negligere.
DESPICERE, synonymous with the rest, to disregard, to look upon

one with contempt. Omnes despicere, prae se neminem putare. Cic.
SPERNERE, properly to reject. Sperne voluptates. Hor. Veritas
auspiciorum spreta est, species tantiim retenta. Id. FASTIDIRE,
to disdain, to scorn, to make no account of. Fastidire preces
alicujus.
Liv. Qui non modo improbitati irascuntur candidatorum, sedetiam
recte factis saepe fastidiunt. Cic. TEMNERE, ( from reuvw) to set
little by, to slight. Si genus hominum et mortalia temnitis arma.
Virg.
Jejunus stomachus raro vulgaria temnit Hor. CONTEMNERE seems
to rise above the meaning o/temnere. Despiciunt autem eos et con-
temnunt. Cic. Quot modis contemptus, spretus ? Ter. RempubJicam
despexit atque contempsit. Cic. Abs te soloita despectum, ita con-
temptum, ut etiam cum casteris Siculis dispoliaretur. Id. ASPER-
NARI, to reject with contempt. Gustus quod valde dulce est, asper-
natur et respuit. Cic. Cujus furorem Deos immortales a suis aris
aspernatos esse confido. , Id. Dicere aliquid quod omnium mentes
aspernentur ac respuant. Id. NEGLIGERE, to neglect, to pay little
regard to. Imperium alicujus negligere. Caes. Injurias negligere.
Cic. Negligere expresses less than the others.
827. Desiruere. Demoliri. Euertere. Perdere.
DESTRUERE, (from strues, a heap] properly to overthrow what is

heaped up. Êdificium idem destruit facillime, qui construit. Cic.
Figuratively: Fortunam suam destrui Caesar rebatur. Tac. Destruere
testes, Quint., Tn invalidate witnesses, to prove them false. DEMO-
LIRI, (moliri de, from moles) to demolish: in its proper sense it is
said of buildings. Demolire ea, quorum altitudo officeret auspiciis.
O2
196
Cic. Figuratively : Jus destruet ac demolietur, Liv., He will de-
stroy and overturn justice. EVERTERE, (vertere e) to turn upside
down, to undermine. Evertere ab imo mcenia. Virg. Figuratively .-
Aliquem fortunis evertere, Cic., To overthrow somebody's fortune.
Evertere leges, testamenta, voluntates mortuorum. Id. Demoliri de-
notes a greater effort than destruere ; evertere implies the idea of
foun-
dations destroyed. PERDERE, synonymous with the others, to ruin en-
tirely. Jupiter urbes delevit, truges perdidit. Cic. Ubi illicscelus
est, qui me perdidit ? Ter. Seipsum perdere. Cic. Perdere operam,
Phaed , To lose one's labour. Aquam perdit, Quint., He wastes his
time vainly : time was anciently measured by water, as it is now by
sand. Non perdere letum maxima cura fuit, Luc., He took great cart
not to die unrevenged.
828. Deterius. Pejus. Nequius.
DETERIUS, (from terere) not so good. Quidquid detraxeris, de-

terius futurum est. Cic. Ego valeo, sicut soleo. paulo tamen etiam
deterius, quam soleo. Id. Corrigere, et deterius facere. Id. Mu-
tatus in deterius principatus, Tac., A government grown worse.
PEJUS, more hurtful. Quod aliud alio melius esset aut pejus. Cic.
Turpitude pejus est quam dolor. Id. It also expresses more. Spe
pejus. Hor. Quo neminem pejus odi. Cic. NEQUIUS, comparative
o/*nequam, good for nothing (quasi non quicquam). Nihil nequius
aut turpius efFoeminato viro. Cic.
829. Detcxere. Retexere.
DETEXERE, to make a complete texture, to continue it. Neque exor-

diri primum unde occipias habes, neque ad detexundam telam certos
terminos. Plaut. Quin tu aliquid saltern potius, quorum indiget
usus, viminibus molllque paras detexere junco ? Virg. Figuratively .-
Multa quaerendo reperiunt, quibus ante exorsa vel potius detexta
prope retexantur. Cic. RETEXERE, (rursustexere) to weave a thing
over again. It is more used in the figurative sense. Fata retexere..
Ovid. Scriptorum quaeque retexens. Hor. Novi timores retexunt
superiora. Cic. Quinque orbes explent cursu, totidemque retexunt
hue, illuc, Virg., 7 hey ran five times over the field of battle, and
five
times they came back again. Penelopes retexere, Cic., To do and undo,
like Penelope, who unravelled at night what she had woven in the day-
time.
830. Detinere. Retinere.
DETINERE, to detain. Detinere aliquem compede. Hor. Ani-

mum studiis detinere, Id., To employ one's time in study. RETI-
NERE, (rursus, or retro tenere) to hold fast, to put a stop to, to
pre-
vent from Sinistrii manu retinebat arcum. Cic. Labebar, nisi me
retinuissem. Id. Sed adhuc Plancus me retinet, sperat posse fieri,
ut mecum in Italiam decedat. Figuratively : Fidem in amicitia re-
tinere. Cic. Infidos retinere animos sociorum. Liv. Qui amicum
apud se retinere vult, aut sermone aut deambulatione detinet ; ser-
vus i'ugax compede detinetur. G. D.
831. Del radio. Delrectatio.

DETRACTIO, (trahere de) the taking away, the carrying nff forci-
bly. Detractio alieni. Cic. Figuratively: Detractio molestiae. Cic.
197
DETRECTATIO, (from de and tracto) a refusal or denial to do.

Detrectatio militiae. Liv. Juniores ad edictum sine detrectatione
convenere. Cic.
832. Devocare. Evocare.
DEVOCARE, (vocare de) to call down from. Laetus e tumulo suos

devocat. Liv. Figuratively: Devocare in dubium fortunas suas,
Caes., To endanger one's fortune. EVOCARE, (vocare e) to call out.
Evocare foras. Ter. Explorato rege, cunctas evocat. Phaed. Evo-
care legionem ex Hybernis. Caes. Figuratively .- Evocare animum
a negotio. Cic.
833. Devolvere. Evolvere. Revolvere.
DEVOLVERE, (volvere de) to roll down. Devolutus monte prae-

cipiti torrens. Liv. Figuratively : Devolvi ad otium et inertiam. Cic.
Devoluta eo res, ut, &c. Id. EVOLVERE, (volvere e) to unroll. In-
volutum evolvere. Cic. Figuratively : Evolvere naturam rerum. Cic.
Evolutus et nudatus integumentis dissimulationum. Id RE VOL-
VERE, (rursus volvere) to roll over, or back again. Perplexum iter
omne revolvens, Virg., alluding to the thread that led Ariadne in the
labyrinth. Figuratively : Revolviad sententiam alicujus, Cic., To be
of another 's opinion. Quid inista revolvor? Ovid., Why do Ifallagain
into these thoughts ? Revolvere casus, Virg., To fall again into the
saint misfortunes.
834. Deus. Divus. Numen,
DEUS, God, the Supreme Being. Nee Deus ipse qui intelligitur a
nobis, alio modo intelligi potest, nisi mens soluta quaedam et libera,
segregata ab omni concretione mortali, omnia sentiens et movens,
ipsaque praedita raotu sempiterno. Cic. Deum placatum pietas
efficiet et sanctitas. Id. Deus is a noun common. Virgil, speaking
of Venus, says : Ducente Deo ; and somewhere else, speaking of the
fury Alecto : Nee dextrae erranti Deus abfuit. Divus is said of the
Eternal Deity, and of heroes to tvhom divine honours were paid. Ad
divos adeunto caste. Cic. Diva potens Cypri. Hor. Divus Cassar.
Virg. Pagan heroes were not Divi till after their death. We say Divus
Petrus, Divus Paulus, &c. Divinus might be more properly used.
Cicero said Divinus Plato. NUMEN, (from nuere) is the power, the
will of God. Non haec sine numine divum eveniunt. Virg. Vendere
alicui nuraen deorum immortalium. Cic. Poets have used numenybr
Divinity itself. Aquarum numen Neptunus. Ovid. Rustica numina,
Fauni. Id.
835. Diadema. Jnfula. Mitra.
DIADEMA, (from Sid and Jew, ligo) a diadem, a white jilht w here-
with kings and queens had their foreheads encircled. Surena patrio
more Tiridatem insigni regio evinxit Surenae enirn gentilibus
jus erat novo regi primum diadema imponere. Tac. INFULA, the
fillet that encircled the forehead of the high-priest. Praesto rnihi
sacer-
dotes Cereris cum infulis et verbenis fuerunt. Cic. MITRA, (from
the Greek jouVpa) a mitre, an attire for the head with labels hanging
down, which was used atjirst by the Moeonians, and afterwards by the
Êgyptians : in course of time the ladies adorned their heads with it.
Mitra Mceonia. Virg. Remulus reproaches the Trojans with wearing
198
mitres in a womanish manner. Et tunicae manicas, et habent redi-

xnicula mitrae. Virg.
836. Dicare. Vovere. Devovere.
DICARE, to give over, to deliver up, speaking of things not sacred.

Civitati vel in civitatem se dicare, Cic., To make one' s-self free of
a
city. Alicui se dicare, Id., To dedicate one' s-self to the service of
an-
other. Se alicui in clientelam dicare, Id., To put one 's- self 'under
the
patronage of another, to become his client. Studium suum alicujus
laudi dicare. Id. Totum hunc tibi dicamus diem, Id., We devote the
whole of this day to hear you. Dicare, when said of sacred things^
signifies to dedicate to God. Templa dicata Deis. Ovid. Dicati Apol-
lini cygni. Cic. VOVERE, to make a vow, to vow. Vovere decimam
Herculi. Cic. Templa Nympharum publice vota ac dedicata sunt.
Id. Votas suspendere vestes. Virg. Figuratively : Pro patriae sa-
lute suum capvit vovere, Cic., To expose one's life to danger for
one's
country. DEVOVERE, to devote, to offer up in sacrifice. Agamemnon
cum devovisset Dianae quodinsuo regno pulcherrimum natutn esset
illo anno, immolavit Iphigeniam. Cic. Figuratively: Se amicitia?
alicujus devovere. Cic. Vovere expresses much less.
837. Dictare. Dictitare.
DICTARE, (frequentative of dicere) to dictate how or what one

shall write. Parvula lippitudine adductus sum, ut dictarem hanc
epistolam. Cic. It also signifies to say often. Recinunt juvenes die-
tata senesque. Hor. Figuratively : Hoc ratio dictare videtur. Quint.
DICTITARE, (frequentative of dictare) to speak or tell often. Ap-
pius in sermonibus antea dictitabat, postea dixit etiani in senatu pa-
lam. Cic. Romulum quoque insepultum periisse dictitans. Liv.
838. Dlctio. Dictum. Stylus.
DICTIO, a speaking, an uttering, the manner of saying. Dictio sen-

tentiae. Cic. Totam causae meas dictionem in certas partes dividam.
Id. It is used iy Livy for the answer of the oracle. Data dictio erat,
caveret Acherusiam aquam, Pandosiamque urbem : ibi tatis ejus
terminum dari. DICTUM, a saying, a word. Nullum est dictum,
quod non dictum sit prius. Cic. Absona dicta fortunis. Hor. Dictio
poptllaris, Cic., is the manner of speaking of the people ; and dictum
populare, a saying, a word of the people. STYLUS, properly a pin
anciently used in writing on tables of wax. Vert it stylum in tabulis
suis. Cic. Styli acumen. Id. Figuratively : Style, manner of writing.
Unus enim sonus est totius orationis, et idem stylus. Cic. Ora-
tiones Attico stylo scriptae. Id. The style relates to the author.
839. Diducere. Derivare.
DIDUCERE, (diversim ducere) to lead to divers parts, to divide

into sundry parts or places. Dimittendae plures manus, diducen-
diqueerant plures milites. Cic. In contrarias partes diducere. Liv.
DERIVARE, (from rivus) to change the course <>f water. Al> aliquo
aquam derivan.-. Plant. Figuratively : Dicam non derivandi criminis
causa. Cic. Alio responsionem suam non derivavit. Id.
MO. Dies hie. Dies heec.

DIES, masculine, is generally said of a fixed day : we very seldom
199
find in Cicero dies prima, secunda, &c. but commonly dies tertius,
quartus, &c. // is always of the masculine gender in the plural num-
ler. Dies meus, dies tuus, have a signification peculiar to
themselves,
and worthy of notice : the day on which my fever returns, your fever
comes again. Cura utvaleas; puto enim diem tuum heri fuisse. Cic.
DIES, in the feminine gender, is said of time, of an indeterminate
day. Dies longa videtur opus debentibus. Hor.
841. Dies fasti. Diesfesti. Festivitas.
DIES FASTI, pleading days, on which the Praetor might hear the
contending parties, and administer justice. Fastus erit per quern lege
licebit uti. Ovid. DIES FESTI, days consecrated to religious worship.
Acti et instituti dies festi. Cic. FESTIVITAS is not used by good au-
thors to signify a festival : it signifies mirth, pleasantness, good
grace
in speaking. Festivitate et.venustate conjuncta vis dicendi. Cic.
Festivitatem sermonis debet habere narratio. Id.
84-2. Differre. Deferre. Efferre. Perferre. Referre.
DIFFERRE, (diversim ferre) to carry up and down, to scatter abroad.

Insepulta membra different lupi. Hor. Figuratively : Difterri laetitia
et doloribus. Ter. DEFERRE, (ferre de) to curry or bring from
one place to another. Natos ad flumina primum deferimus. Virg.
Figuratively : Deferri in errorem. Cic. Honorem alicui deferre. Id.
Majestatis delatus est, Tac., He was accused of high treason. EF-
FERRE, (ferre e) to carry away, to take off. Efferre ex acie saucios.
Cic. Figuratively : Verecundiam secum efferre. Cic. It is said of
raising up. Ut belli signum Laurenti Turnus ab arce extulit. Virg.
In this sense Cicero said : Ager qui multos annos quievit, uberiores
efferre fruges solet. Figuratively : Patriam demersam efferre. Cic.
Verbis aliquem efferre. Id. Efferri iracundia, odio, dolore. Id.
PERFERRE, to carry, to bear, to convey. Cum has ad te quamprimum
litteras perferri magnopere vellemus. Cic. Figuratively : Quia no-
luistis vestrum ferre bonum, malum perferte. Phaed. Est jus vetandi,
cum ea lex feratur, quandiu non perfertur. Cic. REFERRE, (rursus
or retro ferre) to bring again, to carry back. Cum ex agris segetes
domum referrent. Tac. Pedem referre, Caes., To give ground, to flee.
Figuratively : Ore aliquem referre, Virg., To bear a likeness to one.
Alicui fructum diligentias referre. Cic. In commentarium referre.
Id.
843. Differre. Proferre.
DIFFERRE, as we consider it here, and PROFERRE, signify to post-

pone, to defer, to put off'; with this difference, that differre is to
put off
till another time, whether the time had I een previously fixed upon or
not,
whereas proferre is' to postpone beyond a prefixed time. Quare omnem
hanc disputationem in adventum tuum differo. Cic. Venit tempus
ita maturum, ut differri jam hora non possit. Id. Quod si latins vo-
lent proferre diem, poterunt vel biduum vel triduum. Id.
844. Difficilis, Laboriosus. Operosus.
DIFFICILIS, difficult, hard. Contortoe res et difficiles. Cic. Nihil

tarn difficile, quin quaerendo investigari possit. Ter. Parens in
liberos
difficilis. Cic. LABORIOSUS is said of a man oppressed withfatigue,
and of d thing giving much pain and fatigue. Qai magnos dolores
200
perferunt, hos non miseros, sed laboriosos solemus dicere.Cic. Nihil

laboriosius molesti usque provincia. Id. OPEROSUS, active, requiring
much labour. Senectus operosa, et semper agens aliquid. Cic. Sed
res operosa est. Id. Divitiae operosiores. Hor.
84-5. Dijfi ringer ~e. Dirumpere.
DIFFIUNGERE, (diversim frangere) to Ireak in pieces. Cruraher-

cule diffringentur. Plaut. DIRUMPERE, ( diversim rumpere) to break
off', to tear in pieces. Rupes diruptae. Liv. Is diruptis tabellis, de
circulo se subduxit. Cic. Figuratively : Dirumpi dolore, Cic., To
grieve to death. Dirumpere societatera, amicitias. Id.
84-6. Digladiari. Coiifligere. Dimicare.
DIGLADIARI, (from gladius) properly, to Jight w ith swords, to

fence. Figuratively : to come to Hows. -Digladiari cum aliquo volu-
minibus. Cic. De aliqua re digladiari. Id. It is said of a warm dis-
pute. CONFLIGERE, (from the obsolete fligere, and cum) to dash, to
strike one against another, to Jight closely. Venti confligunt. Virg.
Confligere acie. Cic. Figuratively : Ipsas causae inter se confligunt,
Cic., The causes contradict one another. Confligunt inter se leges et
colliduntur. Quint DIMICARE, (diversim micare) properly, to make
the swords glitter, to fight. Dimicare gladiis. Virg. Dimicare ex-
presses less than confligere. Speravit iisdem se copiis cum illo posse
confligere, quibuscum ego noluissem dimicare. Cic. Figurative/!/ :
Dimicanti de fama deesse, C. Nep., To abandon one whose reputation
is attacked. Digladiari obstinati animi est, et pervicacis ;
confligere,
iervidi et impavidi ; dimicare, fortis et animosi. G. D.
847. Dignilas. Dignatio.
DIGNITAS, that which makes one worthy of something, merit, dig-

nity, nobility, majesty. Tueri suam dignitatem, Cic., To support one's
rank. Amplissimos dignitatis gradus adipisci, Id., To prove one's-
self worthy of the highest dignities. Dignitas consularis, Id., The
dig-
nity of consul. It would not be improper t& say, Cato repulsam
consula-
tus passus, habuit dignitatem consularem, licet consulatum non ha-
beret. G. D. Honores non petiit, cum ei paterent propter vel gra-
tiam, vcl dignitatem. C. Nep. Dignitas oris, Cic., Majestic looks.
DIGNATIO, the idea one has of one's merit, esteem, and regard. In
dignationem principis pervenire. To become great in the esteem of the
prince. Dignatio conciliavit ei hanc uxorem.Ter. Dignatio auxit
invidiam. Id. Dignitas conciliat dignationem. G. D.
81-8. Dignilas. Existimatio.
DIGNITAS, synonymous with EXISTIMATIO, is the cause, and ex-

istimatio the effect. Quod scntiebam et dignitati et existimationi
tuae
conducere. Cic. In dignitate, says Popnia, inest splendor ; in existi-
matione laus virtutis nota et testata.
849. Digressus. Discessvs.
DIGRESSUS, (from diversim gradior) departure, separation : it u

opposed to congressus. Congressus nostri lamentationem pertimui,
digressum vero non tulissem. Cic. Ut primum u tuo digressu Ro-
mam veni. Id. DISCESSUS, (diversim cedere) a departing, a going
201
away : it is opposed to adventus, accessus. Ut me levarat tuus ad-

ventus, ita discessus afflixit. Cic. Existimans non longinquum
inter nos digressum, et discessum fore. Id. Discessu veteris con-
fusus amici. Juv.
850. Dilacerare. Dilaniare. Discerpere.
DILACERARE, (diversim lacerare) to tear, to rend in pieces. Di-

laceranda feris dabor, alitibusque. Catul. Figuratively : Dilace-
rare Rempublicam. Cic. Dilacerantur opes. Id. DILANIARE,
(from lanius) to cut in pieces, as butchers do. Tu P. Clodii cadaver
cruentum nocturnis canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Cic. Figura-
tively : Dilaniare comas. Ovid. DISCERPERE, (diversim carpere)
to dismember) to cantle. Discerptum latos juvenem sparsere per
agros. Virg. Fuisse turn aliquos qui discerptum regem patrum
manibus tacite arguerent. Liv. Figuratively : Pythagoras qui cen-
suit animum esse per naturam rerum omnium intentum et comme-
antem, non vidit distractione humanorum animorum discerpi et di-
laniari Deum. Cic.
851. Dilapidare. Dissipare.
DILAPIDARE, (from lapis) properly, to clear a place of stones. So

it may be said of a man who has made awny with his whole fortune,
that he has dispersed, sold, destroyed the very stones of his house.
Di-
lapidare may originate from this, that the property of the spendthrift
was sold by auction by an auctioneer sitting on a stone ; whence the
proverb comes, de lapide emptus. Cic. // is very seldom used but in a
figurative sense. Publicam dilapidabat pecuniam, aerarium exhauri-
ebat. Cic. DISSIPARE, (from diversim and the obsolete word sipare,
to throw} to scatter, to disperse. Illi statuam istius disturbant,
affli-
gunt, comminuunt, dissipant. Cic. Figuratively .- Dissipare patri-
monium, fortunas. Cic. The two foregoing verbs may almost always
be used indifferently : it however seems to me, that, in order to
employ
each of them in its proper signification, we may say : Fortunas a pa-
rentibus coacervatas dissipat juvenis praeceps et fervidus; finnius
constitutas opes dilapidat insanus. Dilapidare is to squander away
one's fortune, and dissipare is to spend it in foolish expenses. G. D.
852. Dilatare. Distendere.
DILATARE, (diversim fero, tuli, latum) to make wide, to open

wide, to enlarge. Dilatare imperii fines. Cic. Dilatare aciem. Id.
Figuratively : Dilatare orationem. Cic. To give a greater length to
a discourse. DISTENDERE, (diversim tendere) to stretch out. Dis-
tendite hominem diversum. Plaut. Distendere hostium copias.
Liv. Figuratively : Distendit ea res Samnitum animos. Liv. Dis-
tendere curas hominum. Dilatare may be opposed to coarctare ; and
distendere to colligere. Rictus dilatantur, distenduntur brachia.
G.D.
853. Dilatio. Prolatio. Procrastinatio.
DILATIO, a deferring, delay. Dilatio temporis. Cic. Per dila-

tionem bella gerere. Liv. PROLATIO, a prolonging, a delay granted
to do something, a quotation of a passage. Finium prolatio. Liv.
Cum alteri ad prolationem judicii biduum quaereretur. Cic. Ex-
202
emplorum prolatio. Id. PROCRASTIXATIO, (from pro and eras)

a putting off to the next day, or from day to day. Cum plerisque
in rebus gerendis tarditas et procrastinatio odiosa est, turn hoc bel-
lum indiget celeritatis. Cic. Dilatio est rei gerendae ; prolatio, jam
coeptae ; procrastinatio est hominis pigri, aut invite illiquid
facturi.
G. D.
854-. Dimetiri. Emeliri.
DIMETIRI, (diversim metirH to measure on different sides, to mea-

sure as surveyors do. Mori videbamus in studio dimetiendi pene
cceli atque terrae C. Gallum. Cic. Figuratively : Dimetiuntur di-
gitis peccata. Cic. EMETIRI, to measure out. It is more used in the
^figurative seme. Emetiri longum iter, Liv., To travel over a long
way. Oculis spatium emensus. Virg. Ego voluntatem tibi emetiar,
sed rem ipsam nondum posse videor, Cic., / ojfer you my good uill,
but am not yet able to ansiver for success.
855. Diminuere. Imminuere. Comminuere.
DIMINUERE, (minuere de or diversim) to lessen by breaking into

very small pieces. Diminuam ego caput tuum hodie nisi absis. Ter.
Figuratively : To diminish, to retrench. De bonis alicujus diuiinu-
ere. Cic. Quod diminutum quicquam sit ex regia potestate. Liv.
IMMINUERE, (minuere in) to weaken, io impair, to make smaller.
Imminuere summam, Cic., To make a sum of money smaller, to abate
part of it. Imminuere auctoritatem suam. Id. Violare atque im-
minuere jus et officium. Id. COMMINUERE, to Iruise or crumple
into small pieces. Da comminuenda molis, Ovid., Have it ground
in the mill. Statuam comminuere. Cic. Figuratively : Re familiari
comminuti sumus. Cic. Lacrymis comminuere meis, Ovid., You
shall be moved to pity by my tears. Avaritia comminuit atque violat
officium. Cic. Imminuere may be opposed to augere, amplificare ;
diminuere to addere ; comminuere to coagmentare.
856. Dirigere. Digerere. Ordinare. Dhponere. Dispensare.
DIRIGERE, (diversim regere) to set in array, to range. In quin-

cuncem dirigere ordines arborum. Cic. Acies diriguntur pari utrin-
que spe. Tac. Figuratively : Ha^c omnia ad civitatis rationem si
dirigas, recta sunt ; si ad discipline praecepta j)erpendas, reperiun-
tur pravissima. Cic. DIGERERE, (diversim gerere) to carry to dif-
ferent parts, to dispose in order. Quaecunque in tbliis descripsit
car-
mina virgo digerit in numerum. Virg. In the like sense we say di-
gerere cibum, because the stomach conveys the aliments to all parts of
the body. Figuratively: Digerere mandata, Cic., 7 o fulfil exactly
and orderly the commands of any one. Digerere Rempubucam, Id.,
To settle the affairs of the Republic, to rule it. Itii digerit ommu
Calchas. Virg. OKDINARE, to put into order. Ordinare milites.
Liv. Figuratively : Ordinare res publicas. Hor. Litem ordinare,
Cic., To prepare such things as arc requisite to the hearing of a
cause.
DISPONKUE, (diversim ponere) to dispose, to set in different parts.
Vigilias per urbum disponere. Liv. Libros confusos disponere. Cic.
Figuratively : Consilia in omnem fortunam jam disposita liabcbat.
Liv. Disi'ExsARE, (from diversim and pensare, Jrequentative of
penderc) properly to distribute by iveighing. Dispensare succum
203
aequd proportione. Col. Figuratively: To dispense, to set in order.

Turn quae dispensant mortalia fata sorores. Virg. Dispensare res
domesticas. Cic. Dispensare atque disponere inventa moraento
quodam atque judicio. Id.
857. Diruere. Eruere.
DIRUERE, (diversim ruere) to overthrow. Jam fragor tectorum,

quae diruebantur, ultirais urbis partibus audiebatur. Liv. Diruit,
sedificat, mutat quadrata rotundis. Hor. ERUERE, (ruere e) to
pluck, root, or tear up. Sus rostro semina eruit. Ovid. Eruere
quercum. Virg. Figuratively : Aliquid ex tenebris eruere. Cic.
Unde hoc argumentum eruisti ? Id.
858. Discere. Addiscere. Ediscere. Perdiscere.
DISCERE, to acquire the knowledge of things one was ignorant of*

Tandiu discendum est quandiu nescias. Sen. ADDISCERE, to learn
more. Solon gloriari solebat, se quotidie aliquid addiscentem se-
nem fieri. Cic. EDISCERE, to learn by heart. Exercenda est me-
moria ediscendis ad verbum quam plurimis et nostris scriptis, et
alienis. Cic. PERDISCERE, to learn perfectly. Voluntatem discendi
simul cum spe perdiscendi amisisti. Cic.
859. Discemere. Distingucre. Secernere.
DISCERNERE, (diversim cernere) to discern, not to mistake one

thing for another. Alba ab atris discernere. Cic. Discernere utra
pars justiorem habeat causam. Id. DISTINGUERE, (from diversim
and the obsolete stinguo, to mark) to diversify, to distinguish, both
in
the proper and figurative sense. Distinguere gemmis pocula. Cic.
Distinguere historian! varietate locorum. Id, Vera a falsis distin-
guere. Id. SECERNERE, (seorsim cernere) to separate one from an-
other. E grege secernere. Liv. Publica privatis secernere. Hor.
Voluptatem a bono secernere. Cic. Conjunctas res aut simul po-
sitas ita discernit aliquis, ut singulas videat ; distinguit, ut
propriis
notis aut definitionibus insignitas agnoscat, aut aliis ostendat ; se-
cernit ut quidpiam a caeteris divisum maneat. G. D.
860. Discessio. Secessio.
DISCESSIO, (diversim cedere) a division, a parting. Si eveniat,

quod Dii prohibeant, discessio, Ter., Should a divorce take place
which God forbid. Discessio facta in ejus sententiam, Cic., Every
one agreed to his opinion. SECESSIO, (seorsim cedere) a secession, a
going aside, a retiring apart. Secessionem tu illam existimasti,
Caesar, initio, non bellum. Cic. Seductiones testium, secessiones
subscriptorum animadvert!. Id. Secessionem facere, Liv., To le
ly one's-self. Discessionem facere, Cic., To part in order to go to
vote.
861. Disciplina. Doclrina. Documentum.
DISCIPLINA, (from discere) the instruction which the disciple re-

ceives from his master. Anaxagoras accepit ab Anaximene disci-
plinam. Cic. O disciplinam quam a majoribus accepimus ! Id.
DOCTRINA, (from docere) instruction relating to the teacher. Doc-
trinae pretium triste magister habet. Ovid. Illud adjungo saepius
204
ad laudern atque virtutem naturam sine doctrina, quam sine natura

doctrinam valuisse. Cic. It is also said of /earning, erudition. In
maximis occupationibus nunquam intermittere studia doctrinae. Cic.
Omni doctrina et virtute ornatissimus homo. Id. DOCUMENTUM,
a document, a lesson, a proof. Et in posterum documentum statue-
rem, ne quis talem amentiam vellet imitari. Cic. Documentum vir-
tutis et prudentiae. Id. Quarum ego rerum maxime haec documenta
habeo. Sail. Magistri doctrina moribusque praelucentes traditos in
disciplinam pueros utilibus semper documentis informant. G. D.
862. Discors. Discordiosus.
DISCORS, discordant, jarring, in the proper and (he figurative sente.

Non ambitione, non contentione discordes. Cic. Concordia dis-
cors. Hor. Arma discordia. Virg. Venti discordes. Ovid. Dis-
cors is said of the very act, and DISCORDIOSUS of the habit ; con-
tentious, inclined to discord. Nam vulgus, uti plerumque solet, et
maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque discordiosum
erat. Sail.
863. Discrimen. Dissimilitudo. Differentia. Discrepantia. Diversilas.
DISCRIMEN, (from diversim cernere) that which separates, or di-

stinguishes objects. Duo maria pertenui discrimine separata. Cic.
Lethi disrrimine parvo. Virg. In a ship people are separated from
death only by planks. Iste omnium rerum discrimen pecunia sus-
tulit. Cic. Tftos Rutulusve fuat, nullo discrimine habebo. Virg.
DISSIMILITUDO is the difference that is remarked between individuals,
or moral objects of the same kind, which can be compared together. Ut
in corporibus magnae dissimilitudines sunt, sic in animis existunt
majores varietates. Cic. Genus institutorum et rationum mearum
dissimilitudinem nonnullam habet cum illius administratione. Id.
DIFFERENTIA, (from diversim ferre) the difference that is found be-
__ tween the essences of things of divers genera or species.
Differentia
supposes a comparison of things, that prevents confusion ; and
dissimi-
litude implies a comparison of things having no resemblance. Diffe-
rentia honesti et decori. Cic. Ita fit, ut quanta differentia est in
principiis naturalibus, tanta sit in finibus bonorum malorumque dis-
similitude. Id. DISCREPANTIA, (from diversim crepare) properly
a noise, a different sound, a defect in harmony. Ut in fidibus aut in
tibiis, quamvis paululum discrepent, tamen a sciente id animadvert!
solet. Cic. Figuratively : Contradiction, variance, disagreement. Dis-
crepantia scripti et voluntatis. Cic. Rerum et verborum discre-
pantia. Id. Magna est inter corpus et ammum differentia; mira
est ingeniorum dissimilitude ; apud Romanes nobilium et plebei-
orum in gentibus ac nominibus, finium autem et possessionum erat
in lapidibus discrimen. G. D. DIVERSITAS, (diversim vertere) di-
versity. Diversitas ingeniorum. Plin. Oculi in homine numero-
sissimae diversitatis et differentiae. Id.
864. Discrimen. Periculum.
DISCRIMEN, synonymous with periculum, signifies an imminent

danger, a crisis. Ad extrema Reipublioe discrimina delectus. Cic.
Adduci in discrimen vitac. Id. PERICULUM, ( from irslpx, an essay,
an experiment) peril, danger, risk, essay, experiment: It may then
205
come from peritus. In periculum ac discrimen vocari. Cic. Alla-

tum est periculum discrimenque patriae. Id. Publicum periculum
erat a vi tempestatis. Liv. The Republic had made herself answer-
able for any damage that might be caused by a tempest. Periculo suo,
Cic., At his risk and peril. Facere periculum. Id. Fac periculum
in litteris, in palaestra ; solertem dabo. Ter.
865. Disertus. Eloquens. Facundus.
Cicero teaches us the difference between DISERTUS and ELOQUENS.

Disertos me cognovisse nonnullos scripsi, eloquentem adhuc nemi-
nem, quod eum statuebam disertum, qui posset satis acute atque
dilucide apud mediocres homines, ex communi quadam hominum
opinione dicere ; eloquentem vero qui mirabilius ac magnificentiiis
augere posset, atque ornare quae vellet, omu^que omnium rerum,
quae ad dicendum pertinerent, fontes animo ac memoria continere.
FACUNDUS, ( from fari) is a man speaking with grace, and using
fine expressions. In exemplum bene dicendi facundissimum quem-
que proponet sibi ad imitandum. Quint.
866. Disjicere. Disturbare. Obturbare.
DISJICERE, (diversim jacere) to scatter here and there. Disjec-

tam Êneae toto videt aequore classem. Virg. Res sparsae, et vage
disjectae. Cic. Figuratively: Disjicere rem, Liv., To ruin an affair.
DISTURBARE, (diversim turbare) to overthrow, to disturb. Pontes
disturbat. Cic. Disturbare domum. Id. Simla omnia quae erant
ad sortem parata disturbavit, et aliud alio dissipavit. Id. Figura-
tively . Vitae societatem disturbare. Cic. Vi et armis disturbare ju-
dicia. Id. OBTURBARE, (turbare ob) to trouble, to beat down what
is before one. Quosdam obturbavit. Tac. Figuratively : Solitudi-
nem meam non obturbavit Philippus. Cic. Conjuncta disjicimus;
disturbamus composita ; opposita obturbaraus. G. D.
867. Dispar. Impar. Disparilis.
DISPAR, (from dis and par) unequal, different. Disparibus seta-

tibus non eadem officia tribuuntur. Cic. Mores dispares disparia
studia sequuntur. Id. Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis
fistula. Virg. IAJPAR, (non par) odd, not even. Stellarum numerus
par, an impar sit, nescitur. Cic. Not like. Quos quidem ego ambo
unice diligo, sed in Marco benevolentia impar. Cic. Fortuna est
impar animo. Ovid. Fratres dispares viribus, nulli tamen fortitu-
dine et bellicis artibus impares. DISPARILIS, that varies, that is
changeable. Cecil varietas et disparilis aspiratio ten-arum. Cic. Dis-
parilis siderum motus. Plin. Dispar would have another sense. Dis-
parilis is only said of things, and never of persons.
868. Displodere. Exploders. Supplodere.
DISPLODERE, (diversim plodere) to strike on different sides, to dis-

charge with a crack. Displosa sonat vesica. Hor. EXPLODERE,
(plodere ex) to drive out with clapping of hands or stamping. Ita
nos raucos saepe attentissime audiri video ; at Êsopum, si paululum
irraucuerit, explodi. Cic. Histrio exsibilatur et exploditur. Id.
Figuratively : to hiss, to refute. Explosa sententia. Cic. SUPPLO-
206
DERE, (plodere sub ) to stamp on the ground, to make a great noise

with
the foot. Pedem nemo in illo judicio supplosit. Cic. Supplosio
pedis in contentionibus aut incipiendis aut finiendis. Id.
869. Dispositio. Ordo. Series.
DISPOSITIO, (diversim ponere) disposition, setting in order. Dis-

positio est distributio ordinum. Cic. Dispositio est ordo et distri-
butio rerum, quae demonstrat quid quibus in locis collocandum. Id.
ORDO, order, rank, company. Ordinem sic definiunt, compositi-
onem rerum aptis et accommodatis locis. Cic. Atfert maxime lumen
memoriae ordo. Id. Commisit extra ordinem bella multa Pompeius.
Id. Terno consurgunt ordine remi. Virg. Ordo Publicanorum.
Cic. Uno ordine habere omnes. Virg. In ordinem redigere, Plin.,
To humble or degradl-. SERIES, (jrom serere) a series, a concate-
nation, a course, a train of things. Immensa series laborum. Ovid.
Est admirabilis quaedam continuatio seriesque rerum, ut alia ex alia
annexa, et omnes inter se aptae colligataeque videantur. Cic. Inter
annos series est verius quam ordo. IVe very properly say, innume-
rabilis annorum series, but annorum ordo would be improper j ordo
equestris, but never equestris series.
870. Dispungere. Discriminare.
DISPUNGERE, (from punctum) to separate by points or pricks.

Dispunge, et recense vitae tuae dies. Sen. Neque quisquam ele-
gantius intervalla negotiorum otio dispunxit. Veil. Pat. DISCRI-
MINARE, to divide or part. Hetruriam discriminat Appia via. Cic.
Vigiliarum somnique nee die nee nocte discriminata tempora. Liv.
Discriminamus res unajiositas aut conjunctas, ut in re continua di-
versae partes aut regiones appareant ; dispungimus rationes, utcoiv
feramus accepta et expensa. G. D.
871. Dhpungere rationes. Expungcre rationes.
DISPUNGERE RATIONES, to set down an account, to balance it, to

compare the receipt with the expenses. Apud me istae acceptorum
expensorumque rationes dispunguntur. Sen. EXPUXGERE RATIO-
NES, to settle an account, llationes subscriptac et expunctae. Her-
mog.
872. Disputare. Disserere. Disceptare.
DISPUTARE, (diversim putare) to argue a waiter, to dispute as

philosophers do. Disputare de omni re in contrarias partes. Cic.
Disputare de aliqua re cum aliquo. Id. DISSERERE, (diversim se-
rere) to discourse on a subject at some length. Quae Socrates ck> ini-
mortalitate animorum disseruit. Cic. Qua? disputavi, disserere
malui, quam judicare. Id. Disputabant, ego contra disserebani.
Id. DISCKPTARE, (from 31$, and <7Kirr 0^0.1, to e.rartiine) to discuss
the reasons in a controverted matter, in order to come to a decision.
Disceptare contro\rr>ias. Cic. De fcederum jure verbi* di.-crp-
tare. Liv. Figuratively : In uno praelio omnis fortuna Reipublica
disceptat, Cic., That battle will alone determine the fate of the Re-
public.
873. Disseminare. Dispergere.
Di.ssEMiNAiiL, (diversim sciuinare, from semen) to sow up and
207
down : it is more commonly used in the figurative sense. Latius opi-

nione disseminatum est malum. Cic. DISPEKGERE, ( diversim spar-
gere) to spread abroad, to disperse. Cur mortifera tarn multa terra
marique Deus disperserit. Cic. Membra particulatim dividit, per-
que agros passim dispergit corpus. Id. Figuratively : Dispergere
vitam in auras, Virg., To die. Longe lateque dispersum bellum.
Cic. Ne disseminate dispersoque sernaoni credatis. Id.
874. Dissensio. Dissidium. Discordia. Divisio. Alruptio.
DISSENSIO, (diversim sentire) properly a contrary opinion, diffe-

rence of sentiment. Fuit inter peritissimos homines summa de jure
dissensio. Cic. Vehementer interfuit Reipublicae nullam in ejus-
modi causa dissensionem esse. Id. // also signifies ditsension, vari-
ance. Non potestatum dissimilitudo, sed animorum disjunctio dis-
sensionem fecit. Cic. DISSIDIUM, (from dis and sedere) separa-
tion, breach of concord. Valeant qui inter nos dissidium volunt. Ter.
Ufchoc dissidio ac dissensione facta, oppidum in potestate posset
habere. Cic. Ne qua animorum dissidia fiant. Id. DISCORDIA,
(diversim cor) discord, opposition of sentiments and affections. Dis-
cordia est ira acerbior intimo odio et corde concepta. Cic. Odia,
dissidia, discordia. Id. Si inter nos esset fortasse aliqua dissensio,
maximas in Republica discordias versari necesse est. Id. Concor-
dia res parva? crescunt, discordia maxima? dilabuntur. Sail. Di-
Visio, ( from dis and the Hftrurian word iduere, to divide) partition,
distribution. Scrupulose in partes facta divisio. Quint. Quadri-
partita divisio. Cic. Divisio is never used as synonymous with dissen-
sio, dissidium, discordia. Ex dissensionibus plerumque nascuntur
discordias, et nonnunquam bella exardescunt. ABRUPTIO, (rum-
pere ab) a rupture, a breaking. Corrigia? abruptio. Cic. Figura-
tively : a divorce : Ista quam scribis abruptio, Cic., speaking of
Terentias divorce.
875. Dissociare. Disjungere.
DISSOCIARE, (diversim sociare) to break company, to dissolve

fellowship. Dissociare tironem a veterano. Tac. Figuratively :
Dissimilitudo morum dissociat amicitias. Cic. Dissociatis animis
civium. Id. DISJUNGERE, (diversim jungere) to disjoin, to part.
Bos disjunctus, Hor., An unyoked ox. Disjungere a mamma, Varr.,
To wean a child. Figuratively : Mores longissime a scelere disjunct!.
Cic. Copulata et conjuncta disjungimus; propinquos et mercato-
res dissociant privata commoda. G. D.
876. Dissuere. Discindere. Dissolvere.
DISSUERE, (diversim suere) to unsew, to unstitch. Dissuto pec-

tus aperta sinu. Ovid. Figuratively : Dissuere amicitias. Cic.
DISCINDERE, (diversim scindere) to rend in pieces. Discindit amic-
tus. Ovid. Figuratively: Tales amicitiae dissuendae magis, quam
discindendae sunt. Cic. DISSOLVERE, (diversim solvere) to unbind,
to dissolve. Facilius est apta dissolvere, quam dissipata connectere.
Cic. Ascendit navem, quam tempestas horrida simul et vetustas
medio dissolvit mari. Phaed. Figuratively : Dissolvere amicitias.
Cic. Fraus distringit, non dissolvit perjurium, Id., We say Dissol-
vere ses alienum, pcenam, &c. because debts and u Jine are a bond.
208
877. Distantia. Intervallum. Spatium,
DISTANTIA, (diversim stare) a distance. Longissimi distantiae

fines. Cic. Figuratively : Tanta est inter eos, quanta maxima esse
potest, morum studiorumque distantia. Cic. IXTERVALLUM, a
space between. In Geometria intervalla et magnitudines. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Quantum intervallum sit interjectum inter Majorum
nostrorum consilia, et istorum dementiam. Liv. SPATIUM, a space,
an extent. Silvestria spatia. Cic. Emetiri spatium oculis. Virg. It
is said of lime in a ^figurative sense. Spatium vitas. Cic. Spatium
quinque dierum. Liv.
878. Distribuere. Dispertire.

DISTRIBUERE, (diversim tribuere) to distribute. Distribuere im-
peria. Cic. Distribuere tempora commoda peregrinationis. Id.
Distribuere exercitum in plures civitates. Caes. DISPERTIRE, (di-
versim partiri, from pars) to share, to portion out, to divide amongst
several. Êquabiliter praedam dispertire. Cic. Dispertire exercitum
per oppida. Liv. Tempora voluptatis laborisque dispertire. Cic.
Figuratively : Tot in curas dispertiti eorum animi erant. Liv.
879. Divellere. Distrakere.
DIVELLERE, (diversim vellere) to pull asunder. Artus divellere

morsu. Ovid. Divellere conglutinationes. Cic. Figuratively : Di-
vellere commoda civium. Cic. Cura divellit somnos. Hor. Dis-
TRAHERE, (diversim trahere) to draw different ways. Turbatis
distractus equis. Virg. Nemo eum a me divellat aut distrahat. Cic.
Ut ab his membra divelli citius et distrahi posse diceres. Id. Figu-
ratively : Nee divelli nee distrahi possunt a voluptate. Cic. Distra-
here controversias, Id., To terminate, to put an end to contestations.
Distrahi negotiis. Id. Reliquias vitae distrahere. Id. In delibe-
rando distrahitur animus. Id. Distrahere denotes a greater effort
than divellere.
880. Diversorium. Hospitium. Hospitaiitas. Diverticulum.
DIVERSORIUM, (diversim vertere) the place where one slops in a

journey, either at one's own house, or at a friend's. Multo libentius
emerim diversorium Terracinae, nee semper hospiti molestus sim.
Cic. Mutandus locus est, et diversoria nota praeteragendus equus.
Hor. Figuratively : Diversorium flagitiorum et nequitiae. Cic.
HOSPITIUM, a house to receive and entertain strangers. As public inns
were not established amongst the ancients, they went to lodge at their
friends , whom in return they welcomed on a similar occasion. Tota
familia occurret, hospitio invitabit. Cic. Te hospitio agresti accipie
mus. Id. Hospitium expresses also that kind oj friendship by which,
people acquired the reciprocal right of calling on their friends for a
lodging, the right q/"hospes. CumLycone est quidem niihi hospitium,
quam ego necessitudinem sancte colendam puto. Cic. Vetusti jure
hospitii. Liv HOSPITALITAS, hospitality, the act of entertaining
strangers kindly. Recte a Theophrasto laudata est hospitalitas ; est
enira valde decorum patere domos hominum illustrium illustribus
hospitibus. Cic. DIVERTICULUM, (diversim vertere) a turning, a
by-path. Diverticula, et anfractus, et suffugia quaerere. Quint. Quae
209
diverticula flexionesque quaesisti ? Cic. Figuratively : Ne diverti-

cula peccatis darentur. Cic. Fraudis et insidiarum diverticulum.
Id. It is also used in the same seme asdiversorium. Cum gladii ab-
diti ex omnibus locis diverticuli protraherentur. Liv.
881. Diver sus. Far ins.
Di VERSUS, (diversim vertere) properly, that deviates from the

right way, that goes divers ways. Cum Numidas diversos, dissipa-
tosque in omnes partes fugere vidisset. Cses. Duo loca disjunctis-
sima maximeque diversa. Cic. Figuratively : divers, different. Dif-
ficile est ea, quae utilitate et prope natura diversa sunt, voluntate
conjungere. Cic. Varia et diversa studia. Id. VARIUS, various,
diversified. Varietas Latinum verbum est, idque proprie quidem in.
disparibus coloribus dicitur ; sed transfertur in multa disparia : va-
rium poema, varia oratio, varii mores, varia fortuna, voluptas etiam
varia diet solet, cum percipitur e multis dissimilibus rebus, dissimi-
liter efficientibus voluptates. Cic. Varies mentitur lana colores.
Virg. Variae et diversae et in omnem partem diffusae voluptates. Cic.
Varia et diversa genera bellorum. Id.
882. Divertere. Diversari.
DIVERTERE and DIVERT:, (diversim vertere) from the road one

tvas in, to go to some place. Divertere in villam. Cic. Diverterat
ad Terentiam salutatum. Id. Divertere ad hospitem. Id. Figura-
tively : Inferior virtute meas divertor ad artes. Ovid. // also
signifies going different w ays : in which sense Plautus has said,
Jiguratively > Divertunt mores virgini longe aclupse. DIVERSARI, not
only from the way one was in to go to some place, but a/so to sojourn
in it more or less. Domus in qua iste diversabatur. Cic. Nuper cum
Athenis imperator apud Aristonem diversarer. Id.
883. Dives. Locuples. Opulentus.
DIVES, (quasi divus) he who is in want of nothing, wealthy. Quern

intelligimus divitem ? Opinor in eo cui tanta possessio est, ut ad
liberaliter vivendum facile contentus sit. Cic. The ancients called a
man who abounded with money dives. Balbus mihi confirmavit te di-
vitem futurum ; id utrum Romano more locutus sit, bene numma-
tum te futurum .... postea videro. Cic. Dives agris, dives positis
in ftenore nummis. Hor. LOCUPLES, (quasi locis plenus) rich in
lands or estates. A possessionibus locorum locupletes appellati. Cic.
It is said in a more extensive signification of riches in general.
Locuples
copiis rei familiaris. Cic. Mancipiis locuples. Id. Figuratively :
Testis locuples, Cic., A witness that has not been bribed. It is
opposed
to testis mercenarius. Auctor locuples, Cic., A credible author. Lo-
cuples oratio, Id., An adorned oration. OPULENTUS, (from opes)
opulent ; one who, besides property and riches, has great interest,
and
is full of resources. Thesauris Arabum opulentior. Hor. Rex Asias
opulentissimus. Cic. Templum donis opulentum. Virg. Pars pro-
vinciae agro virisque opulentissima. Cic.
884. Dividere. Separare. Dirimere.
DIVIDERE, (from diversim, and the Heir urian word iduere, to divide)
to divide, speaking of things and objects, and not of minds and
hearts.
210
Dividere denotes the separation of a whole into simple parts. Dividere

sequaliter in duas partes. Cic. SEPARARE, to separate. We separate
things we wish to remove one from another. Ista vero quae tu contexi
vis, aliud quoddatn separatum volumen expectant. Cic. Virtus ipsa
per se sua sponte, separata etiam utilitate, laudabilis. Id. Quoniam
vera iifalsisnullo discrimine separantur. Id. DIRIMERE, (from di-
versim, and emere, that anciently signified to take from) properly to
part. Hispaniam a Gallia Pyrenaei monies dirimunt. Caes. Figura-
tively : To break off an union, or to make an end by a decision. Con-
nubium dirimere. Liv. Pacem dirimere. Cic. Controversiam diri-
rrrere. Id. Concilium dirimere. Sail. Prselium dirimere. Liv.
885. Divinare. Vaticinari.
DIVINARE, to divine, to conjecture, to foresee. Non equidem hoc

divinavi, sed aliquid tale putavi fore. Cic. Divinare de belli diutur-
nitate, Id., To foresee the duration of the war. VATICINARI, (quasi
faticinari, fata canere) to prophesy, toforetel things to come. Empe-
doclem carminibus Grascis vaticinatum ferunt. tic. Vaticinari per
furorem, ut Sibyllam. Id. It is said of foretelling false things. Sed
ego fortassis vaticinor, et hsec omnia meliores habebunt exitus. Cic.
Eos autem qui dicerent dignitati esse serviendum, Reipublicae con-
sulendum, vaticinari atque insanire dicebat. Id.
886. Divine. Divinitus.
DIVINE, divinely, wonderfully. Quae Tullius in oratore divine, ut

omnia, exequitur. Quint. DIVINITUS, by divine inspiration, by a
gift of God. Quae divinitus accidunt. Cic. Non partum per nos, sed
divinitus ad nos oblatum. Id. Cicero has used these two words pro-
miscuously.
887. Divinus. Propheta.
DIVINUS, a diviner, one that discovers hidden things. PROPHETA,

(from TCf.it and <pi)|.). The prophet foretells what is to happen.
Divi-
nation has for its object what is present and what is past ; prophecy
re-
lates to what is to come. Veteres antistites fanorum oraculorumque
interpretes prophetas dicebant. Fest. Hoc loco Chrysippus aestuans
falli sperat Chaldaeos caeterosque divinos. Cic.
888. Divortium. Repudium.
DIVORTIUM, (diversim vertere) properly, a separation of things

that turn different ways. Prope ipsis jugis ad divortia aquarum
castra posuit. Liv. Figuratively : Hasc autem ut ex Apennino flu-
minum, sic ex communi sapientium jugo sunt facta doctrinarum di-
vortia. Cic. Divortium, taken Jor a divorce, is said of (he husband
and
wife. Nihil est honestius quam quod cum mima fecit divortium. Cic.
Valeria divortium sine causa fecit. Id. // is used in general for any
falling out or separation. Saepe fieri divortia atque affinitatum
dissidia.
Cic. REPUDIUM, a putting away of one's wife. Repudium renun-
ciare. Ter. Repudium est, cum sponsus a sponsa dirimitur ; divor-
tium vero, ubi vir et uxor nsatrimonio solvuntur, according to law-
yers. G.D.
889. Diurnus. Quotidianus.
DIURNUS, (from cb'es) that returns every doy> and Jills up the
whole of It. Diurni nocturnique labores. Cic. Diurnum noctur-

numque spatium. Id. Acta urbis diurna, Tac., The records of what
happens every day in a town, the journal nf a toivn. QUOTIDIANUS,
daily, thai happens every day ; but without lasting the whole of the
day. Sermo quotidianus et familiaris. Cic. Victus quotidianus. Id.
890. Diutinus. Diuturnus.
DIUTINUS, (/romdiu) continual. Taedium diutinae servitutis.

Cic. Diutinus labor. Caes. DIUTURNUS, of long continuance. Nee
simulatum quicquam potest esse diuturnum. Cic. Diuturnum bel-
lum is a war of long duration; anrfdiutinum bellum, a continual war.
891. Docere. Edocere. Perdocere. Erudire.
DOCERE, to teach, to instruct. Rem quaeritis praeclaram juventuti

ad discendum, nee mihi difficilem ad docendum. Cic. Docere lit-
teras. Id. Docebo hsec omnia esse vera. Id. EDOCERE, not only
to teach, to instruct, but also to make one learn, to make one
acquainted
with. Qui meam causam prudentibus commendarit, imperitos edo-
cuerit. Cic. Senatum edocet de itinere. Sail. Docet would be less
energetic. PERDOCERE, to teach perfectly, to instruct thoroughly. Res
difficiles ad perdocendum. Cic. Pierides perdocuere te. Ovid.
ERUDIRE, (from rudis) to initiate to a certain knowledge. Studiosos
discendi erudiunt atque docent. Cic. Oratorem erudire in jure ci-
vili. Id. Erudire ad Deorum cultum. Id. Docere atque erudire
juventutem. Id.
892. Docilis. Tractalilis.
DOCILIS, docile, teachable, apt to learn. O medicum suavem,

meque docilem ad hanc disciplinam ! Cic. the sweet physician !
how submissive I am to his prescriptions ! Facere judicem docilem,
Id., To make a judge attentive and favourable. Docilis est is qui at-
tente vult audire. Id. TRACTABILIS, (from tractare) tractable,
that may be felt or handled. Corporeum et tractabile. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Gentle, quiet, pliable. Tractabile ccelum. Virg. Mare trac-
tabile nautis. Ovid. Virtus in amicitia tenera et tractabilis. Cic.
Nihil eo homine tractabilius. Id.
893. Doctor. Magister. Prceceptor. Pcedagogus.
DOCTOR, ( from docere) is a master who teaches an art or a science :

this name was only given to one who had taught, er was actually teach-
ing. Panaetius Possidonii doctor, discipulus Antipatri. Cic. Sum-
mus ille doctor istius disciplines Apollonius. Id. MAGISTER was
said of him who had authority, and joined example to his lessons ; so
that witfiout speaking, and even after death, a man might be magister.
Magister virtutis. Cic. Magister societatis. Id. Dux et magister
ad faciendum aliquid. Id. We may say very properly, Romani Grae-
cos habuerunt dicendi doctores, quosdam ex iis etiam nonnulli sibi
magistros adsciverunt. G. D. PRECEPTOR (from praecipere) was
he who gave instructions for conduct in life. Artiuni liberaJium ma-
gistri, et vivendi praeceptores. Originally doctor and praeceptor
were used in the very same meaning. Neque disjuncti doctores, sed
iidem erant vivendi praeceptores atque dicendi. Cic. PJEDAGOGUS,
( from itofis, and aygfx, to conduct} he who has the care of governing
P2
212
and attending children. Diligendi sunt paedagogi, ut nutrices. Cic.
Paedagogi probitas, et medici assiduitas. Id.
894. Doctus. Eruditus. Peritus.
DOCTUS, a learned man, a man skilful in some principles or science,

one who knoii's the causes and reason of things. In quo nunquam fuit
populo cum doctis intelligentibusque dissensio. Cic. Antiquissimum
e doctis genus poetarum. Id. Haec apud doctos semi-doctus ipse
percurro. Id. ERUDITUS, (from rudis) a knowing man, especially
in literature. Eruditus est qui omnibus bonis urtibus politus est.
Cic. Doctus homo et imprimis eruditus. Id. Doctus vir, et Graecis
litteris eruditus. Id. Eruditus knows many things, and doctus knows
them well. PERITUS, (from irsicotuj, tento) a learned man who joins
experience to knowledge, and is acquainted with the principles from
which consequences are to be drawn. Homo doctus, vcl etiam usu
peritus. Cic. Itaque cum sunt docti a peritis, desistunt facile a sen-
tentia. Id.
895. Domare. Subigcre.
DOMARE, (from Sxpdu, to subdue) to make one' s-self master of, to

overcome. Servitia virtute victoriaque domuit. Cic. Figuratively :
Latius regnes avidum domando spiritum. Hor. SUBIGERE, (agere
sub) to urge on, to shove on. Ratem conto subigere. Virg. Figura-
tively : to force, to bring into subjection. Subigit fateri. Virg.
Quos
armis subegimus. Cic. Nulla est gens, quae aut ita subacta sit, ut
vix extet, aut ita domita, ut quiescat. Id. Subacti et bello domiti.
Id. Germani victi magis quam domiti. Flor.
896. Domare. Condocefacere.
DOMARE, .synonymous with condocefacere, signifies to tame, to keep

under. Obsequium tigres domat. Ovid. Domare equos. Virg.
CONDOCEFACERK, (from cum, doceo, andfacio) to instruct, to train
up. Belluae domitae et condocefacta?. Cic.
897. Dominus. Herus.
DOMIXUS, a master of a house, he who commands in a family, as

the owner of every thing in it. Apparet hunc servum domini esse.
Ter. Epuli dominus. Cic. In di.scordia dominorum domus beata
esse n on potest. Id. Comitiorum dominus. Id HERUS, a waster
only in reference to slaves. Sed iis qui vi oppresses imperiocoercent,
sit sane adhibenda saeritia, ut heris in famulos, si aliter teneri non
possunt. Cic. Nee victoris heri tetigit captiva cubile. Virg.
898. Domus. Familia.
DOMUS, synonymous with familia, signifies a house of great t/uality ;

and FAMILIA, a family, is said of citizens. Is dtias magnas et nobiles
domos conjungere voluit. Cic. Familiae plebeioe. Id. Qui primus
in earn familiam, quae postea viris fortissimis floruit, attulit
Consula-
tum. Id.
899. Domus -<is. Domus -i.
A proper distinction must be made between domus -us and domus -i.
DOMUS -i, relates to use and utility ; it is said of a dwelling, an
inha-
bited place. Me domo mea expulistis. Cic. Non domo dominus,
213
sed domino domus honestanda est. Id. Clodius deprehensus domi

Caesaris. Id. DOMUS -us is the edifice itself, a house in general. Do-
mus finis est usus, ad quern accommodanda est sedificandi descriptio.
Cic.
900. Domus. Domicilium. Sedes. Tectum. Habitatio. Mansio.
DOMUS -us, (from JE/XW, to build) a house, the whole building. Oo

tavius praeclaram gedificavit in palatio domum. Cic. DOMICILIUM,
a sojourning place, an abode. Cum hie domicilium Romee multosjam
annos haberet. Cic. Domicilia privatorum. Id. Figuratively : Glo-
rias domicilium. Cic. Domus is not always inhabited, but domicilium'
always is. SEDES, properly a seat, a place to sit on, is taken for the
dwelling-place, the abode itself. Sedem aliquam incolere. Cic. It is
elegantly said of a place one has inhabited a long while. Urbs hasc
sedes omnium nostrum. Cic. Sedes, domicilium, vestigia summorum
hominum. Id. Sedes is not always a house. Ostium hoc mihi sedes
est, Athenis domus. Cic. TECTUM, (from tegere) properly a roof.
Porticus quae ad tectum jam pene pervenerat. Cic. It is said of the
house itself. Vos in tecta vestra discedite. Cic. Pinea tecta, Ovid.,
Ships. HABITATIO, a habitation, a place one inhabits when one
pleases. Habitatio characterizes the use that is made of a house.
Sumptus objectus est habitations : triginta millibus dixisti eum ha-
bitare. Cic. Domicilium adds to the idea q/'habitatio that of a rela-
tion to civil society. MAKSIO, a dwelling-place, is said of a place
which one intends to inhalit a long ivhile. Haeccine erant itiones
cre-
brae, et mansiones diutinae Lemni ? Ter. Excessus e vita, et in vita
mansio. Cic.
901. Donare. Largiri.
DONARE, (quasi dono dare) to make a present of, to gratify with.

Vir nemo bonus ab improbis se donari vult. Cic. Donare alicui
multa large. Id. Laurea donandus Apollinari. Hor. LARGIRI, to
give liberally. Quidam eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur. Cic.
Quod sine modo, sine judicio donaret, largiretur aliena. Tac. Cui
summam copiam facultatemque dicendi natura largita est. Cic. Ci-
vitatem alicui largiri, Id., To give one his freedom.
902. Donatio. Donaria.
DONATIO, a donation, the act of giving. Ut corona aurea dona-

rentur, eaque donatio fieret in theatre, populo convocato. Cic. Quos
non bonorum donatio, non agrorum assignatio satiavit. Id. DONA-
RIA is said, 1. Of gifts, of the thing given. Donaria militaria. Tac.
2. Of the place wherein the gifts and presents offered to the gods
were
kept. Ductos alta ad donaria currus. Virg.
903. Donum. Munus. Prcemium.
DOXUM, a mere gift, without any relation either to obligation or le-

comingness. Philosophia donum Deorum est. Cic. Donum regale.
Id. Dona ampla data, quse ferrent regi, vasa aurea, argenteaque.
Liv. MUNUS is generally said of a present which custom, circum-
stances, or any private purpose, induce one to make. Munera, crede
mihi, placant hominesque Deosque. Ovid. Munus is a kind of ho-
mage. Donum is said of him who only intends to do good ; and munus,
of him who wishes to show his gratitude for a kindness. L. Cincius le-
214
gem tulit de donis et muneribus. Cic. Tantum donis datis muneri-

busque perfecerat, ut, &c. Id. Quod munus Reipublicse afterre ma-
jus meliusve possumus quam si docemus atque erudimus juventutem ?
Id. Inter donum et munus, says Ulpian, hoc interest quod inter ge-
nus et speciem : genus est donum a donando dictum ; munus est
species ; nam munus est donum cum causa, utpote natalitium, nup-
tialitium PREMIUM is a due recompense for an honourable action, a
prize of victory. Amplissimum praemium ex omnibus prrcmiis virtu-
tis, si est habenda ratio praemiorum, gloria est. Cic. Sunt hie etiam
sua praemia laudi. Virg. Donum and munus are either lefore or after;
but praemium is always after : donum and munus are free things ; but
prsemium is a thing due, a sort of obligation. Praemio et pcena Res-
publica continetur. Cic.
904. Dor mire. Slertere.
DORMIRE, to sleep. Contrahi animum Zeno, et quasi labi putat

atque concidere, id ipsum esse dormire. Cic. Jacet corpus dormien-
tis, ut mortui. Id. Figuratively : Non omnibus dormio, Cic., / do
not forget every one. STERTERE, to snore in sleeping. Marcellus ita
stertebat, ut ego vicinus audirem. Cic.
905. Dormitare. Oscitare.
DORMITARE, (frequentative of dormire) to sleep unsoundly, to doze.

Cosnato raihi et jam dormitanti epistola ilia est reddita. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus. Hor. OSCITARE,
(osciere) to yawn, to gape. Tristem atque oscitantem leviter im-
pellit. Cic. Figuratively : Oscitans et dormitans sapientia. Cic.
906. Dubie. Dubilanter.
DUBIE, doubtfully, uncertainly. Potest accitlere ut aliquod signum

dubie datum pro certo sit acceptum. Cic. Nee dubie ludibrio esse
suas miserias. Liv. DUBITANTER, doubtingly, irresolutely. Pericula
non dubitanter adire. Cic. Sine ulla affirmatione quserentes, dubi-
tanter unum quodque dicemus. Id.
907. Dubitare. Ambigere. Animi or dnimis pendere.
DUBITARE, to doubt, to be irresolute. Vinolenti dubitant, haesitant,

revocant se interdum. Cic. Ne dubita, nam vera vides. Virg. AM-
BIGERE, (from am, about, and agere) properly to go round about.
Deviis itineribus ambigens patriam. Tac. Figuratively: To be un-
certain, to dispute, to call in question. Non ambigitur quin, &c. Cic.
Ambigitur jus aliquod inter peritos. Id. Regni certamine ambige-
bant fratres. Liv. Ambigunt agnati cum eo qui est secundus haeres.
Cjc. Ambigunt de fimbus. Ter. ANIMI or ANIMIS PENDERE, to
be doubtful or in suspense. Quod si expectando et dcsiderando pen.
demus animis, cruciamur, angimur. Cic. Pendebat animi expec-
tatione. Id.
908. Dubilare de aliaua re. Dubitare ali(/uitl.

DUBITARE DE ALIQUA RE, and DUBITARE ALIQUID are not the
same thing. Dubitare de aliqua re signifies to call a thing into
question.
Dubitare de fide alicujus. Cic. De tuik erga me voluntate non du-
bitant. Id. DUBITARE ALIQUID signifies to consider a thing alien-
215
lively. Percipe porro quid dubitem, et quae nunc animo sententia

surgat. Virg. Haec dum dubitas, menses abierunt decem. Ter.
909. Dulium. Dubilatio.
DUBIUM is properly an adjective. Quod nemini dubium fuit. Cic.

In res vocatur in dubium, Cic., In dubio ejst animus, Id., a substan-
tive must be understood. Nullum dubium is bad Latin. DUBITATIO,
irresolution, the act of doubting. Postea cognitum est inductam du-
bitationem ad, &c. Tac. It was discovered that the irresolution he had
shown, was only in order to, &c. Nee vero alienum est ad ea eli-
genda, qua? dubitationem afFerunt, adhibere doctos homines, vel
etiam usu peritos. Cic. In dubiis tutior dubitatio. G. D.
910. Dulius. Incerlus.
DUBIUS, synonymous with incertus, doubtful. Doubt arises out of

insufficiency of proofs, or equality of verisimilitude between proofs
for
or against. Animi dubius. Virg. INCERTUS, (non certus) uncer-
tain. Uncertainty is caused by a defect in the light necessary to come
to a decision concerning a thing. Dubius hesitates about what he shall
do ; incertus, about what he ought to do. Quia de uxore incertus
sum etiam quid sim facturus. Ter. Incertus veri. Liv. Omnia in
dubiuru incertumque revocari. Cic.
911. Ducere. Ductare.
DUCERE, to lead, is generally taken in a good sense ; and DUCTARE,

its frequentative, in a bad one. Ducitur uxor, ductatur meretrix.
G. D. Likewise ducere exercitum is said of a general who leads his
army in good order ; but ductare exercitum is to lead an army in con-
fusion. Quod L. Sylla exercitum, quern in Asia ductaverat, quo
sibi fidum fecerat, contra morem Majorum, luxuriose , nimisque li-
beraliter habuerat. Sail. Ipse quasi vitabundus per saltuosaloca et
tramites exercitum ductare. Id. Quintilian is, I believe, in the wrong
when he finds fault with the above expressions of Sallust. Virgil
says,
ducente Deo ; it would be improper to say ductante Deo. G. D.
912. Dud. Trahi.
Duci is said of him who suffers himself to be led on. Ducor libo
fumante. Hor. Duci prsemio et mercede. Cic. TRAHI, to be drawn
violently. Servi qui ad supplicium trahuntur. Cic. Ducunt volen-
tem fata, nolentem trahunt. Sen.
913. Dudiim. Jam dudum. Diu. Jam diu. Perdiu. Pridem. Jam
pridem. Jam olim.
DUDUM is very well said of one, two, three hours. Non dudum ante
lucem, Plaut., A little before day-light. Dudum venit, Cic., He has
been but a little while arrived. JAM DUDUM denotes a longer time.
Jam dudum expectant. Cic. Jam dudum te illud hortor. I'd. Diu
is said of a long time, denoting likewise the continuance of it, which
du-
dum does not. Cum multum diuque vixeris. Cic. Quid enim est
hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum? Cic. JAM DIU is said
of a longer time. Jam diu expectans Varro. Cic. PERDIU, for a
very long time. Perdiu nihil de te audivi. Cic. PRIDEM, (quasi
prius die) some while since. Ego hoc mali non pridem inveni.Ter.
216
JAM PRIDEM denotes a time still more remote. Cupio equidem, et

jam pridem cupio Alexandriam visere. Cic. JAM OHM, long ago.
Et quia consimilem luserat jam olim ille ludum. Ter. Jam pridem
denotes a continuance, which Jam olim does not.
914. Dulcedo. Dulcitudo.
DULCEDO and DULCITUDO, sweelness ; with this difference, that

dulcedo is very seldom used but in the figurative sense, and dulcitudo
only in the proper sense. Milites dulcedine quadani commoti. Cic.
Neque pecunias dulcedine captus sum. Id. Dulcedo orationis. Id.
Gustatus praeter casteros sensus dulcitudine commovetur. Id. Some
editions of Cicero have dulcitudo orationis.
915. Dumus. Dumetum. Vepres. Sentes. Rucus.
DUMUS, any bush or thick shrub. Silva dumis horrida. Virg.

DUMETUM, a place full of bushes or briers. Nivei tondent dumeta
juvenci. Virg. Figuratively : intricacy, perplexity. Stoicorum dumeta.
Cic. VEPRES, a thorn-bush. Septum undique et vestitum vepribus
et dumetis indagavi sepulchrum. Cic. Hirsuti secuerunt corpora
vepres. Virg. SENTES, (from crlvcu, noceo, o-ivnjj, noxius) a prickly
lush. Sentes crura notant. Ovid. RUBUS, a bramble. Atrubus et
sentes tantummodo laedere natae. Ovid. Pascuntur horrentes rubos,
et amantes arduadumos. Virg. Mordaces rubi. Ovid.
916. Duntaxat. Soliim,
DUXTAXAT and SOLUM, only ; with this difference, that duntaxat

is used with nouns either adjective or substantive. Consules duos
bonos
amisimus, sed duutaxat bonos. Cic, Quod ipsum ctsi non iniquum
est, in tuo duntaxat periculo. Id. SOLUM is only used with nouns
substantive, and verts. Xos nunciationem solum habemus. Cic. Noil
solum oratione, sed multo etiam magis vi et dolore. Id.
917. Duplex. Dup'.us.
DUPLEX, (from duo and plicare) double, two. Duplex amictus.

Hor. Panno duplici velatus. Id. Duplices tendens ad sidera pal-
mas. Virg. Figuratively: Duplex fama. Liv. Duplex stipendium.
Id. Duplici spe uti, Ter., To have two strings to one's tow. Ergo
vos rebus duplices pro nomine sensi, Ovid., I have then found out that
you were deceitjul and wily, according to the meaning of your name.
Duplex Ulysses. Hor DUPLUS, twice as much, as many, twice the
value or quantity. Duplam pecuniam reponere, Liv., To deposit twice
as much money. Dupla pars primae partis. Cic.
918. Duplicare. Geminare.
DUPLICARE, to fold up in two. Duplicate poplitc Turnus con-

cidit. Virg. Figuratively : to increase, to double Duplicare nu-
merum. Cic. Duplicare vires .suas Liv. GKMIXAKK, to double, to
redouble. Jamque decem vita? frater geminaverat annos. Ovid.
AUo to couple together. Nun ut serpcnte* avibus treminentur, tigri-
bus agni. Hor. Dupliccntur would be a iad expression. Figura-
tively : Geminatus lionos, Liv., A double honour. Geminata vic-
toria, Id., A double victory.
217
919. Durare. Durescere.
DURARE, (in the activevoice) lo harden. Duratus frigore pontus.

Ovid. Rectius Albanam fumo duraveris uvam. Hor. Figuratively :
Labore durare adolescentes. Caes. When it is a neuter verb, to bear,
to endure. Patiar quemvis durare laborem. Virg. To last. Sensus
moriendi, si quis esse potest, is ad exiguum tenipus durat, praesertim
in sene. Cic. DURESCERE, to grow hard, to become hard. Limus
durescit igni. Virg. Figuratively : In Gracchorum et Catonis lec-
tione durescere. Quint., To read continually the works of the Gracchi
and Cato.
920. Dure. Duriter.
BURE, with savageness, cruelly. Equidem nihil disserui durius,

cum nominatim de C. Antonio decernereni. Cic. DURITER, se-
verely, austerely. Vitam parce ac duriter agebat, lanu et tela vic-
tum quaeritans. Ter. It is also used in the tense of dure. Factum
est a vobis duriter, Ter., You have acted very cruelly. Parce ac du-
riter vitam agebant primi Christian!, nee moleste ferebant, si in se
durius saevirent tyranni. G. D.
921. Durilia. Durities. Durilas. Rigor. Severitas.
DURITIA and DURITIES, hardness. In duritiem lapidescere. Ovid.

Figuratively : Animi duritia, sicut corporis, quod cum uritur, non
sentit, stupor potius est quam virtus. Cic. Patientiam imitatur du-
ritia immanis. Id. Duritia oris, Id., Impudence. DURITAS, rough-
ness, is only used in a figurative sense. Duritas et severitas, et
quasi
mcestitia orationis. Cic. Quanta in altero duritas ? in altero comi-
tas? Id. RIGOR, stiffness, Inflexibility. Rigor ferri. Virg. Ponere
duritiem ccepere suumque rigorern. Ovid. Figuratively : Exit hie
animi tenor aliquando in rigorem quemdam, affectusque humanos
adimit. Plin. SEVERITAS, severity. Severitas animadversionis. Cic.
Imperii severitas. Id. Mitigare severitateni. Id. Rigor does not
bend ; Severitas is strict.
922. Dux. Due tor. Imperator.

Dux, (from ducere) 1. A leader. Dux gregis, Virg., The ram.
Dux armenti, Ovid., The bull. Magistra et duce natura. Cic. 2. A
chief, a commander. Duces et signiferi. Cic. Dux superum Jupiter.
Ovid. Magni duces, Hor., Great generals. DUCTOR, a guide, a
leader. Classis ductor. Virg. Ductores Danaum. Id. Ductor du-
cum, Sen., He who leads the chiefs, i. e. the commander in chief. Quo-
ties ductores nostri ad non dubiam mortem concurrerunt ? Cic.
IMPERATOR, a commander. Crescit in dies singulos hostium iiume-
rus ; eorurn autem imperatorem castrorum, ducemque hostium intra
mcenia atque adeo in Senatu videtis. Cie. Before the reign of Ti-
lerius or Augustus, Imperator was only a title of honour given by the
soldiers in a camp to their general when he had distinguished himself
by a great action. Curio universi exercitus conclamatione Imperator
appellatur. Caes. There were often several of them at the same time.
Erantque plures simul impgratores, nee super casterorum aequalita-
tem. Tac. A little after he adds that Blcssus was the last lo whom
this honour ivas granted. According to sippian, this custom still sub-
sisted in the reign of Adrian. When this title was given to a general.
218
it was placed after his name. Marcus Tullius Cicero Imperator ; tut
when used for the Ctesars, it was placed before their names. Imperator
Augustus. Imperator Trajanus.
E.
923. E re nata. E vestigio.
E RE NATA, as matters have fallen out, seeing things as they are.

E re nata melius fieri baud potuit, quam factum est. Ter. E VES-
TIGIO, immediately. Profectura e vestigio subsecutus est. Cic. Sed
repente e vestigio. Id.
924?. Ebrietas. Ebriositas. Vlnolentia. Crapula.
EBRIETAS, drunkenness, the act of being drunk. EBRIOSITAS,

the habit of drunkenness. Inter ebrietatem et ebriositatem interest ;
aliudque est esse amatorem et amantem. Cic. VIXOLEXTIA, the
being given up to drinking much wine. jÊgrotationi talia quaedam
subjecta sunt, avaritia, ambitio, liguritio, vinolentia. Cic. Quid
furiosam vinolentiam tuam proferam ? Id. The same distinction may
be likewise established between ebrius and ebriosus. Servos Milonis
apud se ebrios factos dixit. Cic. Stilponem ferunt ebriosum fuisse.
Id. CRAPULA, the head-ache and dizziness after drinking too hard.
Plenos crapulae eos lux oppressit. Liv. Edormi crapulam et exhala.
Cic.
925. Ecce. En.
ECCE denotes something sudden and unexpected, an amazing event.

Ecce auteni nova turba, atque rixa. Cic. Ecce autem repente. Id.
Ex generally denotes indignation, and comes after some striking re-
cital. En cui liberos vestros committitis. Cic. En fcederum in-
terpretes. Id. En is sometimes an adverb demonstrative. En Pria-
mus : sunt bic etiam sua praemia laudi. Virg.
926. Edacilas. Fames.
EDACITAS, a ravenous appetite. Sine matre pueri cdacitatem
pertimesco. Cic. Morbus edacitatis. Id. FAMES, ( from 4>ayw, to

eat] famine, hunger. In fame frumentum exportareest ausus. Cic.
Est etiam illud verendum, ne brevi tempore fames in urbe sit. Id.
Condimentum cibi fames. Id. Fameni dcpellere. Id. Figuratively :
a violent desire. Fames honorum. Cic. Auri sacra fames. Virg.
927. Edax. Gulosus. Vorax.
EDAX, eating much, that can hardly be satisfied with a great quan-
tity of food. Edax parasitus. Ter. Figuratively : Curae edaces. I lor.
Ignis edax. Virg. Tempus edax ri-rum. Ovid. GULOSUS, (from
gula) qluttonous, a greedy eater. Esse tibi videor sacvus, nimi uni-
que gulosus. Mart. Figuratively : Gulosus lector, a great or hasty
reader. Mart. VORAX, ravenous, voracious. Ventris voracis placarc
jejunia. Ovid. Quae Cbarybdis tarn vorax ? Cic. Figuratively :
L'sura vorax. Lucan.
219
928. Edere. Comedere. Mandere. Manducare.
EDERE, to eat in order to appease hunger, Itaque edit et bibit.

Cic. Nunquam sitiens biberat, nee esuriens ederat. Id. Figura-
tively : To consume. Est mollis flamma medullas. Virg. COME-
DERE, (edere cum) to eat with, to eat up. Saevola, tu comedisapud
omnes, nemo apud te. Mart. Haec porcis hodie comedenda relin-
ques. Hor. Figuratively : to consume, to squander away. Patrimo-.
nium. nummos comedere. Cic. Bona comedere. Hor. Beneficia
Caesaris comedere, Cic., To forget the kindnesses of Ccesar.
Patrimonio
non comeso, sed devorato. Id. MANDERE, to chew, to grind with
the teeth. Dentibus in ore constructis manditur, atque ab his ex-'
tenuatur et molitur cibus. Cic. Animalia alia sugunt, alia vorant,
alia mandunt. Id. MANDUCARE (quasi manu ducere) is very near
the same as mandere. // expresses the action of a man eating his vic-
tuals. Qui in balneo demum post horam primam noctis duas buc-
cas manducavi, priusquam ungi inciperem. Suet.
929. Edicere. Effari.
EDICERE, (dicere e) to declare, to give notice. Dictator praedam

omnem militibus edixerat. Liv. Edicere is very properly said of ma-
gistrates and others invested with power and authority to command.
Cum Tribuni plebis edixissent, Senatus adesset. Cic. Edicere so-
ciis conventum. Liv. EFFARI, (fari e) to speak out, to utter. Sic
effata, sinum lacrymis implevit obortis. Virg. Non ipsi effata so-
rori. Id. Ordinem alicujus rei gestae effari. Sen. Eftari seems also
consecrated to religion. Fcedus multis verbis, quae longo effata car-
mine non operae est referre, peregit. Liv. It is said of performing,
on a place designed for the site of a temple, the last prayers which
the
diviners made, after having consulted the auguries. Locus templo ef-
fatus jam sacratus fuerat. Liv. Ad templum effandum. Cic.
930. Edormire. Indormire.
EDORMIRE, to sleep out or away. Cumque edormiverunt, ilia visa

quam levia fuerint intellexerunt. Cic. Figuratively : Edormi cra-
pulam et exhala, Cic., Sleep yourself sober. INDORMIRE, to sleep
upon. Congestis undique saccis indormis inhians. Hor. Figura-
tively : In islo homine colendo indormivi, Cic., / have been neglect-
ful in cultivating this man s favour. Sibi indormire, Sen., To forget
one's self, to forget the dignity of one's nature.
931. Educere. Educare. Tollere.
EDUCERE, (ducere e) to lead forth, to draw out. Educere e cus-

todia. Cic. Educere naves e portu. Caes. In this sense Varro has
said, Educit obstetrix, educat nutrix ; instituit pa?dagogus, docet
magister. It also signifies to bring up from a babe. Neque enim boni
est, neque liberalis parentis, quern procrearit et eduxerit, non ves-
tire et ornare. Cic. Eduxit mater pro sua. Ter. Jam infans in
castris genitus, in contubernio legionum eductus. Tac. EDUCARE,
to take care of the education, both in the physical and moral sense.
Pauperes satis stipendii pendere, si liberos educant. Liv. Apparet
filios non tarn in gremio educates, quam in sermone matris. Cic^.
Si mihi traditur educandus orator. Quint. TOLLERE, considered as
220
synonymous with the alove two words, is taken from the custom of the
ancients, ivho laid their children on the ground as soon as born, and
only lifted up those they wished to preserve. Verum quod erit natum
tollito. Plaut. Regi quern serva Licymnia furtim sustulerat. Virg.
Primo tollitur natus puer ; deindc paadagogis traditur educandus ;
postea eductum jam ac puberem artem aliquam aut litteras edocen-
dum curant parentes. G. D.
932. Effectio. EJfectus.
EFFECTIO, a making or effecting, practice. Effectio artis. Cic.

Recta effectio. Id. EFFECTUS, an effect produced by a cause. In
libidine peccatum est etiam sine effectu. Cic. Effectus impedietne
segnis mora ? Phsed. Effectus eloquentiae est audientium appro-
batio. Cic.
933. Efficadtas. EfficieKtia.
EFFICACITAS, efficacy, power of producing. Quid tantum habet

in libidine artis et efficacitatis, ut, &c. ? Cic. EFFICIENTIA, a vir-
tue or power actually productive of some eff'ect. Cum aspexissent
solem, ejusque efficientiam cognovissent, quod is diem efficeret toto
ccelo luce diffusa. Cic. Causse continentes in se efficientiam. Id.
93i. Efficax. Efficiens. Effector.
EFFICAX, effective, that can operate effectually. Efficaces preces.

Liv. Nosti Marcellum, quam tardus et parum efficax sit. Cic. Effi-
cax amara curarum eluere cadus. Hor. EFFICIEXS, producing,
making. Virtus efficiens est utilitatis et voluptatis. Cic. Philosophi
virtutem dividebant in res duas, ut altera esset efficiens ; altera
au-
tem quasi buic se praebens. Id. Causse efficientes. Id. EFFECTOR,
an author, a maker, a creator. Effector mundi Deus. Cic. Possu-
mus dubitare, quin his proesit aliquis effector ? Id. Amicitiae effec-
trices sunt voluptatum tarn amicis quam sibi. Id. Efficientes would
only denote the action.
935. Effceius. Eihaustus.
EFFCKTUS, (from ex and foetus) worn out by producing a great

deal, or that has passed the age of producing. Effu.>ta mulier. Sail.
Effceta gallina. Plin. Figuratively : Frigentque effceto in corpore
vires. Virg. EXHAUSTUS, drawn out dry, dried up. Exhaustus tons.
Caes. Ubere exhausto mulctra spumant. ^ r irg. Figuratively: Plebs
impensis exhausta. Liv. Exhaustas bonis civitates. Cic.
936. Effr&nus. Effrcenatus. Impotens.
EFFU.T.XUS, (non fracnuni) unbridled. Effnrno equo in medios

ignes inferttir. Liv. Figuratively: Effhcno caj)tus amoiv. Ovid.
EHra?na gens. Virg. EFFU u not uted Lut in the figurative
sense; loose, rash, unruly, passionate. Homines secundis rebus ef-

fraenuti. Cic. Quo impunitior libido, eo effncnatior i->t. I/v IM-
roTENs, (non potens) 1. Weak, fteile, impotent. Impotentes et
calamitosi. C'ic. 2. Wild, unable to gwern or moderate himself. Im-
l>otc'nti es.-e animo. Cic. Impotens ir;e, Liv., Unruly in his
passion.
Impotenti hctitiii efferri. Cic. Dominatio impotens. Liv., Authority
exercised with fury. Aquilo impotens, Hor., A violent north-wind.
221
937. Ejfutire. Crepare.
EFFUTIRE, (from futum, a water-pot) properly, to pour out . it if

only found in ajigurative sense; to blab out, to speak foolishly.
Certe
ita temere de mundo effutiunt. Cic. EfFutire aliquid ex tempore.
Id. Effutire leves indigna tragoedia versus. Hor. CREPARE, to
make a noise. Sed quidnam foris crepuit ? Ter. Montibus altis levis
crepante lympha desilit pede. Hor. Arma civilis crepuere belli. Sen.
Figuratively : to talk again and again of, to repeat with noise, to
often
toast of. Sulcos et vineta crepat mera. Hor. Quis post vina gravem
militiam crepat ? Id. Who complains of the fatigues of war when he
is in liquor ? Laetum theatris ter crepuit sonum, Id., He made three'
huzzas in the theatre.
938. Egregius. Ejcimius.
EGREGIUS, (quasi e grege electus) chosen out of the Jlock. Egre-

gias oves mactare. Col. Figuratively : eminent, excellent. Gens
egregia. Virg. In bellica laude egregius. Cic. Corpus egregium.
Hor. Egregium facinus audere. Liv. Egregium publicum, Tac.,
The public honour. EXIMIUS, (from ex andemere) select, set apart.
Quatuor eximios praestanti corpore tauros. Virg. Neque enim esset
verisimile, cum omnibus Siculis faceret injurias, te illi unum eximi-
um, cui consuleret, fuisse. Cic. Figuratively: Hanc vos in rege tarn
eximiam injuriam, tarn acerbam neglexisse. Cic. Eximia spe ado-
lescens. Id. Eximium ingenium. Id. Egregius, electionis est ; ex-
imius, separationis. G. D.
939. Ehem. Eheu. Eho.
EHEM, an interjection denoting surprise, O strange ! hah ! ahah !

Ehem, Dema ; baud aspexeram te : quid agitur ? Ter. EHEU, an
interjection expressive of pain and grief. Ah ! alas ! well-a-day !
Eheu
conditionem hujus temporis ! Cic. Eheu, quam pingui macer est
mihi taurus in arvo ! Virg. EHO, EHODUM, an interjection, some-
times appellative, sometimes admirative. Ehodum ad me, Ter., Ho y
come hither ! Eho, quaeso, laudas qui heros fallunt, Plaut., Wonder-
ful ! you praise those who impose upon their masters.
94-0. Ejulotus. Ktgilus. Ululaius.
EJULATUS, pitiful yelling, lamentable cries. Ingemiscere nonnun-

quam viro concessum est, ejulatus vero ne mulieri quidem. Cic.
VAGITUS, the crying of young children. Vagitus et ingens infantum.
Virg. ULULATUS, (from ulula, an ozt7) a howling, cries imitating
those of wolves, or dogs howling. Canes ululant. Virg. Fcemineus
ululatus. Id. Implere montes ululatibus. Ovid. Lucan says, Laetis
ululare triumphis ; and Ovid, Liber adest, festisque fremunt ulula-
tibus agri. Caesar himself, Victoriam conclamant atque ululatum
tollunt, because these cries lasted long without interruption, as
howl-
ings do. They were /rightful like those of barbarians. Cantus ine-
untium praelium, ululatusque et tripudia. Liv.
941. Elegans. Ornatus.
ELEGANS, (legere e) properly chosen, full of taste, elegant. Ele-

gans in omnijudicio. Cic. Elegans oratio, Id., An elegant discourse.
222
wherein words are chosen with care. Elegans spectator, Ter., A spec-
tator of fine taste. Elegans in cibo, Cic., Delicate in his food. Ele-
gantem regem narras, Plaut., You speak of a king of great taste.
ORNATUS, adorned, equipped. Splendidissimus atque ornatissimus
vir. Cic. Agro bene culto nihil potest esse nee usu uberius, nee
specie ornatius. Id. Composita et ornata oratio. Id. Provincia
exercitu, pecunia instructa et ornata. Id. In the like meaning Cicero
has said, Scelere ornatus. Pessime ornatus eo, Plaut., / am in a
sad plight.
942. Elidere. Suffocare. Slrangitlare.
ELIDERE, (laedere e) properly to force out by striking, to bruise,

Angit inhaerens elisos oculos. Virg. Caput pecudis saxo elidit. Liv.
Matri denarrat ut ingens bellua cognates eliserit, Hor., The young
frog relates to her mother how a huge beast had just crushed her
sisters
to pieces. Figuratively : Poe'tae nervos omnes virtutis elidunt. Cic.
Elidi aegritudine. Id. SUFFOCARE, (sub fauces) to suffocate, to
throttle. Gallum gallinaceum suffocare. Cic. Figuratively : Fame
suffocare urbem. Cic. STRANGULARE, (stringere gulam)/o strangle,
to take away life ly stifling. Is patrem strangulavit. Cic. Figura-
tively : Strangulat segetes nimia terrae laetitia, Cic., When afield
is
too fertile, it stifles the corn.
943. Elixus. Assus.
ELIXUS, (from lix, water) boiled. Candidus elixae miscetur ca-

seus herbae. Ovid. Assus, (quasi arsus,/rom ardere) roasted. At
simul assis miscueris elixa. Hor. Assus sol, Cic., The scorching sun.
Assus is also taken in the sense of being without mixture, alone,
pure.
Assa v^x, Varr., A concert of voices without instruments. Assae
tibiae,
Id., Flutes without the accompanying of voices. Assa nutrix, Cels., A
careful nurse ; quod pueroadsit, or assit, which is a different
origin.
944. Elof/uentia. Eloquium. Elocutio. Facundia.
ELOQUENTIA, (from loqui) the gift of speaking well, and of per-

suading. Elof/uence is a lively and persuasive turn, supported by
bold,
brilliant, andfigurative expressions. Nihil aliud est eloquentia, quam
copiose loquens sapientia. Cic. Ut hominis decus est ingenium, sic
ingenii lumen eloquentia. Cic. Figuratively : Eloquentia corporis,
Quint., Action in speaking. ELOQUIUM, discourse, manner of expres-
sion. Dulci ac blando eloquio amicum solatus. Plaut. Insolitum elo-
quium tulit facundia praeceps. Hor. ELOCUTIO, elocution, a Jit
and proper order of words and sentences, delivery. Elocutio est ido-
neorum verborum et sententiarum ad rein inventam accommodatio.
Cic. Oratio, nisi subest res ab oratore percepta et cognita, inanem
quandam habet elocutionem. Id. Elocutio perfecta et commoda tres
res in se habere debet, elegantiam, compositionem, dignitatem. Id.
FACUNDIA, grace in speaking. Facundise parens Cicero. Quint.
Alere facundiam, vires augere eloquentia?. Id. Eloquentia probamus,
placemus, persuademus ; dulci ac blando eloquio amicum solamur ;
elocutione idonea verba, et sententias ad rein inventam accommo-
damus ; facundia auditorum animos conciliamus. G. D.
945. Eludere. Eluctari.

ELUDERE, (ludere e) to elude, to shift off', to get out of a scrape.
223
Elusit calumniam jocis. Phaed. Canes elusit. Id. Oraculi sortem vel
elusit vel implevit. Q. Curt ELUCTARI, to break through, to extri-
cate one's-self with a great effort. Locorum difficultates eluctatus.
Tac. Eluctari per multa impedimenta. Sen.
. 946. Eluere. Diluere.
ELUERE, (luere e) to washout. Sanguinem perfusum eluere. Cic.

Corpus eluere. Ovid. Figuratively : Eluere vitae sordes et animi
labes.
Cic. Amaraque curarum eluere efficax (cadus). Hor. Maculasfur-
torum et flagitiorum sociorum innocentium sanguine eluere. Cic.
DILUERE, (lucre de) to dissolve with liquids, to dilute. Lacte favos
et miti dilue Baccho. Virg. Super lateres coria inducuntur, ne ca-
nalibus aquaimmissa lateres diluere possit. Caes. Figuratively : To
drive away. Cura fugit, nrultoque diluitur mero. Ovid. Diluere mo-
lestias. Cic.
947. Emancipare. Manumitlere. Rude Donare.
EMANCIPARE, (from mancipium, right of property) in saidof chil-

dren, nephews, or any other under one's jurisdiction ; to set at
liberty, to
free from power. Nam adoptatum emancipari, ne sit ejus filius qui
adoptaverit. Cic. It also signifies to put under the power of another.
Emancipatus fceminse, Hor., To alienate. Emancipare agrum. Cic.
MANUMITTERE, to enfranchise a slave: masters gave freedom to
their slaves by a gentle tap. Milo servos manumisit. Cic. Emancipare,
de liberis dicitur ; sicut manumittere, de servis, as grammarians say.
RUDE DONARE, to discharge from further business: Rudis was a
wooden foil, that was presented to gladiators in token of a discharge
or
release from that exercise, when they had given sufficient proof soft
heir
abilities and strength. Tarn bonus gladiator rudem tarn cito acce-
pisti. Cic. Figuratively : Spectatum satis et donatum jam rude quae-
ris, Maecenas, iterum antiquo me includere ludo. Hor.
948. Em ax. Emptor.
EMAX, (from emo) one ready to buy, or fond of buying. Nonesse

emacem, vectigal est. Cic. Institor ad dominam veniet discinctus
emacem. Ovid. Figuratively : Prece non tu poscis emaci, Juv.,
You do not haggle with the gods, you put no condition to your prayers.
EMPTOR, a purchaser, a buyer. Ne quid omnino quod venditor
norit, emptor ignoret. Cic.
949. Emere. Coemere. Mercari. NundinarL
EMERE, to buy. Emere dimidio carius, Cic., To buy too dear by

half. Emere aliquem donis. Liv. Bene emere, Cic., To buy cheap.
Male emere, Id., To buy dear. COEMERE, (emere cum) to buy up
commodities. Omnia bona coe'mit. Cic. MERCARI, (from merx)
to buy goods, to trade. Sordidi etiam putandi qui mercantur a mer-
catoribus, quod statim vendant. Cic. Praesenti pecunia mercari.
Plaut. Mercari Graeca fide, Id., has the same meaning : Plautus men-
tions here the honesty of the Greeks, who were very regular in their
pay-
ments. Figuratively : Hoc niagno mercentur Atridae, Virg., The sons
of Atreus would give ever so much to have this done. NUNDINARI,
( from nundinas, a fair which wa kept at Rome every ninth day ) to buy
24
publicly, to sell pub/icly, w properly said of fairs ; it is taken in

a more
general sense, Una in domo omnes, quorum intererat, totuni impe-
rium Reipiiblicoe nundinabantur. Cic. Ab isto et praeco, qui voluit,
Senatorium ordinem pretio mercatus est ; et pueri Senatorium no-
men nundinati sunt. Id.
950. Emergere. Enare.
EMERGERE, (mergere e) to come out of the water. Avesseinmare

mergunt et emergunt. Cic. Figuratively : Emergere ex mendicitate.
Cic. Emergere ex aliquo negotio. Id. Multorum improbitate de-
pressa veritas emergit. Id. ENARE, (nare e) to su-im out, to swim
to land, to escape by fwimming. Multae naves ejectae, niultse ita
haustae
mari, ut nemo in terram enaverit. Liv. Figuratively : Insuetum per
iter gelidas enavit ad Arctos. Virg.
951. Emigrare. Demigrare.
EMIGRARE, (migrare e) logo from one place to another, to remove.

Domo ejus emigrat atque adeo exit, nam jam ante migrarat. Cic.
Figuratively: Emigrare e vita. Cic. DEMIGRARE, to remove from,
one's dwelling or lodging, in order to go somewhere else. Demigrandum
potius aliquo est, quam habitandum in ea urbe. Cic. Ad sodalem
tuum demigrasti. Id. Emigrasti would not be so proper. Figuratively :
Demigrandum est ab improbis, Cic., We must f/uit the conversation
and society of the wicked.
952. Eminere. Prominere.
EMINERE, (from e, and the obsolete minere, to appear, which is

found in Lucretius ) to appear above. Eminens e mari globus terrae.
Cic. Figuratively : Eminct illius audacia. Cic. Eminet animus max-
ime in contemnendis doloribus. Id. PROMINERE, (minere pro) to
jut or stand out. Prominere e caetera acie. Liv. Collis prominet in
pontum. Ovid. Figuratively: Prominere in posteritatem. Liv.
953. Emissarius. Eicursor. Precursor.
EMISSARIUS, (mittere e) an emissary, one appointed to procure in-

formation, a spy, an inspector or overseer. Persuaseratque nonnullis
invidis meis se in me emissarium semper fore. Cic. EXCURSOR,
(currere e) a runner, a running footman, a scout. Est igitur victor!
omnium gentium omne certamen cum excursore, cum latrone. Cic.
Turpio quidam istius excursor et emissarius, homo omnium ex illo
conventu quadruplatorum deterrimus. Id. PRECURSOR, (currere
ptae) a forerunner. Hunc proccarsorem habere solebat et emissa-
rium. Cic.
954. Emori. Demori.
EMORI, to l-e a long while in n dying stale, to decay utterly. Cogit-

que miseras arida sede emori. Phaed. Aut vincere, aut emori. Cic.
Figuratively . Quorum laus emori non potest. Cic. DLMORI (mori
de) is very well said of the death of the member of any society. Cum
esset ex veterum numero quidam senator demortuus. Cic. Sanxe-
runt, ne quis emeret mancipium, nisi in demortui locum. Id. Au-
gurem in demortui locum nominare. Id. Figuratively: Demoritur
ea te, Plaut., She is mightily in love with you.
225
955. Enodare. Enucleare.
ENODARE, to cut away the knots of trees. Alni summae yirgae de-
bent enodari. Gol. Figuratively : to explain, to expound difficulties.
Aristoteles nominatim cujusque praecepta enodata diligenter expo-
suit. Cic. In enodandis nominibus elaborates. Id. ENUCLEARE,
(from nucleus) to take out the kernel. Figuratively / to explain, to
make manifest. Nee quicquam in amplificationibus nimis enuclean-
dum est, minuta est enim omnis diligentia. Cic. Rem enodamus, ut
clarior fiat ; enuclearaus, ut tota cernatur. G. D.
956. Enubere. Innulere.
ENUBERE, (nubere e) to be married out of ones order, rank, or de-

gree, speaking of a woman, to marry below herself. Virginiam Auli
filiam Plebeio nuptam matronae, quod e Patribus enupsisset, sacris
arcuerunt. Liv. INNUBERE, (nubere in) to be married into another
family. lis in quibus nata esset humiliora non sinebat ea quse innup-
sisset, Liv., speaking of an ambitious woman, who will not have a
husband lelow the rank of her father. Innuptus is said in another
sense,
non nuptus, unmarried. Innupta paella, Virg., A maiden lady. In-
nuptae nuptiae, Cic., A marriage not performed according to law.
957. Eous. Lucifer. Hesperus.
Eous, (from faos, aurora) properly eastern. Eoasque acies, Virg.,

The eastern troops. It is made a substantive, to denote either the
name
of one of the horses of the Sun (equus being understood), or of the
day-
star. Aut cum sole novo terras irrorat Eous. Virg. The Latins have
called it LUCIFER, lucem ferens. Stella Veneris, quae Latine Lucifer
dicitur, cum antegreditur solem. Cic. The same star is called HESPE-
RUS, or Vesper, when it appears at sun-set : cum subsequitur autem,
Hesperus. Cic.
958. Ephebus. Pules.
EPHEBUS, (from lir) and r t y, youth) a young man, a youth. Ac-

cording to Censorinus, young men were placed amongst the ephebifrom
the age of fifteen to seventeen. Nam is postquam excessit ex ephebis.
Ter. Greges epheborum. Cic. PUEES or PCBER, one of the ageof
puberty, which was fourteen for boys, and twelve for girls. Puber
setas.
Liv. Pater filium puberem habens. Cic. Pubes properly signifies
downy, covered with hair.
959. Epistola. Littera. l.itterce.
EPISTOLA, (from sTfifffsXXca, mitto) a letter, an epistle. Hoc est

epistolae proprium, ut is ad quern scribitur, de iis rebus, quas igno-
rat, certior fiat. Cic. Ei epistolae his litteris respondeo. Id. LIT-
TERA, a letter, a character of the alphabet. Demosthenes ejus artis,
cui studebat, primam litteram non poterat dicere. Cic. It is synony-
mous with epistola only in the plural ; with this difference, that it
will
have the ordinal number, and epistola the cardinal. We $ay duae epi-
stolae, and not binae epistolae ; whereas we must say binae litteras,
and
not duae litterae, unless we mean to signify two letters of the
alphabet.
Binae continuae litterae. Cic. Litterae facetae et elegantes. Id. We
however find in Cicero : Ut Romam venit, nullam litteram pupillo,
nullam tutoribus reddidit.
Q
CCtf
960. Eputolam scribere. Epislolam inscrilere.
EPISTOLAM SCRIBERE, to write a letter. Noli putare mead quem-

quara longiores epistolas scribere. Cic. EPISTOLAM INSCRIBERE,
to write the direction of a letter. Q. Cicero puer legit, ut opinor,
et
epistolam inscriptain patri suo ; solet enim aperire. Cic.
961. Epistolis lacessere. Provocare. Oltundere.
EPISTOLIS LACESSERE, to challenge by fetters. EPISTOLJS PROVO-

CARE, to provoke by letters, to write the first. Non te epistolis, sed
voluminibus lacesserem, quibus quidem me a te provocari oportebat.
Cic EPISTOLIS OBTUNDERE, to lease or tire out with letters. Ego si
somnuni capere possem, tarn longis te epistolis non obtunderem. Cic.
962. Equester. Equinus.
EQUESTER, of or belonging to cavalry, or to the order of knighthood.

Equestre praelium. Caes. Copiae equestres. Cic. Splendor equestris.
Id. Equester ordo. Id. EQUIXUS, of or belonspng to a horse. Cervix
equina. Hor. Crista equina. Virg.
963. Ei/uijvgales. Equifunales.
The horses put nearest the pole of a coach were called EQUI ju-
GALES ; and those placed on the sides were called EQUI FCXALES. That
which was at the right hand side was called Dexterior funalis ; and
that
at the left t Sinisterior funalis : it must be understood of horses
placed
all abreast. Sinisteriori funali equo Tiberius, dexteriori Marcellus.
Suet. Jugales equi in medio ; funales ab utroque latere. G. D.
964s Equitare. Alequilare.
EQUITARE, (yromequus) to ride a horse. Cum is equitaret cum

suis delectis equitibus. Cic. Horace has said, Equitare in arundine
longa: and Pliny, Equitare in camelis. Figuratively: Jactabit se,
et in his equitabit equuleis. Cic. ABEQUITARE, (equitare ab) to
ride away. Ut praetores pavidi inter tumultum abequitarent. Liv.
965. Eradicare. Extirpare.
ERADICARE, {from radix) to root up. It is mostly used figura-

tively. Dii te eradicent. Ter. (a kind of swearing.) Eradicare aures,
Plaut, To fatigue one with speaking. EXTIRPARE, ( from stirps) to
pluck up by the root, plant and all : it is more used in the
figurative
sense. Extirpare humanitatem ex animo. Cic. Extirpare perturba-
tiones. Id.
966. Erralundus. Erraiicus. Vagus. Profugus.
ERRABUN'DUS, (from errare) wandering here and there, denotes the

action. Nunc errabundi domos suas, ultimum illas visuri, pervaga-
rentur. Liv. Errabunda bovis vestigia. Virg. KRRATICUS, wan-
dering or straying abroad, denotes the habit of wandering. Yitem scr-
pentem multiplici lapsu et erratico, ferro amputans coercet ars agri-
colarum. Cic. Erratica Delos, Ovid., Delos floating to and fro
VAGUS, vagabond, rambling at random. Vagus esse cogitabam. Cic.
Vagi gressus. Mart. Figuratively : Vaga volubilisque fortuna. Cic.
Vagi tumores. Ovid. De Deo immortali non errans et vaga, sed sta-
227
bilis certaque sententia. Cic. Vagus animus, Cic., An irresolute

mind. Vaguni nomen, Mart., A name common to many. PROFUGUS,
(quasi porro fugatus) a fugitive from his country. Trojani qui JEne'a.
duce profugi sedibus incertis vagabantur. Sail. It is said of one
often
changing the place of his residence and dwelling. Scythae profugi.
Hor.
967. Erratio. Error. Erratum.
ERRATIC, o wandering, a going out of one' sway. Sane hac multo

propius ibit, minor est erratic. Ter. Motam cceli ab omni erratione
liberavit. Cic. Figuratively : mutability, inconstancy. In ccelo nee
fortuna, nee temeritas, nee erratio, nee vanitas inest. Cic. ERROR,
the going out of the way considered in itself, uncertain and
inconside-
rate motions. Errores Ulyssis. Cic. Indeprehensus et irremeabilis
error labyrinthi. Virg. Figuratively : an error, a false and wrong
opinion, uncertainly of opinion. In re tarn clara nominum error ma-
net, utrius populi Horatii, utrius Curiatii fuerint. Liv. Erroribus
caecari. Cic. Errorem cum lacte nutricis suximus. Id. ERRATUM,
a fault done by error. Cui errato nulla venia. Cic. Non meum
erratum, sed tuum. Id. Errata setatis. Id. Commune erratum. Id.
Erratio agentis est; error, patientis ; erratum, delinquentis. G. D.
968. Erumpere. Evadere.
ERU.MPERE, (rumpere e) to break or burst out. Si paratiores es-

sent ad insequendum omnes, sive noctu, sive interdiu erumperent.
Caes. Occasione rursus erumpam data. Phasd. Figuratively : Erum-
pit furor et indignatio. Liv. Ilisus repente erupit. Cic. EVADERE,
(vadere e) to get out of great difficulties. E manibus hostium eva-
dere. Cic. Casus evaserat omnes. Virg. Abiit, excessit, evasit,
erupit. Cic. Figuratively : Hoc quorsum evadat ? Cic.
969. Eruptio. Irruptio.
ERUPTIO. (from erumpere) an eruption, a sally, an effort to get

out of. Eruptio amnis. Sen. Repente ex oppido eruptionem fece-
runt. Caes. IRRUPTIO, an irruption, a bursting upon and into. Cum
hostium copiae non longe absunt, etiamsi irruptio facta nulla sit, ta-
men pecora relinquuntur. Cic. Irruptionem facere in aliquem lo-
cum. Plaut. E loco fit eruptio ; in locuni fit irruptio. G. D.
970. Evanescere. Exarescere.
EVANESCERE, (from vanus) to vanish away, to disappear. In te-

nuem evanuit auram. Virg. Extenuatur et evanescit spes. Cic.
EXAKESCERE, (from arere) to become dry. Evanuerunt et exaru-
erunt amnes. Cic. Figuratively : Vetus urbanitas exaruit. Cic. Ex-
aruit vetustate opinio. Id. Exaruerunt orationes Galbae, Id., Galba's
orations wear out of es'.eem and value.
971. Evidens. Perspicuus.
EVIDEXS, (from videre) evident, visible, plain and easy. Evidens

est de quo inter nos conveniat. Cic. Quod in homine multo est evi-
dentius. Id. PERSPICUCJS, (from per, and the obsolete word spice-
re) transparent, perspicuous. Liquor perspicuus. Ovid. Figuratively :
Quod perspicuam omnibus veritatem continet, nihil indiget appro-
bationis. Cic. Evidentes et perspicuse res. Id. Plus est evidentia
quam perspicuitas. Quint.
Q 2
228
972. Evincere. Pervincere.
EVIXCERE, to convict, to gain one's point. Multis testibus evictus.

Cic. Evincuntque instando, ut litterae sibi ad Tarquinios darentur.
Liv. // also signifies, to drive out, to displace. Evincere somnos.
Ovid. Flatanus evincit ulmos. Hor. PEUVIXCERE, to overcome, to
prevail over. Cato restitit et pervicit, Cic., Cato opposed it, and
got
the day. Pervicerunt remis, ut terrain tenerent, Liv., They succeeded,
iy hard rowing, in gaining the land. Hoc tibi pervincendum est,
Catull., In this you must succeed at any rate.
973. Evilabilis. Evilandus.
EVITABILIS, avoidable, that may be shunned. Evitabile telum.

Ovid. EVITAXDUS, that ought to be shunned, that must be shunned.
Ut versum fugimus in oratione, sic ii sunt evitandi continuati pedes.
Cic.
974-. Evilare. Devitare.
EVITARE, (vitare e) to avoid by going from. Pugnam evitare.

Ovid. DEVITARE, to avoid by going aside. Si nee hie nee illic eum
videro, devitatum se a me putet. Cic. Incomnioduia devitare. id.
975. Ex sententia. De sententia. In sententiam. In sententia.
Tres sunt loquendi modi, says Doletus, tarn inter se diversi atque
discrepantes, quam elegantes et venusti. Est autem Ex SENTEX-
TIA, idem quod ex voto, vel ex spe, atque ut optabamus. Ex sen-
tentia navigare. Cic. Omnia ex senteutia succedunt. Id. DE
SEXTEXTIA vero est de nutu et consilio ; ut, nihil facturus sum nisi
de tua sententia. Cic. De consilii sententia judicaras. Id. Sed Ix
SEXTEXTIAM eandem loqui dicitur, qui in eandem rationem verba
facit, vel eodem spectantia. Pluraque in earn sententiam ab eisdem
contra verecundiam disputantur. Cic. In eandem sententiam loqui-
tur Scipio. Id. Dicitur quoque Senatusconsultum vel decretum in
sententiam nostram fieri, quod tit secundum nos : id est, in utilita-
tem et commodum nostrum. Ex animi sententia is also taken in the
sense of, according to one's own opinion. Non falsum jurare pejerare
est ; sed quod ex animi tui sententia juraveris, sicut verbis concipi-
tur more nostro, id non facere, perjurium est. Cic. Nam me qui-
dem ex animi sententia nulla oratio laedere potest. Sail. Cicero has
used in sententia in the meaning q/~ex sententia. Me miserum ! quam
omnia essent in sententia, si nobis animus, si consilium, si fides co-
rum, quibus creiidimus, non defuisset. Cic.
976. Examinare. Ponderare. Librare.
EXAMIXARE, (from examen, the needle of a balance) to try by

weight, to make eaual. Et advertens pensas examinat herbas. Ovid.
Figuratively : Male verum examinat omnis corruptus judex. Hor.
Sed ea probanda, quae non aurificis statera, sed quadam populari
trutina examinantur. Cic. PONDEUARE, (from pondus) to examine
whether there is a proper weight. Dum nummularius pondcrat ar-
gentum. Plaut. Figuratively : Rem examinare, momentoque suo
ponderare. Cic. Judex non solum quid possit, sed etiam quid de-
ceat, ponderare debet. Id. LIBRARE, (from libra) to counterpoise,
to counterbalance. Terra librata suis ponderibus. Cic. Ipse suuiu
229
corpus geminaslibravit in alas. Ovid. Figuratively: Omnia prius-

quam aliquid statuas libranda sunt. Apul.
977. Exanimare. Exterminare.
EXANIMARE, (from anima) to make one out of breath. Quern tulit

ad scenam ventoso gloria curru, exanimat lentus spectator, sedulus
inflate Hor. Inflat in this sentence points out the energy of exanimat
;
likewise in Cicero. Nolo verba exiliter exanimata exire, nolo inflata
et anhelata gravius. // generally signifies, to kill, to terrify.
Gravi
vulnere exanimari. Cic. Te metus exanimat judiciorum et legum.
Id. Vicinum funus aegros exanimat. Hor. EXTERMINARE, (quasi
terminis ejicere) to banish. Exterminate urbe, agro. Cic. A Diis
Penatibus exterminare. Id. Figuratively : Exterminare quaestio-
nes. Cic. Exterminare aliquorum auctoritatem. Id. It is never
used to signify exterminating or destroying utterly.
978. Exanimis. ' Inanimus. Exanimalis.
EXANIMIS and EXANIMUS, lifeless. Ut uno ictu exanimem equo

prsecipitaret. Liv. Exanimumque auro corpus vendebat Achilles.
Virg. Figuratively : out of ones mind. Pavidus et exanimis. Hor.
INANIMUS, inanimate, that never had life. Partim sunt inanima,
ut aurum, argentum. Cic. Inanimum nihil agit, animal agit aliquid.
Id. EXANIMALIS, that brings death, that is without life. Curae ex-
animales. Plaut. Ni ilium exanimalem faxo. Id.
979. Exauctoratus. JEre dirulus.
EXAUCTORATUS miles is a soldier discharged from military service.

Postero die concione advocata de rebus a se gestis cum disseruisset,
milites exauctoratos dimisit. Caes. A soldier was coiled ÊRE DI-
RUTUS, when, for some misdemeanour, he had forfeited his pay, because
then sere diruebatur in fiscum. Cicero uses it wittily to call Verres
a
bankrupt : Aleatoris Placentini castra commemorabuntur, in qui-
bus cum frequens fuisset, tamen acre dirutus est.
980. Excidere. Succidere.
EXCIDERE, (caedere ex) to cut out by the roots, to root out by cut-
ting. Arborem excidere. Cic. Lapides excidere ex terra. Id.
SUCCIDERE, (caedere sub) to cut under, to cut down. Segetes succi-
dere. Virg. Frumentis succisis. Caes.
981. Excudere. Extundere.
EXCUDERE, (cudere ex) to beat or strike out. Et primum silicis

scintillam excudit Achates. Virg. Figuratively : Tibi de gloria ex-
cudam aliquid,- Cic., I will compose for you a work on glory. EX-
TUNDERE, (tundere ex) to pound out, to grind 021 1, is mostly used fi-
guratively. Cum labor extuderit fastidia. Hor. Ut varias usus
meditando extunderet artes, Virg., In order that meditation and ex-
perience might little by little find out the different arts.
982. Excursio. Incur sio.
EXCURSIO, (currere ex) an excursion, a sally out, a running out.

Via ilia excursionibus Barbarorum est infesta. Cic. Cum una ex-
cursio equitatus per brevi tempore totius anni vectigal auferre pos-
230
sit. Id. In tie jaculis suvnmoti recurrere ad suos, hide excursiones

invicem fieri. Liv. INCURSIO, (currere in) an incursion, an inroad,
a running in, upon, or against. Incursiones militum in agros hos-
tium. Cic. Annibal cum exercitu hostiliter in fines Romanes in-
cursionem facit. Liv. Incursio atque impetus hostium. Caes.
983. Excusare. Purgare.
EXCUSARE, ( from ex and causo) to excuse, denotes something done

amiss, but involuntary, or caused by hinderance, or for strong
reasons.
Varroni memineris excusare tarditatem inearum litterarum. Cic.
Quidam excusari se arbitrantur, quia non sine niagna causa pecca-
verint. Id. Antequam sententiam diceret, propinquitatem excu-
savit. Id. Purgavit would be improper. PUKGARE, (purum facere)
to purify, to make clean. Omm'a purgat ignis edax. Ovid. Immissi
falcibus multi , locum purgarimt. Cic. Figuratively : To clear one
from an accusation, to justify. Ei me de ea re purgavi. Cic. Servos
ipsos neque arguo, neque purgo. Id. Purgare se per litteras. Id.
Crimea purgamus negando ; delictum excusamus causando, prse-
texendo. G. D.
984. Execrari. Deteslari. Abominari. Horrere. Abhorrere. Odisse.

Exhorrescere.
EXECUARI, (from ex and sacer) to execrate, to accurse. Tullia

donio profugit, execrantibus quacunque incedebat. Liv. Omnes
te oderunt, tibi pestem exoptant, te execrantur. Cic. DETESTARI,
(from testis) to call u'hat is most sacred to witness that a thing is
not.
Summum Jovem Deosque detestor, me neque isti mala fecisse.
Plaut. It commonly signifies to detest, to reject with indignation.
Cum
viderunt, tanquam auspicium malum detestantur. Cic. Dii immor-
tales, avertite et dctestamini, quaeso, hoc omen. Id. Horace Has used
detestata passively. Bellaque matribus detestata ABOMIN T ARI,
f from ab and omen) to abominate. Ante omnia abominati sunt
semi-mares. Liv. Quod ego abominor, Piin., Godjorl-id .' It admits
of a passive signification in the participle in us, a, urn.
Parentibusque
abommatus Annibal. Hor. HORRERE, properly, to stand on end.
Coma; horruerunt. Ovid. Figuratively : To stand in such great fear
as to dread coming near. Te negligit aut horret. Hor. Minasillius
horreo. Cic. Divinum numen horrcre. Id. Totus tremo horreo-
que. Ter. ABHOR HERE, (horrere ab) to have an antipathy or aver-
sion to. Se a nuptiis abhorrere respondit. Ter. Parum abhorrens
famam. Liv. Bein% not at all uneasy about ivhnt may be said of him.
Figuratively.- Ab'iorret voluntas ejus a me. Cic. Illud abhorret a.
fide, Liv.. That is not credible. OIMSSE, to hate. Accrbr- otpenitus
aliquem odisse. Cic. Odi profanum vulgus, et arceo. Hor. Ex-
IIOKKK.SCKKE, to dread, to l-c sore afraid of. Qua 1 nos c-xhorrescere
metu non sinat. Cic. Adveni.it, vultus neve cxhorrescat amicos.
Virg.
Exedra. Ejcedrium.
EXEDRA, (from 5 and sococ,, a seat) a bench for six persons to sit
upon. A drau'ii/g-room or parlour with six seats, wherein learned men
assembled for c{ist<ntr*iii. Cotta in earn i-Ni-dram VL'iiit, in qua
Cras-
sus lectulo posito reculniisset. Cic. l^tsi multa in omni parte Atlie-
231
narum sunt in ipsis locis indicia summorum virorum, tauicn ego ilia
moveor exedra. Id. It might be letter to spell it hexedra. EXE-
DRIUM, (diminutive of exedra) a small room for conversation. Ex-
cdria quaedam raihi nova sunt instituta in porticula Tusculani ; ea
volebam tabellis ornare. Cic.
986. Exemplar. Exemplum.
EXEMPLAR is properly the original out of which copies are taken, a

copy of a look, a pattern to be imitated. Exemplaria Graeca nocturna
versate manu, versate diurna. Hor. Respicere exemplar vitae mo -
rumque jubebo doctum imitatorem. Id. EXEMPLUM, an example
to be followed or imitated. Praebere exeraplum aliis. Liv. Aliis
exemplo esse. Ter. Exemplum is also said of a thing brought in for
the proof and declaration of a matter. His ego rebus exempla ad-
jungerem, nisi cernerem, &c. Cic. Exemplum est, quod rem auc-
toritate, aut casu alicujus hominis aut negotii confirmat aut
infirmat.
Id. It is also said of a copy of an original. Caesaris litterarum ex-
eniplum tibi rnisi. Cic.
987. Ezequice. Fxnus. Justa. Fcralia. Inferior. Sepultura.

Humaiio.
EXEQUIES, (from ex and sequi) the funeral solemnities at a burial,

the train of a funeral pomp, burial. Mater exequias illius funeris
prosecuta est. Cic. Exequias celebrare. Plin. FUNUS, (from
funis, because the corpse u'as accompanied to the funeral pile with
lighted
torches} a funeral, the solemnities observed in burying. Si fanus id
habendum sit, quo non amici conveniunt ad exequias cohonestandas.
Cic. JUSTA, the last duties and necessary services belonging to a bu-
rial, according to order or custom. It was the TO. VOÎÔÊVOI. of the
Greeks. Justis exequiarum carere. Liv. Justa funeri paterno sol-
vere. Cic. FERALIA, {from ferre) days sacred to the memory of the
dead, the sacrifices on these days. Hanc, quia justa ferunt, dixere
feralia, lucem ; ultima placandis Manibus ista dies. Ovid. INFERUE,
(from inferre ) sacrifices tn the infernal gods offered on the graves
of
the dead. Mittere inferias extincto. Ovid. SEPULTURA, (from
sepelire) burial, a laying of a corpse in the ground, the ceremonies
of
a burial. Honore sepulturae carere. Cic. Insepulta sepultura, Id.,
IPhen all the funeral rites are not performed. HUMATIO, (from hu-
mus) a burying, interring, or covering with earth. Aliquid etiam de
humatione et sepultura dicendum existimo. Cic.
988. Exercitatio. Exercitium.
EXERCITATIO, exercise, the act of exercising one's-self, both physi-

cally and morally. Color exercitationibus corporis tuendus est. Cic.
Hae sunt exercitationes ingenii. Id. Exercitatio est assiduus usus
consuetudoque. Id. EXERCITIUM, the exercise itself, the practice,
u-hat is exercising. Exercitium dicendi. Gell. Animo pro exer-
citio uti. Sail.
989. Exercitus. Exercitatus.
EXERCITUS, exercised, tried by hardships. Exercitus in re mili-

tari longo bellorum usu. Cic. Quid enim nobis laboriosius, quid
magis sollicitum, magis exercitum dici aut fingi potest ? Id. Scilicet
adversis probitas exercita rebus. Ovid. EXERCITATUS, (frequen-
232
tative of the above") adds to the signification of it ; much and often

ex-
ercised. Homo in hominibus necandis exercitatus. Cic. Exerci-
tatus in dicendo, Id., expresses more than exercitus in dicendo. Like-
wise Curis exercitatus, Cic., expresses more than Curis exercitus,
Tac., Agitated, tortured with cares and uneasiness.
990. Exerere. Prodere. Edere. Prqferre. Promere.
EXERERE, (from ex and sero, serui) to thrust out or put forth.

Manuque subter togam ad mentum exerta. Liv. Figuratively :
Mentis secreta exerere. Sen. Haec exerit fabula, Phaed., This fable
shows. PKODERE, (porro dare) to show, to expose to notice. Pro-
dere conscios. Cic. Prodere interregem, Liv., To appoint a regent.
Memoriam alicujus rei prodere. Cic. It also signifies to yield, to
sur-
render, to delay or put off. Classem praedonibus prodere. Cic. Impe-
trabo ut aliquot saltern nuptiis prodat dies. Ter. EDERE, (dare e)
to bring forth. Partu novissimo edidit Juliam. Ter. Edere legem.
Cic. Edere librum. Id. Figuratively: Edere caedem, Liv., To com-
mit murder. PROFERRE, (ferre pro) 1. to set forward. Proferre
pedem. Hor. Proferrem libros, si negares. Cic. 2. to put off or
prolong. Saltern aliquot dies prefer, dum proficiscar aiiquo. Ter.
3. to enlarge, to extend. Proferre imperium ultra. Virg. PROMERE,
(from emere, to lake away, and pro) to draw, to bring forth. Vina
promere dolio. Hor. Diem promit et celat sol. Id. Pecuniam tu
ex area proferebas ; disciplinu et artificio Roscius promebat. Cic.
A cat promit its claws ; a mouse profert its head out of a hole ; an
author edit a new work ; an ear of corn caput exerit ; a criminal put
to the rack prodit conscios. G. D.
991. Exhaurire. Exinanire. ,
EXHAURIRE, (haurire ex) to exhaust, to dry up; it is properly said

of liquids. Exhaurire poculum, fontem. Cic. Figuratively : Bonis
civitates exhaurire. Cic. Mandata exhaurire, Id., To obey the orders
punctually. Sibi vitam exhausit, Id., He has made away with him-
self. Omnibus exhaust! casibus. Virg. Exhaurire librum, Sen.,
To read a look through. Cicero has used exhaurire in the sense of
haurire. LibentiCis omnes meas laudes ad te tfansfuderim, quam
aliquam partem exhauserim e tuis. EXINANIRE, (from inanis) to
empty, to evacuate a place by taking out of it whatever it contained.
Domos exinanire. Cic. Figuratively : Regibus atque gentibus ex-
inanitis. Cic. Exinanire aciem, Caes., To take away part of the main
body of an army. A drunkard exhaurit pocula ; a thief exinanit
crumenas. G. D.
992. Exhibere. Ostendere. Ostentare. Monstrare. Dcmonstrare.
EXHIBERE, (habere ex) to show, to make appear. Vires exhibere.

Ovid. Omnia integra exhibere. Cic. Exhibe vocis fidem. Pined.
OSTENDERE, (quasi os tendere, as we do when we show any thing)
to expose to sight, to hold forth. Os suuni populo Romano ostemlere.
Cic. Jamque ostendisti signa nutrici. Ter. Figuratively : Mores
alicujus ostendere. Cic. Consules se optime ostendunt, Id., The
consuls carry themselves so as to give great hopes from them. OS-
TENTARE, ( frequentative of ostendere) to show often, to show often
in a boasting manner, to point out a thing carefully. Opes Sidonias
233
ostentat Dido. Virg. Ut potius amorem tibi ostenderem meum,

quam ostentarem prudentiara. Cic. MONSTRARE, to inform, to
point out by some particular token. Erranti comiter monstrare vium.
Cic. Indice monstrare digito. Hor. DEMONSTRARE, to demon-
strate, to prove evidently, or with the highest degree of certainly.
De-
monstravi hoc Gaelic, et illud ostendi, si ipse unus cum illo conten-
deret, me ei satisfacturum fuisse. Cic. Exhibemus quod in nobis,
aut in nostris est, ut juvet aut prosit ; ostendimus quod circa nos
est, ut animadvertatur ; ostentarnus, ut admiration! sit, ne inobser-
vatum praetermittatur ; demonstramus, ut nullus dubitandi locus sit ;
moustramus, ut cognitum sit. G. D.
993. Exigere. Expellere. Ejicere. Depellere.
EXIGERE, (agere ex) to drive out, to compel to go. Exigere e ci-

vitate reges. Cic. Exegit omnes foras. Plaut. Figuratively : Ex-
igere opus, Ovid., To finish a work. Exegi monumentum sere per-
ennius. Hor. Exegit ensem per praecordia, Ovid., He thrust a
sword into his body. EXPELLERE (pellere ex) seems to denote the
use of great strength in order to drive out. Non expulsi, sed evocati
e patria. Cic. Expellere aliquem regno. Caes. Figuratively: Na-
turam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret. Hor. EJICERE, (ja-
cere e) to cast out. Ejicere nos magnum fuit, excludere facile est,
Cic., // was difficult to thrust us out, it is very easy to keep us
from
getting in again. Turpius ejicitur quam non admittitur hospes.
Ovid. Exigimus ingressos, aut ejicimus ; nolentes expeilimus. G. D.
DEPELLERE, (pellere de) to drive out of an elevated place. Depelli
ac deduci de loco. Cic. Simulachra Deorum immortalium depulsa
sunt. Cic. Depellere agnum & matre, Virg., To wean a lamb. Fi-
guratively : Suspicionem a se depellere. Cic. De spe depelli. Liv.
Molem mali a cervicibus depellere. Cic.
994. Exilis. Tennis. Gracilis. Macer.
EXILIS, thin, slender. Exile jecur. Cic. Exiles artus. Ovid.

Figuratively : Exile sermonis genus. Cic. Exilia dicere. Id. TE-
NUIS, fine, small, delicate. Ae'r purus et tenuis. Cic. Natura ocu-
los membranis tenuissimis vestivit. Id. Figuratively : Injuria pro-
hibere tenuiores. Cic. Tenuissima valetudine esse. Caes. GRACI-
i-is, slim, lank. Haud similis virgo est virginum nostrarum, quas
matres student demissis humeris esse, vincto corpore, ut graciles
sint, Ter., that they may be of a slender shape. MACER, (from
u.axpo$, long] lean. Macracavum repetes, quern macrasubisti. Hor.
Agello macro pauper. Id. In corpore gracili et macro membranas
videmus admodum tenues, et exilibus fibris contextas. G. D.
995. Exire. Egredi.
EXIRE, (ire ex) to come or go out, to retire to another place. Ex

Italia ad civile bellum exire. Cic. Exire in solitudinem, Id., To
retire to a solitary place. Figuratively : Exire e Patriciis. Cic.
Exire
aere alieno, Id., To get out of debt. EGREDI, (gradior e) to step
forth : it is only said of things that walk, or are considered as
walking
Egredi obviam. Liv. Extra aliquem locum egredi. Cic. Egredi e
navi. Id. Figuratively : Egredi a proposito. Cic. Egredi suo officio.
234
Ter. Historia non dehet egredi veritatem, Plin. Ep., History ought
not to go beyond the truth.
996. Existere. Extare,
EXISTERE (from ex and sisto) and EXTAKE (from ex andsto)

differ in this, that existere implies change from a place. Existere ab
inferis. Liv. Cicero, speaking of the first shoots that come out in
spring,
says: Gramma existunt. Quippe videre licet vivos existere vermes
stercore de tetro. Lucr. Figuratively : E virtutibus beata vita ex-
istit. Cic. Ex familia existere, Id., To be born of, or to issue from
a family. EXTARE denotes no motion at all. Extare ex aqua, Cic.,
To appear above the water. Existere ex aqua is to rise from the water.
Figuratively : Senatuscousultum extat nullum. Cic. Extat memoria,
sunt tabulae publicee. Id.
997. Existere. Esse.
EXISTERE, synonymous with, Esse, denotes actual existence ; and

ESSE property in the subject. Res quae in praesentiu existunt. Cic.
Nunc honor est pietati. Id. Est et tuae et nostri imperii dignita-
tis. Id.
998. Exolescere. Inolescere. Olsolescere.
EXOLESCERE, (from ex anrfolor, odour) properly, to have lost it*

smell, to lose strength. It is only used figuratively : to fail, to
grow
out of use. JEtas tua jam ad ea patienda exoleverat, Cic , Owing
to your age, you tvas not able to suffer those things. Exolevit favor,
Liv., His influence w&s lost. Nondum ea clades exoleverat, Tac.,
The remembrance of that loss still existed. Exoletus puer, Cic., A
ruined young man exhausted with debauchery. INOLESCERE, to grow
up and strengthen. Hue aliena ex arbore germen includunt, udo-
que docent inolescere libro. Virg. OBSOLESCEHE, to be out of
fashion or use ; to be stained and dishonoured. Obsolevit jam ista
oratio. Cic. In honiine turpissimo obsolescunt dignitatis insignia.
Id.
999. Exonerare. Deonerare.
EXOXERARE, (from ex and onus) to unload, to unburden. Lanam

mollire puellac discant, et plenas exonerare colos. Ovid. Figura-
tively : Fidem exonerare, Liv., To perform one's promise. Exone-
rare aliquem metu, Id., To free one from fear. DEONERARE, to
take off part of the burden : it is not found but in the figurative
sense.
Deonerare aliquid ex invidia alterius, et in se trajicere, Cic., To
free
a. person from part of the odium, and take it upon one's self. He who
completely performs his promise, (idem cxoncrat ; he who performs only
jart of it, fidem deonerat. G. D.
1000. Exoptare. Prceoplare.
EXOPTARE, to wish heartily and with judgement. Sed quoin ego

potissinmm exoptem nunc inilii, cui ha?c narroin ? Ter. Gratulari
alicui, et ut .si-inpiternsc laudi sibi sit aliquid exoptare. Cic.-
^PR^:-
OPTARE, (optare prae) to desire or wish rather. Punicam Romanas
tocietatem utcjue amicitiam praeoj)tandani csse. Liv. Adolescens
perditus laudi voluptatcm pracoptat ; bone institutus quac honesta
sunt cxoptat. G. D.
1235
1001. Exorabilis. Placalilis.
EXORABILIS, ( from ex and orare) easily to le entreated. Non

exorabilis auro. Hor. Exorabilis et facilis homo. Cic. Numen ex-
orabile. Juv. PLACABILIS, easy to le pacified, placable. Praebere
se placabilem atque exorabilem. Cic. Placabilem facile mitiges ;
exorabilem facile flectas. G. D.
1002. Exorare. Per cr are.
EXORARE, to get ly entreaties. Ille ea exorabat quae volebat au-

ferre, tu extorques. Cic. Turn facile exorari, Caesar, turn serael
exorari soles. Id. PERORARE. to make an end of speaking, to conclude
a speech. Uterque causam cum perorasset suam. Phaed. Et quo-
niam satis multa dixi, et mihi perorandum. Cic.
1003. Exoriri. Exsurgere.
EXORIRI, (oriri ex) to be lorn of, to spring up, to appear. Ex-

oriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor. Virg. Sol exoriens. Id. Figu-
ratively : Repente est exorta mulieris importunae nefaria libido. Cic.
Ego nunc paulum exorior, et maxime his litteris quae Roma afferun-
tur, Id., / begin to revive, &c. EXSURGERE, (surgereex) to rise up,
speaking of a person sitting or lying down. Scasvola cum exsurgeret.
Cic. Exsurgere a genibus, Plaut., To rise on one's knees. Figura-
tively : to retrieve a Joss, to rise out of trouble, to increase.
Exsurget
Respublica, Cic., The Republic shall regain her authority. Siessetju-
gulata Pompeianorum causa, nunquam exsurgeret. Id. Exsurgit
dolor. Sen., The pain increases.
100-k Expectare. Prcestolari. Opperiri.
EXPECTARE, (spectare ex) to look for, to be in expectation of what

is to happen : When we expect any body, we are continually on the
look-
out fur his coming. Sto expectans, si quid mihi imperent. Ter. Ex-
pectare auxilia. Caes. PRCESTOLARI, (stare prae) to tarry for, to
wait for one. Quern praestolare, Parmenio, hie ante ostium ? Ter.
Qui tibi ad forum Aurelium praestolarentur armati. Cic. OPPERIRI,
( from ob, and the obsolete parlor, to learn, to try,} to stay on
purpose
in a place where we expect somebody will come, in order to meet him.
Opperiar hominem hie, ut salutem et colloquar. Ter. Hostem mag-
nanimum opperiens. Virg. Venturos intra paucos dies nuncios ex-
pectamus ; amicum domi opperimur ; virum principem hora con-
dicta prsestolamur. G. D.
1005. Ezpedire. Exhicare.
EXPEDIRE, (quasi extra pedes dare) to rid, free, or disentangle.

Laqueo se expedire. Cic. Expedire nodum. Id. Figuratively : Se
cura expedire. Cic. Heus, inquit, sapiens, expedi quid fecerim,
Phaed., You, said he, who believe yourself so wise, guas what I have
leen about. Expedire negotium. Cic., To clear up art cJJ'air. Expe-
dire salutem, Id., To secure one's life. Expedire nomina, Id., To pay
debts. EXTRICARE, (from ex, and tricae, hairs, or feathers wrapped
about the feet of chickens) to extricate, to disengage. Cerva
extricata
densis plagis. Hor. Figuratively : Magna cum minaris, extricas ni-
hil, Phaed., You announce great things, and get nothing forward. De
236
Dionysio tuo nihil adhuc extrico, Cic., J have not yet been alleio
hear
any thing certain about your Dionysius. Nuramos unde unde extri-
care, Hor., To get money ly hook or by crook. E luto se expediunt
viatores ; plagis sese extricantcervi. G. D.
1006. Expendere. Perpendere.
EXPENDERE, (pendere ex) to weigh strictly and diligently. Aurum

auro expendetur, argentum argento exoequabimus. Plaut. Figura-
tively : Cautos nominibus certis expendere nummos, Hor., To seek
for proper securities in pulling out one's money to interest. It
generally
signifies to consider, tn examine carefully. Expendere argumenta. Cic.
Expendere testem. Id. And in another sense, Expendere pcenas. Cic.
Expendere supplicia, Virg., To suffer punishment or chastisement.
Expendere capite, Tac., To be put to death. PEKPENDERE, to weigh
completely, to weigh all. It is only found in the figurative sense,
and
signifies to poise, to examine every thing with the greatest
attention. In
iis omnibus perpendito quantum quisque possit. Cic. Diligentissime
momenta officiorum omnium perpendere. Id.
1007. Expergefacere. Suscilare.
Ex PERGEF AGERE, to awaken out of sleep. Te expergefacias. Cic.

Figuratively : Terrore subito expergefacit Italiam tumultus. Cic.
SUSCITARE, (from sursum ciere) to rouse, to stir up. Ignes extinctos
suscitare. Ovid. E somno suscitare. Cic. Figuratively : Bellum
civile suscitare. Cic. Testem suscitare, Id., To bring forth a
witness.
Qui novam rationem suscitant. Id.
1008. Erpergefactus. Experreclus.
EXPERGEFACTUS, awakened out of sleep ly another man, or any

external cause. Vnus ox iis (muribus) super cubantein casu quodam
transiit; et expergefactus miserum leo celeri impetuabripuit. Phaed.
EXPEKRECTUS, wakened of himself . Deinde cum somno repetito
simul cum sole experrectus essem. Cic. Figuratively : Experrecta
veritas. Cic. Experrecta nobilitas. Id.
1009. Erperiens. Expertus.
EXPERIEXS ( from the obsolete perior, to learn, to try,} is he that

experiences, that is acquainted by experience with. Et decus et
pretium
recte petit experiens vir. Hor. Experientissimus arator. Cic. Kx-
PERTUS, expert, of good experience, experienced. Homo non tarn doc-
tus, quam, quod majus est, expertus. Cic. Certaminum expcrtus.
Liv. Homo expertae audacia?. Id. Experiens denotes actual expe-
rience, and expertus signifies habitual experience. Vir experiens
nihil
temere suscipit ; vir expertus monere potest alios. G. D.
1010. Experienlia. E.rperimentum.
EXPERIF.XTIA, experience, knowledge acquired by practice. Atque

apibus (juanta experientia parci.s. Virg. Princepfi ! rien-
i'ac., A prince of great experience. KXI-KKIM KNTU.M, experiment,

proof, trial, essay. Maximum est experimentum, cum constet, tVc.,
Cic., IWiat is a great proof, as it is certain, c. Deprehendere ex-
pcrimeniis, Quint., To find out by experiments. Minus valent pra>
cepta quam cxperimenta. Id. Experimentis experientiam compa-
ramus. G. D.
237
1011. Experiri. Tentare. Periclitari.
EXPERIRI, to make an experiment, to try. Experiri alicujus per-

fidiam. Cic. Certe ego experiar libertatem, qua? mihi a parente meo
tradita est. Sail. De injuriis experiri, Cic., To try to get proper
sa-
tisfaction for an injustice. Judicio gravi experiri nolebas, Id., You
did not wish to act towards him with all the severity of the law ; to
go
to law with him. TENTARE, to feel, to sound with the feet or hands.
Iter tentare via negata. Hor. Impulsas tentavit pollice chordas.
Ovid. Tentare venas alicujus, Suet., To feel one's pulse.
Figuratively:
To make experiment of, to tempt, to attack. Tentare et periclitari
belli fortunam, Cic., To try and run the risk of the fortune of war.
Tentare Babylonios numeros, Hor., To consult the calculations of the
Babylonians. Tentari morbo, Cic., To fall sick. Vinum tentat pedes,
Plin., IVme makes one totter. Tentare alicujus sententiam, Cic., To
sift out the opinion of another. Tentare aliquem donis, Cses., To try
to bribe one with presents. PERICLITARI, to venture at, on, or upon?
to make trial of. Non est saepius in uno homine salus summa pericli-
tanda. Cic. Periclitandae vires ingenii. Id. Periclitari, et experiri
pueros. Id. Extrema periclitari, Cic., To expose ones-self to the
greatest dangers. Extrema experiri, Sail., To try one's last resource.
1012. Expert. Exsors. Immunis.
EXPERS, (non pars) that has no share in, destitute of. Praemiorum
expertem facere. Cic. Expers humanitatis. Id. Expers concilii.
Stat. EXSORS, (sine sorte) that has not been drawn by lot, but given
ly choice ; that is out of the common way, extraordinary. Ducunt ex-
sortem TEneae equum. Virg. Nam te voluit rex magnus Olympi
taiibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honorem. Id. It also signifies, that
has no share. Unum esse exsortem pecuniae, amicitiae fcederisque
secum facti. Liv. Exsors culpae. Id. IMMUNIS, (sine muniis) with'
out employ. Operum immunes famulae. Ovid. Immunis militia, Liv.,
Exempt from war-service. It is said of any exemption. Immunes agri,
Cic., A freehold estate. Immunis manus, Hor., An innocent hand.
1013. Expiatio. Piaculum. Piamen.
EXPIATIO, (from piare, pius) aw expiation, an atoning l-y sacrifice.

Diis violatis expiatio debetur. Cic. Scelerum atque impietatum nulla
expiatio est. Id. PIACULUM, a sacrifice for the expiation of some
heinous crime, that which expiates. Inferre piacula manibus. Ovid.
Expiationem would be improper. Cum magno piaculo sacrilegii sui
manubias retulit. Liv. Distulit in seram commissa piacula mortem,
Virg., He delayed until death, to which he had been condemned, the ex-
piation of his crime. Pcenam commissam persequi, Cic., is in the same
meaning as commissa piacula. To prosecute for the payment of a fine
to which one had teen sentenced. PIAMEN is the same as piaculum. It
is used only in poetry. Februa Romani dixere piamina patres. Ovid.
1014. Etplanare. Interpretati.
EXPLANARE, (from planus) to smooth, to explain, loth in the pro-

per and the figurative sense. Explanatus in denos pedes cortex. Plin.
Hie tibi omnia explanavit. Cic. INTERPRETARI, to interpret, to give
the signification of. Interpretari legem. Cic. Rem obscuram expla-
nare interpretando. Id.
238
1015. Eaplanatc. Erplorate.
EXPLAKATE, (from planus) plainly, clearly, intelligibly. Definire

rem non presse sed explanate. Cic. EXPLORATE, to the bottom,
with a strict examination. Haec ita sentio, judico, et ad te explorate
scribo. Cic. Explorate percipere et cognoscere. Id.
1016. Krplicare. E x toner e.
EXPLICARE (plicare ex) to unfold, is properly said of things that

have plait*. Vestem explicare. Cic. Explicare epistolam, Id., To
open a letter. Frontem sollicitam explicare, Hor., To look cheerful,
figuratively : Explicare negotium, Cic., To clear up an affair. Ex-
PONERE, (ponere ex) to expose or lay in public v;eu\ Goods to stll
are exposed without being unfolded, exponuntur ; when any body wants
to buy them, explicantur. Atque ille stravit lectulos, et exposuit
vasa Samia. Cic. Exponere frumentum, Id., To expose corn to sale.
Figuratively : Quod ex quibusdam capitibus expositis, nee explicatis
intelligi potest. Cic. Non ut quaereremus exposuimus, sed ut ex-
plicaremus. Id.
1017. Explorare. Exquirere. Conquircre. Requirere.
EXPLORARE, to sound, to examine. Reliquimi est, ut quid agatur,

quoad poteris, explores. Cic. Hostium copias explorare, Cass., To
reconnoitre the troops of the enemy. Explorare iter, Liv., To endea-
vour tojind out a road. Explorandi sunt militum animi. Tac. Ex-
plorare portas, Virg., To be upon the watch at the gate*. EXQUI-
RERE, to inquire diligently, to search out. Exquire sit-ne ita, ut ego
praedico. Plant. Facta alicujus ad antiqucc religionis rationem ex-
quirere, Cic., To examine a person s actions with the utmost rigour.
In
vero exquirendo cogitatio raaxime versatur. Id. Consilium alicujus
exquirere, Id., To ask one's adrice. Consilium alicujus explorare,
Caes., To sound the designs of any one. CONQUIRERE, (quaerere cum)
to seek about, to search for several things together. Pecunia
conquiritur
undique. Cic. Ut aliorum facta et eventa conquiram. Id. I{EQUI-
RERE, (rursiis quaerere) to seek again, to ask or demand again. Te
requisivi sa?pius, ut viderem. Cic. llequiram diligentius. Id.
1018. Exploralor. Speculator.
EXPLORATOR, according to Popma, is a spy that creeps amongsl the

enemy to know what is going on. If he be found out lie is punished
with
death. Ut fama fidem missique reportant exploratores. Virg.
CULATOR (from speculari) is he who goes before the army to examine
the forces of the enemy. He fills an honourable ojfice. Hiic re (
statim per speculatores cognita. Caes. They are u*ed in a more ge-
neral sense. Pelagi exploratores. Claud. Quern procul ut vidit tu-
mulo speculator ab alto. Ovid. Speculatores oculi, Cic., Contem-
plating eyes.
1019. Exporlare. Deporlare. Reportare.
EXPORTARE, to carry or convey from us to others. Qui in fame fru-

mentum exportare ausus est. Cic. Exportandum in ultimas terras
monstrum. Id. DEPORTARE, to bring from other people's to our home.
Tertia ilia quam tecum deportabas. Cic. Nihil ex ista provincia
239
potes, quod jucundius sit, deportare. Id. Figuratively : Deportare

triumphum ex provincia. Cic. Teque non cognomen solum Athe-
nis deportasse, sed humanitatem. Id. REPORTARE, to bring lack to
its former place. Non solum reducti sumus in patriam, sed equis in-
signibus et curru aurato reportati. Cic. Figuratively : Reportare so-
latium, benevolentiam. Cic.
1020. Expostulare ab aliquo. Exposlulare cum aliquo.
EXPOSTULARE AB ALIQUO, to as k for a thing earnestly , andas ones

due. Vix medius fidius tu, Fanni, a Balione, aut aliquo ejus simili
hoc expostulare auderes, et impetrare posses Cic. EXPOSTULARE
CUM ALIQUO, to complain of one. Sed locus videtur esse tecum ex-
postulandi. Cic.
1021. Exprobrare. Opprobrare.
EXPROBRARE, ( from probrum) to upbraid, to reproach. Odiosum

sane genus hominum est officia exprobrantium ; quae meminisse de-
bet is in quern collocata sunt, non commemorare qui contulit. Cic.
OPPROBRARE, not only to reproach with, but also to object as a dis-
grace, to inveigh against. Ut vel hac ipsa re, quod ita licebat, op-
probraret adversariis. Gell. Ego-ne id exprobrem, quod mihimet cu-
pio opprobrarier? Plaut. Exprobrat qui commemorat quae praestitit,
opprobrat qui opprobrium dicit. G. D.
1022. Eipromere. Depromere.
EXPROMERE, (promere ex) to draw out, to produce, to bring out.

Expromere nummos. Varr. Figuratively: Deinde suum exprompsit
odium. Cic. Conferre causas, et quid in quamque sententiam dici
possit exprotnere. Id. Expromere supplicia in cives. Id. DEPRO-
MERE, to bring forth. Vinum cellis depromere. Hor. Figuratively :
Argumenta alicunde depromere. Cic.
1023. Expugnare. Debellare. Vincere. Super are.
EXPUGNARE, to take a town or place by storm, assault, or force. It

is only said of things. Castella expugnavit. Cic. Domos expugnare.
Hor. Figuratively : Pertinaciam alicujus expugnare. Liv. DEBEL-
LARE, to end the war, to weaken the enemy so as to disable him from
continuing {he contest. Debellatum est cum Graecis, Liv., The war
is ended with the Greeks. Debellatus vi hostis. Id. Parcere subjectis
et debellare superbos. Virg.. VINCERE, to vanquish, to conquer : an
army is vanquished when it is obliged to retire from the field of
battle.
Vincere ac vinci vultu eodem. Liv. Funditus hostes vincere. Cic.
It is taken in a more general sense. Vinci a voluptate. Cic. Labor
improbus omnia vincit. Virg. Qui crudelitate hostes vicerit. Cic.
SUPER A RE, (super ire) to go over, to leap clean over. Superant
monies, et flumina tranant. Virg. Ascensu supero fastigia tecti.
Id. Superare, synonymous with the others, signifies, to surmount :
cou-
rage and valour are necessary ad vicendum ; patience and strength ad
superandum. Constantia et gravitate aliquem superare. Cic. Do-
lores superare virtute. Ovid. Si cum aliis certet, longe multumque
superabit. Id. Injurias fortunse superare. Cic. Pugnando superare.
Ovid. Contendere et superare. Cic. Si subitam orationem com-
mentatio facile vincit, hanc ipsam profecto diligens scriptura supe-
rabit. Id. Superare seems to express more than vincere. Vincere

supposes fighting ; superare supposes struggling against obstacles.
1024. Exsatiare. Krsaturare.
EXSATIARE, to glut, is only used in a figurative sense. Clade do-

mus exsatiata. Ovid. Ne niorte quidem P. Scipionis exsatiari, nisi
et ipsius f'ama sepulti laceraretur. Liv. EXSATURARE, to glut up, to
satiate completely. Sed quae visceribus veniebat bellua ponti exsa-
turanda meis. Ovid. Figuratively : Exsaturata libido. Cic. Exsa-
turai e animum alicujus supplicio. Id.
1025. Extinguere. Opprimere.
EXTINGUERE, (from %, and <rncw, crr/yw, pungo) to extinguish.

to put out any thing that is burning. Extinguere ignem. Cic. Figii-
ratively : Causam dissensionis nascentem extinguere. Cic. Extingui
non potuit, Flor., He could not be destroyed. OPPRIMERE, (premere
ob) to press round, to suffocate. Opprimere ignem. Cic.
Figuratively .-
Danda opera est, ne qua amicorum dissidia fiant ; sin tale aliquid
evenerit, ut extinctae potius amicitiae, quam oppressor videantur.
Cic. Adolescentes mori sic videntur, ut cum aquae multitudine vis
flammae opprimitur ; senes autem sic, ut sua sponte, nulla adhibita
vi consumptus ignis extinguitur. Id.
1026. Extorquere. Exprimere. Elicere. Emungere.
EXTORQUERE, (torquere ex) to extort. Ille ea exorabat quae vo-

lebat auferre, tu extorques. Cic. EXPRIMERE, (premere ex) pro-
perly, to press or strain out. Exprimere oleum. Plin. Figuratively ;
Ab invitis pecuniam exprimere. Cic. Sensus atque animos voce ex-
primere. Id ELICERE, (from the obsolete lacire, in fraudem indu-
cere, and e) to draw or entice out. Elicere praemio. Cic. Arcana
alicujus elicere. Liv. EMUXGERE, (mungere e) to wipe or snuff'
out. Cujus pater cubito se emungere solebat. Cic. Figuratively :
Emunxi argento senes. Ter. Pythias emuncto lucrata Simone ta-
lentum. Hor.
1027. Extra. Extrinsecus.
EXTRA, without, on the outside, for the (/uestion ubi. Sensibus et

animo ea quae extra sunt percipimus. Cic. Extra is also a preposition.
Extra ostium. Ter. Extra culpam esse. Cic. EXTRINSECUS, from
without, for the question unde. Accipere aliquid extrinsecus. Cic.
1028. Extrahere. Evellere.
EXTRAHERE, (trabere ex) to draw out, to force out, to drag out.

Extrahitur domo latitans Oppiunicus. Cic. Telum e corpore extra-
here. Id. Figuratively : Extrabere se ex aliquo negotio. Ter. Cu-
piditates radicitus extrahere. Cic. // also signifies to delny, to
prolong.
Ut sine ullo effectu setas extraberetur. Liv. Bellum extrahere. Id.
Triduum disputationibus extraliitur. Caes. Pars major anni certami-
nibus extracta. Liv. EVELLERE, (vellere e) to pluck out, to root
out. lântam c<eno evellere. Hor. Excisa est arbor, non evult-a. Cic.
Figuratively : Inserere novus oj)iniones, insitas evcllcrc. Cic. Evel-
lere sibiscrupulum ex animo. Id.
241
1029. Extremus. Extimus. Ultimus. Postremus.
EXTREMUS, (from extra, or exterus, exterior quasi exterimus) the

outermost, the remotest at any of the extremities : it is literally
opposed
to interior, intimus. Habetextremum quod finitum est. Cic. Litterae
quibus in extremis erat (scriptum). Id. Figuratively : Extremum
ingenium, Liv., The lowest genius. Manus extrema non accessit ope-
ribus ejus. Cic. Extremus has besides another superlative still more
expressive, EXTIMUS, the uttermost, the outmost that can be. Orbis
ccelestis extimus. Cic. Extimum promontorium. Plin. Extimae
gentes. Id. ULTIMUS, (superlative of ultra, ulterior,) the last, the
furthermost : it is opposed to citerior, citirnus. Ccelum extremum at-
que ultimum mundi est. Cic. Mors ultima linea rerum est. Hor.
Si non ab ultimo principio repetere volumus. Cic. In ultimis esse,
Petron., To lie a-dying. Ultimum supplicium, Q. Curt., Death by
the hand of an executioner. POSTREMUS, (from posterus, posterior,
from post) that comes after all others : it is opposed to primus,
prin-
ceps. Ut quisque in fuga postremus, ita in periculo princeps erat.
Cic. Haec denique ejus tuit postrema oratio. Ter. Ultima bonorum
omnium causa Deus est ; ultima terrarum ad orientem pariter et ad
occidentem alluit oceanus ; an pungit acrius in extremis artubus,
quam in medio corpore vulneris dolor ? Nusquam erit commenda-
bilis qui in officio quolibet ex solvendo solet esse postremus. G. D.
1030. Exturbare. Prcecipitare.
EXTURBARE, (turbare ex) to drive or thrust out of a place. Extur-

bare civem innocentem a civitate. Cic. Exturbare alicui oculos,
Plaut., To pull out any one's eyes. Figuratively : JEgritudinem ex
animo exturbare. Cic. Exturbare aliquem fortunis omnibus. Id.
PRJECIPITARE, (from prse and caput) to throw down headlong. Prae-
cipitare sese de turri. Liv. As a neuter vert, to fall or run down
with
violence. Nilus praecipitat ex altis montibus. Cic. Figuratively: Me
certe ad exitium praecipitantem retinuisses. Cic. Ex altissimo dig-
nitatis gradu praecipitari. Id. Praecipitare moras, Virg., To make
great haste.
1031. Exuberare. Luxuriare.
EXUBERARE, ( from ex and uber) to abound, to bear in great abun-

dance. Pomis exuberatannus. Virg. Figuratively: Luxuria folio-
rum exuberat umbra. Virg. LUXURIARE, (from luxus) to give
enes-selfup to luxury. Ne luxuriarent otio animi. Liv. Luxuriant
animi rebus plerumque secundis. Ovid. Figuratively : Pecus luxu-
riat in pratis. Ovid. It also signifies to grow too luxuriantly.
Compel-
lere luxuriantia. Hor. Arrectisque fremit cervicibus alte luxurians,
Virg., speaking of the thick mane which ajiery horse proudly shakes ;
which he explains afterwards by luduntque juboe per colla, per armos.
It is the y.yJioW of Homer, from which this comparison has been bor-
row edby Virgil.
1032. Exul. Extorris.
EXUL (quasi e solo) is a man driven from his own land and country:
exile was away of escaping punishment, rather than the punishment it-
self. Quid est enim exul ? Ipsum per se nomen calamitatis, non tur-
pitudinis. Quando igitur est turpe ? Revera quando est pccna pec-
242
cati, opinione autem hominum, si est pcena damnati. Cic. Exilium

non suppliciuin est, sed perfugium portusque supplicii. Id. After-
wards exile tuas what was called banishment for life. Patri;e exul.
Cic.
EXTORKIS (quasi e terra) is a man ivho has neither house nor home,
one who is forced to live out of his country for any cnuse whatever.
Extorrem patria, domo, inopeni coopprtum miseriis effecit. Sail.
Exul atque extorris ab solo patrio. Liv. Non omnis exul cxtorris
est, nee extorris quilibet exul. G. D.
F.
1033. Fabrica. Falricalio.
FABRICA (from faber) is properly said of works in iron, or other

hard materials, in which the working man makes use of a hamme r : it
is also said of the art itself, and of the work-shop. Materia quid
juvaret,
nisi confectionis ejusfabricamhaberemus? Cic. Vulcanus qui Lemni
fabrics praefuisse dicitur. Id. Ferrea fabrica. Plin. Figuratively :
Fabricam ad aliquem fingere, Ter., To carry on an intrigue, in order
to cheat one. FABRICATIO, the act of doing a work, the waking of a
thing. Hominis fabricatio. Cic. Immutatio in verbo fabricationem
non habet, sed in oratione. Id.
1034-. Fabricator. Machinator.
FABRICATOR (from faber) is properly said of a wan working with

a hammer : it is also taken in a more general s'nae. Fabricator
imitatus
exemplar. Cic. Minutorum opusculorum fabricator Mynneides. Id.
Figuratively: Doli fabricator. Virg. MACHINATOH, (from^r^y.v^y
an engine] a maker or inventor of instruments, chiefly of war. Belli-
corum instrumentorum machinator. Liv. Figuratively : Machinator
scelerum. Cic.
1035. Falula. Falella. Jpologus.
FABULA (from fari) is properly a series of words, a discourse, a

story. Lupus in tabula. Cic. Dete fabula narratur. Hor. It is said
of a false story. Fabula est in qua nee veree nee verisimiles res
conti-
nentur, cujusniodi est, angues ingentcs alites juncti jugo. Cic.
Fictis
nos meminerit jocari fabulis. Phacd. It is also *aid of a play or co-
medy. Populo ut placerent quas fecisset fabulas. Ter. FAEELLA,
(diminutive of fabula) a short tale or story, a little interlude or
play.
Vcra fabella. Pined. Fabellac Euripidis. Cic. Si nee fabcllae te ju-
vant, nee fabula?. Phaxl. APOLOGUS, (from airland Xoyof) an apo-
logue, a moral and instructive fable. Si auditoris studiuni
deiatigatio
abalienavit a causa, non inutile est ab aliqua re nova aut ridicula
in-
cipere, qua? vel apologum, vel fabulam, vcl aliquam contineat irri-
sionem. Cic.
1036. Falularis. Fabulosus.
FABULARIS, of a fable, concerning a fable. Fabularis historian no-

titia. Suet. FABULOSUS, fabulous, much talked of . Fabulosa anti-
quitas. Plin. Fabulosus HydacpW. Hor. Pliny calls mount sltî* fa-
bulosiasinmin Africa; inontem, the most famous mountain of Africa.
243
1037. Facer e. Agere. Gerere.
FACERE, to make, to perpetrate, to effect: it is said of individual or

determinate things. Caedem facere. Cic. Bellum patriae facere. Id.
Iter facere. Id. Fossam, classem facere. Caes. AGERE, to he act-
ing, to personate, to drive on, to move on, to treat or deal with : it
does
not express, as facere does, the principle, author, nor a single act
of
producing ; but a series of cares and a continued activity. Agere
nego-
tium, cuniculos, diem, vocem, animam, finem, &c. Cic. Jumenta
agere. Liv. Agere navem. Hor. Non gladiis mecura, sed litibus
agitur. Cic. Agi praecipitem. Id. Aguntur injuriaesociorum, agitur
vis legum. Id. Ruri vitam agere. Id. Agere magistratum, Id., To
act the part of a magistrate. Permissum a Senatu Consulibus, age-
rent, facerent, ut e Republica ducerent. Liv. It would be improper
language to say agere fidem, sumptus, mutatiojiem, injuriam, fce-
dus, aliquid irritum ; facere is the proper word with the above
expres-
sions. We however find agere iter in good authors. Ambo proposition
peragunt iter. Hor. Ergo iter incceptum peragunt, fluvioque pro.
pinquant. Virg. GERERE, properly to carry a load or burden. Galeam
gerere in capite. C. Nep. Bella manu lethumque gero. Virg. Figu-
ratively : to carry on or execute what one has undertaken : it implies
the
management of a thing, an administration either good or bad. Gerere
magistratum, rempublicani, negotium, bellum, res egregias. Cic.
Hem male gerere. Id. Poe'ta facit fabulam, et non agit ; but Actor
agit fabulam, et non facit. In like manner Imperator qui dicitur res
gerere, in eo neque agit, neque facit ; sed gerit, i. e. sustinet.
Patro-
nus agit causam, non gerit. Agere, says Popma, et corporis, et vo-
cis, et mentis agitatum comprehendit ; facere tantum refertur ad
opera, quae corpore efficimus ; gerere est muneris et oneris. Ita agit
is, cujus post actionem opus non extat, ut actor, saltator, cantor ;
facit is, cujus opus remanet, ut scriptor, statuarius, pictor ; gerit
dux,
et magistratus, aut curator. Est ejus generis actio quoque quae-
dam, et quidem talis, ut ratio postulat, agere aliquid, et facere
etiam,
Cic. Idem in similibus artibus contingit, quarum omne opus est in
faciendo atque agendo. Id.
1038. Facere fidem. Dare fidem.
FACERE FIDEM, to inspire with confidence. Nattrs tuus non facit

fidem. Cic. Hujus nunquam mihi fidem feceris. Id. DARE FIDEM,
to pass one's word. Accipe, daque fidem. Virg. Fidem publicam
dare. Sail.
1039. Facerejinem. Hal ere finem.
FACERE FIXEM, to put an end to. Finem faciam scribendi. Cic.

FINEM HABERE, to have an end, to beat an end. Quando finem ha-
bet motus, vivendi finem habeat necesse est. Cic. Avarus exagge-
randae pecuniae facit finem, quern habet vitas spatium. G. D.
1040. Facere Jugam. Vertere terga. Vertere solum.
FACERE FUGAM is said of him who flees, and of him who causes an-
other to run away. Ut si nostri fugam facerent, illuc me, puto, re-
ciperem. Plaut. Quas iste turn caodes, quas fugas fecerit, vidistis.
Cic. TERGA VERTERE, to turn one's back, to run away. Factum
est opportunitate loci, hostium inscitia, virtute militum, ut statim
112
244
terga verterent. Caes. SOLUM VERTERE, to run from ones country,

to change it for another. Qui erant rerum capitalium damnati, non
prius civitatem araittebant quam erant in earn recepti, quovertendi,
id est, mutandi soli causa venerant. Cic.
1041. Facere sermonem. Habere sermonem.
FACERE SERMONEM, to write down, to arrange a conversation me-

thodically. HABERE SERMONEM, to hold a conversation. Feci sermo-
nem habitum in Cumano inter nos. Cic. Cyrus in sermone quern
moriens habuit. Id. Habere sermonem is also used in another sense.
Habetis sermonem bene longum, Cic., You have just heard a long
discourse.
1042. Facere orationem. Halere oraiionem.
FACERE ORATIONEM, to compose a discourse. Ignarus faciendae ac

poliendae orationis. Cic. HABERE ORATIONEM, to speak, to deliver
a speech either in a public or a private way. Mitissimam in Senatu
orationem habuit. Cic. Tu quam orationem Pompeius habuerit te-
cuin, fac mihi perscribas. Id.
104:3. Facere verla. Habere Ferba.
FACERE VERBA, to deliver a speech in public. Verba facere in Se-

natu, apud Senatum. Cic. // is said of a private conversation. Neque
verbum de te facio. Cic. VERBA HABERE is found only once in
Cicero ; in which instance there is nothing relating to a public
discourse ;
one person only is mentioned as speaking. Si unusquisque velit verba
spectare, et non ad voluntatem ejus qui verba habuerit, accedere.
Cic.
1044. Fades. Pullus. Frons.
FACIES, says Popma, naturalis oris species, quae eadem semper

manet ; vultus, habitus faciei adscititius, qui pro motu animi et vo-
luntatis mutatur. Facies includes the nose, the mouth, the eyes, the
cheeks. Faciem non possumus nobis fingere. Cic. Decora facies.
Hor. Figuratively : Armorum civilium facies. Tac. Tarn multae sce-
lerum facies, Virg. VULTUS, ( from velle) looks, countenance, that
denote the sentiments of the soul. Vultus qui sensus animi plerumque
indicant. Cic. llecordamini faciem, atque illos ejus fictos simula-
tosqvie vultus. Id. Prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. Sail.
Vultus is onl said o the human speciea. Vultus qui in nullo anim
only said of the human speciea. Vultus qui in nullo animante

esse praeter hominem potest. Cic. Figuratively : Unus erat toto na-
turae vultus in orbe. Ovid. FRONS, the forehead, that part of the face
that iifrom the root of the hair to the eye-brows. Nivea pendebant
fronte capilli. Ovid. // is said of the face itself. Frons hominis
saepe
mentitur. Cic. Frons tranquilla et serena. Id. Figuratively : Frons
causa?, Quint., The beginning of the cause. Octo cohortes in fronte
constituit. Sail. Square frontes. Liv. Frons illi periit, Pers., He
has lost all shame.
1045. Facilitas. Lenitas.
FACILITAS, easiness in forgiving or granting any thing, complaisance.

Male ddcet te mea facilitas multa. Ter. Mi-am facilitate laudate,
cum vobis non meo judicio, sed studio vestro inductus respondero.
Cic. Dignitate principibus excellit, facilitate par infimis esse
videtur.
Id. LENITAS, lenity, softness. Lenitas est justitia in moderatione
animadvertendi. Cic. Lenitatem mollitia imitatur. Id. Inepta le-
245
nitas patris et facilitas prava, Ter., Too much easiness in a father,

who
carries indulgence to a fault. Facilitas in audiendo, lenitas in
decer-
nendo. Cic. Lenitas belongs to him who mitigates punishment ; and
facilitas, to him who forgives faults, or easily grants what it
demanded
of him.
1046. Facittus. Flagitium. Scelus. Nefas.
FACINUS (from facere) is a bold action : when there is no epithet

to determine its sense, it is takeu in a lad one. Homines ad vim, ad
facinus, caedemque delecti. Cic. It is taken in a good sense iv hen
joined,
to an honourable epithet. Aliquo negotio intentus praeclari facinoris.
Sail. FLAGITIUM (from flagitare) is used by Plautusin the sense of
a pressing and fatiguing request. Flagitio cum majore post reddes
tamen. Plaut. It is said of all base and scandalous crimes. Quod fa-
cinus a manibus unquam tuts, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit ?
Cic. Flagitiis atque facinorihus coopertus. Sail. Cicero has used fla-
gitium for error, in speaking of the atoms of Democrilus. Tantam-ne
fuisse oblivionem in scripto praesertim, ut ne legens quidem senserit
quantum flagitii admisisset. Horace uses it for cowardice. Damno
flagitium additis. Hor. SCELUS, villany, an act of cruelty and im-
piety. Etsi qua culpa tenemur erroris humani, a scelere certe libe-
rati sumus. Cic. Cum omnes in omni genere et scelerum et flagi-
tiorum volutentur. Id. Pygmalion scelere ante alios immanior om-
nes. Virg. Postea quod scelus, quod facinus parricida non edidit ?
Cic. NEFAS, an action fur bidden by divine laws. Dirum nefas. Virg.
Grande nefas et morte piandum. Hor. Is cui nihil unquam nefas
fuit nee in facinore nee in libidine. Cic. Audentis est quodcunque
facinus, flagitium, corruptoris, aut ignavi et timidi ; scelus,
atrocis
etjamdudum perversi ; nefas, impii et sacrilegi. G. D.
1047. Factio. Seditio.
FACTIO, (from facere) properly a doing or making. Cui testament!

factio nulla esset. Cic. But in Cicero s time it was used in a bad
sense,
for faction, parly, cabal, intrigue. Factio, says Valla, discessio
homi-
num in diversas partes ; seditio repens et tumultuaria dissensio mul-
titudinis, qua alii in alios hostili animo feruntur ; ilia fere ab
optima-
tibus, quibus populus catervatim adhaeret ; haec a vulgo. Factio no-
bilium. Cic. Quos omnes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem me-
tuere in unum coe'git : sed haec inter bonos amicitia, inter malos
factio est. Sail. Dissensio civium, quod seorsum eunt alii ad alios,
seditio dicitur. Cic. Ut Patavinorum in Venetia seditionem compri-
meret, quos certamine factionum ad intestinum bellum exarsisse, et
ipsorum legati attulerant. Liv.
1048. Facultas. Facultates. Ops. Opes. Divitiae. Copia.
FACULTAS, (from facere) faculty, power. Facultas est aut qua

facilius fit, aut sine qua aliquid connci non potest. Cic. Facultas
dicendi et copia. Id. Utinam esset facultatis meae! Id. FACUL-
TATES, wealth, means. Modicus facultatibus. Tac. EiFectum est
ut dando et accipiendo, et permutandis facultatibus et commodis
nulla re egeremus. Cic. Figuratively : Facultates ingenii. Cic. OPS,
help, assistance : it is used only in these three cases, Opis, opera,
ope.
Nee opis spes ulla dabatur. Virg. Non opis est nostrae, Id., // is
beyond our power. Ad te confugimus, a te opem petimus. Cic. Omni
246
ope. Id. OPES is generally said of riches, power. Magnas inter opes
inops. Hor. Ab eo mini litterae redditae sunt, quibus jam opes meas,
non, ut in superioribus litteris, opem expectat. Cic. Nam saspe in
civitate quibus opes nullae sunt, bonis invident, malos extollunt. Id.
Trojanas ut opes et lamentabile regnum eruerint Danai. Virg. Di-
VITIJE, a great fortune, great wealth. Quod si assequar, supero Cras-
sum divitiis. Cic. Divitiae apud sapientem virum in servitio sunt,
apud stultum in imperio, Sen., The wise man has a command over
riches, the foolish man is a slave to them. COPIA and COPIJE, syno-
nymous with the others, signify abundance, plenty. Divitiarum fructus
est in copia; copiam autem declarat satietas rerum. Cic. Si te ad-
ducamus ut hoc suscipias, erit materia digna facilitate et copia tua.
Id. Publicani suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam contule-
runt. Id. Singulorum copiae parvas sunt ; eorum autem, qui egeant,
infinita multitudo. Id. Figuratively: Rerum copia verborum copiam
gignit. Cic.
104-9. Fama. Humor.
FAMA (from Câij, noise) and RUMOR are different, so far that
fama is understood of fame, reputation, and denotes something of more
importance and solidity. Fama super sethera notus. Virg. Inservire
famae. Cic. RUMOR is only a report that goes alout. Quotidie quae
volumus audimus, sed adhuc sine auctore, rumore nuncio. Cic. Ni-
hil perfertur ad nos praeter rumores. Id. Rumor est sermo quidam
sine ullo certo auctore dispersus, cui malignitas initium dedit, in-
crementum credulitas. Quint.
1050. Famosus. Infamis.
FAMOSUS, famous, much spoken of. Urbs famosa, Tac., speaking

of Rome. Ponet famosae mortis amorem. Hor. It is very often used in a
lad sense. Nam me ad famosas mater vetuit accedere. Cic. Carmen
famosum, Hor., A lampoon, a defamatory poem. INFAMIS (sine
fama) is always used in a bad sense : it expresses a man lost to all
sense
of honour, a man disgraced in (he eyes of virtuous people. Homines
vitiis atque omni dedecore infames. Cic. It is likewise said of
things.
Annus infamis pestilentia. Liv.
1051. Famula. Andlla,
FAMULA, (from familia) a maid-servant enj oy ing her freedom : she

was a coijldential servant. Quinquaginta intus iamulac, quibus ordine
longo cura penuni struere, et flam mis adolere Penates. Virg. AN-
CILLA, (from the obsolete word anculare, to administer) a female ser-
vant, a waiting-woman, who wa<> in a slate of slavery. An partus an-
cillae in fructu sit habendus. Cic. Ancillam dominae jussu aliquid
facere. Id.
1052. Famulus. Servus. Verna.
FAMULUS, a man-servant, a household servant. Parare pecuniatn,

equos, famulos. Cic. Famuli Ideas matris, Id., The priests of Cyiele.
Famulus was a free man. SERVUS, ( from servare, because the pri-
soners made from the enemy were preserved instead of being killed) a
slave, a servant in a state of slavery. Servus was the properly of his
master, who might sell, exchange, or dispose of him in any way he
pleased. Servi quorum fortunae conditio infima est. Cic. Servos de
Republica bene meritos perseepe libertate donari vidimus. Id.
247
VERNA, a home-born slave. Quid, nutrJci non missurus quicquam,

quae vernas alit ? Plaut. Verna ministeriis ad nutus aptus heriles.
Hor.
1053. Falsus. Fallax. Pellax.
FALSUS, (from fallere) deceiving, and deceived, false. Falsus so-

dalibus, Cic., Deceiving his companions. Tace, false Philocrates,
Plaut., Hold your tongue, dissembling Philocrates. Falsus es, Ter.,
You are mistaken. Litterae falsae et corruptae. Cic. FALLAX, de-
ceitful, that is in the habit of deceiving. Fallaces astrologi. Cic.
Servus
fallax. Ovid. Spes falsa et fallax. Id. Merces fallaces et fucosae.
Id. PELLAX, (perhaps from pellis) a deceiver, one who artfully con-
ceals his deceit. Invidia sed enim postquam pellacis Ulyssei .... su-
peris concessit ab oris. Virg.
1054. Fanaticus. Lymphaius. Lymphaticus.
FANATICUS, (from fanum) inspired with a divine fury. Fanatic!

philosophi. Cic. Carmine fanatico vaticinari. Liv. Fanaticus error.
Hor, LYMPH ATUS, (quasi nymphatus) affrighted, a visionary. The
ancients thought that he turned, mad who had seen a certain nymph in a
fountain. Et tune quidem velut lymphati et attoniti, munimentis
suis trepido agmine inciderunt. Liv. Lymphati milites, Tac., Fu-
rious soldiers. LYMPHATICLS, districting, frightful. Lymphatica
somnia. Plin. Lymphaticus pavor, Liv., A distracting fright. Lym-
phatici nummi aurei, Plaut., Gold that burns in ones pocket ; i.e.
that
one is in a great hurry to spend, and cannot keep.
1055. Fari. Lo(/ui. Dicer e. Perhilere.
FARI ( from <f>y.w, <pija;, to speak,} is properly to make use of the

fa-
culty we have of uttering articulate sounds, in order to communicate
our
ideas, were it only in one word : hence originates infans, non fans.
Puer
nescius fari. Hor. Fari, if I may be allowed the expression, has an
antique look, a solemn and ceremonious turn, that gives it a nobler
way
of expression, which is not in loqui nor dicere. Turn ad eos is Deus
qui omnia genuit, fatur : Haec vos, &c. Cic. LOQUI, ( from \oyo$,
serrao) to speak as an intelligent being, which naturally cannot be
said
of animals. Therefore Virgil says: Pecudesque locutae, infandum.
Aperte loqui. Cic. Loqui is properly said of a letter. Accepi tuas
epistolas : pure loquuntur humanitatis sale sparsae. Cic. DICERE,
(from SslxM, Qstwjuj, to show) to express one's ideas in order. Desi-
nant dicere male aliquem locutum esse, si quis vere ac libere locutus
sit. Cic. Loqui becomes a logician, and dicere an orator. Aliud vi-
detur oratio esse, aliud disputatio, nee idem loqui esse, quod dicere.
Cic. Scipio, collega meus, mihi sane bene et loqui videtur et dicere.
Id. Ut hoc videlicet differant inter se, quod haec ratio dicendi
latior
sit, ilia loquendi contraction Id. It would be very proper to say :
Nonnullos videre est, qui graviter fari incipientes, cum permulta lo-
cuti sunt, pauca tamen dixisse visi sunt. G. D. PERHIBERE, to say,
to affirm. Ccelum nostri Graii perhibent aethera. Cic. Bene qui
conjicit, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. Id.
1056. Fascia. Villa. Tcenia.
FASCIA, a scarf, a large land proper for different uses. Fascia lecti.
Cic. Fascia pectoralis. Mart. Lata fascia. Ovid. Devinctus erat
248
fasciis. Cic. VITTA, a ribband, or head-land, wherewith priests,

priestesses, altars, victims were dressed. Solvite crinales vittas.
Virg.
Redimitus tempora vittis. Id. Velatus auro vittisque juvencus. Id.
T/ENIA, (from relvju, tendo) a ligature, along and narrow rib band.
Puniceis evincti tempora taeniis. Virg. Fit longae taeru'a vittae, in-
nectitque comas. Id.
1057. Fascis. Fasces. Fasciculus.
FASCIS (y>om <pu.x.\Xo$, a parcel,) signifies properly, things tied

up in a bundle to le carried together. Injusto sub fasce viam dum car-
pit. Virg. Fasces stramentorum ac virgultorum. Caes. In the plural
it is also taken for that bundle of birchen rods carried before the
Roman
magistrates, with an axe bound up in the middle of them, so as to ap-
pear at the lop. Praetoribus prseferre fasces. Cic. Brutus prior, con-
cedente collega, fasces habuit. Liv. It is never used in this sense in
the singular. FASCICULUS, (diminutive of fascis) a little bundle. Epi-
stolarum fasciculus. Cic. Fasciculum ad nares admovebis, incendes
odores. Id.
1058. Fateri. Confiteri. Profiler i.
FATERI, to own, to acknowledge. Cum tute fassus esses te id cri-

men tanto ante metuisse. Cic. // generally supposes a question has
been asked. Haec sum rogaturus, navem debeant-ne ; fatebuntur. Cic.
COXFITERI, to acknowledge freely, to confess : confessing implies
that something wrong has been done. Vir sapiens peccatum suum,
quod celari posset, maluit confiteri. Cic. Cum id posset inficiari,
repente confessus est. Id. PROFITERI, to declare openly, to profess
publicly. Fateor atque etiam profiteer et prae me fero perduellionis
judicium a me fuisse sublatum. Cic. Hoc ego non solum confiteor,
verum etiam profiteer. Id. Here follows an example, showing in their
proper light the true difference between the three words mentioned in
this article. Confitetur, atque ita confitetur, ut non solum fateri,
sed
etiam profited videatur. Cic.
1059. Faliscere. Dehiscere.
FATISCERF, (fatim hiscere) to chink, to chap, to be dissolved. Ac-

cipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt (naves). Virg. Fa-
tiscithaudunquam (tellus) manibus jactata, Id., That earth although
moved does not dissolve. Figuratively : Mens expugnata fatiscit. Stat.
DEHISCERE, (hiscere de) to cleave, to open wide. Sed mihi vel
tellus optem prius ima dehiscat. \ ir, r . Coelum a media regione de-
hiscit. Ovid. Êquor dehiscit. Virg. JEquor iatiscit wo-ld be im-
proper. Fatiscit tellus signifies, the earth is dissolving ; Dehiscit
tellus,
the earth gapes and is open.
1060. Fatum. Providentia.
FATUM, (from fari, fatus)/a/e. Pagan philosophers called fate a

concatenation of secondary causes subordinate the one to the other,
that
had necessarily its effect. Fate was an allegorical God, holding in
his
hands the urn wherein the destiny of all men was inclosed. His decrees
were irrevocable, and his power so great that all the other gods
submitted
to it. Fati necessitas quod a Deo coustitutum et designatum est,
ut eveniat, causarum series sempiterna, cause seternae rerum futu-
rarum, causac inclusx in rerum natura, Cic. Pagans themselves had
249
not a grand idea of their Fatum. Anile sane et plenum superstitio-

nis fati nomen ipsum. Cic. Fatum includes an idea of necessity ; and
providentia an idea of wisdom. PROVIDENTIA, (from pro and vi-
dere) Providence, the supreme wisdom by which God governs all things.
Divinam providentiam, quocumque se moveat, efficere posse quid-
quid velit. Cic. Dei providentia mundum administrari. Id. It is
said of foresight. Providentia est per quam futurum aliquid videtur,
antequam eveniat. Cic. Tu me cura tua et providentia adjuva. Id.
1061. Favere. Secundare.
FAVERE, to favour, to befriend, to countenance. Favere sentential

alicujus. Cic. Nee spes ulla major apud faventes rebus Carthagi-
nensium. Liv. Ventis faventibus navigare. Ovid. Favete linguis,
Ter., Listen favourably. This expression was also used in sacrifices,
in the sense of bona verba f'ari, to say favourable words; for heralds
commanded the people to favour sacrifices. Idcirco omnibus rebus
agendis . . . rebusque divinis, quae publice fierent, ut faverent lin-
guis, imperabatur. Cic. SECUNDARE, to second, to make prosperous.
It is only used in poetry. Dii nostra inccepta secundent. Virg. Aura
blanda secundat aquas. Ovid.
1062. Favorabilis. Faustus. Prosper. Propilius.
FAVORABILIS, (from favere) favourable, who favours, speaking

of persons. Auram favorabilis populi ex dictatoria invidii petiit.
Liv. Speaking of things, welcome, agreeable. Oratio favorabilis.
Quint. FAUSTUS, lucky, fortunate : it is only said of things. Faus-
tus dies. Ter. Nox fausta. Cic. PROSPER, successful, prosperous.
Prospera fortuna. Hor. Si quid ex progenie sua parum prosperum
sit, mutae etiam fovent bestiee, Cic., Beasts take care of their
little
ones, although they be deformed. Speaking of persons, it signifies
kind,
favourable. Dii prosperi. Cic. PROPITIUS, propitious : it is opposed
to iratus, infestus. Hunc propitium sperant, ilium iratum putant.
Cic. Fortuna quae nobis infesta est, fuit aliquando propitia. Id.
1063. Fautor. Adjutor.
FAUTOR, a favourer, afurtherer. Hie nobilitatis f'autor fuit. Cic.

Cum bonos viros ejus honori viderem esse fautores. Id. ADJUTOR,
an aider or helper. Se ad earn rem profitetur adjutorem. Caes. Ad-
jutor honori alicujus, Id., He who acts for the honour of one. His
adjutor contra patriam inventus est nemo. Cic. Cujus ego ab ado-
lescentia fautor et adjutor extiti. Id.
1064. Faux. Gula. Guttur. Jugulum.
FAUX, the gullet-pipe, the space between gula and guttur, or the
superior part of gula, that part nearest the chin, but interior, where
the mouth grows narrower. Summum gulae fauces vocantur. Plin.
Os devoratum fauce cum haereret lupi. Ph;ed. Figuratively : Eri-
pere Italiam e faacibus Annibalis. Liv. GULA, the gullet, whereby
the meat and drink pass from the mouth into the stomach. Laqueo
gulam frangere. Sail. Apponunt oculis plurima, paucagulas. Mart.
Gulae parens, Hor., A glutton. GUTTUR, the throat. Illefamera-
bida tria guttura pandens. Virg. It is also said of the wind-pipe. Et
liquidum tenui gutture cantat avis. Ovid. JUGULUM, the forepart

of the neck, where the wind-pipe is. Dare jugulum cultris. Ovid.
Jugula sua pro meo capite Clodio ostentarunt. Cic.
1065. Fax. Tceda. Funale.
FAX, a flambeau, either of wood or of metal; those of wood were

smeared over, and those of metal Ji/led, with an inflammable greasy
substance. Multifidae faces, Ovid., Pieces of wood split into several
quarters to make flambeaux of. Figuratively : Faces dolorum, Cic.,
Fits of pain. Invidiae faces. Id. Inflammari corporis facibus, Id.,
To turn with the flre of concupiscence. Addere alicui faces, Tac.,
To excite one. TJEDA, a piece of a pine or any other resinous tree,
that was lighted up to serve as a flambeau. Pinea taeda. Ovid. Taedas
sylva alta ministrat. Virg. Sic effata facem juveni conjicit, et atro
lumine fumantes fixit sub pectore taedas. Id. Figuratively : Felices
taedae, Catul., A happy marriage. FUXALE, a torch made of twisted
hemp with wax or resin about it. Vincunt funalia noctem. Virg. It
is also said of a cord. Funda media duo funalia imparia habebat. Cic.
1066. Fecialis. Caducealor.
FECIALIS, a herald at arms, who was sent to denounce war or pro-

claim peace. Priusquam indicerent bellum, iis a. quibus injujias fac-
tas sciebant, feciales legates mittebant quatuor, quos oratores voca-
bant. Varr. The Feciales consisted of a college of priests, whose
chief
employ was to officiate in declarations of war and treaties of peace,
or
alliances, which public acts they consecrated by religious rites : it
is in
this sense that Cicero sai/s, speaking of Verres : Habemus bominem
in fecialium manibus educatum, unum praeter cseteros in publicis re-
ligionibus foederuni sanctum ac diligentem. CADUCEATOR, (from
caduceus.) The caduceus was a rod, or tipstaff, with two snakes
twisted round it, which poets attribute to Mercury, Caduceus iras one
of the symbols of peace. The herald who was sent to the enemy to make
proposals to them, had a caduceus in his hand. Ipsos se in deditionem
consulis caduceum praeferentes permisisse. Liv.
1067. Ferax. Fertilis. Faecundus. Vber.
FERAX, (from ferre) properly, that which delights in producing.

Venenorum ferax Iberia. Hor. Terra ferax Cerere, multoque fe-
racior uvis. Ovid. FERTILIS, that can produce. Ager, quamvis fer-
tilis, sine cultural fructuosus esse non potest. Cic. Fertilis
fructuum
ager. Id. Fertilis hominum frugumque Gallia. Liv. FCKCUNDUS,
fruitful, that has in itself the principle of producing ; speaking of
ani-
mals, the earth, spirits, but not of trees. Sue nihil genuit natura
fce-
cundius. Cic. Fossionibus fit terra foecundior. Id. Fcecundum
concute pectus. Phaed. UBER is said of excellent ground, abun-
dant. Rivi uberes lactis. Hor. Tern's uberibus fertilis Umbria.
Propert. Figuratively . Ingenium tiberius. Ovid. Vir ornatus
uberrimis artibus. Cic.
1068. Ferue. Justitium.
HUE, (it feriendis victimis) holidays, days free from labour.

Feriarum ratio in liberis requietetn babet litium et jurgiorum ; in
servis, operuin et laborum. Cic. Ferias et jocos celebrare. Liv.
251
JUSTITIUM, (from jus and stare) the vacations, the time when the
courts of law did not sit (usually commanded upon any public
calamity).
Justitium per aliquot dies servatum. Liv. Justitium remittere,
Id., To open again the courts of law. Justitium, in Tacitus, is said
of an intermission of military exercises.
1069. Feritas. Ferocia. Ferocitas.
FERITAS, cruelty, a ferocious temper. Ex feritate ad mansuetu-

dinem traducere. Cic. Neque ipse manus feritate dedisset. Virg
FEROCIA, fierceness, presumption, arrogance. Impetum gladiatoris
ferociamque comprimere. Cic. Ferocia is said of the actual state, and.
FEROCITAS of the habitual one: it is often used to express a hot,
fiery
temper. Infirmitas puerorum, ferocitas juvenum, et gravitas jam
constants aetatis. Cic. // is said of ferocity, cruelty, Ferocitatem
victoriae extimescere. Cic.
1070. Ferre. Port are. Vehere.
FERRE, to support, to bear up, whether in the same place or moving

to another. It is said of physical and moral things. Ferre jugum.
Hor. Lectica per oppidum ferri. Cic. Ferre dolorem. Id. Ita
ferunt rationes mese. Id. Ferre sententiam. Id. Rex te in oculis
ferebat. Ter. Ferre tribum, Cic., To get the suffrages of a tribe.
PORTARE, (from tfopos, a passage) to carry from one place to an-
other, either on one's arms, head, back, &c. It is only said of
material
things, or those considered as such poetically. Naves portabant
legates
Romam. Liv. Portare bellum. Virg. Fallaciam portare alicui. Ter.
// may moreover be observed that portare is hardly ever said of a
light
load : it would not be proper to say portare annulum ; ferre is the
word
in such a case.- VEHERE, to carry in any manner, to carry by land or
water. Curru vehi. Cic. Equus in quo vehebar. Id. Vehere fructus
ex agris. Liv. Cibum ore vehit formica. Ovid. Figuratively : Tan-
quam ratis in mari immenso nostra vehitur oratio. Cic.
1071. Ferre ad populum. Referre ad populum.
FERRE AD POPULUM, to propose to the people a law, or any other

thing, for their approbation or rejection. Cum primum magistratum
iniisset, ad populum ferret, ut Fabium decemvirum esse juberent.
Liv. REFERRE AD FOPULUM, to report a thing to the people, in
order to consult them about it. Postulabatur ut consules earn rem ad
populum referrent. Liv.
1072. Ferre f rue turn. Capere fructum.
FERRE FRUCTUM, to gain advantage, to prove beneficial. Quarum

rerum fructum satis magnum me tulisse putabo. Cic. Sedulitas mea
et mihi et Reipublicas tulit fructum. id. CAPERE FRUCTUM, to
gain advantage. Magnum fructum studiorum optimorum capis. Cic.
1073. Ferre pedem. Ffferre pedem. Inferre pedem.
FERRE PEDEM, to go to. Quern ne ferre pedem dedecuit choris-

Hor. Hue intro tulisti pedem. Plaut. Inde domum, si forte pedem,
si forte tulisset, me refero. Virg. EFFERRE PEDEM, to stir out of
doors. Qui pedem porta non extulerit. Cic. Me-ne efferre pedem,
genitor, te posse relicto, sperasti ? Virg. INFERRE PEDEM, to set
252
foot In, to advance towards. Ultro inferens pedem ad unum omnes

occidit. Liv. Clamore renovate inferunt pedera. Id.
1074-. Ferreus. Ferratus.
FERREUS, made of iron. Annulus ferreus. Ovid. Figuratively :

Ferreus essem, si te non amareni. Cic. Soninus ferreus, Virg., An
unconquerable sleep. Ferrea gens. Id. FERRATUS, done with iron.
Ferrata hasta. Liv. Ferrati orbes, Virg., cart- or chariot-wheels.
1075. Fervere. Sffervescere. Ebullire.
FERVERE, to boil, to be violently agitated. Fervet oestu pelagus.

Cic. Figuratively : Fervet opus. Virg. Pectus avaritia, miseraque
cupidine fervet. Hor. EJFERVESCERE, to toil over, to be excessively
hot. In his aquis quae effervescunt subditis ignibus. Cic. Figura-
tively : to grow warm. Eftervescere in dicendo. Cic. Censeo la-
tendum tantisper ibidem, dum effervescit haec gratulatio. Id.
EBULLIRE, to bubble up, to spout out', as liquids do. Ubi ebullibit
vinum, ignem subducito. Cat. Figuratively : Quod solet ebullire,
Cic., That very often drops from him. Qui si virtutes ebullire volent
et
sapientias, Id., If they wish to swell their style when they are
speak-
ing of virtue and wisdom. Ebullire animam, Petron., To breathe
one's last, to die. Ebullire denotes the motion of water boiling on a
Jire. Effervescere expresses the motion that takes place in a liquor
wherein a combination of substances is made. Boiling water ebullit.
Iron in aquafortis effervescit. G. D.
1076. Fessus. Defessus. Fatigatus. Defatigatus. Lassus.
FESSUS, (from fatiscere) exhausted, weakened, disheartened, faint.

Fessus vulnere, cjrsu. Liv. Fcssus inedia fluctibusque. Cic. .flvtate
fessus. Id. Fessus de via. Id. Fessus vivendo. V. Max. Fessus
curis. Sen DEFESSUS, that is so exhausted as to be obliged to give
up. Fessus and defessus are said of both the soul and body. Cum
jam tortor atque essent tormenta ipsa defessa. Cic. Defessus labore
disputationis. Id. Defessa ac refrigerata accusatio. Id. Defessus
sum quacritando. Plaut. FATIGATUS, harassed, wearied out, fati-
gued. Ludo et somno fatigatus. Cic. Longo itinere fiitigatum et
onere fessum. Liv. DEFATIGATUS, spent, worn out with fatigue,
adds to the idea of fatigatus. Defatigati cursu et spatio pugnae.
Cses.
Litterarum studio fatigari quidem licet, sed non defutigari. LASSUS,
tired, dejected. When a man has for some time had his arms or body
in an uneasy position, it may be said that he is lassus, and not
fessus
nor fatigatus : lassus is said of the mind and body. Lassus opere fa-
ciundo. Plaut. Lassus animus et cura confectus. Ter. Lassus sto-
machus. Hor. // would be improper to say lassus inedia, vulnere,
aetate. The continuation of the same thing tires one ; work fatigue*
him : to be lassus, is to be unfit for working ; to be fatigatus, is
having
done too much. When we are lassi with a work, it must te suspended
or changed ; when we are fatigati with it, we must rest ourselves;
when
we are defatigati, (harassed,) we must recruit our spirits.
1077. Festinl: Festinanter.
FESTINF., betimes, soon. Si quid forte de Comitiis (soles enim tu

haec festine odorari ) scribas ad me. Cic FESTINANTER, hastily,
253
precipitately. Illud mihi a te nimium festinanter dictum videtur,

sapientes omnes esse beatos. Cic.
1078. Festus. Festivus.
FESTUS, belonging to festivals or rejoicings. Dies illi pro festis

penti
funesti extiterunt. Cic. Dapes festae. Hor. He has also saidfestus
pagus, a village full of rejoicing. FESTIVUS, merry, pleasant, jocose.
Homo festivus. Cic. Sermo festivus. Id. Locus festivus. Plaut.
O mi pater festivissime ! Ter.
1079. Fex. Sentina.
FEX, dregs, the settlement of liquors at the bottom of vessels after

fermentation. Peruncti fecibus ora. Hor. Before vizors were in use,
actors daubed their faces with a kind of colour made of the lees of
wine. Fugiunt cadis cum fece siccatis amici. Id. Figuratively : Fex
urbis, Cic., The dregs or refuse of the people. SENTINA, the sink of
a ship (situated at the bottom) into which all dirty waters and filth
fall. Cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros cursent, alii sentinam
exhauriant. Cic. Figuratively : Sentina Reipublicae, Cic., The rab-
ble of the Republic.
1080. Fictio. Figmentum. Confictio.
FICTIO, (from fingere) the act of forming. In avium fcetibus

fictio a capite sumit exordium. Lact. Figuratively : Fictio nominis,
Quint., The act of making a word. The same author has used it in
the meaning of a feigning, a fiction. FIGMENTUM, an earthen fi~
gure or statue. Animalis figmentum. Gell. Figuratively : Any thing
feigned. Integra? sententiae, vera?, nova?, sine figmentis fucoque
puerili. Cic. CONFICTIO, a forging, a counterfeiting. Criminis con-
fictionem accusator Erucius suscepit. Cic.
1081. Fie tor. Pic tor.
FICTOR, (from fingere) a maker of figures, of statues. Ut faber

non ipse facit materiam, sed ea utitur qua? sit parata, fictorque item
cera, sic, &c. Cic. Figuratively: Fictor legum. Plaut. PICTOR,
(from pingcre) a painter, a picture drawer. Nicomachus et Proto-
genes perfecti pictores fuerunt. Cic. Deos a facie novimus, qua
pictores fictoresque voluerunt. Id.
1082. Fictus. Commentitius.
FICTUS, (from fingere) properly formed. Ex argilla etlutofictus

homulus. Cic. Figuratively : Feigned, disguised. Fict us et astutus
homo. Hor. Ficto pectore fatur. Virg. COMMENTITIUS, (from
cum, andmens) imagined by fancy, invented fann/ully or designedly.
Crimen commentitium confirmare. Cic. Ficta et commentitia fa-
bula. Id. Commentitii et ficti Dii. Id. Commentitia Platonis ci-
vitas. Id. Plato 's fancied commonwealth.
1083. Fidelis. Fidus.
FIDELIS, says Cicero, domicilium proprium est in officio, migra-

tiones in alienum multae ; nam et doctrina, et domus, et ars, et ager
etiam fidelis dici potest. Fidelis signifies faithful, loyal, sincere.
Servus egregie fidelis. Cic. Conjux fidelissima. Id. Figuratively :
254
Amicitia fidelis. Cic. Fidele consilium dare. Id. Fidele silentium.
Id. Desideriis icta fidelibus quaerit patria Caesarem. Hor. FIDUS,
sure, trusty, true-hearted. Fida pax Romanis fuit cum Porsenna.
Liv. Fidissimus cultor imperil Romani. Id. Fidus interpres. Hor.
Qualive amico mea commendavi bona, probo, et fideli, et fido, et
cum magna fide. Piaut. Fieri potest hominem naturii parum fide-
lem quibusdam sociis fidum permanere. G. D.
10S4<. Fidelitas. Fides.
FIDELITAS, fidelity, diligent exactness in fulfilling one's promises

and duty. Vita mea quae amicoruin fidelitate conservata est. Cic.
Erga patriam fidelitas. Id. FIDES. 1. Faith, sincerity and honesty
in promises. Fundamentum justitiae est fides, id est, dictorum con-
ventorumque constautia et veritas. Cic. Credamusque, quia fiat,
appellatam fidem. Id. Bona fide, Flor., Without fraud, without covin.
Exhibejam vocis fidem. Phaed. 2. Confidence, reliance on another s
integrity. Adhibenda tides non est somnianiium visis. Cic. Res
habuit fidem, Ovid., The thing was credited. Debet habere fidem
nostra praedictio. Cic. Ad fidem earum rerum, Liv., As a proof of
it. Non ideo faciebat fidem civilis animi, Tac., He did not for all
that persuade the Romans that he was from his heart a well-disposed
citizen. Fides anuno, fidelitas re declaratur. G. D.
10S5. Fidens. Confidens. Prcefidens.
FIDEXS, having full confidence; it is generally taken in a good sense.

Animus prudentia consilioque fidens. Cic. Fidenti ammo, siita res
feret, gradietur ad mortem. Id. Fidens animi. Virg. COXFID
presumptuous. Nihil hoc confidentius, qui, quae vides, ea pernegas.
Plant. Juvenum confidentissime. Virg. Cicerojirtds fault with the
custom of using confidens only in a tad sense. Qui fortis est idem est
fidens ; nam confidens mala consuetudine loquendi in vitio ponitur.
PRJEFIDEMS, trusting too much to. Homines rebus secundis ef-
fraenatos, sibique practidentes tanquam in gyrum rationis et doctrinae
duci oportere. Cic.
1086. Fidentia. Fiducia. Confidenlia.
FIDEXTIA, boldness, assurance, firmness of mind. Fidentia est per

quam magnis et honestis in rebus multum ipse animus in se fiduciae
certa cum spe collocavit. Cic. Fidentia, scientia quaedam est et
opinio gravis, non temere assentiens. Id. FIDUCIA, confidence , self -
confidence. Quae facio, tua fiducia facio. Cic. Falsa est fiducia
formae. Propert. Arripuit sibi insolentem fiduciam. Phaed. At
plerique suam ipsi vitani narrare, fiduciam potius morum, quam ar-
rogantiam arbitrati sunt, Tac., Most of them thought that the writing
of their own life was more the effect of an honest confidence in their
virtue, than of arrogance and vanity. Fiducia is also said of an
agree-
ment between the creditor and the del-tor for the security of the
debt,
ly which the former is tn keep the. pledge as his own properly, in
case
the debt be not paid within a certain time. Pecuniam adolescentulo
grandi frcnore, fiducia taim-n accc-pta, occupasti, Cic., You have
lent
money to this young man at an enormous interest, though you had for
greater security taken an estate of his as a pledge. It is moreover
said
of a feigned sale, with power of buying again. Qui fiduciam accepit,
9.55
debet praestare fidem, Cic., He who has bought something on condition

it may be bought again, ought to keep the word he has given to the
seller. Fiduciam committere, Id., To sell a thing on condition it may
le bought again. CONFIDEXTIA is generally an ill-grounded confi-
dence, temerity. Tantii confidentia estis ; auferte enim istam super-
biam. Cic. Confidentia et temeritas. Id. Quae signa confidential
sunt, non innocentiae. Id.
1087. Figularis. Fictilis.
FIGULARIS, (from fingere) of or belonging to a potter. Rota figu-

laris, Plaut., A potter s wheel. Figuralis creta, Col., Potter's
earth.-
FICTILIS, of potter s earth, made of potter s earth. Fictilia vasa.
Cic. Figurae fictiles. Id.
1088. Figura. Forma.
FIGURA, says Popma, est qualitas et dispositio totius corporis ; ut

hominis figura recta est, prona animantium. Forma facies cujusque
rei, et convenientia partium expleta atque perfecta; ut in homine
forma liberalis, mediocris. Fictor, says Varro, cum dicit fingo, figu-
rant imponit; cum dicit informo, formam. Figura, the figure, rises
from the design, and is the result of the outlines of a thing. Figura
to-
tius oris et corporis. Cic. Figuratively : Negotii figura, Cic., The
turn of an affair. Vocis figura, Id., The tone of the voice. FORMA,
the form, which determinates matter to Le such or such a thing. The
form originates from the construction, and is the result of the order
in
which the parts are set. Principio corporis nostri magnam natura ipsa
videtur habuisse rationem, quas formam nostram. reliquamque figu-
ram,in qua esset species honesta, earn posuit in promptu. Cic. Formas
figura. Id. Figura distinguishes individuals ; and forma characterizes
species. In architecture the round figure is given mostly to single
pieces,
or those standing by themselves. The Divinity has been represented by
the heathens under all sorts of forms.
1089. Figurare. Formare. Efformare. Conformare.

FIGURARE, to figure. Terga ad onus ferendum figurata. Cic.
Deus mundum ea forma figuravit, qua una onines reliquae formae
concluduntur. Id. Figuratively : Os tenerum pueri balbumque poeta
figurat, torquet ab obsccenis jam turn sermonibus aurem ; mox etiam
pectus praeceptis format amicis. Hor. FORMARE, to give a form. In
muliebrem figuram habitumque formari. Cic. Materia quamfingit
formatque effectio. Id. Figuratively : Orationem formare. Cic. For-
mare classem. Virg. Formare se in alicujus mores, Liv., To assume
the manners of another. Formare gaudia mente. Ovid. Animosju-
dicum in quern volumus habitum formare, et velut transfigurare.
Quint. EFFORMARE (so much in use among modern Lalinists) is not
found in good authors, who make use o/formare, informare. COXFOR-
MARE, to dispose a thing, to set in order, to adjust. Mundum non
sedificatum, sed a natura conformatum. Cic. Quas imagines mihi
proponens, animum et mentem meam ipsa cogitatiohe hominum ex-
cellentium conformabam. Id. Ad majora qusedam ros natura ge-
nuit et conformavit. Id.
1090. Finder e. Scindere. Exscindere.

FINDERE, to slit, to divide, denotes no violence or effort. Paries
fissus
256
tenui rima. Ovid. Via se findit in ambas partes. Virg. SCINDERE,

(from tmigiu, to split) to rend, denotes effort. Xam primi cuneis
scin-
debant fissile lignum. Virg. Figuratively : Dolorem suum scindere.
Cic. Scinditur incertum studia in contraria vulgus. Virg. EXSCIN-
DERE, (scindere ex) to cut out, to pull or tear out. Exscindere lin-
guam. Cic. Scindere would present another sense. Figuratively : Cau-
sas bellorum exscindere. Tac. Exscindere pestem. Virg.
1091. Finger e. Conflare.
FINGERE is properly said of a statuary, of a potter; to fashion, to

mould. Properly to knead a soft matter, tuchas potter's earth, or wax,
in order to make vessels or statues. In ceris fingere. Cic. Figura-
tively : Fingere carmina. Hor. Se totum ad aliorum arbitrium nu-
tumque fingere. Cic. COXFLARE, (flare cum) to How together, is
said of metals that are melted or cast. Statuas argenteas conflare.
Suet. Conflare metallum, Plin., To melt metal by blowing. Ipsum
solitus conflare tonantem. Juv. Falces conflantur in ensem. Virg.
Figuratively : Conflare aes alienum, Cic., To run in debt. Conflare
pecuniam, Id., To hoard up money. Conflare alicui negotium, invi-
diam, Id., To cause trouble to one, to draw envy upon him. Conflare
bellum, Id., To raise war. Conflare crimen, Id., To procure an im-
peachment. Scelerum pactiones societatesque conflavit. Id. Conflare
mendacium. Id. Sanguine civili rem con flan t. Lucr.
1092. Fingere. Comminisci.
FINGERE, in a figurative sense, may be considered as synonymous

with comminisci : it signifies to feign, to invent, to affect. Fingit
cau-
sas, ne det, Ter., He feigns excuses not to give. Fingit falsas causas
."id discordiam. Id. Jocum fingere tristi vultu, Tibull., To affect
joy
with a mournful countenance. COMMINISCI, (from cum, and mens)
to forge, to invent. Nihil adversus tale machinationis genus parare,
aut comminisci oppidani conabantur. Liv. Verisimile non est tantum
scelus Marcum Cottam esse commentum. Cic.
1093. Finire. Terminare. Definire. Deierminare.

FINIRE, to finish, to limit, both in a physical and moral sense. Lin-
gua dentibus finitsj. Cic. Prandia finire moris. Hor. Sitim finit
copia lymphae. Id. Cupiditates satietate finiebat. Cic. Finire do-
lores morte. Id. TERMINARE, (from termes) to bound, to set bounds
or limits. Imperium terminare oceano. Virg. Subjectos campos
terminare oculis hand queas, Liv., The fields iff ore you reach
further
than you can see. Figuratively : Ut unde orsa est in eodem termi-
netur oratio. Cic. DEFINIRE, to fix. Imperium populi Romani
orbis terrarum terminis definivit. Cic. Definire numerum, Id., To
determine a number. Mala dolore, bona voluptate definiunt. Id. It
is in this sense that it signifies to define, because there is a fixed
point in
a definition. Definire artem. Cic. DETERMINARE, to determine, to
fix bounds or limits. Regiones ab oriente ad occasum determinavit.
Liv. Figuratively: Id quod dicit, spiritu, non arte determinat, Cic.,
He determines the length of his periods by the for ct of his breath,
and
not by the rules of art. Although these three verbs seem to have been
used indifferently the one for the other, they way be distinguished
thus :
Horizon nostrum aspectum definit ; subjectos campos oculis tcrmi-
namus ; augures determinabant regiones, limites, confinia. G. D.
257
1094-. Finis. Modus. Terminus. Limes. Meta. Extremitas.

FINIS, the end, frontier. Operum longorum finis. Hor. Ad ex-
tremum finem Gallias. Liv. Quorum per fines ierant. Cic. Ft is taken
for the intent or purpose. In judicial! genere finis est aequitas.
Cic.
Finis sedificatse domus, usus. Id. Figuratively : Intra fines naturae
vivere. Hor. MODUS. I. Manner. Modus vivendi. Cic. 2. Rule,
measure. Finivit modum novis sepulchris, Cic., He regulated the ex-
pense for the construction of new sepulchres. 3. End, bounds. Non fa-
cere modum legendi. Cic. Ponere modum orationi. Tac. 4. The
time or measure in music, a note. In musicis numeri et voces et modi.
Cic. 5. The mood of a verb. Modus fatendi, Quint., Indicative mood.
TERMINUS, (from terraes, because the ancients planted the branch
of a tree to serve as a boundary) a land-mark that separates a field
from
another. Est enim inter nos non de terminis, sed de tota possessione
contentio. Cic. Figuratively : Certos mihi fines terminosque con.
stituam. Cic. Angustus sevi terminus. Virg. LIMES, (from AeT/x/^x,
reliquiae, locus divisionis) a cross-path, a boundary. Lato te limite
ducam. Virg. Limes agro positus. Hor. META, a pillar inform of
a cone, at the end of the raceground, round which the chariots were to
return without touching it. Meta fervidis evitata rotis terrarum do-
minos evehit ad Deos. Hor. And more generally : Sol ex aequo meta
distabat utraque. Ovid. Figuratively: Fama adolescentis paululum
haesit ad metas infelici vicinitate et insolentia voluptatum. Cic.
EXTREMITAS, extremity, the last parts that makeup a thing. The ex-
tremity answers the centre. Cujus omnis extremitas paribus a medio
radiis attingitur. Cic. Regiones quarum nulla esset ora, nulla ex-
tremitas. Id.
1095. Finitor. Decempedator. Metator.
FIXITOR, f from finis) a surveyor of land, one who sets bounds. Fi-
nitorem mittant, ratum sit quod finitor uni ulli a quo missus erit,
renunciaverit. Cic. DECEMPEDATOR, ( from decem anrfpes) he that
measures ground with a perch : the Roman perch was about 16^ feet
English measure. Antonius aequissimus agri privati et publici decem-
pedator. Cic. METATOR, (from meta) he who measures the ground
by a line or chain. Castrorum et urbis metator. Cic. Saxa, parietes
metator callidus, urbem jam decempeda sua diviserat. Id.
1096. Fiscina. Fiscella. Qualus. Canistrum. Calathus.
FrsciNA, a wicker or reed basket, used to hold fruits. Et facilis ru-

bra texatur fiscina virga. Virg. Fiscina ficorum. Cic. FISCELLA,
(diminutive of fiscina) a little basket. Turn fiscella levi detexta
est
vimine junci. Tibul. Et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco. Virg. QUA-
LUS, a compact wicker basket for the use of vine-dressers. Turn spisso
vimine qualos, colaque praelorum fumosis deripe tectis. Virg. Vin-
demiatorii quali. Ulp. Horace calls qualus the basket that women put
their spindles and thread-bottoms in. CANISTRUM, a bread- or flower-
basket. Cereremque canistris expediunt. Virg. Cumulata flore ca-
mstra. Ovid. CALATHUS, (from xaXaSo;) A work-basket. Voslanam
trahitis, calathisque peracta refertis. Juv. And more generally :
Lilia
plenis ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis. Virg. Vina novum fundantca-
lathis Arvisia nectar, Id., The nectar of Chios will be in great
plenty
at that feast.
258
1097. Fizus. Immotus. Immobilis.
Fixus, (from figere) fixed, driven in. Ad parietem fixae clavis

ferreis. Plaut. Arma parietibus fixa. Virg. Figuratively : Si cui quid
Hie promisit, id erit fixum. Cic. Si haec mala fixa sunt, Id., If
these
evils be unavoidable. IMMOTUS, (non motus) unmoved, steadfast.
Lumina immota tenere. Virg. Figuratively : Mens immota manet.
Virg. Fixum immotumque animo sedet. Id. Immotum ad versus
eos sermones fixuraque Tiberio fuit., Tac., All these speeches did not
move Tiberius in the least. Fixum est quod aut lege aliqua, aut ne-
cessitate, ubi positum est, ibi tenetur et manet ; immotum, cujus fir-
mata stabilitas conatus omnes ac impetus irritos facit. G. D. IM-
MOBILIS, immoveable, that cannot te moved. Immobile saxum Capi-
toli. Virg. Immobiles oculi. Plin. figuratively : Scopulis immo-
bilior. Ovid.
1098. Flaccescere. Tabescere.
FLACCESCERE, (from flaccus) to wither, to fade. Dum flaccescat

fcenum. Col. Figuratively : Flaccessebat oratio, Cic., The discourse
was languid. TABESCERE, (from tabes) to become purulent matter.
Morbo tabescere. Cic. Figuratively : Desiderio alicujus tabescere.
Cic.
1099. Flare. Spirare. Halare.
FLARE, to blow. Turn cum Favonius flaret. Cic. Figuratively:

Belli nobis flavit lenissimus Auster et mitis. Cic. SPIRARE, to
breathe, to fetch breath. Dum aninia spirabo mea. Cic. It is only by
analogy that it is used in the sense of flare, halare. Coepit spix-are
va-
lentius Eurus. Ovid. Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem
spiravere. Virg. Figuratively : Spirare tribuuatum, Liv., To long for
the tribuneship. Spiral tragicum, et satis feliciter audet. Hor. Spi-
rare quietem. Prop. HALARE, to exhale, or cast out a vapour or
smell. Halantes floribus horti. Virg. De gelidis halabat vallibus
aura.
Ovid.
1100. Flectere. Plicare. Curvare.
FLECTERE, to lend, to incline. Arcus flexos incurvans. Virg.

Flexum genu submittere. Ovid. Figuratively : Flectere promonto-
rium, Cic., To turn a cape or promontory. Ut earn flectas viam te
rogo, Id., / leg you u-ill avoid that road. PLICARB, (from TTAfxco)
to form plaits or folds. Charta plicetur. Mart. Serpens sese in sua
membra plicans. Virg. CURVARE, (from curvus) to crook, to bow.
Curvata cuspis. Ovid. Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbore ramus.
Id. Flectirnus genua: plicamus chartam, telam ; arcum curvamus.
G.D.
1101. Flectere. Mover e. Officer e.
FLECTERE, synonymous with the others, signifies, to prevail with

one, to persuade him by submitting and humbling ones self. Precibus
si flecterisullis. Virg. Flectere animos. Cic. MOVERE, in its proper
sense, to move, to stir. Movere lapides. Ter. Figuratively : To
affect,
to incite, to influence. Moveri auctoritate alicujus. C. S'ep. Kisum
movere. Cic. Movere animos, Id., To move the hearts : Flectere ani-
mos is to gain the good wiU, to win the heart. AFFICERE, (facere ad)
to make an impression, is said of both mind and body. Afficiunt cor-
pora fames et sitis. Liv. Affectae res, Id., Bad and ruinous circum-
259
stances. Affectus animus virtutibus, Cic., A mind inclined to virtue.

Ut qui audirent sic afficerentur, ut eos affici vellet orator. Id.
1102. Flexibilis. Flexuosus.
FLEXIBILIS and FLEXILIS, ( from flectere) easy to be bent or bowed.

Arcus flexibilis. Ovid. Cornu flexile, Id., A bow. Figuratively:
Nihil non flexibile ad bonitatem, Cic., Every thing took a favourable
turn. Flexibilis aetas, Id., A tractable and flexible age. Flexibile
vocis genus. Id. FLEXUOSUS, full of turnings and windings. Iter
flexuosum, Cic., A tortuous road. Flexuosus volatus hirundinis. Plin.
1103. FLexio. plexus.
FLEXIO, the act of bending, of bowing. Virilis laterum flexio. Cic.

Speaking of the gesture of an orator. Figuratively : Vocis flexio.
Cic.
FLEXUS, the bending or folding itself. Membrorum flexus. Quint.
Itinerum flexus, Cic., The turning of the roads. Figuratively : Flexus
aetatis, Cic., The decline of age. Flexus autumni, Tac., The fall, the
end of autumn.
1104*. Florere. Florescere.
FLORERE, (from flos) to blossom, to bear flowers. Arbor floret.

Cic. Ager floret. Id. Figuratively : Florere in foro. Cic. Florere
oetate et forma. Id. Accessus meus ad urbem incredibili hominum
gratulatione floruit. Id. FLORESCERE, to begin to bloom. Pulegium
aridum dicitur florescere brumali ipso die. Cic. Figuratively : Hsec
tua justitia et lenitas animi florescet quotidie magis. Cic.
1105. Floridus. Floreus. Florens.
FLORIDUS, flowery, adorned with flowers. Prato floridior. Ovid.

Puella florida. Catul. Figuratively : Floridus orator. Cic. Genus
orationis floridum. Quint. FLOREUS, flowery, made with flowers.
Corona florea. Plaut. Virgil has said, poetically, Florea rura, for
florida rura. FLORENS, that blossoms, that ii in bloom. Arva flo-
rentia. Ovid. Figuratively : Florentissima armis civitas. Cic. Flo-
rentissima fortuna. Id. Florente Antonio, Id., When Antony's for-
tune was prosperous. Florente juventa fervidus. Hor.
1106. Fluctuare. Fluitare.
FLUCTUARE, to be tossed by the waves. Atque ut nunc valde fluc-

tuat mare, nulla nobis spes est. Plaut. Quadrirememque in salo
fluctuantem reliquerat. Cic. Figuratively : Fluctuare animo, Liv.,
To be in suspense, uncertain, irresolute. Tota res etiam nunc
fluctuat,
Cic., The thing is yet quite uncertain. Fluctuari is also used as a
verb
deponent. Fluctuantur incerti animi. Liv. Utrius populi victoriam
mallet fluctuatus animo faerat. Id. FLUITARE, to float, to swim
upon. Cum fluitantem alveum tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset. Liv.
Figuratively : Spe fluitare, Hor., To be wavering in one's hopes.
Fides
fluitat, Tac., Faith, fidelity is fluctuating and uncertain.
1107. Fluctus. Fluctuatio.
FLUCTUS, a wave, a surge, a billow. Motus et agitatio fluctuum.

Cic. Insani fluctus feriunt littora. Virg. Figuratively : Concionum
fluctus. Cic. Fluctum totius barbariae ferre una urbs non poterat.
S2
260
Id. FLUCTUATIO, the tossing of the waves, is only used in a figura-

tive sense. In ea fluctuatione animorum opprimi incautos posse.
Liv.
1108. Fluvialis. Fluviatilis.
FLUVIALIS, of or pertaining to a river. Lympha fluvialis. Virg.

Ripa fluvialis. Ovid FLUVIATILIS, that feeds and lives in rivers.
Testudines ttuviatiles. Cic. Naves fluviatiles. Liv. Fluvialis has
been
used ty Ovid in the sense o/'fluviatilis. Fluvialis Anas.
1109. Fluvius. Flumen. Fluentum. Amnis. Torrens.
Although fluvius and flumen l-e often indifferently used, they ought
nevertheless to be distinguished. FLUVIUS is the proper word to
express
a river, a tody of Tunning ivaters habitually keeping within their
chan-
nel. Fluvius Eurotas. Cic FLUMEN, in its proper sense, is only a
very abundant flowing, either of waters, or of any thing else. Flumen
Nilus. Cic. Therejore we say, very properly, flumen ingenii, oratio-
nis, verborum. Cic. FLUENTUM, a running u-ater, is only used in
poetry. Xanthi fluenta. Virg. Aniena fluenta. Id. Tyberina fluenta.
Id. AMNIS conveys the idea of a largt river. Spumosus amnis. Virg.
Vorticoso amni delatus in hostes. Liv. TORKENS, (from torrere)
a torrent, a stream coming doicn a hill, caused by heavy rains, or
thaw-
ing of snow, and which is dried up in summer. Ecce velut torrens
undis pluvialibus auctus, aut nive, qua? Zephyro victa repente fluit,
per sata perque vias fertur. Ovid.
1110. Fluxus. Fragilis. Caducus.
FLUXUS, (from fluere) that easily flows. Fluxum pertusumque

vas. Lucret. Figuratively : Fortuna belli fluxa. Cic. Fluxa fides.
Plaut FRAGILIS, ( from fr.angere) brittle, that is easily broken.
<jlacies fragilis. Ovid. Figuratively : Divitiarum et formae gloria
fluxa et fragilis est. Sail. CADUCUS, (from cadere) falling. Folia
caduca. Cic. Figuratively : Oinnia caduca praeter virtutem. Cic.
Res humanae fragiles et caduca?. Id.
1111. Fodere. Fodicare.
FODERE, to dig, to delve. Vulpes cubile fodiens dum terram eruit.

Phaed. Humum fodere. Virg. Puteos tbdere. Caes. Figuratively :
Fodit dolor. Cic. Nuin expectas dum te stiniulis fodiam : Id. Fo-
DICARB-( frequentative of fodere) is only used in n figurative sense;
to
prick, to sting. Non est in nostra potestate, fodicantibus his rebus,
quas maJas esse opinanms, dissimulatio, vel oblivio. Cic.
1112. Fop-dare. Deformare.
FCEDARE, to reduce to a frightful state. It relates more to cruelly

arid indignity of treatment than to defilement. Quae causa indigna se-
renos fedavit vultus? \ irg. Orafcedans unguibus. Id Figuratively:
Itomatn ipsam foedavit adventus tuus. Cic DKFORMARK, ( ftomde
and forma) to deform, to disfigure. Canitiem unmtmdo deformat pul-
vere. Virg. figuratively : Deformare genus et fortunam lionestam.
Liv. // also expresses, to describe, to make a rough draught of any
thing.
Quern supra deformavi. Cic.
111.'}. F(cmina. Mulier. Uxor. Matrona.

FCEMIXA, a woman, a female. Mors in claris viris et fceminis, dux
in ccelum solet esse. Cic. Aliae bestiae mares, aliae fceminae sunt.
Id.
// is said of a single as well as of a married woman. Fcemina
decennis.
Plin. Praestantissima omnium fccminarum uxor tua. Cic. MULIER,
a wife, a married woman. Cicero objurganti quod sexagenarius Po-
piliam virginem duxisset, eras mulier erit, inquit. Quint. Ut sentiant
mulieres in natura fceminarum omnium Deum castitatem pati. Cic.
UXOR (quasi unxor,yrom ungere, because the door was rubbedtvilk
grease tvhen the wife for thejirst time entered her husband's house)
is
the wife of any one. Uxor sine dote veniet. Ter. A ducenda uxore
abhorret. Cic. MATRONA (from mater) is a term of dignity. Ma-
trona, say the grammarians, est spectatae auctoritatis et pudicitise
foemina, nupta aut vidua. Tanquam meretrices in matronarum cos-
turn. Cic. Si torus in pretio est, et dicor matrona Tonantis. Ovid.
Matrona potentis, Hor., A lady, a woman of quality. Ut nulla nisi
spectatae pudicitiae matrona, et quaeuni viro nupta fuisset, jus
sacri-
ficandi haberet. Liv. Et matronarum casta delibo oscula. Phsed.
1114. Faenebris. Fosneratorius.
FCENEBRIS, (from fcenus) pertaining*to usury. Novi consules foe-

nebrem quoque remlevare aggressi solutionern alieni aeris in publicam
curam verterunt. Liv. Fcenebres leges. Id. FCENERATORIUS, belong-
ing to usury, or an usurer. Avara et fceneratoria Gallorum philoso-
phia. V. Max.
1115. Faeneratio. Fceneralia.
FCENERATIO, a letting out of money to usury. Nee enim si tuam

ob causam cuiquam commodes, beneficium illud habendum est, sed
fceneratio. Cic. FCENERALIA, days of paying the interest of usuries
or rents, which were on the Ides of July. Ita libero fcenore obruebant
debitores ; cujus coercendi cum ratio quaereretur, diem finiri pla-
cuit, fceueralia qua? proxime fuissent. Liv.
1116. Fcenus. Usura.
FCENUS (quasi fcetus) is properly the produce of the earth. Terra

nunquam sine usura reddit quod accepit, sed alias minore alias ma-
jore cum fcenore, hoc est cum fcetu ac fructu. Cic. // is most com-
monly said of the interest upon money lent. Dives positis in fcenore
nummis. Hor. Pecuniam sine fcenore credidit ei. C. Nep. USURA is
properly the usage or enjoyment of a thing. Usura longa inter nos
fuit,
Cic., VV~e have lived together a long while. Usura, among the Romans,
was the amends made for the loss sustained by the creditor in letting
out
money ; whereas fcenus wax the gain and profit arising from the lend-
ing of money. Usuras pendere reliquae pecuniae. Cic. Consistere
debuit usura. Id. We now-a-days understand by usury an illegal pro-
Jit that is exacted for money or commodities. Maluin est fcenus quo
quaeruntur usura?. D. Ambros.
1117. Fcetidns. Putidus.
FCETIDUS, slinking, rank. Os fcetidum. Cic. Qui praebent populo

pisces fcetidos. Plaut. PUTIDUS, of an ill savour, infectious. Fungus
putidus. Plaut. Palus putida. Catul. Figuratively : Oratio putida.
Hor. Putidius multo cerebrum est, mihi crede, Perilli, Id., Beiitve
me, Perillus is muck more crack-brained than you. Putidus also sig-
nifies affected, too formal. Sonus erat dulcis, litterae neque
expressae,
262
neque oppressae, ne aut obscurum esset, aut nimis putidura, id est,
exquisitum. Cic. Vereor ne putidum sit scribere ad te quam sim
occupatus. Id.
1118. Folium. Frons -dis.
FOLIUM is said of any sort of leaves. In arboribus trunci, rami,

folia. Cic. Concava caepe folia. Plin. Amaris vesci foliis. Hor.
FRONS -DIS is only said of leaves of trees. Frecundae frondibus ulmi.
Virg. Spargit agrestes tibi silva frondes. Hor.
1119. Foliis. Folliculus.
OLLIS, a pair of bellows. Foliis fabrilis. Liv. Alii ventosis fol-

libus auras accipiunt redduntque, Virg., Some are employed in blow-
ing uith lellows. FOLLICULUS, (diminutive of foliis) a small lag or
scrip of leather. Adeo exigue commeatus suppeditabantur, ut eques
folliculis in castra ab Arpis frumentum veheret. Liv. Os autem ob-
volutum est folliculo, Cic., speaking of the punishment of parricides.
It is also said of the husk inclosing the seeds of wheat or other
grain.
Cum folliculo se exerit spica mollis. Plin.
1120. Fons. Scatelra. Puteus.
FONS, (from fundere) a fountain, a spring of water rising out of

the ground. Aquae dulcis fons Syracusis est, plenissimus piscium.
Cic. Fontes obstrepunt manantibus lymphis. Hor. Figuratively ;
Fons et caput philosophorum Socrates. Cic. Fons mreroris. Id.
SCATEBRA, (from scatere) the spouting of waters, a source. Fontium
scatebrae. Plin. Scatebrisque arentia temperat arva. Virg. PUTEUS,
a well, a deep hole dug iy men, to draw water out of. Haurire aquu.ni
de puteo. Cic.
1121. Forare. Per/orare. Terebrare. Cavare.
FORARE, to bore. Amygdala si parum ferax erit, forata arbore

lapidem adjicito, et ita librum arboris inolescere sinito. Col. PER-
FORARE, to borf through, to run through with a spear, sword, &c.
Latus ense perforat. Ovid. TEREBRARE, (from terebra, an auger)
to pierce with an auger or wimble. Buxum terebratum per rara fora-
mina. Ovid. And more generally : Telo lumen terebramus acuto.
Virg. Aut terebrare caras uteri, et tentare latebras. Id. CAVARE,
to make hollow, to scoop. Cavat arbore lintres. Virg. Saxa cavantur
aqua. Ovid. Figuratively : Cavat luna cornua, Pliu., The moon i< in
the wane.
1122. Forfex. Forceps.
FORFEX, a pair of scissars or sheers, a pair of pincers to pull out

teeth. Alii cum legerent uvani, si quse sunt in ca vitiosa grana, for-
ficibus amputant. Col. Si fieri potest, manu; sin minus, dens forfice
excipiendus est. Cels. FORCKPS, a pair of tongs, nippers, pincers,
tweezers, or such- like instrument 1 ;. Versantque tenaci forcipe mas-
sam, Virg., speaking of the Cyclopes. Forcipes cancrorum, Plin., A
crab's or lobster's claws.
1123. Fori. Transtra.
FORI, the. deck* of a ship. Cum alii malos scandant, alii per foros
cursitcnt, alii sentinani exhauriant. Cic. It is said of the separate
263
places appointed for the several orders of the Roman peopfe, from
whence plays ivere seen in the Circus. Turn primum Circo designa-
tus est locus : divisa loca & Patribus Equitibusque, ubi sibi specta-
cula quisque taceret, fori appellati. Liv. In the same sense Pirgil
says of the beet : Complebuntque foros, et floribus horrea texent,
They will rebuild their cells, and Jill them with the juice of
floivers.
TRANSTRA, the benches where the rowers sit in ships, boats, or
galleys.
Considere transtris. Virg.
1124-. Forts. For as.
FORIS, without doors, when there is no motion. Parva sunt foris

arma, nisi est consilium domi. Cic. Figuratively : Foris sapere,
sibi non posse auxiliarier. Ter. FORAS, without doors, when there
is motion. Exi foras. Ter. Ire foras. Hor. Cicero said eminere
foras, because /jj that sentence eminere denotes efforts with a
tendency
towards something.
1125. Formidabilis. Formidolosus.
FORMIDABILIS, formidable, dreadful; it is the effect of imminent

danger, which is seen hanging over one's head. Formidabilis serpens.
Ovid. FORMIDOLOSUS, to be feared, is the effect of danger at a greater
distance and more remote. Bellum formidolosissimum. Cic. Dubia
et formidolosa tempora. Id. Formidolosus signifies also, fearful,
timorous. Formidoiosus hostium miles. Tac. It would be very pro-
per to say : Formidolosa nubes tempestatem praenuncians ; formida-
bile tonitru cum fulguribus terrain concutiens. G. D. Likewise,
Formidabilis erat A chillis in praelium mentis aspectus ; formidolo-
sior erat inimicis Utysses* G. D.
1126. Formula. Norma. Regula. Prcuscriptum. Prcescriptio.
FORMULA, (diminutive of forma) a form in law, a model express-

ing the very words wherein a law, or an act, is conceived. Testamen-
torum formulae. Cic. It is taken in a more general sense. In socio-
rum formulam referre, Liv., To receive into the number of allies.
Jurisconsultorum formulae. Cic. Vis hanc formulam cognitionis
esse, ut uter timuerit, ne alter videretur regno dignior, is consilium
opprimendi fratris, judicetur cepisse ? Liv. NORMA, asq uare used
by builders, &c. an instrument for making or measuring a right angle.
REGULA, (from regere) a rule or ruler, an instrument wherewith
straight lines are drawn. Longitudines ad regulani, anguli ad nor-
mam respondentes. Vitruv. figuratively . Vitam ad certam ratio-
nis normam dirigere. Cic. Natural! norma legem bonam a mala di-
videre possumus. Id. Servata ilia regula, ad quam omnia judicia
rerum dirigantur. Id. Habere regulam qua vera et falsa judicentur.
Id. PR^SCRIPTUM, (scribere pree) is a prescript, a rule established
before. Ex praescripto civitatis. Cic. PRCESCRIPTIO is a rule actu-
ally dictated by reason, nature, or any other authority, after a
serious
examination of present circumstances. Haec norma, haec regula, haec
praescriptio naturae. Cic. Praescriptio rationis. Id. // also
signifies
pretence : Ut honesta prsescriptione rein turpissimam tegerent. Caes.
1127. Fornix. Camera. Testudo. Laquear. Lacunar.

FORNIX, an arched vault. Non debebit praestare quod fornix vitii
264
fecerit. Cic. Hence originates the word fornicari, because brothel-

houses were in vaults under-ground. CAMERA, (xapaâ./row xa'/xva;,
laboro) a vault, an arched roof, an arched room. Cameras quasdam
non probavi, mutari jussi. Cic. Percutere caraeram semine porno-
rum. Hor. Camera frumenti, Id., An arched granary Jor corn.
TESTUDO, a roof or vault bending down sideways like a tortoise-shell.
Turn foribus divae media testudine templi resedit. Virg. Tortoise-
shells were an object of magnificence at Rome ; the doors were adorned
and inlaid with them : in this sense must be understood, Nee varies
in-
hiant pulchrA testudine postes. Virg. LAQUEAR, a floor, a ceiling,
the inner roof of a house. Summi laquearia tecti. Virg. Dependent
Lychni laquearibus aureis. Id. LACUNAR, the main beam of a house,
arched or lent like a bow. Non ebur, neque aureum mea reniderin
domo lacunar. Hor.
1128. Fors. Forluna. Fors-fortuna. Sors.
FORS, says Donatus, fatorum lex ; fortuna, res incerta ; fors-for-

tuna, eventus fortunae bonus. Fors signifies an accidental event or
occurrence : it is opposed to ratio. Seu ratio dederit, seu fors obje-
cerit. Hor. Fors in aliquibus rebus plusquam ratio potest. Cic. It
has sometimes the same meaning as fortuna. Audaces forsque Deus-
que juvat. Ovid. FORTLNA, fortune, hap-chance, hazard. To for-
tune is attributed a will without discernment. Sejungi non potest
fortuna a temeritate. Cic. It is used for good-luck. Inf'eriorem alio
fortuna esse. Cic. In the plural it signifies riches, wealth. Imnii-
nebat omnium fortunis tuus furor. Cic. FORS-FORTUKA, a lucky
occurrence. O fors-fortuna, quantis commoditatibus hunc onerasti
diem ! Ter. Forte-fortuna adfuit hie meus amicus. Cic. SORS,
synonymous with the others, fate; a concealed determination is attri-
buted to fate. Quaestorem habes non tuo judicio delectum, sed eum
quern sors dedit. Cic. Telum quod cuique sors offerebat, arripuit.
Id. Multi laboris est fortunae vim facere ; insani est hominie vitam
sorti committere. G. D.
1129. Forte. Fortuito. Fortuitu. Fortasse. Forsan. Forsilan.

Fortassis.
For sit.
FORTE, (ablative of fors) expresses what happens by the effect of

conjunctures. Forte evenit. Liv. Forte consederamus in Albano.
Cic. Fortuito would present another idea. FORTUITO and FORTUI-
TU, perchance, peradventure. Fortuito, aut sine consiiio. Caes. Ut
ne quid temere aut fortuitu agamus. Cic. FORTASSE, FORSAN,
FORSITAX, FORTASSIS, FORSIT, perhaps, may be. Forsitan quis-
piam dixerit. Cic. Fortassis vaticinor. Id. Graeculus otiosus et
loquax, fortasse doctus. Id. Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit.
Virg. Ut forsit honorem jure mihi invideat quivis. Hor.
1130. Fossa. Fovea. Scrobs. Lacuna.
FOSSA, (from fodio) a ditch, a trench to inclose any extent of

ground, to defend a town, or to drain a watery place. Transitum fossae
ponticulo jungere. Cic. Fossam, cui Drusianae nomen, ingressus,
Tac., Having descended into the canal of Drusu*. Fossa llheni gur-
gitibus abundans. Cic. FOVEA, a deep and broad hole mnde in the
ground, either by nature or art. Anates in foveas, quibus feras ve-
265
namur, delapsae, solae evadunt. Plin. SCROBS, (from scabere, to

scratch) a hole made to plant a tree, a vine, &c. Si quis inserat, aut
scrobibus mandet mutata subactis.Virg. LACUNA, (from lacus) a
ditch wherein water stands, a pond, Unde cavae tepido sudant hu-
more lacunae. Virg. Et totse solidam in glaciem vertere lacunae. Id.
Figuratively : A flaw, a deficiency in matter. Lacuna in auro. Cic.
Lacunam rei familiaris explore. Id. Lacuna famae, Cell., A blemish
in ones good name.
1131. Fossio, Repastinatio.
Fossio, a digging of the ground. Fossionibus terra fit foecundior.

Cic. REPASTINATIO, (from rursus, and paslinum, a hoe, a two-
forked tool to dig the ground with) a digging or delving over again, a
new digging. Quid agri fossiones repastinationesque proferam ?
Cic.
1132. Fovere. Calefacere. Calefactare.
FOVERE, to keep warm. Laridum atque epulas fovere foculis ar-

dentibus. Plaut. Aves cum ovis pullos excluserunt, pennis eos fo-
vent, ne frigore laedantur. Cic. Figuratively : To maintain, to
caress,
to make much of. Quasi fovebam dolores meos. Cic. Inimicum meum
sic in manibus habebant, sic fovebant, sic osculabantur. Id. CALE-
FACERE, (calorem facere) to make hot or warm. Igne focum cale-
facere. Ovid. Figuratively: Calefacere aliquem, Cic., To vex one,
to put one in a heat. Eodem die Gabinium ad populum luculente
calefecerat, Id., On the. same day he had much inveighed against Ga-
binius in the assembly of the people. CALEFACTARE, {frequentative
of calefacere) to warm or heat again, or with care. Sub noctem
gelidam lignis calefactat ahenum. Hor.
1133. Fragmentum. Frustum. Segmentum.
FRAGMENTUM, (from frangere) a fragment, a piece of a thing

broken. Fragmentum lapidis. Cic. Ramea fragmenta. Virg.
FRUSTUM, a piece, a morsel. Semesa lardi frusta. Hor. Pars in
frusta secant. Virg. Fragmenta would be improper. SEGMENTUM,
(quasi secamentum) a piece cut off from something, a paring, a clip-
ping. Quid de veste loquar ? Non jam segmenta require. Ovid.
1134. Frangere. Rumpere.
FRANGERE, to break, to tear in pieces. Cervices frangebantur in

carcere civium Romanorum. Cic. Patenam frangere. Hor. Rum-
pere would not be so expressive. Figuratively : Frangere mandata,
Hor., To disobey the commands, to act contrary to them. Frangere
prenas, Liv., To soften the pains. Frangere seipsum, Cic., To con-
quer ones temper. Frangere furorem, Id., To repress fury. Fran-
gere fidem, Id., To violate one's faith. Frangere dignitatem, Id.,
To render one's dignity contemptible. Frangere consilia, Id., To break
or defeat the designs. RUMPERE, to break off. Rumpere, vincula.
Virg. Horrea rumpunt immensae messes. Id. Frangere would not
express the same idea. Figuratively : Fidem rumpere. Liv. Rum-
pere fcedus. Id. Frangere would be more expressive. In the same
manner rumpere imperium, Tac., expresses less than frangere impe-
rium, G. D.
266
1 135. Prater patruelis. Fraler germanus.
FRATER PATRUELIS, a father's brother's son. Quod si lire adesset,

non minus ille declararet, quam hie illius frater patruelis. Cic.
FRATER GERMAXUS, a brother by the same father and mother.
C. Fannius frater germanus Q. Ticinii. Cic. L. Cicero frater nos-
ter cognatione patruelis, amore germanus. Id. The same difference
must be made between soror patruelis and soror germana. G. D.
1136. Fraudator. Fraudulentus.
FRAUDATOR, a deceiver, a cozener. Creditorum fraudator. Cic.

Fr-audator et interceptor praedae. Liv. FRAUDULENTUS, fraudulent,
deceitful, knavish. Venditiones fraudulentae. Cic. Fraudulent! et
mendaces Carthagiuenses. Id. Fraudulentus is said of the habit, and
fraudator of the act.
1137- Frendere. Fremere. Stridere. Strepere.

FREXDERE, to gnash the teeth together with anger or pain. Ita fren-
debat dentibus. Plaut. Frendens leo. Cic. FREMERE, to fret and
chafe, to roar as lions or the sea do, to make a great and confused
noise.
Venti fremunt immani murmure. Ovid. Cuncti simul ore freme-
bant. Virg. Fremunt gaudio erecti de pace. Liv. Fremit ereptum
sibi consulatum. Cic. STRIDERE, (from <rrf>}%, a bird that utters
shrill sonneli) to creek, to crash. Cardo foribus stridebat ahenis.
Virg. STREPERE, to make a noise, to resound. Cornua strepuerunt
rauco cantu. Virg. Strepunt aures clamoribus plorantium. LIT.
Fremere, says Nonnius, est magnum sonare ; frendere vero, alicubi
cum gemitu vel iracundia miserum aut minax sonare.
1138. Frenum. Capistrum.
FREXUM, the bit of a bridle, a curb ; in the plural freni and frena.
Some authors write Fraenam. Coe'git equum frenos invitum pati.
Phaed. Frenum non depulit ore. Hor. Frena jugo concordia ferre
sueti quadrupedes. Virg. Figuratively : Injecit frena vaganti li-
centiae. Hor. Ea frena furenti concutit, et stimulos sub pectore
vertit Apollo. Virg. CAPISTRUM, (from caput) a halter, a muzzle.
Ferratis capistris ora praefigere. Virg. Frenare ora capistris. Ovid.
Figuratively : Maritale capistrum, Juv., The matrimonial noose, the
band of wedlock.
1139. Frequentia. Frequentatio. Frequentamentum .

FREQUENTIA, a great company, a crowd or multitude r,f people.
Quotidiana amicorum assiduitas et frequentia. Cic. Si quis nos Deus
ex hue hoiuinum frequentia tolleret, et in solitudine uspiam collo-
caret. Id. Epistolarum frequentia, Id., A frequency of letters.
FREUUENTATIO, the reuniting or pressing of things close. Frequentatio
est cum res dispersae coguntur in unum. Cic. Argumentorum fre-
quentatio. Id. FREQUENTAMENTUM, (in mutic) a warbling of the
voice. Numeros et modos et frequentatnenta qiurdam vi\ tibicea
incincret. Gell.
1140. Frigere. Algere.
FRIGERE, (from Qpifffw, to have the cold Jit of an ague) to trem-

lle with cold. Plane imiic frigeo. Cic. Figuratively : Cum omnia
267
judicia frigerent. Cic. The tribunals being inactive, on account of

the
fewness of causes that were pleaded. Nimrrum hie frigent, Id., They
are out of favour there. Ubi friget, hue evasit, quam pridem pater
mihi et mater mortui essent, Ter., When the conversation began to
be dull, she asked me how long my father and mother had been dead.
Vires effcetae frigent, Virg., My strength being exhausted makes me
languid. ALGERE, (from aXyos, dolor, because cold causes pain) to
starve with cold. Itemque Lycurgi laboribus erudiunt juventutem,
venando, currendo, sitiendo, algendo, aestuando. Cic. Figurative-
ly : Probitas laudatur, et alget, Juv., Probity is praised, and at the
same lime suffers hardships. The same difference exists between frigus
and algor.
1141. Frigidus. Gelidus. Egelidus. Glacialis. Algidus.
FRIGIDUS, cold, Frigidus aer. Ovid. Fons frigidior. Hor. Fi-

guratively : faint, languid, remiss. Frigidissimi accusatores. Cic.
Lentus in dicendo et pene frigidus. Id. Frigida et jejuna calumnia.
Id. Verba frigidiora vitanda sunt, Id., Weak. and languid expres-
sions ought to be avoided. Fomenta frigida curarum. Hor. GELI-
DUS, as cold as ice. Gelidus aether. Virg. Aqua gelida. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Freezing, chilling. Mors gelida. Virg. Gelidus tremor.
Id. EGELIDUS, lukewarm, that causes lukewarmness. Perfundeba-
tur egelida aqua vel sole multo tepefacta. Suet. Tepores egelidi.
Catul. Virgil has used egelidum flumen in the sense of valde geli-
dum ; and Suetonius, egelidum Istrum in the same sense. Rivers are
not lukewarm. GLACIALIS, glacial, freezing, icy. Frigus glaciale.
Ovid. Glacialis hyems. Hor. ALGIDUS, extremely cold. Algida
nix. Catul.
11 42. Frontier e. Frondescere.
FRONDERE, to bear leaves. Nunc frondent silvae. Virg. Ramo

frondenti tempora implicat. Id. FRONDESCERE, to shoot out leaves.
Alia verno tempore tepefacta frondescunt. Cic.. Et simili frondes-
cit virga metallo. Virg.
1143. Frondeus. Frondosus.
FRONDEUS, made of leaves. Corona, frondea. Plin. Frondea

tecta. Virg. It is used poetically for frondosus. Nemora inter fron-
dea. Virg. FRONDOSUS, full of green leaves. Frondosus ramus.
Liv. Lucus frondosus. Virg. Poetically : -fl^stas frondosa, Virg.,
The spring.
1144. Fruges. Fructus. Foetus.
FRUGES is said of corn, and of all which the earth produces for our
subsistence. Fruges cum ad spicam pervenerunt. Cic. Earn gentem
traditur fama dulcedine frugum, maxime vini nova, turn voluptate
captain. Liv. Figuratively : Quanta? fruges industrial futurae sint.
Cic. Recipere se ad frugem. Cic. Redire ad frugem bonam, Ter.,
To become a new man. FRUCTUS, (from frui) is said not only of the
produce of the earth, but also of any advantage derived from a thing.
Frugum fructuumque reliquorum perceptio et conservatio. Cic.
Fructus praediorum. Id, Fructus apum. Phaed. Fructus magna
acerbitate permixti. Cic. Oves nullum fructum edere ex se sine
hominum cultu possunt. Id. Gloria est fructus virtutis. Id. Per-
268
cipitur ex litteris fructus. Id. FOETUS is properly said of the young

of any living creature. Quae multiplices foetus procreant, ut sues,
canes, &c. Plin. // is also said of the productions of trees, of the
earth, or of the mind. Edit foetus meliores ager non semel aratus.
Cic. Pubescit vinea fcetu. Virg. Ex quo triplex ille aninii foetus
existit. Cic.
114-5. Frugi. Frvgalis.
FRUGI, (dative case of {rux,from frui, ) idoneus being understood}

useful, modest, temperate, saving, or indeed any other good quality.
Qui
sit frugi, vel, si mavis, moderatus et temperans. Cic. Graeci frugi
homines ^pucmcuf appellant, id est, tantummodo utiles ; at fruga-
litas patet latius. Id. Homo frugi omnia recte facit. Id. Alteram
lanificam, et frugi, et rusticam. Phaed. It is opposed to nequam.
L. Piso tanta virtute et integritate fuit, ut etiam illis optimis tem-
poribus, cum neminem invenire nequam posses, solus tamen frugi
nominaretur. Id. Frugi severaque vita. Id. Ccenula frugi. Juv.
FnuGALis,yra/, moderate. Optimus colonus, parcissimus, fruga-
lissimus. Cic. Ut frugalior sim, quani vult, Ter., That 1 may be
more temperate than he wishes me. to be. Frugalis villa, Var., A plain
country-house.
114-6. Frugifer. Frucluosus. Fructuarius.
FRUGIFER, (frugem ferens) bearing corn or fruit. Arva frugi-

fera. Cic. Arbor t'rugifera. Plin. Figuratively : Cum tota philo-
sophia frugifera et fructuosa sit. Cic. FRUCTUOSUS, profitable,
beneficial. Aratio fructuosa. Cic. Putatis-ne vos illis rebus frui
posse, nisi eos qui vobis fructuosi sunt, conservaveritis ? Id. FRUC-
TUARIUS, fruit-tearing, that is nf advantage, speaking of fruit. Agri
quos fructuarios habent. Cic. Cella fructuaria, Col., The place for
laying up and keeping fruit.
1147. Frumenlalor. Fruwentarius.
FRUMENTATOR, a purveyor of corn. Improvise impetu Gallorum

cum frumentatoribusest circumventus.Liv. FRUMENTARIUS, (sub-
stantive) a torn-merchant. Non videtur nee frumentarius ille Rho-
dius, nee hie aedium venditor celare emptores debuisse. Cic.
114-8. Frumentum. Triticum.
FRUMENTUM, all manner of corn or grain for bread. Abundare

copia frumenti. Cic. Frumentum triticum. Mart. Pliny has said,
frumentum et hordeum. TRITICUM, wheat. Midae dormieiiti for-
micae tritici grana in os congesserunt. Cic.
1149. Frustra. Incassum. Nequicquam.
Each of these three adverbs signifies, in vain, to no purposg, and

they
seem to have been indifferently employed. They however admit of the
following distinction: FRUSTKA, when one has not /.-/; i t warded
for his labour. Suscipere frustnl laborem. Cic. IN< irhen
we do not succeed in what we wi>h to do. Tu-ne tot incassum fusos

putiore labores ? Virg. IncasMim tt-la jactare. Liv. NKUUICQUAM,
uselessly. Utrinquu injuriae fact a?, ac res ne(juicquam trant repe-
titje. Liv. Nequicquam sapere sapientem, qui ipse sibi prodesse
nequiret. Cic.
269
1150. Fruslra est aliquid. Fruslra est aliquis.
A thing FRUSTRA EST, when it is without advantage, without suc-

cess. Ea res frustra fuit. Sail. A person FRUSTRA EST, when dis-
appointed in his or her hopes. Quo mihi magis adnitendum est, ut
neque vos decipiamini, et illi frustra sint. Sail. Servus et hera
frus-
tra sunt duo, Plaut., The slave and mistress are both dupes.
1151. Fuga. Effugium.
FUGA, flight, a running away. Mitto illam fugara ab urbe tur-

pissimam. Cic. Spem fugae tollere. Caes. Figuratively : Laboris
fuga desidiam coarguit. Cic. Honoris fuga. Liv. Fuga nulla meis .
rnalefactis, Plaut., 1 cannot by any means find an excuse for my
faults.
EFFUGIUM, a way to escape, a way to get off. Perpaucis effugium
patuit. Liv. Alias esse cornibus armatas, alias habere effugia pen-
narutn. Cic. Qui effugia insederant, Tac., Who had occupied places
through which they might have escaped. Effugium mortis, Cic., Means
of escaping death : whereas fuga mortis is the escape itself from
death.
1152. Fugax. Fugitives. Erro.
FUGAX, swift inflight. Cervi fugaces. Virg. Mors et fugacem

persequitur virum. Hor. Figuratively : Fugaces labuntur anni. Id.
Brevia et fugacia et caduca existima. Cic. FUGITIVUS is said of
the act, fugitive : it is properly said of a slave running away from
his
master. Servus fugitivus. Cic. Neque tarn fugitivi illi a dominis,
quam tu a jure et legibus. Id. Figuratively: Fugitivum argentum,
Ter., Money that seems to fly from us. EKRO, (from errare) a va-
gabond, a wanderer. Teque ipsum vitas fugitivus et erro. Hor. Fugi-
tivus is again distinguished from erro in this, that fugitivus is a
slave
who runs away with design not to come back again ; lut erro is a rogue
who effects his escape, and wanders about, until, being tired with his
excursions, he comes home again.
1153. Fugere. Vitare.
FUGERE, to fly, to run. away with swiftness. Nunc et oves ultra

fugiet lupus. Virg. Figuratively : Fugere laborem. Ter. VITARE,
to avoid, to shun, to beware. Columbae saepe cum fugissent milvium,
et celeritate pennae vitassent necem. Phsed. We get from danger,
fugimus, by not exposing ourselves to it : we avoid danger, vitamus,
by not falling into it.
11 54*. Fugit me illud. Illud me latet.
FUGIT ME ILLTO, that escapes my knowledge. Non fugisset hoc

Grascos homines. Cic. Nulla res est in usu militari, quae hujus viri
scientiam fugerit. Id. ILLUD ME LATET, That is hid from me.
Cicero says, Id me latet, and Id mihi latet. Non Pompeium latuit.
Cic. Nihil agis, nihil moliris quod mihi latere valeat in tempore. Id.
It appears that latet with an accusative case is an imitation of the
Greek
language. It is moreover to be observed, that we may very properly
say fugit scientiam hujus viri, and that latuit scientiam hujus viri
would be bad Latin.
1155. Fulcire. Susiinere. Sustentare. Munire.

FULCIRE, to prop, relates to the thing that supports, ^dificium
270
fulcire columnis. Propert. Figuratively : Subsidiis magnis fulcire

Rempublicam. Cic. SUSTIXERE, (sursum tenere) to hold, to sup-
port. Titubantee ferula sustinet artus. Ovid. Figuratively : Ab
omni assensu se sustinere, Cic., To abstain from giving one's assent
or approbation. Sustines non parvam expectationem imitandae in-
dustriae nostra?, .Id., // is fully expected you wilt not disappoint
the
hope we entertain, that you will imitate our application to labour.
Sus-
tinere expectationem sui, Id., To answer the expectation one has of
himself. Eum labantem excepit, corruere non sivit, fulsit, sustinuit
re, fortima, fide. Id. Hoc sustinete, majus ne veniat malum. Phaed.
SUSTENTARE, (frequentative of sustinere) to support : it is only
iised figuratively. Laborem spe otii sustentare. Sail. Sustentare
mcerorem. Cic. Vuletudo sui corporis notitia et observatione sus-
tentatur. Id. MUN'IRE, (quasi mcenire, from mcenia) to fortify, to
strengthen. Munire castra. Caes. Mirificis molibus munire aditus
insulas. Cic. Iter munire, Liv., To repair a highway, to pave it.
Figuratively : Ad hoc nefarium facinus aditum îbi aliis sceleribus
munivit. Cic. Misericordia et liberalitate se munire. Id.
1156. Fulgere. Splendere. Lucere. Nitere. Coruscare. Radiare.

Rutilare. Micare.
FULGERE, to shine, to glitter. Fulgent auro, purpura. Cic. Ful-

gent gladii. Liv. Figuratively : Virtus intaminatis fulget honoribus.
Hor. SPLENDERE, to shine with a pure brightness. Purius marmore
splendens. Hor. Figuratively : Virtus lucet in tenebris, splendet-
que per sese semper. Cic. // may be moreover observed, that fulgere
is rather the effect of art ; and splendere, the effect of nature. Lu-
CERE, to give light. Luna quae lucet aliena luce. Cic. Qui lumen
de suo lumine accendit, tacit ut nihilominus ipsi luceat, cum illi ac-
cenderit. Id. Figuratively: Cum res ipsa tot tarn claris arguments
signisque luceat. Cic. /Equitas lucet ipsa per se. Id. NITERE, to
shine with a gentle brightness, such as what is polished, cleaned i in
good plight of body ; set a gloss upon. Galea nitens. Virg. Qui ni-
tent unguentis, qui fulgent purpura. Cic. Taurus nitens. Virg.
Figuratively : Eorum vides quam niteat oratio. Cic. Vectigal quod
in pace niteat, in bello non obsolescat. Id. CORUSCARE, (from
xopuf, a helmet,} to flash. Flamma inter nubes coruscat. Cic. It
is also used actively : Hastamque coruscat, Virg., He brandishes his
spear. RADIARE, to shine, and cast forth teams and rays. Lunae
radiantis imago. Virg. Scuta sed et galeae gemmis radientur et
auro. Ovid. RUTILARE, to shine like gold. Aurum rutilat. Plin.
Comae promissas et rutilatae, Liv., Long and fiery-red hair. MI-
CARE, ( from mica, small grains that shine in sand) to sparkle. Cre-
bris micat ignibus aether. Virg. It also signifies, to move briskly,
to
pant or beat us the heart or pulse does. Micare gladiis. Virg. Micat
auribus equus. Id. Cor micat. Ovid. Jam vcro venae et arteriae
micare non desinunt. Cic. Semianimesque micant digiti, Virg.,
Your dying fingers are still moving. Figuratively: Micat animus,
Liv., My heart starts, and beats high.
1157. Fulguralis. Fulminnts.

FULGURALIS, (from fulgur) of or belonging to lightning. Arus-
271
picini ct fulgurates libri. Cic FULMINEUS, (from fulmen) of or

belonging to thunder. Ignis fulmineus. Ovid. Potentius ictu ful-
mineo. Hor. Figuratively: Mnestheus fulmineus. Virg. Fulmi-
neus ductor, Sil. Ital., A commander who burns and kills every where.
1158. Fulmen. Fulgur. Fulgor. Tonitru. Fulgetrum. Futguratio.
FULMEN, (from fulgere) a thunderbolt. Vis corusca fulminis. Cic.

Fulmen laevum or sinistruna, Cic., A clap of thunder from the east :
it was a good omen amongst the Romans. Figuratively : Fulmina ver-
borum. Cic. Fulmina fortunae. Id. Duo fulmina belli, Scipiadas.
Virg. FULOUR, lightning, a sudden flash of light that goes before
thunder. Rapidum fulgur. Ovid. Coeii fulgura. Cic. FULGOR, a
glittering brightness. Armorum fulgor. Hor. Elucent aliae, et ful-
gore coruscant. Virg. It is said of a flash of lightning. Fulgores et
tonitrua. Cic. TONITRU, (from tonare) thunder, a rumbling and
terrifying sound caused by inflamed exhalations that are gathered
ivithin
a cloud. Homines tonitrua jactusque fulminum extimescunt. Cic.
Cum venti se in nubein mduerint, ejusque tenuissirnam quamque
partem cceperint dividere ac disrumpere, idque crebrius facere ac
vehementius, turn et fulgores et tonitrua existere ; si auteni nubium
conflictu ardor expressus se emiserit, id esse fulmen. Id. Si
fulserit,
si tonuerit, si taetum aliquid erit de ccelo. Id. Si fulserit is the
light-
ning si tonuerit is the peal of thunder ; si taetum aliquid erit de
ccelo is the thunderbolt. FULGETRA and FULGETRUM, (from fulgeo)
a flash of fire that pierces a cloud in very hot weather. Si in nube
luc-
tetur flatus, aut vapor aut tonitrua edi ; si erumpat ardens, fulmina;
si longiore tractu nitatur, fulgetra ; his findi nubem, iliis
perrumpi.
Plin. Pinxit et quae pingi non possunt, tonitrua, fulgetra, fulgura.
Id. Fulgura in the foregoing example is used for the thunderbolt.
FULGURATIO, lightning appearing in the clouds, the flash, or ihe
light-
ning itself. Nubes mediocriter collisae fulgurationes efficiunt ;
majore
impetu pulsae, fulmina. Sen. Fulguratio ostendit ignem, fulminatio
emittit. Id. Fulmen, telum ipsum quod emittitur ; fulgur, coruscatio
cum fulmine ; fulgetrum, fulgor tantum sine fulmine. G. D.
1159. Fultus. Fretus. Nixus.
FULTUS, ( from fulcire) borne up, supported, propped. Pravis ful-

tum male talis. Hor. Vitis nisi fulta sit ad terram fertur. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Fultum gloria imperium. Cic. FRETUS, (from ferre)
being held upon ; it is only found in the figurative sense, trusting
to, re-
lying upon. Fretus conscientia officii mei. Cic. Malitiafretus sua.
Ter. Fretus intelligentia vestra dissero brevius, quam causa desi-
derat. Cic. Nixus, ( from niti) leaning on, resting on. Hastili nixus.
Cic. Nixus in cubitum. Id. Figuratively : Nixus aequitate vestra.
Cic. Innocentia freti, nobilitate nixi, potentia fulti, Id., This
exam-
ple is deserving particular notice.
1160. Fumosus. Fumidus.
FUMOSUS, that has been smoked, made black with smoke. Fumosae
imagines. Cic. Fumosa perna. Hor. FUMIDUS, that smokes. Taeda
fumida. Virg. Fumida altaria. Ovid.
1161. Fundere. Effundere. Dijfundere.

FUNDERE, properly, to found, to cast metal. Fundere ex aere ima-
272
ginem. Plin. Neque enim, quanquam fusis omnibus membris, statua

fit, nisi collocetur. Quint. It also signifies to pour out, to shed.
Fun-
dere sanguinem. Cic. Figuratively : Fusa per gentes superstitio. Cic.
Fundere versus extempore. Id. Fundere exercitum, Id., To defeat
an army. Funditur in omnes partes vitis. Id. Fundere preces. Virg.
Fundere mendacia, Plant., To tell a thousand lies. Fundere, says
Poprna, sensim in omnes partes spargere. EFFUXDERE, uno impetu,
sine modo projicere. Multi patrimonia efFuderunt inconsulte lar-
giendo. Cic. Fabianus mihi non effundere videtur orationem, sed
fundere ; adeo larga est, et sine perturbatione, non sine cursu tamen
veniens. Sen. EiFundere iram in aliquem. Liv. Effundere aerarium,
Cic., To txhaust the put-lie treasure. Effundere animam, Virg., ex-
tremum spiritual, Cic., vitam, Ovid., To breathe one's last, to
expire.
EfFundere crines, Luc., to dishevel one's hair. DIFFUXDERE, (di-
versim fundere) to pour out, to spill ; it is said of liquids. Sanguis
per
venas in omne corpus diffusus. Cic. Glacies calore liquefacta dif-
funditur. Id. Figuratively : Diffusus error. Cic. Diffundere vultum,
Id., To exhibit a joyful countenance. Crimen paucorum diffunderein
omnes. Ovid. Diffundere dolorem flendo, Id., To ease one's grief by
shedding tears.
1162. Funditus. Radicitus. Eradicitus.
FUXDITUS, (from fundus) utterly. Urbes pereunt funditus. Hor.

Figuratively: Funditus tollere fidem. Cic. RADICITUS, (from ra-
dix) to the very root Atque ille tulit radicitus altas fagos. Catul.
Figuratively : Excutere opinionem radicitus. Cic. ERADICITUS,
from the very end of the roofs. Non radicitus quidem hercle, verum
etiam eradicitus. Plant.
1163. Fundus. Territorium.
FUXDUS, the bottom, the lowest part of any hollow thing. Fundus
armarii. Cic. Figuratively: Largitio fundum non habet. Cic. It also
signifies land or ground. Cultus fundus. Hor. Obire fundos nostros
cui non licet, aut res rusticas vel fructus causa, vel delectationis ?
Cic. In this sense a vineyard-plot ii fundus, an olive-tree ground-
plot
is likewise fundus. Fundus moreover signifies, he who ratifies and au-
thorizes a thhtg. Xegat ex fcederato populo quemquam potuisse,
nisi is populus fundus factus esset, in hanc civitatem venire. Cic.
Non ut hujus sententiae fundus fierem. Cell. TERRITORIUM, (from
terra) a territory, the land lying within the bounds of a city. Lt
flo-
rentis coloniae territorium minueretur. Cic. Territorium, according
to Varro, is the lands that belong in common to a town.
11 64. Funebris. Funereus. Feralit.
FUXEBRIS, (from funus) funereal, be'onging to funerals. Funebris

laudatio. Quint. Vestimentuni funebre. Cic. Epulum funebre. Id.
Funebre bellum has been used by Horace to express a destructive war.
Fuxr.iiKus, of funerals , that announces obsequies or funerals. Fune-
reus bubo, Ovid., An owl, the hooting of which prognosticate 1 ;
death.
Frons funerea, Virg., A branch of a cypress-tree, that was placed at
t/ie door of a dead person. FERALIS, (a ferendis epulis) concerning
the dead. Ferales epulae. Plin. Ferales ante cuprcssos. Virg. Dona
273
feralia, Ovid., Fatal presents. Some translators understand dona fe-

ralia of offerings made for the dead.
1165. Funestus. Fatalis. Fatifer.
FUN*STUS, (from funus) properly, polluted by a dead lody. Fu-

nesta familia. Liv. Funesta dies Alliensis pugnae. Cic. Funestum
helium, Liv., A lloody war. It signifies also lamentable, doleful. Fu-
nestum est a forti atque honesto viro jugulari, funestius, &c. Cic.
FATALIS, (from fari, fatum) fatal, ordered by fate. Haec provideri
possunt, quia certa sunt et fatalia. Cic. Fatalis annus ad hujus urbis
interitum. Id. Seu fatalem, seu conflatam insidiis mortem obiit.
Paterc. FATIFER, (fatum ferens) destructive, mortal. Fatifer ensis.
Virg.
1166. Fungi. Defungi. Perfungi.
FUNGI, to discharge an office. Fungi munere. Caes. Fungi alienam

vicem. Liv. And in another sense : Q. Arrius omni jam fortuna pro-
spere functus est. Cic. DEFUNGI, to be rid of a business, to go
through with a business. Illi quorum animus est religionis pietate de-
functus. Cic. // is mostly said of disagreeable things. Defunctus sum,
Ter., I am past danger. Defuncta morbo corpora. Liv. Defunctus
laboribus. Hor. Utinam hoc modo sit defunctum, Ter., Would to
God u'e may come off this way ! PERFUNGI, to be quite rid of, to have
gone through with to the very end, either in a good or bad sense.
Senex
perfunctus honoribus. Cic. Respublica perfuncta est hoc misero
fatalique bello. Cic.
1167. Fur. Latro.
FUR (from $p, a spy, a thief) is one who steals either by day or
by night, who uses no violence. Nocturnum furem quoquomodo, diur-
num autem, si se telo defender-it, interfici impune voluerunt. Cic.
LATRO, (quasi latero, from latus, or Xarpusiv, colere) was originally
a hired soldier of the king's or emperor's guards. Nam rex Seleucus
nee opere oravit maximo, ut sibi latrones cogerem et conscriberem.
Plaut. It is said of a highwayman, a cut-throat, quia alatere aggre-
diuntur. Ut jugulent homines surgunt denocte latrones. Hor. Cum
dicas esse pares res, furta latrociniis. Id. Subito latrones ex
insidiis
advolant. Phaed. Latro, says Valla, qui in belli speciem ferro gras-
satur.
1168. Furari. Latrocinari.
FURARI, to steal secretly, to take other people's property. Jugales,

illorum de gente, patri quos Daedala Circe supposita de matre no-
thos furata creavit. Virg. Figuratively: Fessos oculos furare labori.
Virg. Non furatus est civitatem, non genus suum ementitus est, Cic.,
He has not got his freedom of the city by cunning, &c. LATROCINARI
signified in ancient times to serve in war for pay. Latrocinatus annos
decem, mercedem accipio. Plaut. It generally expresses committing
and practising highway robberies. Qui eorum cuipiam, qui una latro-
cinantur, furatur aliquid, aut clam eripit, is ne sibi in latrocinio
qui-
dem relinquit locum. Cic. The difference is well pointed out between
these two words.
1169. Furax. Furunculus.
FURAX, thievish) given up to stealing. Ridiculum est illud Nero-
274
nianum vetus in furace serro, solum esse, cui domi niliil sit obsigna-
tum et occlusum. Cic. FURUNCULUS, a little thief. Olim furuncu-
lus, nunc etiam rapax. Cic.
1170. Furens. Furiosus. Furibundus. Furiatus. Furialis.
FUREXS is a man thrown into a violent passion. Audacia furens

Catilina. Cic. Inflammatus et furens libidinibus. Id. Figuratively:
Vend furentes. Virg. Loca fceta furentibus Austris. Id. FURIO-
SUS, a man habitually in a state of Jury. Aliquem furiosum judicare.
Cic. Furiosus, says fulla, qui ita jactatur agitaturque, ut neque
corpore neque animo consisjere possit. Figuratively : Furiosa cu-
piditas. Cic. FURIBUXDUS, in a violent rage, raving mad. Annibalis
furibundam mentem a vestris reppulit templis. Cic. Furibundae prae-
dictiones. Id. Furentes orfuriosae would be improper. Ft RIATUS,
made mad, provoked to fury. Furiata niente ferebar. Virg. FURIA-
LIS, of or pertaining to furies, or to furious people. Furialis
vestis, Cic.,
The shirt, the putting on of which made Hercules furious. Incessus fu-
rialis, Liv., Furious steps. Ausa furialia. Ovid. Furialis vox. Cic.
1171. Furite. Dires. Eumenides.
FURI.ZE, the Furies, daughters of Acheron and Nox, and avengers of

crimes. Eos qui aliquid impie scelerateque commiserint, agitari et
perterreri Furiarum taedis ardentibus. They were also called DIRJE
(quasi Deorum iras). Crasso quid accident Dirarum obnunciatione
neglecta. Cic. They were moreover called EUMEN T IDES (from Eat-
yys> benevolus). The origin of that name is said to le this : Orestes
having been impeached before the Areopagus of Athens for having slain
his mother Clytemnestra, the Gods, twelve in number, were his judges ;
lut the votes being divided, Orestes was acauitted. From that moment
the Furies left off persecuting him ; and, out of gratitude for such a
fa-
vour, he gave them the name of Eumenides, i. e. propitious,
beneficent.
Some authors think that they were called Eumenides by antiphrasis.
Tune primum lacrymis victarum carmine fama est Eumenidum ma-
duisse genas. Ovid.
1172. Furiose. Furialiter.
FURIOSE, furiously. Etsi solet euni. cum aliquid furiose fecit,

pcenitere. Cic. FURIALITER, after the manner of the Furies, like a
madman. Non habet exactum quid agat, furialiter odit. Ovid.
1173. Furor. Insania. Rabies.
FuROR,fury, madness. Furor, mentis ad omnia caecitas. Cic.

Caecus furor. Hor. // is also said of a divine or poetical rapture.
Fu-
ror appellatur, cum a corpore animus abstractus divino instinctu
concitatur. Cic. INSANIA, (non sanus) extravagance. Insania, id
est, inconstantia sanitate vacans. Cic. Insania means less than furor.
Insaniam censuerunt posse tucri mediocritatem officiorum, et vitae
communem cultum atque usitatum. Cic. RABIES, rage, is properly
said of dogs. Statque canum rabies. Ovid. It is said of men. Ra-
bies edendi, Virg., Ravenous hunger. Archilochum proprio rabies
armavit iambo. Hor. Figuratively: Belli rabies. Virg. Rabies cce-
lique marisque. Id.
275
1174. Futilis. Frivolus.
FUTILIS, (from futire, to pour out] properly, that pours out. Futiles
canes, Phaed., Dogs with a loose belli/. Figuratively : Homo futilis,
Ter., An inconsiderate man. Nunc conde f'errum et linguam pariter
futilem. Phaed. Laetitiae futiles, Cic v A vain joy. Futiles commen-
titiaeque sententiae. Id. FRIVOLUS, (from trio, to crumble) properly
brittle, easy to le broken. Jam poscit aquam, jam frivola transfert
Ucalegon. Juv. Figuratively : Frivolous, of no value. Frivolus sermo.
Cic. Quapropter aufer frivolam insolentiam. Phaed. Ubi vanus
animus aura captus .frivola. Id.
G.
1175. Callus. Gallicus. Gallicanus.
GALLUS, born in Gaul, in France. Robore valent Galli. Cic.

GALLICUS, that inhabits Gaul, France, though not a native. Copiae
Gallicae. Cic. // is said of the land, &c. Ager Gallicus. Cic. Gal-
licus canis. Ovid. Gallica palla. Mart. GALLICANUS, concerning
Gaul, France. Gallicanae res. Cic.
1176. Ganeo. Nepos. dsotus.
GANEO, (from ganea, a brothel-house) a haunter of bawdy-houses*

Ganeo egentissimus. Cic. NEPOS, properly, a grandson. Nepos
avum in capitis discrimen adduxit. Cic. As grandsons are too often
spoiled by their grandfathers, they sometimes turn rogues and
disorderly:
hence NEPOS is oftentimes said of a spendthrift, a man irregular in
his
conduct. Perditus acprofusus nepos. Cic. Asoxus, (jrom droros,
lost, vicious) over head and ears in debauchery. Asoti elegantes opti-
mis cocis, pistoribus, piscatu, aucupio, venatione, &c. Cic. Posse
asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire. Id.
1177. Garrire. Blaterare.
GARRIRE, to croak, to chirp. Ranee garriunt. Mart. Luscinia?

garriunt. Apul. Figuratively : to prate, to chatter, to talk idly.
Gan-
rimus quidquid in buccam venit. Cic. Impunitas garriendi. Id. Cum
quidlibet ille garriret. Hor. P>LATERARE, to bawl, to say idle things
in a loud voice. Stulta et immodica blaterant, quorum lingua tarn cu-
pida infraenisque sit, ut fluat semper, et sestuet colluvione verborum
teterrima. Gell. Cum magno blateras clamore fugisque. Hor.
1178. Gaudere. Lcclari.
GAUDERE denotes a more interior and moderate joy. In sinu gau-

dere. Cic. L^TARI expresses a joy that bursts out, and cannot be re-
strained. Lfetaris tu in omnium gemitu et triumphas. Cic. Atque
ut confidere decet ; timere non decet ; sic quidem gaudere decet, lae-
tari non decet ; quoniam a gaudio Icetitiam distinguimus. Id. Cum
ratione animus movetur placide atque constanter, turn illud gaudium
dicitur; cum autem inaniter et effuse animus exultat, turn ilia
laetitia
gestiensvelnimia dici potest. Id.
1179. Gaza. Thesaurus.
GAZA is a Persian ivord that signifies riches, money, wealth of all
T2
7(5
sorls. Pecuniam regiara (gazam Persae vocant) cum pretiosissimis

rerum efferri jubet. Q. Curt. Tabulae et Troia gaza per undas. Virg.
Macedonum gaza. Liv. Beats Arabum gazae. Hor. THESAURLS
is properly a collection of things set apart in order to be kept : it
is ge-
nerally said of hidden money, Respondit corrector thesaurum esse
defossura sub lecto. Cic. It is said of an inward and secret place.
Ad-
monent quidam esse thesaurum publicum sub terra saxo quadrato
septum ; eo vinctus mittitur. Plin. Figuratively : Thesaurus rerum
omnium memoria. Cic. Thesaurus mali, Plaut., A source of evils.
1180. Gelu. Glades. Pruina.
GELU, frost, piercing cold (fiat freezes the water. Astricto gelu coit
unda. Ovid. Acutum gelu. Hor. Figuratively : Tardagelu, saeclisque
effceta senectus. Virg. GLACIES, ire, water congealed and hardened
by cold. Saucia sole incerto glacies. Ovid. Flumina trudunt glaciem.
Virg. PRUINA, (quasi perurina,/ro7n urere, because frost in a man-
ner turns) hoar-frost. Canis albicantarvapruinis. Hor. Corpora cir-
cumfusa pruinis. Virg.
1181. Geminus. Gemellus.
GEMINUS, twin, double, equal, or like. Sorores geminae. Hor. Ge-

niinum partum edere. Liv. Geminae voragines. Cic. Maxime ge-
mina societas haereditatis, Id., Partnership is perfectly equal to an
in-
heritance. GEMELLUS, that is in pairs. Proles gemella. Ovid. Ad
caetera pene gemelli. Hor.
1182. Gemma. Margarita. Unio. Smaragdus.
GEMMA is the general name for any precious stone, either opake or
diaphanous. Cyri ornatus Persicus multo auro, multisque gemmis.
Cic. Lucida gemma. Ovid. It is raid of a young bud of a vine, trees
and flowers. Turgent in palmite gemmae. Virg. MARGARITA and
MARGAIUTUM are said of pearls extracted from shell-fish. Oceanus
gignit margarita, sed suffusa et liventia. Tac. Nego ullam gem mam
aut margaritaui f'uisse, quin abstuierit. Cic. UNIO, (from unus) a
pearl called an union. Pliny gives us an idea of it : Dos omnis in
can-
dore, magnitudine, orbe, laevore, pondere, haud promptis rebus, in
tantum ut nulliduoreperiantur indiscreti, unde nomen unionum llo-
manae scilicet imposuere deliciae. Plin. Unio, to signify union, con-
cord, is not u<ed by elegant authors. SMARAGDUS, an emerald, a pre-
cious stone of a green colour. Virides smaragdi. Ovid. Grandes vi-
ridi cum luce smaragdi. Lucret.
1183. Gemmutus. Gemmeus.
GEMMATUS, set with precious stones. Gemmati magna specie an-

nuli. Liv. GKMMKU.S, of precious stones. Mittit etiam trullam gem-
ineam rogatum. Cic. Figuratively : Like precious stones. Gemmeam
caudam explicat pavo. Phsed.
1184.. Gerifp. Mala.
GEN;E is properly the part of the face under the eyelids. Gena? ab
inferiore parte tutantur oculos subjeeta?, leviterque eminentes. Cic.
Pilosse genae. Id. MALA, the cheeks, the round and lively-red part
of the face. Infra oculos malae horaini tantum, quas prisci genas vo-
277
cabant, pudoris h;ec sedes ; ibi maxime ostenditur rubor. Plin. Fla-
ventem prima lanugine malas dum sequeris Clytium. Virg. It also
signifies the jaw, the cheek-lone. Ambesas subigat malis consumere
mensas. Virg. Ambabus malis expletis vorem. Plaut. Horribilis
mala leonis. Hor.
1185. Generalis. Univer sails.
GENERALIS (from genus) expresses a quality belonging to the se-

veral species contained in a genus : it is only said of abstruse ideas
in a
logical style. Generate quoddam decorum intelligimus, quod in omni
honestate versatur. Cic. Cum de genere negotii controversia est,
constitutio generalis vocatur. Id. UNIVERSALIS, universal, com-
prehending all the species in particular. Nam hujusmodi in rationi-
bus, non universali atque absoluta, sed extenuata ratione expositio
confirmatur. Cic.
1186. Generation. Generaliter. Universe.
GENERATIM, (from genus) 1. By kinds, ly natio?is. Generatim

distributi sunt per civitates. Caes. 2. In general, in general terms.
Non nominating sed generatim proscriptio est informata. Cic. Ge-
neratim ea quae maxime nota sunt dicam. Id. GENERALITER, gene'
rally, in a general manner. Tempus quidem generaliter definire diffi-
cile est. Cic. UNIVERSE, altogether. Nam quid ego de caeteris
civium Romanorum suppliciis sigillatim potius, quam generatim at-
que universe loquar ? Cic.
1187. Generosus. Animosus. Fortis. Strenuus.
GENEROSUS (from genus) relates to the birth. Stirpe generosa

profectus. Cic. Humilem sane relinquunt et minime generosum,
ut ita dicam, amicitiae ortuni. Id. In this sense Horace says, vinum
generosum. It is used in the sense of magnanimous, generous, because
it is supposed that persons of a high birth ought to be of a more
elevated
soul. Cum de imperio certamen esset cum rege generoso ac po-
tenti. Cic. Quae generosius perire quaerens. Hor. ANIMOSUS
(from animus) denotes the vigorous and courageous disposition of the
soul. Animosus rebus angustis, Hor., Not to be shaken by adversity.
Ex quo fit ut animosior etiam senectus sit, quam adolescentia. Cic.
FORTIS expresses the actions arising from the vigorous disposition of
a noble soul. Animosus is the cause, and fortis the effect. Animosus
is daring, and fortis is performing and executing. Fortitudo est con-
siderata periculorum susceptio, et laborum perpessio. Cic. Animi
fortis et constantis est non perturbari in rebus asperis. Id. STRE-
NUUS, active, brave. Ut cognoscerent te si minus fortera, attamen
strenuum. Cic. Ministra strenua faciendis jussis. Ovid. Strenua
nos exercet inertia. Hor.
1188. Genialis. Genitalis. Genitivus.
GENIALIS, (from genius) of a genius, concerning a genius, i. e.

principally the God of mirth and merriment. Invitat genialis hyems,
curasque resolvit. Virgil here represents winter as a season of rest
and of relaxation for husbandmen. It also signifies, pertaining to
mar-
riage. Lectus genialis in auli est. Hor. GENITALIS, ( from gig-
nere) 1. That has the virtue of producing. Vere tument terrae, et
genitalia semina poscunt. Virg. Corpora quatuor genitalia, Ovid.,

The four elements. 2. Of or belonging to one s birth, natal. Geni-
tale solum. Ovid. Genitalis dies. Tac. GENITIVUS, that originates
from birth, that is born ivith us. Adjectique probent genitiva ag-
nomina Cottae. Ovid. Genitivae notae, Suet., Marks that we were
lorn with. Genitivus casus, Cic., The genitive case, because the other
cases are formed from it.
1189. Geniculaliis. Nodosus.
GENICULATUS, (from genu) th>it has many joints or knots, isonly

said of the stems of plants. Geniculatus culraus. Cic. NODOSUS
(from nodus) is said of any thing that is knotty. Stipes nodosus.
Ovid. Lina nodosa, Id., Nets. Nodosa chiragra. Hor. podagra,
Ovid., The gout, that causes tumps in the joints of the hands or feet.
Figuratively : Adde Cicutas nodosi tabellas centum, Hor., Add the
hundred tablets of Cicuta, who is so expert in entrapping debtors.
1190. Gens. Familia.
GENS was like the trunk or bo<ly of a tree, that often branched out
into several families. FAMILIA was the branches of the tree, and in-
cluded the father, mother, slaves, &c. For example, in the gens Cor-
nelia, was included the family of Cornelius Maluginensis, of Corne-
lius Scipio, of Cornelius Lentulus. of Cornelius Dolabella, of Cor-
nelius Rufinus, &c. Cornelius Scipio orationem habuit plenam veris
decoribus, non communiter Cornelia? gentis, sed proprie familiae
sue. Cic. Ex gente Domitici duse familioe claruerunt, Calvinorum,
et Ahenobardorum. Suet. Familia is very often said of all the ser-
vants belonging to a common master. Quern convocata jubet occidi
familia. Phaed. JEsopus domino solus cum esset familia. Id. Te-
rence has used familia to express provisions. Decem dierum mihi vix
est familia. Authors sometimes use one of these words for the other.
Jiuy, speaking of the Fabii, says : Omnes unius gentis ; and after-
wards, ibant unius familiae duces.
1191. Gens. Nalio.
GENS, synonymous with natio, includes a whole race of men ; as,

Gens Trojana, gens Romana. NATIO, a particular people sprung
from the race spoken of. The same people may be natio in one respect,
and gens in another. The Saxons are natio ivith regard to tht <
mans in genera/; they are gens with regard to the several states that
compose Saxony ; or, in another way, with regard to the several races
of a Saxon origin. Th? Germans themselves arc natio with regard to
the Europeans, and the latter art gens with regard to the people in-
habiting Germ . is dicendum est, quorum non una
Cattorum Tencterorumque gens : ;rtem
obtinent, propriis nationibus nominibusquu distincti. Tac. Societas
proprior est ejusdem gentis, nationis, lingi: N .itio is nkosaid
of a body of ptrsons of the sâme rank. Natio optimatiun. Cic. Can-
didatorum natio. Id.
1192. Gentilis. GentiUtius. Genticus.
Cicero injorms us what we are to understand ly GENTILIS. Gen-

tiles, qui inter se eodem sunt nomine, ab ingenuis oriundi, quorum
279
majorum nemo servitutem servivit, qui capite non sunt diminuti.

He calls King Tullius gentilem suum, because he had the same name.
GENTILITIUS, that is common to a people, that is peculiar to the fa-
milies of the smne race. Gentilitia nota, Liv., A mark common to a
whole family. Likewise . Sacrificia gentilitia. Cic. GENTICUS,
proper to a nation. Adduntur e servitiis gladiaturae destinati, qui-
bus more gentico continuum ferri tegimen. Tac.
1193. Genus. Stirps. Prosapia.
GENUS, origin. Clarum genus. Hor. Regium genus. Id. It is

said of a genus, a species. Genus liumanum, Cic., Mankind.
STIRPS, properly the root. Imo de stirpe recisum. Virg. Validae
stirpes. Id. Figuratively : Generatum ex ipsius sapientiae stirpe ge-
nus. Cic. Stirps, said of race, stock of a lineage or kindred, (in
which
sense we take it here,) is always of the feminine gender. Egregia de
Priami stirpe. Virg. Qui aliquandiu propter ignorationem stirpis et
generis in famulatu vixerint. Cic. Fceminea stirps. Ovid. PRO-
SAPIA is said of a very ancient and extensive race or progeny. Veteris
prosapise et multarum imaginum homo. Sail. De Coelitum prosa-
pi& te esse arbitror. Plaut. Cicero uses this word only as an old one.
Et
eorum, ut veteri utamur verbo, prosapiam. Quintilian says it ought
not to be used by elegant writers or speakers.
1194. Geslire. Exilire. Exultare.
GESTIRE, to show by gesture of body what one feels. Evolare ges-

tiunt, Cic., speaking of young birds moving their little wings in
their
eagerness to get out of their nest. Gestit paribus colludere. Hor.
Figuratively : Gestit animus. Cic. Gestio scire. Id. EXILIRE,
(from ex an^salire) to leap out. Domo levis exilit. Hor. Figura-
tively : To start, to give a sudden leap. Exilire gaudio. Cic. EX-
ULT ARE, (saltare ex) to skip, to frisk. In herbis exultat vacca.
Ovid. Figuraliveh/ : Alacris improbitas exultat in victoria. Cic.
Annibalem juveniliter exultantem patientia sua molliebat. Liv. Ex-
ultare in aliquem, Cic., To insult and domineer over one.
1195. Gigantes. Titanes.
GIGANTES, (from yY t , terra) the Grants, the sons of Titan and

Tellus, of monstrous size, with a dragon's feet, who waged war against
Heaven. Gigantes illi quos poe'tse ferunt bellum Diis immortalibus
intulisse. Cic. More Gigantum bellare Diis quid aliud est nisi na-
tune repugnare ? Id. TITANES. The Titans were sons of Titan and
Teihis. Having taken arms against their uncle, Saturn, they made him
a prisoner ; but were afterwards overcome by Jupiter, who thereupon
released his father. Cum Titanis et-Gigantibus bella gesserunt Dii.
Cic. Plato e Titanum genere statuit eos, qui, ut illi Ccelestibus,
sic hi adversentur Magistratibus. Cic. The Titans waged war against
Saturn, and the Giants against Jupiter. Pagan authors often use one
of these names for the other.
1196. Gladius. Ensis. Sica. Acinaces. Pugio.

GLADIUS, a broad cutting sword. Recondere gladium in vagina.
Cic. ENSIS, a sword, an offensive and defensive weapon hanging from
a belt : it is very seldom used but in poetry. Ensis vagina tectus.
Hor.
280
Ensem in pectus adigere. Ovid. Livy has used this word once, and
given it the same signification as gladius. Sic A, (fromsecare) a dag-
ger, a kind of poniard : it resembled a short broad-sword. Pueri qui
sicas vibrare, et venena spargere didicerunt. Cic. Jam tibi extorta
est sica ista de manibus. Id. ACINACES, a Persian or Median sword.
Medus acinaces. Hor. PUGIO, (from pungere) a poniard, a kind
of weapon to strike with the point, much shorter than a sword, nearly
of the same form as a stiletto. Veste tectum pugionem expedire co-
natus est. Sail. Stillantem prae se pugionem tulit. Cic.
1197. Gliscere. Crebrescere.
GLISCERE, ( from yAnrxpoc, lentus, lubricus) to spread itself , to

grow insensibly. Discordia gliscit. Liv. Gliscunt animis discordi-
bus irae. Virg. CREBRESCERB, (from creber) to become more fre-
quent, to increase more and more. Optatae aurae crebrescunt. Virg.
Crebrescit sermo. Id. Res percrebuit, in ore atque sermone om-
nium coepit esse. Cic. Crebrescebat Graecasper urbes licentia. Tac.
Fama crebrescit. Id.
1198. Gloria. Gloriatio. Laus. Laudatio. Prceconium. Prcedicatio.
Elogium.
GLORIA, glory, advantage got from the esteem of virtuous people.

Gloria est consentiens laus bonorum, incorrupta vox bene judican-
tium de excellente virtute. Cic. Gloria est illustris et pervagata
multorum et-magnorum vel in suos cives, vel in patriam, Tel in omne
genus hominum fama meritorum. Id. GLORIATIO, a glorying, os-
tentation. Ex quo efficitur gloriatione, ut ita dicam, dignam esse
beatam vitam. Cic. LAUS, praise, a good name amongst virtuous
people. Trahimur omnes laudis studio, et optimus quisque maxime
gloria ducitur. Cic. Laudis gloriaeque mercedem virtus desiderat.
Id. Dives area veram laudem intercipit. Phaed. Gloria in tacita
opinione, laus in aperta praedicatione consistit et illustrior est.
LAUDATIO, a panegyric, a laudatory oration. Cadaver Publii Clo-
dii spoliatum exequiis, pompa, laudatione. Cic. Funebres lauda-
tiones, Quint., Funeral orations. It was said of the deputation sent
by a city to Rome in order to bear witness in favour of the good
conduct
of an individual, of the decree that was passed in consequence of it,
and
of the discourse oj the deputies. Recordare quibus laudationem ex
ultimis terris miseris. Cic. Idem laudationem quam nos ab Atheni-
ensibus Flacco datam proferebamus, falsam esse dicebat. Id.
PR.S:CONIUM, (canere prae) 1. The crier's office, the publishing or
proclaiming any thing. Ejus vox in praeconio quaestum praestitit.
Cic. Praeconium facere. Id. 2. An eulogy, or jrraise. Omnes inan-
dari versibus aeternum laborum suorum praeconium facile j)atiuntur.
Cic. PR.EDICATIO, (dicereprae) a publishing. Beneficiorum pra>
dicatio. Cic. Quae pracdicatio praeconi acerba futura est. Id. Plu-
rimorum praedicatione, Id., From the testimony o/ many. ELOGIUM,
( from Ac/of, sermo) 1. A title. Quod elogium recitasti de testa-
mento Cneii Egnatii, idcirco se exhseredasse filium, quod is ad Op-
pianici damnationem pecuniam accepisset. Cic. 2. A testimonial.
Solonis quidem sapientis elogiutn est, quo se negat velle, &c., Cic.,
It is a testimonial of the wise Solon's sentiments, &c. 3. An inscrip-
281
tion. Elogium insculpere. Suet. Non elogia mortuorum id signi-

ficant. Cic.
1199. Gramen. Cespes. Gleba.
GRAMEN, green turf, ground covered with short and thin grass. Fe-
cialis ex arce graminis herbam puram attulit. Liv. Injussa vires-
cunt gramina. Virg. CESPES, the earth with the grass, a place co-
vered over with grass. Fortuitus cespes. Hor. GLEBA, a lump of
earth. Inertes glebas rastris frangere. Virg. Non esse arma, ces-
pites, neque glebas. Cic. Putris se gleba resolvit. Virg.
1200. Grammalicits. Grammatista.
GRAMMATICUS is an able grammarian. Grammatici certant. Hor.

GRAMMATISTA, a smatlerer in grammar. Sunt qui litteratum a
litteratore ita distinguant, ut Grseci Grammaticum a Grammatista,
et ilium quidem absolute, hunc mediocriter doctum existiment.
Suet. At si Grammaticum se professus quispiam barbare loquatur,
turpe sit. Cic.
1201. Gratari. Gratulari. Congratulari.
GRATARI, (from gratus) to congratulate, to wish joy, to show

ones gratitude. Inveni, germana, viam, gratare sorori. Virg. Quis-
quis ades, castaeque colis penetralia Vestae, gratare, Iliacis
thuraque
pone Diis. Ovid. It is very seldom used but in poetry. GRATULARI
is the same ; but its syntax is different. Gratulor tibi affinitate
viri
optimi. Cic. Quod mihi de filio gratularis, agnosco humanitatem
tuam. Id. Qua in re tibi gratulor. Id. Salutant, ad ccenam vo-
cant, adventum gratulantur. Ter. It also signifies to thank. Ohe,
jam desine Deos, uxor, gratulando obtundere esse inventam gna-
tam. Ter. CONGRATULARI (gratulari cum) is generally said of
many. Mihi homines prsecipue congratulabantur, quod, &c. Cic.
Sed ea res hand scio an plus mihi profuerit, quam si mihi essent
omnes congratulati. Id.
1202. Gratificari. Condonare.
GRATIFICARI, (graturn facere) to give up through complaisance,

to gratify, to do a good turn to one. Potentiae paucorum libertatem
suam gratificari, extremae est dementiae. Sail. Qui gratificantur cui-
piam quod obsit illi, cui prodesse velle videantur, non benefici ne-
que liberales, sed perniciosi assentatores judicandi sunt. Cic.
CONDONARE, to give willingly and freely, to remit as a favour. Con-
donare pecunias creditoribus. Cic. Supplicium, et animadversio-
nem remittere et condonare. Id.
1203. Graluito. Gratis.
GRATUITO, without receiving any reward, out of mere kindness.

Multis gratuito civitatem impertiebantur. Cic. Multorum causas
gratuito defendere. Id. GRATIS, gratis, without giving or receiving
any thing. Servire alicui gratis. Cic. Habitare gratis in alieno. Id.
1204. Gratus. Jucundus. Gratiosus.
GRATUS is said of a thing that pleases us, and which we take very
kind of one. JUCUNDUS is said of a thing that is pleasant and delights
282
us. A thing may If grata, without being jucunda ; as when we art;

informed of a sad and melancholy event, but which it is of moment we
should be informed of. Ista veritas, etiamsi jucunda non est, mihi
tamen grata est. Cic. Cujus officia. jucundiora scilicet saepe mihi
fuerunt, uunquam gratiora. Id. Amor tuus et optatus ; dicerem
jucundum, nisi hoc verbum ad tenipus perdidissem. Id. GRATIO-
sus, 1. That is in great favour. Apud ornnes ordines gratiosus.
Cic. 2. That is ambitions of javour. Juventutis et gratiosorum in
suffrages studia. Cic. 3. Procured by favour. Suffragatio gratiosa.
Cic. Gratiosi scribae in dando et cedendo loco. Id.
1205. Grains. Memor.
GRATUS, synonymous with memor, thankful, that proves his grati-

tude. MEMOK, that remembers a good office. Spondeo te socios
Bithyniae, si his commodaveris, memores esse et gratos cognituram.
Cic. Memorem me dices et gratum. Ter.
1206. Gravare. Gravari. Gravescere.
GRAVARE, (from gravis) tolurden, to load or weigh down. Poma

gravantia ramos. Ovid. Muli gravati sarcinis ibant duo. Phaed.
Figuratively : Nee me labor iste gravabit. Virg. At tu fortunam
parce gravare uieam. Ovid. Quis gravat mentem dolor ? Sen.
GRAVARI, to grudge or refuse a thing, to be loth to do it. Ego vero
non gravarer, si mihi ipse confiderem. Cic. Quid si, quae vocegra-
varis, mente dares ? Virg. If you would but tacitly grant me, what
you. scruple to grant openly. GRAVESCERE, to be burdened. Nee
minus interea fcetu nemus omne gravescit. Virg.
1207- Gravate. Grcvatim.
GRAVATC, ( from gravis) grudgingly, with an ill will. It is op-

posed to benigne. Qui errant! comiter monstrant viam, benigne, non
gravate. Cic. GRAVATIM, painfully, repugnantly. Haud gravatim
socia arm a Rutulis junxit. Liv.
1208. Gravidus. Foetus.
GRAVIDUS, (from gravis) loaded, full. Ad fores auscultate, at-

que asserva ha aedes, ne quis adventator, (jui manus attulerit ste-
riles intro ad no*, gravidas foras exportet. Plaut. Gravida tellus.
Ovid. Gravidae fruges. Virg. FCETUS, big with young, or that has
young ; it is said of animals. Xon insueta graves tentabunt pabula
fcetas. V'irg. Fecerat et viridi foetain Mavortis in antro procubu-
isselupam; geminos huic ubera circiim ludere pendentcs pueros,
et lambure matrem impavido*. Id. Foetus, figuratively, always sig-
nifies full, abounding. Loca fceta furentii)us austris. Virg. Scandit
fataiis machina muros fcuia arinis. Id. Terra Tceta irugibus. Cic.
1209. Gravida Jiiulicr. Prcegnans mulier.
(iit.\\ IDA MULIER, a woman with child, whether the time of her
delivery be near or distant. Latona gravida et jam ad partum vi-
cina. Cic. PR/KGNANS (gignere prae) is said of a woman whose
time of /aying-in is near. Pncgnantcs, sed non paricntes. Plin. It
is also app&td to a icoman with child, whose delivery is far distant.
283
Is uxorem suam interrogavit esset-ne proegnans ; ea se esse respon-

dit. Cic.
1210. Gravis. Onerosus. Onerarius.
GRAVIS, heavy, weighty. Grave omnino insuetis onus. Phaed.

Figuratively : Gravis vino et somno. Liv. And in another sense :
Gravis testis, Cic., A credible witness. Vereor ne tibi sim gravis.
Id. Fletus edentem graves. Phsed. ONEROSUS, burdensome, too
heavy. Onerosa praeda. Virg. Hasta onerosa et gravis imbellibus
lacertis. Ovid. Figuratively : Sors onerosior. Ovid. Onerosa ser-
vitus. Suet. ONERARIUS, serving for burden or carriage. Navis
oneraria, Cses., A ship of burden.
1211. Gregarius. Gregalis.
GREGARIUS, (from grex) of or belonging to a flock, concerning

the flock. Gregarius pastor. Col. Figuratively : Gregarius miles,
Cic., A common soldier, a private. GREGALIS, of the same flock.
Equi boni futuri signa sunt, si cum gregalibus in pabulo contendit
in currendo. Var. Figuratively : Gregales Catilinse. Cic. Gregales
tui, Id., Those of your gang. Gregali habitu, Tac., In the dress of
a common soldier.
1212. Grtssus. Gradus. Passus. Incessus.
GRESSUS, (from gradior) a pace, a step. Veniebat gressu deli-

cato et languido. Phaed. Gressumque canes comitantur herilem.
Virg. GRADUS, (from gradior) the step of a ladder. Scalarum
gradus. Cic. Gradus templi tollebantur. Id. It is said of the pace
in walking. Accelerare gradum. Liv. Revocare gradum. Virg.
Figuratively : Honoris gradus. Cic. Tenere gradum consularis dig-
nitatis. Id. PASSUS, (from pandere, passum) a pace in walking,
consisting of Jive feel. Ut ab urbe abesset mille passus. Cic. Tri-
duo septingenta rnillia passuum ambulare. Id. It is said of the steps
in walking. Sequiturque patrem non passibus aequis. Virg. Tardo
passu incessit. Ovid. Tenero ac molli passu suspendimus gradum,
nee ambulamus, sed incedimus. Sen. INCESSUS, a stately gait, a
bold and noble manner of walking. Etvera incessu patuit Dea. Virg.
Non incessu solum. sed ornatu. Cic. Fingere sibi vultum et inces-
ijum, ut gravior videatur. Id.
1213. Gubernaculum. Clavus. Temo.
GUBERNACULUM, (from KuZspvdw, to govern) the rudder of a ship.

Hie ille naufragus ad gubernacula accessit. Cic. CLAVUS is pro-
perly a nail, a spike. Clavus trabalis. Cic. It is said of a round
knob, or stud of purple, with which the robes of senators and knights
were adorned. Clavuni ut mutaret in horas. Hor. Clavus, in the
sense here understood, is the haiidle of the rudder : it is used for
the
rudder itself. Ille autem clavum tenens sedeat in puppi. Cic. Cla-
voque immobilis ha?ret. Virg. Figuratively : Clavum imperil te-
nere, et gubernacula Reipublicje tractare. Cic. TEMO, the beam of
a, wain, or the draught-tree whereon the. yoke hangs. Temone plau-
strum flectere. Ovid. It is hardly ever said of the handle of a
rudder.
1214-. Gurges. Vorago. Barathrum. Preecipilium. Abyssus.

GURGES, a whirlpool. Sinuatus gurges in curvos arcus. Ovid.
284
Flumineo venit de gurgite piscis. Mart. Sometimes it signifies the

whirling rage of the sea. Apparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto.
Virg. Figuratively : A riotous spendthrift. Ille gurges atque hel-
luo natus abdomini suo. Cic. VORAGO, a quagmire, a whirljtit.
Submersus equus voraginibus non extitit. Cic. Turbidus hie coeno
vastaque voragine gurges aestuat, atque omnem Cocyto eructat are-
nam. Virg. Figuratively : Vorago et gurges patrimonii. Cic. BA-
RATHRUM, (from @a. r Jo$, hollow) any deep place. Atque imo bara-
thri ter gurgite vastos sorbet in abruptum fluctus. Virg. Figura-
tively : speaking of a great glutton. Illuvies et tempestas, bara-
thrumque macelli. Hor. PRJECIPITIUM, (from prae and caput) a
precipice, a place steep on all sides. Deferri per praecipitia. Quint.
In praecipitium irapellere. Suet ABYSSUS, an abyss, an immense
depth, the bottom of which cannot be explored. It is only used in the
sacred writings.
1215. Gustus. Gustatus.
Gusxus, the taste or sensation given by the thing tasted. Uva primo
est peracerba gustui. Cic. figuratively : Verse laudis gustum non
habent. Cic. GUSTATUS, the sense or faculty of tasting. Gustatus
qui sentire eorum, quibus vescimur, genera debet, habitat in ea parte
oris, qua esculentis et poculentis iter natura patefecit. Cic. Gus-
tatus est sensus maxime voluptarius. Id.
1216. Gutta. Stilla. Stiria.
GUTTA, a drop of any liquid -matter, of a round form, whether it

falls off or not. Numerum in cadentibus guttis, quod intervallisdi-
stinguuntur, notare possumus. Cic. Guttae imbrium. Id. Guttis-
que humectat grandibus ora. Virg. Vini gutta. Plant. STILLA
implies the falling off of a drop, and not so much the roundness of it
as gutta. Stilla olei. Plin. Stilla muricas. Cic. STIRIA, a thick
or congealed drop. Stiriaque impexis induruit horrida barbis. Virg.
Turpis ab inviso pendebat stiria naso. Mart.
H.
1217. Halena. Lortim. Corrigia.
HABENA, the reins of a bridle. Liber habenis equus. Virg. Fi-

guratively : Classique immittit habenas. Virg. Laxissimoc habenae
amicitiae. Cic. Irarum omnes eft'undit habenas. Virg. // is also
said nf the string or leather of a sling, of a narrow strap of
leather.
Ipse ter adducta circum caput egit habena. Virg. In scalis latuit
metuens pendentis habenas. Hor. LOKUM, a leathern string. Ca>
dere loris. Cic. As the reins were of leather, lora has been used to
ex-
press the reins themselves. Fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus
inani, lora tenens tamen. Virg. Corrige lora nuinu. Ovid. Lora
fraenis continet spuniantibus. Phaed. COKKIGIA, (from corium) the
latchetofthe shoe, a thong of leather. Corrigia calceamenti. Cic.
1218. Habilis. Capax.
HABILIS,^, apt, suitable. Calcei habiles et apti ad pedem. Cic.

Habilis gladius ad propiorem pugnam. Liv. Namque huineris de
285
more habilem suspenderat arcum. Virg. Sunt quidam ita naturae

muneribus in iisdem rebus habiles, ita ornati, ut non nati, sed ab
aliquo Deo facti esse videantur. Cic. CAPAX, ( from capere) spa-
cious, capacious. Domus capax. Ovid. Multa capax popub com-
moda circus babet. Id. Figuratively : Ad praecepta capax animus.
Ovid. Capax recta discendi ingenium. Veil. Paterc. Capacissima
omnis secreti uxor. Plin. jun.
1219. Habitus. Habiludo.
HABITUS, (from babere) a habit, whether of mind or body ; the

manner of living. Habitus in aliqua perfecta et constanti animi aut
corporis absolutione consistit. Cic. Idem habitus oris, eadem con-
tumacia in vultu. Liv. Gentes quam variae linguis, habitu tarn vestis
et armis. Virg. Suoque potius habitu vitam degere. Phasd. Habitus
locorum, Virg., The situation of places. HABITUDO, the habit or con-
stitution of body. Corporis bonam habitudinem imitatur tumor. Cic.
Quidam procerus, et, ut indicabat habitus atque habitudo, miles e
legione factus nobis obvius. Apul.
1220. Habitus. Festitus.
HABITUS, synonymous with vestitus, includes all articles of apparel,

used either to adorn or to clothe the body. Habitus militaris. Suet.
In
illo suo scenico habitu. Id. VESTITUS includes only the garments,
the clothing. Vestitu calceatuque et caetero habitu neque patrio ne-
que civili. Suet.
1221. Hactenus. Eatenus.
HACTENUS, hitherto, thus far, to this time. Hactenus mihi videor

dixisse. Cic. Haac hactenus ; redeo ad urbana. Id. EATENUS, so
far forth, so long, to that time. Jus civile eatenus exercuerunt,
quoad
populo praestare voluerunt. Cic. Feres eatenus, quoad per se neg-
ligeret eas leges, quibus est astrictus. Id.
1222. Hcereditas, Patrimonium.
HJEREDITAS, an inheritance, or estate by succession. Haereditas est

pecunia quae morte alicujus ad quempiam pervenit, nee ea ut legata
testamento aut possessione retenta. Cic. In partem haereditatis vo-
cari. Id. Figuratively : Ad quern haereditas hujus gloriae pervenit.
Cic. PATRIMONIUM, (jrom pater) a patrimony, a paternal estate.
Dissipare patrimonium suum conviviis. Cic. Hunc e patrimonio nu-
dum expulisti. Id. Optima haereditas a patribus traditur liberis,
omnique patrimonio praestantior, gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum.
Id. Figuratively : Liberis autem nostris satis amplum patrimonium
paterni nominis ac gloriae relinquemus. Cic.
1223. Hceredilalem adire. HtEreditatem cernere.
HJEREDITATEM ADIRE, snys Popma, est suscipere et occupare

haereditatem ; and CERNERE, constituere et quasi decernere se hae-
redem esse velle. Haeres intra certum tempus a testatore prasfinitum,
testibus prassentibus, primum cernebat haereditatem, deinde adibat ;
cretio prior erat aditione. Cretio, says Ulpian, est certorum dierum
spatium quod datur institute haeredi ad deliberandum utrum expe-
diat ei adire haereditatem necne. Hodie ex testamento crevi haere-
ditatem. Cic. Et adiit haereditates civium Romanorum. Id.
286
1224. Hceretis. Secla.
HJERESIS, (from aipea-is, choice) an opinion, a sentiment. Cato in

ea est haeresi, qua? nullum sequitur florem orationis. Cic. SECTA,
( from sequi) a sect, away of living. Qui hanc sectam rationemque
vitae secuti sumus. Cic. Philosophorum sectce, famiiiae, disciplines.
Id. Secta Caesaris, Id., The followers if Ccesars party.
1225. Haurire. Sorbere.
HAURIRE, to draw up : it is properly said of liquids. Hausta aqua

de jugi puteo. Cic. It also signifies to drink. Impiger hausit spu-
mantem pateram. Virg. Figuratirely : Flamma multos hausit. Liv.
Hanc legem a natura hausimus. Cic. Haurire oculis dolorem. Id.
SORBERE, to swallow, speaking of liquids. Lac sorbere. Plin. Sor-

bere ovum. Id. Figuratively : Sorbere aiiimo. Cic. Ejus odia non
sorbeo solum, sed etiam concoquo. Id.
1226. Hel-ere. Hebescere.
HEBERE, to be Hunt. Num ferrum hebet, aut dextrae torpent ?

Liv. Figuratively : Sanguis gelidus hebet. Virg. Delegata agrorum
cura innrmissimo cuique, ipsi hebent. Tac. Corpus hebet somno.
Valer. Flac. HEBESCERE, to groiv Hunt. Gladiorum acies hebescit.
Col. Figuratively: Hebescit acies auctoritatis, Cic., Authority grows
weak. Hebescere et languere in otio. Id.
1227. Helluo. Decoclor.
HELLUO, a greedy eater, a glutton. Hie gurges atque helluo natus

abdomini suo. Cic. Figuratively : Helluo patriae, Cic., A destroyer
of his country. Helluo librorurn, Id., A great and indefatigable
reader.
DECOCTOR, (from decoquere) a bankrujit, btcause l-ankruptcies

are very ojten the consequence of extravagant expenses in eating,
drink-
ing, &c. Bankrupts had a Depurate place in the public games. Illud
audacise tuae fuit, quod sedisti in quatuordecim ordinibus, cum esset
lege Roscia decoctoribus certus locus constitutus. Cic.
1228. Herba. Fasnum.
HERBA, a herb in general, any plant without a stem, that puts out
leaves, and is produced by the earth. Immemor herbae victor equus.
Virg. Et sulcis frumenti quaereret herbam. Id. Nee poterat curus
sanare salubribus herbis. Tib. Graminis herba. Virg. FCEXUM, hay,
fodder. Frcnum cordum, Plin., sifter-grass, or latter math. Fcenuin
habet in cornu, Hor., He is a furious and mischievous man. Hay was
fixed to the horns oj dangerous bulls, that people might secure them-
selves from being hurt. Figuratively : Crassum cum Catulus nuper
audisset, fccnum alios aiebat oportere esse. Cic.
1229. Herbidus. Herbosus. Herberts. Herbarius.
HERBIDUS,/W// of grass or herbs. Herbidus locus. Liv. HER-

BOSUS, abundant in or productive of herbs. Ager herbosus. Ovid.
HERBEUS, herby, green like grass. Oculi hcrbei. Plaut. HERBA-
RIUS, concerning or belonging to herbs. Ars herbaria, Plin., Botany,
the science of simples.
287
1230. Heus. Hen.
HEUS, (vox vocantis et revocantis) oh! holla! soho ! so there!
HeusGeta! Ter. Heus! ecquis hie est janitor? Aperite. Plaut
HEU, (vox ejulantis et dolentis) alas ! Heu pietas ! lieu prisca tides
!
Virg. Heu me miserum, qui tuum animum ex animo spectavi meo !
Cic. Heu misero mihi ! nequeo quia fleam. Plaut.
1231. Hiare. Hiscere.
HIARE, to open, to chap. Hiavit humus multa vasta et profunda.

Sail. In this sense hiare signifies to yawn, to open the mouth wide.
Emptorem inducere hiantem. Hor. Hiare pabuli sui gratia. Plin.
Figuratively : Mutila et hiantia loqui, Cic., To talk without
connexion.
Hiante avaritia Verres, Id., Verres of an insatiable avarice. HIS-
CERE, (from hiare) to begin to chap, to begin to open the mouth. Vix
pauca furenti subjicio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco. Virg. Re- ,
spondebis-ne ad haec, aut omnino hiscere audebis ? Cic.
1232. Hie. Iste. file. Is.
Hie, this, the one that it present, or that is one's own. Puer hie
unde est? Ter. Si tu hie sis, aliter sentias, Id., If you were in my
place, you would alter your opinion. ISTE (quasi is tuus) relates to
the second person. Istos rastros depone. Ter. Cur non aut isthaec mihi
aetas, auttibi haec sententia? Id., Why have not I your age, or you
my sentiments? Hoccineagis; an-non? Ego vero istud. Id., Do you
pay attention to what I say to you, or not ? Most assuredly, 1 pay at-
tention to what you say. Iste is sometimes used as a word of contempt.
Non erit ista modo amicitia, sed mercatura. Cic. ILLE relates to
the third person, and things not yet mentioned. Hsec de rhetorica
dicta
sint, ilia vero de philosophia. Cic. Dum ilium video pene sum factus
ille. Id. Ille is also used to determine more forcibly. Ipsa ilia
rerum
humanarum domina fortuna. Cic. The same may be said of the ad-
verbs derived from the above pronouns. Is is said of an absent person,
or thing. Is est, an-non ? Ter. Fuit olim quidam senex mercator :
navem is fregit apud Andrum insulam. Id.
1233. Hispanus. Hispaniensis.
HISPANUS, a Spaniard, one born in Spain. Nee numero Hispanos,

nee robore Gallos, nee calliditate Poenos, nee artibus Grsecos supe-
ravimus. Cic. HISPANIEXSIS, an inhabitant of Spain, although not
a native. Hispaniensis exercitus, Tac., speaking of the Roinan army
that was in Spain. Martial, in one of his prefaces, has pointed out
the
difference very clearly. Xon Hispaniensem librum mittamus, sed His-
panum. Liber Hispaniensis is a Latin work composed in Spain ; and
liber Hispanus is a book that does not partake of Roman elegance, but
written in a bad Sflhnish style.
1234. Historia. Annales. Fasti.
HISTORIA, (from (Vrocscu, to make search in order to know) history.

Historia est testis temporum, lux veritatis, magistra vita?. Cic.
Historia ne quid falsi dicere audeat, ne quid veri dicere non audeat.
Id. Historia, besides the narration of facts, contains the cause and
events, with the description of places, men, and times. ANNALES,
288
(from annus) is properly the relation of things that happened from one
year to another : when it is opposed to historia, it signifies a
narration
wherein the author, relating ancient facts, comes to no particulars,
and
seems to imitate the conciseness of the old pontifical chronicles.
Itaque
non ex sermone hominum recenti, sed ex annalium vetustate eruenda
est memoria nobilitatis tuae. Cic. Res memoranda novis annalibus
atque recenti historia. Juv. Erat enim historia nihil aliud nisi an-
nalium confectio. Cic. Latin authors have used these two words pro-
miscuously : Liuy calls his history annales. FASTI, calendars wherein
were set down the festivals of the Romans, the names of their
officers,
their pleading days, and all the public business they did throughout
the
year. Posset agi necne pauci quondam sciebant, fastos enim vulgo
non habebant. Cic. Ediscendos fastos populo proposuit. Id. Fas-
torura notare dies. Id.
1235. Hoedus. Caper. Hircus.
HCEDUS or HOEDUS, a kid. Sic canibus catulos similes, sic ma-

tribus hoedos noram. Virg. Pascentes servabit Tityrus hoedos. Id.
CAPER, a he-goat, whether gelded or not. Vite caper morsa Bac-
chi mactatus ad aras dicitur ultoris. Ovid. Caper tibi salvus ethcedi.
Virg. Vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat. Id. // is nlso said of the
slinking smell of the body, particularly of the armpits. Tibi fertur
valle
sub alarum trux habitare caper. Catul. HIRCUS, the he-goat not
gelded. Immundus et libidinosus hircus. Plaut. // is said of a lecher-
ous old fellow. Hircus alius saepe perdidit civem innocentem.
Plaut. It also expresses the stinking smell of the body. Gravis
hirsutis
cubat hircus in alis. Hor. Pastilles Rufillus olet, Gorgonius hir-
cum. Id.
1236. Homo. Vir.
, one of human kind. It includes both sexes. Durus homo.

Cic. Paucis post annis ei moriendum, quoniam homo nata fuerat.
Id. Hominem probiorem esse neminem. Id. Homines omni de-
decore infames. Id. Homo is sometimes used to express a brave man,
a man of sense. Pugnasti, homo es. Plaut. Si vis homo esse, recipe
te ad nos. Cic. VIR, a male, a man. Matura viro filia. Cic. It very
often expresses a brave, sensible, and deserving man. Proposita morte
qui nihilo segnius Ilempublicam defendit, is vir vere putandus est.
Cic. It is hardly ever used in a bad sense. Vir bonus often occurs in
Cicero, and bonus homo is employed by him but once or twice. Horace
has however said molles viri, and Cicero himself, obscurus vir et hu-
niilis.
1237. Honestas. Honestamentum .
HONESTAS, honesty, probity, honour. Nihil est in vita magnopcre

expetendum, nisi laus et honestas. Cic. Ubi est dignitas, ni.si ubi
honestas ? Id. Honestas dictorum atque factorum. Id. It is opposed
to turpitudo. In officio colendo sita est honestas omnis, et in negli-
gendo turpitudo. Cic. HONESTAMEXTUM, an adorning, an embel-
lishment. Xullo honestaiuento eget virtus ipsa, et magnum sui de-
cus est. Sen.
1238. Honestare. Honor are.
HOJJKSTARE, to grace or to do credit to one, to procure a great repu-

tation to one. Auxit nomen populi Romani, imperiumque honesta-
289
vit. Cic. Non domo dominus, sed domino domus honestanda est. Id.
Imagine mortem alicujus honestare. Id HONORARE, to reverence, to
honour, to shoiv respect to. Amphiaraum sic honoravit fama Graeciae,
Deus ut haberetur. Cic. Nemo turn virtutem non honorabat. Id.
Defunctum Senatus publico funere honoravit. Suet.
1239. Haneslus. Honoratus.
HONESTUS, that is deserving of honours. HONORATUS, that has

received honours. Qui honorem et sententiis et suffragiis adeptus est,
is mihi et honestus et honoratus videtur. Cic. It may be properly
said of Cato : Repulsam passus, honestus erat, licet non honoratus.
Honestus signifies also, thai does honour to. Quos ille dies
sustinuerit,
quam acerbos sibi, quam mihi ipsi non honestos ! Cic. Honoratus
signifies also honoured. Ad spem honoratioris militiae. Liv. Vir ho-
noratissimae imaginis. Id. Honestus has been taken in this sense. Qui
nos salvos et honestos velit. Cic.
124-0. Honor. Honores.
HONOR and HONOS, 1. Honour, respect paid to one. Honor est

prsemium virtutis judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem. Cic.
Honor alit artes. Id. Habere, facere honorem alicui. Id. 2. Ho-
nourable reward. Exsortem ducere honorem. Virg. Curioni misi,
ut medico honos haberetur. Cic. HONORES is generally said of high
offices and dignities. Perfuncti honoribus. Cic. Obrepere ad ho-
nores. Id.
124-1. Honor, fi'unus.
HONOR, synonymous with MUNUS, is, say the lawyers, administra-

tio Reipublicae cum dignitatis gradu, eaque vel cum sumptu vel sine
erogatione contingens ; munus quodam cum sumptu sine dignitate
in Republics subimus. Dare alicui immunitatem munerum. Cic.
Honore abire. C. Nep. Eum ad summum honorem Senatus devo-
cant. A man seventy years old munera subire non cogitur, honores
gerere potest. G. D.
124-2/ Honoralilis. Honorandus.
HOXORABILIS, 1. Worthy of honour. Quinque consulatus eodem

tenore gesti, vitaque omnis consulariter acta verendum pene ipsum
magis quam honorabilem f'aciebant. Liv. 2. Honourable, conferring
honour. Heec enim ipsa sunt honorabilia, qua? videntur levia, salu-
tari, appeti, deduci. Cic. HONORANDUS, that ought to le honoured*
that must be honoured. Mors non monumentis, sed luctu publico ho-
noranda. Cic. Quae honorabilia sunt, honoranda existimo. G. D.
124*3. Honorarius. Honorificus.
HONORARIUS, that which is done or given upon the account of ho-

nour. Honoraria opera amici,. Cic., A service done by a friend through
honour. Honorarius tumulus, Suet., A. bed or tomb of state. Hono-
rarius arbiter, Cic., An umpire chosen by two contending parties, out
of honour and respect for him, to settle their differences. HONORIFI-
CUS, (faciens honorem) that brings honour. Honorifica mentio ali-
cujus. Cic. Honorificum Senatus- consultum. Id. Nihil honorifi-
centius potuit facere Senatus, quam u-t, &c. Id.
290
1214. Hotreum. Granarium. Cumera.
HonREUM, a granary or store-house for corn. Illius immensae ru-

perunt horrea messes. Virg. Horreum Canipani agri. Cic. It is
taken in a more general sense. Parcis deripere horreo amphoram?
Hor. Conflagrarunt et horrea regia et armamentarium. Liv. GRA-
NARIUM, aroom of great extent, wherein rich people used to keep their
corn. Triticum condi oportet in granariasublimia. Varr. CU.MERA,
a great earthen or wicker vessel, in which- poor people kepi their
small
provision of corn. Cur tua plus laudes cumeris granaria nostris ?
Hor.
1215. Horribilis. Horrendus. Horridus. Horrificus. Horrifer.
HORRIBILIS, (from horrere) horrible, dreadful, frightful. Mars

rutilus et horribihs terris. Cic. Horribilis formido. Id. Horribilis
et inculta vita. Id. Horribili visu portenta sequuntur. Virg. HOR-
RENDUS, dire, terrible, formidable. Rabies horrenda. Hor. Clamores
horrendi. Virg. Horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae, Id., The re-
treat of a formidable Sibyl. Concilium horrendum Deorum, Id., has
the same meaning. HORRIDUS, rough, rugged, uncultivated. Glacie
riget horrida barba. Virg. Horridior rusco. Id. Figuratively : De-
formis atque horridus homo. Cic. Horribilis and horrendus would
present another sense. Nihil tarn horridum quod non excolatur. Cic.
In rebus horridis nitida oratio. Id. Poets use it for horribilis.
Bella
horrida. Virg. Horridus in jaculis. Id. HORRIFICUS, (horrorem
faciens) that strikes horror and dismay. Horrih'cum bellum. Cic.
Horrificum lethum. Virg. HORRIKER, (horrorem f'erens) that
causes horror. Horrifer Boreas. Ovid. Horriferas voces. Lucr.
1246. Hortari. Suadere.
HORTARI, (from Spiv, to excite) to exhort, to endeavour to induce

one to, to excite. Ad pacem hortari non desino. Cic. Sin, quod te
jam diu hortor, exieris. Id. Ut te saepe per litteras hortatus sum.
Id. SUADERE, to advise by giving reasons in order to persuade.
Pacem suadere. Cic. Haec quas supra scripta sunt, eo spectant ut te
liorter et suadeam ; reliqua sunt quse pertinent ad rogandum. Id.
Suasi tibi multis argumentis, sed persuadere non potui. Id. Horta-
inur impulsu ; suademus argumentis. G. D.
1247. Hortus. Horti. Villa.

HORTUS, a garden, an orchard. Irriguus hortus. Hor. Pauperis
horti custos. Virg. Epicuri horti. Id. Epicurus used to make disser-
tations in his gardens. 1 he plural of this ivord is often understood
of
a pleasure-house, a country-house, a house with the appendages neces-
sary for purposes of relaxation and ^'easure, such as walks, rows of
trees, gardens, groves, and even a park. In hortos ad ca-nain aliquem
invitare. Cic. Habes hortos ad Tyberim, ac diligenter eo loco pi ;i--
parasti, quo oninis juvcntus natandi causa venit. Id. VILLA, a
manor-house out of a city or town ; a habitation, with a farm-house,
and other accessaries necessary to (economical purports. Frumenta aut
in agris, aut in villis sunt. Cic. Qui ager villam non habuit. Id.
Hoc ipso in loco cum anus vivcret, tt antiquo more parva esset villa,
ut ilia Curiana in Sabinis. Id.
291
1248. Hospes. Caupo. Diver sor.
HOSPES is a friend who entertains his friend ; -it is said of him who
is entertained, as well as of the entertainer. CAUPO is an innkeeper,
one who provides strangers with lodgings for money. Cum duo quidara
Arcades iter una facerent, et Megaram venissent, alterum ad cau-
ponem divertisse, ad hospitem alterura, &c. &c. Cic. Non hospes
ab hospite tutus. Ovid. DIVERSOR, a guest, a lodger. Caupo non
nuilto post conclamavit hominem esse occisum, et cum quibusdam
diversoribus ilium qui ante exierat, consequitur. Cic.
1249. Hospitalis. Hospitus.
HOSPITALIS, he that receives his guests in a friendly manner, and

at u-kose house guests are welcome. Hospitalis in sues. Cic. Hospi-
talis sedes. Id. HOSPITUS seems to have the same meaning ; tut is
only found in poetry. Conjux hospita Teucris. Virg. Hospita terra.
Id. Figuratively : Hospita lustres aequora. Virg.
1250. Hoslia. Viclima.
Hostibus a domitis HOSTIA nomen habet. Ovid. VICTIMA quae

cecidit dextra victrice vocatur. Id. Victima;as immolated only after
and by him who had obtained a victory over his enemies. Ego enim
te arbitror, cassis apud Amalthseam tuam victimis, statim esse ad
Sycionem oppugnandam profectum.Cic. Any one might immolate the
hostia. Multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra. Virg. Caesis
hostiis ad "Scelus perficiendum Dii placari non possunt. Cic. Victima
is generally said of horned beasts; and hostia, of sheep or lamls.
Nolo
victimas, agninis me d'extis placari volo. Plaut. This difference is
well pointed out in Horace. Reddere victimas, sedemque votivam me-
mento ; nos humilem feriemus agnam. And in another place the same
author says, in opposition to great sacrifices, that a handful
ofjlourand
a few grains oj salt are more agreeable to the Gods when this worship
is
joined to innocence. Immunis aram si tetigit manus, non sumptuosa
blandior hostia lenibit aversos Penates farre pio et saliente mica.
Victima, in good authors, is never used Jig uratively. G. D.
1251. Humane. Humaniter. Humanilus.
HUMANE, humanely, or like a man. Humane fecisti. Cic. Morbos

toleranter atque humane ferunt. Id. Intervalla vides humane com-
moda, Hor., You see a reasonable distance. HUMANITER, courteously,
as becomes a man. Facit humaniter Licinius qui ad me venit. Cic.
Nihil fieri potest humanius. Id. Sin aliter acciderit, humaniter fe-
ramus. Id. HUMANITUS, after the fashion of men, as men are wont.
Si quid mihi humanitus accidisset, multa autem impendere videban-
tur praeter naturam, praeterque fatum, Cic., If I had chanced to die,
&c. Adversa humane feramus, utpote quae humanitus accidunt - }
hospites humaniter excipiamus. G. D.
1252. Humare. Sepelire. Tumulare.
HUMARE, (from humus) properly, to cover with earth. Corporibus

in terrain cadentibus, iisque humo tectis, ex quo dictum est numari.
Cic. SEPELIRE, to bury, to lay in a grave. Non qui uritur, sepeli-
tur ; sed qui humatur. Cic. Quod nunc communiter in omnibus
U2
sepultis est, et huniati dicantur, id erat proprium tune in iis quos

humus injecta contegeret. Id. Figuratively : to cause to le forgotten,
to overwhelm. Sepelire dolorem. Cic. Sepultum bellum. Id. Se-
pulta virtus. Hor. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam. Virg.
TUMULARE, (from tumulus) properly to heap up on the place
where the body lies. Injecta tumulabor terra. Catul. Nee conjugis
unquam busta meas vidcam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia. Ovid.
1253. Humidus. Madidus. Udus. Uvidus.
HUMIDUS, damp, moist. Igncni ex lignis viridibus atque humidis

fieri jussit. Cic. Nubila humida. Virg. MADIDUS, wet. Madidaque
fluens in veste Mencetes. Virg. Ille fasciculus totus aqua madidus
mihi redditus est. Cic. UDUS, (from uw, to rain] made moist,
slally. Terra uda viret gramine. Ovid. Pomaria uda mobilibus
rivis. Hor. UVIDUS is said of a moisturejitjor distillation. Gemma
uvida in palmite turget. Ovid. Uvida vestis, Plaut., A coat dripping
tvet ; whereas madida vestis is only a ivet coat.
125-i. Humor. Sudor.
HUMOR, a humour, an aqueous snl-starce, thai which participates of

the nature of water. Humor Bacchi, Virg., Wine. Dibit humorem
tellus. Id. Humor et calor qui est infusus in corpore. Cic. Nares
habent humorem. Id. Humor in genas furtim labitur. Hor. SU-
DOR, sweat, the serous matter evacuated at the pores when one is in a
perspiration. Herculis simulachrum nuilto sudore manavit. Cic.
Nee cnim sanguis, nee sudor nisi a corpore fluit. Id. Figuratively :
Stylus ille tuus multi sudoris est. Cic.
1255. Humus. Terra. Tellus. Solum.
HUMUS, earth, ground, land. Humo jacebat. Phaed. Serpithumi.

Hor. Humus graminea. Ovid. TERRA, (./row terere) the earth,
and all that it contains ; our element. Terra locata in media mundi
sede. Cic. It is said of a part of the earth. Dubitas, si hie morari
aequo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras. Cic. Domesticusna-
tivusque alicujus gentis ac terrae sensus. Id. Quinque jacent terra?.
Ovid. TELLUS, the Goddess of the earth. JEAes Telluris. Cic. If is
said of the earth itself. Aret tellus succis ademptis. Virg. Tellus
non movetur. Cic. SOLUM, pioperly that which sustains or I ear a any
thing on it. Subtrahiturque solum, Virg., speaking of the sea, which
appears as if flying awayjrom under the ships. Mihi calceamentum
solorum call urn est. Cic. Astra tenent cctleste solum. Ovid. 1
reale solum (a trencher of bread] pomis agrestibus augcnt. Virg. Yos.
mutac regiones, imploro, et sola terrarum ukimarum. Cic. It signifies
the earth itself, the soil, and is used in this sense mostly by
poets . Ferax
et foecundum solum. Virg. Invertant pinguu solum forlcs tauri. Id.
1256. Hylerna. Hybernacda.
HYBERXA, (from hyems) winter-quarters for soldiers castra is

understood. Milites mensc Januario ex hyburnis in expeditionem
evocat. Sail. HYIJKRXACULA, the tents which soldiers inhabit in
winter. Hybernacula etiam, res nova, militi Romano aedificari
cocpta. Liv.
293
J. I.
1257. Jacere. Jaculari. Collimare.
JACERE, to cast, to throw, to fling. In quern scyphum dc manu

jacere conatus est. Cic. Jacere anchoras. Liv. Jacere funda-
menta. Cic. Figuratively : Terrores jacere. Cic. Omnis in hac cer-
tain regio jack arte salutem. Virg. JACULARI, to dart, to throw
with violence. Jaculando, equitando, omnia tolerando. Cic. IVe
find in good authors, Jaculari locum and Jaculari tela. Et rubente
dextra sacras jaculatus arces. Hor. Jupiter jaculatur fulmina.
Ovid. Figuratively . Quid brevi fortes jacularaur a?vo multa? Hor.,
Life being so short, iv hy do we form so many schemes ? COLLIMARE,
(quasi limis oculis, casting a sheep's eye at) t<i aim at in a right
line,
to hit the mark. Si cui propositum sit colliniare hastam aliquo, aut
sagittam. Cic. Quis est qui totum diem jaculans, non aliquando
coilimet? Id.
1258. Jactare. Jactitare.
JACTARE, (frequentative of jacere) to throw to and fro. Deuca-

lion vacuum lapides jactavit in orbem. Virg. Jactare caestus. Cic.
Diu jactato brachio. Caes. Figuratively : Jactare rem sermonibus,
Liv., To talk often of a thing. Jactare probra in aliquem, Id., To
inveigh against any one, to abase him. Jactare minas, Cic., To threa-
ten much. Jactatur nummus sic, ut nemo scire possit quid in bonis
habeat, Id., The value of money changes so often, that nobody can know
the true amount of his riches. It also signifies to cry up. Genus et
proavos jactare. Ovid. Jactare se de aliqua re. Cic. JACTITARE,
(frequentative of jactare) is only used in a figurative senae ; to say
ojlen, to eilol. Jactitare ridicula, Liv., To say often pleasant
jokes.
Come officium jactitans, Phaed., Extolling the service one has done.
Jactans ruouid be less expressive.
1259. Jactatio. Jactantia. Fastus. Osienlaiio.
JACTATIO, in its proper sense, motion, agitation, or action. Jac-

tatio maris. Cic. Modica jactatio corporis. Id. Figuratively : the
act of toasting or vaunting. Jactatio est voluptas gestiens et sese
efferens insolentiiis. Cic. Eruditionis jactatio, Quint., Ostentation
of knowledge. JACTANTIA is only used in a figurative sense : it
differs from jactatio in this, that the latter expresses the act of
boasting,
and jactantia the habit, the character of it. Minuere jactantiam.
Quint. Frivola in parvis jactantia. Id. FASTUS, pageantry, osten-
tatious shoiv, haughtiness. Fastus inest pulchris, sequiturque super-
bia formam. Ovid. Tumidi fastus. Id. OSTENTATIO, ( from os-
tendere, ostentare) ostentation, an ambitious display of a quality or
advantage which we uish to make a vain-giorious show of. Ingenuo
ostentationis vitanda est suspicio. Cic. Simulatio et inanis osten-
tatio. Id. Beneficia profecta magis ab ostentatione quam a volun-
tate. Id.
1260. Jam. Jam-jam. Jam nunc. Jam prim am. Jam turn. Jaminde.
JAM, already , even noiv, immediately. Conveniam jam ipsum.
204
Ter. Jam repeated lefore every memler of a sentence signifies, some-

times. Jam vino quaerens, jam somno fullere curas. Hor. JAM-
JAM denotes more celerity than jam. Dies noctesque cogitandum
jam-jam esse moriendum, Cic., IVe ought to think day and night that
tue shall very soon die. JAM NUNC, just note, this minute, is said of
the present time. Eamus nunc jam intro. Ter. JAM PRIMUM, in
the first place. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa infanda fe-
cerat. Sail. JAM TUM, at that time. Jam turn florente Repub-
lica. Cic. JAM IXDE, ever since. Jam inde ab Aristotele, Cic.,
Ever since the lime of Aristotle. Jam inde ab adolescentia, From
his young days.
1261. Janitor. Portitor.
JANITOR, (from janua) a porter, or keeper of a gate. Janitor car-

ceris. Cic. // is said of a guard. Janitores ex equestri loco ducenti,
stipatores corporis. Cic. PORTITOR, (from portare) a ferryman,
a waterman. Orci portitor, Virg., Lharon the ferryman of Hell. It
is without any foundation that Donatus will have here portitor Orci
understood of him who guarded the entrance into the infernal regions.
Portitor is also said of the officer in a port to whom all duties are
paid.
Turpes sunt quaestus qui in odia hominmn incurrunt, ut portitorum
et fceneratorum. Cic.
1262. 111. Inib}. Ibidem.
IBI, therein, in that place. Ibi perpotavit usque ad vesperam. Cic.

IXIBI, in that very place. Luxuries Annibalem Capuae corrupit,
et superbia nata inibi esse ex Campanorum fastidio videtur. Cic.
IBIDEM, in the same place. Ibidem me opperiare velim. Cic. Quod
ibidem recte custodire poterunt, id ibidem custodiant. These three
are adverbs implyiug no motion.
1263. here. Ferire. Percutere. Verier are. Pulsar e.
ICERE, FERIRE, PERCUTERE, are so nearly of Ihe same significa-

tion, that it appears a difficult task to imagine the cases wherein
they
may not le used without distinction : If they however be closely
consi-
dered, this delicate and curious difference will le found. ICERE,
being
a derivative from "KM, to come, In dr&w near, properly signifies, to
reach
a thing with a blow. Telis icere caput. Catul. Laurus i'ulmine non
icitur. Plin. FERIRE, ( from ferre) to make a blow at one. Ferire
securi. Caes. Cornu ferit ille, caveto. Virg. PERCUTERE, (from
per and (\uatere) to shake one with allow. Fulmine percuti, Cic.,
To le shaken by a thunder-bolt ; whereas i'ulmine ictus signifies only
being reached or struck by the thunder- loll. Percutere is more
expres-
sive than the two foregoing verbs: leviter ictus is more properly
.\aid
than leviter percussus. / am of opinion that one might also say, with
the likt- propriety, Quanquam ictus est a me sodalis, hunc tamen i'e-
rire nolui. G. D. '1 he same diff'erence is found in (he figurative
senê.
Desideriis icta fidelibus quacrit patria Cacsaivm. Hor. Minus multa
patent in eorum vita, quae fortuna feriat. Cic. Calamitate aliqua
percuti. Id. VKRBERARE, (from verber) properly, to strike with a
wand or rod. Quae cum apud te diceret, virgis oculi vcrberabantur.
Cic. It is taken in a more general, sense. Verberare urbem tormen-
tis. Cic. Ungula sonante urbem verberat equus. Hor. Ictibus
295
auras verberat. Virg. Figuratively : Aures sermonibus verberatae.

Tac. Verberare injuria. Cic. Verberavi te cogitationis tacito dun-
taxat convicio. Id. PULSARE, ( frequentative of pello) to beat, to
push on u'it/i violence. Pulsare terram pedibus. Hor. Videtis pen-
dere alios ex arbore, pulsari autem alios et verberari. Cic. Sex lie-
tores circumstant valentissimi, ad pulsandos verberandosque homi-
nes exercitatissimi. Id. Figuratively : Corda pavor pulsans. Virg.
Pulsare, says Popma, vehernenti et crebro ictu tundere, ut fit, cal-
cibus, pugnis, saxis : verberare, caedere verberibus, aut infligere
plagas, quod fit manu, virga, fuste, flagello.
1264. Id temporis. Per id tempus.
ID TEMPORIS, in such a circumstance. Venit ad me, et quidem id

temporis, ut retinendus esset. Cic. Ut purgaret se quod id tem-
poris venisset. Liv. PER ID TEMPUS, at that time. Per id tempus
fere Caesaris exercitui res accidit mirabilis auditu. Cic.
1265. Jdioies. Rudis,
IDIOTES and IDIOTA, (from "1810$) idiotic, an illiterate or simple

person. One is idiotes from u>ant of knowledge. Tu eruditior quam
Piso, ea coutemnis quae illi idiotae, ut tu appellas, praeclara dux-
erunt. Cic. Idiotam opponit homini ingenioso et intelligenti. Id.
RUDIS, rough, unwronght, unpolished. Rudis indigestaque moles.
Ovid. Ille rudem nodis et cortice duro intorquet hastam, Virg.,
He darts at him a javelin, the staff of' which had not yet been
cleared of
its knobs and rind. Rudis campus, Id., An uncultivated field. Lanae
rudes, Ovid., Unwrought wool. Figuratively : Unexperienced, igno-
rant. Ad bella rudis. Liv. Belli rudis. Hor. Pariter et eruditum
vulgus et rude in earn sentinam vadit. Plin. Ingenium rude, A rough
and uncultivated mind.
1266. Ignis. Flamma.
IGNIS, fire, the warm element. Ignis omnibus rebus vitalem im-
pertit calorem. Cic. FLAMMA, (from 0/Jyw, to burn] aflame, the
most luminous and subtile part of fire, that rises above the burning
matter. Quod astrorum ignis etaetheris flamma consumat. Cic. AIL
fire does not produce flame. There is the same difference in the figu-
rative sense : Et caeco carpitur igni. Virg. Cum odium non restin-
gueretis, huic ordini ignem novum subjici non sivistis. Cic. Flamma
invidiae. Id. Amoris turpissimi flamma flagrare. Id. De flamma
judicii se eripere. Id. Flamma guise, Ovid., A ravenous appetite.
Ignis is the cause, and flamma the effect.
1267. Ignominia. Infamia. Dedecus. Opprobrium. Probrum.
IGNOMINIA, (siae nomine) properly, a mark of disgrace prefixed lie-

fore a mans name by the censor. Omnis judicatio censoris versatur
tantummodo in nomine ; animadversio igitur ilia ignominia dicta
est. Cic. It is taken in a more general sense : ignominy, disgrace.
De-
decore, macula, turpissimaque ignominia notetur. Cic. INFAMIA,
(sine fama) infamy, disrepute. Effugere infamiam crudelitatis. Cic.
Intactus infamm. Liv. Ignominia, say the Grammarians, irnponitur
ab eo qui potest animadversione notare ; infamia ex multorum ser-
296
mone nascitur. DEDECUS, (sine decore) disiionour. Quod priva-

tarum reruin declccus non haeret infamise ? Cic. Cum ignominia et
dedecore mori. Id. Dedecorum pretiosus emptor. Hor. OPPRO-
BRIUM, (frnn ob and probrum ) reproach, a taunt. Fugere oppro-
bria culpse. Hor. Falsis opprobriio morderi. Id. Magnum paupe-
ries opprobrium. PROBRUM, a dishonest act, any heinous or detest-
able action. Arguere aliquem probri. Cic. Probri insimulavit ux-
orem. Piaut. In this sense it is the cause ; and opprobrium the
effect.
Ingerere probra alicui. Liv. Tuum scelus meum probrum putas
esee oportere, Cic., You think I must be disgraced by your villany.
1268. Jgnoratio. Ignorantia.
IGNOUATIO, (non nosse) the act of not knowing: it is always used

in an active signification. Qui aliquandiu propter ignorationem stir-
pis et generis in famulatu fuerunt. Cic. Igncratio juris. Id. IG-
NORANTIA is used both in an active and a passive signification. Kes
frumentaria ad M. Scaurum per ignorantiam translata. Cic. Igno-
rantia litterarum. Id. Ignorantia veri. Ovid. IGNORATIO, accord-
ing to Grammarians, is what one does not know, nor can know by his
own resources ; and ignorantia is said of a thing which one can or
ought
to know, but which his wilful error or negligence makes him ignorant
of. One may c ! oak ignoratio under a pretence ; but the same cannot
be done in respect to ignorantia. Ignorantia prsetendi non potest.
Quint. Authors seem to have ojten used both in the same sense.
1269. Ignolus. Incognitas.
IGXOTUS, (non notus) unknown, that does not know. Ignotus in

vulgus. Cic. Ignotus homo. Plaut. Ignotos fallit, notis est deri-
sui. Phaed. Ignotis nota faciebant, Cic., They e.ip'ained those things
in people who were ignorant of them. IxcocxiTi's, unknown, un-
heard of. Ne incognita pro cognitis habeamus. Cic.
1270. Illaboratus. Jnelaboralus.
ILLABORATUS, (non laboratus) done without labour or pains.

Ha?c omnia, qua- vix singula quisquam intentissima cura consequi
posset, fluunt illaborata, et ilia oratio praeseiert tarnen
telicissiiuam
facilitate;!!, Quint., speaking of Cicero. Ciceronis sermone ciim
uihil sit cultius, fluit tamen illaboratus. Id. Iliaborata terra,
Son..
An uncultivated land. INKLABOKATD8, (non eiaboratus) neglected,
that has no pains tnken al-out it, not polished. Simplex et inelabo-
rata oratio. Quint. Illaboratus is not always a defect ; l-ut inelabo-
ratus is one.
1271. lllacrymabilis. Immisericors. Immiseraiilis.
ILLACRYMABILIS, (sine lacrymis) not to be mm-ed with tears ; un-

lamented. Pluto illacrymabilis. Ilor. St-d oinnes illacrymabiles
urgentur. Id. IMMISBRICOK8 (sine n.isericordia) unmerciful, piti-
less. Ipsum imraisericordem, superbum i'uisse. Cic. IMMISERA-
BII.I.S, not deserving compassion, unpitied. Si non periret immiscra-
bilis captiva pubes. Hor.
_'. Jllaaueare. Iliigare. Irretire. linplicare, Impeihrc. Prcepedire.

ILLAUUEAKE, (from laqueus) properly, to catch in a net. It is
297
most commonly used in a figurative sense. Munera naviuni ssevos illa-

queant duces. Hor. Illaqueatus jam omnium legum periculis. Cic.
ILLIGARE, (ligare in) to tie, to fasten. Illigare manus. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Illigare sententiam verbis. Cic. Jlligare bello gentem,
Liv., To force a nation into a war. Iliigatus peste interimor. Cic.
IRRETIRE, (from in and rete) to entangle in a net. It is elegantly
used in the figurative sense. Corrupteiarum illecebris irretitus. Cic.
Odio bonorum omnium irretitus. Id I.MPLICARE, (plicare in) to
twist one with another. Quod male implicuisti solvas potius quam
abrumpas. Sen. Fronde premit crineni fingens, atque implicat auro.
Virg. Figuratively: Negotiis implicari. Cic. Implicare se socie-
tate omnium. Id. Dii vim suam hominum naturis implicant. Id.
IMPED i RF, (in pedes) tocmlarrass, t;> detain by the feet. Impedire
se in plagas. Plaut. It is said of any hindrance. Impedire profec-
tionem, aut certe tardare. Cic. Tot me impediunt curae. Id. Sa-
pientis est, cum sua stuititia impcditus sit, quoquo modo possit, sese
eripere. Id. Menteni dolor impedit. Id. PR.BPEDIRE, (impedire
}>rae) properly to bind or tie the legs. Crura praepediuntur
vaciilanti.
Lucan. Figuratively . tu impede, to encumber. Praspedire se sine
modo praedu. Liv. Subitus tremor ossa praepedit. Ovid. Confectus
senectute, praepeditus morbo. Cic. Praepedit timor dicta linguae.
Plaut. Pudor prsspediebat. Liv.
1273. Hinder e. Colludere.
ILLUDKHE, (ludere in) to play upon one, to laugh at, to make game
of] to mock. Gaudent illudere capto. Virg. Carneades Rhetorum
praecepta illudere solebat. Cic. Ne impune in nos illuseris. Tac.
Vari corpus illusisse dicebatur, Id., He teas charged uilh having in-
sulted the corpse of Icarus. Figuratively : Vestes illusas auro,
Virg.,
Cloth wrought or embroidered with gold. Pecunise illudere, Tac., To
fool away ones money. COLLUDERE, (ludere cum) to play or sport
together. Videbis summa nantes in aqua colladere plumas.
Virg. Puer gestit paribus colludere. Hor. Figuratively: to use col-

lusion, to play with nne in order to deceive. Qui tibi inimicus esset
tanta contumeliii accepta, nisi tecum collusisset. Cic.
1274.-. lllustrare. Il'uminare. Clarare.
ILLUSTUARE, (lux in) properly, to enlighten an object. ILLUMI-

KARE, (lumen in) to give brightness and lustre to an object. Qua sol
habitabiles iliustrat oras. Hor. A sole lima illuminata. Cic. Figu-
ratively : lllustrare dubia perspicuis. Cic. Illustrabit tuam ampli-
tudinem hominum injuria, Cic., The injustice of men towards you
will only serve to set forth i/our dignity . Illumiaavit ille dies
virtu-
tern Catonis. Cic. Illustravit would have expressed les* ; ns
illustrare
orationem is less expressive than illuminare orationem. lllustrare is
only to throw light on a discourse, but iliuminare is to embellish it.
II-
lustranda est oratio, ne cbscura sit ; illuminnnda verbis et senten-
tiis, ut tulgeat. G. D. CLARA RE, ( /row clarus) to make shining or
/right : to make glittering, or spark/ing. Iter longae claravit limite
flammae. Stat. Jupiter excelsa clarabrt sceptra columna. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Non labor Jsthmius clarabit pugilcm. Hor.
298
1275. Imber. Pluvia.
IMBER, a heavy shower of rain that does not last long. PLUVIA is
an adjective. Aqua pluvia : it i< used substantively. Tenues pluviae.
Virg. // is a gentle rain, and of long duration. Sed veheniens imber
fit, ubi vehementer utrinque nubila vi cunmlata premuntur, et im-
pete venti ; at retinere diu pluvia;, longumque niorari consuerunt.
Luc. Imber is also used by poets to express a torrent of tears.
Indigno
teneras imbre rigante genas. Ovid.
1276. Imbnere. Inficere Infuscare.

IMBUERE, to moisten with a liauo r , so that the part made wet may
be penetrated through. Quo semel estimbuta recens servabit odorem
testa diu. Hor. Imbuta Appia via sanguine latronis. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Imbuere gladium scelere. Cic. Parentum praeceptis im-
buti. Id. Quibus ille studiis ab ineunte aetate se imbuerat. Id
JNFICERE, (facere in) to dye, to colour. Gladios inficere sanguine.
Hor. Cortex nucis inficit manus. Ovid. Luxu et peregrinis in-
fecti moribus. Liv. Deliciis, otio, languore, desidia an i mum infi-
cere. Cic. It is always taken in a bad sense. Inficere praeceptis
would
be an improper expression. It is also used in the sense o/"non factus
in
the participle. Factum est illud, fieri inlectum non potest. Plaut.
Re infecta abierunt. Liv. Infectum argentum, Id., Bullion. Ix-
FUSCARE, (from in, and fuscus dark] to make black or dark, to stain.
Maculis infuscet vellera pullis. Virg. Figuratively : [is, quos non
aliqua barbaries domestica infuscaverat, recte loquebantur, Cic.,
They spoke very well to those whose manner of expression had not been
corrupted by the barbarity of their country. Amanda est vicinitas non
infuscata malevolentia. Id.
1277. Immensus. Infinitus. Interminatus.
IMMENSUS, (non mensus) immense, vast, is said of extent in any

sense. Immensus campus. Cic. Inimensum mare. Id. Immensa
scuta, Tac., Very larê shields. Vorago vitiorum immensa. Cic.
Immensas gloriae cupiditas. Id INFIMTUS, (non finis) infinite, is
said of length or duration. Infinita altitudine spelunca. Cic. Jm-
mensa would give another meaning. Infinitum tempus aetatis. Id.
Labor rerum forensium infinitus. Id. Infinita? quaestiones, Id., Gene-
ral and indefinite t/uestions, the application of which, is
indeterminate.
Infinitae pecuniae, Id., Vast sums of money. IXTKRMINATUS, (non
terminus) that has no bound nor end. Immensa et interminata in
omnes partes magnitude regionum. Cic. Interminatus also signifies
forbidden, threatened; in which case it originates from minari. Cibus
interminatus, Hor., Food the use of which, has been forbidden wit/i
threats. Interminatus sum ne faceres? Ter.
1278. Imminere. Impendere. (2dconjug.)
IMMINERE, (from in, and the obsolete minere) to incline or Itan

downwards. IMPKNDERK, (pendere in) to hangover, to impend. In
order to knoiv the difference, it must be observed that impendeo is
only
said of what is hanging, or considered as such ; and imminere, in its
proper sense, expresses declivity : and figuratively, to have a design
ufjun one, to watch an opportunity of catching a thing. Impendet
apud inferos saxum Tantalo ob sceltTa. Cic. Impendet tibi malum.
Id. Impendet belli timor. Id. Invidiae tempestas quanta nobis im-
pendet ! Id. Imminet his ae'r. Ovid. Imminebant in fortunas nos-
tras. Cic. Duo reges imminent Asiae. Id. Impendent would not be
allowable. Impendebat direptio, imminebat tuus furor omnium for-
tunis. Id. Mors propter incertos casus quotidie imminet. Id. Im-
minebat in occasionem opprimendi ducis. Liv.
1279. Immundus. Spurcus. Obscaenus. Impurus.

IMMUNDUS, (non mundus) slovenly, sluttish, nasty. Humus erat
immunda. Cic. Sues immundi. Hor. Fremina neglecta, immunda
illuvie. Ter. Figuratively : Immunda pauperies. Hor. SPURCUS,
(from spuere) disgustful, nauseous, frightful, forbidding. Samnis
spurcus homo, vita ilia dignus locoque. Cic. Figuratively : Jactati
tempestate spurcissima. Cic. OBSCCENUS, (from ob, and ccenum,
or, according to others, from canere) obscene, or inauspicious. Can-
tare obscoena. Ovid. Obscceni sermones. Hor. Obsccenas voluptates.
Cic. Obscrenas volucres. Virg. Obscoenum et funestum omen. Varr.
Immundi contagionem semper fugiam ; spurci vel aspectum aegre
feram ; obscceni gestus et voces abominor. G. D. IMPURUS, (non
purus) impure, unclean, defiled, is said of any defilement, especially
of
an interior one. Adolescens omni libidine impurus. Cic. Omnes adul-
teri, omnes impuri. Id. Hostia impura. Ovid.
1280. Immutabilis. Immutatus.
IMMUTABILIS, (nonmutare) immutable, unchangeable. Immuta-

bilis aeternitas. Cic. IMMUTATUS, unchanged. Chremes id muta-
vit, quoniam me immutatum videt. Ter. It also signifies changed.
Conversis rebus, ac bonorurn voluntatibus immutatis. Cic.
1281. Immutatio. Irnmutabilitas.
IMMUTATIO, an immutation, a changing. Negat mutari posse mu-

sicas leges sine immutatione legum publicarum. Cic. IMMUTABI-
LITAS, immutability, an unchangeable st'ate. In factis immutabilitas
apparet, in futuris non item. Cic.
1282. Impatiens. Inlolerans.
IMPATJENS, (nonpatiens) that cannot suffer. INTOLERANS, that

cannot endure. Impatiens is the effect of the will, and intolerans the
effect of courage. Mollis et impatiens laboris, Ovid., An effeminate
man, an enemy to work. Intolerantissima laboris corpora, Liv., Un-
able to bear work. Impatiens frigoris is one who fears and avoids
cold.
intolerans frigoris is one who is incommoded by cold. Impatiens is of
very extensive use. Drusus impatiens aemuli. Tac. Impatiens irae,
Ovid., Who has no command of his passion. Terra arborum impa-
tiens, Suet., A ground unfit for the growth of trees. Vinum impatiens
vetustatis. Plin., Wine that will not keep. Tacitus has used intole-
rans in a passive sense. Intolerantior victis servitus.
1283. Impedimenlum. Obstaculum. Difficultas.
IMPEDIMENTUM, (from impedire) an impediment or hindrance.

Inferre moram et impedimentum alicui. Cic. Naturae impedimenta
superavit Demosthenes. Id. OBSTACULUM, (from ob and stare)
an obstacle, thai which stands in the way and prevents our going on.
300
Commeatum volui argentarium proficisci, ibi opnido opposita ob-

stacula. Plaut. DIFFICULTAS, difficulty, especially in ones affairs.
Ea res habet mukum ditiicultatis. Cic. Proptcr magnitudinem re-
rum ac difficultatem. Id. Impedimenta superantur, obstacula di-
moventur, solvuntur difficultates. G. D.
1284? . Impedimenta. Sarcina.
IMPEDIMENTA, synonymous with sarcina, is said of the carriages,

and lag and Luggage oj an army. Ad Cirtham oppidum iter con-
stituunt, quod ibi Q. Mefeellus pnedam, captivos, et impedimenta
locaverat. Sail. S ARC IN A (J'rum sarcire) is properly a fardel, a
bundle sewed up. Sarcina, toys Dolelus, utensilium est, et eoruni quae
ad cultum, ad ornatum, et ad caeterum rerur.i usum pertinent, f'ascis,
ut ita dicam, (juem quis in itinere t'aciendo comportare possit. Re-
licteesine haerede sarcina;. Quint. It is particularly said of the
load
that soldiers were obliged to carry on their backs. Sub sarcinis ado-
riri milites, Id., To attack the sfUurs when loaded u-ith thtir
baggage.
Ut cum llomana acies egressa e portis iret, impedimenta eorum,ac
sarcinas diriperent. Liv. Figuratively : Sarcina haec animo non sedet
apta meo. Ovid. Sarcinam alicui imponere, Plaut., To cheat one.
1285. Imperatorius. Imperiosus.
IMPERATORIUS. of or belonging to a general. Imperatoria laus.

Cic. Imperatorium jus. Id. IMPERIOSUS, domineering, uj great au-
thority, that bears a great sway, imperious. Imperiosi populi, et
reges
illustres. Cic. Imperiosa dictatura, Liv.. The Dictatorship, which
gives a great authority. Quisnam igitur liber ? sapiens sibique im-
periosus, ilor., si wise man who knows how to command himself. Ti-
berius imperiosus sui inter initia principatus. Plin. Dura domina.
imperiosa. veliemens, cupiditas. Cic. Figuratively : -Ivquor imperi-
osius, Ilor., A boisterous and tempestuous sea.
1286. Imperium. Regnum.
J.MPERIUM includes the idea of a vast dominion or territory, com-

posed of 'several nations that obey the same master. Imperium Roma-
iium. Cic. Imperir.m Assyriorum. Just. REGXUM, a kingdom, im-
plies the unity of the nation that Jbnns it. llegnum Bithyniae. Cic.
If'e sny llegnum Gailiac, Regnuni Hispanioe, because the division of
these countnes into provinces. .dots not prevent them from J arming
but
one people ; instead of trkich we toy Imneriu. -.iae, Imperium
Russia, became we know the file and nation* that com-
pose them.
'. Imberium. Principatus. Domlnatus. Dominatio. Rfgnum.
:'i:i;iu.M, sudi <?< r/v c<,i>.*ider it here, is said of the supreme

power
and authority. Appius tcnebat non modo auctoritatem, sed etiam
imperiutu in s . . nnur.d. PerculsLt-
civil. ;u:n acceperunt. L i:i:j!fria. Ilor. Piux-
CIPATUS, (pri: t; the jir*l place, priniipulity, pre-eminence
of dignity, in c-a civitute de principatu inter so conU-ndebant. (

Princtpatum belli ferre. Cic. Princhuitum lactionis tenere. Cass.
Dov sovereign power and administration. Cum dominatu
unius omnia tenerentur. Cic. Potcstatc dominatuque dignissimus.
301
Id. DOMINATIO, the act of governing with an absolute pozver, is al-

most always said of a despotic and tyrannical government. Vita sub
dominatione miseraest. Cic. Crudelis etsuperba dominatio. Id.
REGNUM, kingly government, royally. Qui regnum occupare volu-
erunt. Cic. It was taken in a l:ad sense amongst the Romans. Reg-
num-ne, Êschine, hie tu possides ? Ter., says a man beaten by yEs-
chinus. Figuratively: Lingua criminibusqueregnabant, Liv., speak-
ing of the tribunes. Sublatis judiciis amissoque regno forensi. Cic.
Dominatio regnumque judiciorum. Id. Dominationem indignaban-
tur Romani ; principatum in ordine suo quisque capiebant; regnum
oderant ; imperia decernebant. G. D.
1288. Impetrare. Oltinere. Adipisci.
IMPETRARE, (patrare in) properly, to execute. Inciperemulto est

quam impetrare facilius. Plaut. It generally signifies to obtain by
re-
quest, to supplicate. Ut quod me oravisti impetres. Cic. Id si vobis
impetr^vero. Id. OBTINERE, (tenere ob) to have, to possess. Suam
quisque domum turn obtinebat. Cic. Jus suum obtinere. Id. Hispa-
niam cum imperio obtinuit. Id. Antiquum obtines, Ter., You still
continue in your old habits. ADIPISCI, says Valla, de itinere proprie
dicitur. Medio itinere eum adeptus, amplexus sum, Cic., Having
overtaken him half-way, &c. It signifies, to get, to obtain. Summos
honores a populo Romano adeptus est. Cic. Obtinere is to be in
possession of them. Xuptias adipisci. Ter. In the participles it is
often
used in a passive sense, and sometimes also in other senses.
Senectutem
ut adipiscantur omnes optant, earn accusant adeptam. Cic. lis qui
habent a naturii adjumenta rerum gerendarum, adipiscundi magis-
tratus sunt. Id. Non aetate, verum ingenio adipiscitur sapientia.
Plaut. In the age that preceded Cicero's, apisci w<is much used : it
is
found in Lucretius, Plautus. and even in Catullus himself. Animus'
gestit apisci. Tacitus has likewise made use of apisci.
1289. Impius. Xefarius. Sacrilegus.
IMPIUS (non pius) is said of him who sins against God, against his
country, against his nearest relations. Impie facit, si Deos esse
neget.
Cic. Piorum et impiorum rationem habent Dii. Id. Si pietate pro-
pinquitas colitur, qui affinitatem prodit, impius sit necesse est. Id.
Arma impia. Virg. NEFARIUS, (from nefas) he who breaks both
human and divine laws, abominable. Xocentem aliquando et nefarium
et impium defendere. Cic. Scripta nefaria, Catul., Villamus writ-
ings. SACRILEGUS, (sacra legere) sacrilegious, one who profanes
holy things. Sacrilego pcena est, neque ei soli qui sacrum abstulerit,
sed etiam ei, qui sacro commendatum. Cic. Figuratively : Sacrile-
gum bellum. Cic.
1290, Implacidus. Implacatus. Implacabilis. Inexorabilis.

IMPLACIDUS, (non placidus) savage, unlr actable. Drusus Ger-
manos, implacidum genus, dejecit. Hor. It is only used in poetry.
IMPLACATUS, (non placatus) insatiable, never satisfied. Tune quo-
que dira fames, implacataeque vigebat flamma gulaj. Ovid. IMPLA-
CABILIS, implacable, that cannot be pacified. Implacabilis timor. Cic.
Si implacabiles iracundiae sint, summa est crudelitas. Id. INEX-
ORABILIS, (non exorabilis) inexorable, that cannot be prevailed upon.
302
Leges, rem surdam, inexorabilem esse. Cic. Inexorabilis judex. Id.

Inexorabilem se praebere. Liv.
1291. Implers. Explere. Replere. Com pier e. Opplere.
Although these verbs seem often used indiscriminately, they however

admit of a proper distinction. I.MPLERE, is to fill what is quite
empty.
Iniplevitque niero pateram. Virg. Figuratively : Implere aniinos su-
persthione. Liv. EXPLERE, to complete the filling up, or number.
Ego me intus explevi probe. Plaut. Sperabat iis militibus explere
se numeruin nautarum et reniigum posse. Cic. Figuratively : Cupi-
ditates multa opera et impensa explere. Cic. Concilium explere,
Caes., To accomplish or execute a design. Explere, according to Ser-
vius, is also used to signify emptying in part or entirely ; he
explains in
this meaning the following passage of Virgil : Explebo numeruvn, red-
darque tenebris, I will shorten what I had to say. Lucretius has said
in the same sense, Navibus explebant sese, terrasque replebant.
COMPLERE, to fill up in the to/), or with many things. Castra
oppugnant,
fossas complent. Cses. Hsec decantata erat fabula, sed complere
paginam volui. Cic. Uterumque armato milite complent. Virg.
Figuratively: Complere omnia^letu. Cses. Complere cuncta sono.
Liv. Ut summam mei promissi compleam. Cic. Complevit annos
centum, Id., He is completely a hundred years old. REPLERE, to fill
up again. Utvix exhaustas domos replere possent. Cic. Consumpta
replere. Id. figuratively : Littora voce replet. Ovid. Gemitu tec-
turn omne roplebat. Virg. OPPLERE, to fill a surface all over. Nilus
Egyptum tota aestate obrutam et oppletam tenet. Cic. Figuratively :
Vetus haec opinio opplevit Graeciam. Cic. Inane dolium implemus ;
complemus usque ad sumniuni; quae desunt explemus ; replemus
quod consumptum est et exhaustum ; diluvium opplevit terrain.
G. D.
1292. Importunus. Moles tus.
IMFORTUXUS, (sine portu) properly, without aport : it is only used

in a figurative sense ; never pleased, trouitesome. Importunus etamens
Tyrannus. Cic. Vultus importunus. Id. Pauperies importuna. Hor.
Importuna volucres. Virg. MOLESTUS, (from moles) overburden-
ing. Onus molestum. Hor. Figuratively : Molesta vita otiosofum.
Cic. Operosus et rnolestus labor. Id.
1293. Imprimere. Inurtre.
IMPRIMERE, (premere in) to imprint, to impress, to set a mark.

Imprimere sigilla annulo. Cic. Vestigium in aliquo loco imprimere.
Id. Figuratively : Imprimere dedecus Reipublicac. Cic. In omnium
animis Dei notitiam impressit natura. Id. INUREHE, (urere in) to
burn in, to mark with a hot iron. Vitulis notas et nomina gentis inu-
runt, Virg., They with a hot iron mark their calves with a particular
mark and name, in order to distinguish the breed. Figuratively : Fa-
niam superbiae inurere. Cic. Proprium est irati cupere, a quo laesus
videatur, ei quam maximum dolorem inurere. Id.
1294-. Improlus. Malus. Pravus. Depravalus.
IMPROBUS, (non probus) dishonest. Improborum facta suspicio

insequitur. Cic. Improbus homo et perfidiosus. Id. Figuratively:
Fortuna improba, Cic., A cruel fate. Divitia? improbac, Hor., ///-
303
gotten riches. Improbum testamentum, Cic., A will made in a manner

contrary to law. Labor improbus, Virg., An excessive work, and obs-
tinately maintained. Improba carmina, Ovid., / icentious verses.
MALUS, evil, lad In/ nature. Philosophi quidam minime mali illi
quidem, sed non satis acuti. Cic. Mala mens, malus animus. Ter.
Figuratively : Mala ambitio, Kor., A culpable ambition. Malum pon-
dus, Plaut., A false weight. Mala consuetude. Hor. Malus militiae,
Id., Not Jit for war. PRAVUS, (in its proper sense} crooked, deformed.
Interesse oportet, ut inter rectum et pravum, sic inter verum et fal-
sum. Cic. Pravis fultum male talis. Hor. Jumenta prava atque
deformia. Cass. Figuratively . vicious, erroneous. Prava ambitio.
Hor. Pravissuna consuetudinis regula. Cic. DEPRAVATUS, (from
pravus) properly, made crooked. Depravata crura. Varr. It is used
by Cicero in the figurative sense only. Bestia,- enim quamvis
depravatae
non sint, pravge tamen esse possunt; depravatus est enim tantum
animi, quo bestiae carent, pravus autem et corporis et animi est. Cic.
Depravatoe opiniones. Id. Depravati mores. Id. Nolim quicquam
agere cum improbo, quia fide caret ; cum malo, quia plerumque
nocet ; cum pravo, quod vix unquam recte sentiat, ad contortam
mentis et animi regulam pleraque revocans ; cum depravato, quod
vitiatus in transversum agi consueverit. G. D.
1295. Improvisus. Inopinatus. InspeYatus.
IMPROVISUS, (non visus pro) unforeseen. Nova res atque impro-

visa nunciatur. Cic. INOPINATUS, (non opinatus) unthoughtoj, un-
expected. Improvisum et inopinatum hoc illi accidit. Cic. Repen-
tina et inopinata graviora sunt. Id. We may very properly say :
Ssepe bonis et sapientibus viris accidit inopinata mors, non tamen
improvisa. G. D. INSPERATUS, (non speratus) that which happens
against one's hope, or expectation. Insperatoe pecuniae. Cic. It is
said of lad things. Insperatum nee opinatum malum. Cic. Spes
and sperare are found used in the same sense. Tantum potui sperare
dolorem. Virg.
1296. Impudens. Inverecundus.
IMPUDENS, (ncn pudere) impudent, Irazen-faced. Ut cum im-

pudens fuisset in facto, tun: impudentior videretur, si negaret. Cic.
Qui verecundiae fines semel transierit, eum oportet esse impuden-
tem. Id. Impudens mendacium. Id. Ad audendum impudentis-
simus. Id. INVERECUNDUS, (non vereri) without reverence, that
pays no respect to any thing. ' Inverecundum ingenium. Cic. In-
verecunda irons. Quint. Impudens, impurus, inverecundissimus.
Plaut. Horace calls Bacchus inverecundus Deus, because a man
much in liquor has no respect for any thing, or any body. Impudens
sine pudore agit, et loquitur ; inverecundus, nihil timide agit aut
loquitur. G. D.
1297. Impudicus. Incestus.
IMPUDICUS, unchaste, lascivious. Mulieres impudicae. Cic. Im-

pudicus relates to manners. INCESTUS, (non castus) in the best an-
cient authors, has a reference to religion, as well as castus, its
opposite}
in which sense castus has been used by Virgil, Casti sacerdotes, re-
ligious priests ; and by Livy, caste sacrificium Dianae facere. An
triste bidental moverit incestus. Hor. It is very properly used in the
304
sense of immoral. Primo pellicere adolescentem sermone incesto

conatus est. Cic.
1298. Impulsio. Impulsus.
IMPULSIO, (pellere in) impulsion, the act of pushing or forcibly

moving. It is only found in the ^figurative sense. Impulsio est qua?
sine cogitalionc per quandam n'J'ectionem animi facere aliquid hor-
tatur; ut amor, iracundia, aegritudo, &e. Cic. Inductio et impulsio
in hilaritatem. Id. IMPULSUS, the shock itst/f. Etsi non solum im-
pulsu scutorum, neque conflictu corporum, itc. Cic. Impulsu
aquilonis. Cacs. Figuratively : instigation. Impulsu tuo fecit. Cic.
Ne civitas eorum impulsu deficeret. Cass.
1299. Inius. Infenis. Infimus.
I.MUS, (a termination of the superlative degree,) the lowest. Fundo

volvuntur in imo. Virg. A vertice ad imos talos. Hor. Ima pe-
tunt pisces. Ovid. INFEUUS, (from infra) lower, inferior, from
under. Ut omniasupera, infera, prima, ultima videremus. Cic. In-
ferum mare. Id. A part of the Mediterranean sea, which washes the
southern part of Italy, called mare inferum on account of its lying
to-
wards the south ; a<! the Adriatic sea icus called superum mare, on
ac-
count of its being moreina western direction. INFIMUS, (superlative
ofioferus, inferior,) beneath the lowest. Infima, summa. Cic. Figura-
tively : Infima fex populi. Cic. Infimis precibus auxilium impe-
trare. Liv. Ego te esse infra infimos omnes puto. Ter.
1300. In integro. In integrum.
IN INTEGRO, as it was (when there is no motion). Tibi in integro

tota res est, Cic., The whole of the business is just as it was ; you
may
do what you please with it JN INTEGRI M. as it u-as (when there is
motion). In integrum restituere, Cic., To restore to its former state.
1301. In manu. Prce munu.

IN MANU, in one's hand (when there is no motion). Cum pyxidem
teneret in manu. Cic. figuratively : in the power of, at the disposal
of. Tibi in manu est ne fiat, Ter., It is in your power to prevent it.
PRJE MANU, in hand, in one's possession (whether there be motion
or not). Huic paululum aliquid prae manibus dederis, unde utatur.
Ter. Reddidi patri omne aurum, quod mini fuit pnc manibus,
Plaut., 1 returned to my father all the ready money I had. In mani-
bs would have a different senê. I returned . ... all the money I had
in my hands.
1302. In occulco. Ex occulto.
IN OCCULTO, (for the question ubi,) in obscurity, in a secret place.

Latebat in occulto. Cic. Prope in occulto stabant. Id. Ex OC-
CULTO, (for the f/uestion unde,) from a place by way of surprise.
Cum multi boni viri ex occulto intervenissent. Cic.
1303. In prccsenti. In prccsentiii.
IN i'H.T.si;sT[, (tempore understood,) for the present. Haec ad te

in praesenti scripsi, ut sptrcs te a.sse<p:ii id quod optas. Cic. IN*
rn.T.SENTiA, 1. At this present moment. Spero ctiam in pneaentr^
pace-in no* liaberc. Cic. 2. In presence of, before. Periculum in
praesentia tt ante oculos positum est. Cic.
305
1304. In prcesenli re. In prtesentem rem.
IN PR.SSENTI RE, and IN PR^SENTEM REM, (the former for the

question ubi, and the latter for the question quo,) about the thing or
business in question. In re praesenti ex copia piscaria consulere li-
cebit quid eraam. Plaut. In re prsesenti constitues. Plin jun. In
rem praesentem venire. Cic.
1305. Inanis. Vacuus.
INANIS, empty. Nuda et inanis domus* Cic. Vas inane cum di-
cinius, non ita loquimur, ut physici, quibus inane nihil placet, sed
ita ut, verbi gratia, sine aqua, sine vino, sine oleo vas esse
dicamus.
Cic. Figuratively : Inanis elocutio ac pene puerilis. Cic. VACUUS,
that is not occupied, vacant. Date mihi vacuas aures. Plaut. Inanes
would not do in the foregoing sentence. Vacuus equus, Liv., A horse
that has nothing to do. Likewise vacua domus is an uninhabited house ;
and inanis domus, an empty house. A house full of furniture, and
without any body living in it, is vacua, but not inanis. Vacuum prae-
dium, Cic., An estate without an owner. Figuratively : Cum vacui
temporis nihil haberem. Cic. Si es animo vacuo, Id., If you are at
leisure.
1306. Infiuditus. Ir.audibilis.
INAUDITUS, (non auditus) unheard-of, that has not been heard in

his defence. Nihil dicam aut inauditum vobis, aut cuiquam novum.
Cic. Inauditi atque indefensi perierunt. Tac. INAUDIBILIS, that
must not lie heard of. An fidem infirmet Silio inaudibili ? Cic.
1307. Incautus. Improvidus. Imprudens. Inconsultus. Inconsideratus.

INCAUTUS, (non cavens) incautious, that is not on his guard. In-
cautos invadunt. Liv. Incautus futuri. Hor. Ab juventa incau-
tior, Liv., Whom youth makes less cautious. It is sometimes used pas-
sively : Iter intentatum et hostibus incautum. Tac. IMPROVIDUS,
improvident. Necessitas qusedam fatalis improvidas hominum men-
tes occupavit. Cic. // is also taken in a passive sense. Improvida
tela, Plin. jun., Unforeseen darts. IMPRUDENS, ignorant, inadver-
tent. Imprudens religionis. Liv. Imprudens feci. Ter. INCONSUL-
TUS, (sine consilio, non consultus) that acts without asking advice,
who has not counsel given him, unskilful. Inconsultaturba. Liv. Incon-
sultum certamen, Id., A battle fought without previously asking ad-
vice. Inconsulti abeunt, sedemque odere Sibyllae, Virg., They go,
having no counsel given them, &c. Homo inconsukus et temerarius
haec non videbat. Cic. INCONSIDERATUS, inconsiderate, that does
not take the trouble of examining things. Inconsideratus homo. Cic.
O pupiditatem inconsideratam ! Id. Incautus non cavet ; non pro-
videt improvidus-; imprudens non novit ; inconsultus sine consilio
agit ; non attendit inconsideratus. G D.
1308. Incensio. Incendium.
INCENSIO, the act of burning or setting on fire. Incensione urbem

liberavft. Cic. Incensio Capitolii. Id. INCENDIUM, the conflagra-
tion itself, the combustion. Incendium extinguere. Sail. Incensio-
nem would not be proper. Figuratively : Belli incendia. Virg. Ani-
morum incendia restincta. Cic. Conflagrare invidiae incendio. Id.
Incensione would not be proper.
.A.
306
1309. Indpcre. Ccepisse. Inchoare. Ordiri

INCIPERE and C<EPISSE, to legin. Ut incipiendi ratio fuerit, ita
sit desinendi modus. Cic. Ut magis poeniteret ccepisse, quam liceret
desistere. Id. INCHOARE, to rough-hew, to make the rough draught
of. Praeclare multa inchoate, sea non perficere. Cic. Inchoare et
informare oratorem perfectum. Id. Neve inde navis inchoandae cce-
pisset exordium. Id. ORDIRI, properly, to make a warp, as weavers
do. Ordiri telam. Plin. figuratively : To begin or enter upon a work
that requires much time. Praetexe modo quod orsus es. Cic. Tune
sic orsa loqui vates. Virg. Ordiri causam. Cic. Ut ordiar ab in-
itio, et perducam ad finem. Id. Incipimus quodcumque facere aut
dicere volumus ; ordimur longum aliquid et arlificiosum ; inchoamus
rude quidpiam componendum ac perficiendum. G. D.
1310. Incipient annus. Iniens annus.
IXCIPIEKS ANNUS, the year which is beginning. Incipiente vere.

Cic. INIENS ANNUS, the current year. Januario ineunte cura ut
Romee sis, Cic. // must also be observed that incipiens is said of any
thing that begins. Incipiente febricula. Cic. Whereas iniens is only
said of time. Ineuntis aetatis inscitia senum constituenda et regenda
prudentia est. Cic. Ineunte febricula would be a bad expression.
1311. Incitatio. Incitamentujr.
INCITATIO, (ciere in) an indtaiicn, the act of stirring up. Lan-

guentis populi incitatio, et effrenati moderatio. Cic INCITAMEN-
TUM, the incitement, the motive, the inducement. Hoc maximum et
periculorum incitamentum et laborum. Cic. Incitamentum advin-
cendum. Liv. Incitatic would present a different meaning.
1312. Incceptir. Incoeptum.
INCCEPTIO, th^ beginning, the act of beginning. Praeclari operis

incceptio. Cic. INCOSPTUM, the thing begun, the enlr.-prise itself. Si
cujus non modo factum, sed incceptum, conatumve contra Rem-
publicam deprehendero, senties. Cic. Incceptionem would present
another sense.
1313. fucogitans. Incogitatus. IncogiialUis.
INCOGITANS, (non cogitans) thoughtless. Adeo-ne te incogitan-

tem atque impudentem, Phaedria, ut, &c. Ter. INCOGITATUS, that
does not think of a thing, and has not been thought of. Petulans, ira-
cundo animo, indomito, incogitato, sine modo et modestia sum.
Plaut. Alacritas incogit&ta atque injussa. Sen. INCOGITABILIS,
incapable of reflection. Excors, caecus, incogitabilis. Plaut.
13H. Incolumis. Salvus. Sanus. Sospes.
INCOLUMIS, (quasi in columine) out of reach, that has preserved all

its advantages. Gives integros incolumesque servavi. Cic. Incolumes
genae, Hor., Cheeks that have lost nothing uf their freshness. Figura-
tively : Virtutem incolumem odimus, sublatam ex oculis quaerimus
invidi. Hor. Incolumi capite es ? Id., Are you in your senses?
SALVUS, safe from accidents dangerous to life. Salvum te advenisse
gaudeo. Cic. Salvae et incolumes civitates. Id. Figuratively ; Salva
307
fide. Cic. Salvo jure. Id. SANUS, in a good state of body and mind.
Medicamento sanum fieri. Cic. Homo sanae mentis. Id. Figura-
tively: Sana et salva Respublica. Cic. Sanum genus dicendi. Id.
Sanus is opposed /oaeger; salvus to morti proximus. SOSPES, escaped
from perils. Vix una navis sospes ab ignibus. Hor. Sospites omnes
Romam ad propinquos restituit. Liv. Cursu sospite mutare Lares,
Hor., To havt a prosperous voyage in going from one country to an-
other. We may properly say : Salvus erat plerumque Romanus miles
ab hostibus captus ; non tamen incolumis, utpote qui capite dimi-
nutus esset ; nee sanus omnino, si leviter vulneratus decumberet ;
at demum sospes in patriam redibat, si receptus a suis, aut redemp-
tus esset. G. D.
1315. Inconcinnus. Incomptus.
INCONCINNUS, (non concinnus, from cinnus, a curl of hair, and

cum) without any order, without good grace. Asperitas agrestis et
inconciana. Cic. Qui in aliquo genere inconcinnus aut,mutus est,
is ineptus dicitur. Id. INCOMPTUS, (non coraptus) properly, u*-
trimmed, uncombed. Caput incomptum. Hor. Incompti capUli. Id.
Figuratively : unpolished. Oratio incompta. Cic.
1316. Inconditus. Incompositus.

INCONDITUS, (non datus cum) out of rank, ill put together, scat-
tered. Inconditi milites, Liv., Soldiers scattered about. Incondita
corpora, Id., Unburied bodies. Incondita carmina, Liv., Doggrel
verses. INCOMPOSITUS, (non positus cum) discomposed, disordered.
Incompositum agmen. Liv. Figuratively : Pede incomposito dixi
currere versus. Hor. Motus incompositi, Virg., speaking of dancing.
Tempanii oratio incomposita fuisse dicitur. Liv.
1317* Inconstantia. Levitas. Mutatio. Mutalilitas. Mobilitas.
INCONSTANTIA, (non stare cum) inconstancy. In maxima incon-

stantia versantur vulgi opiniones. Cic. LEVITAS, levity, lightness,
loth in the natural and moral sense. Volucri levitate ferri. Lucret.
Levitas temere assentientium. Cic. Constans in levitate fortuna. Id.
MUTATIO, a change, the act of changing. Optimus est portus pce-
nitenti mutatio consilii. Cic. Mutatio loci. Id. Mutationes tem-
porum. Id. MUTABILITAS, mutability, susceptibility of change. In-
constantia mutabilitasque mentis. Cic. MOBILITAS, moveaileness,
swiftness of motion. Linguae mobilitas. Cic. Figuratively: Quid est
inconstantia, mcbilitate, levitate turpius ? Cic. Mobilitas fortuna?.
C. Nep. Homo inconstans does not long give his mind and affection
to the same object. Homo levis does not feel a strong affection for
any
thing. Homo mutabilis is wavering from one object to another.
1318. Incorruptus. Sincerus.
INCORRUPTUS, incorrupt, whole and sound, both in the proper and

in the figurative sense. Spina incorrupta etiam in aquis durat. Plin.
Sanitas incorrupta. Cic. Incorruptus testis. Id. Incorrupta vox
bene judicantium. Id. Incorrupta quasdam Latini sermonis integritas.
Id. SINCERUS, without mixture, unspotted. Sincerum nisi est vas,
quodcunque infundis acescit. Hor. Sincerae genae. Ovid. Figurative-
ly : Nihil est sanctum atque sincerum in civitate. Cic. Sincera fide
X2
308
agere. Id. Sincera voluptas. Ovid. Prudens sincerumque judicium.

Cic. Pronunciator sincerus et grandis. Id.
1319. Increpare. Increpilare. Reprehendere. Oljurgare.

IXCREPARE, properly, lo make a noise. Increpuere arm a. Liv.
Tuba terribilem sonitum increpuit. Virg. Figuratively : To chide or
reprimand severely. Cum illius in me perfidiam increparet. Cic. In-
crepare probris. Liv. Maledictis increpabat omnes bonos. Sail
INCREPITARE, (frequentative of increpare) denotes more activity in

the chiding, to rebuke sharply. Hostis amare, quid increpitas, mor-
temque minaris ? Virg. Figuratively : Êstatem increpitans feram.
Virg. REPREHKNDERE, (prehendere retro) properly, to lay hold of
and draw back. Cato quosdam reprehendit, vertitque in hostem.
Liv. Figuratively : To Jind fault with, to reprimand, to point out a
fault. Studia aliena reprehendere. Hor. Discessum meurn quasi
reprehendere, et subaccusare voluisti. Cic. OBJCRGARE, (from
jurgium) to reprove either through private interest, or through
friend-
ship. Etmonendi saepe amici sunt, et objurgandi. Cic. Objurgavit
M. Ccelium, sicut neminem unquam parens. Id. Increpare, severi-
tatis et vehementiae est ; objurgare, auctoritatis et amicitiae ;
repre-
hendere prudentioris est. G. D.
1320. Incurrere, Incur sare.
INCURRERE, (currere in) to run in, upon, or against. Caeco im-

petu in aliquem incurrere. Cic. In unam navim multae classes ar-
matae incurrerunt. Id. Figuratively : In famam alicujus incurrere,
Cic., To attack the reputation of somebody. Incurrit in voces male-
rolorum laurus nostra, Id., Our triumph is exposed to the censure of
envy. Ager in agrum incurrit, Id., One field is included in another
field. INCURSARE, (frequentative of incurrere) to run often in, up-
on, or against. Incursare agros hostium, Liv., To overrun often the
lands of the enemy. Luminis orbus rupibus incursat Polyphemus.
Ovid. Figuratively : Incursare in fortunas omnium. Cic. Incur-
sabit in te dolor meus, Id., You will concern yourself in my sorrows.
1321. Incutere. Infligere. Impingere.
INCUTERE, (quatere in) to impress, or to strike upon or into. In-

cutere pedem terra, Quint., To stamp on Ike ground. Incutere Sci-
pionem in caput. Liv. Figuratively : To put into one's mind and dis-
turb it. Desiderium urbis incutere. Hor. Id metum pigritiarnque
incussit. Liv. Incutere religionem, Id., To raise a scruple in the
mind. Incutere negotium, Plaut., To get one into trouble. INFLI-
GERE, ( from in, and the obsolete fligo, to paste) to lay on by
striking.
Infligere vulnus. Cic. Manibus tollit cratera duabus, infligitque
viro. Ovid. Figuratively : Infligere turpitudinem sibi, Cic., To bring
infamy upon one's self. IMPINGERE, (pangere in) to throw against,
to touch with a blow. Huic calix mulsi impingendus est, ut plorare
desinat. Cic. /Esopo quidam petulans lapidem impegerat. Pliaed.
Figuratively: Epistolam alicui impingere, Cic., To send one a dis-
agreeable letter. Securira ligno, prudenti metum incutimus ; servo
infligimus alapam ; caput parieti impingit temulentus. G. D.
S09
1322. Indagare. Qucerere. Scrutari. Rimari. Vestigare. Investigare.
Expucari.
INDAGARE, to search out, as a hound does. Aliquid indagare, in-

venire, e tenebris eruere. Cic. Omnibus vestigiis indagare aliquid.
Id. QUJERERE, to seek out by inquiring. Te quaerebam ipsum. Ter.
Remedium quaerere ab aliquo. Cic. Probam pauperiem sine dote
quaero. Hor SCRUTARI, to seek out ly rummaging. Non te ex- A
cutio, non scrutor. Cic. Scrutatis omnibus latebris. Aurel. Yict.

Figuratively : Arcanum ne tu scrutaberis ullius unquam.Jrlo^.R!.
MARX, (from rima) to seek into the chinks and crevices, itimari ter-
ram rastris. Virg. Rimantur prata Caystri, Id., that is to say, ac-
cording to Servius, pascuntur in pratis Caystri, cibum per terrae
rimas
requirentes. VESTIGARE, ( from vestigium ) to follow by the track
or scent. Vestigatque viruvn. Virg. Jacens piscis magis naribus
escam quam oculis vestigat. Col. Figuratively : Causas rerum ves-
tigabimus. Cic. Voluptates omnes vestigant atque odorantur. Id.
INVESTIGARE, to follow ly the track, or scent, till the object be
found
out. Illud molestum est me adhuc investigare non posse, ubi Len-
tulus sit. Cic. Incredibilis ad investigandum canum sagacitas na-
rium. Id. Figuratively : Investigabant et perscrutabantur omnia
Cic. Ubi quaeram? ubi investigem ? Ter. EXPISCARI, (from pi-
scis) properly, to seek for Jish out of a river. Figuratively : to
search
out diligently. Perinde expiscare, quasi non nosses. Plaut. Ex-
piscari aliquid ab aliquo, Cic., To pump one.
1323. Indigena. Tnquilinus.
INDIGENA, (quasi inde genitus) a native of the place wherein he

lives, or which is mentioned. Nee majores eorum indigenas, sed ad-
venas Italiae cultores. Liv. Indigenae Latii populi. Lucret. IN-
QUILINUS, (quasi incolens aliena) a tenant, a lodger. At vero te
inquilino, non enim domino, personabant omnia vocibus ebriorum.
Cic. Inquilini privatarum aedium atque insularum. Id. Indigena is
opposed to advena ; and inquilinus to sedium dominus.
1324. Indignatio. Indignitas.
INDIGNATIO, indignation, anger. Si natura negat, facit indigna-

tio versum. Juv. Nee domi tantum indignationes continebant. Liv.
INOIGNITAS, indignity, heinousness. Neque satis severe pro reiin-
dignitate decrevit. Cic. Ego-ne has indignitates diutius patiar, quam
necesse est ? Id. Indignitas creat indignationem. G. D-
1325. Indignus. Immerens.
INDIGNUS, unworthy, undeserving, or undeserved, is said either of

good or evil. Calamitatem hominum indignorum sublevare. Cic.
Qui te indignum Êdilitate judicarunt. Id. Vident indigna morte
peremptum. Virg. IMMERENS, undeserving the harm done to him.
Immerentes, ut sceleratos, occidunt. C. Nep. Quid immerentes
hospites vexas ? Hor. Honestissimum credidi non premie imme-
rentem. Plin.
1326. Individuus. Indivisus. Indiscretus.

INDIVIDUUS, that cannot be divided, indivisible. Individuum cor-
310
pus, quod dirimi distrahique non potest. Cic. Atomi, id est, indi-
vidua corpora. Id. INDIVISUS, undivided, uncloven. Indivisae un-
gulse. Varr. Figuratively : Indivisus honos. Sil. Ital. Indivisa po-
testas. Stat. INDISCRETUS, (fromnon cernere diversim ) indistinct.
Similliraa proles indiscreta suis parentibus. Virg. Indiscretis voci-
bus. Tac.
1327. Indoles. Ingenium.
INDOLES, a natural disposition, relates to the qualities of the soul.

Annibal cum hac indole virtutum ac vitiorum sub Asdrubale me-
ruit. Liv. Horum in quolibet indoles eadem, quae in Alexandro
erat animi ingeniique. Id. INGENIUM, judgement, sagacity, pene-
tration. Ingenium saepe, etiamsi industria non alitur, valet tamen
ipsum suis viribus. Cic. Ingenii acies. Id. It is said of ones temper.
Ingenium meum ita est. Plaut. // is also used to express the nature
of a thing. Ingenium soli. Plin. Ingenium loci. Flor. In this sense
Ovid said, Ingeniosus ager ad fruges ; and Phcedrus very nearly in
the same meaning says : Cognitosque dentibus nervos rodendo laxat
ingenia artuum.
1328. Indomitus. Inlractatus. Intractabilis.
INDOMITDS, untamed. INTRACTATUS, not broken in, as a horse.

Equus indomitus, Cic., A Jierce and Jlery horse, the approach to
which is dangerous. Intractatus equus et novus, Id., A horse that has
not been broken in at a riding-school, figuratively : Indomitae cupi-
ditates. Cic. Indomita et effrsenata libido. Id. INTRACTABILIS,
untr -actable, unmanageable. Genus intractabile bello. Virg. figu-
ratively : Bruma intractabilis, Virg., A severe winter. Animus in-
tractabilis. Sen.
1329. Inducice. Pax. Pacificatio.
INDUCING, (perhaps from inducere, because cessatio armorum in-

ducitur) a truce, a cessation from war agreed upon for a certain time.
Inducias annorum octo impetraverunt. Liv. Pax negata, induciae
datae. Id. PAX, peace. Nomen pacis dulce, et res ipsa salutaris.
Cic. Facere pacem. Id. // also expresses pardon, permission. Ab
Jove pacem et veniam pete. Cic. Pace quod fiat tua, Ter., With
your permission. PACIFICATIO, pacification, accommodation. Nulla
spes pacificationis est. Cic. Sapientius feceris, si te in istam paci.
ficationem non interponas. Id.
1330. Induere. Vestire.
INDUERE, (from tvSvsiv) to put on, to put into. Tunicam induere.

Cic. Soccis se induere. Id. Induere se veste. Plaut. Sibi vestem
induere. Ter. Figuratively : Induit se nux in florem. Virg. In-
duit frondes arbos. Ovid. Personam judicis induere. Cic. Habe*
somnum imaginem mortis, earn quotidie induis. Id. Su& confessi-
one induatur necesse est, Id., He must be convicted by his own con-
fettion. Mihi cura mea et fides nomen induit patroni plcbis. Liv.
Sibi novum ingenium induere. Id. Induere hostiles spiritus. Tac.
VESTIRE, to clothe. Ali ab aliquo et vestiri. Cic. Vir te vestiat,
tu virum despolies. Plaut. // is said of covering in general. Pari-
etes tabulis vestire. Cic. Monies vcstiti sylvis. Liv. Terra vestita
3-11
floribus, arboribus, frugibus. Cic. Figuratively : Exquisitas senten-

tias mollis et pellucens vestiebat oratio. Cic.
1331. Indulgentia. Obsequium.
INDULGENTIA, indulgence, kindness and readiness in excusing and

forgiving faults. Indulgentia patrum in liberos. Cic. Ea fuit in-
dulgentii in suos, ut quos amare debuerat, irasci eis nefas duceret.
C. Nep. Mollis ilia educatio, quam indulgentiam vocamus, nervos
omnes et corporis et animi frangit. Quint. OBSEQUIUM, (from ob
and sequi) readiness in complying, loth in physical and moral matters*
Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbore ramus. Ovid. Antonium pa-
tientia et obsequio mitigavit. Cic. Obsequium erga Imperatorem
exuit, Tac., He refused to obey the emperor. Obsequio grassare. Hor.
Obsequium complies with, does not resist ; indulgentia excuses every
thing.
1332. Industria. Labor.
INDUSTRIA, activity, application. Mihi in labore perferendo in-

dustria non deerit. Cic. Industria in agendo, celeritas in
perficiendo.
Id. LABOR, labour, pain, fatigue. Annales nostrorum laborum.
Virg. Ferre laborem. Cic. Cujus erga me singularem benevolen-
tiara vel in labore meo, vel in honore perspexi. Id.
1333. Induslrius. Navus. Laboriosus.
INDUSTRIUS, industrious, active at work. Industries homines illi

studiosos, vel potius doloris amantes appellant ; nos commodius labo-
riosos. Cic. Poetse boni, et actores industrii. Id. NAVUS, punctual,
careful, that is very fond of what he is doing. Imperata navi
fecerunt.
Sail. Homines navi et industrii partim in Asia negotiantur, partim,
&c. Id. LABORIOSUS, (as synonymous with the other tivo) is a la-
lorious man taking pains to do his work well. Vos laboriosos existi-
met, quibus otiosis ne in communi quidem otio liceat esse. Cic.
Quid vita nostra laboriosius ? Id. Industrius semper aliquid agit ;
navus strenue negotia exequitur, et constant! animo contra omnes
difficultates obnititur ; ille assiduitate, hie fortitudine et
tolerantia
commendatur. G. D.
1334. Jnedia. Jejunium. Jejunitas.
INEDIA, (non edere) want of victuals. Inedia et purgationibus

consumi. Cic. Vigiliis et inedia necatos. Id. JEJUNIUM, fasting,
abstinence from victuals. Jejunium instituere. Liv. Placare jejunia
ventris. Ovid. JEJUNITAS is only used in ajigurative sense, slender-
ness, barrenness. Cavenda est oratori jejunitas et inopia. Cic.
1335. Ineptice. Nugae. Ncenite.
INEPTI.TE, (non aptus) silly things, impertinencies. Omnium in-

eptiarum haud scio an ulla sit major, quam quocunque loco, quos-
cunque inter homines visum est, de rebus difficillimis aut non neces-
sariis argutissime disputare. Cic. Ineptiae pene aniles. Id. NUGJE,
properly, verses in praise of deceased persons, sung by women hir-sd
at
funerals to sing them before the corpse. Has sunt non nugae, non enim
mortualia. Plaut. Because these verses were silly and trifling, imgse
is commonly used to signify trifles, gewgaws. Delectari nugis. Cic.
312
Nescio quid meditans nugarum. Hor. N;NI;E, or NENIJE, a fune-

real song. Honoratorum virorum laudes in condone metnorentur,
casque etiam ad cantus, et ad tibiain prosequantur, cui nomen nae-
niae. Cic. // is said of children's plays, of foolish things. Puerorum
naenia, quns regnum recte facientibus offert. Hor. Leges-ne, quaeso,
potius viles naenias ? Phaed., Will you rather amuse yourself with
reading idle stories ?
1336. Infamare. Drfiamare.
INFAMARE, (non fama) to asperse, to make one lose his reputation,

to spread abroad something against one. Ut tua moderatio et gravitas
aliorum infamet injuriam. Cic. Infamare aliquem parricidii. Quint.
Infamandae rei causa januam obserari jubet. Liv. DIFFAMARE,
(diversim fama) to defame, to brand some one's reputation every where.
Diffamatum adulterium. Ovid. A Nerone probroso carmine diffa-
matus, contumelias ultum ibat. Tac.
1337. Infandus. Nefandus.
INFANDUS, so strange, so cruel, so heinous, so abominable, as not to

It expressed. Infandum, regina, jubes renovare dolorem. Virg. Res
infanda et crudelis. Cic. Tarn infandum facinus ne audivi quidem.
Ter. NEFAXDUS, so impious, so base, as not to be spoken or named
without horror. Nefandus implies the idea of a crime, which infandus
does not always necessarily do. Arma nefanda. Cic. Domus ne-
fanda. Ovid.
1338. Infuns. Puer.
INFANS, (non fans) not able to speak, is said of an infant : it is

properly an adjective. Infantium puerorum incunabula. Cic. Iste
infanti pupillae fortunas patrias ademit. Id. // is said of beasts.
Qua-
drupedes infantes suos cognoscunt. Plin. PUER is used for a child
up to twelve years of age. Ut primum excessit ex pueris. Cic. Pueri
regii, Liv., The young princes. It is said of a servant. Eunti raihi
Antium venit obviam puer tuus. Cic.
1339. Infans. Mutus. Elinguis. Infacundus.
INFANS, (non fans) notable or daring to speak. Si infantes pueri,

si mutae etiam bestiae loquuntur. Cic. Omnium infantissimus viderer.
Id. Figuratively : Pudor infans. Hor. Infans historia. Cic MUTUS,
mute, dumb. Mutum esse satius est, quam quod nemo intelligat di-
cere. Cic. Mutum pecus. Virg. Figuratively: Muta historia. Cic.
Mutae artes picture dicuntur. Id. Mutum a litteris tempus. Id.
ELINGUIS, properly, that has no tongue; and figuratively, that does
not know what to say. Convicit et elinguem reddidit. Cic. Mutus
cannot speak by nature; wf elinguis can. INFACL'NDUS, (nonfacun-
dus) inelof/uenl, rude in speech Vir acer nee infacundus. Liv. In-
facundior, et linguu impromj)tus. Id.
134-0. Infensus. Infestus.
INFESSUS, that is transported against one by violence, passion, and

haired. Infenso atque inimico animo ire in aliquem. Cic. Infensus ser-
vat.Ter. Figuratively: Infensavaletudo,Tac., A lad state of health.
INFESTUS, (non festus) very troublesome, vexatious, spiteful. Latrones
infesti. Cic. Vir acer et infest us potentia? nobilitatis. Sail.
Bellum
313
infestissimum. Liv. Mare infestum. Cic. In dies infestior Tullii se-

nectus. Liv. It might have been said that Marshal Turenne and the
Prince of Conde, when fighting on opposite sides, were magis infesti
sibi, quam infensi. G. D.
1341. Inferi. Tartarus. Elysium. Orcus.
INFERI, (from infra) according to writers of fables, were subterra-

neous places jit for the reception of the dead, in the kingdom of
Pluto.
Inferorum animas elicere. Cic. Irapiis apud inferos poenas esse prae-
paratas. Id. Inferi is properly an adjective, Dii or Manes being
under-
stood, Inferi included Tartarus, which was the abode of the wicked,
(from r ra.cot.<T?!jj, to frighten] and the Ely ssian fields, which
were the
habitation of the souls of good men. Sed amccna piorum concilia, Ely-
siumque colo. Virg. Hoc iter Elysium nobis : at Iseva malorum ex-
ercet pcenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit. Id. Tartarus is of the neu-
ter gender in its plural. OKCUS is used by Cicero to express Pluto.
Jupiter, Neptunus, etiam Orcus frater. Cic. Verres, alter Orcus,
non Proserpinam, sed ipsam Cererem abripuisse videtur. Id. // is
used in the poets for Hell itself. Infaucibus Orci posuere cubilia
curae.
Virg. Multos Danaum demittimus Oreo. Id. Arbiter Orci Minos.
Propert. Festus maintains that Orcus was one of the infernal rivers.
1342. Inficiari. Inficias ire. Diffiteri.
These verbs are said of the actions and of facts relating to one who
denies, with this difference, that DIFFITERI signifies to disavow, to
ex-
cuse one's' self about a thing; INFICIARI, or INFICIAS IRE, to deny
plainly a fact objected. Itaque nunquam diffitebor multa me et simu-
lasse invitum, et dissimulasse cum dolore. Cic. Figuratively : Etpu-
dor'obsccenum diffiteatur opus. Ovid. Cum id posset inficiari, re-
pente confessus est. Cic. Si inficias ibit, mecuni est annulus, quern
amiserat. Ter. In inficias ire, ad is understood, ire ad inficias.
134-3. Infinitas. Infinitudo. Perpetuilas.
INFINITAS, (non finis) infinity, infiniteness. Infinitas rerum atque

naturae. Cic. Infinitas locorum. Id. INFINITUDO is not found, in good
writers. PERPETUITAS, perpetuity, uninterrupted continuance. Per-
petuitas laudis. Cic. Perpetuitas sermonis, Id., An uninterrupted
discourse. Perpetuitas vitae. Id.
1344. Infirmus. Invalidus.
INFIRMUS, (non firmus) is a man of a bad constitution, unable to

act, or to support tvhat happens to him. Assidamus, si placet, sum
eiiim infirmus. Cic. Caput inhrmum. Hor. Valetudo infirma. Cic.
Infirmi ad resistendum. Cses. Infirmus animus. Ter. INVALIDUS,
(non validus) faint, whose strengthfails him. Ad munia corporis se-
necta invalidus. Liv. Invalidi milites. Id. Invalidique patrum re-
ferant jejunia nati. Virg. Figuratively: Invalidi ignes. Tac.
1345. Infiatio. Inflatus.
INFLATIO, (flare in) the act of blowing upon or into, or of swelling

up a thing. Inflatio tubae. Plin. Habet inflationem is cibus (faba).
Cic., This food creates wind in the stomach. IXFLATUS is the effect of
314
inflatio. Inflatus tibiarum. Cic. Inflatum recipiunt aures. Id. Figu-

ratively : Aliquo instinctu inflatuque divino fatura praenunciare.
Cic.
1346. Informare. Instituere. Instruere.
INFORMARE, (from forma) to form, to shape, to fashion. His in-

formatum manibus, jam parte polita, fulmen erat. Virg. Ingentem
clypeum informant. Id. Figuratively : Deum ne coajectura quidem
informare possumus. Cic. Quibus artibus aetas puerilis ad humani-
tatem informari solet. Id. INSTITUERE, (statuere in) properly, to
establish, to found. Civitates instituere, et leges scribere. Cic.
Figu-
ratively: to enable, to train or bring up, to teach,. Rudem ad
dicendum
instituere. Cic. Grascis litteris instituere. Id. Sibi instituere
amicos,
Id., To get friends. INSTRUERE, (yromstrues) toprovide, to furnish,
to supply with things necessary or ornamental. Emit hortos et emit
instructos. Cic. Instruere agros, Liv., To provide Jields with what
is necessary for their cultivation. Instruere of itself does not
signify to
instruct, unless it le joined to doctrina, documentis, or such Like.
In-
struere artibus ingenuis. Cic. Instruere consiliis idoneis ad agen-
dum. Id. When Cicero says, Senectus adolescentulos docet, insti-
tuit, ad omne officii munus instruit, instruit does not signify the
in-
structing, but the fashioning or training up of young men by old ones.
1347. Informatio. Conformatio.
INFORM ATIO, properly, a sketch, or first draught of a thing. It is

only used in a figurative sense, an idea, a notion traced on the mind
an-
tecedently to instruction. Unius verbi imagine totius sententiae saepe
fit informatio. Cic. Habemus in aninio insitam informationem Dei.
Id. CONFORMATIO, the conformation, or disposition of the parts of a
thing. Conformatio quaedam et figura totius oris et corporis. Cic.
Compositio membrorum et conformatio lineamentorum. Id. Figu-
ratively : Altera pars honestatis cernitur in conformatione et mode-
ratione continentiae et temperantiae. Cic. Ornamenta et conforma-
tiones sententiarum, Id., The beautiful proportions of sentences.
1348. Infu.nd.ere. Invergere.
INFUNDERE, (fundere in) to pour into or over. Infundere in vas.

Cic. Largos humeris infundere rores. Virg. Figuratively : Vitia
in civitatem infundere. Cic. INVERGERE, (vergere in) to incline to-
wards. Invergere expresses the act of a man inclining his vessel in
order
to pour something out of it. Frontique invergit vina sacerdos. Virg.
Turn super invergens tepidi carchesia lactis. Hor.
1349. Ingenuus. Liber. Liberalis.
INGENUUS, a man free born, of good extraction. An Romae unquam

fando audistis, Patricios primo tactos, non de caelo demissos, sed
qui patrem ciere possent, id est, nihil ultra quam ingenues ? Liv.
Figuratively : Ingenuae et humanae artes. Cic. LIBER, that is free,
that is not a slave. Omnes profecto liberi lubentius sumus, quam ser-
vimus. Plaut. In another sense: Liber a delictis, Cic., Void of or
exempted from crimes. Adolescentia liberior, Id., Bold youth. Ranae
vagantes liberis paludibus, Phaed., in their open marshes. LIBERA-
LIS, synonymous with the two foregoing words, signifies worthy of a,
free-man. Liberalis facies, liberale ingenium. Ter. Liberalis et digna
315
homine nobili doctrina. Cic. Liberates doctrinae atque ingenuae. Id.

Homo liberaliter educatus. Cic.
1350. Ingredi. Intrare. Iniroire.
Although these three verbs seem to be often indifferently used, a di-

stinction may, however, be pointed out between them. INGREDI, (gra-
dior 1 in ) to go forward in order to get in ; INTRARE, to pass the
thresh-
old of a door ; INTROIRE, to enter, to get within a place. Cum jam
pontem ingredi inciperent. Cic. Both intrare and introire would be
improper. Portus intramus amicos. Virg. Tu illam domum ingredi
ausus es ? Tu illud limen intrare, Cic., Thou hadst the impudence
to appear before that door and to get over that threshold. Introire in
urbem. Cic. An tu ilia vestibula cum aspexisti, domum tuam te in-
troire putas? Id. Ingredi expresses also, to walk, to go. Si stas, in-
gredere ; si ingrederis, curre. Cic. The same difference is found in
the
figurative sense : In spem Reipublicae recuperandae ingredi. Cic. In-
trandum est in rerum naturam. Id. Introire in vitam. Id.
1351. Ingruere. Incumbere.
INGRUERE, (from k'yupsuj, pulso, intus pello) to invade, to set upon

with violence. Ingruit Êneas Italis, et praelia miscet. Virg. In
agrestes morbi ingruerant. Liv. Ingruens periculum. Id. INCUMBERE,
(cubare in) to lean or lie upon, to rest upon. In gladium incumbit.
Cic.
Incubuitque toro. Virg. Incumbunt tecta columnis. Mart. Figura-
tively : Incumbit in ejus perniciem, Cic., He seeks an opportunity of
ruining the man. Volunt idem omnes ordines, eodem incumbunt
municipia, Id., The municipal towns aim at the same end. It is impro-
per to say illud mini incumbit faciendum ; but incumbo illi rei
facien-
dae, or in illam rem faciendam, must be used. Ingruit aliquid
repetitum
et multiplex ; grave quidpiam ac totum simul incumbit. G. D.
1352. Inhospit&lis. Inhospitus.
INHOSPITALIS, (nonhospes) uninhabitable. Inhospitalis Caucasus.

Hor. INHOSPITUS, uninhabited, inhospitable. Inhospita Syrtis. Virg.
Inhospita tecta Tyranni ingredior. Ovid.
1353. Inhumane. Inhumaniter.
INHUMANE, inhumanely. Si quid ab homine ad nullam partem

utili, utilitatis tuae causa detraxeris, inhumane feceris, contraque
na-
turae legem. Cic. INHUMANITER, unmannerly. Non possum scri-
bere me miratum esse ilium tarn inhumaniter fecisse, ut sine meis lit
-
teris ad te proficisceretur. Cic. It is also used in the sense of
inhu-
mane.
1354. Initium. Inilia. Principium. Principia. Exordium. Primordium.

Prooemium.
INITIUM, (ire in) a beginning, an entrance. Narrationis initium.

Ter. Initium capit a Rhodano flumine. Caes. Initium belli. Cic.
Initium cum hostibus confligendi facere. Id. INITIA is said of the
sacrifices or rites of Ceres, the goddess of corn and tillage, tanquam
ea
sint vitae principia, says Cicero. Duo juvenes per initiorum dies, non
initiati, templum Cereris, imprudentes religionis, cum caetera turba
ingressi sunt. Liv. Initia is also said of the principles of a
science. Ilia
316
initia, quae Graece elementa dicuntur. Id. PRINCIPIUM, (quasi pri-

mura caput) the principle. Principium dare alicui motionis. Cic.
Magnarum rerum a Diis immortalibus principia ducuntur. Id.
PRIXCIPIA, in tactics, is said of the van of an army. Itaque nullus in
acie locus tutior erat, quam post principia. Liv. Hosce iustrue : hie
ego ero post principia ; inde omnibus signum dabo, Ter., which place
suits very well such a coward as Grtalho. Principium is hardly ever
used by good authors to express a principle (a, maxim or axiom). EX-
ORDIUM, (from ex and ordiri) a beginning, an introduction to a dis-
course. It is only used figuratively : Exordium vita?. Cic. Exordium
mali explicare. Id. PRIMORDIUM, ( quasi primum ordium). The
first beginning. A Diis immortalibus sunt nobis agendi capienda pri-
mordia. Cic. Primordia urbis. Liv. Tacitus has used primordia to
express the sacrifices offered to commemorate the origin of a people.
Stato
tempore omnes ejusdem sanguinis populi legationibus coeunt, caeso-
que publice homine celebrant barbari ritus horrenda primordia.
PROCEMIUM, (from irpo, and olai;, via, iter) apro'em, aprelude. Proce-
mium philosophise. Cic. Prooemium legis. Id. In singulis librjs utor
proo3miis. Id. Figuratively : Miserae cognosce procemia rixae. Juv.
Procemium may le. separated from the work, but exordium cannot, as
it makes apart uf it. Initium, quo quid incipit ; principium, ex quo
quid constat.
1355. Injurii. Maledictio. Maledictum. Conlumelia. Convicium.
IXJURIA, says Cicero, est quae aut pulsatione corpus, aut convicio
aures, aut aliqua turpitudine vitam cujuspiam violat. // is said of
all
things contrary to justice, or to the rights of individuals. Facere
inju-
rias omnibus. Cic. // does not properly signify an abuse or outrage,
but a wrong or injustice done to one. Contumeliae acerbiores esse so-
lent principibus, quam injuriae. Sen. MALEDICTIO, (male dicere)
detraction, evil-speaking : Cicero uses it to express the custom that
pre-
vailed amongst orators, of loading the adverse party with reproaches
fo-
reign to the cause : It does not exactly signify slander. Maledjctio
ni-
hil habet propositi praeter contumeliam, qua? si petulantius jactetur,
convicium ; si facetius, urbanitas nominatur. Cic. MALEDIC ,
abusive or foul language ; opftrokrious words. Aliquem maledictis in-
sectari. Cic. Xihil est tarn volucre quam malediction, nihil facilius
emittitur, nihil citius excipitur, nihil latius dissipatur. Id. COXTL-
MELIA, (from contemnere) contumely, a reproach or censure coupled
with contempt. Quibus tu privatim injuriasplurimas contumeliasque
imposuisti. Cic. Injuriae qui addideris contumeliam. The Latin lan-
guage had no word more forcible : hence the following expressions :
Ser-
vire est contumelias pati. Cic. Verborum contumeliisaliquem 1
sere. Id. COXVICIUM, (from cum and vox) properly, the noise of
many persons talking loud at the same lime. Erant autem ilia conviviu
non illo silentio praetorum atque imperatorum sed cum max-
pmo clamore atque convicio. Cic. Clamorcm ranae sustulere ad sy-

dera : convicio permotus quaerit Jupiter causam querelae. Plia?d. //
is said of bitter and abusive reproach. Conviciis os alicujus
vcrberare.
Cic. Convicium alicui facerc. Ter.
1356. Injuria. Injuriose.

IXJUJUA, without cause, without reason. Hoc horret Milo^ncc in-
317
juria. Cic. Ego tibi injuria suspectus sum. Id. INJURIOSE, unjustly,
with injustice ; it rises above injuria. Temere atque injuriose
aliquid
de aliquo suspicari. Gic.
1357. Injurid prohibere. Al injuria, detrahere.
INJURIA PROHIBERE, to secure one from an injustice. Prohibere in-

juria tenuiores. Cic. AB INJURIA DETRAHERE, to dissuade from an
injustice. Quern cum comperissem omnem sui tribunatus conatum
in meam perniciem parare atque meditari, egi cum Clodia, uxore tua,
ut eum ab injurii detraheret, Cic., i. e. / have induced your wife
Clo-
dia to dissuade him from committing an injustice towards me.
1358. Injuriam facer e. Nocere. Obesse.
INJURIAM FACERE, to commit an injustice towards one. Alienutn

est a sapiente non modo injuriam cui facere, verum etiam nocere.
Cic. NOCERE, to hurt, to wrong. Eodem modo constitutum est,
ut non liceat sui commodi causa nocere alteri. Cic. Nocet empta
dolore voluptas. Hor. OBISSE, (esse ob) properly, to be before or
against. Figuratively : to put an obstacle, to be prejudicial. Gloria
multis obfuit. Ovid. Fuit mirificus quidam in Crasso pudor, qui ta-
men non modo non obesset ejus orationi, sed etiam probitatis com-
mendatione prodesset. Cic. Noceret would have a different meaning ;
injuriam faceret would be quite improper.
1359. knjurius. Injurinsus. Injustus.
INJURIUS, contrary to divine or human law. Si tabulam de nau-

fragio stultus arripuerit, extorquebit-ne earn sapiens, si poterit ?
Ne-
gat, quia injurium sit. Cic. Injurius denotes an action against the
law ;
and INJURIOSUS, the habit of such actions. It is the same with all ad-
jectives in osus. Quod si pcena, si metus" supplicii, non ipsa turpi-
tudo, deterreret ab injuriosa facinorosaque vita, nemo est injustus.
Cic. In socios ipsos injuriosurn et contumeliosum. Jd. Figuratively :
Venti injuriosi. Hor. A passage of Cicero might induce one to believe
that injuriosus is used in the sense of detrimental, damageable. Quasi
rero non intelligamus ab invito emere injuriosum esse ; ab non in-
vito, quaestuosum. It is the opinion of Doletus. INJUSTUS, unjust,
unreasonable. Bellum injustum. Ovid. Injusta noverca. Virg. ira-
cundia, neque ea injusta, sed merita et debita. Cic. Injuria and inju-
riosa would present another idea.
1360. Innocens. Innocuus. Innoxius.
INNOCENS, says Cicero, non qui leviter nocet, sed qui nihil nocet.
It properly signifies wholesome, harmless. Innocentiores uvae. Plin.
Figuratively : Guiltless, innocent. Innocens si accusatus sit, absolvi
potest. Cic. Vir bonus et innocens. Id. INNOCUUS, inoffensive, or
unhurt. Genus innocuum. Ovid. Innocuique sales. Hor. Sedere
carinae omnes innocuae. Virg. INNOXIUS, that does no harm to any
body. Innoxius serpens. Virg. It also signifies, that takes no hurt.
Faba a curculionibus innoxia. Col. Virum innocentem damnari, in-
justum ; Innocuo civi fortunas adimi, injurium ; Innoxium opprimere,
inhumanum est. G. D.
1361. Ifinocentia. Inlegritas.

INNOCENTIA, innocence, freedom from guilt, harmlessness. Vir sum-
318
ma integritate et innocentia. Cic. Innocentia est affectio tails

animi,
quas noceat nemini. Id. INTEGRITAS is properly said of the state of
a thing that has had no part cut off, that is still whole. Integritas
va-
letudinis, Cic., Sound health, that has not been impaired. In a moral
sense : integrity, uprightness, freedom from reproach. Incorrupta
quae-
dam Latini sermonis integritas, Cic., The purity of the Latin
language.
Vitae gravitas et integritas. Id. Integritatem atque innocentiara sin-
gularem oportet esse in eo qui alterum accuset. Id.
1362. Innumerus. Innumerabilis.

INNUMERUS, (non numerus) very numerous, numberless. Gentes
innumerae. Virg. Hoste innumero cinctus. Ovid. INNUMERABILIS,
innumerable, that cannot be numbered. Series annorum innumerabilis.
Hor. Innuraerabilis pecunia. Cic. Multitude innumerabilis. Id.
1363. Innuptus. Innulus. Ccelebs.
INNUPTUS, (non nuptus) and poetically INNUBUS, unmarried, un-

tuedded. Innuptae puellae. Virg. Innupta Minerva. Id. Innuba per-
nianeo. Ovid. Innuba laurus, Id., speaking of Daphne transformed
into a laurel. Qua tempestate Paris Helenam innuptis junxit nuptiis.
Cic. i. e. contra jus factis. CCELEBS, (from xoirij, a bed, andXsitfu,
to abandon) he who leads a single life, whether he never was married,
or is become a widower. Sine conjuge coelebs vivebat. Ovid. Dedit
et matrimonio operam, verum amissa uxore Calebs remansit. Suet.
Figuratively : Calebs platanus. Hor.
1364. Inquies. Inquietus. Irrequietus. Anxius. Sollicitus.
INQUIES, and INUUIETUS, (sine quiete) restless, unquiet. Lux de-

inde inquietam noctem insecuta est. Liv. Nox per diversa inquies.
Tac. Figuratively : an enemy to quiet and peace. Humanum genus
inquies et indomitum. Sail. Inquieta ingenia, et in novas res avida.
Id. Inquietus homo et adtribunatum spirans. Id.' IRREQUIETUS,
that is never at rest, that is in a continual motion. Siderum semper
ir-
requieta agitatio. Sen. Figuratively: Bella irrequieta. Ovid. Sors
Phoebi irrequieta. Id. ANXIUS, (from angere) perplexed, sorrowful.
Anxio animo esse. Cic. Anxius glorias alterius. Liv. Vicem suam
anxius. Id. Figuratively : Anxiae aegritudines et acerbae. Cic. SOL-
LICITUS, (e solo citare) agitated, that is in commotion, both in the
pro-
per and figurative sense. Mare sollicitum. Virg. Solliciti eramus de
tua valetudine. Cic. Amor sollicitus atque anxius. Id. Sollicitus
suspicione. Id. Velim scire utrum ista sollicito animo, an soluto le-
gas. Id.
1365. Inquit. Ait.
INQUIT is put in dialogues and narrations. Quasi enim ipsos intro-

duxi loquentes, ne inquit et inquam saepius interponeretur. Cic.
Vale, vale, inquit, lola. Virg. AIT is opposed to negat: Quasi ego
id curem, quid ille aiat aut neget. Cic. Diogenes ait. Antipater ne-
gat. Id.
1366. Inscius. Nescius. Insciens.
Although INSCIUS and NESCIUS may sometimes be used the one in-
stead of the other, it may however be remarked that nescius denotes
ig~
norance in a more general sense. Nescia mens hominum fati sortisque
319
futurse. Virg. Inscia would have less energy of expression. Nescia

mansuescere corda. Id. Quoniam ad mortem nos inscii misistis. Cic.
Nescius admits of a passive signification. Nescia tributa aliis genti-
bus, Tac., Taxes unknown to other nations. INSCIENS expresses actual
ignorance. Ea quae me insciente facta sunt. Cic. Insciens feci. Ter.
1367. Insequi. Insectari.
INSEQUI, (from in and sequor ) to follow after, to go after. Insequi

fugientem. Cic. Stricto gladio aliquem insequi. Id. Insequitur nim-
bus peditum. Virg. Figuratively : Insequi aliquem contumelia. Cic.
Insequeris tamen hunc, et lite moraris iniqua. Hor. INSECTARI
(frequentative of insequi) denotes a greater action, and is always
taken
in a bad sense ; to pursue, to run after. Aquila insectatur et agitat
alias ares. Cic. Furias agitant et insectantur impios. Id.
Figuratively :
Insectari aliquem maledictis. Cic. Insectari injuriam, Id., To re-
venge an affront. In the same meaning Virgil says : Quod nisi et as-
siduis terram insectabere rastris, If you do not continually weed out
noxious herbs with your rake. Fugientem et imbellem insequi non
viri fortis est ; tenuiores insectari, crudelis et impii. G. D.
1368. Inserere. Insinuare.
INSERERE, inserui, (sererein) to put or thrust in, to insert. Inse-

rere caput in tentoriam. Liv. Inserere collum in laqueum. Cic. La-
genae collum inserens ciconia. Phaed. Pueris cibum in os inserere.
Cic. Figuratively : Inseritur huic loco fabula. Liv. Veris inseruit
falsa. Cic. Historiae turpes inseruisse jocos. Ovid. INSINUARE,
(from sinus) properly, to put in one's bosom ; and figuratively, to
insi-
nuate. Insinuare se in equitum turmas, Caes., To creep amongst the
cavalry. Explores, ne se insinuent mala. Cic. Se in causam insi-
nuare, Id., To enter into the most difficult part of an affair.
Insinuat
suspicio in animis. Liv. Insinuare se alicui, Cic., To creep into
one's
favour.
1369. Insidiator. Insidiosus.
INSIDIATOR, (sederein) he that lays snares. Insidiator viae. Cic.

Insidiatori et latroni quae potest afferri injusta nex ? Id.
Figuratively :
Insidiator libertatis. Cic. INSIDIOSUS, insidious, full of wiles and
de-
ceits. Apertis inimicis obsistere. insidiosis amicis noiv credere.
Cic.
In tanto ac tarn insidioso bello. Id. Insidiosae simulationes. Id. Fa-
cies insidiosa oculis. Ovid.
1370. Insilire. Adsilire. Insult are.
INSLLIRE, (salire in) to leap in or upon. E navi in scapham insi-

luimus. Plaut. Insilire in equum. Liv. Tignumque supra turba pe-
tulans insilit. Phsed. ADSILIRE, (salire ad) to leap io, to leap
against.
Mus escam putans adsiluit. Phaed. Figuratively: Adsilire ad aliud
genus orationis. Cic. INSULTARE, ( frequentative of insilire) to leap
up, to relound. Insultant floribus hoedi. Virg. Equitem docuere sub
armis insultare solo. Id. Figuratively : Minime toleranda audaciain-
sultat. Liv. Insultare in omnes, Cic., To insult every one. Qui nunc
potentiara senis, et segnitiem juvenis juxta insultet. Tac. Multos a
pueritia bonos insultaverat. Sail. Insultare malis, rebusque aegres-
cere laetis, Stat., To rejoice htartily at mifortunes, &c.
320
1371. Inslstere. Consistere.
INSISTERE, (stare in) to stand upon, to lean upon. Insistere sin-

gulis gradibus. Cic. Insistebat in inanu Cereris dextra simulachrum
pulcherrime f'actum Victoriae. Id. Ut ciim primi cecidissent, proximi
jacentibus insisterent, atque ex eorum corporibus pugnarent. Caes.
Figuratively: Insistere vestigiis laudum suarum, Cic., A'o/ to belie
one's former glory. Insistere niente et animo in rem aliquam, Id., To
gives one 's- self entirely up to a thing. Verum vide, ne irapulsus
ira
prave insistas, Ter., Take care lest anger should cause you to make a
false step. Honoribus alicujus insistere, Plin. jun., To succeed one
in -
office or dignity. CONSISTERE, (stare cum) to stand fast ', to keep in
oneplace, to remain in a natural state. Consistere in anchoris, Caes.,
To ride at anchor. Consistit triduum Romae. Cic. Nee niente nee
lingmi consistit, Id., He is not in his right senses, and does not
know
what he says. Fides utrir.que constitit, Liv., Each party stuck to
their
word. In sententia aliqua consistere. Cic. Usura consistit, cum non
procedit. Id.
1372. Insolentia. Intoleranlia.
INSOLENTIA, (non solere) properly, want of ha Lit or practice,

strangeness, extraordinariness. Offendit aures insolentia sermonis.
Liv.
Disputationis insolentia, Cic., An extraordinary and new way of dis-
puting. Moveor etiam ipsius loci insolentia. Id. It also signifies in-
solence, haughtiness. Ex arrogantia odium, ex insolentia arrogantia.
Cic. INTOLERANTIA, (non tolerare) impatience that cannot suffer
or abide, ungovernable haughtiness. Quis eum cum ilia superbia atque
intolerantia ferre potuisset ? Cic. Non privatorum insaniam, sedin-
tolerantiam regis esse dicetis. Id.
1373. Insomnis. Exsomnis. Vigil.
INSOMNIS, that sleeps not, without sleep. Oberrantinsomnes magis

quam pervigiles. Tac. Insomnem ducere noctem. Virg. EXSOM-
NIS, (e somno) awakened, that has done sleeping. Non seeds in jugis
exsomnis stupet Evias. Hor. VIGIL, watchful, watching. Vigiles
oculi. Virg. Canum vigilum excubiae. Hor. Vigil differs from insom-
nis, 1. Because the former supposes an application, a kind of
activity,
when applied to animate beings. 2. // is applied to things that cannot
possibly be susceptible of sleep by nature. Lucenue vigiles. Hor.
Vigil
ignis. Virg. It is improper to say Insomnes lucernoe, or ignis
insomnis.
1S7-1'. Inspicere. Introspicere.
INSPICERE, to look upon, to observe nicely, in order to examine. In-

spicere in speculo. Ter. Hortos, cum venero, inspiciam. Cic. Vis-
ne te inspiciatnus a puero ? Id. INTROSPICERE, to look into. Intro-
spice in mentem tuam. Cic. Introspice penitus in crimes Reipublicffl
partes. Id.
1375. Instabilis. I.nbricus. Precceps.
INSTABILIS, (non stare) unsteady, that does not stand well. Quippe
ubi pedes instabilis, ac vix vado fidens vcl inermi equite equo temere
acto pervert! posset. Liv. Locus ad gradum instabilis. Tac. Figu-
ratively : Instabilis homo, Liv., An inconstant and changeable man.
Animi instabiles. Virg. LUBRICUS, slippery. Via? lubrica: quibus
321
insistere aut ingredi sine casu aliquo aut prolapsione vix possumus.
Cic. Lubrica tota via est. Propert. Rursus in lubrico atque insta-
bili fundamenta tantas molis locarentur. Plin. Figuratively : /Etas
puerilis maxime lubrica et incerta. Cic. Perdifficilis ct lubrica de-
fensionis ratio. Id. Vultus lubricus aspici, Hor.. A face dangerous
to look at. PR;ECEPS, (from prae and caput) steep, down-hill, head-
long. Via prseceps et lubrica. Cic. Dedit se prsccipitem tecto. Hor.
Figuratively : Prseceps profectio, Cic., A speedy departure. Domi-
nandi cupiditas praeceps et lubrica. Id. Praeceps senectus, Id., Old
age drawing to the end of life. Prascipiti jam die curare corpora mi-
litesjubet. Liv.
1376. Instare* Urgere.
INSTARE, (stare in) to be upon, to follow closely. Vestigiis alicu-

jus instare. Liv. Ferociter instat victis. Id. Figuratively: Dies in-
stabat. Ces. Bellum instat. Cic. Mihi instat iter longum. Id. UR-
GERE, to press on. Urgere jacentcm, aut praecipitantem impellere,
certe inhumanum est. Cic. Majore vi hostes urgent. Sail. Figura-
tively : Quin tu occasionem urges ? Cic. Mali's omnibus urgeri. Id.
Instat et urget Cato. Id. Urgere aliquem flebilibus modis. Hor.
Urget praesentia Turni, Virg., The presence of Turnus urged him to
make his greatest efforts. Urge, insta, perfice. Cic. Urget senectus,
aut certe adventat. Id.
1377. Instaurare. Renovare. Integrate, Sarcire.
INSTAURARE, (quasi instar alterius facere) to re-establish, to do

again. Instaurare epulas. Virg. Instaurare ludos. Liv. Scelus in-
staurare et renovare. Cic. RENOVARE, to renew, to make aneiv.
Vetera renovare. Cic. Renovare bellum. Caes. Renovare memo-
riam, Cic., To refresh the memory. Renovare a fatigatione, Quint.,
To restore from fatigue. INTEGRATE, (from integer) to restore to the
former state, to Legin again. Animus defessus audiendo, aut admira-
tione integratuiy aut riu renovatur. Cic. Ut renovetur, non redin-
tegretur oratio. Id. Integrant seditionem tribuni plebis. Liv. SAR-
CIRE, to repair, to make good. Discidit vestem, resarcietur. Ter. Sar-
cire detrimentum. CJES. Instauratur id cujus simile jam existit ; re-
novatur, quod jam obsolevit aut elanguit; integratur quod imminu-
tum fuerat, ut totum reponatur ; sarcitur quod casu aut usu dete-
rius factum est. G. D.
1378. Instillare. Inculcare.
INSTILLARE, (from stilla) properly, to let in drop l-y drop, to fall

in drop by drop. Instillare oleum lumini. Cic. Gutta? quae saxa as-
sidue instillant Caucasi. Cic. Merum instillat in ignes. Ovid. Figu-
ratively : Prsecepttim auriculis hoc instillare memento, Hor., Re-
member to whisper this lesson in his ear. Tuae litterae mihi quiddam,
quo starem, instillarunt, Cic., Your letters have imperceptibly
instilled
comfort into me. INCULCARE, (calcare in) to drive, in by trampling
under feet. Inculcati lapides. Col. Figuratively : to inculcate, to
re-
peat a thing often, as it were to beat it into one's head. Imagines
ani-
mis inculcare. Cic. Tradita atque inculcata libertas. Id. Qui se in-
culcant auribus nostris, Id., Ihey u-ho are continually forcing their
dis-
course upon us.
322
1379. Jtislilittio. Insiitutum.
INSTITUTIO, (statuere in) properly the act of establishing : It is not

used but in the Jigurative sense. Jnstitutio operis, Cic., The under-
taking of a work. Officiorum prc-cepta ad institutionem vitae commu-
nis spectare videntur. Id. Ad discipulorum naturam institutio doc-
toris accommodanda. Id. Institutiones oratoriac. Id. IXSTITU-
TUM, a plan, a design, a method, an establishment. Instituta philo-
sophise. Cic. Meo institute usus sum. Id. Ad instituta redeamus,
Id., Let us resume ourjirst subject. It in also said in a bad sense.
In-
stitutum meretricium, Cic. i. e., vivendi modus meretricius. G. D.
1380. Inslrumentum. Supellex.
INSTRUMENTUM, ( from instruere) an instrument, a furnishing.

Instrunienta aut ornamenta villa;. Cic. Abjecto instrument*) artis,
clausaque tabernra. Hor. Instrumenta belli, Cic., E'/uipugesof war.
Figuratively : Instrumenta muita habet homo ad adipiscendani sa-
pientiam, Cic., Man has many means of acquiring wisdom. Instru-
menta virtutis. Id. SUPELLEX, household implements, goods, move-
alles of a house. Multa et lauta et magnifies supellex. Cic. Vilis
cum patera guttus, campana supellex. Hor. Figuratively : Verbo-
rum supellex. Cic. Amici, optima et pulcherrima vitac, ut ita dicani,
supellex. Id.
138-1. Jnsumere. Impendere. Erogare.
INSUMERE, (sumere in) to employ in. Insumere operam frustra.

Liv. Insumere in rem aliquam sumptus. Cic. IMPENDERE, (pen-
dere in) to expend for a thing. Certum sumptum impendere ad in-
certum casum. Cic. figuratively: Impendere laboreiu in opere
faciendo. Cic. A charitable man impcndit de suo ad calamitosos
sublevandos : An idle man in res inutiles tempus insumit. G. D.
EROGAKB, says Alciatus, dicitur qui rogatione a populo impetrabat
largiendum aliquid ex aerario : it signifies to bestow upon, to lay
out.
Erogasti pecunias ex scrario. Cic. Pecuniam in classem erogare. Id.
1382. Integer. Inviolatus.

INTEGER, entire and whole. Cum crebro integri defessis succede-
rent. Caes. Integer miles, Liv., Afresh soldier. Integer judex, Cic.,
An impartial judge. Integer laudo, Hor., / praise without preposses-
sion or interest. Integer discipulus, Cic., An unpolished disciple, on
whom no pains have been bestowed, without his learning any thing. In-
tegra causa, Id., An affair wherein nothing has been done. Re Integra,
Id., Nothing being concluded. Integer orbis would bean improper ex-
pression in the sense tiftotus orbis, INVIOLATUS, (non violatus, from
vis) inviolate, unhurt, untouched. Inviolatum corpus omnium civiuni,
integrum jus libertatis defondo. Cic. Id inviolata vestru amicitia,
in-
tegro officio faciebant. Id. Qui prima ilia ir.itia irtatis integra
atque
inviolata praestitisset. Id.
1383. Integer dies. Solidus dies.
INTEGER DIES, a day not entered upon, a single moment of ii'hich

has not been made use of. Dicimus integro sicci mane die ; dicimus
uvidi, cum sol oceano subcst. Hor. This is a vtry striking opposition.
SOLIDUS DIES ?sa day whole and full. Nee partem solido demere
de die spernit. Hor.
1384. Inleltigere. Percipere. Condpere.
INTELLIGERE, (legere intus or inter) to perceive by understanding.

Inteliigentia est per quam animus perspicit qua; sunt. Cic. Tametsi
nontarn multuin in istis rebus intelligo, quam multa vidi.Id. Kara
mens intelligit quod interiore condidit cura angulo. Phaed. Quantum
e vultu ejus intelligo ! Cic. Intelligere denotes a clfur head. PER-
CIPERE, (capere peri properly, to gather or reap. Fructus percipere
et condere. Cic. Figuratively ; to know, to apprehend. Diligenter
qua? dicuntur percipere. Cic. Id si minus intelligitur quanta vis ami-
citiae sit, ex discordiis percipi potest. Id. Percipere denotes a
pene-
trating mind. CONCIPERE, (capere cum) to conceive, Loihin thepro-
per and in the ^figurative sense. Omnia quoe terra coacipit semina.
Cic. Jpsa senectus concipit dedecus. Id. Principes non solum vitia
concipiunt, sed etiam infundunt in civitatem. Cic. Quod ita juratum
est, ut mens conciperet fieri oportere, id observandum est. Id. Quod-
nam concepi tantum scelus ? Id. Concipere iras. Ovid.
1385. Intempericc. Intemperies.
IXTEMPERIJE, the Furies, or evil spirits. Di, vostram fidem, quae

Intemperiae nostram agunt familiam ? Plaut. INTEMPERIES, 1. In-
temperature of the weather. Noxia frugibus intemperies cceli. Col.
2. Want of moderation in temper, violence of temper. Sed mehercule
incipiendo refugi, ne qui videor non stulte illius amici intemperiem
tulisse, rursus stulte injuriam illius faciam illustrem, si quid
scrip-
sero. Cic.
1386. Intempestus. Intempestiuut.
INTEMPESTUS, (non tempestus) the air and temperature of which

is lad and unwholesome. Intempestaeque Graviscae. Virg. Graviscae
was an old city of Italy near the sea. Intempestus signifits also, ob-
scure, full of darkness. Et lunam in nimbo nox intempesta tenebat.
Virg. INTEMPESTIVUS, (non tempestivus) unseasonable, untimely,
inconvenient. Intempestiva epistola, aut loquax. Cic. Nunquam in-
tempestiva, nun quam molesta est amicitia. Id.
1387. Intendere. Extendere.
INTENDERE, (tenderein) to stretch out. Intendere dextram ad

statuam. Cic. Figuratively r Animum intendere studiis, Hor., To ap-
ply ones mind to study. Litem alicui infcendere, Cic., To commence a
suit against one. It is said of increasing the strength or force. Quid
si
intendatur certamen, Tac., What shall we do, should the rivals/up be-
tween the two princes be increased? Intendere expresses also going
along,
iter or gressum being understood. Ut eo, quo intendit, mature cum
exercitu perveniat. Liv. EXTENDERS, (tendere ex) to extend, to
give an extension. Extendere agros. Hor. Extendere imperii vires.
Liv. Figuratively : Famam extendere factis, hoc virtutis opus. Virg.
In Africam quoquespem extenderunt, Liv., They extended their hopes
as far as Africa. Ne supra vires se extendant. Id.
1388. Inter ccenam. Super ccenam.
INTER CCENAM, whilst the repast is serving up. Si vellent inter cce-
Y2
324
nam vel tails, vel par impar ludere. Suet. SUPER CCENAM, during
the repast. Cum soleret et lectione quotidiana quaestionem super
ccenara proponere., Suet.
1389. Inter manns. Per manus.
INTER MANUS, in the hands, in the arms. Erant exitus ejusmodi,

ut alius inter manus e convivio, tanquam e prselio, auferretur, alius,
&c. Cic. PER MANUS, /row hand to hand. Per manus tractus ser-
vetur. Caes. Nonnullae per manus demissae. Id. Figuratively : ly
means of, through (speaking of persons}. P. Clodius per manus servulae
servatus fuit et educatus. Cic.
1390. Inter se. Inter ipsos.
INTER SE and INTER IPSOS do not differ in signification, butrenuire

a different construction. Inter se is used when attended by a
nominative
or an accusative case. Quod inter se cranes partes quodam lepore
consentiunt. Cic. Inter ipsas would not do in this case. Damonem
et Pythiam Pythagoreos ferunt hoc inter se fuisse ammo, &c. Id., and
not inter ipsos. INTER IPSOS must be employed, when a genitive, da-
tive, or ablative case is in the sentence. Nee mihi caeterorum judicio
vi-
detur solum, sed etiam ipsorutn inter ipsos consensu. Cic. Circa
quern inexplicabilis et grammaticis inter ipsos et philosophis pugna
est. Quint. In magnis quoque auctoribus incidunt vitiosa aliqua,
et a doctis inter ipsos etiam mutuo reprehensa. Id.
1391. Intercalare. Interponere. Interjicere.
INTERCALARE, (quasi locare inter) to insert, to put between, as a

day in the leap year. Intercalandi licentia. Suet. Triumphavit mense
intercalario, pridie calendas Martias. Liv. They said twice sexto cii-
lendas, whence came the name of bissextile given to the intercalary
day
in a leap year. Intercalare is used in a more general sense. Praenumi,
quaeso, ut simus annui, et neintercaletur quid. Cic. INTERPONERE,
(ponerc inter) to put between or interpose. Quasi enim ipsos induxi
loqilentes, ne inquam, et inquit seepius interponcretur. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Auctoritatem suam interponere. Cic. Jnterponere se au-
daciaealicujus. Id. Causam interponens, C. Nep., Alleging for his
reason that, &c. INTERJICERE, (jacvre inter) to cast, to place be-
tween or among, to intermix, Galli inter equites sagittarios interje-
cerunt. Caes. Saxis interjectis. Id. Nasus quasi murus oculis inter-
jectus est. Cic. Figuratively : Inter horum aetates interjectus Cato.
Cic.
1392. Intercedere. Intervenire.
INTERCEDERE, (cedere inter) to be or put oneself between, to op-

pose. Longius prosequi veritus, quod silvae paludesque intercede-
bant. Caes. Dies non decem intercesserant, cum, &c. C'ic. Si nulla
aegritudo huic gaudio intercessurit. Tcr. Senatus auctoritas gravis-
sima intercesserat. Cic. Tribuni extemplo pulsi, cum intercedere ro-
gationi vellent. Id. INTKUVKMRK, (venire inter) to come upon un-
awares, to thwart with difficulties. Quam orationem cum ingress
sem, Cassius intervenit. Cic. Plures cecidissent, ni nox praelio
inter-
venisset. Liv. Intervenit coeptis bellum Sabinuin. Id.
325
1393. Inter cessio. Inlercessus.
INTERCESSIO, a stepping in to hinder the proceeding of a business, an

opposition. Refertur statim de intercessione Tribunorum. Cic. Cum
intercessio stultitiam intercessoris significatura sit, non rera
impedi-
tura. Id. INTERCESSUS, interposition, mediation, is only found in the
ablative case. Consulum intercessu. Liv. It signifies also arrival.
Con-
sulem saucium intercessu suo sanavit. Val. Max.
1394. Intercludere. Exdudere. Inlersepire.
IXTERCLUDERE, (claudere inter) to skat up, to stop the passage. In-

tercludere aditum ad altqueni locum. Cic. Hostes ab oppido inter-
cludere. Cses. Figuratively : Seditionum vias intercludere. Cic. Do-
lore intercludi, Id., To i-e prevented l-y pain. EXCLUDERS, (claudere
ex) to shut out. Ego excluder, ille recipitur. Ter. Excludere mce-
nibus. Cic. In this sense Cicero says that gallinae pullos excludunt,
because they get them out L-y hatching the fggs. Figuratively : Exclu-
dere aliquera a negotio, Cic., To prevent one from interfering in an
af-
fair. Excludite eorum cupiditatein, Id., Put a stop to their cupidity.
Exclusus suffragio. Id. Intercludere is to prevent coming forward;
and excludere is to prevent coming out, or to put out. INTERSEPIRE,
(sepire inter) properly, to. plant a hedge between. It is used in a
more
general sense, to fence, to inclose. Intersepire urbem vallo, Liv., To
inclose a town with a rampart. Intersepire iter. Cic. Figuratively :
Intersepsit conspectum abeuntis exercitus, Liv., He hindered them
from seeing the retreating army.
1395. Interdictum. Interdictio.
INTERDICTUM, a provisional sentence, a sentence of the Preeior, for-

bidding or ordering, principally about the possession of a thing in
dispute.
Ergo hac lege Praetorum interdicta tollentur. Cic. Possessionem per
interdictum repetere. Id. INTBRDICTIO, a prohibition, or forbidding.
Id autem ut esset faciendum, non adeptione civitatis, sed tecti et
aquae et ignis interdictione faciebant. Cic.
1396. Interequitare. Pertquitare.
INTEREQUITARE, to ride between. In conspectu omnium ducesin-

terequitans alloquebatur. Liv. Ordines interequitare. Id. PBR-
EQUITARE, to ride quite through, or all over. Qui non bis hostium ag-
men perequitasset. Caes. Primo per omnes partes perequitant, et
tela conjiciunt. Id.
1397. Interesse. Differre. Distare.
These three verbs, in a figurative sense, may be considered as synony-

mous. INTERESSE is said of the difference or distinction between two
things. Quanquam multum intersit inter eorum causas qui dimicant,
tarn en inter victorias non multum interfuturum puto. Cic. Inter ho-
minem et belluam hoc maxime interest quod, &c. Ter. DIFFERRE
signifies to denote a difference between objects placed, as it were,
in two
opposite rows. Vide quid differat inter meam opinionem et tuam. Cic.
Intersit would express less. Tenere virtutes nemo poterit, nisi statu-
erit nihil esse quod intersit aut differat aliud ab alio prseter
honesta
et turpia. Cic DISTARE denotes the little affinity, and great distance
326
of things from each other. Quid tarn distat, quam a severitate comi-
tas ? Cic. Multum inter se distant istae facultates. Id. Differunt
would be less expressive.
1398. Internuncius. Interpres.
JNTERNUNCIUS, one who intervenes between two parlies In reconcile

them. Internunciis ultro citroque missis. Caes. JNTERPRES, a me-
diator, one who examines and settles an affair between contending par-
ties. Per amicos et interpretes agere aiiquid. Cic. Se pacis ejusin-
terpretem fore pollicetur. Liv. Tuque harum interpres curarum et
conscia Juno, "Virg., because in general Juno was concerned in all
mat-
ters relating to marriages, arid especially in what related to
Carthage.
INTERPRES is also said of an interpreter, an expounder. Interpretes
poetarum gramraatici. Cic. Interpres portentorum. Id. Nee ver-
bura verbo curabis reddere fidus interpres. Hor. Sanctissimus inter-
pres legum. Juv.
1399. Interpellare. Otloqui.
INTERPELLARE, (from inter, and the obsolete pellare, to speak] to

interrupt one that is speaking. Sed nihil te interpellabo, continentem
orationem audire malo. Cic. Figuratively : Sed haec tota res inter-
pellata bello refrixerat. Id. Interpeliare aliquem in suo jure, Caes.,
To disturb one in his right. Fortuna praesentera victoriam interpella-
vit, Liv., Fortune has interrupted this victory. Interpellent me quo-
minus hortatus sim, dum ne interpellent quominus Respublica a me
commode administrari possit. Cic. OBLOCJUI, (loqui ob) to inter-
rupt one ly speaking whilst he is speaking. Tu vero ut me appelles
et interpelles, et obloquare, et colloquare vclim. Cic. Ferocissime
oblocuti erant. Q. Curt. Figuratively : Obloquitur numeris septem
discrimina vocum, Virg., Orpheus unites the sound cf his lyre to the
seven different tones of his voice.
14-00. Interrogatio. Ptrcontatio.
INTERROGATIO, an interrogation, a question or demand. Ignavum

interrogationis genus. Cie. Opportuna interrogatio. Quint. PER-
CONTATIO, an inquiry, an inquest. Quaerere percontatione aiiquid.
Cic. Rogationi finitima est percontatio. Id. Percontatio nevtr re-
quires yes, no : ûHnterrogatio requires either of them. When I ask
you whether you have bought suck a thing, it is interrogatio.
Interrogo,
an audierit, viderit. Plin. Jun. But if I ask the price of a thing, it
ii
percontatio. Percontor quanti olus et far. Hor.
14-01. Intimus. Interior.
INTIMUS, (superlative o/intra,) innermost, most inward. Intima

pars urbis. Cic. Intiinac a?des. Id. Ira acerbior intimo corde con-
cepta. Id. INTERIOR, ' comparative o/' intrii,) interior, further in,
more inward. Interior aedium pars. Cic. Figuratively : Interior so-
cietas, Id., A close society. Interior epistola, Id., The middle of
the
letter. Interior vita, Suet., A reined life. Interiorcs littene, Id.,
An
uncommon erudition.
1102. Intimus. Neccssarius.
INTIMUS, synonymous n-ith. Xec o.^sarius, most intimate, closely

united by friendship, or otherwise. In inti'.nis est ineis, cum antea
notus
327
non esset. Cic. Tntimus erat in Tribunatu Clodio. Id. NECESSA-

RIUS, (from nectere) one particularly unitedly blood or friendship.
Curius consobrinus tuus, mihi, ut scis, maxime necessarius homo,
et magnis meis beneficiis devinctus. Cic. Necessarius et propinquus
meus. Id. Sextium Caesarem, amicurn et necessarium suum, legio-
nibus Syria3que prsefecit. Kirt.
1403. Inira. Inlrorsum.
INTRA is a preposithn governing the accusative case, in, within,

whether there be motion or not. Intr'a tecta vocare aliquem. Virg.
Carthaginenses jure finium causani tuebantur, quod ager intra eos
terminos esset. Liv. Utinam Philotas intru verba peccasset (i.e.) non
ultra. Q. Curt. Hortensii scripta intra famam sunt, Quint., The
works of Hortensius are less than their fame. It is used for inter.
Haec
est nobilis ad Trasimenum pugna, atque intra paucas memorata po-
puli Romani clades. Liv. INTRORSUM and INTRORSUS are adverbs^
and signify within, in the inner parts ; with or without motion. Cla-
mantibus Tribunis nihil introrsus roboris, ac virium esse. Liv. Hostem
introrsum in media castra recipiunt. Id. Introrsus perspicere. Caes.
lllasibi introrsum et sub lingua immurmurat. Pers.
1404. Intro. Intus.
INTRO, (ad locum) into a place, within, (when there is TnotiohJ. I

nunc intro jam. Ter. Jte intro cito. Id. INTUS, (in loco) in, within t
(when there is no motion}. Ibo intro, atque intus subducam ratiun-
culam. Plaut. Intus sibi canere, Cic., (a proverbial expression] Tore-
gard nothing but one's own interest.
1405. Inlromittere. Introducere. Inducere.
INTROMITTERE, to cause or si/fler one to enter or come in, without

entering ourselves. Commessatum aliquem intromittere. Cic. Milites
Nolam intromisit. Liv. INTRODUCERE, to bring or lead into. Intro-
ducere praesidium in oppidum. Ca3s. Introducere copias in 6nes ali-
cujus. Id. Figuratively : Introduxit ambitionem in Senatum. Cic.
introducere consuetudinem. Id. INDUCERE, to lead to. Inducere in
praelium cohortes. Liv. Figuratively : Seditionem in civitatem indu-
cere. Cic. Inerrorem inducere, Id., To lead one into an error or a
mistake. Quern ego ut mentiatur inducere non possum. Id. It also
signifies to bring forth or produce. Hinc ille Gyges inducitur a Pla-
tone. Cic. // is besidis used to signify erasing, or disannulling.
Quest!
sunt in Senatu se cupiditate prolapses minium magno conduxisse:
ut induceretur locatio postulaverunt. Cic. Intromittere and introdu-
cere differ also in this from inducere, that they are properly used
only
in speaking of houses, holts, covered and inclosed places, caverns,
&c.
whereas we properly say inducere in agrum, but not intromittere or
introducere in agrum.
1406. Indeniie. Eeperirc. Nancisci. Comperire.
INVENIRE, (venire in) to find, to meet with, is properly said of

things
that are in our way, or offer themselves to us, either in seeking for
them
or by mere chance. Quod quaeritabam filiam inveni meam. Ter. In
agro populabundum hostem invenit. Liv. Auri venas invenire. Cic.
Invenire, in a figurative sense, denotes the fecundity of the mind.
Nil
328
acuti inveniri potest. Cic. Remedium cui rei invenire. Id. Pracsidia
contra feras invcnerunt. ]d. REPKRIRE, (rursus or retro parere)
tojind out or discover, is said of things unknown, or sought after.
Zeno
nihil novi reperiens, sed eniendans superiores. Cic. /Esopus auctor
quam materiam repperit, hanc ego polivi versibus senariis. Phaed.
Reperire in a figurative sense denotes the penetration of the mind.
Re-
peri re causas, Caes., To find out specious pretences. Authors have
often
used indiscriminately invenire and reperire. Nequaquam satis est re-
perire quod dicaa, nisi id inventum tractar'j possis. Cic. Ut medici
causal morbi inventa curationetn esae inventanj putant, sic nos causa,
segritudinis reperta medendi f'acilitatem reperiamus. Id. NANCISCI,
to find, to catch, ii properly said of sportsmen. Belluas immanes ve-
nando nanciscirxiur. Cic. Pisces ex sententia nactus sum. Ter. It is
taken in a more general sense. Nactus turbidam tempestatem. Caes.
Boni aliquid fortuito nancisci. Cic. Aliquid ruali nancisci. Ter. Nan-
cisci occasionem, Cic., To find an opportunity : whereas reperire is
to
find it again. Non facile occasionern postea reperiemus. Cic. It teems
that nancisci is always the effect of chance. COM PERI RE, (parere
cum, or the obsolete perior, which signified to discover] to know for
cer-
tain and by trial, to get a good knowledge of. Manifesto comperire,
et manu tenere. Cic. Ex multis audivi, nam comperisse me non au-
deo dicere. Id. Compertum oculis id habeo. Liv. Comperior is used
as a verb deponent, but only in the present tense. Metellum magnum
et sapientem virum fuisse comperior. Sail.
14-07. Inventio. Inventum.
INVENTIO, the act of inventing, or discovering, an invention. Ilia

ris quae investigat occulta, inventio dicitur. Cic. INVEXTUM is pro-
perly an adjective, the thing invented, or discovered. Philosophorum
inventa. Cic. Tot artes, tot scientist, tot inventa senectutem non ob-
lectant. Cic. Inveutum medicina meum est. Ovid.
1408. Jnveterascere. Senescerc.
INVETERASCEHE, ( from vetus) to grow old, to gather strength by

continuance. In his locis miles inveteravit. Caes. Figuratively: Me-
morial vestrA nostraeres alentur, sermonibus crescent, litterarum mo-
numentis inveterascent, et corroborabuntur. Cic. SENESCEHE, to
grow old, to decay, to fade away. Tacitis senescimus annis. Ovid.
Sensiiu et sine sensu senescit aetas. Cic. Figuratively : to languish,
to lose strength. Civitas otio senescit. Liv. Ne cunctando senesce-
rent consilia. Id. Quse genescunt, deteriora fiunt ; quae inveteras-
cunt, meliora. G. D.
14-09. Invidia. Invidenlia. L'wor.
INVIDIA is said of him who is envious, as well as of him who is the

object of envy. Invidia non in eo qui invidet solusu dicitur, sed
etiam
in eo cui invidetur. Cic. Intiditc verbura ductiuu est a nimis in-
tuendo fortunam altcrius. Id. It is said of hatred. Mortis illiusin-
vidiam in L. F.,accum La?lius conferebat. Cic. INVIDKXTIA is only
said of the envinut. Jnvidentia aegritudo est ex alterius rebus se-
cundis. Cic. Invidentia in eo qui invidet tantum est. Id. Ab in-
videndo recto invidentia dici poteet. Id. LIVOH, a livid mark on the
skin, a bruise. Livore decoloratum corpus. Cic. Presses in artus
329
venit livor. Ovid. In a figurative sense, it signifies envy

accompanied
with a furious animosity. Pascitur in vivis livor, post fata quiescit.
Ovid. Si livor obtrectare curam voluerit. Phaed.
14*10. Invidus. Invidiosus.
INVIDUS, envious. Invidus alterius macrescit rebus opimis. Hor.

INVIDIOSUS, he that is envied, or hated. Possessiones invidiosas
tenere. C.'c. Sunt enim illi apud bonos invidiosi. Id. It is also used
in the sigrification of invidus. Terapus edax rerum, tuque invidiosa
vetustas, omnia destruitis. Ovid.
1411. Invitare. lllicere.
INVITARE, to invite, to desire to come. Benigne salutare, alloqui,

domum invitare. Liv. Tu invita mulieres ; ego accivero pueros.
Cic. Figuratively : to excite. Gloria invitantur prasclara ingenia.
Cic. ILLICERE, (from in, and the obsolete lacire, to gain over, to se-
duce) to allure, to entice by caresses, promises, &c. Ccepit singulos
illicere pretio. Phaed. lllicere in stuprum. Cic. Figuratively : Li-
bido ad id quod videtur bonum illecta et inflamniata rapitur. Cic.
Appetitum animi invitare et illicere. G. D.
1412. Invilatio. Invitamcntum. Illecelra.
INVZTATIO, invitation, the act of inviting. Tua vero invitatio

quam suavis, quam liberalis, quam fraterna ! Cic. Êgritudo ex-
oritur quadam invitatione ad dolendum. Id. INVITAMENTUM, the
inviting or inducing quality itself. Largitiones, temeritatisque invi-
tamenta horrebant. Cic. ILLECEBRA, an enticement, or allurements
Maxima illecebra est peccandi impunitatis spes. Cic. lllecebris vo-
luptatis deliniri. Id. Trahit homines suis illecebris ad verum decus
virtus, Id., Virtue by its charms, &c.
1413. Invitus. Coactus.
INVITUS, (non volens) relates to the will of him tv ho executes.

COACTUS (from cogere) relates to the. authority of the constrainer,
or enforcer. What we do inviti is done reluctantly ; it-hat we do CO-
acti is not done freely. Ifa may act inviti, although non coacti, be-
cause we can prevail upon ourselves to do a thing that is repugnant.
It might even be perhaps possible we should act coacti, and not
inviti,
because we may without any repugnance do a thing which we however
would not do, were not superior authority compelling us iv do it.
Inviti
per vim atque imperium statuas dederunt. Cic. Sapiens nihil facit
invitus, nihil dolens, nihil coactus. Id. Invitus is very seldom said
but of things animate, or considered as such. Phtedrus has however
said
laude invita ; and Ovid, invitis aspicienda malis.
1414. Inultus. Iwpunitus.
INULTUS, (non ultus) unrevenged. Mors inulta. Cic. Vos le-

gatum Populi Romani omni supplicio interfectuminulturn relinque-
tis ? Id. // also signifies, unpunished. Inultum id nunquam a me
auferet. Ter. It besides, in the active sense, signifies, that has not
re-
venged himself. Moriemur inulti. Virg. Nos hasc patiamur inultse.
Ovid. IMPUNITUS, that has not been punished. Men take vengeance,
authority alone has a right to punish. Quo impunitior libido, eo ef-
330
iraenatior est. Liv. Another difference is, thai inultus relates to

the
resentment of him who was to inflict punishment ; and inipunitus to
the stale or feelings of him who should receive it. Ut caeterorum quo-
que injuria sint impunitae atque inultae. Cic. Inuitus is moreover
taken for him that hui not keen hurt, th'it is -without danger. Unde
inultus subeuntem aut prohibere aut opprlmere hostem potuisset.
Q. Curt, inulti imperatores. Liv.
1415. Invocare. Implorare.
I.NVOCARE, (vocare in) to call for assistance, to invoke. Deos in-

vocare. Ovid. Sociorum invoceni subsidium, cum a civibus inter-
clusum sit presidium ? Cic. IMPLORARE, (plorare in) to L-eg with
tears, humility, and eagerness for a favour. Cujus hominis fides im-
ploranda est ? Cic. imploro te, ut misero feras auxilium. Ter.
1416. Involucrum. Integumentum.
IXVOLUCRUM, (from involvere) a wrapper, any thing that serves

to wrap or hide. Candelabrum involutum quam occultissime dela-
tum, involucris rejectis, ostenderunt. Cic. Figuratively . Involucris
simulationum tegi, Cic., To be concealed and dissembled. INTEGU-
MENTUM, (tegere in) an integument, any thing that serves to cover.
Lana eum integumentis, quae Jovi apposita f'uit, decidit. Liv. Fi-
guratively .- Integumenta flagitiorum. Cic. Sic modo in oratione
Crassi divitias ac ornamenta ejus ingenii per quacdam involucra at-
que integumenta perspexi. Id.
1417. Jocosus. Jocularis. Jocularius. Joculatorius. Ridiculus.
Ludicrus.
Jocosus, ( from jocus) jocose, frolicsome, cheerful. Sermo modo

tristis, niodd jocosus. Hor. Furtum jocosum. Id. Oderunt hila-
rem tristes tristemque jocosi. Id. JOCULARIS, and JOCULARIUS,
jocular, pleasant, laughable. Prseterea ne sic, ut qui jocularia,
ridens
percurram. Hor. Jocularium in mallim insciens pene incidi. Ter.
Joculare istud quidem est, et a multis soepe derisum. Cic. JOCU-
LATORIUS, of a jester, full of fun and raillery. Joculatoria dispu-
tatio. Cic. KIDICULUS, (from rideo, to laugh) exciting mirth and
laughter, ridiculous. Multa Grascorum falsa et ridicula. Cic. Ki-
tlicula es me istuc admonere. Ter. LUDICER or LUDICRUS, ( from
ludo, never used in the nominative case masculine singular] that is
not
ferious, that is- done for fun, ludicrous. Ars ludicra armoruni et
gla-
diatori et militi prodest, Cic., Fencing is useful Loth to a gladiator
and to a soldier. Clarorum virorum non ludicros sormoues esse
oportet, Id., The discoursing of illustrious men ought to be serious.
1418. Jocus. Ludus. Lusus. Lusio, Judicrum.

Jocus, a joke, a tport, (masculine in the singular, and neuter in the
plural number'). Joci, jocorum, is very seldom found in good authors.
Joca tua plena facetiarum. Cic. Multa joca sclent esse in episto-
lis. Id. Non ad ludiim et jocum fact! sunius. Id. Ludo et joco uti
licet, cum gravibus seriisque n-bns satisfecetimus. Id. Lum
game or plfty, an exercise, a school. Ludus pila-. Cic. Tempcstivum
pueris concedere ludum. Hor. Ducens mecum Ciceronein meum
in ludum discendi, non lusionis. Cic. It is also sciid of a jest or
pun.
331
Ut ludos facit ! Ter., How jocosely he acts or speaks ! Amoto quae-

ramus seria ludo. Hor. Ludos aliquem f'acere, Plaut., To make a
laughing-stock of one. hi the plural number it is said of public
games.
Edere, facere ludos. Cic. Ludus is better said of serious and decent
games ; and Lusus of childish plays. Sic lusus animo debent ali-
quando dari. Phaed. Anni lusibus apti. Ovid. LLSIO, the act of
playing or gaming. Qui pila ludunt, non utuntur in ipsa lusione
artificio proprio palaestrae. Cic. Infantes lusionibus vel Jaboriosis
delectantur. Id. LUDICRUM, a pastime, any kind of public games.
Xunc itaque et versus et caetera ludicra pono. Hor. Celebrare lu-
dicrum. Liv. Ludicrum fuit equi pugilesque ex Etruria acciti. Id.
1419. Ira. Iracundia. Excandescentia.
IRA, anger, wrath, desire of revenge. Ira est libido puniendi ejus,
qui videatur laesisse, injuriam. Cic. Ira furor brevis est. Hor. Irae
(in the plural) is powerfully expressive. Irae factae sunt ampliores.
Ter. Dignas Jove concipit iras. Virg. Tantae-ne animis ccelesti-
bus irae ? Id. IRACUXDIA, a natural inclination to anger, snappish-
ness, hastiness of temper. Ira quo distet ab iracundia apparet, quo
ebrius ab ebrioso, et timens a tiraido : iratus potest non esse
iracun-
dus; iracundus potest aliquando iratus non esse.. Sen. It is some-
times used in the sense of ira. Sic ad nos omnes fere deferunt, nihil,
cum absit iracundia, te fieri posse jucundius. Cic. EXCAXDESCEN-
TIA (from ex and candere) is a fire kindled on a sudden. It is only
found in a figurative sense, and signifies violent passion, a sudden
Jit
of great anger. Excandescentia est ira nascens et modo existens.
Cic.
1420. Ire. Gradior. Grassari. Incedere. Vadere.
IIIE, to go, either on foot or any other way. Pedibus ire non queo.
Plaut. Ibam forte Via Sacra. Hor. Navigio esse te iturum credere
non possum. Cic. GRADIOR, (the infinitive present is very little
used. Plautus uses gradiri, andColumtlla gradi) to walk, to go step
ly step. Alia animalia gradiendo, alia serpendo ad pastum acce-
dunt. Cic. Uno graditur comitatus Achate. Virg. GKASSARI,
(frequentative of gradior) to walk pretty fast, to inarch quickly. It
is most commonly used in a figurative sense ; Grassari in possessionem
agri publici. Liv. Obsequio grassare, Hor., Creep into his favour
ly excessive complaisance. Consilio grassari, Liv., To have recourse
to cunning. Ad gloriam grassari virtutis via. Sail. Grassari jure^
Liv., To proceed by legal means. INCEDERE, (cedere in) to get for-
ward. Incedere ad urbem. Liv. It very well expresses a noble and
stately walk or countenance. Astego quae divum incedo regina. Virg.
Inceuunt per ora vestra magnified Sail. VADERE, to march on with
.firm steps. Vadimus baud dubiam in mortem. Virg. Vadere in prae-
lium. Liv. We very properly say It tristis arator : Vadit tristis
arator
would be lad Latin. Vadere signifies also to go away. Lentulus hodie
apud me ; eras mane vadit. Cic.
1421. Irritalio. Irrilamentum. Irritamen.
IRRITATIO, 072 incensing, an irritating. Irritatio animorum. Liv.

Naturalis quaedam animi irritatio commutandisedes, Sen., A natural
desire of changing ones abode. IRRITAMEXTUM, encouragement, in-
332
citement. Parvum fuit eertaminum irritamentum. Liv. Opes, irri-

tamenta malorum. Ovid. IRRITAMEN is the same, tut only used in
poetry. Opes animi irritamcn avari. Ovid.
1422. Itaque. Quare.
ITAQUE, therefore, denotes only a reference to the premises and con-

sequence ; QUAKE, for which reason, includes in its peculiar
significa-
tion a reference to the cause and effect. Itaque points out property
the
conclusion of a reasoning ; and quare denotes tetter whatjollotvs an
event or a fact. ' Itaque multa ab eo prudenter disputata memoriae
nmndabam. Cic. Itaque ergo ut magistratu abiere, &c. Liv. Quare
sic tibi eum commendo. Cic. Quare agite, 6 tectis, juvenes, succe-
dite nostris. Virg.
14-23. Item. Itidcm.
ITEM, also, likewise. Solis defectiones itemque luase praedicuntur.

Cic. Pergratuni mihi feceris, spero item Scoevolre, si, &c. Id Ixr-
DEM, (quasi alterum idem) in a very like manner, (juite in a similar
manner. Ut hoc tibi doleret itidem, ut mihi dolet. Ter. Itidemmu-
lieres, ut sunt pueri, levi sententia, Id., fPomen, just like
children, are
changeable in their sentiments.
1424. Iter. Via. Sendta. Callis. Trames. Angiportus.
ITER, (ab eundo) away, the road one follows and treads upon. Pa-
tens iter. Hor. Tutum iter currit classis. Virg. // is also said of
the
walking or marching itself. Convertere iter aliquo. Cic. Iter ad Eu-
phratem pronunciari jubet. Q. Curt. Figuratively : Iter ad honores.
Plin. Itineribus nostris ilium ire patiamur, Cic., Let us permit him
to imitate our example. VIA (quasi vehia, from vehere) is said of a
broad way that admits the passing of carriages, of vehicles. Ibam
forte
Via Sacra.. Hor. Trebonius itineribus deviis in viam proficiscitur.
Cic.
Iter conficiebamus pulverulentu via. Id. Longum sane iter, et via
inepta. Id. Iter devium, inaccessum, et a via reraotum. Id. It is said
of marching. Video quot dierum via sit. Cic. Iter, says Afodestinus,
quo quis pedes vel eques commeare potest ; via est jus eundi, ambu-
landi, vehiculum trahendi ; iter est hominis proprium ; via, vehicu-
lorum. Figuratively : Via ad gloriam proxima. Cic. Non tarn justi-
tiae quam litigandi tradunt vias. Id. SEMITA, (quasi semi-iter) a
narrow way. De via in semitam digredi. Plaut. Decedam ego illi
de via, de semitii. Id. Simul in silvam ventum est, ubi plures
diversae
semitoe erant, et nox appropinquabat, cum perpaucis maiime fidis
via divertit. Liv. Ego porrd illius semita feci viam. Phacd. CAL-
LIS, (from callum) a path made by beasts in mountains and forests, a
foot-pnlh. Pecorum modo per aestivos saltus deviasque calles exer-
citimi ducimus. Liv. Virgil uses it in the masculine geader. Pradamque
per hcrbas convectant calle angusto (formica?). THAMES, ( from
trans meare) a by-path. Egressus est non viis, sed tramitibus. Cic.
Obliquis tramitibus. Liv. ANGII>OHTU.S and ANGII'ORTUM, (from
angere and porta) a small narrow street or passage. Id quidem angi-
portum non est pervium. Ter. Ex horreis direptum effusumque fru-
mentum vias omnes angiportusque constraverat. Cic.
1425. Iterfacere. Viamfacere. Viam munire.

ITER FACERS, to walk, to march, to travel. Cum Quinto fratre et
333
liberis nostris iter in Appuliam facere ccepi. Cic. Una iter faciebant
vacca, lupus et agna. Phaed. VIAM FACERE, to make a road or way,
to open it. Tellus icta fecit viam in Tartara. Ovid. VIAM MUNIRE,
to pave a road. Objectum est etiam quaestum M. Fonteiura ex via-
rura munitione fecisse, ut aut ne cogeret munire, aut id quod muni-
tum esset, ne improbaret. Cic. Figuratively : Munire sibi viam in
ccelum. Cic. Hsec omnia accusandi viam tibi muniebant. Id.
1426. Iterum. Rursus. Rursum.
ITERUM, (from iterare, frequentative of ire, itare) the second time.

Prirao quidem decipi incommodum est; iterum stultum, tertio turpe.
Cic. Iterum atque tertium Tribunus. Id. Bis a me servatus est,
separatim semel, iterum cum universis. Id. RURSUS, and RURSUM,
once more, another time. Facis ut rursus plebs in Aventinum sevo-
canda esse videatur. Cic. Bellum, pax rursum. Ter. Rursus signifies
also on the other side, in opposition to what has preceded. Neque
Clyti
caedes mihi probari potest, neque rursus eum omni culpa libero.
Q.Curt. Rem laudandoaugere,vituperando rursus affligere.Cic. Rur-
sum prorsum cursare, Ter., To run backward and forward, to and fro.
1427. Mo. Itus.
ITIO, the act of going. De obviam itione ita faciam, ut suades, Cic.,
As Jor going to meet him, I will do as you advise me. ITUS, the going
itself. Quis porro noster itus, reditus, vultus, incessus inter
istos ?
Cic.
1428. Juba. Crista.
JUBA, the mane of a horse or other least, a crest, the red flesh, like
crests, in a snake's neck. Juba leonis. Plin. Equinaejubas. Virg.
Jubae
gallinaceorum. Plin. Triplici juba crinita galea. Virg. Sanguineae
jubae anguium. Id. CRISTA is said only of the comb of a cock, andof
the tuft that is on the head of some birds or fowls. Et pupa crista
vi-
senda plicabili. Plin. Ales oris cristati, Ovid., speaking of a cock.
It
is used figuratively to express the crest, tuft, plume, or horse-hair,
on the
cone of a helmet. Galea decora cristis. Virg. Summas excussitver-
tice cristas. Id. Tollere cristas, Juv., To grow proud.
1429. Judicare. Dijudicare.
JUDICARE, (jusdicere) to judge. Ita perspicuum sit, ut cculisju-

dicare possitis. Cic. Judicant homines odio aut amore. Id. Judicato
atque perpendito quantum quisque possit. Id. DIJUDICARE, to
judge between. Dijudicare uter utri virtute anteferendus sit. Cic.
Non facile dijudicatur amor verus et fictus. Id. Judicat qui auditis
utrinque argument's ex jure sententiam aperit ; dijudicat qui res im-
plicatas aut confusas expediens verum detegit. G. D.
1430. Judicatio. Jurisdictio.
JUDICATIO, the act of judging. Consilium est ratio quaedam alte

petita, habensque in se et inventionem et judicationem. Quint. // is
said of the chief point to be debated. Summa controversia, quam ju-
dicationem appellamus. Cic. Non licet tibi agere mecum : cognitor
enim fieri non potuisti : judicatio est, an potuerit. Quint JURIS-
DICTIO, jurisdiction, the administration of justice. Isvenalem in
Sicilia
334
jurisdictionem habuit. Cic. Êstivos menses rei militari dare, hyber-

nos jurisdiction!. Id.
14-31. Judicatum. Judicalus. Judicium.
JUDICATIM, the thing judged or determined. Judicatum est idde

quo sententia lata est. Cic. Judicatum est res assensione, aut auc-
toritate, aut judicio alicujus autaliquorum comprobata. Id. JUDI-
CATUS, the profession of the law. authority to judge. Isti ordini
judi-
catus etiam ante lege Julia patebat. Cic. JLDICIUM, 1. d judgement
or trial at law, the cognisance of an affair. Onmia judicia aut
distrn-
hendarum controversiarum, aut puniendorum malcticiorum t
reperta sunt. Cic. Vocare aliquem in judicium. Id. Cras est mihi
judicium. Ter. 2. A pica, a pleading. Quid habet simile epistolaaut
judicio aut concioni ? Cic. Figuratively: Judicium cibi et potionis
narium est, Cic., It is the sense of smelling that distinguishes the
tastes
of meats and liquors. Animi quodam judicio abhorrere are civili. id.
14-32. Judicatum Jacere. Judicatum solvers.
JUDICATUM FACERE, to obey the sentence given, to comply with it,

Cum Judicatum non faceret, addictus Hermippo, et ab eo ductus est.
Cic. JUDICATUM SOLVERE, to pay what one is sentenced to. Iste
postulat ut procurator Judicatum solvi satisdaret. Cic.
14-33. Judicialis. Judiciarius.
JUDICIALIS, judicial, of or pertaining to judgement. Judiciale ge-

nus dicendi, Cic., The judiciary kind of oratory . Judiciales causae.
Id.
Judicialis molestia, Id., The troulles and difficulties of law-suits.
Ju-
DICIARIUS, pertaining to a judge. Ecquid vides, ecquid sentis, lege
judiciaria lata, quos posthac judices simus habituri? Cic, Quaestu
judiciario pastus. Id.
14-34-. Judicium dare. Judicium exercere. Judicium facere.
JUDICIUM DARE, to give the authority of judging. Omnes omnium

pecuniae positae suntin eorum potestate qui judicia dant,et eorum qui
judicant. Cic. JUDICIUM EXERCEKE, to have the police of a tribunal,
to cause suits at law to be furnished with every thing necessary for
the
hearing and judging of them. Praetor judicium exercens. Cic. JL-
DICIUM FACERE, to pass a sentence or decree. Multa et gravia judicia
deconjuratorumscelere fecistis. Cic.
14-35. Jugalis. Jugosus.
JUGALIS, {from jugum) that is yoked, or pertains to yokes. Ab-

sent! ./Eneas currum, gemincsque jugales duci jubet fequos). Virg.
Figuratively: Jugale vinculum, Virg., The marriage tie JUGOSUS,
(Jrom jugum) ridged, full of ridges, hilly. Quis probet in silvis Ce-
rerera regnare jugosis ? Ovid.
14-36. Junctura. Junctio. Adjunctio.
Ji'KCTURA, (from jungere) a joint, that whereby a thing it joined.

Tignorum junctura. Caes. Genuum junctura. Ovid. Figuratively:
Junctura verborum, Quint., The connexion of words. Si callida ver-
bum reddidcrit junctura novum. Hor. JUNCTIO, junction, union,
the act of joining. Est interitus quasi discessus et secretio ac
diremp-
tus carum partium, quae ante interitum junctionealiqua tenebantur.

Cic. ADJUNCTIO, (jungeread) the act 'f joining one thing to another,
is only used in a .figurative sense. Tribus rebus maxime homines ad
benevolentiam ducu.ntur, beneficio, spe, adjunctione animi, aut vo-
luntatis. Cic. Si haec non est, nulla potest esse homini ad homi-
nem naturae adjunctio, qua sublata vitae societas tollitur. Id.
1437- Jurare. Adjurare. Dejerure. Conjurare.
JURARE, to swear, to take an oath, Magnavocejuravi verissimum

pulclierrimumquejusjurandum, quod populus idem raagna voce me
jurasse juravit. Cic. ADJURAKE, to swear solemnly, to protest with
an oath. Per omnes tibi adjuro deos. Cic. Pompeius affirmat non
esse periculum, adjurat. Cic. DEJERARE, to swear by the most sacred
things. Bacchis dejerat persancte. Ter. CON JURARE, to swear to-
gether to do all the same thing. Graecia conjurata tuas rumpere nup-
tias. Hor. Conjurare de aliquo interficicndo. Cic. Inter nos con-
juravimus, ego cum illo, et ille mecum.~Plaut.
1438. Jurisconsults. Jurisperitus. Leguleius.
JURISCONSULTUS and JURECONSULTUS, (apud quern consulitur

de jure) a counsellor at law, one who advises at law. Jurisconsultus
est, qui legum et consuetudinis ejus, qua privati utuntur, et ad re-
spondendum, et ad cavendutn, et ad agendum peritus est. Cic. Do-
mus jurisconsulti oraculum civitatis. Id. JURISPERITUS includes
only the idea of one skilled in the law. Quis Balbo jure peritior ?
Cic.
Q. Scaevola jurisperitorum eloquentissimus, eloquentium jurisperitis-
simus. Id. LEGULEIUS, (from lex) a student in the law, a pettifog-
ger. Ita et tibi Jurisconsultus ipse per ,e nihil, nisi leguleius
quidam
cautus et acutus praeco actionum, cantor formularum, auceps sylla-
barum. Cic.
1439. Jus. jEyuitas. Justilia.
Jus, the right, which is the oly'eci of the law. It requires the
utmost
rigour ; instead of which ÊauiTAS or JEo.vux, equity, is the exercis-
ing of justice not according to the rigour of the law, but with a
reason-
able moderation and mitigation. Pro aequitate contra jus dicere. Cic.
-/Equitatis admirabili temperamento se inter misericordem patrem et
jastum legislatorem partitus est. Val. Max. Inferior judges ought to
judge according to the rigour of the law : and superior judges may
judge
according to the rules of equity. JUSTITIA, justice, conformity of our
actions with the laws, a moral virtue that gives every one his due.
Jus-
titia in suum cuique tribuendo cernitur. Cic.
144-0. Jus. Lex.
Jus, synonymous with lex, is said of both the written and not written
law. Jus is genera'. Jus anceps novi, causas defendere possum. Hor.
LEX, the law, the written law : lex is a species o/jus. Lex est quae
scripto sancit quod vult, aut jubendo, aut vetando. Cic. Est lex
nihil aliud, nisi recta et a numine deorum tracta ratio, imperans ho-
nesta, prohibens contraria. Id. Jura legesque dabat. Virg.
1441. Jus Gentium. Jus Civile.

Jus GENTIUM are the laws established by a general consent and a
long usage amongst nations. Jus CIVILE is the law of each nation in.
particular, the body ef positive laws tliat (ire to be observed by the
indi-
viduals of each nation. Majores aliud jus gentium, aliud jus civile
esse voluerunt ; quod enim civile, non idem continue jus gentium j
quod autem jus gentium, idem civile esse debet. Cic. Si minus jure
civili perscriptum est, lege tamen naturae et communi jure gentium
sancitum est. Id.
1442. Jus. Fas.
Jus, synonymous with fas, relates to human laws ; and FAS, to divine
laws. Fas et jura sinunt. Virg. Clodium nihil delectat quod aut
per naturam fas sit, aut per leges liceat. Cic,
1443. Jus dicere. Jus, or De jure respondere. legem dicere.
Jus DICERE, to administer justice, as a judge does. Isti pecuniam

ad jus dicendum dedisse. Cic. Quare sit summa in jure dicendo
severitas, dummodo non varietur gratia, sed conservetur aequabilis.
Id. Jus, or DE JURE RESPONDERE, is properly said of a counsellor
that gives his opinion. At mehercule ego arbitrabar posse id populo
nostro probari, si te ad jus respondendum dedisses. Cic. Magnum
munus de jure respondendi sustinere. Id. LEGEM DICERE, to pre-
scribe, to propose a condition. Prudens emisti ; dicta tibi est lex.
Hor.
1444. Jus. Offa.
Jus, pottage, juice, gravy, broth. Tepidum ligurire jus. Hor. Jure
illo nigro quod ccenae caput erat. Cic. Itidem olent, quasi cum una
multa jura confundit coquus. Ter. OFFA, a mass of meat, paste, or
any thing else mired together into a lump. Melle soporata et medi-
catis frugibus offa. Virg. Si avis fame enecta in oflam pultis inva-
dit. Cic. Figuratively : Carminis offa, Pers., Swollen and disorderly
verses.
1445. Jusjurandum. Sacramentum. Juramentum.
JUSJURANDUM is generally said of an oath taken for a public cause,

or by order of a public authority, and to confirm the truth of an evi-
dence or testimony. Jusjurandum est affirniatio religiosa : quod au-
tem affirmate, quasi Deo teste, promiseris, id tenendum est. Cic,
In Achaiam legates misit qui Jusjurandum verba in Philippi cxige-
rent, simulque redderent Achaiis. Liv. SACRAMENTUM, an oathin
confirmation of a promise. Non ego perfidum dixi sacramentum.
Hor. // is more particularly said of the oath taken by soldiers to be
true to their country and general. Obligare aliquem militiae sacra-
mento. Cic. We say sacramentum dicere, and sacramento dicere.
Milites Domitianos sacramentum apud se dicere jubet. Cses. Con-
sules creatis quibus sacramento liberi nostri dicant. Liv. Sacra-
mentura signifies aho the money delivered into the hands of the
pontiff's
ly both parties that went to law. Qui judicio vicerat suum sacra-
mentum a sacro referebat, victi ad rcrarium redibat. Varr. He who
had cast his adversary had his money returned to him by the pontiff,
and the money of the party who was cast was confiscated for the profit
of the public trtasury. In this sense Cicero says contendere sacra-
mento, to lay a bet, to deposit money in somebody's hands, as is done
in
betting, or was done by those who had a lawsuit. JURAMKNTUM, an
oath, is very little in use : Seneca has said, Juramentum facere.
337
1446. Juventus. Juvenla. Juvenlas.
JUVENTUS (from juvare) is used for youth itself, and for those in
a state of youth. Ibi juventutem suam exercuit. Sail. Omnis juven-
tus, omnes etiam gravioris aetatis convenerant. Ca?s. It is said of
the Goddess of youth. Juventutis asdes in circo maxitno. Liv Ju-
VENTA, the age of youth. Prasceptis pueritiam, dein juventam for-
masti. Tac. It is also said of the Goddess of youth. Nectar et am-
brosiam, latices epulasque deorum Det mihi Formosa gnava juventa
manu. Ovid. JUVENTAS is the Goddess of youth. Et parum comis
sine te Juventas. Hor. Poets have made use of juventas to express
youth itself. Olim juventas et patrius vigor nido laborum propulit
inscium. Hor.
1447. Juxta. Ins tar.
JUXTA, [adverb] as well as, alilfe. Juxta mecum scitis omnes,

Sail., You know it as well as I do. Juxta hyeme atque aestate, Liv.,
As well in winter as in summer. Gives, hostes juxta metuere. Sail.
INSTAR, (a preposition requiring the genitive case) like, after the
manner of. Instar voluminis erat epistola. Cic. Quantum instar in
ipso est! (Marcelli.) Virg., How much he is like Marcellus ! Ad
instar is not found in the lest Latin authors.
144-8. Juxtb. Secundum. Propter.
JUXTA, (a preposition with an accusative case) nigh, by, near to.

Juxta Genitorem adstat Lavinia virgo. Virg. Sepultus est juxta
viam Appiam. Cic. Figuratively : Gravitate annonae juxta sediti-
onem venturn est, Tac., The dear ness of provisions very nearly caused
a sedition. SECUNDUM, 1. Along. Secundum mare, Cic., Along
the sea-coast. 2. According to. Secundum arbitrium tuum, Cic.,
According to your will. Secundum illos judicavit, Id., He decided in
their favour. 3. Next after or to. Secundum Deos homines homi-
nibus maxime utiles esse possunt. Cic. Tacitus says very nearly in
the same sense : Juxta Deos in manu tua positum est. Secun-
dum te ille mihi ita est, ut sit pene par. Cic. The idea conveyed by
secundum denotes the rank ; and that by juxta, immediate proximity.
PROPTER (synonymous with the other two words] signifies hard by,
by the side. Propter Lacedaemonem. Cic. Propter patrem cu-
bantis. Id. Propter est spelunca quaedam. Id. Propter aquae rivum.
Virg.
L.
1449. Labare. Labascere. Nutare.
LABARE, to totter, to be ready to drop down. Êdes labantes re-

ficere. Hor. Labat ariete crebro janua. Virg. Dubii stantque la-
bantque pedes. Ovid. Figuratively : Labant animi, Liv., Their cou-
rage began to fail them. Labat ei memoria. Id. Cum ei labare
M. Antonius videretur, Cic., Anthony appearing to him at a loss
what to do. LABASCERE, (frequentative o/labare) to be much shaken,
and almost falling. It is mostly used in Ihe figurative sense.
Labascit
meo verbo victus, Ter., He has quite given ground and submitted.
NUTARE, (from the obsolete nuere) to stir, to be waving backward
Z
338
and forward with the wind, to be shaken. Ornus concusso vertice

nutat. Virg. Nutant circumspectantibus galese. Liv. Figuratively :
Galliac nutant. Tac. Fortuna nutat, Liv., There begms to be a
change oj fortune. Nutare in aliqua re, Cic., To be irresolute.
1450. Labefacere. Labefactare. Convellere. Quatere. Quassare.
LABEFACERE, (labem facere) to loosen, to shake and make ready

to fall. Omnes dentes labefecit mihi. Ter. Figuratively : Quern
nullavis, nullae minas, nulla invidia labefecit. Cic. LABEFACTARE
(frequentative of labefacere) denotes more violence, to shake with a
very great force. Demoliri signum ac vectibus labefactare conan-
tur. Cic. Figuratively : Leges ac jura labefactare. Cic. Fidera
pretio labefactare, Liv., To bribe one. COXVELLERE, to pluck up
by the roots, to destroy, to overthrow. Silvam ab humo convellere.
Virg. Turres et culmina Deorum conrellere. Id. Figuratively :
Opinionem mentibus comprehensam convellere. Cic. Convellere
gratiam alicujtis, Caes., To u-eaken one's power and influence. Qua?
cogitatip erat aliquantum labefactata atque convulsa. Id. Cum
cuncta Reipublicze auxilia labefactari convellique videam. Id
QUATERE, to shake, to agitate. Pennas quatere. Ovid. Carthaginis
mrenia nunc quatit ariete. Liv. Figuratively : Quad jegritudine
quasi tempestate. Cic. Quatit mentem sacerdotum Pythius. Hor.
llisu quatere aliquem, Id., To make one laugh immoderately. Justum
et tenacem propositi virum .... non vultus instantis Tyranni mente
quatit solida. Id. QUASSARE (its frequentative) expresses more vio-
lence. Quid quassas caput ? Plant. Quassatam ventis liceat sub-
ducere classem. Virg. Figuratively : Quassata Respublica. Cic.
1-1-51. Labes. Macula. Nota.
LABES, ( from labi) a great downfall or linking of the ground, as

in earthr/uakes. Multis locis labes facta est. Cic. Labes Priver-
natis agri, cum terra desedisset. Id. Figuratively: a stain occasioned
by the foiling of liquids, such as oil, &c., and by extension, a
blemish
or dishonour. Sine labe columbae. Ovid. Labes animi. Cic. Labes
conscientice. Id. Inferre labem integri*. Id. And in a more general
sense : Hinc mihi priina mali labes. Virg. Labes prorincias, Cic.,
The destruction and ruin of a province. MACULA, properly a spot or
slain. Insigois bos maculis. Virg. Fullones maculas e vestibus
tollunt. Plin. Figuratively: Inurere aeternas maculas alicui, quas
reliqua vita eluere non possit. Cic. Est hujus saeculi labes quaedam
et macula invidere virtuti. Id. Non ego paucis offender maculis,
Hor., 1 am not offended at a few small blemishes in a work. It is
also said of (he meshes (or mashes) of a net, or of a net bag. Reti-
culum ad nares sibi admovebat, tcnuissimo lino, minutis maculis,
plenum rosa?. Cic. NOTA, a note, a mark. Apponerc notam ad
inaluin versum. Cic. Ciravibus notis maculosus. Virg. Figurative-
ly : Turpitudinis notis insignis. Cic. Ille (Scipio) Numantina traxit
ab urbe notam. Ovid. Ut multis in locis notas et vestigia t-culerum
suorum relinqui velint. Cic. /; is generally taken in a bad sense.
1452. Labium. Lubrum. Labellum.

L.vnifM and Labia ( from Aa&Tv) are said of a full lip. Tretncn-
tia labia. Sil. Ital. Labiis demissis. Ter. Labias sensim primores
339
movens. Gell. LABRUM, the extremity of the lips. Tantalus a labris

fugientia captat flumina. Hor. Degustare labris. Cic. Figuratively :
Labris primoribus attingere aliquod vitae genus. Cic. // it said of
the brim of a vat, or any other vessel, and of the vessel itself.
Spumat
plenis Yindemia labris. Virg. Labrum si in balneo non est, fac ut
sit. Cic. LABELL'UM, (diminutive of labium) a little lip. Platoni
parvulo dormienti apes in labellis consederant. Cic. // is also said
of a small vat, or like vessel. Super terra tumulum noluit quid statui
nisi columellam aut labellum. Cic.
1453. Labor. Opus. Opera.
LABOR, labour, pains, fatigue of the body or of the mind, either in

doing or suffering. Quid est quod tantis nos in laboribus exercea-
mus ? Cic. Jgnavia corpus hebetat, labor firmat. Cels. Nemini
meus adventus labori aut molestiae fuit. Cic. Trojae supremum au-
dire laborem. Virg. OPUS, work, the performance of the ivorkman
or artificer. Habere magnum opus in manibus. Cic. Deum agnoscis
ex operibus ejus. Id. Opus ex auro et gemmis. Id. Poets have
used opus for labor. Sub te tolerare magistro militiam, et grave
Martis opus. Virg. OPERA, the workmanship, the labour which the
doing of a thing requires. Opera et artificio singulari simulacrum.
Cic. Res multae operae, Caes., A laborious work. Terence has very
properly pointed out the difference between opus and opera. Quod in
opere iaciundo operas consumis tuae.
1454. Labor. Dolor.
Interest aliquid, says Cicero, inter laborem et dolorem : sunt fini-

tima omnino, sed tamen differt aliquid: labor est functio quaedam
vel animi vel corporis gravioris operis et muneris ; dolor autem motus
asper in corpore a sensibus alienus.
1455. Laborare. Elaborare. Allaborare. Lucubrare. Elucubrare.
LABORARB, (an active and neuter verb) to work, to be in pain.

Laborare ad rem aliquam. Cic. Laborare morbo. Id. Laborare
ex renibus. Id. Laboramus hostibus. Id. Laborare sua magnitu-
dine. LiT. Humiles laborant, Phaed., The poor are oppressed. Nihil
laboro, nisi ut salvus sis. Cic. Laboro, ut assentiar Epicuro. Id.
ELABORARE, to take pains in doing a thing, to polish it industriously.
Orationem, Tersus elaborare. Cic. Candelabrorum superficiem dun-
taxat elaboravit. Plin. Figuratively : Dulcem non elaborabunt sa-
porem Siculae dapes. Hor. ALLABORARE, (laborare ad) to work
hard at, to apply onttsttf to a thing. Operi allaborare. Cic. An tu
allaborasse, hoc modo probaturus es ? Id. LUCUBRARE, (from lux)
to do any thing, or work by candle-light. Sera nocte deditam lanae
inter lucubrantes ancillas in medio sedium sedentem inveniunt. Liv.
Accipies hoc parvum opusculura lucubratum his jam contraction-
bus noctibus. Cic. ELUCUBRARE adds to the idea of lucubrare, that
of more care and attention. Orationes non minus diligenter elabo-
ratas etiam, quam elucubratas afferebamus. Cic.
1456. Labrusca. Labruscum.
LABRUSCA, (subst. femin.) a wild vine. Adspice ut antrum sil-

vestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis, Virg., See how this wild vine,
Z 2
340
tearing few grapes, is spread over that grotto. LABRUSCUM, the fruit
of the wild vine. Densaque virgultis avide labrusca petuntur. Virg.
In culice.
1457. Lacerare. Laniare.
LACERARK, to lacerate, to tear. Lacerare aliquem virgis. Liv.

Lacerare unguibus. Cic. Atque ita correptum lacerat injusta nece.
Phaed. Figuratively : Lacerat me meus moeror, Cic., Sorrow con-
sumes me. Famam alicujus lacerare, Liv., To blemish some one's
reputation. Omni lacerabantur injuria. Cic LANIARE (from la-
nius) implies the idea of a greater cruelty, and signifies not only
tear-
ing, but also cutting in pieces as butchers do. Placari nequeunt, nisi
hauriendum sanguinem lanhndaque nostra viscera praebuerint.
Liv. Laniabant dentibus artus. Virg. Figuratively : Mundum la-
Jiiant venti. Ovid.
1458. Lacertosus. Robustus. Nervosus.
LACERTOSUS, (from lacertus) brawny , muscular. Centurio pug-

nax et lacertosus. Cic. Coloni lacertosi. Id. Lacertosus equus.
Varr. ROBUSTUS, (from robur, oak of the hardest kind) properly,
made of oak. Robustus career, Plaut., A prison shut up' with the
hardest oak. Figuratively : Strong, robust, hardy. Homo exercita-
tione robustus. Cic. Animus robustus. Id. Malum inveteratum fit
plerumque robustius. Id. Robustior improbitas. Id NERVOSUS,
( from nervus) nervous, full of sinews. Nulla est ei caro, sed ner-
vosa exilitas. Plin. Figuratively : Quis Aristotele nervosior ? Cic.,
What philosopher has more strength of argument than Aristotle ?
14-59. Lacessere. Provocare. Irritare.
LACESSERE, (from the obsolete lacire, in fraudem inducere) to chal-

lenge. Lacessere ad pugnam. Liv. Cum me disputantem non la-
cessentem laesisset. Cic. Efficiam posthac nc quemquam voce la-
cessas. Virg. PROVOCARE, (porro vocare) properly, to call forth.
Hems si domi est tuus, quin provocas ? Plaut. // generally signi-
fies to call to a fight, to provoke to a combat. Provocare ad
certamen.
Liv. // is more commonly said of provocation by words. Maledictis
me provocare ausus est. Cic. // also signifies to appeal to. Tribunes
plebis appello, et provoco ad populum. Liv. Vix fortissimum la-
cessit timidus ; fortis fortem provocat ad certamen. G. D. IRRI-
TARE, (frequentative of the obsolete irare, from which comes iratus)
to incense, to stir up, to irritate. Segnius irritant animos
demissaper
aurem, quam quae sunt oculis subjecta fidelibus. Hor. Irritare ad
discendum. Quint. Irritare in libidinem. Sen. Cupiditatem et li-
centiam irritare. Cic. Irritavi in me Catonem. Id. Proprias simul-
tates sibi irritare, Liv., To get into personal enmities. Irritatque
virum telis, et voce lacessit. Virg.
1460. Lacrymce. Fletus. Ploratus.
LACRYM^, (vel lachrymoe) tears in weeping. Exhaustis lacrymis,

tamen infix us animo heret dolor. Cic. Eff'undi in lacrymas, Tac.,
To burst out into tears. FLETUS, h flood of tears, as generally hap-
pens to women. Fletus marens. Cic. Fletus mulierum. Id. In
nostro omnium fletu nullam Milonis lacrymam aspexistis. Id. PLO-
341
RATUS, tears accompanied with lamentable cries. Edere ploratum.

Cic. Omnia ploratibus sonant. Liv. Lacrymandum, non ploran-
duin. Sen.
1461. Lacrymari. Flere. Lugere.
LACRYMARI and lacrymare, to shed tears. Ecquis fuit quin la-

crymaretur? Cic. Decenter lacrymare. Ovid. FLERE, to shed a
flood of tears. Flebat uterque nou de suo supplicio> sed pater de
filii morte, de patris filius. Cic. Flere ac lamentari lapides cogere.
Id. LUGERE, to be in mourning. Matronae Junium Brutura uno
anno luxere. Liv. It also signifies, to mourn, to bewail. Non pu-
tant lugendum viris. Cic. Quid ego nunc lugeam vitam hominum >
Id. Luctus est aegritudo ex ejus qui charus fuit interitu acerbo. Id.
1462. Lacrymosus, Lacrymabilis.
LACRYMOSUS, that causes or creates tears. Lacrymoso non sine

fumo. Hor. Funera lacrymosa. Ovid. // is also said of him that
sheds tears. Lumina lacrymosa vino, Ovid., Eyes weeping by dint of
excessive drinking. LACRYMABILIS, Jit to be bewailed, deplorable.
Lacrymabile bellum. Ovid* Gemitus lacrymabilis, Virg., Sad groan-
ings. Lacrymosus is also used in the same sense. Scopulos lacry-
mosis vocibus implent, Virg., They make the rocks resound with their
lamentable cries.
\1463. Lactans. Lactens.

t
LACTANS, that has milk, full of milk. Lactantia ubera. Lucret.

Figuratively : flattering. Lactans et falsa spe producens. Ten
LAGTENS, suckling, hanging at the breast. Lactens puer in gremio
matris sedet. Cic. Agna lactens, Virg., A suckling ewe-lamb. Fi-
' guratively : Having milk in. Lactens ficus, Ovid., A jig out of
which milk is squeezed. Frumenta lactentia, Virg., Young tender corn,
with a kind of milk in it.
1464. Lacteus. Lactarius.

LACTEUS, of or like milk, as white ds milk. Liquor lacteus, Ti-
bul., Milk. Colla lactea. Virg. Lacteus orbis, Cic., The milky-way.
LACTARIUS, that gives milk. Bos lactaria, Col., A milch-cow.
1465. Lacus. Palus. Stagnum.
LACUS, a lake or standing pool, a large place always full of stag-

nant water. Cum lacus Albanus praeter modum excrevisset. Cic.
// is said of a reservoir of water. Gestiet a furno redeuntes scire
lacuque. Hor. PALUS, a marsh, a swampy ground, a fen. Paludes
siccare. Cic. Cingunt paludes inexsuperabilis altitudinis aestate et
hyeme, quas restagnantes faciunt lacus. Liv. STAGED M, (from
stare) a pond, a great extent of water supported by banks. Stagna
virentia musco. Virg.
1466. Lesdere. Sauciare. Vulnerare.
LSDERE, to damage, to hurt in any way. Laedere oculos. Hor.

Ah ! te ne frigora laedant. Virg. Herbas morsu laesere juvencse.
Ovid. Figuratively : Suspicionibus laedi famam suam noluit. Cic.
Laesa dignitas. Id. Laedere fidem, Id., To break one's promise.
SAUCIARE is said of a wound, or of any contusion or sore. Sauciat
ungue genas. Ovid. Figuratively : Sauciare famam alicujus. Plaut.
342
Vino sauciatus. Liv. VULNERARE is said of an aperture made into a

part of the body by a violent act. ' Servi nonnulli vulnerantur, ipse
Rubrius in turba sauciatur, Cic., Rubrhis was bruised in the crowd.
Galli nostros vulnerabant. Czes. Figuratively : Fortunae vulneror
ictu. Ovid. Qui erat Archilochi versu vulneratus. Cic. Gravior
nuncius vulnerat aures. Virg.
1467. Lcetus. Hilaris.
LJETUS, joyful, content, satisfied. Interea alacer atque laetus. Cic.

Imperio laeti parent. Virg. Laetus in praesens animus quod ultra est
oderit curare. Hor. Laeto milite ad mutationem ducum. Tac. Fi-
guratively : Laeta nunciare, Tac., To bring good news. Victoria las-
ta, A joyful victory. Laeta indoles, Quint., A well-disposed man or
woman. Laetae segetes. Virg. Armenta laeta, Id., Cattle in good
plight. HILARIS, awrfhilarus, (fromlXoiv , to be cheerful] of a cheer-
ful temper. Hilari vultu atque laeto, Cic., With a cheerful and plea-
sant countenance. Hilara vita. Id. Te hilari -tininio et prompto ad
jocandum esse valde gaudeo. Id.
1468. Lcevis. Glaber.
L;EVIS denotes a smoothness, either natural, or caused by some exter-

nal operation. Corpuscula alia laevia, alia aspera, alia rotunda. Cic.
Laevis frons, Virg., A smooth forehead. Laevis pumice, Ovid., Po-
lished with a pumice-stone. It is also used by Juvenal to express the
baldness of old age or of disease. Cum voce trementia membra, et
jam laeve caput, madidique infantia nasi. Juv. Canibus pigris, sca-
bieque vetusta laevibus. Id. GLABER, smooth by an external opera-
tion, such as plucking of feathers, shearing, tearing out hair. Tu
istum
gallum, si sapis, glabriorem reddes mihi. Plaut. Glabrae oves. Id.
1469. Lcevus. Sinister.
LJEVUS (from Xaios),and SINISTER, are of the same meaning, with

only this difference, that the former is a Greek, and the latter a
Latin
word; they both signify left, on the left side. Laeyum latus. Hor.
Laterique sinistro affixus. Virg. Speaking of human affairs, they sig-
nify contrary, done unseasonably, in a wrong way, or in a mistake.
Mens laeva. Virg. Sinistra liberalitas. Cat. Tempore laevo inter-
pellare aliquem. Hor. Arboribus satisque notus pecorique sinister.
Virg. Sinistra instituta. Tac. In speaking of divine things, they
often
signify favourable, prosperous, propitious, because lheleftha?id of
the
Gods faces the right side of him who looks at them. Numina laeva si-
nunt, auditque yocatus Apollo. Virg. Intonuit laevum. Id. Quam-
quam baud ignoro, quae bona sint, sinistra nos dicere, etianisi
clextra
sint. Cic. In consulting the auspices, the Romans were generally
turned
towards the south, in which case those that were on the left side,
laeva,
coming from the east, were called lucky. The Greeks were turned to-
wards the north, and then laeva auspicia were called unlucky, because
they came from the west, which was the left side. But in this the Ro-
mans often acted and spoke like the Greeks.
1470. Lambere. Linger e. Sugere. Ligurire.
LAMBERE, to lap, to lick as a dog does. Canes quos meum tribu-

nal lambere videtis. Cic. Piscesque impasti vulnera lambent. Virg.
343
Figuratively : to runor flow gently l:y. Vel quaeloca lambit Hydas-

pes. Hor. Attollitque globos flammarum et sidera lambit. Virg.
LINGERS, (from lingua) to lick with the tongue, to touch a thing
softly
with the tongue. Mel mihi videor lingere. Plaut. SUGERE, to suck.
Sugere ubera. Ovid. Alia (animalia) cibum sugunt, alia carpunt,
alia vorant, alia mandunt. Cic. Figuratively : Ut pene cum lacte
nutricis errorem suxisse videamur. Cic. LIGURIRE, (from Asyyôf,
suavis) to relish or eat deliriously tit-bits, to stabler up. Quae cum
aroicis suis, cum ccenant, liguriunt. Ter. Jus tepidum ligurire.
Hor. Figuratively : to spend riotously. Non leviter improbissima
lucra ligurire. G. D.
1471. Lampas. lucertta. Lychnus. Lychnuchus. Laterna.
LAMPAS, (from xdptou, to shine) a lamp. Vidi argenteum Cupi-

dinem cum lampade. Cic. It is said of a torch. Invectus equis et
lampada quassans. Virg. Lampas has an extensivt signification, and
includes all that was used to give light. Lampas was for the train and
retinue of the rich. Comitum longissimus ordo, multum praeterea
flammarum, et ahenea lampas. JUY. Some of these Irass lamps, made
in the form of the trumpet of Fame, are seen in ancient monuments.
LUCERNA, (from lucere) a light, a flambeau. Facerem diutius, nisi
me lucerna deficeret. Cic. In sole lucernam adhibere, Id., To burn
day-light. LYCH?US ( from Xv^vo;, a wick) is properly the wick of
a candle or lamp. Hanc scripsi ante lucem ad lychnum lineolum.
Cic. It is said of the lamp itself. Lux alia est solis et lychnorum.
Cic. Incensi lychni dependent laquearibus aureis. Virg. LYCH-
NUCHUS, a candlestick, a branched candlestick to place candles in, a
lustre. Lychnuchus ligneolus, Cic., A wooden candlestick. Lych-
nuchi pensiles, Id., Hanging branched candlesticks, or lustres. LA-
TERNA, (from latere) a lanthorn or lantern. A portu illic cum la-
terna advenit. Plaut. Dux laterna viae clausis feror aurea flammis.
Mart.
1472. Lanatus. Lanosus. Laneus.
LANATUS, woolly, covered with wool. Pelles lanatae. Col. Lana-

tae vites. Id. Lanatae oves. Id. Folia meliora et lanatiore canitie,
Plin., A better sort of leaves, covered with a thicker while moss like
wool. LANOSUS, full of wool. Eliges ovem vasti corporis, lanosi
et ampli uteri. Col. LANEUS, woollen, or made of wool. Laneum
pallium. Cic. Lanea effigies. Hor.
1473. Lanifer. Laniger.
LANIFER, (lanam ferens) that produces wool or cotton. Laniferae
arbores. Plin. LANIGER, (lanam gerens) that bears wool, or has a
fleece on. Lanigeros agitare greges. Virg. Contra laniger timens,
Phaed., speaking of the lamb. It is only said of the animal that pro*-
duces wool.
1474. Lanificus. Lanarius.
LANIFICUS, ( lanam faciens) that works inwool. Lanificae sorores,

Mart., The Parccc. Ars lanifica. Ovid. LANARIUS, a wool-mer-
chant, one that deals in wool. Fullo, aurifex, lanarius. Plaut.
344
1475. Languere. Languescere. Marcere. Marcescere. Torpere.

Torpescere.
LAXGUEHE, to languish, to be feeble or faint. Cum langueremus

a via. Cic. Corpora languebant morbo. Virg. LANGUESCERE, to
grow languid, feeble, or faint. Flos succisus aratro languescit mo-
riens. Virg. Figuratively : Omnium rermn cupido languescit. Cic.
Languescet industria. Tac. MARCERE, to droop, to pine, to wither.
Marcereluxuria et vino. Liv. Marcere ab annis. Ovid. MARCES-
CERE, to grow drooping or withering. Marcescere desidia et otio.
Cic. TORPEKE, tn be numbed, or benumbed. Cessatione torpere.
Cic. Duroque simillima saxo torpet. Ovid. Figuratively : Vox et
spiritus torpet. Liv. Si consilia tua torpent, mea sequere. Id.
TORPESCERE, to grew torpid or benumbed. Membra torpescunt gelu.
Sen. Figuratively : Inge nium incultu et socordia torpescere sinunt.
Sail.
1176. Linauor. Velernus. Torpor. Torpedo.
LANGUOR, languor, faintncss, a languidness. Hasc ambulatio me

ad languorem dedir* Ter. Nihil magis cavendum est senectuti,
quam ne languori se dedat. Cic. Aquosus languor, Hor., The drop-
sy, a distemper creating languor. VETERNUS, lethargy, a drowsy dis-
ease that takes away the use of all our senses, and often proves
mortal.
Num eum veternus aut aqua intercus tenet ? Plaut., Is he ill of a le-
thargy or a dropsy ? Figuratively: Veternus civitatem occupat. Cic.
Nee torpere diu passus sua regna veterno. Virg. Plautus has said
veternum of the neuter gender. TORPOR, numbness. Tutantur se
torpore torpedines. Cic. Figuratively: Pigro mentis torpore op-
pressus. Firm. Torpor denotes an actual numbness; and TORPEDO,
(which properly signifies a ciamp-fiih) a habitual state of numbness.
Tanta torpedo animos oppressit. Sail.
1177. Lapitleus. Lapidosus.
LAPIDEUS, of stone, made of stone. Lapideus murus. Liv. La-

pideo imbri pluit. Id. Figuratively: Lapideus sum, Plaut., Island
like a statue, I con neither stir hand nor foot. LAPIDOSUS, full of
stones, stony. Ager lapidosus. Ovid. Loca inculta et lapidosa
corna. Id. It is sometimes used in the sense of lapideus. Lapidosus
grandinis ictus. Claud.
1478. Lapis. Saxum. Silex. Caules. Calculus. Cos.
LAPIS iv the generical word, and signifies all sorts of stones. Modici
lapides qui funda mitti possunt. Liv. Ejicere aliquem lapidibus.
Cic. SAXUM r> said in general of hard stones. Circumlita musco
saxa. Virg. When we wish to express the largeness of a stone, with-
out considering the hardness of it, saxum, and not lapis, is the
proper
word. E spelunca saxum in ejtis crura incidit. Cic. In a figurative
sense, lapis is said of a stupid person. Tu, inquam, mulier, quae me
omnino lapidem, non homincm putas. Ter. Saxum is very properly
used figuratively to express a hard heart. SILEX, a flint-stone. Du-
rus silex. Ovid. Virgil has used it in the feminine gender. Stabat
acuta silex praicisis undique saxis. CAUTES, a ragged rock, a crag
or cliff. Inde velut muro solidaque caute repulsa est. Ovid. Duris
genuit te cautibus horrens Caucasus. Virg. Saxum, silex, and cau-
345
tes, are sometimes used ly poets to express rocks. CALCULUS, a little

pebble, or gravel stone. Quin etiam conjectis in os calculis, summa
voce, &c. Cic. speaking of Demosthenes exercising himself in the art
of
declamation. Figuratively: Calculum reducere, Cic., To alter one's
opinion. Ad calculos reverti, Id., To return to thefirst reckoning. Ad
calculos vocare amicitiam, ut par sit ratio acceptorum et datorum,
Id., To keep a strict account with a friend, &c. From calculus origi-
nates the tvord calculation. Cos, a whetstone. Cos acutum reddere
quae ferrum valet exsors ipsa secandi. Hor. Figuratively: incentive.
Cos fortitudinis iracundia, Cic., Passion increases strength.
14-79. Lar. Penates. Genivs.
LARES, or PENATES, were a particular kind of Gods, protectors of

empires, towns, private houses, and even of roads. So, besides
domestic
Lares, there were public ones, some of which presided over the roads
and streets, viales; some over cross-streets and ways, compitales ;
and
others over each town, urbani. Patrii Penates familiaresque. Cic.
Ei manus allatae sunt ante suos Lares familiares. Id. Uii Penates,
sive a penu ducto nomine, sive quod penitus insident. Id. Lares,
an Hetrurian word. It is used to express the dwelling-house itself.
Parvo sub lare, Hor., In a small house. Exterminare aliquem a suis
Diis Penatibus, Cic., To turn one forcibly out of his oivn house. The
ancients worshipped them by placing their small figures at the fire-
sides,
and in the most secret part of their houses, called Lararium. GE-
xius was considered as a kind of familiar God, attending each man
or woman, whose forth he presided over. Scit genius natale comes
qui temperat astrum. Hor. // was like every one's particular spirit,
that had its inclinations, was lorn and died with each individual.
Each
person was supposed to have two Genii, a good one and a bad one. Na-
turae Deus humanae mortalis in unumquodque caput. Lucret. Per
genium, dextramque, Deos que Penates, obsecro. Hor. In the same
meaning Terence says, Defraudare genium suum, To refuse one's self
necessaries. There was likewise a genius protector of each place. Per
genium loci precatur. Virg.
14-80. Large. Largiter.
Although these two words are sometimes used indifferently, there

seems,
however, to be this difference between them, that LARGE is more pro-
perly said of material objects, and LAUGITER of immaterial objects.
Pastum animantibus large et copiose natura comparavit. Cic. Ne-
mo dat largius. Ter. Vino largius epulas celebrare. Liv. Apud
finitimas civitates largiter poterat, Caes., He had a great power in
the
adjoining cities. Largiter peccasti, Plaut., You have committed a
great fault. Ut ego in concione mea nihil ponam de rebus meis
gestis, tamen in animis et memoria vestra largiter rclinquam. Cic.
Large would not be so proper in the above three sentences.
14-81 . Largilio. Largilas.
LARGITIO, the act of giving (either in a good or a bad sense, but

mostly the latter). Nunquam intermissa est a majoribus nostris lar-
gitio et communicatio civitatis. Cic. Liberalitatem ac benignitatem
ab ambitu et largitione sejungere. Id. Quam quisque tribum turpi
largitione corrumperet. Id. LARGITAS denotes a propensity to give,
346
generosity. Fruges terra cum maxima largitate fundit. Cic. Vehe-

mens in utramque partem es, aut largitate nimia, aut parcimoniS.
Ter. Ut augere etiam possimus largitatem tui muneris. Cic. Lar-
gitas humanitatis est, largitio ambitionis. G. D.
1482. Larva. Persona.
LARVA, such as we consider it here, is a mask wherewith to cover the

face. Nil illi larva, aut tragicis opus esse cothurnis. Hor, PERSO-
XA, a person or character in a play, a personage. Heroicae persona?,
Medea et Atreus. Cic. Cerea persona. Lucret. Vehementem et
acrem personam quam mini tempus et llespublica imposuit, jam vo-
luntas et natura ipsa detraxit. Cic. Tueri personam magistrates.
Id. Personam tragicam forte viderat vulpes : 6 quanta species, in-
quit; cerebrum non habet. Phaed.
1483. Lasdvia. Petulantia.
LASCIVIA, a lascivious action or disposition, lending to licentious-

ness, wantonness, frolicsomeness. More juvenum qui militiam in las-
civiam vertunt, Tac., As young men do, who turn a military Life into a
life of licentiousness. Dum lasciviam nobilium quaerit, Ter., Whilst
he aims at sharing the pleasures of the great. Per lasciviam contu-
maces, Just., Wantonly disobedient. Achivi ita ab Ilio profecti sunt,
ut profectione laeti piscium lasciviam intuerentur, Cic., The
sportive-
ness ofthejish. PETULAXTIA, (from petere) petulance, unruly and
headstrong violence of the passions of the mind, alusiveness in words
or
deeds. Itaque nee actio rerum illarum apertii petulantia vacat. Cic.
Quibus liberos conjugesque suas integras ab istius petulantia con-
servare non licitum est. Id. Ex hacparte pudor pugnat, illinc pe-
tulantia. Id. Hominis furorem et petulantiam fregi. Id.
1484. Lascivus. Dissolutus.
LASCIVUS, \.frolicsome, sportive. Malo me Galatea petit lasciva

puella. Virg. Tenero lascivior haedo, Ovid., More frisky than a
young goat. 2. Lascivious, lewd, lustful. Lascivia carmina. Ovid.
Lascivissimae picturae. Suet. DISSOLUTUS, (diversim solvere) pro-
perly, loosed, taken asunder on all sides. Dissolutum offendi navi-
gium, vel pocius dissipatum. Cic. Figuratively: 1. Base. Nee dis-
solutum a te quicquam homines expectant, nee crudele. Cic. Dis-
solutum judicium. Jd. 2. Dissolute, prodigal. Adolescens perditus
et dissolutus. Cic. Dissolutus in re familiari. Cic. Dissolutior li-
beralitas. Id. 3. Cleared from, dissolved. Eaque urbanitate tota est
invidia criminis dissoluta. Quint. Criminibus omnibus dissolutis.
Cic., Having cleared himself Jrom all accusations. In cum dissolutus,
Cic., Mild towards him; too indulgent and kind to him.
1485. Latens. Latelrosus.
LATENS, hidden. Saxa latentia. Virg. Hem latentem explicare.

Cic. LATEBROSUS, full of hiding-places, Jit to lurk and lie close in.
Latebrosus locus ad tegendos equites. Liv. Via latebrosa. Cic .I.a-
tebrosa saxa, Ovid., Rocks with lurking-places. Latentia saxa, Virg.,
Hidden rocks.
\ 186. Later. Ccemenlum.
LATER, a Irick, a tile. Urbs e latere confecta. Cic. CCEMEN-
TUM, rough stones or pieces of stones fit for building. Nee erat
diffi-
cile murum subruere, quod ccementa non calce durata erant, sed in-
terlita luto, structural antiquae genere. Liv.
14-87. Latere. Delitescere.

LATERE, to le hid or concealed. Latere in tenebris. Cic. Latet
abditus agro. Hor. Latuit ad hanc setatem, Cic., He has been un-
known till this time. DELITESCERE, to lurk, to sculk, to abscond. Ut
eo mitteremus amicos qui delitescerent. Cic. Bestise in cubilibus
delitescunt. Id. Figuratively : Delitescere in auctoritate alicujus.
Cic. Sub Tribunitia umbra consularem virum delituisse, Liv., That
one who had been Consul should have had recourse to the protection of
a Tribune.
1488. Latibulum. Latebra.
LATIBULUM, and LATEBR\, (yromlatere) a hiding-place, a place

to hide in, seem to differ in this, that the former expresses a deeper
place
of recess. Ferae latibulis se tegunt. Cic. Cervus nemorosis excitus
latibulis. Phaed. Ego autem volo aliquod emere latibulum, perfu-
gium doloris mei. Cic. Nee ubi notis sibi latebris delitescerent la-
trones. Liv. Inter vepres in latebris ferarum noctem unam delituit.
Cic. Latebra is very properly used in a figurative sense. Latebras
suspicionum peragrare. Cic. Latebram quaerere perjurio. Plaut.
Latebrae in animis, Cic., The most secret recesses of our souls.
1489. Latrare. Elatrare.
LATRARE, to lark, to yelp. Canes qui et latrare et mordere pos-

sunt. Cic. Figuratively : Latrant enim jam quidem oratores, non lo-
quuntur. Cic. A Philippo interrogatus quid latraret, furem se vi-
disse respondit. Id. ELATRARE, to lark vigorously, is only used in
the figurative sense. Sit mihi prima fides, et vere quod placet ut non
acriter elatrem. Hor.
1490. Lotus. Spatiosus. Laxus. Prolixus.
LATUS, large, extensive, speaking of a place. Lata via. Cic. La-

turn mare. Id. Figuratively : elated, exalted. Erigimur, latiores
fieri
videmur, humana despicimus. Cic. SPATIOSUS, great, large, of long
duration, speaking of times and bodies. Tollens spatiosaui cornibus
altis frontem. Ovid. Parva necat morsu spatiosum vipera taurum.
Id. Nox spatiosa. Id. Nee vos fallat spatiosa vetustas. Id. LAX-
US, loose, slack, unbent, unstraightened. Laxa tunica. Ovid. Laxus
male calceus haeret. Hor. Laxae et amplae aedes. Cic. Laxus arcus.
Virg. Figuratively : Dies satis laxa, Cic., A time long enough granted
for payment. Urbi cum pace laxior annona rediit, Liv., The return
of peace made provisions more plentiful. Laxiores opes, Mart., Great
wealth. PROLIXUS, over-long, prolix. Prolixa barba. Virg. Figu-
ratively : Natura prolixa et benefica. Cic. Animo lubenti prolixove
aliquid facere. Id. Prolixior in Pompeium, Id., Too much attached
to Pompey.
1491. Lavare. Alluere.
LAVARE, (from Xsto, lavare) to lathe, to wash. (Lavas and lavis

are loth used.) Dum lavamus, Ter., Whilst we are in the lath. Qui
348
Xantho lavis amne crines. Hor. Figuratively : Lavare peccatum

suum precibus. Ter. ABLUERE, to clean, to cleanse. Ulyssipedes
abluas. Cic. Ablutus est squalor. Q. Curt. Figuratively : Abluere
perjurium, Ovid., To blot out a perjury. Abluere perfida verba. Id.
Membra lavamus, ut abluantur sordes. G. D.
14-92. Laudalilis. Laudandus. Laudativus.
LAUDABILIS, commendable, praise-worthy, laudable. Laudabile

carmen, Hor., A good poem. Honestum quod vere dicimus, etiamsi
a nullo laudetur, laudabile est sua natura. Cic. Voluptas nee me-
liorem efficit, nee laudabiliorem virum. Id. Nee quicquam sine vir-
tute laudabile. Id. LAUDAXDUS, that ought to, or must, be praised.
Philosophia est rerum laudandarum procreatrix. Cic. LAUDATI-
vus, of or belonging to praise. Laudativum genus, Quint., The de-
monstrative kind of oratory. Laudativa pars rhetorices. Id.
14-93. Lavdabiliter. Laudate.
LAUDABILITEK, commendably, in a manner deserving praise. Lau-

dabiliter vivere, Cic., To live in a manner deserving praise. LAU-
DATE, with praise. Laudate vivere, Cic., To live so as to get praised.
Non obest mihi turpis et nocens, sed honestissime et laudatissime
acta vita. Id. Ut laudate vivamus, nulla certior via, quam si lauda-
biliter vivamus. G. D.
1494-. Laudare. Dilaudare. Collaudare. Prcedicare.
LAUD ARE, to praise, to speak highly of one, to name one ivith ho-
nour and a sort of admiration. Teque et istam rationem otii tui et
laudo et probo. Cic. Propter virtutem jure laudamur. Id. Ah !
vereor coram in os te laudare amplius, ne id assentandi causa facere
existimes. Ter. DILAUDARE, (diversim laudare) to extol, to com-
mend greatly every where. Libri quos tu dilaudas. Cic. COLLAU-
DAKE, (laudare cum) to praise with others, to cry one up. Ab om-
nibus collaudari. Cic. odem die Bruti factum collaudavistis. Id.
Ciceronem pro ej us merit o collaudat. Cses. PRJEDICARE, topublish
or proclaim a thing, either good or bad, but rather a good one. De se
ipso gloriosius praedicare turpe est. Cic. Si mihi inimico, ut prae-
dicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam. Id. Quid ego ejus tibi taciem prae-
dicem aut laudem ? Ter. Praedicamus ut res sunt ; laudamus ex-
tollendo. G. D.
14-95. Laureus. Laureatus. Laurifer.
LAURBUS, of bays or laurels. Laurea corona, Liv., A garland of

lays. Laurea serta, Ovid., Wreaths of laurel. LAUREATUS, adorn"
ed with laurel. Laureates legiones. Liv. Laureati lictores. Cic.
Laureatae litterae, Id., Letters bound up with bay-leaves in token of
victory obtained against the enemy, sent by the Roman general to the
senate LAUIUFER, that produces laurel, that is crnn-ned u-ith laurel.
Laurifcra tellus. Liv. Phoebus laurifer. Ovid. Laurifcra juventa.
Lucan.
1496. Lauras. Laurea.
LAURUS, the laurel, or bay-tree. Inter odoratum lauri nemus.

Virg. It is used for a crou-n of laurel. Sed incurrit hacc nostra
349
laurus in voculas malevolorum. Cic. LA UREA is properly an adjec-
tive (corona or frons understood). Coronam lauream decerni vole-
has. Cic. An laurea ilia magnis periculis parta araittet longo inter-
vallo viriditatem ? Id. Horace has used laurea instead of laurus, lut
poetically. Turn spissa ratnis laurea fervidis. Hor.
14-97. Laxamentum. Laxitas.
LAXAMENTUM, in its proper sense, space, enlargement. Amplum

laxamentum cellae. Vitruv. It is most commonly used in a figurative
sense, and signifies relaxation, alleviation. Laxamentum et veniam
non habent leges. Liv. Nactus pusillum laxamenti, concinnavi tibi
munusculum. Cic. Laxamenta curarum. Plin. LAXITAS, expan-
sion, wideness, is very seldom used lut in the proper sense. Ut facile
omnium domos laxitate superet. Cic. In domo clari hominis, in
qua et hospites multi recipiendi sunt, et admittenda hominum cu-
jusque modi multitudo, adhibenda est cura laxitatis. Id. Seneca has
said laxitas animi, relaxation of the mind, lowness of spirits.
1498. Laxare. Liberare.
LAXARE, to expand, to enlarge, to open. Laxare manipulos. Ca?s.

Ut forum laxaremus, et usque ad atrium libertatis explicaremus.
Cic. Laxat claustra Sinon. Virg. Figuratively : Laxare animum a
laboribus. Liv. Membra laxare quiete. Virg. Munera Bacchi lax-
arunt duram mentem. Sil. Laxare judicum animos, Cic., To soften
the severity of the judges. Annona baud multum laxaverat, Liv.,
Provisions had fallen very little in price. LIBERARE, to unloose, to
set free. Cavea liberati pulli. Cic. Liberari custodiis corporis. Id.
Figuratively: Ista te cura libero. Cic. Culpa aliquem liberare. Id.
Liberare se aere alien o, Cic., To clear one's self from debt.
Liberare
fidem suam, Id., To make good one's promise.
14-99. Lectus. Cubile. Thalamus. Stratum. Torus. Grabatus.
LECTUS, a bed, any piece of furniture used for resting ones self, and
lying on. Lectus ad quietem datus. Cic. Tricliniorum lecti. Id.
Lecto teneri, Tac., To be sick in bed. CUBILE, (from cubare) is
said both of the bed and of the place where we resort to take our rest
at night. Ut collocet in cubili, ut vulnus obliget. Cic. Terra cu.
bile erat Anacharsi. Id. Nemo inventus est tarn miser qui non cu-
bile ac lectulum suum salvum esse velit. Id. Aves cubilia sibi nidos-
que construunt. Id. Figuratively : Ut otnnes mortales hujus ava-
ritiae non solum vestigia, sed etiam cubilia videre possint. Cic
THALAMUS (S-aAaôf, a Greek word adopted by the Latins] has the
same signification as cubile : it sounds greater, and is very seldom
said
of animals. Marmoreus thalamus. Virg* Consors thalami. Ovid.
Virgil has however said of the bees : Post ubi jam thalamis se com-
posuere, siletur. STRATUM, (from sterno) any thing that is strewed.
Dura strata. Ovid. Quies neque molli strato neque sflentio accer-
sita. Liv. Strata viarum, Virg., Caustways, or paved streets. Re-
ponere membra stratis. Id. TORUS is properly a rope or cord made
of twisted grass or straw, on which the ancients laid their skins or
other
furniture for the convenience of sleeping : hence it is that torus is
taken
for a bed. Sternere torum. Ovid, "in medio torus est de mollibus
350
ulvis impositus lecto. Id. It also signifies the protuberance of the

muscles, in man or beast. Luxuriatque toris aniraosum pectus,Virg.,
speaking of the horse. O pectora ! 6 lacertorutn tori ! Cic., speak-
ing of Hercules in his fury. GRABATUS, a small led to rest on in
the afternoon. Deos immortales concursare omnium non modo lec-
tos, verum etiam grabatos. Cic. Sed si nee focus est, nudi nee
sponda grabati. Mart.
1500. Legare. Allegare. Delegare.
LEGARE, te send as a deputy or lieutenant. It is generally said of

public affairs. Legantur in Africa majores natu, amplis honoribus
usi. Sail. Caesar Cassium sibi legavit, Cic., Ctssar named Cassius
for his lieutenant. It also signifies to bequeath, or leave by will.
In-
veniet nihil sibi legatum, praeter plorare. Hor. Coronam testamento
Romano populo legavit. Plin. It signifies moreover, to impute, to at-
tribute. Adversa casibus incertis belli et fortunae legare. Liv. AL-
LEGARE, (legare ad) to depute or commission one for aprivate busine**.
Petit a me Rabonius, et amicos allegat, facile impetrat. Cic. Alium
isti rei allegabo. Plaut. In the following example the difference is
well
pointed out : Quanta iste cupiditate, quibus allegationibus illam sibi
iegationem expugnavit ? Cic. DELEGARE, (legare de) to delegate,
to give charge of. Delegare provinciam alicui. Cic. Hunc laborem
alteri delegavi. Id. It also signifies to send as ambassador. Decer-
nunt, ut duodecim delegarentur. Liv. To attribute. Laus quam ad
me delegare vis. Cic. To intrust, to commit. Fortunae loci delega-
verant spes suas. Liv.
1501. Legatio lil era. Legalio votiva.
LEGATIO LIBERA, an embassy got by favour, in order that a senator

might manage with greater authority his own private matters in the
country where he was permitted by the senate to go. Negotiorum su-
orum causa legatus est in Africam legatione libera. Cic. Habent
liberze legationes definitum tempus lege Julia. Id. That time was
Jive years. LEGATIO VOTIVA, where one was granted the title of an
ambassador, in order the more honourably to perform a vow that he had
made. This embassy was likewise libera. Legatio libera causa voti.
Cic. Scribas ad me velim, simulque cogites quid agendum nobis sit
super legatione votiva. Id.
1502. Legem abrogare. Legi derogare. Legi obrogare. Legem
anlif/uare.
When the people refused their approbation to a law, ilia lex abroga-
batur ; which like wises signifies, to abolish a law. DEROGARE LEGI,
or DE LEGE, to la.ke away some clause of a law. Cum duas leges
inter se discrepant, videndum est, num quse abrogatio, aut deroga-
tio sit. Cic. LEGI OBROGARE, to enact a law contrary to a former
one, to repeal a law. Huic legi nee obrogari fas est, neque derogare
ex hac aliquid licet, neque totaabrogari potest. Cic. Semper and-
qua: legi obrogat nova. Liv. ANTIQUARE LEGEM, to set aside a
law as having fallen into disuse. Itaque hanc legem primus antique
abrogoque : / annul this law the first, and mnve for the repeal of it.
Derogatio strikes at a law, but indirectly. Abrogatio is in direct op-
position to the former law.
351
1503. Legem facers, condere, scrilere, sciscere, sancire, rogare,

ferre,
perferre, incidere,Jigere, promulgare.
LEGEM FACERE, to make a law. Legem ante factam vidimus, quam

futuram quisquam est suspicatus. Cic. LEGEM CONDERE, to com-
pose, to digest a law. Leges ad civium salutem, civitatumque inco-
lumitatem conditae sunt. Cic. LEGEM SCRIBSRE, to write a law, to
institute or establish it. Instituere civitates, scribere leges. Cic.
Solon
Atheniensibus leges scripsit. Id. LEGEM SCISCERE, to approve, to
ratify a law. Primum ostendit earn se sciscere legem, quam esse le-
gem neget. Cic. LEGEM SAXCIRE, (quasi sanctam reddere) when
a law had been received ly the people, it -was taken to the temple of
Sa-
turn, and then established, and as it were consecrated by religion.
Leges
quas Senatus sancivit de ambitu. Cic. LEGEM ROGARE, to propose
to the people the acceptance of a law. Ut rogata lege legem ferret
pro-
vincise commutandae. Cic. FERHE LEGEM, 1. To propose or present
a law. Lex ferri coepta nunquam posita est in Senatu. Cic. 2 To
enact, to establish a law. Possum dicere M. Cottae legem de judiciis
privatis anno postquam lata sit a fratre ejus abrogatam. Cic. PER-
FERRE LEGEM, to make or pass into a law; Est utique jus vetandi,
cum ea lex feratur, quandiu non perfertur. Cic. LEGEM INCIDERE,
to engrave a law. Legem in ses incidere. Cic. Incidebantur jam domi
leges, quee nos nostris servis addicerent. Id. LEGEM FIGEHE, to post
up, or set up a law publicly : it was first engraved, and afterwards
set
up. Antonius falsas leges in aes incidendas, et in Capitolio figendas
curavit. Cic. LEGEM PROMULGARE, (quasi provulgare) to publish
a law, to proclaim it. Cato legem promulgavit de imperio Lentuli
abrogando. Cic. Illae enim leges nuM promulgatione latae sunt an-
tequam scriptac. Id.
1504. Legem irrogare alicui. Legem imponere alicui.
LEGEM IRROGARE ALICCI, to propose a law against somebody. Ve-

tant duodecim tabulae leges privatis hominibus irrogari. Cic. LE-
GEM IMPONERE ALICUI, to impose a law upon somebody. Is leges ci-
vitati per vim imposuit. Cic. Imponere nimis duras leges cuipiam. Id.
1505. Legere. Recitare.
LEGERE, to read, to peruse with the eyes without uttering any sound.
Scripta secum legere. Cic. Omnium bonarum artium scriptores et
doctores legendi et pervolvendi. Id. RECITARE, to read out aloud
that others may hear. Litteras in Senatu recitare. Cic. Edictum re-
citare. Id. Scripta recitant in medio foro. Hor.
1506. Lcgio. Cohors. Manipulus. Turma. Caterva. Phalanx.
LEGIO, a legion. A Roman legion was a body of three thousand foot-

soldiers, and a hundred horsemen, in the time of Romulus. Under the
Consul, it was composed oj four thousand foot, and two hundred horse.
Since, it generally included fix thousand foot, and three hundred
horse.
Duas legiones esse, eas repleri, ut sena rnillia peditum, et trecentos
equites haberent. Liv. Supplere legiones, Id., To recruit the legions.
Decimare legionem, Id., To punish every tenthman of a legion. CO-
HORS, a regiment of fool in a legion : its number of men was the tenth
part of a legion. Ut sa3pe ingenti bello cum longa cohortes explicuit
352
legio. Virg. Ex quibus duabus legionibus non amplius quatuordecim

cohortes contrahere potui. Cic. It also signifies the retinue, train,
or
company of servants attending upon any nobleman. Qure cohors, qui
comitatus fuerit meministis. Cic. Percontare ut placeat juveni, ut-
que cohort!. Hor. Figuratively: Cohors febrium. Hor. MANIPU-
LUS properly signifies a sheaf. Multa stipula nlicumquemaniplis ster-
nere huraum. Virg. A company of soldiers under one captain has been
called manipulus, because under Romulus the standard was a bundle of
hay fixed at the end of a pole or pike. Pertica suspenses portabat
longa maniplos, unde maniplaris nomina miles habet. Ovid. Disjec-
tique duces, desolatique manipli. Virg. ?.lanipulus, says Vegetius,
vocabatur contubernium decem taHtummodo militum sub uno papi-
lione degentium, quod conjunctis nianibus dimicarent. TURMA, a
troop, a company of horsemen, thirty in number . Turma equestris. Cic.
Nihil tibi ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, niliil cohors,
nihil
turma decerpit. Id. CATER VA, (a Celtic word that proptrly expressed
the divisions of the armies of ancient Gaul) troops in general.
Fugiunt
equitum turmae, peditumque catervae. Hor. It is said of a train and
retinue, or of any other concourse of people. Testium catervae. Cic.
Magna comitante caterva. Virg. PHALANX, a phalanx, a battalion
in the Macedonian armies. It was composed of sixteen thousand men.
This number has sometimes been altered. Phalangern vocant peditum
stabile agmen ; vir viro, armis arma conferta sunt : ad nutuni monen-
tis intent! ; sequi signa, ordines servare didicerunt. Q. Curt. C<v$ar
gives the name of phalanx to some of the troops of the Germans and of
the Gauls. German! ex sua consuetudine phalange facta, perfringere
hoetium phalangem coeperunt. Caes. Phalanx was facta, when the sol-
diers had put themselves into so close an order, that their shields
touched
one another.
1507. Legitimus. Lega/is.
LEGITIMUS, (from lex) law fit 1 , agreeable to the law. yEtas legi-
tirna ad Consulatum petendum, Cic., The age prescribed by law for
putting up for the Consulship. Poe'ma legitimum, Hor., A poem writ-
ten according to the laws and rules of poetry. Impedimentum legiti-
mum. Cic. LEGALIS, legal, belonging to the law. Legale genus
quaestionum. Quint. Legales qusestiones. Id.
1508. Legumen. Olus.
LEGUMEN, (from legere) all manner of pulse, as pease, beans, &.C.

Hoc enim legumen et caetera quas velluntur e terra neque subsecan-
tur . . . . quae quod ita leguntur, Icgumina dicta. Col. speaking of
chick-pease. Unde prius laetum siliqua qfiassante legumen .... sustu-
leris. Virg. OLUS, (from olescere, to grow] any garden herbs for
food. Emptum nee modica canare times olus omnc patella. Hor.
Uncta satis pingui poncntur oluscula lardo. Id.
1509. I.enire. Mitigare. Mulctre. Placare. Sedare.
LENIRE (from lenis) relates in its proper sense to the feeling or

touch-
ing of a thing, to make smooth. Cum truncum recideris, truncuin lf-
nito. Col. // is much more commonly used in a figurative sense. Quo
illam mihi lenirent miseriam. Ter. Lenitur acgritudo. Cic. Lenit al-
bescens animos capillus. Hor. Lenirc tigres. Id. MITIGARE, (from
353
mitis) properly, to make ripe. MitLgare maturitate. Cic.

Figuratively :
To mitigate, to allay. Mitigare cibum, Cic., To digest victuals. Agrum
sylvestrem flammis et ferro mitigare. Hor. Dolorejg vetustate miti-
ganfur. Cic. Usus flectet, dies leniet, aetas mitigabit. Id. Severita-
tern acerbam multis condimentis huraanitatis mitigare. Id. Ut ferox
populus Deorum metu mitigaretur. Hor. Leniuntur aspera j acerba
mitigantur. G. D. MULCERE, to stroke, to soothe gently or tenderly.
Colla praebere manibus mulcenda. Ovid. Figuratively : Iras mulcere.
Virg. Dictis mcerentia pectora mulcet. Id. Pastor arundineo car-
mine mulcet oves. Ovid. Feras mulcere, Id., To tame tvild beasts.
PLACARE, to pacify, to appease, to make gentle. ^.-Equora tumida pla-
cat Jupiter. Virg. Irani Dei donis placare. Cic. Hostiis humanis
Deos placant Galli. Id. Quae prinia iratum ventrem placaverit esca.
Hor. S ED A RE, (quasi sedi dare) to stint, to quiet, to put an end
to.
Sedare bellum, controversial!!. Cic. Sedare motus animi. Id. Sitim
sedare. Lucr. Lassitudinem militum sedare. C. Nep. Motum di-
cendo sedare, vel excitare. Cic. Mulcere may le opposed to efFerare ;
placare to irritare ; sedare to turbare, sollicitare.
1510. Leno. Perduclor. Productor.
LEND, (from lenis) 1. A pimp, a pander. Leno ego sum, fateor,

pernicies couirnunis adolescentum. Ter. 2. A trader in slaves. Leno
avarus. Ovid. Metuo lenonem, ne quid suo suat capiti. Ter. 3. A
herald, a deputy. Missis lenonibus qui parendi legem dicerent,
Justin.,
Having sent to them heralds who should summon them to acknowledge
him for their sovereign. PERDUCTOR, or, according to others, PRO-
DUCTOR, one that brings, even by force, wenches into baivdy-houses.
Lenones sunt scortorum, perductores vero etiam invitarum persona-
rum. Ascon. Sileatur de nocturnis ejus bacchationibus, ac vigiliis :
lenonum, aleatorum, perductorum nulla mentio fiat. Cic.
1511. Lenlus. Flexilis. Flexibilis.
LEXTUS, limber, pliant. Lenta salix. Virg. Lentioret salicis vir-

gis. Ovid. Figuratively : Heavy, indolent, supine. Saeva et lenta na-
tura ne in puero quidem latuit. Suet. Lentior pugna. Liv. Patiens
et lentus judex. Cic. Nos patriam fugimus, tu, Tityre, lentus in
umbra. Virg. FLEXILIS and FLEXIBILIS, as synonymous with lentus,
flexible, easy to le bent. Cornu flexile, Ovid., A bow. Arcus
flexibilis.
Id. Figuratively : Oratio mollis et tenera, et ita flexibilis, ut
sequa-
tur quocunque torqueas. Cic. Flexibile vocis genus. Id.
1512. Lepidus. Facetus.
LEPIDUS, ( from lepos) graceful; having a genteel air , a pleasing

way of doing things, speaking, &c. Lepidus ad omnes res. Plaut. O
lepidum caput ! Phaed. Dictum lepidum. Cic. Lepidi et delicati
pueri. Id. FACETUS, facetious, humorous, jocose, merry. Homo face-
tus inducit sermonem urbanum ac venustum. Cic. Homo facetus,
et nulla in re rudis. Id. Genus jocandi facetum. Id. Molle atque
facetum Virgilio annuerunt gaudentes rure camcenae. Hor.
1513. Lepos. Sal. Facetice.
LEPOS, or lepor, a pretty conceit, what contributes to make agreeable.

Magnus in jocando lepos erat in homine. Cic. Lepor dicendi, Id.,
2 A
354
Agreeableness in the manner of conversing. SAL, properly salt. Sal,

etalia gulae irritamenta. Sail. Multi motlii sails simul edendi,
utami-
citia: munus expletum sit. Cic. Figuratively : (mostly used in the
plu-
ral) pretty jests, words of an ingenious and delicate raillery. Urbani
sales. Cic. Sale et facetiis Caesar vicit omnes. Id. Salibus vehemens,
Juv., Strong in ingenious repartees. FACETIAE, facetiousness, either
in
words or deeds. Quod facete dicitur, id alias in re, alias in verbo
ha-
bere facetias. Cic. Sal dicendi et facetiae.. Id. Superabat sale face-
tiisque omnes Scipio. Id. Facetiarum lepos, Id., Willy and agreeable
jokes.
1514. Let hum. Mors. Nex.
LETHUM, (from Xrfir t , oblivio) death. Alii alio letho interiere.

Liv.
It is more used in poetry than in prose. Nobile lethum. Hor. Vive
memor lethi. Pers. Dolor ac morbus, lethi fabricator uterque. Lu-
cret. MORS properly signifies the cessation of life, the separation of
the
soul from the body. Discessum animi a corpore putant esse mortem.
Cic. Dissolutione, id est, morte, sensus omnis extinguitur. Id. Mors
est migratio in eas oras, quas qui e vita excesserunt incolunt. Id.
NEX, a violent death, a slaughter. Insidiatori vero et latroni quae
po-
test aSerri injusta nex ? Cic. Multorum civium neces tibi uni impu-
nitss sunt. Id. Ovid uses nex to express a natural death. Neci
sirailis
somnus.
1515. Levare. Alltvare. Elevare. Sublevare. Extollere. Erigere.
LEVARE, to lift, or hold up. Levare membra cubito. Ovid. De

caespite virgo se levat. Id. Palmas ad ccelum levavit. Stat. Figura-
tively : Levare atrocitatem rei, Cic., To diminish the atrocity of a
thing. Levare suam auctoritaiem inconstantia, Id., To impair one's
authority l-y inconstancy. Levare amicitias usus remissione, Id-, To
withdraw one's self by degrees from an intimacy. ALLEVARE, (levare
ad) to lift upwards. Homini in aquam lapso, atque ut allevaretur
oranti. Quint. Frustri se allevare conatus. Q. Curt. Figuratively
Dictis aerumnam aliorum allevare. Cic. Allevor cum loquor tecum
absens. Id. Caesar consulatu allevabatur, Flor., Caesar grew ha:,
ly his Consulate. ELEVARE, (levare e) to lilt up from the ground.
Cape dum hunc lapidem atque eleva. Plaut. Figuratively : to delase*
to undervalue. This word is borrowed fjom a pair of scales, the /,.
of which rises upwards. Samnitum bella extollit. elevat Etr;.
Liv. Qui f'accre quae non possunt, verbis elevant. Phasd. Since Plau-
tus, we hardly ever find elevare used l-y good authors in the mean;
to lift up, but almost always to signify diminishing, or undervalui
SUBLEVARE, to lift up underneath, to heave from the ground. Atque
ab iis sublevatus in murum ascendit. CBCS. Qui nos ad pedes strntos
ne sublevant quidem. Cic. Figuratively : Vicinos facult;
levare. Cic. Nominis novitatem dicendi gloriA .- Id. Ex-
TOLLERK, to lift up high. Alte pugionem cxtollens. Cic. figuratively :

Mcain fortunam deprimitis, vestram extollitis. Cic. i ipsa
Respublica manibus suis extollit. Jd. i ) to erect,
to make upright. Erigere scalas ad nucnia. Liv. Cum cittcnw ani-

mantes abjecissct adpastum, soluni hominein crcxit, et ad crcli con-
sj)ectum excitavit. Cic. Figuratively : Erige to et confirma. Cic.
Erigere animum alicujus. Id.
355
1516. Lcvatio. Levamenium. Levamen.
LEVATIO, properly, the lifting up of a iking, is only used in afigu-

rative sense, and signifies the act of alleviating pain or sorrow, the
re-
lief given. QUJE levationem habeant segritudinum. Cic. Cujus poten-
tiam nemo sensit, nisi aut levatione periculi, aut accessione
dignitatis,
Veil. Pat., Wkose power no one ever felt, but by the assistance he
gave
in danger, or by the raising to some dignity. LEVAMENTUM and LE-
VAMEN, the relief or assistance received. Levaraentum miseriarum.
Cic. Curae casusque levaraen. Virg. Levamento esse. Cic. Quod si
esset aliquod levaraen, eseet in te uno. Id.
1517- Lex. Conditio.
LEX, synonymous with conditio, signifies a ride, a clause. Aliae in

historia leges observandae, alias in poemate. Cic. Lege hac tibi
astringo meam fidem, Ter., On that clause, &c. CONDITIO, ( from
dare cum) properly, the act of laving up together. Frugum condi-
tiones. Cic. Figuratively: 1. Slute, condition. Communitas condi-
tionis cum aliquo. Cic. Infimi generis hominum conditio atque for-
tuna. Id. Legum conditio impendet. Id. /Equa conditione. Id. Pro
mortali conditione vitae immortaJitatem consecuti estis. Id. 2. Clause
or condition. Ea conditione daturum se dixit, si, &c. Cic. 3. Nature.
Agri conditio. Cic. Loci conditio. Ovid. 4. A way or manner. Adde
quod litterae nulla conditione perferri potuerunt. Cic. Omnem con-
ditionem imperii tui demonstravit Statorius. Id.
1518. Libare. Gustare. Sapere.
LIB ARE, (from A/?O>, to pour drop by drop] to touch but slightly.
Purpureosque metunt flores, et flumina libant summa leves (apes).
Virg. Primaque iibato summo tenus attigit ore. Id. Figuratively:
3 ibaYe aliquid ex omnibus disciplinis. Cic. Oscula libavit natae.
Virg. Ex variis ingeniis excellentissima libavjmus. Cic. GUSTARE,
to taste, to sip. Gustare herbam. Cic. Gustare aquam. Id. Exta
praegusto Deum, et matronarum casta delibo oscula. Phaed. Figura-
tively : Gustare aliquod vitae genus, Cic., To make trial of a
particu-
lar mode of living. Nou gustarat illam tuam philosophiam, Id., has
the like meaning. Nunqnam gustaverat vitoe suavitates.Id. SAPERE,
to savour, to relish, to have the taste of. Non sequitur, ut ei non
sapiat
palatus. Cic. Mella herbam earn sapiunt. Plin. Nolebant attingere,
nisi eo die captum piscem, qui, ut aiunt, saperet ipsum mare. Sen.
Figuratively : Qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam.
Cic. Feliciter sapit, qui periculo alieno sapit. Id. Ego rem meam
sapio. Plaut. Quod satis est sapio mihi. Pers.
1519. Libare. Lilare. Sacrificare. Perlitare. Parentare.
As the priests in sacrifices tasted the offering^ LIBARE is said of

sacri-
ficing, or making libations. Ubi libare Diis dapes, ubi bene precari
mos esset. Liv. In mensa laticum libavit honorem. Virg. Pateris
altaria libant. Id. Nunc pateras libare Jovi. Id. LITARE, to offer a
complete sacrifice, wherein all signs concur in showing that it is
accepta-
ble to the Gods, to appease the Gods by sacrifices, to obtain what was
prayed for. Pluribus bostiis cassis, cum litare non posset, introiit
cu-
riam. Cic. SACRIFICARE, (sacra facere) to bes forgiveness of the
2 A2
356
Gods ly a sacrifice: instead of which litare is to propitiate them. Si

hercule istud nunquam factum est, turn me Jupiter facial, ut sem-
per sacrificem, neque unquam iitem. Plaut. Cum pluribus Diisim-
molatur, qui even it ut litetur aliis, aliis non litetur ? Cic., IVhen
sa-
crifice* are offered to several Gods, how does it huppen that some are
appealed and others not ? PKRLITARE rises above the idea of litare,
and signifies to perform sacrifice 1 ; prosperously, with the most
joyful
omens. Primis hostiis perlitatum est, Liv., By the offering of
thejirst
victims, the wrath of the Gods was totally appeased. PARENTARE,
(from parens) properly, to perform the obsequies or funereal rites to
dead r'eîtions : it is said of those whom we consider as parent*, a
chief,
our country, &c. Imperatoribus parentare. Cic. Litemus igitur Len-
tulo, pareutemus Cethego, tanquam patriae parent!. Cic. This sen-
tence is ironical.
1520. Liber. Folumen. Libellus.
LIBER, properly, the inner lark or rind of a tree, used instead of

paper by the ancients to write on. Cum moriens alta liber aret in
ulmo.
Virg. Liber, said of a book, signifies a treatise, a work written.
Liber
de contemnenda morte. Cic. Mittam tibi librum de gloria. Id. Ci-
cero calls his orations against Ferres and Catiline libros. lisdem ex
libris, says he, perspicies et quae gesserim, et qua? dixerim. Liber
is
also said of a whole written work. Dicaearchi librum accepi. Cic. The
work of Diccet,rchus contained three books on the soul. VOLUMES,
( from volvere) any rolling or folding. Versat sinuosa volumina ser-
pens. Virg. The ancients rolled up their books for the more easy
carry-
ing of them. Referre epistolas in quinque volumina. Cic. Volumen
was generally distinguished by the size, and liber by the contents.
Nunc
quoniam satis hujus voluminis magnitude crevit, commodius erit in
altero libro de ccteris rebus deinceps exponere. Cic. Volumen is
also said of a part of a work, of a book. Ovid calls each book of his
Aleta-
tamorphoses volumen. Sunt mihi niutata? ter quinque volumina for-
mas. LIBELLUS (diminutive oj liber) is said of a little book, suck as
a letter, a memorial, &c. Phaedri libellos legere si desideras. Phsed.
Atticus libellum composuit, eum mihi dedit, ut darem Cycsari ; Cae-
sar autem rescripsit aequa eum postulare. Cic.
1521. Lib ere. Licenler.
LiBERE,/ree/y. at ones pleasure, without constraint. Loqui li! 1

Cic. Vivere libere. Id. Tellus omnia liberius nullo poscente t'ere-
bat. Virg. LICENTER, licentiously, over-freelu, with too much liberty
and licentiousness. Idem tarn licenter i'acere Fiacco indignum visum
est. Liv. Solutum quiddam sit, nee vagum tamen, ut ingredi libi ix .
non ut licenter videatur crrare. Cic.
1522. Libere. Lilernlittr.
LIBERE, aynonywous with liberaliter, genteelly, obligingly. Libere

educati adolesoentuli, Ter., Young men very well brought up. l.ibere
iacc-re, non aspere. C:^. LlBKKALITBA, 1. Like a gentleman. J>ibe-
raliter educatus. Cic. Liberaliter se oblecUin-. 'IVr. 2. Liberally,
profusely. Liberaliter ex istis cibariis tractati. Cic. Cui tanta pos-
sessio sit, ut ad liberaliter vivendum facile contcntus sit. Id. 1 .
liberaliterque ocstimare. Id.
357
1523. Libert. Fiiii.

LIBERT, children, sons and daughters, and only said of free-children.
Quid dulcius hominum generi a natura datum est, quam sui cuique
liberi ? Cic. Liberi tres, duo mares, quos diligentissime instituit.
Plin. FILII is only said of sons. Filii familias parentes
interfecerunt.
Sail. Acerbum est parentum scelera filiorum pcenis lui. Cic. Law-
yers seem Jiot to wake any difference between liberi and filii.
1524. Lilertas. Licentia.
LIBERT AS, freedom or power, in acting or speaking. Quid est liber-

tas ? Potestas vivendi ut velis. Cic. Amo libertatem loquendi. Id.
LICENTIA, an excess of Liberty it is generally taken in a lad sense
for licentiousness. Deteriores sumus omnes licentia. Ter. Graecia hoc
uno malo concidit, libertate immoderata et licentia concionum. Cic.
Omnium rerurn libertatem, imo licentiam, si vere dicere volumus,
desiderant. Liv. Est magna ista, et notabilis eloquentia, alumna li-
centiae, quam stulti libertatem vocant. Tac. Athenae cum florerent
aequis legibus, procax libertas civitatem miscuit, fraenumque solvit
pristinum licentia. Phaed. It is also taken in a good sense. Magnam
ipsimet nob is praecideremus istam licentiam liber tatemque vivendi.
Cic.
1525. Liber tus. Lilertinus.
LIBERTUS meant anciently a person who had been made free ; and
LIBERTINUS, the son of that freed-man. Ignarus temporibus Appii,
et deinceps aliquandiu, libertinos dictos non ipsos qui manu mitte-
rentur, sed ingenuos ex iis procreates. Suet. Afterwards these two
words have been applied to the same roan, who was libertus in respect
to him that had made him free, and libertinus relatively to the stale
of
bondage he had been in. Cicero has said of the very same man : Trebo-
nius fecit haeredem libertum suum ; and soon after, equiti Romano-
libertinus sit hseres. He calls him libertum, because he had been a
slave
to Trebonius, and libertinum, to point out his actual situation.
Liber-
tino patre natum. Hor. Horace's father was a freedman. Servos nos-
tros libertos suos fecisset. Cic. Feci e servo ut esses libertus mihi.
Ter. Freedmen differed front free-born men in this, that the former
cou/d not be admitted into the Senate, nor raised to any Magistracy.
For
which reason Claudius says, in Tacitus, libertinorum
filiis^Magistratus
mandari, non, ut plerique falluntur, recens, sed priori populo facti-
tatum. Libertus is no more so at the death of his master, of his
patron,
but he still continues all his life libertinus. Libertinus is an
adjective :
but libertus as well as liberta are substantives. Libertus (not
liberti-
nus) is used to signify the freedman of somebody ; but when the
qualify
or way of existing of a freedman is to be expressed, we say homo
liber-
tinus. Libertinus erat, qui circum compita siccus currebat. Hor.
1526. Libido. Libidines.
LIBIDO, (from libet) one swill, any unbridled passion, or unlawful

desire. Agere aliquid cum libidine, nori ratione. Cic.'Quia apud in-
dignos saepe erant quasi per libidinem data. Id. Tarquinium mala
libido Lucretiae per vim stuprandae cepit. Liv. LIBIDINES is said
of lustful and lewd passions only. Nunquam ille a vestris conjugibus
358
suas libidines coliibuisset. Cic. Lateant ejus libidines illas

tenebri-
cossc ; quas fronte et supercilio, non puclore et temperantia conte-
gebat. Jd.
1527. Libra. Libramentum. Libramen. Staiera. Trutina.
LIBRA, properly, a weight of a pound. Cui satis una fhrris libra

foret. Hor. It is said of a balance or pair of scales to wrigh with.
Justa
pari premitur cum pondere libra, prona nee hac plus parte sedet,
nee surgit ab ilia. Ovid. LIBRAMINTUM, and LIBRAMEN, a coun-
terpoise, what puts in motion or action, what keeps in a state of
libra-
lion. Huic spiculo ad libramen parma tres, ut sagittia solent, cir-
cumdabantur. Liv. Libramen t? plumbi, Col., A plummet, a lev el for
bricklayers, &c. Libramenta tormentorum, Tac., The t/iongs or cords
wherewith n'or-enînes were put in motion and action. STATERA,
(from stare) a steel-yard, a kind of balance. Q use non artificis sta-
terii, sed quadam popular! trutinu examinantur. Cic. TRUTIKA,
(from rp'Jroc., a hole] properly, the hole in u-hich the tongue of the
scales
moves. Neve exatnen improbum in ilia castiges trutina. Pers. It is
generally used to express a pair of scabs. Trutina pensantur eat 1 em.
1528. Libraries. Scriba.
LIBRARIUS, (from liber, a book] a book-copier, a transcriber : books

were written with the hand before the invention of printing. Peto a te
ut quam celerrime mihi librarius mittatur maxime quidem Graecus,
qui mihi exscribat Hypomnemata. Cic. It in said of a secretary. Legi
litteras non tuas, sed librarii tui. Cic. Seneca has made use of it to
ex-
press a bookseller. SCRIBA, a scribe, a secretary, a book-keeper, a
town clerk. Posaern de singulis ad te rebus scribere, si scriba meus
adesset. Cic. Eum habuit ad manum scribae loco, quod multo apud
Graios hor.oriticentius est, quam apud Romanes. C. Kep. Scriba
publicus, Cic., A notary public.
1529. Libum. Libamentuti. Libamen. Libatio.
LIBUM, n cakt composed of lioney, meal, and oil: it was made use of
in sacrifices. Liba Deo fiunt, qnia dulribus idem gaudet, et a Baccho
mella repcrta ferunt. Ovid. Calenti libo nifila int'usa. Id. Adorea
liba per herbaiu subjiciunt epulis. Virg. LIBAMEMTUM, and (with
the poets] LIBA.MK*, libations, drink-oi/frings in sacrifices. Ut
sacvi-
ficiorum libamer.ta serventur. Cic. lit unnnas carpens media inter
cornua setas, ignibus imposuit sacris lib:ui>ina prin>a, Virg., The
priest, before lit- sacrifice, pulled off' hairs from between the
beast's horns, and threw them iulo thejire. LIBATIO, the making of
libations. Tui aaccrdotii sunt tensa.% curricula, ludi, libationes,
epu-
lasque ludorum publicoruui. Cic. Grid dt:rirt\* then- ti-utd<J'r<nn
Liber,
a name of Bacchus. Nomine ab auctoris ductint libamir.a r.omen.
1530. Licere. Liceri. Licitari.
LICKUS, to be set ulj a! a price fur which it is to be soi'ii. De

Drusi
hortis quunti licui; ; ?e tu scril)is, id ego (juocjue audierain. Cic.
Parvo
cum pretio did licerent. Mart. LICJ-KI, /O//,'.T thepruefora thing.
Qui contra s'j liceatur emptor noti apponit. Cic. Jocos riiiiculos
vendo, agitc, liccmini. Plaut. Liceri digito, Cic., To of) er a price,
by
359
holding up a finger. LICITARI ( frequentative q/liceri) denotes more

action. Et cum arma habeatis, licitamini hostium capita. Q. Curt.
1531. Licet. Fas cst.
LICET is properly said of what is conformable to the law; and FAS,

of what is conformable to nature. Clodium nihil delectat, quod aut
per naturam fas sit, aut per leges liceat. Cic. Licere id dicimus,
quod legibus, quod more majorum institutisque conceditur. Id. Fac-
tus es filius contra fas, cujus per astatem poteras esse pater. Id.
1532. Licet. Libet.
LICET, (synonymous with libet) it is lawful, it is permitted. Pec-

care nemini licet. Cic. Licebit tibi esse bono viro. Id. LIBET, it
pleases, it contents. Non libet mihi deplorare vitam, quod multi fe-
cevunt. Cic. Cui facile persuasi ne licere quidem, non modo non li-
bere. Id. Qued libet, id licet his, et quod licet, id satis audent.
Ovid.
1533. Ligare. Vincire.
LIGARE, to tie up, to tie fast with any thing. Crines ligare. Tibul.
Scissaque a pectore veste vulnera saeva ligat. Ovid. Vincire vulnera
would not be so proper. Figuratively : Ligare pacta. Propert. Ligare
legibus. Stat. VINCIRE, to bind in chains, to fasten with chains.
Vincire catenis. Ovid. Figuratively : Legibus vincire. Cic. Locum
vincire praesidiis. Id. Ligatur quidpiam, ut sit astrictius ;
vincitur,
ne defluat, excidat, elabatur. G. D.
1534. Linquere. Relinquere. Derelinquere. Deserere. Destituere.
LIXQUERE, to Leave, or quit. Linquens terram earn, quam serva-

verat. Cic. Fortuna potentes domos inimica linquit. Hor RELIN-
QUERE, (retro linquere) to leave behind. Mihi turpe relinqui est.
Hor. Relinquere 28 alienum, Cic., To die involved in debt. Relin-
quere in medio, Id., To leave undetermined. DERELINQUERE, to
abandon, to forsake utterly. Coinmunem causam derelinquere. Cic.
DESERERE, (from de and serere, to tie up together, to set in order)
properly, to untie, to break the chain, to desert. Deserere vitam.
Hor.
Omnes noti me atque amiei deserunt. Ter. Deserere expresses less
than derelinquere. Sitientem me virtutis tuae deseruisti ac dereli-
quisti. Cic. Agros deserunt, totas arationes derelinquunt. Id. DE-
STITUERE, (statuere de) to leave destitute, to abandon. Et freta de-
stituunt nudos in littore pisces. Virg. Ne sorti quidem fortunas
nostras destituit. Cic. It also signifies to fail, to disappoint or
frustrate.
Non me destituit animus, sed vires. Phaed. Laomedon deetituit Deos
mercede pacta. Hor. Destituere spem alicujus. Liv.
1535. Liounre. l.iquefacere.
LIQUARE and LIQUEFACERE, to melt, to thaw, to make liquid.

Liquatoe solis ardore excidunt guttae. Cic, Mella liquata expressis
favis. Ovid. Vina liques, Hor., Clarify your wine. .ZEra liquefacta.
Cic. Glacies calore liquefacta. Id. It is proper to observe that
lique-
facere is often used in a figurative sense, and liquare never. Quern
nullae lestitiae exultantes languidis liquefaciunt voluptatibus. Cic.
Liquant would be bad Latin.
360
1536. Liquescere. Mollescere.
LIQUESCEUE, to melt, astvax*, -metal, snow, &c., do ; to grou; liquid.

Cera liquescit igni. Virg. Figuratively : Voluptate cum liquescimus,
rluimusque mollitia. Cic. Si mea perpetuis liquescant pectora curis.
Ovid. MOLLESCERE, (from mollis) to grow soft, to grow gentle.
Tentatum moJlescit ebur. Ovid. IVIollescunt colla juvencis. Catul.
Figuratively : Artibus ingenuis pectora mollescunt, asperitasque fu-
git. Ovid.
1537. Liquet. Cons tat. Stat.
LIQUET, it is clear, it is manifest or evident. Cum idde quo Panae-

tio non liquet, reliquis luce clarius esse videatur. Cic. Non liquet,
Id., // does not appear ; a form used when the jury fraught in their
ver-
dict Ignoramus, and the business was put off to another hearing. Cox-
STAT, (stat cum) it is constant and well known : it is the result of a
number of proofs and suffrages. Perspicuum est, constatque inter om-
nes. Cic. Constat de facto. Quint. STAT, (impersonally,} it is re-
solved upon. Stat casus renovare omnes. Virg. Nos in Asiam con-
vertemus, neque adhuc stat quo potissimum, sed scies. Cic. Stat
mihi vivere in studio litterarum, modo constet inter litteratos factu-
rura me operae pretium. G. D.
1538. Liquidus. Purus. Illimis.
LIQUIDUS, liquid, fluid. Liquidum plumbum. Hor. Liquidi fontes.

Virg. Figuratively: Liquida vox, Hor., A dear voice. I iquida vo-
luptas, Cic., A pure pleasure. Genus sermonis liquidum, Id., A plain
and clear manner of speaking. PURUS, pure, clean, unpolluted. Aqua
pura. Hor. Pura charta, Ulp., Clean paper. Pura atque integra
raens. Cic. Judicium puruni postulare, Id., To demand a plain and
open judgement. Quidquid hide haurias, puruni liquidumque sit. Id.
Purus moreover signifies, unmixed, without the addition of any thing.
Pura juvenis qui nititur hasta, Virg., A spear-staff without an iron
head. Puro ut possent concurrere campo, Id., An openjield without
either trees or bushes. Toga pura, PI in., A plain gown, without gay
decoration, in opposition to toga praetexta. Itaquc ilii excuses tldi-
ciis (i. e. avulsis emblematibus) cum argento puro domum n
sunt. Cic. ILLIMIS, (sine liino) without mud. Fons erat illimis ni-
tidis argenteus undis. Ovid.
1539. Liquor. J.alcx. Succus.
LIQUOR, liquor, a liquid and jluid substance. Rursus abundabat

fluidus liquor. Virg. Vitigenus liquor, Lucret., Wine. Liquores j)cr-
lucidi iimnium. Cic. LATEX, (from latere) all manner oj' liquor
squenedout. Palladius latex, Ovid., Oil. Latex Lycrus, Virg., Wine.
Latex absynthi. Ovid. Succus, (quasi sugus, from sugcre) juice,
a liquor that is forced cut of meat, plant*, //e?Ys \-c. Et succus pe-
cori, et lac subducitur agnis. Virg. Corpus solidum et succi plenum.
Ter. Succus herbae. t)\id. Succus arboris. Plin. Figuratively : Suc-
cu.s orutionis, Cic., The energy of a <li<t',ui*t: Ainisimus onsnem
succuiu ct .smguineni civitatis^ Id., We have lost alt the strength
and
vigour of the republic.
361
1540. Litem suam facer e. Lilem in suam rein veriere.
LITEM SUAM FACERE, to plead one's own cause, to the detriment of

another that one had taken upon one's self to dej'end. Quitl si, ciim
pro altero dicas, litem tuam facias, aut causam relinquas, nihil ne
noceas? Cic. LITEM IN SUAM REM VERTERE, to appropriate to ones
self a thing that is the cause of a law-suit. Orare ne pessimum fa-
cinus pejore exemplo adraitterent judices, litem in rem suanrver-
tendo. Liv.
1541. Litter ce. Humanilas.
LITTERS (synonymous >z/A humanitas) is what we call letters, and

is understood of all sciences and all knowledge. Fl>iminius litteras
ne-
sciebat. Cic. Litteras vorare. Id. HUMANITAS, classical learning,
comprehending the study of the Greek and Latin tongues, grammar,
rhetoric, poetry, and the ancient poets, orators, and historians.
Homini
non hebeti, neque inexercitato, neque communium litterarum, et
politioris humanitatis experti. Cic.
1542. Litter atura. Eruditio.
LITTERATURA, literature, relates especially to lelles-leilres, and

simply denotes the knowledge acquired by common studies. Erat in
Caesare ingenium, litteratura, &c. Cic. Prima ilia litteratura, per
quam pueris elementa traduntur. Sen. ERUDITIO, erudition, great
learning, high knowledge. Homo praeclara eruditione. Cic. Nul-
lam eruditionem esse duxit, nisi quas beatse vitae disciplinam juva-
ret. Id.
1543. Litteras dare alicui. Litteras dare ad alinuem.
LITTERAS DARE ALICUI, to give somebody a letter to carry.

Equidem neminem praetermisi, quern quidem ad te perventurum pu-
tarem, cui litteras non dederim. Cic. LITTERAS DARE AD ALI-
QUEM, to give a letter for somebody. Dederam triduo ante pueris
C. Planci litteras ad te. Cic. Tabellario meo binas ad te litteras
dedi. Id.
1544. Litterarum multitudo. Jitter arum crebrilas.
, LITTERARUM MULTITUDO is said of letters multiplied in number.

De me meisque rebus, ne vobis multitudine litterarum molestus
essem, ad Laelium perscripsi. Cic. LITTERARUM CREBRITAS is
said of the frequency of letters. Colloqui videbamur in Tusculano
cum essem, tanta erat crebritas litterarum. Cic.
1545. Litterarum intermissio. Litterarum intervallum.
LITTERARUM IXTERMISSIO is said of an interrupted correspond-

ence of letters. Et si just et idonea usus es excusatione intermis-
sionis litterarum tuarum, tamen id ne saapius facias rogo. Cic.
LITTERARUM INTERVALLUM, the space of time during which no letter
has been written. Tu si intervallum longius erat mearum litterarum,
ne sis admiratus. Cic.
1546. Littus. Ripa.
^ LITTUS, (from lino, litum, to anoint with, to bathe] the shore.

Littus est qua fluctus eludit. Cic. RIPA, (from faw, inclino) the
declivity of the ground bordering a river, which generally is covered

u'ith green turf. Omnium riparian vestitus viridissinii. Cic. Littus,
snys Rasilius Faber, is understood of the ground along which the
waters
Jlow ; and Ripa of the lands that rise above it, so as not to be
covered
with wattv. Example* justify the above distinction. Oras ad Eurum
sequentibus nihil memorabile occurrit ; vasta omnia, vastis praecisa
montibus, rip 02 potius sunt quam littora. Pomp. Mela. Campoque
receptae liberioris aquae pro ripis littora pulsant. Ovid. Littus and
Ripa are said Loth of the sea and of rivers. Timebam littus insulae.
Cic. In littore fluminis Eurotae. Id. Ad quamdam magni fluminis
ripam. Id. rEquoris nigri fremitum, et trementes verbere ripas. Hor.
Grammarians observe that ripa is particularly said of rivers ; and
littus, of ths sea.
15*7. Lituus. Tuba. Cornu. Buccina. Classicum.
LITUUS, a clarion, a crooked trumpet (for cavalry} much like our

French horn. Multos castra juvaut, et lituo tubae permixtus sonitui.
Hor. TUBA, (jrom. tub us) properly a trumpet, a straight instrument
(for infantry} made of I:rus<:, wood, or horn. Clangorque tubarura.
Virg. CORNU, a cornet, a kind of trumpet no called because it teas
made at first of horn (corau) : although it was afterwards made of
brais, it retained its original name. Ilauco strepuerunt cornua cantu.
Virg. BUCCINA, (from bucca) a curved instrument, similar to, but
smaller than, our French horn. Cava buccina suraitur illi tortilis in
iatum, quae turbine crescit ab imo. Ovid. CLASSICUM ( from clas-
sis) is properly the sound or blast of the trumpet to call men
together.
Vocatis classico ad concionem militibus. Liv. Ilapta tuba ingenti
spiritu clas:-icum exorbus. pnctendit ad altcram ripam. Cres. // is
also said of the trumpet itself, as Serving affirms. Mecduni etiam au-
diera .'u.ssica. A
151-S. Lituus. Sceptrum.
LITUUS (synonymous with sceptrum) is the augur's crooked staff,

wherewith he used in his ijflce to quarter the heaven, llomuli lituus,
id est incu'rvum et leviter a summo inflexum bacillum. Cic. Ipse
Quirinuli iituo, pLivvaque sedebat succinct u^- tr;.!)t\:. Virg. Quid
li-
tuus i>t(j vest'jr, quod c'ari^siniuni ust insigne auguratus ? Cic.
fru::i -r'/.^Trruj, t;> lean on] a prince's or king's
scepire, l/ie mark of royalty or sovereign pownr. It is said of tliat

power
itself. Ante etiara sceptrum Dictu:i rcgis. Virg. Cei;- lôlus
arce, .ceptra tenens. Id. Sic nos in sccptra repoai.s ? Id. Et tua
Dardaniis transcribi sccptra colonis paticre. Id.
Locare. Conducere. Elocare. Locitare.
LOCAKE, ( from locus) proptrli/, to p'ace, to set or lay. Funda-

mcijtvi locaut alii. Virg. Figuratively : Benciiciuni locare apud gvu-
tos. Liv. Locare filiam. Ter. Locare relates a/to to cor.duci.Te ; /'/
thtn signifies, In let nut for rent, to bargain for the doing or
making of
a thing. Xcnonis Mencni, nobilis.'-iini honiinis, f'undus erat colono
locatus. Cic. Locarat opus faciendum nuixima pecunia. Id. CON-
DUCKIIE, (ducere cum) to conduct or bring along into the same place.
Quos ex Aquitania conduxerat. C;vs. Conducere cohortes dispersas
in una castra. Tuc. Conducere, relating to locare, signifies to hire,
363
to undertake to do a thing at a price. Coelius conduxit (Ionium in pa-

latio. Cic. lledeniptor qui columnani illam conduxcrat faciendam.
Id. Conducta pater tellure serebat. Virg. Possessor locat opus fa-
ciendum ; redemptor conducit. G D. LLGCARE, to remove, toput
out of place. Quiini cliara Judseorum gens Diis immortalibus esset
docuit, quod est victa, quod elocata, quod servata. Cic.- It also sig-
nifies, to let to hire. Fundum elocatum esse dicebat. Cic. LOCI-
TARE, (frequentative of locare) to let to farm, to lease out. Loci-
tavit ipsi agros. Ter. Paulum agelli quod locitas f'oras. Id.
1550. Locuii. Marsupium. Crumena.
LOCULI, (diminutive of locua) a purse, a little coffer, because there

were in tliem small partitions for the several coins. Demittere mini-
mum in loculos. Hor. Loculis quse custoditur eburnis gemma. Juv.
Suspensi loculos tabulan:que lacerto. Hor. This must be understood
of a purse wherein young men put their counters. MARSUPIUM, a
purse or bag to put money in. Potius inarsupiurn domini exinaniunt
quam replent. Varr. Exc-nterare marsupium. Plaut. Properly, to
pull out the guts <f a purse, i. e. to empty it. CRUMEXA, a kind of
sportsman's pouch., a big of leather u-orn about the neck, in which
people
put their money. Flic istam colioca crumenam in collo. Pteut. Et
mundus victus, non deficiente crumena. Hor.
1551. Longc. ProcuL Eminus.
L.ONGE, far from, denotes a determined distance, either of place or

of time. Longe a mari rus abest. Cic. Longe servet vestigia con-
jux, Virg , u'hich last sentence camiot le understood of a very great
distance, but of one relative to circumstances. Longe prospicere fu-
turos casus Reipubiicce. Cic. PROCUL sometimes signifies far off'.
Non procul, sed hie sunt. Cic. Procul est, ut credere poesis. Lu-
cret. Sometimes it stands for pres or pro ocalis : ih^n it signifies a
situation opposite, a position facing or over-axaintt, without any
regard
to a great or small distance. Postero die Perseus recn>:-i ingressus,
perturbato vultu in conspectu palris procul astitit, Liv., They were
conversing together. EMINUS, ((juasi c nianu) afar n{]', but at a cer-
tain distance, as, for example, within the reach of an arrow. Nee
eminus hastis, aut corainus gladiis uterentur. Cic. Sic quotidie
utrin-
que eminus fundis, sagittis, reliquisque telis pugnabatur. Caes. It
would be inr/iropt-r to snij emiuud obviaiM pvogrtdi : but longe
obviam
progredi is the proper expression.
1552. Longiludo. Longifiquitas.
LONGITUDO, length of time or place. Non longituuo itineris re-

tardavit. Cic. Immensitas latitudinum, longitudimmi, altitudinum.
Id. Noctis longitude. Id. Longitude orationis. id. LONGINQUI-
TAS, distance or remoteness of place ; long continuance and
lastingness
of time. Quo propter longinquitatem tardissirne omnia perf'eruntur.
Cic. Nihil est quod non longinquitas temporis efficere possit. Id.
Nimiii longiuquitate locorum commoveri. Id. Nondurn ex longin-
quitate gravissimi morbi recreatus est. Id.
1553. Longulus. Longiuseulus.
LONGULUS, (diminutive of longus) someivhat long. Longulum
364
sane iter, et via inepta. Cic. LONGIUSCULUS, (diminutive of lon-

gior) somewhat longer. Alternis versibus longiusculis esse, Cic., To
be composed of hexameter and pentameter verses.
1. ~>~>1-. Longus. Longinquus.
LONGUS, long, is said of lastingncss and extent. Nox longa quibus

somni cst pars nulla. Hor. Breve terapus setatis satis longum vi-
detur ad bene beateque vivendum. Cic. Longae naves. Liv. Epi-
stola longissima. Cic. LoKGINftuua generally denotes a far-distant
situation. Arvg longinqua. Virg. Exterus hostis atque longinquus.
Cic. Speaking of lasiingness, it expresses a time longer than longus
does. Longinquo morbo est impeditus. Liv. Longinqua oppug-
natio. Caes.
1555. Loquax. Garrulus. Ferbosus.
LOQL-AX, a loquacious person, a talkative one. Adolescentibus pauld

loquacioribus est serviendum. Cic. Senectus natura loquacior. Cic.
Figuratively : Loquaces lymphae, Ovid., Purling waters. Ranae lo-
quaces, Virg., Croaking frogs. Loquax epistola. Cic. Loquaces
vend. Lucret. GARRCLTS, (from garrire) twittering) chirping, as
birds. Hirundo garrula. Virg. Speaking <>j persons, it signifies gah-
lllng, a chatterer. Percontatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est.
Hor. Figuratively : Garrula infantise discipline, Cic., The prattling
of children. Rivus garrulus, Ovid., A purling or murmuring stream.
VERBOSUS, verbose, full of words. Habes epistolam verbosiorem
fortasse quam voles. Cic. Verbosa simulatio prudentise. Id. Leges
verbosae. Ovid. Loquax loquaci obloqui solet ; garrulus comniissa
tacere nequit ; verbosus pauca multis loquitur. G. D.
15,56. Loc/ucla. Lccuiio.
LOQCELA, the language, u'hat is said in speaking. Fallax loquela.

Cic. Fudit has ore loquelas. Virg. Suaves ex ore loquelas f'unde.
Lucret. LOCITIO, a speaking, the act of speaking. Locutio recta,
emendata, Latina. Cic. Graeca locutio. Id. LOQUACITAS, much,
talking. Loquacitati ignosces. Cic. Facit non loquacitas mea, tc'd
benevolentia longiores epistolas. Id. Accii loquacitas habet aliquid
argutiarum. Id.
1557. Loqui aliquid. Loqui de alifjud re.
LOQUI ALIQUID, to say something. Hand ignota loquor. Virg.

Saepiusque ista loquemur inter nos. Cic. LOQUI DE ALIQUA RE,
to speak of or about something. Nulla videbatur aptior persona, quss
de ilia aetate loqueretur. Cic.
1558. Loqui aliquem. Loqui cum aliquo. Loqui alicui.
LOQUI ALIQUBM, to name, to mention somebody. Quas muli

quos tu parasitos loqucris? Plaut. LOQUI CUM ALIQUO, to ta'.kor
converse with one. Cum Curione vehementcr locutus cst. Cic.
LOQUI ALICUI, to speak for, or against, some one. Pergin' hero ab-
rienti male loqui, impurissimc ? Ter. It also signifies to say
something
to somebody. Loquere mihi nomen tuuni. Plaut.
365
1559. Looui apud aliquem. Loaui ad aliquem.
TL/OCJUI APUD ALIQUEM, to speak in the presence of somebody. Mene

ergo et Triariuin dignum existimas, apud quos turpiter loquare ?
Cic. LOQUI AD ALIQUEM, to speak to one. Ad quern sic roseo
Thaumantias ore locuta est. Virg.
1560. Lorica. Thorax.
LORICA, a coat of mail, a breast-plate, a cuirass. Consertahamis

lorica. Virg. Descendi in campum cum ilia lata ingentique lorica,
non quae me tegeret .... sciebam enim Catilinam non latus aut
ven trem petere, &c, Cic. It is said of a parapet, or fence against
the
attacks of the enemy. Turres contabulantur, pinnse loricaeque ex
cratibus attexuntur. Caes. THORAX (Swpa.%) properly signifies the
inward part of the breast. Thoracem purgare. Plin. Thorax tussi
obnoxius. Cels. In the poets it is said of a breast-plate. Thoraca
simul cum pectore rupit. Virg.
1561. Lucrum. Qucestus. Compendium. Emolinnentum,
LUCRUM is generally said of an unexpected gain or profit. Quern

sors dierumcunque dabit, lucro appone. Hor. Quidquid praeter
spem eveniet, omne id deputabo in lucro. Ter. QUJESTUS, (quasi
quaesitus) is said of a gain sought after. Illiberales et sordidi
quac-
stus mercenariorum omnium. (AC. Alii emendi quaeetu et lucro du-
cuntur. Id. It would not be improper to say : Honestum esse potest
navatae operas lucrum ; sed omnis fere qusestus illiberalis est. G. D.
It may moreover be said that lucrum consists in a simple relation to
the
possession of interest. COMPENDIUM, (pendere cum) gain, profit got
by saving : it is opposed to dispendium, Duae res sunt quoe possunt
homines ad turpe compendium commovere, inopia, et avaritia. Cic.
Gives qui merces suppeditant cum quarstu compendioque. Id. Multi
leye compendium fraude maxima commutarunt. Id. Is omnino se
negat facturum compendii sui causa quod non liceat. Id. It is also
said of a short cut, or the nearest way. Ductus compendio iter facit.
Quint. Compendium vies quatridui deprehensum est. Plin. EMO-
I/UMENTUM (from mola) is properly the profit gotten by grist : it is
said of any kind of profit. Boni nullo emolumento impelluntur in
fraudem. Cic. Laus suscepta sine emolumento et praemio. Id. Plus
emolumenti quam detrimenti. Id.
i
1562. Lucrosus. Liter ativus. Qucestuosus.
LUCROSUS and LUCHATIVUS are said of gain or profit that offers

itself naturally ; with this difference, that the former implies a
much
ampler gain than the latter does. Neque erit ulla fraus vitae lucro-
sior. Plin. Cur mihi sit damno, tibi sit lucrosa voluptas. Ovid.
Lucrativa opera ad scribendum, Quint., Spare-time to employ ones
self in writing. QUJESTUOSUS (from quaerere) is said, 1. Of a man
eager after gainr Venio jam ad sumptuosos, relinquo istum qusestu-
osum. Cic. 2. Of a lucrative and gainful thing. Qusestuosa mer-
catura, fructuosa aratio dicitur. Cic. Scientifim habere quacstuosam.
Id. In this sense it implies a gain sought after.
1563. Luctari. Contender e.

LUCTARI, to wrestle, to exercise ones self in wrestling. Alii ve-
366
locitate ad cursum, alii viribus ad luctandum valent. Cic. Fulvu
luctantur arena. Virg. Figuratively : Non luctabor tecurn, Crasse,
amplius, Cic., I wilt not contend any longer with you. Quas luctan-
tem animam nexosque resolveret artus. Virg. CON*TENDEKK, (ten-
dere cum) synonymous ii'ith luctari, to labour, to strive very much.
Qui stadium currit, niti et contendere dcbct utvincat. Cic. It also
signifies to fight. Equestri praelio contendere. Ca?s. Figuratively :
Contra vim morbi contendere. Cic. Someti/iies il e.rftretses to com-
pare. Leges oportet contendere, cor.siderar.do utra lex ad niajores
pertineat. Cic. Nemo nostros annales cum eorum scripturA con-
tenderit. Tac.
156-k luctatio. Luctamen.
LUCTATIO, a wrestling. Cursus, pugillatio, luctatio. Cic. Figu-

ratively : Causa, in qua tibi rum Diodoro valente dialectico magmi
luctatio est. Cic. Tetra ibi luctatio erat, ut a lubrica glacie non
recipiente vestigium. Liv. LUCTAMEX is a poetical expression, never
used but in the figurative sense; struggling, resistance. Remo ut luc-
tamen abesset, Virg., So that no resistance should impede the motion
of the oars.
1565. Lucluosus. Lugubris.
Lucxuosus, (from luctus) sad, doleful, lamentalle. Victoria cru-

enta atque luctuosa. Cic. Luctuosum est tradi altevi cum bonis ;
luctuosius, inimico. Id. LUGUBRIS, lugubrious, expressing grief and
mourning. Cantus lugubres. Hor. Lugubris ovnatus. Cic. Carmen
et rebus, et verbis, et modis lugubre. Id.
1566. Ludere. J.udificari.
LUDERE, to play. Ludere par impar. Hor. Luder . Cic.
Figuratively j to mock. \"an;i spe lusit amantem. Virg. Ludere

dolis. Ter. Eumque lusi jocose sp.tis. Cic.' LUDIFICARI and
DIFICARE, (ludum tucerc) to clmu<e, to cheat, to dupe. Fessum Ro-
manum inipune ludiftcabatur. Tac. Aperte aliquem ludificari. Cic.
Pacis inorii Consulemludificabat. Sail. Ludificari locatior.em, Liv.,
A"o/ to fulfill a bargain made.
1567. Ltcdil'rium. Ludificatio.
LUDIBIIIUM, (/rowludere) a laughing-stock, a mockery, lllehaec

ludibria fortunae ne sua quid'jm putavit, qua? nos appellamus etiam
bona. Cic. Ludibrio crant minze Tribuni. Id. LUDIFICATIO, the
act of deceiving, of cheating. Ne nihil actum cer. ta prope
acstate perludiHcationem hostis. Liv. Ignari ludificationis. Id.
1568. lues. Sanies. Talum. Tabes. Pus.
LUES, ( from .lucre) corru/.tion. Miscrandac r

que satisque luus. ^
Trag. Figuratively: Ut eos ludos Iiccc lues impura ; , Cic.
\NIES, matter coming out oj re, corrupt or filthy
Hood. Sai.iu taboqu'j fluent^ . '.. atis tabi ,ican.

TABUM, corrupt black gore, foul blood. Turpi di:
tabo. Virg. Atro flucntia ora tubo. Id. TABES, a poison that under-
mines, corrodes, an liquitur. Ovid. .'Egri-
tudo liabct tubem, cruciatuni, &c. lie. Figinalivefy : Tabes pic-
367
rosque civiuni animos invaserat. Sail. Tabes fori pecuniam advo-

catis fert, Ter., The love of going to laic Jills up the lawyer's
pocket.
Fluentem tabem liquescentis nivis ingredicbantur. Liv. In the above
example, tabes is taken for the thing itself dissolved. Sanies, snys
Celsus, varie crassa et glutinosa et colorata : pus crassissimum,
albi-
dissimuraque, glutinosius sanie. Sanies est inter utrumque tempus
vulneris recentis, aut jam sanescentis ; pus ex ulcere jam ad sani-
tatem spectante. Movere pus, Gels., To cause the evacuation o/pus.
Pus, in Horace, is figuratively used to express the poison of back-
biting and slander. Sanies ater sanguis ; tabum, liquor putridus.
1569. Lumbi. Renes.
LUMBI, loins, the inferior part of the tack, composed of Jive verfe-
Ircc, and of the flesh fastened to them. Lumborum tenus. Cic. Lum-
bos infringere. Hor. JNIulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno
fuste dolat. Id. RENES, ( jrom p/w, fluo) the reins, intestines, the
chief use of which is to receire and filter the serosities of the
blood pass-
ing into the bladder. Humores qui ex renibus vesicaque profundun-
tur. Cic. E renibus laborare. Id. It is said of the lower end of the
back-lone and adjoining parts. Cum latus aut renes morbo tentantur
acuto. Hor.
1570. Lumen. Lux. Jular.
Although lumen and lux seem sometimes used indiscriminately, in

general it may be said that lumen is the cause of, or what gives the
light. When u'e say : Bring me a light, we mean that a lighted candle
shall be brought to us. Phcedrus, after saying Dum quserunt lumen,
adds lucerna allata simul aspexit filium. Virgil likewise : Urit odo-
ratam nocturna ad lumina cedrum, ; in which case lucem would be
improper. The same remark stands good in the figurative sense : Ma-
jorum nobilitas lumen est, quod virtutes et vitia illustrat. Sail. Lux
would not be proper. Vos in tantis tenebris erroris et inscientia?
cla-
rissimum lumen praetulistis menti mea?. Cic. Ordo memorise lumen
afiert. Id. Lux lumenque vitas ratio, Id., Reason is the ornament
and light of life. Sol et luna, duo lumina mundi. Id. Morientia
lumina, Ovid., Dying eyes, which is said poetically. Lux, light, day-
light. Hasc scripsi ante lucem. Cic. Luce, non tenebris. Id. Lu-
men and luruine would not be so well. Centesima lux est hsec abin-
teritu Cioclii, et, opinor, altera. Id. Virgil says nearly in t'ue
same
sense: Vix lumine quarto Italiam prospexi. And Cicero: Si te lu-
raine secundo offenclero. Luce would however present another sense.
Lux, in ajigurative sense, signifies splendour, glory. Tantam unius
-hominis iticredibilis ac divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem
alFerre
Reipublicre potuit ? Cic. Haec urbs lux orbis terrarum. Id. Lumen
would present another sense. Servius says, In lumine est splendor,
sed cum fumo ; in luce, solus splendor : but this is an unfounded di-
stinction. JUBAR, (from juba, because mane sol quasi radiorum juba
cinctus est) brightness, radiation. It portis jubare exorto Trojana
juventus. Virg. Ab sequoreis nitidum jubar exerit undis lucifer.
Ovid. It is only used in poetry.
1571. Luminosus. Lucidus. Perlucidus. Luciferus.
LUMINOSUS, luminoux, full of light. Turn sunt maxime luminosas
368
ct quasi actuosac partes duae orationis, Cic., which is a metaphor

drawn from the art of painting, in u-luch lumen is in opposition to
umbra. LUCIDUS, clear, bright, glittering, Domus lucidior, Ovid.,
y^ house provided with, plenty of light. Lucida gemma, Id., A spar-
kling precious stone. Lucida sidcra. Hor. Figuratively : Lucidus
ordo. Hor. PERLLCIDUS, (lucidus per) diaphanous, transparent.
Membranae oculorum perlucidye. Cic. It is also taken for valde lu-
cidus. Stella illustris et perlucida. Cic. Figuratively: Arcani fides
prodiga perlucidior vitro. Hor. LUCIFEUUS, (lucem ferens) that
brings light. Luciferos cum Dea jungit equos. Ovid Denaque luci-
feros luna monebat equos. Id.
1572. Lunaris. Lunatus.
LUNARIS, of or pertaining to the moon. Lunaris cursus. Cic.

Equi lunares. Ovid. LUXATUS, made like the crescent of the moon.
Fceminea exultant lunatis agmina peltis. Virg. Juvenci nondum
lunata fronte, Stat., Young bulls that have not yet got horns. Cauda
lunata delphinorum. Sen.
l'-)1. Lupinus. Lupatus.
LUPINUS, of a wolf. Quern inauratum in Capitolio parvum at-

que lactentem uberibus lupiais inhiantem fuisse uieministis. Cic.
LUPATUS, armed withwoif's teeth, in the form of the teeth of a wolf,
Iridled with a sharp bit. Gallica nee lupatis temperet ora fraenis.
Hor.
1674. Luridus. Lividus. Pallidus.
LUUIDUS, uncommonly pale, ghastly. Pallor luriclus. Ovid. Pelle

lurida amicta ossa. Hor. LIVIDUS, (from liveo) livid, liaek and
Hue owing to bruises. Ora livida facta digitis. Ovid Livida gestat
armis brachia. Hor. Figuratively : envious, spiteful. Lividus et mor-
dax. Hor. Obliviones lividae. Id. PALLIDUS, pale, wan. Pallidior
ccra. Ovid. Ora pallida fame. Virg. Aurora pallida. Id.
1575. lustra/is. Luslricus.
LUSTRALIS, (from lustrare) used in purifications, expiatory. Aqua

lustralis, Ovid., Luslral water, used l:y the Heathens before they en-
tered their temples, and which was sprinkled over the assembly. Lus-
trale sacrificium, i.iv., A purging sacrifice. LusTRICUS, of purifi-
cation, purifying. Lustricus dies, Suet., The day when children of
the Heathens were named, and in which purifying sacrifices were
offered.
Ejusdem future infelicitatis signum evidens die lustrico apparuit.
Cic. slmong'it Christians aqua lustralis may be said of the holy
water;
and lustricus dies may be called the christening day.
1576. Lustrum. Olympius.
LUSTRUM was a space of Jive years, (from lustrare, to review) be-

cause every fifth year the ccn the review of the army, and
numbered t lie people. It also u"is a ceremony of purgation of the
cili/
by sacrijices every fifth year. Ut qui prima novo signal quinquennia
lustro. .Mart. Octavum lustrum, Ilor.. A space nf forty years.
Cum. ;.u et Equitus in Caiiipum Martium convocati, sue,
is immolabant, quod lustrum est cVerum : sieque a
:icioillo census obtinuit nomcn. Liv. OLYMIMAS, an Olympiad,
869
a space of four whole years, that elapsed from one celelration of the
Olympic games to the next celebration of the same. As lustrum among
the Romant was the same as Olympias among the Greeks, except that
it was one year longer, Olympias was used instead of lustrum, by
adding quinquennis. In Scythisl nobis quinqaennis Olympias acta
eet. Ovid.
1577. Luteus. Lutulenlus.
LUTEUS, made of mud. Vasa lutea. Cic. Luteus paries, Id., A

mud-wall. Ignotaque prodit hirundo, et luteum celaa sub trabe fin-
git opus. Ovid. Figuratively : Luteus homo, Plaut., A sorry fellow.
Luteum negotium, Cic., A sorry commodity, a poor ware. LUTU-
JLENTUS, miry, dirty, muddy. Lutulentus sus. Cic. Amnis lutu-
lentus. Ovid. Figuratively : Fauci ista tua vitia lutulenta novera-
mus. Cic.
1578. Luxuria. Luxus.
LUXURIA and Luxuries, over-abundance, superfluity. Luxuriara

segetum tenera depascit in herba. Virg. In ejus oratione, ut in
herbis rustici solent dicere, ineat luxuries quaedam, quae stylo de-
pascenda est. Cic. // is said of tumptuousness and magnificence. Odit
populus Romanus privatam luxuriam, publicam magnificentiam di-
ligit. Lhr. In urbe luxuries creatur, ex luxuria avaritia. Cic. It
is also said of dissoluteness and corruption of manners. Turpe est
dif-
fluere luxuria. Cic. Luxus, projuseness in dress, household goods,
eating, &c. Dornus regali splendida luxu. Virg. Regifico luxu pa-
ratee epulae. Id. It is said of dissoluteness of manners. Adolescens
luxu perditus. Ter.
1579. Luxurioius. Libidinosus.
LUXURIOSUS, in its proper sense, high-growing, luxuriant. Seges

luxuriosa. Ovid. Frumenta luxuriosa. Cic. Luxuriosa pabula pin-
guis soli non semper indicium habent. Plin. Figuratively : 1. Prodi-
gal, wasteful. Ut in s-uis rebus, ita in Republica luxuriosus nepos,
qui prius sylvas vendat quam vineas. Cic. 2. Excessive, extravagant.
Patribus nimis luxuriosa ea fuit laetitia, Cic., Ike Senate gave them-
selvet up to excessive and extravagant joy. 3. Of lewd and licentious
manners. Luxuriosi reprehendendi sunt ob earn ipsam causam, quod
ita vivunt, ut persequantur cuj usque raodi voluptates. Cic. LIBI-
DINOSUS, ( from libet) 1. Capricioui. Libidinosae sententiae, Cic.,
Advice given in an arbitrary and capricious way. 2. Lustful, lascivi-
ous, given up to letvdness. Libidinosa et interaperans adolescentia
eft'cetum corpus tradit senectuti. Cic. Nihil isto scitote esse luxu-
riosius, nihil libidinosins. Id. Libidinosissima mulier. Id.
1580. lycceus. Lupercal.
LYCÛS, (from AUXO$, a wolf) a mountain in Arcadia, consecrated

to the Gods Pan and Faunus, whereon wolves were in great numbers.
Lycaei gelidi saxa. Virg. Pan Lycaeus. Ovid. Faunus Lycaeus.
Id. The feasts celebrated in honour of these two gods were called
Lycaea. LUPERCAL, (quasi luposarcens) a place under mount Pala-
tine, consecrated to Pan. Locus ille lupercal magnadati nutrix prae-
mia lactis habet. Ovid. They called Lupercalia the feasts celebrated
in honour of Pan by the shepherds, thai he might preserve their
flocks,
from the wolves.
2B
370
1.581. Macellum. Forum. Emporium. Vdalrum.
MACELLUM, a market-place where nil sorts of eatalles are sold. Ad

macellum ubi advenimus, concurrunt laeti mi obviam cupedinarii
omnes, lartores, coqui, piscatores, aucupcs. Ter. An..ona in ma-
cello cara. Cic. FORUM, ( from ferrc) a market-place where all sorts
of commodities are sold. Forum boarium. Liv. Forum rerum ve-
iialium totius regni maximc celebratum. Sail. EMPORIUM, (from
. y,7t'jp-j:, to traffic) a place of commerce, it especially said of a
port or
town resorted to ly merchants. Cum per emporium Putealanorum
iterfacerem. Cic. Thespiensium emporium. JLiv. VELABRUM was
a low place in Rome, near mount sivenline. It was laid under water
when the Tiler overflowed; in which case carriages were necessary to
cross the place ; whence it got the jiamc of velabrum, a diminutive of
vehiculum, from vehere. It was Jilted with shops and tooths for the
sale of oils, perfumes, &c. Quasi in velabro olcarii. Plaut. Qua ve-
labra suo stagnabant flumine. Propert. Tarquin put an end to those
inundations ly means of well-arched subterraneous conduits. Others
derive velabrum from velum, because the shops erected there were co-
vered with sail-cloth. Cum velabro omue macellum mane doraura
veniant. Hor.
1.082. Machina. Machinatio.
MACHIXA, (from ^yâ.yr^ a machine) a machine, any engine for

moving, drawing, lifting, (railing, darting or flinging a thing. Co-
lumnae machina apposita dejecta?, eisdem lapidibus repositac sunt.
Cic. Torquet nunc lapidem, nunc ingens machina tignum. Hor.
Belli machina. Virg. Figuratively : Omnes adhibebo machinas ad
tenendum adolescentem. Cic. MACHIXATIO, the act of erecting
machines. Cum machinations quudam aliquid moveri videamus, ut
sphaTam, horas, &c. Cic. Irnpensa magna eget in machiaationes et
tormenta. Liv. Figitrottvfty : a device, machination, or artijice.
Qui-
busdam bestiis etiam machinatio qua?dam atque solertia datacst, ut
in araneis, &c. Cic.
1583. Mactare. Immolare.
MACTARE, (from magis auctare, frequentative of augere) pro-

perly, to augment, to accumulate. Mactare aliqucm honoribus, Cic.,
To heap honours upon one. ft generally ssignijii'a to sacrifice, l-
ccanse
wine and incense were put on the head of the victim previous to its
leing
slain. Mactant de more bidentcs. Virg. "Xonnc hunc in vincula
duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio mactari iaiperabis?
Cic. Mactare orco, Liv., To ofj'er a saciijice to Pluto.
Figuratively :
Mactare aliquem ultioni et gloria;. Tac. IMMOLARK (jrom mola)
does not signify to slay a victim ; but to sprinkle its heed with
barley-
Jiour and salt before it was slaughtered, which was called mola. Hence
immolarc is used to signify slaying. Immolare' host ias. C'io. Immo-
lare is never used in a figurative sense by good authors ; it would
ie,
for example, a barbarism to say immolare aliquem ultioni suae. G. D.
371
1584*. Made. Euge.
MACTE, (quasi magis aucte) cheer up! It is a vocative case.

Macte, vir virtute esto. Cic. Macte animi. Mart. EUGE, (soys)
well and good, well done. Euge, corpulentior videre, atque agilior.
Plaut. Euge, jam lepidus vocor. Ter.
1585. Madere. Madescere.
MADERE, to be wet, to be moist. Vela madent. Ovid. Madebant

parietes. Cic. Figuratively : Quanquam Socraticis madet sermoni-
bus. Hor. MADESCERE, to groiv wet or moist. Tellus madescit
nubibus. Ovid. Largis turn irabribus ora madescunt. Claud.
1586. Magis. Amplius. Plus.
These three words are equally comparatives, denoting superiority ;

with this difference, that magis has a reference to the quality of
things.
Nihil videtur nee magis compositum quicquam, nee magis elegans.
Cic. In the above example plus or amplius elegans would be improper.
Nihil huic addi potest, quo magis virtus sit. Id. O tu magis id di-
ceres, si nuper in hortis Scipionis adfuisses. Id. AMPLIUS is used
in relation to duration, extent, and quantity. Noctem non amplius
unam falle dolo. Virg. Amplius sunt sex menses. Cic. Millibus
amplius quingentis in longum patet. Id. Facite quodlibet ; daturus
non sum amplius. Id. Magis would not do in the above examples.
PLUS relates to number. Plus decem ancillas secum adduxit. Ter.
Nunquam Romae plus triduo fuit. Cic. Amplius would not be amiss
in the two foregoing examples. Plus is also employed in the sense of
magis. Saepe virtus plus proficit quam humilitas. Cic. Cave putes
hoc tempera plus me quemquam cruciari, quod, &c. Id.
1587. Magnificentia. Pompa.
MAGNIFICKNTIA, (from magnus and facere) magnificence, gran-

deur. Magnificentia est rerum magnarum et excelsarum cum animi
ampla quadam et splendida propositione agitatio atque administra-
tio. Cic. Magnificentia aedium regiarum. Id. Magnificentia et
sumptus epularum. Id. Magnificentia verborum. Id. POMPA,
( from TTopTn), pomp} a solemn sight or show. It is properly and espe-
cially said of what is going on by way of procession, as a funeral
pro-
cession, a triumph, &c. Socrates in pompa cum magna vis auri ar-
gentique ferretur, quam multa non desidero, iuquit. Cic. Spolia-
tum exequiis et pompa cadaver. Id.
1588. Magnitude. Amplitude. Majestas.
MAGNITUDO is said of any sort of greatness. Magnitude mundi.

Cic. Magnitude seris alieni. Id. Magnitude fructuum. Id. Mag-
nitude animi. Id. Magnitude tuorum erga me meritorum. Id. Odii
magnitude. Id. AMPLITUDO is particularly said of extent. Ampli-
tude maris. Cic. Amplitude corporis. Plin. Amplitude urbis. Id.
Figuratively .- Amplitude est potential aut majestatis aut aliquarum
rerum abundantia. Cic. In quo summa auctoritas est atque ampli-
tude. Id. Nominis amplitude, Id., The splendour of his name.
MAJESTAS, majesty, it said of what has in itself somethi?ig noble and
grand. Majestas loci. Liv. Majestas judicum. Cic. Majestas divinas
2B2
372
solertiae. Id. Sed neque parvum carmen majestas recipit tua. Hor.
Majestas, says Doletus, vulgo est omnis amplitude et dignitas vel
Principis, vel Imperatorum, vel Populi, vel Senatus, transferturque
nonnunquam ad alia; nam et in oratione majestatem vocamus pro
gravitate quadam gestus et oris constantia, ut apud Ciceronera.
Quanta illi fuit gravitas, quanta in oratione majestas !
1589. Magnus. Ingens. Grandis. Ampins. Procerus. Vastus.

Enormis.
MAGNUS expresses in general any sort of greatness. Magnus acer-

vus. Cic. Magnum ingenium. Id. Magnum agmen. Virg. Magnus
amicus. Cic. INGE\S rises above the signification of magnus, and ex-
presses an extraordinary greatness. Maxima quae vidit quisque ingen-
tia fingit. Ovid. Magnas vero agere gratias mihi ? ingentes. Ter.
Satis erat, says Cicero, respondere magnas, ingentes inquit ; semper
auget assentatio id quod is, cujus ad voluntatem dicitur, vult esse
magnum.- Corpus ingens expresses more than magnum corpus. In-
gens is also said of the qualities of the sou'. In this meaning Horace
says ingentem Antiochum; and Ovid, ingenti nupta marito, speaking
of the emperor Augustus, who, as Suetonius says, erat statura brevi.
GRANDIS (from gradior, to advance, or ascend) is said of greatness,
both in the proper and figurative sense. Grandem pecuniam alicui cre-
dere. Cic. Patella grandis. Id. Grandis adolescens. Id. Grandis
causidicus. Id. Grandia verba. Id. Grande forunt cum damno de-
decus. Hor. From grandis originates our word grand. AMPLUS is
said of extent. Civitas ampla. Cic. Theatrum magnitudine amplis-
simum. Cic. Figuratively: Homines ampli, Cic., Great men, distin-
guished by their merit or dignities. Ampla familia, Id., An
illustrious
family. Amplis honoribus aucti. Hor. PROCERUS, very high or tall,
very long. Alni procerae. Virg. Procerissima populus. Cic. Proceri
passus, Lucret., Long steps. Procerior numerus, Cic., A greater
number. VASTUS, vast, huge. Belluavasta et immanis. Cic. Hiatu
vasto immanis spelunca. Virg. Vastus homo, Cic., A giant, a man of
an uncommon size. Vastus animus, Sail., A mind vast in its desires,
extravagant in its designs and hopes. ENORMIS, (from e an^norma)
exceedingly great, enormous. Enormes gladii. Tac. Enormes colossi.
Stat.
1590. Major. Major natu. Grandis nalu.
Cicero tires simply majorybr the eldest. Quern ego ut fratrem ma-
jorem verebar. Cic. Balbus major, et Balbus minor. Id. MAJOR
NATU, more advanced in years. Aliquot annis major natu, Cic., Older
ly a few years. Qui fuit major natu quam Plautus. Id. GRANDIS
NATU, very old. Grandes natu matres occurrebant. Cic. Non ad-
modum grandis natu, sed tamen aetate provectior. Id.
1591. Malignus. Maliciosus.
MALIGNUS, (quasi male genitus) malignant. Oculis malignis spec-

tare. Ovid. Maligna insontem deprimit suspicio. Phacd. It also sig-
nifiet niggardly , sparing. In this sense ftrgilsays colles maligni,
hills
of small produce ; maligna lux, a dim light : and Martial, tepet igne
maligno hie locus. // is opposed to benignus, liberal, abundant. Livy
says in the like sense: In auro vero. . . . qua? malignitas ! Why
should
they lie refused the use of gold ? Quintilian says also : In laudandis
dis-
- 373
cipulorum lectionibus nee malignus, nee efFusus.-MALicipsus, ma-

licious. Hoc non est aperti et ingenui, versuti petiiis et malitiosi.
Cic.
Malitiosa juris interpretatio, Cic., A wrested and crafty
interpretation
of the law. Nolim quicquam agere cum maligno, quodiniquus, illi-
beralis et invidus sit ; cum malitioso, quod fraudes et fallacias ad
no-
cendum struat. G. D.
1592. Malitia. Nequitia. Malevolentia.
MALITIA, malice, wickedness, is the effect of reflection, of cool

deli-
leration. Malitia, versuta et fallax nocendi ratio. Cic. Malitia est
mala calliditas. Id. Ad omnem malitiam mentem suam versare. Id.
Prudentiam malitia imitatur. Id. Malitia perversitatem sonat, cum
quis data opera male agit. Erasm. NEQUITIA, licentiousness, disso.^
luteness. Ad nequitiam abducere, Plaut., To seduce into
licentiousness.
Nequitia est quae te non sink esse senem, Ovid., // is your wanton
dissoluteness that shortens your days. MALEVOLENTIA, .(male velle)
ill-will, ill-nature. Malevolentia est voluptas ex malo alterius sine
emolumento. Cic. Nullain caeteros malevolentia suffusus. Id. Longe
abhorret a nequitia modestus et temperans ; versuti et perfidi est
malitia; invidum arguit malevolentia. G. D.
1593. Malum. Miseria.
MALUM, evil, misfortune, torment. Nullum est magnum malum

praeter culpam. Cic. Omne malum nascens facile opprimitur. Id. Et
quod malum est, quod in mea calamitate non sit ? Id. Non potest
sine malo fateri, video, Ter., / see that he will not confess any
thing
without being beaten into it. MISERIA, misery, wretchedness. In mi-
seria esse, Cic., To be in distress and misery : whereas in malis
esse,
Cic., signifies to be in trouble, pain, or danger. Ubi est virtus, ibi
mi-
seria esse non potest. Id. In meis miseriis aliquam ferte opem. Id.
In malis would present another idea.
1594. Manure. Labi. Fluere.
MAN A RE denotes a slower and less abundant flowing, emitting a mat-

ter somewhat less fluid; LABI, a more easy flowing; FLUERE, a quicker
and more rapid flowing. Sudor ad imos manabat talos. Hor. Ae'r
per maria manat. Cic. Figuratively : Manat rwmor. Cic. Manabat
illud malum Id. Ingenium vena quod paupere manat. Ovid. In the
above examples fluit find fluebat would be improper. Labi in proclive.
Cic. Figuratively : Labuntur anni. Hor. Anna fluunt de manibus.
Cic. In the foregoing example manant would not do, because manare,
amongst other things, implies a continuity of flowing. Manare luxuria
would be an improper substitute for fluere, because manare expresses a
flowing much too slow to agree with luxuria, which rather conveys the
idea of a torrent ; instead of which we very properly say fluere luxu,
mollitia.
1595. Mandare. Jubere. Imperare. Prcecipere.
MANDARE, (quasi manu dare) to give one orders, to commit a thing

to one's charge. Nihil tibi mando nominatim, ged totum tuo amori
fideique committo. Cic. Cuidam servulo cum mandaret. Phaed. Fi-
guratively: Mandare memoria?,animis,immortalitati. Cic. JUBERE,
to bid, to enjoin, expresses the will or desire of him who bids or
enjoins.
Jubere dicere. Cic. Jubere legem, tributa. Id. (Esse is understood.)
374
Jubere is not only an expression denoting authority ; it also

expresses
to advise, to exhort, to wish, in the following and the like
expressions :
Salvuiu esse tc jubeo. Cic. Tuae litterce recte sperare jubent. Id.
Salvere Hegionem plurimum jubeo, Ter., Your servant, Hegio. Ju-
bere alicui w far from elegant in Latin, although Claudian has said
Grains Hispanisque jubet. IMPERARE more forcibly expresses the ex-
ercise of authority ; to command as one having the mastery. Qui bene
imperat, paruerit aliquando necesse est ; et qui modeste paret, vide-
tur qui aliquando imperet dignus esse. Cic. Imperavit f rumentum,
et alia quae bello usui forent. Sail. Jubeo, cogo et impero. Ter. In
hoc negotio nulla tua, nisi loqucndi cura est, hoc est, imperandi et
mandandi. Cic. One may command one's self: Imperavi niihimet as-
sentari omnia. Ter. PRÊCIPERE, (capere pras) to take first, either
lefore another, or before the lime. Praecipias licet gaudia, omnes te
Dn oderunt. Cic. Et spe jam praecipit hostem. Virg. It signifies, to
teach in the manner it ought to be done; it implies an instruction
given
ly ^superior. Prsecipe lugubres cantus, Melpomene. Hor. Illud
potius praecipiendum fuit, ut diligentiam adhiberenms. Cic.
1596. Mane. Diluculo.
MANE (from the obsolete manus, sweet to the eye, clear,) includes
the whole of the morning, in the morning. Bene mane heri scripsi.
Cic. Mane totum stertis. Hor. Hodiemane. Cic. A mane usque
ad vesperam. Plaut. DILUCULO, (from dilucere, to begin to shine
'irough darkness) at break of day, very early in the morning. Cum
ante lucem surrexissem, veni diluculo ad pontem Tiretium. Cic.
1597. Manere. Remanere. Commorari. Habitare.
MANERE, to tarry in a place during the night : the Latins called the
places where one lies upon a journey mansiones. In Mamurrharum urbe
manemus. /'"race had only been therefor one night. Multis in locis
tectum quidt-m accipio, et in tabernaculo plerumque manco. Cic.

Figuratively : Manere in officio. Cic. Hoc in causi maneat. Id. Let
this point be irrevocably determined. Manere is used actively, in
which
case it signifies to wait for. Quern hie manes? Ter. Manet te gloria.
Virg. KEMANERE, (retro manere) to tarry behind, after, li qui per
valetu,dinis causam remanserant. Caes. Figuratively: Reman en t ani-
mi post mortem. Cic. Kemanet amicus in rebus duris. COMMO-
RARI, ( from mora) to sojourn, to be in a place for some time. HABI-
TARE, to inhabit, to dwell for a constancy. Jta discedo tanquam ex
hospitio, non tanquam ex domo : commorandi enim natura diverso-
rium nobis, non habitandi dedit. Cic. Figuratively : Mea ratio luce
in dicendo esse solet, ut boni quod hubet id amplcctar, exornem, ex-
aggerem, ibi commorer, ibi habitem, ibi hacream. Cic.
1598. Mango. Venalilius.
MANGO, (from ju-ayoj, praestigiator) a buyer and seller of slaves,

who pampered and painted them to set them oj}' and sell them the
dearer.
Mangones suntqui colorem fuco, et verum robur inani sagina men-
tiuntur. Quint. Multa fidem promissa levant, ut plenius a>quo laudat
venales qui vult extrudere merces. . . . nemo hoc mangonum facerct
tibi. Hor. YENALITIUS, (from venire, to be sold) one dealing in
slaves. Divitiae quibus omnes Africanos multi venalitii, mercato-

resque superaruht. Cic.
1599. Manipularis. Manipularius.
MANIPULAHIS, (from manipulus) of the same band, of the same

company. Addo etiam manipulares ex legione alaudarum. Cic. Ma-
nipulares tres sues nactus, Caes., Having met with three of his com-
rades. Manipulares judices, Cic., Judges chosen out of the soldiers.
It
is said figuratively of petty judges. MANIPULARIUS, of or belonging
to a common soldier. Caligula? cognomen castrensi joco traxit, quia
manipulario habitu inter milites educabatur. Suet.
1600. Mantile. Mappa.
Mantile, (from mauus and tela) a hand-towel. Dant manibus fa-

muli lymphas. . . . tonsisque ferunt mantiliavillis. Virg. According
to
Vossius, in his Look of etymology, mantilia differ from mappae in
this,
thai mantilia, besides being ustd in wiping the hands, were a housed
for
table-cloths., in which latter sense mantile seems employed by
Martial.
Mantile e mensa surripit Hermogenes. Mart. MAPPA, a table nap-
kin, was only used to ivipe the hands, and never as a table-cloth. Ne
sor-
tlida mappa corruget nares. Hor. Risum compescere mappa. Id.
The mantile was provided by the master of the house ; but it was cus-
tomary amongst the ancients for each of the quests to bring with them
their mappa. Attulerat mappam nemo, dum f'urta tiraentur. Mart.
1601. Manulifs. Prceda. Spolium. Exuvice.
MANUBi-ffi (from manus) is said, 1. Of the spoils made upon the

enemy. Ex manubiarum venditione. Cic. 2. Of the money for which
the spoils were sold. Manubiae sunt non prasda, sed pecunia per Quae-
storem populi Romani ex praeda vendita contracta. Gell. Manubise,
understood of spoils, differs from PRJEDA in this, that the former is
said of
the effects taken from the enemy; insleaa'ofwhichpracdasignifiesall
sort of
pillage and plunder in war by open force. Dubitamus quid iste in hos-
tiurn prasda molitus sit, qui manubias tantas ex Metelli manubiis sibi
fecerit? Cic. Quse ex praeda aut manubiis est abs te
donatioconstituta.
Id. Spe praedaa adduci. Id. Maximos quasstus praedasque fecit.'ld.
SPOLIUM, spoil taken from the enemy, is properly said of the armour.
Si spoliorum causa vis hominem occidere. Cic. Spoliis laudabor opi-
mis. Virg. Opima spolia were the spoils which a Roman general had
taken from the general of the enemy, after having killed him icith his
own hands in battle. Ea rite opima spolia habentur, quse dux duci
detraxit. Liv. Spolia in Êde Jovis Feretrii prope Romuli spolia,
quae prima appellata opima sola ea tenipestate erant, cum solemn!
dedicatione dono fixit. Liv. It is taken in a moie general sense. Ali-
orumspoliis suas opes augere. Cic. EXUVIAE, (from exuere) spoils
taken from an enemy. Qui redit exuvias indutus Achillis. Virg. Ex-
uviae leonis. Id. Cum hunc locum Majores nostri exuviis nauticis, et
classium spoliis ornatum reliquissent. Cic. Spolia includes the acces-
sory idea of Jorce, violence, or pillage, which exuviae does not. .
1602. Manus. Palma. Pugnus.
MANUS, the ha?id. Natura dedit homini manus aptas et multarum

artium ministras. Cic. PALMA, the palm of the hand. Duabuspal-
376
mis hausta aqua. Ovid. Is cum palam annul! ad palmam converte-

rat, a nullo videbatur. Cic. // is said of a palm-tree. Agrestium pal-
inarum multitudo in Sicilia. It was the token of victory. Plurimarum
palmarum homo, Cic., A man who has gained many victories. PUG-
NUS, the fist, the hand shut close. Comprimere digitos, pugnumque
facere. Cic. Pugnos ferre, Id., To be cuffed.
1603. Mare. JEouor. Pontus. Pelagus. Fretum. Salum.

MARE, the sea, that vast expanse of water which covers a great part
of the earth. TerrS marique aliquem conquirere.Cic. .EquoR, (from
sequus) any plain or level surface. Babylonii in camporum patentium
aequoribus habitant. Liv. Quid tarn planum videtur, quam mare? ex
quo etiam aequor illud poetas vacant. Cic. Per aperta volans (equus),
ceu liber habenis aequora. Virg. Êquora ponti signa dabant. Id.
PONTUS, a god of the sea, older than Neptune. Pontus united himself
to Tellus, his mother, and became father of Nereus. It is said of the
sea.
Gurges ponti. Cic. Hyems aspera ponti. Virg. // is properly the part
extending from the Palus Maeolides to the island of Tenedos. Pontus
Euxinus. Cic. PELAGUS, the depth of the sea, the main sea. Prona
petit maria, et pelago decurrit aperto. Virg. Ut pelagus tenuere
rates. Id. FRETUM, (ab undarum fremitu) streights, a narrow sea
between two lands. Fretum, say the grammarians, est mare naturali-
ter mobile. Disjuncti freto ab Italia. Cic. Our English word frith
is derived from fretum. SALUM, (from sal, or <ra\vu, to agitate) an
agitated sea. Nee tam aerumnoso navigassem salo. Cic. Spumante
salo fit sonitus. Virg. Salum is also used to express salt water.
1604. Margo. Ora. Crepido.
MARGO, the brink or bank of any water, the margin in writing or

printing. In margine ripae. Ovid. Margines lapidei fluminis. Varr.
Juvenal makes it of the feminine gender. Plena jam margine libri. Juv.
ORA, a l-order, a coast, the sea-coast. Urbes quae in ora Asiae sitae
sunt. C. Nep. Infinitas regiones, quarum nulla esset ora, nulla ex-
tremitas, peragravit. Cic. Ora denotes a greater extent than margo.
We say ora togas, the border of a gown, in wnich case margo would be
improper. Figuratively : Et mecum ingentes oros evolvite belli. Virg.,
i. e. the beginning, progress, and end of the war. Ora is also said of
the rope which fastens a. ship to the shore. Vix diim omnes conscen-
derant, cum alii resolutis oris in anchoras evehuntur ; alii, ne quid
teneat, anchoralia incidunt. Liv. CREPIDO, the kty or quay of a ri-
ver, a creek-stone, t>r bank whereon the water beats. Crepido urbis.
Cic.
Crepido portus. Q. Curt. Forte ratis, celsi conjunctacrepidine saxi,
expositis stabat scalis et ponte parato. Virg.
1605. Marinus. Maritimus.
MARINUS, (from mare) of or belonging to the sea. Astra quae ma-

rinis terrenisque humoribus aluntur. Cic. Conchae marinae. Ovid.
Fremitus marinus. Virg. MARITIMUS, maritime, near or adjoining
to the sea. Bellum maritimum. Cic. Loci, homines maritimi. Id. Im-
perium maritimum. C. Nep. Marini et maritimi rcstus. Cic. Mari-
nus cst ex ipso mari; maritimus vero est proximus maris. G. D.
1606. Masculut. Masculinus.

MASCULUS, (from mas) male, manly. Proles mascula. Hor. Pedc
377
mascula Sappho, Id., Sappho that composed in sounding and manly

numbers. MASCULINUS, of the male kind, masculine. Masculinum
genus. Quint. Ilapum masculinum, et foemininum. Plin.
1607. Mater. Genitrix. Materfamilias.
MATEH, a mother, is said (if a female who brings forth, and of her
who is a foster-mother only. Carentes matre privigjii. Hor. Prohi-
bent a matribus hcedos. Virg. Ita simili forma, ut mater sua non in-
ternosse posset, quae niammam dabat, neque adeo mater ipsa quae
illos pepererat. Plaut. // is also said of trees, in respect to the
boughs
which they produce. Rami emicant vasto matris corpore. Plin. Fi-
guratively : Luxuries avaritiae. mater. Cic. Sapientia omnium bo-
narum rerum mater. Id. GENITRIX (Jrom gignere) is only said of
her who is brought to- lied of a child. It is comrqonly found in
poetry, but
seldom in prose. Namque ipsa decoram caesariem nato genitrix lu-
menque juventa? purpureum, et laetos oculis afflarat honores. Virg.
Figuratively: Frugum genitrix. (Ceres) Ovid. MATERFAMILIAS,
the lady, mistress, or good-wife of the house. Matrem-familias, says
Ulpianus, accipere debemus earn quae non inhoneste vixit ; matrem
enim familias a cceteris foeminis mores discernunt atque separant ;
proinde nihil intererit innupta sit, an vidua : ingenua sit, an libera
.... cum audis matrem-familias, accipe notae auctoritatis fceminam.
Prudenter facimus, si matrem-familias secus quam matronarum sanc-
titas postulat, nominamus? Cic. Species et forma uxoris est mater-
familias. Id.
1608. Martius. Martialis.
MARTIUS, dedicated to Mars. Ager Tarquiniorum, qui inter ur-

bem et Tyberim erat consecratus Marti, Martius deinde campus fuit.
Liv. Quid legio Martia? quae mihi videtur divinitus ab eo Deo trax-
isse nomen, a quo populum generatum accepimus. Cic. MARTI.
ALIS, of the god Mars, belonging to Mars. Flamen Martialis. Cic.
Martiales, Id., The soldiers of the Legio Martia.
1609. Mature. Maturate.
MATURE, in good time, early. Redeat mature, repetatque relicta.

Hor. Mature extollere aliquem ad summum imperium. Cic. Ma-
turius paulo quam tempus anni postulabat. Caes. MATURATE,
quickly, hastily. Jussis caeteris quantum maxime possent maturate
sequi. Liv. Maturate properare. Plaut.
1610. Matvrvs. Tempestivus.
MATURUS, ripe, is properly said of fruits nr of corn. Uvae matura?.

Virg. Poma matura et cocta decidunt. Cic. Albescit messis ma-
turis aristis. Ovid. Figuratively : Maturus militiae, Liv., Of age to
bear arms. Maturus animi, Virg., Of a sound mind. Viro matura filia,
Id., A marriageable girl. Funeri maturo propior, Hor., An old man
at the point of death. Maturum reditum pollicitus, Id., Having pro-
mised to return speedily. TEMPESTIVUS, (from tempus) that is doing,
or happens, in due and convenient lime and season. Hora tempestiva
narratibus. Hor. Ludum tempestivum pueris concedere. Cic. Car-
pere fructus tempestivos. Id. Nondum tempestivo mari ad navigan-
dum. Id. Homo tempestivus, Plin., A man coming opportunely.
378
1611. Meare. Reciprocare.
MEARE, to pass, lo pass again. Liberius meare spiritus cceperat.

Q. Curt. Quacunque meantes officimus. Lucr. RECIPROCARE, to
return a thing to the same place from whence it way tiken. Ileciprocum
dicitur, says Valla, quod eo redit, unde prodiit. Spiritus reciproca-
tur, cum rursum resorbetur ; et undaa littore excussa, rursus littus
alluens reciprocari dicitur. Et horae reciprocantur, cum expleto le-
gitimo cursu, rursus ad pristinum ordinem redeunt. Reciprocare
animam, Liv., To breathe. Figuratively : Ista sic reciprocantur, ut,
si divinatio sit, Dii sint, et si Dii sint, divinatio sit. Cic. Mcare
is a
neuter verb, and reciprocare an active one.
1612. Mederi. Medicare. Sanare.
MEDERI, (from prîs) to heal, to cure or remedy. Cummorbo ine-

deri alicui vis, consuetude valentis et natura corporis cognbseenda
est. Cic. It is said of diseases, sores, and wounds. Medici qui
niorbis,
qui vulneribus, qui oculis uiederentur. Cic. Figuratively : Inopiae
mederi, Cic., To relieve the distressed. Reipublica? afflictas mederi,
Id.,
To apply remedies In the diseases of the state. .MEDICARE and MEDI-
CAKI, properly, to mix or mingle some drugs or lif/uors. Semina vidi
equidem multos medicare serentes. Virg. Lana medicata luco. Id.
Medicare capillos. Ovid. It is said of giving or applying any thuig i?
i
order to cure. Medicando dolorem abstulit. Tibul. Sed non Darda-
nije medicari cuspidis ictum eraluit. Virg. SANARE, to heal or cure,
speaking of wounds and sores. Citius repentinus tumor oculorum sa-
natur, quam diuturna lippitudo depellitur. Cic. Figuratively : Sa-
nare rulnera Reipublicae. Cic.
1613. Medicina. Medicamen. Medicamentum. Reniedium.
MEDICINA (from ^Sog, care) is said loth of the art of physic, and
of the remedy itself. An medicina ars non putanda est ? Cic. Imbe-
cillior est medicina quam morbus. Cic. Fortis aegroti est accipere
medicinam. Id. Medicinam facere, Id., To administer physic. Figu-
ratively : Petere medicinam a littcris. Cic. Medicinam tidhibere
Reipublicse. Id. MEDICAMENÔ/;?/ mixing or mixture. Vis medica-
niinis, Tac., The violence of a poisonous mixture. Extemplo tristi mc-
dicamine tactic dtrluxcre comas. Ovid. Vinolentis niedicaminibus
curavi. Cic. MEDICAMF.XTUM, medicament. Medicanicntorum sa-
lutarium plenissimac terrac. Cic. Si quis medicamentum cuiquam de-
derit ad aquam intercutem. Id. Figurativdy : Medicaments doloris.
Cic. Medicamentum is only said oj what heals iodily and menial dis-
eases. RE.MKDIUM is said of any thing that contributes to the easing
and alleviating of pain. Comparare remedium adversus ri-igorum
magnitudinem. Cic. Medicamentum would not do in this case. In
advL'rsis fortunis sine ullo remedioatque allevamento permanere. Id.
Sine medicamcnto would lean awkward expression. Medicamentum
is the remedy that is made use of, and remedium the healing remedy. It
might be sain, moreover, remedium submovet imminentia ; medica-
mentum sanat non sana. G. >.
161 4. Medietas. Dimidium. Medium.

MEDIETAS end Dimidium, the half of any thing. Ager ex medic-
379
tate sublatus, Eutrop., They were stripped of one half of their lands.
Cicero hardly dares to make use of the word medietas. Partes inter-
vallis ita locabat, ut singulis essent bina media, vix enim audeo di-
cere medietates. Cic. DIMIDIUM is properly an adjective. Diraidius
modius, Liv., Haifa bushel. There is always a substantive understood.
Redemptori tuo dimidium pecuniae curavi, Cic., / have forwarded one
half of the money to the undertaker of your works. Dimidium factiqui
bene coepit, habet. Hor. MEDIUM is likewise an adjective, the midst
or middle of a thing. Medio campi. Liv. E medio excedere, Ter., To
die. Virtus est medium vitiorum, et utrinque reductum. Hor.
1615. Mediocris. Modicus.
MEDIOCRIS, (from medius) that keeps the middle way between great
and small. Ad me scribas de omnibus minimis, maximis, mediocri-
busque rebus. Cic. Ingenium mediocre. Id. Mediocris in dicendo.
Id. MODICUS, (from modus) small, moderate. Cantharis modicis
potare. Hor. Sacellum modicum. Tae. Exercitationibus modicis
utendum. Cic. Mediocribus would present (juite a different sense.
Pecunia msa est ad vulgi opinionem mediocris, ad meam modica, aJ
tuam nulla. Cic. Modica statura is the small shape of a man or ani-
mal ; statura mediocris, the middle size of a man, neither too tall
nor
loo short.
1616. Medius. Dimidiatus. Dividuus.
MEDIUS, that is in the very middle, equally distant from both extre-
mities. Medius dies, Hor., The middle of the day, noon. Figuratively :
Medium ingenium erat in Anco, et Numse et Romuli memor, Liv.,
Ancus was of a temper neither so warlike as Romulus s, nor so pacific
as that ofNuma. Medius amicus, Cic., A common friend to both, or
to all parties. Medios esse jam non liceb.r, Id., We shall not le suf-
fered to le neuter. Idem pacis eras medi'isque belli, Hor., Equally
inclined to peace or war. DIMIDIATUS, divided into two parts, halved.
Unum dimidiatumque mensem. Cic. Dimidiati versiculi. Id. DI-
VIDUUS, that may be -parted or divided. Materia quae dividua gigni-
tur. Cic. Dissolubile et dividuum est omne animal mortale. Id. It
is said of what is divided. Candida dividua colla tegente coma. Ovid.
Potius quam perdas totum, dividuum face. Ter.
1617. Melleus. Mellitus. Mellifer. Mellarius.

MELLEUS, of honey, like honey. Melleus sapor, odor, color. Plin.
MELLITUS, sweetened with honey. Pane egeo jam mellitis potiore
placentis. Hor. Figuratively : Mellitus puer, Cic., A sweet-tempered
and lovely child MELLIFER, (mel ferens) that I ears, brings, or
makes honey. Melliferae apes. Ovid. MELLARIUS, serving for, or be-
longing to, honey. Mellaria cella. Cic. Vasa mellaria. Plin.
1618. Memlrum. Arlus.
MEMBRUM, (from peipw, to divide} a member or liml, an external

part of the body, distinguished from all the rest by some particular
use,
as the hand, foot, &c. It is not said of the head. Jam membrorum, id
est, partium corporis, alia videntur propter usus a natura esse do-
nata, ut manus, crura, pedes .... alia autem quasi ad quemdam or-
natum, ut cauda pavoni. Cic. Cicero has said membra of the parts of
380
a house. Adjuncta cubicula, et ejusmodi membra. Figuratively :

Membra accusationis dividere. Cic. ARTUS, (from apta, dpmvcu,
apto, instruo) is properly said of the joints. Octavius multis medi-
camentis propter dolorem artuum delibutus. Cic. It is taken in a
more general sense. Et tota mente, et omnibus artubus contremisco.
Cic. Neque ante satiatus est, quam membra, et artus, et viscera ho-
minis tracta per vicos ante se congesta vidisset. Suet.
Figuratively .-
Illud teneto nervos atque artus esse sapientiae, non temere credere.
Cic.
1619. Memin'isse. Reminisci. Recordari.
MEMINISSE, to remember, or to have in memory. Memini enim,

memini, nee unquam obliviscar. Cic. Memini me facere, Id., / re-
member to have done. REMINISCI, (rursus or retro meminisse) to
call to remembrance again, to call back ancient ideas. Declarat se non
turn ilia discere, sed reminiscendo recognoscere. Cic. RECORDARI,
(rursus cordi dare) to endeavour to recollect. Magno argumento est.
homines scire pleraque antequam nati sint, quod jam pueri, cum ar-
tes difficiles discant, ita celeriter res innumerabiles arripiunt, ut
eas
non turn primum accipere videantur, sed reminisci et recordari. Cic.
De hujus Quaestoris officio cogitantem, etiam de aliis Quasstoribus
reminiscentem recordari. Id.
1620. Meminisse alicujus rei, de aliqua re, aliquid.
MEMINISSE ALICUJUS REI or DE ALIQUA RE often signify to make

mention of a thing. Neque omnino hujus rei meminit usquam poe'ta.
Quint. Ue quibus multi meminerunt, Id., Which have been mentioned
ly many. MEMINISSE ALIQUID always signifies remembrance. Om-
nia alicujus facta et dicta meminisse. Cic. Forsan et haec olim me-
minisse juvabit. Virg.
1621. Memoralilis. Memorandus.
MEMORABILIS, memorable, Jit to be mentioned or remembered. Hoc-

cine credibile est, aut memorabile ? Ter. Gloriosa et memorabilis
virtus. Cic. MEMOKANDUS, that ought to be told or recorded. Nee
memoranda tamen vobis mea facta, Pelasgi, esse reor. Ovid.
1622. Menda. Mendum.
MEND A u particularly said of the defects of the body. Eximere men-

das de corpore. Ovid. In toto nusquam corpore menda fuit. Id. Fa-
cies menda caret. Id. MENDUM, a fault, a mistake, an error in writ-
ing or printing. Quod mendum ista litura correxit? Cic. Menda
librariorum tolluntur. Id. // is said of a defect, of an imperfection.
Itaque me idus Martiac non tarn consolantur, quam antea; ir.agnum
enim mendum continent. Cic.
1623. Mendacium. Falsitas.
MENDACIUM, an untruth said designedly with an intent of deceiv-

ing, a lie. Improbi hominis est mendacio fallere. Cic. Mendacium
neque dicebat, neque pati poterat. C. Nep. Figuratively : a disguise.
Mendacia forma'. Ovid. Mendacio staturam adjuvare. Sen. FAL-
SITAS, falsity, falsehood. Sicut aliis in locis parum firmamenti, et
parum virium falsitas habet, sic in hoc loco falsa invidia imbecilla
381
esse debet. Cic. Mendacium supposes a knowledge of the existing fal-

sity ; Int falsitas may be the effect of ignorance.
1624. Mendax. Mendosus.
MENDAX, a liar, one in the habit of telling lies. Nihil interest inter
perjurum et mendacem. Cic. Mendaci homini ne vere quidem di-
centi credere solemus. Id. Figuratively : Mendax forma, Ovid., A
deceiving beauty. Fundus mendax, Hor., A land disappointing the er-
peclation. MENDOSUS, (from menda) vicious, Jull of defects. His-
toria mendosior, Cic., A history full of imperfections. Natura men-
dosa, Hor., A vicious disposition of mind. Mores mendosi, Ovid., Vi-
cious and corrupted rnanners. Mendosum est deesse aliquam partem,
et superare. Cic. Mendax infamia terret quern ? nisi mendosum et
mendacem ? Hor.
1625. Menstruus. Menstrualis.
MENSTRUUS, ( from mensis) of or for a month. Menstrua cibaria.

Cic. Menstruum lunae spatium. Id. MENSTRUALIS, that is done, or
happens, every month. Solebam menstruales epulas adipiscier. Plaut.
1626. Mensura. Modulus.
MENSURA ( from mensurus, participle o/metiri) is said both of the

extent of the thing that is measured, and of the instrument whereby
any
thing is measured. Roboris mensura implebat ter quinque ulnas.
Ovid. Majori mensura reddere quae acceperis utenda. Cic. Men-
suras et pondera invenit Phidon. Plin. MODULUS, (diminutive of
modus) an instrument wherewith the length of things ismeasiired. Me-
tiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede verum est. Hor. Ab imo ad
summum totus moduli bipedalis. Id. Modulus is also a term in ar-
chitecture and in music. Lydios modulos invenit Amphion. Plin. Fi-
guratively: Ponderibus modulisque suis ratio utitur. Hor.
1627. Mentiri. Mendacium dicere.

MENTIRI, to lie, to deceive others by telling an untruth, knowing it
to be such. Qui mentitur, pejerare solet. Cic. Aden veritatis dili-
gens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur. C. Nep. MENDACIUM DICERE,
to tell a thing that is not true, l-elieving it to be true. Extremum
est ut
irascatur is, cui mendacium dixeris. Cic. Vir bonus praestare debet,
ut non mentiatur ; prudens, ne mendacium dicat. G. D.
1628. Mentiri. Ementiri. v
MENTIRI, (synonymous with ementiri,) to counterfeit, imitate, or re-

semble. Mentiri aliquem. Liv. Mentiri virum. Mart. To put on the
disguise of a man. Mentiri juvenem capillis. Id. Figuratively: Nee
varies discet mentiri lana colores. Virg. EMENTIRI, to forge, to
feign what is not true, to affect. Ilium quern ementitus es, ego sum.
Plaut. Ementiti sunt in eos quos oderant. Cic. Ementiri genus suum.
Id. Ementiri stirpem, Liv.,* To forge one's genealogy.
1629. Meo nomine. Meis verbis.
MEO NOMINE, in my name, on account of me. Dico odio esse ci-

vitati non tarn tuo, quam Reipublicae nomine. Cic. Bellumpopulo
Romano suo nomine indixit. Id. Viri boni et cives aliquid se meo
382
nomine debere Planco dicebant. Id. MEIS VEUBis,from me. Gra-

tum mihi feceris, si uxori tuae nicis verbis cris gratulatus. Cic. De-
nunciarunt Senatus verbis. Liv. Abi, nuncia meis verbis bello ab-
sistat. Id.
1630. Mercator. Negotiator.
There was amongst the Romans this difference between MERCATOR

and NEGOTIATOR, that the latter had established the centre of his
trade
in the provinces, and very seldom came to Rome; instead of ichich
Mercatores were habitually settled at Rome, and only went into the
provinces when their affairs required it, and that for a short time.
Sub
lustrum censeri Germani negotiations est. Cic. Qui plus existimet
apud lectissimos Senatores pecuniam, quam apud tres negotiatores
metum valere. Id. Verres was in Sicily. Impiger extremes currit
mercator ad Indos. Hor.
1631. Mercatura. Commercium.
MERCATURA, (from merx) traffic, trade, merchandising. Merca-

tura, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est. Cic. Mercaturam or mer-
caturas facere, Id., To trade as a merchant. Aversus mercaturis.
Hor. Figuratively : Mercatura bonarum artium. Cic. COMMER-
CIUM, (from cum and merx) commerce ; with this difference, that
mercatura is traffic in general, the profession of a merchant, and
com-
mercium an intercourse and association for the buying and selling of
goods and wares. Diversas gentes commercio miscuit. Plin. Com-
mercium thuris primi Mim?i fecere. Id. Figuratively : Voluptas nul-
lum habet cum virtute commercium. Cic. Inter eum Caesaremque
commercia litterarum fuerunt. Caes.
1632. Mercatus. Nundince. Nundinatio.
MERCATUS, a market, a fair. Frequens mercatus. Liv. In oede

Veneris hodie est mercatus. Plaut. // is said of traffic. Cum domi
tuas turpissimo mercatu omnia essent venalia. Cic. NUNDIN.K
( from novem dies) was a market held every ninth day. Ipso die nun-
dinarum. Cic. Figuratively : Cujus domus est agrorum, oppidorum,
immunitatum, vectigalium flagitiosissima? nundinae. Cic. NUXDI-
NATIO, the act of trading, iv only used in the ^figurative sense. Quam
in omnibus locis nundinationem juris ac fortunarum fore putatis ?
Cic.
1633. Merces. Pretium.
MERGES, the wages or money allowed for work or service done.

Diurna mercede conductus. Hor. Mercedem operis negat. Ovid.
Pactiones mercedum. Cic. Figuratively : Virtus sibimet pulcher-
rima mercus. Sil. Ital. PRETIUM, the price given for a thing that is
sold or bought. Hie ager oninis quoquo pretio coemptus erit, tamen
ingenti pecunifi vobis inducetur. Cic. Pretio et mercede duci. Id.
In the same sense we say, figuratively, Homo nuigni pretii.
1631-. Merere. Mcriri. Commereri. Demereri. Promereri. Emereri.
MERERE and MIZRERI, to deserve, seem to have Lcen used indiff'e-

renlly. Decu.- MOM minimum. Hor. Non minorem laudom
exL-rcitus, quam ipse Imperator, mcritus esse videbatur. Caes. Oi'ia

has said, meruisse ni-cem, and exitium mercri. li r e say merere, and
383
merer! de aliquo. Cum cogito me de Republica meruisse optime.

Cic. Opto ut cuique ita eveniat, ut de Republica quisque mere-
atur. Id. Merere, however, has a particular signification, to gain, to
get. Hie meret aera liber Sosiis, Hor., This look enriches the Sosii,
Meretur might not be so proper ; ut least there is no example of it in
this sense. For the same reason we rather say merere than merer! sti-
pendia. Meruisse stipendia in bello. Cic. Merere equo, pedibus,
Liv., To serve in the cavalry or in the infantry. Cicero says merer!
stipendia only once. Perhaps merer! culpam would not be a good ex-
pression ; instead of which Terence has said, Non nego ilium meruisse
culpam, 1 confess he is guilty of a fault. And Cicero, Quid de te
tantum meruisti ? What fault are you guilty of? COMMERERE and
COMMERERI, to deserve, always taken in a tad sense. Quse nunquam
quidquam erga me commerita est, quod nollem, et saepe quod vellem
raeritam scio. Ter. Quam quasi aestimationem commeruisse se max-
ime confiteretur, Cic., Which Jine he confessed he had deserved.
DEMERERE and DEMERERI, to deserve well at one's hands. Deme-
rere beneficiis civitatem. Liv. Demereri officiis amicos. Tac. PRO-
MERERE ami PROMERERI, to deserve well or ill. Verum enim, quando
bene promeruit, fiat. Ter. Ita promeruisti de me. Plaut. Is suo
beneficio promeritus est se ut ames, et sibi ut debeas. Cic. Levius
punitus est, quam sit promeritus. Id. EMERERE and EMERBRI, to
serve one's whole time (stipendia understood). Publius emeruit. Pers.
Emeritis stipendiis. Cic. Annuae mihi operae ad tertium calendas
sextiles emerentur, Id., The year of my service will end on the third
day before the calends of July. Figuratively : Rusticus emeritum palo
suspendit aratrum. Ovid. Emeriti equi. Id. Emerita stipendia li-
bidinis. These two verbs are Q/JO taken in the sense q/~mereri. Quid
ego emerui aclolescens mali ? Plaut., What harm have I done? Eme-
reri honores. Val. Max.
1635. Merger e. Demerger e. . ,
MERGERE, to plunge, to put under water. Mergere se in mari. Cic.

Brachia mersit in aqua. Ovid. Figuratively : Mersus civilibus undis.
Hor. Mersus rebus secundis. Liv. Funere mersit acerbo. Virg.
DEMERGERS, to sink. Rex naves omnes demersit. Q. Curt. Equus,
in quo vehebar, demersus una mecurn, rursus apparuit. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Demersus aere alieno, Liv., Over head and ears in debt.
Patriam demersam extuli. Cic. Demersae leges. Id.
1636.. Meridies. Meridiatio.
MERIDIES, (quasi medius dies) noon-tide, mid-day. Itaque hodie

Antii, eras ante meridiem domi. Cic. Ipsum meridiem cur non
meridiem ? credo quod erat insuavis. Cic. MERIDIATIO, noon rest,
the taking a nap after dinner. Nunc quidem propter intermissionem
forensis operae, et lucubrationes detraxi, et meridiationes addidi,
quibus uti anted non solebam. Cic.
1637. Merum. Vinum. Temelum.
MERUM, (properly an adjective) pure, unmixed. Merum vinum.

Ovid. When merum is said of wine, vinum is understood, and it sig-
nifies pure wine. Curare genium mero. Hor. VIXUM, (in Greek
><>;) wine. Vinum segrotis, quia prodest raro, nocet saepissime,
384
melius non adhibere omnino. Cic. Vinuna vetustate edentulum,

Plaut., Mellow wine. TEMETUM, vinum, quod mentera tenet, says
Nizofius. This is a very ancient word to signify wine. Cadum temeti.
Hor. Careant temeto omnes mulieres. Cic. Cato ideo propinquos
foeminis osculum dare jussit, ut scirent an temetum olerent : hoc
turn vino nomen erat. Plin. Temetum seems to le a strong and heady
tvinc; from which temulentus is derived.
1638. Merx. Mercimonium.
MERX, any kind of merchandise that is sold or taught. Emendae mer-

ces. Hor. Proba merx facile emptorem reperit. Plaut. MERCI-
MOXIUM is found only in Plautus, and seems to be the same with merx.
Ut vos in vestris vultis mercimoniis emundis vendundisque me lu-
cris laetum afficere. Plaut. It may le a diminutive o/merx, and then
might signify petty merchandise.
1639. Metiri. Metari.
METIRI, to measure. Mundi magnitudinem metiri. Cic. Frumen-

tum parce et paulatim metiri. Caes. Figuratively': Officio metiri om-
nia. Cic. Magnos homines virtute metimur, non tbrtuna. C. Nep.
Metiens aliorum in se odium suo in alios odio. Liv. // 75 also used
passively. /Eternitas nulla temporis circumscriptione metitur, Cic.,
Eternity has no bounds. METARI, (from meta) to set iounds or li-
mits, to takt dimensions, to s>et out or dispose by measure. Castra
prope
Tyberim metatus est. Liv. Ipso loco suos castra metari jusserat.
Q. Curt. It is taken passively. Metatus agellus. Hor.
164-0. Metuere. Timerc. Vereri. Formidare. Tremere. Pavere.
METUERE, to fear any thing that is at a distance. Metuensque fu-

turi. Hor. Metus plurimum confert ad diligentiam. Cic. TIMBRE,
to fear an approaching danger. Timor est metus mali appropinquan-
tis. Cic. Ut jam plane inopia ac fames, non caritas timeretur. Id.
This difference is well pointed out in Virgil. Vota metu duplicant ma-
tres, propiusque periclo it timor. VERERI, to fear with reverence.
Metuebant eum servi, verebantur liberi. Cic. Veremur quidem, Ro-
mani, et si ita vultis, ctiam timemus, sed plus veremur et timemus
Deos immortales. Liv. FORMIDARE, to dread continually, to le in a
continual fear. Formidinem metum permanentem definiunt. % Cic.
Formidare malos fures, incendia, servos. Hor. Ifhich expressions
are very well applied to a miser, who is day and night in fear of
being
rolled of his money. TREMERE, to quake for fear. Totus tremohor-
reoque. Ter. PAVERE is said of a fright that disorders the mind. Pa-
vor est metus loco movens mentem. Cic. Animus pavet apud con-
cilium illud pro reo dicere. Id. In quern autem metus, in eum for-
mido, timiditas, pavor, ignominia incidit. Id.
1641. Metuere alir/uem. Metuere al aliauo.
METUERE ALIQUEM, to le afraid of one. Metuebant eum servi.

Cic. METUERE AB ALIQUO, to fear from anyone. Metuere insidias,
periculum ab aliquo. Cic.
1642. Miles. Commilito.

MILES, a soldier. Militem fieri. Cic. Miles tiro, veteranus. Id.
385
COMMILITO, (from cum, and militare) a fellow-soldier, a comrade.

Hie vero adolescens, qui meus in Cilicia miles, in Graecia commi-
lito fuit. Cic. A general addressing his soldiers called them commi-
litones to Jlatter them. Nee milites suos pro concione, sed blandi-
ore nomine commilitones appellabat, tanquam et ipse unus esset ex
numero militum. Suet.
1643. Mince. Minatio.
MINÊ, threats, menaces. Minae Clodii modice me tangunt. Cic.

Verba plena minarum. Hor. // is said of parts of a building that are
iutting out, and, as it were, hanging over. Pendent opera interrupta
minaeque murorum ingentes. Virg. MINATIO, a threatening, a huff-
ing. Execrationes, admirationes, minationes. Cic.
1644. Minari. Minitari.
MINARI, to threaten or menace. (Verbis vel denunciatione peri-

culi terrere, according to grammarians.} Me appellabat, mihi mina-
batur. Cic. Minari alicui crucem. Id. // also signifies to announce
in a serious and solemn way. Magna minaris. Phaed. Multa et prae-
dara minantis.Hor. MINITARI, (frequentative ofminari ) to threaten
sore, to threaten often. Urbi flammam ferrumque minitatur. Cic.
Huic urbi ferro ignique minitantur. Id. Omnibus bonis cruces ac
tormenta minitatur. Id.
1645. Minax. Minitalundus.
MINAX implies the hal-it of, and propensity to, threatening. Iste
minax
est, arrogans. Cic. Pestilentia coorta, minacior tamen quam per-
niciosior. Liv. lieges minaces. Hor. Minaces et acerbse litterse.
Cic. MINITABUNDUS, with great threats and menaces : it is said of
the act itself. Turn quoque minitabundus petebat. Liv.
1646. Minimum. Minime.
MINIMUM, very little. Non praemiis, quae apud me minimum va-

lent, compulsus. Cic. MINIME, by no means, not at all. Minime
artes eae probandas quae ministrae sunt voluptatum. Cic. Minime
gratum spectaculum. Liv. Cornelius Nepos has used minime for
minimum. Quam minime fit ignis in castris, Caes., They light Jires
in the camp as little as possible.
1647. Ministrare. Prcevere. Suggerere. Suppeditare.
MINISTRARE, to serve, to help one. Pocula ministrare. Cic. Furor

arma ministrat. Virg. Ministrare velis, Id., To manage the sails of
a ship. Res omnes gelide timideque ministrat. Hor. PRJEBERE,
(habere prae) to get ready. Praebere materiam igni. Liv. Praebere
aures conviciis. Id. Praebere sagittis corpora. Ovid. Virum se
praebere. Cic. SUGGERERE, (gerere sub) to suggest, to supply with.
Copiam argumentorum suggerere. Cic. Si memoria defuerit, tuum
est ut suggeras. Id. Bruto statim Horatium suggerunt, Id., They
immediately chose Horace in the place of Brutus. SUPPEDITARE,
(sub pedes dare) properly to put underfoot. It is only used in a figu-
rative sense : to give, to Jind or furniih with, to le sufficient. It
is
loth an active and neuter verb. Rerum omnium copiam alicui sup-
peditare. Cic. Suppeditare testes. Id. Sicilia frumentum suppe-
2C
386
ditat. Id. Suppeditant haec ad victum. Id. Si vita suppeditasset

Id. Sic aliquid smppeditatur, ut satis sit, aut etiam abuncle ;
aliquid
ministratur, ut quis uti commode possit ; sic praebetur, ut opportu-
num sit, aut obnoxium teneatur ; id suggeritur quod deesse ac re-
quiri visum est. G. D.
164-8. Minuere. Tennare.
MINUERE, (from minus) to diminish, to make smaller. Vereorne,

cum amplificare velim, minuam etiam gloriam. Cic. Minuere au-
daciam bosti. Liv. Studio minuente laborem. Ovid. Capite mi-
nutus. Liv. Capitis minutio 'was of three sorts : 1. By being made
a slave. 2. By banishment. 3. By being transferred into another
family. Minuere is also used as a neuter verb. Minuente eestu. Gees.
TENUARE, (from tenuis) to attenuate, to make lean. Macie tenuant
armenta volentes. Virg. Curae tenuant corpus. Ovid. Figuratively :
Tenuare iram. Ovid. Magna modis tenuare parvis. Hor.
16^9. Minute. Minutatim.
The difference between minute and minutatim is very inconsiderable

in the proper sense, but very striking in the Jigur alive. MINUTE, in
a
mean and l(iv way. Diceregrandia minute. Cic. MINUTATIM, by
little and little, by degrees. Minutatim interrogate. Cic. /Etas mi-
nutatim frangit vires. Lucret.
1650. Mirari. Admirari. Demirari. Slupere.
MIRARI, tou'nnder, either in a good or lad sense. Mirari satis ho-

minis negligcntiam non queo. Cic. Mirari secum tacitus. Hor. Pri-
mis et te miretur ab annis. Virg. ADMIRARI is most commonly ustd
in a good sense. Eorum ingenia admiror saepe. Ter. Quern et ad-
ruiror, et diligo. Cic. Miramur opera, admiramur virtutes, say gram-
marians. Mirari and admirari 0/50 signify, to be fond of, to be taken
up with. Mirari vasa caelata. Sail. Nil admirari prope res est una
solaque quae possit facere beatum. Hor. DEMIRARI, to u-onder at
greatly, to think strange. Me propter quern caeteri liberi sunt, tibi
liberum non visum demiror. Cic. Equidem te demiror, Chreme.
Ter. STUPERE, to be stupefied, lo be struck u-ith astonishment. Mater
ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces. Ovid. Pavidii puella stupente.
Liv. Aspicere, admirari, stupere. Cic.
1651. Mirus. Miralilis. Mirandus. Mirificus.
MiRUS, wonderful, either in a good or bad sense. Mirus apud po-

pulum favor. Tac. Novitas mira. Ovid. Id cum omnibus mirum
videretur. C. Nep. Mira memorasj nimis formidolosum praedicas
f'acinus. Plaut. MIRABILIS, admirable. Mirabile exemplum. Cic.
Quo mirabiliora fecisti, eo me major expectatio tenet. Id. Opus
iiiiiabile magni mundi. Tibul. Mirabilem in modum, Cic., In an
admirable manner. Mirum in modum, Id., In a surprising manner.
MIRANDUS, to be wondered at, that ought to be admired. Opus in-
gens in mirandam altitudinem depressum. Cic. Qua? mihi miranda
acciderunt. Id. Mirandum in modum, Id., (jtmattttghf,) expresses
more than mirabilem in modum ; awrfmirabilem in modum rises above
the idea of mirum in modum. MIRIFICUS, marvellous. Homo miri-
ficus. Cic. Ceesaris rero pueri miritica indoles virtutis. Id.
387
1652. Miser. Miseralilis. Miser andus. Infelix.
MISER, who is in a sad plight, woeful, wretched. Ego miseris et

laborantibus nihil negare possum. Cic. Laboriosos, non miseros,
eos qui magnos dolores perferunt, solemus dicere. Id. Mortem mi-
serrimus opto. Virg. MISERABILIS, miserable, deplorable, lamenta-
ble, extremely moving. Nihil est tarn miserabile quam ex beato miser.
Cic. Voces miserabiles exaudiebantur mulierum. Liv. Sedes mi-
serabilis. Id. MISERANDUS, that ought to le pitied or lamented.
Haec mihi videntur misera atque miseranda. Cic. Aliis miserandus,
aliis ridendus videtur. Id. INFELIX/ (non felix) unhappy, unfortu-
nate. Infelix et serumnosus. Cic. Infelicior domi quam militias.
Liv. Figuratively : Tellus infelix frugibus, Virg., An unfruitful
ground or Jield. Infelix fama. Id. Infelix lolium et steriles domi-
nantur avena?. Id.
1653. Miser e. Miser aliliter.
MISERE, miserably, wretchedly. Quas nihil valerent ad beate mi-

sereque vivendum. Cic. It also signifies, exceedingly, passionately,
distractedly. Earn misere amat. Ter. Misere discedere quaerens,
ire modo ocius. Hor. MISERABILITER, so as to raise commisera-
tion. At ille etiam in foro combustus laudatusquemiserabiliter. Cic.
Miserabiliter emori. Id. Misere emori would express quite a diffe-
rent thing.
1654-. Miser eri. Miserari. Miser escere.
MISERERI, to be moved with commiseration at the sight of other

peoples misery. Misereri supplicum. Cic. Qui misereri mei debent,
non desinunt invidere. Id. Jacentis miserita est. Phaed. MISERARI,
to pity, to compassionate one. Turni sortem miserantur iniquam. Virg.
Miserabantur magnum periculum, Ca?s., They lamented their fate,
lelieving themselves in great danger. Qui miseretur, miserum sub-
levat ; qui miseratur, incommoda conqueritur. G. D. MISERES-
CERE, (from misereri) denotes more action. His lacrimis vitam da-
mus, et miserescimus ultro. Virg. Arcadii miserescite regis. Id.
// is employed only in poetry. Poets have sometimes used promiscu-
ously misereri and miserari.
1655. Misericordia. Miseratio.
MISERICORDIA, compassion, a feeling of the soul commiserating the

afflictions of others. Misericordia est aegritudo ex miseria alterius
injuria laborantis. Cic. Mentes ad misericordiam lenitatemque con-
vertere. Id. MISERATIO, the act of commiserating or pitying. Non
sine dolore, non sine lacrimis miseratio. Cic. Misericordia com-
moveri, to have pity ; whereas Miseratione commoveri, is to be ex-
cited to compassion.
1656. Missio. Exauctoraiio. .
MISSIO, (from mittere) a sending, a dispatching. Missio legato-

rum. Liv. De litterarum missione abs te accuser. Cic. Missio was
a discharge given to soldiers after a service of twenty years. Missio-
nem dari vicena stipendia emeritis. Tac. These discharges were of
three sorts : The first was missio honesta, honourable, given to
soldiers
who had served the just number of years. The second sort was missio
2C2
388
causaria, and was granted on account of sickness or infirmity. The

third
was missio ignominiosa, by way of punishment. EXAUCTORATIO was
a kind of discharge given to a soldier, by which he was not guile
freed
from his military engagement, but was still bound by it till he became
a veteran : in that state he was called vexillarius, because he still
be-
longed to his regiment, and was waiting for military rewards. By the
missio, a soldier was entirely discharged ; but by the exauctoratio,
he
was not : the latter was granted after sixteen years of service.
Exauc-
torari qui sena dena fecissent, ac retineri sub vexllo. Tac. Some-
times exauctoratio was an ignominious discharge ; and a soldier was
called exauctoratus, when discharged from hu legion, and declared in-
capable of service.
1657. Moderari. Regere. Gubernare.
MODERARI, (from modus) to moderate, limit, or restrain. Ut post

modum gaudeant se irae moderates. Liv. Aniino et orationi mode-
rari, cum sis iratus, non mediocris est ingenii. Cic. Maria mode-
ratur Deus. Id. Officio consilia moderantes. Id. // is usea
passively :
Omnes virtutes mediocritate esse moderates. Cic. REGERE, in its
proper sense, to make straight. Figuratively : to manage, to guide. It
is well said of a coachman or horseman. Habenas regere. Ovid.
Auriga Darii qui equos regebat. Q. Curt. It is used in a more general
sense. Si quidem Deus est qui viget, qui sentit .... qui regit et
moderatur id corpus cui praepositus est. Cic. Errant em regere.
Caes. Regere imperio populos. Virg. Animum regere. Cic. Gu-
BERNARE, properly, to steer a ship. Si nautae certent, quis eorum
potissimum gubernet. Cic. In a more general sense it signifies to con-
duct, to govern. Fortunae motum ratione gubernare. Cic. Te hor-
tor, omnia gubernes et moderere prudentia. tua. Id. Rara quidem
virtus, quam non fortuna gubernat. Ovid. Quae vero (virtus) mo-
derandis cupiditatibus regendisque animi motibus laudatur. Id.
Tormenta gubernat dolor, moderatur natura cujusque, regit quaesi-
tor, Id., // is not truth, but pain, that directs the tongue of one
put to
the rack : his evidence and testimony are dictated by the weakness or
re-
solution nf his mind: He who examines him has the greatest influence
in the transaction.
1658. Modificari. Temperare.
MODIFICARI, (modum facere) to take right measures and dimen-

sions, to measure, to give a certain form to. Comprehensa autem men-
sura Herculani pedis, naturalem membrorum omnium inter se com- 1
petentiam modificatus est. Gel. Verba ab oratore modificata. Cic. j
Words used figuratively. Galli depulso de pectore, et in omne cor-
pus diviso et modificato cibo cantusedunt. Id. Figuratively : Modi-
ficari liberorum desideriis, Apul., To moderate the passions of chil-
dren. TEMPERARE, to temper, to abate the predominant qualities ofa\
thing in any manner whatever. Frigoris et caloris modum temperare.
Cic. Temperare aquam ignibus. Hor. Scatebrisque arenti.i tom-
perat arva (unda). Virg. Figuratively: Amara temperare risu. I lor.
Temperare Rempublicam et institutis et legibus. Cic. Mollitqi
animos, et temperat iras. Virg. And in the sense of abstaining from ,
Quis talia fando temperet a lacrimis ? Virg. Animis, caedibus, ma
nibus temperare. Liv.
389
1659. Modo. Nuper.
Mono, just now, a little while since. Modo advenit. Ter. NUPER,
of late, not long since. Nuper, quid dico nuper ? Imo vero modo,
ac plane paulo ante vidimus. Cic.
1660. Maestus. Tristis.
MCESTUS, sorrowful, doleful, whose soul is imfrressed with grief.

Moestus ac sordidatus senex. Cic. Cum tristis Chalcas esset, mce-
stior Ulysses. Id. TRISTIS, sad, whose whole countenance is the very
picture of sorrow. Tristis capite demisso terram intueri. Caes. Vi-
des-ne ilium tristem, dernissum ? Jacet, diffidit, &c. Cic. Quidvos
moestas tamque tristes esse conspicor ? Plaut. Tristis, speaking of
things, signifies fatal, ominous. Tristes de Bruto nuncii affereban-
tur. Cic. Tuorum tristissimo meo tempore meritorum erga me me-
moriam conservabo. Id. Adolescentes gravius aegrotant, tristius
curanlur. Id. Mcestus animo angitur ; tristis vultu demisso et se-
vero aegritudinem prementem ostendit. G. D.
1661. Molimentum. Molitio.
MOLIMENTUM, and poetically Molimen, (from moliri) is the at-

tempt or endeavour considered in itself. Non sine magno molimento,
Caes., With abundance of difficulties. Aspice quanto molimine cir-
cumspectemus aedem. Hor. MOLITIO, the actual labour of moving
a thing, or of executing an enterprise or project. Facilis molitio eo-
rum valli erat, Liv., It was easy to pull down their entrenchment*
Inter molitionem pii pariter ac fortis propositi oppressus. Id.
1662. Mollire. Effoeminare.
MOLLIRK, to soften, loth in the proper and figurative sense. Lanam

mollire trahendo. Ovid. Ferrum mollit ignis. Hor. Dura verba
usu mollienda. Cic. Poetae molliunt animos nostros. Id. Anni-
balem juveniliter exultantem patientia sua molliebat. Liv. Mollire
dolorem. Cic. EFFOZMINARE, to effeminate, to render womanish and
weak. Fortitudinis quaedam praecepta sunt, quae effceminari virum
vetant in dolore. Cic. Effceminata vox. Id. Quae ad effbeminandos
homines pertinent. Caes.
1663. Mollis. Tentr.
MOLLIS, soft, yielding to the touch, incompact. Moilis caseus.

Plaut. Mollissimara ceram ad nostra arbitria fbrmamus et fingimus.
Cic. Figuratively: Mollior in dolore. Cic. Ascensus niollior. Liv.
Mollissima fandi tempora, Virg., The ir/nst favourable time to speak
to any body. Mollis in obsequium. Ovid. TEN EH, tender, that is
not hard, that can be easily cut. Tenera herba. Virg. Tener ac ni-
veus panis. Juv. Figuratively : yEtas tenera. Ovid. Versus nimium
teneri. Hor. Hie inflexit orationem, et earn mollem ac teneram
reddidit. Cic.
1664'. Momentum. Punctum.
MOMENTUM, (synonymous with punctum) a moment, a small part

of time, is said of a time less determined. Horae momento citamors
venit, aut victoria laeta. Hor. PUNCTUM, (from pungere) a point,
what is considered as without extent : it is said of the precise time
wherein a thing is done. Illo ipso die, die dico ? imo hora atque
390
puncto temporis. Cic. Omnibus minimis temporum punctis. IcL Mo-

mentis would denote a time less short and less determined.
1665. Montr e. Admonert.
>NERE, to inform, to warn. Monere aliquem ut veniat ad cce-

nam. Ter. Quod prudenti vitam consilio monet. Phaed. ADMO-
NERE, to admonish, to warn : with this difference, that monemus fu-
tura, admonemus praeterita, say the grammarians, illo ut caveamus,
et discamus, hoc ut recordemur. Admonet saepius usurpatas Dio-
nysii Tyranni vocis. Liv. Admonet is however used a/so for time to
come. Et admonuit simul, ut insueta voce terreret feras.' Phcsd. In
monente benevolentia ; in admonente memoria. G. D.
1666. Monitio. Objurgatio.
MONITIO, advice, admonition about the commission of a fault OB-

JURGATIO, a reproach, a reprimand. They differ in this, that monitio
is more gentle. Primum ut monitio acerbitate, deinde ut objurgatio
contumelia careat. Cic. Besides, objurgatio is lecoming a superior
and not an equal ; I ut monitio is Lecoming both. Objurgatio, si est
auctoritas. Cic. Monitio in dando consilio familiaris. Id.
1667. Montdnus. Montosus.
MONT ANUS, (from mons) of mountains, being or living on moun-

tains. Antra montana. Ovid. Montana cacumina, Id., The tops of
mountains. Rapidus montano flumine torrens. Virg. Ligures mon-
tani, duri atque agrestes. Cic. MONTOSUS and MONTUOSUS, full
of hills, mountainous. Cum locis ipsis montuosis delectemur. Cic. Et
te montosffl misere in praelia Nursse. Virg.
1668. Monumentum. Sepulchrum, Tumulus.
MONUMENTUM, (from monere) a monument, is said of any thing

done as a memorial, suck as a public edifice, verses, a history, &c.
Sed
ego quae .monument! ratio sit nomine ipso admoneor; admemoriam
magis spectare debet, quam ad praesentis temporis gratiam. Cic. In
the same sense it is said of a monument or sepulchre raised to
preserve the
memory of any one. Iv'onumentum, says a learned lawyer, res me-
moriae causa in posterum prodita ; in quam si corpus vcl reliquiae in-
ferantur, fiet sepulchrum. Placet mini militibus, qui pugnantes oc-
ciderunt, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Cic. Si-.i'i i.-
CHRUM (from sepelire) contains the bones or ashes of the dead. Se-
pulchrum eorum qui conditi sunt, ante non est, quam justa facta,
et Qorpus incensum est. Cic. Capua quidem sepulchrum ac monu-
mentum Campani populi.Liv. Sepulchra fiunt sanctiora vetu.-U'te.
Cic. TUMULUS is properly a heap of earth. Jl is said of a tomb, grave,
or sepulchre, because earth is /leaped u/> over the dead. Cum
Alexander
in Sygeo ad Achillis tumulum constitisset. Cic. They were some-
time; built of stone or marble. Marmoreus tumulus. Ovid.
1669. Morari. Tar dare.
MORARI, (from, mora) to put a slop to, to make a stay. Belli cc-
leritatem morari. Cic. Non circa vilem patulumve tnoraberis or'iem.
Hor. TARDARE, to retard. Impetum inimici tardare. Cic. Impe-
dire profectioncm meam videbatur, aut certe tardare. Id. H.ne res
quae remorari castcros solent, non retardarunt. Id. Moratur otiosus,
; tardatur impeditus. G. D.
391
1670. Moratus. Morosus. Moralis.
MOHATUS, (from mores) endued with manners, good or lad. Ita

nunc sunt adolescentes morati. Plaut. Rene morata civitas. Cic.
Morataque recte fabula, Hor., A play or comedy, in which manners
are well drawn. MORO.SUS, morose, hard to please, ihnt is in an ill
humour. Difficiles et morosi senes. Cic. Morosa canities. Hor.
MORALIS, moral, belonging to manners. Philosophia moralis. Cic.
Earn partem philosophise de moribus appellare soleraus ; scd decet
augentem linguam .Latinam nominare Moralem. Cic. This word
seems to kavs been introduced by Cicero.
1671. Mordax. Dentatus. Denlosus.
MORDAX, given to bite. Mordax canis. Plin. Figuratively: Mordax

sollicitudo. Hor. Mordax carmen. Ovid. Mordaciorem improbo
dente appetere. Phaed. Mordax invidia. Id. Mordacem cynicum
eludebat. Hor. DENTATUS, having teeth. Male dentata puella.
Ovid. Cicero has used this word in a very particular sense. Charta
etiam dentata res agetur : 1 will make use of fine paper. The paper in
Cicero's time was smoothed or polished with the tooth of a wolf, or
with
a shell. There is not the least idea of satire in charta dentata, as
the
compilers of several Latin dictionaries have falsely imagined. Q.
Cicero
had complained to his brother that he had had a great deal of
difficulty
in reading his letter on account of the badness of the writing. Marcus
answered him, that he would use a good peri, good ink, and good paper.
Calamo et atramento temperato, charta etiam dentata res agetur,
(;'. e. ) charta dente lupi laevigata, and not mordaci. DENTOsus,y/Z
of teeth. Dentosa buxus, Ovid., A comb made of box-tree.
1672. Mordere. Remordere.
MORDERE, to lite. Latrant et mordent canes. Cic. Fraenum mor-

dere. Id. Figuratively : Rura Liris quieta mordet aqua. Hor. Dente
invido mordeor. Id. Morderi conscientia. Cic. Valde me momor-
derunt epistolae tuae de arnica nostra. Id. Si paupertas momordit,
si ignominia pupugit. Id. REMORDERE, (rursus mordere) to bite
the biter. Quin me remorsurum petis ? Hor. It expresses very well
a remembrance that causes grief or remorse. Libertatis desiderium re-
mordet animos. Liv. Remordet animus conscius. Lucr.
1673. Mori. Oppetere. Perire. Inlerire. Occidere. Obire. Occum-

bere.
MORI, to die a natural death, to wither away. Moriendum certe

est, et id incertum, an eo ipso die. Cic. Êquissimo animo moritur
sapientissimus quisque ; stultissimus, iniquissimo animo. Id. Aret
ager, vitio moriens sitit ae'ris herba. Virg. Figuratively : Nunquam-
vestrorum in nos beneficiorum memoria morietur. Cic. OPPETERE
(petere ob) is said of a death that -might have been, but has not been
avoided. Queis ante ora patrum contigit oppetere. Virg. Mortem,
or such like u-ord, is understood. It is sometimes expressed. Oppetere
mortem. Qic. Oppetere lethum pro patria. Liv. PERIRE, (ire per)
to perish, to be quite undone or spent. Meo vitio pereo. Cic. Varius
summo cruciatu supplicioque periit. Id. Ego ilium periisse duco,
392
cui quidem periit pudor. Plaut. Figuratively : Metagenes certe per-

iit, Cic., Metageries has certainly become bankrupt. IMTERIRE, (ire
inter) to be annihilated, to be dissolved. Interire fame. Cic. Est
inter-
itus quasi discessus et secretioacdiremptio earum partium, quse ante
interitum junctione aliqua tenebantur. Id. Cum pecunia interiret
largitione magistratuum. C. Xcp. Interire 5 more general and more
expressive than perire. Vel te interiisse vel pei'iisse prnedicent.
Plaut.
Perii, interii : cur mihi non dixti ? Ter. OCCIDEHE, (cadere ob) to
fall down. Signa de ccelo occidunt. Plaut. It is only in ajigurative
sense that it is synonymous with the others. Occidit spes omnis. Hor.
Soles occidere et redire possunt. Catul. Occidit una domus. Ovid.
Extincto calore occidimus ipsi, extinguimur. Cic. Rerum recordatio
et memoria occidisset. Id. OBIRE, (ire ob) to go round or through.
Obire pedibus regiones. Cic. In this sense we say : Diem supremum
obire. C. Nepos. Obire mortem. Cic. 1 do not know any instance of
obire used alone to signify to die : should there be any, mortem, diem
suum, diem supremum, must be understood. OCCUMBERE, (cubare
ob) properly , to lay one' s-self down. It is only figuratively that
it sig-
nifies, to die. Ferro occumbere. Ovid. Occumbere neci. Id. Oc-
cumbere morti. Virg. Occumbere nece. Suet. Occumbere mortem.
Liv. Occumbere morte. Id. Sometimes morti, mortem, &c. are un-
derstood. Ante annos suos occubuit. Ovid. Omnes lege communi
morimur ; casu aliquo aut insania perimus misere ; quocunque malo
aut languore deficientes interimus, in pugna aut conatu laudabili
mortem oppetimus ; exhaustis viribus aut casu aliquo fractis occidi-
mus ; stato ac praefinito tempore diem supremum obimus ; vi aut
saxo oppressi morti occumbimus. G. D.
1674. Mori turns. Moribundns.
MORITURUS, thit will die at a period more or less distant from the
psesent. Jam venio moriturus. Virg. Ad ultimum pro fide moritu-
rus. Q. Curt. MORIBUXDUS, dying, ready to die. Fulva moribun-
dum extendit arena. Virg. Moribunda membra. Id. Moribundo si-
milis. Sen.
1675. Mor tails. Lelhalis.
MORTALIS, mortal, subject to death, belonging to mortals. Vultus

mortalis. Virg. Nil mortale loquar. Hor. Fortuna nonnunquam tan-
quam ipsa mortalis cum immortal] natura pugnare videtur. Cic. Mor-
talin* decuit violari vulnere Divum? Virg., By opposition between the
wounded God, and the mortal being who wounded him. LETHALIS,
that gives or causes lieath. Haeret lateri lethalis arundo. Virg.
Ensis
lethalis. Ovid. Frigus lethale. Id. // is v>ry seldom used but in
poetry:
Cicero however says Lethale illud poculum hausissc : and Pliny, le-
thulis inedia.
1676. Mugire. Rcmuîre.
MUGIRE, to bellow as bulls do. Inde cum actae boves quaedam ad

desiderium, ut fit, relictarum mugi?sent. I.iv. Figuratively : Mugire
videbis sub pedibus terram. Virg. Malus mugit Africis proccllis. I
lor.
REMUGIRE, to answer with fallowings. Ad mca verb.i rcmugis.
Ovid. Inachus is speaking to his daughter, who is transformed into a
heifer. Figuratively : Insequitur clamor coelumquc remugit. Virg.
Nemus reraugit vends. Hor.
393
1677. Mulcta. Mulctatio. Poena.
MULCTA, (vel multa) ajine, a mulct. Centum millium mulcta ir-

rogata erat. Liv. Mulctam committere, Cic., To commit a fault
whereby one incurs a penalty. MULCTATIO, (vel multatio) ajining,
an amercing. Misera est ignominia judiciorum publicorum, misera
mulctatio bonorum. Cic. PCEXA, (frormrc/ivr,, labor) any sort of pu-
nishment. Octo pcenarum genera in legibus continentur : damnatio,
vincula, verbena, talio, ignominia, exilium, mors, servitus. Cic.
Mule-
tare aliquem pcenaet mulcta. Id. Ne poenacapitis cum pecunia con-
jungeretur. Id.
1678. Mulclra. Mulctrale.
MULCTRA and MULCTRUM, (from mulgeo) a milking, the milk-

ing-pail itself. Bis venit ad mulctrarn, binos alit ubere fetus. Virg.
Illic injussae veniunt ad mulctra capellae. Hor. Sed mulctra cum est
repleta Jacte, non sine tepore aliquo esse debet, Colum. MULC-
TRALE is the milking-pail. Nee tibi fetae, more patrum, implebunt
mulctralia vaccae ; sed tola in dulces consument ubera natos. Virg.
1679. Mulielris. Mulierosus. Foemineus.
MULIEBRIS, of a woman. Muliebris forma. Cic. Muliebri comi-

tatu. Id. Figuratively : Enervata muliebrisque sententia. Cic. Mu-
liebri animo sum ; metus membra occupat. Id. MULIEROSUS, given
too much to the love of women. Stiphonem scribunt et ebriosum et
mulierosum fuisse. Cic. (EM.lVKU8, feminine, womanlike, belonging
to woman. Fceminea mollities. Cic. Foemineus ululatus. Virg. Fcemi-
neo pnedse et spoliorum ardebat amore. Id. Ars feminea. Ovid.
1680. Muisum. Mustum.
MULSUM, (scilicet vinum mulsum) a drink chiefly made of water,

wine, and honey, mixed and boiled together. Lene mulsum. Hor.
Miscere mulsum. Cic. MUSTUM, must, sweet and new wine. Nova
bibere inusta. Ovid. Nudo sub pede musta fluunt. Propert.
1681. Multiplex. Multus.
MULTIPLEX, (from multus and plicare) properly, consisting of

many folds. Multiplex nodus. Plin. Vitis serpens multiplici lapsu
et erratico. Cic. Figuratively, of divers sorts or ways. Curas
multipli-
ces volvebat animo. Catul. Qua; multiplices foetus procreant, his
mammarum data est multitude, Cic., The animals that bring forth
many little ones* have got ninny teats. Ingenium multiplex et tortuo-
sum, Id., A deceitful man, whose wind is full of windings and
turnings.
MULTUS, many, in great number. Venae crebrae multasque toto cor-
pore intextas sunt. Cic. 'Multa? variaeqne rationes. Id. Multae et
magnae res. id.
1682. Mulus. Hinnus.
MULUS and KINNUS, a mule ; uitli. this difference, that mulus was
engendered between an ass and a mare ; and hinnus between a horse and
a she-ass. Equo et asina genitos mares, hinnulos antiqui vocabant ;
contraque mulos, quos asiui et equre generant. Plin. Hinnus is
smaller than mulus.
1683. liJundus. Laulus. Magnificus.
MUNDUS, clean, neat. Munda supellex. Hor. Mundus erit qui

non ofFendet sordibus, atque in neutram cultus partem miser. Id.
LAUTUS, (from lavare) properly, washed, bathed. Lautis mane se-
nex manibus currebat. Hor. Lautum te voluit occidere, Cic., He
wanted to kill you, when you were coming out of the balk. Figuratively
:
speaking of persons, genteel, well-dressed, amiable. Homines lauti et
urbani. Cic. Lautiores servi. Id. Lautus es (ironically] qui gravere
litteras ad me dare, Id., speaking of things, exquisite, sumptuous.
Lauta culina. Hor. Lautum convivium. Plin. Civitas lauta et 110-
bilis. Cic. MAGXIFICUS, (magnum i'acere) magnificent, stately,
grand. Vidi forum adornatum magnifico ornatu. Cic. Magnificae
aedes. Ovid. Ccena magnifica et lauta. Cic. Magnificus animus. Id.
Magnificus et grandis orator. Id.
16S4>. Munerari. Remunerari. Retribuere.
MuiN'ERARi and Munerare, ( from munus) to make gifts or presents.

Me opipare muneratus est. Cic. Locus erat quidam, in quo erant
ea composita, quibus te rex munerare volebat. Id. REMUNERARI
and Remunerare, to reward, to requite, to recompense. L*t possim te
remunerari quam simillimo munere. Cic. Quibus officiis T. Annii
beneficia remunerabor ? Id. Munerari benefiae voluntatis est ; re-
munerari, grati et memoris animi. G. D. RETKIBUERE, ( from re
and tribuere) to give what is due. Fidei conducit in locodebitum re-
tribuere. Cic. Fructum quern meruerunt, retribuerem. Id. Retri-
buere, sequitatis est. Catullus said, his tesuppliciis remunerabor. A
good action is rewarded, and a crime is punished.
1685. Municeps. Municipalis.
MUKICEPS, (munus capere) one belonging to a town whose inhabi'

tants were free of the city of Rome. Theie were tu-o sorts : Some had
a right to the privileges and offices there, and were subjected to the
Ro-
man laws ; others followed their particular laws, and enjoyed certain
honorary rights. Ego et illi et omnibus municipibus duas esse c.
patrias, unam naturae, alteram civitatis. Cic. Mei municipes Arpi-
nates. Id. Cicero was born at Arpir.um. Vidi ego fortissimum vi-
rum, mimicipeni meum, C. Marium vidi. Id. AiuNiciPAi :
. longing too town or corporation, that relates to the cili%ens of
such a
town. Municipales homines. Cic. Est ipse a genere municipal
nestissimi ac nobilissimi generis. Id.
1686. Munilio. Munimenlum.
MUXITIO, the action of fortifying. Proliibere munitioncs, Ca?s.,

To hinder the works of fort(fiiaiion. Munitio viarum, Cic., The re-
pairing of the high-roads. MUMMENTUM and Munimen, in poetry,
a rampart, a fortification. Quae munimenta inclioavc-rat, permuniit.
Liv. Tcnere se monimentu. Tac. J : Munimcnto cor-
poris sumpto. Q. Curt. Munimenta tog;c, Juv , A cloak orc<,
. Hoc effusos munimen ad imbres, Virg., A defence

against violent rains.
395
1687. Munus. Officium. Munia. Pensum.
MUNUS, (synonymous with the others} an employment, a business, an

office. Munus ^dilitium, munus Consulare. Cic. Tuum est munus,
tuae partes. Id. Anirni munus est ratione uti. Ifl. OFFICIUM, duly,
obligation. A religione officii dedinare. Cic. Quod ratione actum
est id officium vocatur. Id. Munus officii exequi. Id. Non quod ei
cura defuerit intanto officio tantoque munere. Id. Masinissa senex
omnia regis officia et munera exequitur. Id. Alicui muneri atque of-
ficio praeesse. Id. MUNIA, functions or duties, ivhich any man in his
place, especially in a public situation, ought to do. Obire regis
munia.
Liv. Belli pacisque munia. Id. Munia vitse. Hor. PENSUM, (from
pendere) properly., a certain weight and quantity of wool, .flax, &c.
which slaves were enjoined to spin in a day. Lumen ad exiguum fa-
mulae data pensa trahebant. Ovid. Mollia pensa devolvunt fusis. Virg.
It is used in a more general sense. Exigere pensum. Cic. Nunc ad
reliqua progrediar, meque ad meum munus pensumque revocabo. Id.
1688. Murmurare. Mutire. Mussare. Mussilare. Susurrare.
MURMURARE, to yield a low and hollow sound. Fremitus murmu-

rantis rnaris. Cic. Vidi hesterno die quemdam murmurantem, qui,
&c. Id. Flebile lingua murmurat exanimis. Ovid. MUTIRE, to mut-
ter. Palam mutire plebeio periculum est. Phaed. Nihil jam mutire
audeo. Ter. MUSSARE, (frequentative of mutire) to speak low. Id
decretum decem legatorum clam mussantes carpebant. Liv. MUS-
SITARE, ( frequentative of mussare) to mutter to ones-self. Mussi-
tantesque inter se rogitabant, num quern plebeii Consulis pceniteret.
Liv. SUSURRARE, to tell in secret, in a whispering way. Jam susur-
rari audio civem Atticam esse hanc. Ter. Inaurem susurrare. Ovid.
Fama susurrat. Id.
1689. Mutare. Variare.
MUTARE, (quasi motare) to change, to transmute one thing into an-

other. Testamentum mutare. Cic. Muta jam mentem istam. Id. Sta-
tuit Metellus mancipia mutare cum mercatoribus vino adventitio et
aliis talibus. Sail, Colores mutare. Hor. Crinem mutavit in hydros.
Ovid. VARIARE, to vary, to diversify. Ille (sol) ubi nascentem
maculis variaverit ortum. Virg. Discurrunt variantque vices. Id.
Variare materiam mistura jocorum. Mart. Sententiam variavit ti-
mor, Liv., Fear caused the opinion to be altered. Variare voluptatem,
Cic., To diversify one's pleasure. Variant multa de Marcelli morte
auctores, Liv., Authors write differently, do not agree, about the
par-
ticulars of Marcellus's death.
1690. Mutuari. Mutuilare.
MUTUARI, to borrow. Cum abundare debeam, cogor mutuari. Cic.

Figuratively : A viris virtus nomen est mutuata. Cic. Ab amore te-
merarium atque irnprudens mutuatur consilium. Id. Mutuerour hoc
quoque verbum. Id. Crcesus non mutuatus est aliunde laudem, sed
sibiipsi peperit. Id. MUTUITARE, (frequentative of mutuari) to be
fond of, or to look out for borrowing. Credere mutuitanti. Plaut.
1691. Mysterium. Arcanum*

MYSTERIUM, (from pvw, to keep secret) mystery, what a religion
396
lias most hidden. Aliquid taciturn tanquam mysterium tenere. Cic.

It is said of sacred riles or festivals. Faciesque me, in quern diem
incident mysteria certiorem. Cic. It also signifies any great secret.
Epistolce nostras tan turn habent mysteriorum, uteas ne librariis qui-
dem fere committamus. Cic. ARCANUM, (from arx, or area) a se-
cret, a hidden thing that nobody must l:e apprised of. Arcanorum ce-
lantissimi Persns. Q. Curt. Omnium arcane-rum regis arbiter. Id.
Arcanum neque tu scrutaberis ullius unquani, commissumque teges.
Hor.
N.
1692. Naiades. Nereides.
NAIADES, (from valsiv, flucre) Naiads, nymphs of the springs and

fountains. Alios poscunt mea carmina coetus, Naiades undarum do-
minas. Ovid. NEREIDES, Nereids, nymphs of the sea. Êquoreae Ne-
reides. Catul. Virides Nereides. Ovid.
1693. Nare. Natare. Navigare.
NARE, (from vsou, to swim) to swim. Nat lupus inter oves. Ovid.
Nant anaticulse, evolant merulae. Cic. NATARE (frequentative of
nare) denotes a more active swimming. Canis per flumen carnem dum
ferret natans. Phaed. Aquae natantur multo pisce. Ovid. Figurative-
ly: Pars liominum vitiis gaudet constanter; pars multa natat modo
recta capessens, interdum pravis obnoxia. Hor. Jn quo quidem ma-
gis tu mihi natare visas es, quam ipse Neptunus. Cic. NAVIGARE,
(quasi navi ire) to sail, to travel by sea. Navigavimus sine timore,
sine nausea. Cic. Remis navigare. Id. Satis feliciter navigavit. Id.
169-i. Narrare. Ena.rra.rs. Denarrare. Memorare. Commemorare.
NARRARE, to relate, to recount. Tempera narrando fallere- Ovid.

Jucunda mihi ejus oratio fuit, cum de aniuio tuo mihi quotidie nar-
raret. Cic. ENARRARE, to tell things at length, to recite the particu-
lars. Omnem rcm modo seni, quo pacto se haberet, enarramus or-
dine. Ter. Saepe satis t'st quod factum sit dicere, non ut enarres
quemadmodum sit facturn. Cic. DENARRARE, to tell in order, or in
detail. Haec adeo illi jam denarrabo. Ter. Matri denarrat ut ingens
bellua cognates eliserit. Hor. MEMORARE, to make mention of, to
report. Verbuin est verum quod memoratur. Cic. Herculem in ea
loca, Geryone interempto, boves mira specie abegisse memorant.
Liv. Memorant, id., They *ay. COMMKMORARK implies more os-
tentation in the telling than memornre. Quas est ista in commemo-
randa pceuniu tua tarn insolens o>ti'ntatio? Cic. Cains Decianus, de
quo tu saepu commemor .is. id. Beiien'cia mcminisse debet is in quern
collatasunt, non commemorare qui contulit. Id.
1695. A 7 o5cf. OrH.
-ci, to lc lorn, to come into the world. Xasccndi incerta con-

ditio; sine sensu nascimur. Cic. Games nati sumus ad socictatem et
communitatem generis hunjani. Id. Figuratively : Nulla tarn detes-
tabilis pcstis, qua; non liomini ab homine nascatur. Cic. Scribes ad
me, ut mihi nascatur cpistolx argumcntum, Id., You shall write to
397
me, in order to give me matter for a letter. ORIRI, to issue or

proceed
from. Tu qui ab illo ortus es. Cic. Figuratively : Tibi a me nulla
orta
est injuria. Ter. Ab his sermo oritur, Cic., They speakfirst. Sed ip-
sum (amare) a se oritur, et sua sponte nascitur. Id. A suo cujusque
genere virtutis officia oriuntur. Id.
1696. Nasus. Naris.
NASUS, the nose. Nasus aduncus. Hor. Pravo vivere naso. Id.
NARIS, the nostrils, the holes of the nose. Cava naris. Ovid. Geminae
nares. Virg. Recte sursum sunt nares, quod odor oranis ad supera
fertur. Cic.
1697. Nativus. Naturalis. Natalis. Nalalitius.
NATIVUS, having a beginning or origin, inborn, or innate. Anax-

imandri opinio est natives esse Deos, orientes occidentesque. Cic.
Verba nativa, Id., Primitive and underivcd words. Testae nativae, Id.,
Shellt growing with the .fish. Illud nativum, et hoc delatum malum,
sanare. Id. NATURALIS, of or belonging to nature, natural. Natu-
ralis atque insita in animis nostris notio. Cic. Lex naturalis. Id.
Na-
turalis et non fucatus nitor. Id. Pabulum naturale. Id. Naturale bo-
num, C. Nep., An innate goodness. NATALIS, natal, belonging to the
birth. Natales dies. Cic. Natale solum. Ovid. NATALITIUS, that
concerns one's birth or nativity. Notant nataJitia sidera, Cic., They
observe the stars ruling at one's birth.
1698. Navalis. Nauticus
NAVALIS, naval, belonging to ships or maritime affairs. Navalis

pugna. Caes. Navalis disciplina. Cic. Materia navalis ad classem
aediticandam, Liv., Necessaries for the building and rigging of ships.
Gloria navalis. Cic. NAUTICUS, of a sailor or mariner. Nauticus
cantus. Cic., The seaman s holla, or huzza. Nauticae exuviae, Id.,
Spoils of a sea victory. Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor.
Virg.
1699. Navarchus. Gubernator.
NAVARCHUS, (from vavg and apxy) the captain of a man of war or

galley. Sumptum omnem in classem navarcho suo quseque civitas
dabat. Cic. GUBERNATOR, ( front xv^spYdw, to govern) the governor
or pilot of a ship. Gubernator clavum tenens sedet in puppi. Cic. Si
qui gubernatorem in navigando agere nihil dicant. Id. It is used in
a more general sense. Custos gubernatorque Reipublicae. Cic. Sum-
mi gubernatores. Id.
1700. Naucifacere, habere. Floccifacere, testimare.
NAUCI FACERE, HABERE, to value a thing or person as much as the

woody thick skin auartering the kernel of a walnut. Non habeonauci
Marsum augurem. Cic. FLOCCI FACEHE, .ESTIMARE, to esteem or
value a thing or person as much as a lock of wool which may be blown
away by the wind. Tres Areopagitae totam Rempublicam non flocci
faciebant. Cic. Neque flocci aestimat. Plaut.
1701. Navis. Navigium. Lembus. Cercurus. Celox. Ratis. Scapha.

Lenunculus. Prosumia. Linter. Oria. Pontones. Hippagogce. Co.-
398
tascopium. Phaselus. Myopuro. Cymba. Liburnus. Remutcus. A-

phraclum. Dicrotum. Actuarium. Actuanolum . Corbila.
NAVIS, a ship, is generally said of a large one, suck as a ship of

war.
Naves annotina?, Ca-s.. Ships carrying provisions. Navis oneraria,
Id.,
A ship of burthen. Navis praetoria, Liv., The admiral s ship. XA-
VIGIUM, (quasi navis agitatio) a ship of a smaller size than navis.
Proficisci probo navigio. Cic. Xavigia minuta. Id. In navigie latera,
carinae, prora, puppis, antennae, vela, niali. Id. LEMBUS, a felucca,
a low-built ship with oars. Xe navem ullam praster duos lembos, qui
non plusquiim sexdecim remis agerentur, haberet. Liv. CEHCURUS,
a small ship made use of by the inhabitants of Cyprus. Ipse cum classe
centum tectarum navium, ad haec levioribus navigiis, cercuris ac lem-
bis ducentis proficiscitur. Liv. CEL-QX, a brigantine, a small ship so
called on account of its lightness. Apparuit inde piraticas celoces et
lembos esse. Liv. 11 AXIS, a raft, is nothing more than pieces of tim-
ber joined together : a ship built hastily. Xavibus ab Annibale
incensis,
rates ad trajiciendum exercitum in magna inopia materiae eegre com-
paravit. Liv. Poets often use ratis instead of navis* Rates quassas
re-
ficere.Hor. Ipseratemconto subigit.Virg. SCAPHA, (from yKd-rrrstv,
forare) a ski])*, a boat made of a hollowed tree. Usque adeo ut domi-
nus navis in scapham confugerit. Cic. Scapha biremis. Hor. LE-
XUXCULUS, a sloop, a fishing-boat. Harum fuga navium onerariarum
magistros incitabat, pauci lenunculi ad officium, imperiumque con-
veniebant. Caes. PROSUMIA, a small light ship, sent out for getting
intelligence. De nocte ad portam profectus sum prosumia. Plaut.
LINTER, a little boat without masts or sails ; a sculler, smaller than
scapha. Amneni transvehi lintre. Cic. Duas naves scaphis lintri-
busque deprehendunt. Caes. ORIA, a small fishing-boat. Malo hunc
alligari ad oriam, ut semper piscetur, etsi sit tempestas maxima.
Plaut. PONTOXES, (from pons) a pontoon, a sort of vessel used in
conveying an army across a river. Plerasque naves in Italian! emittit
ad reliquos milites equitesque transportandos : pontones, quod est
genus navium Gallicarum, Lyssi reliquit. Caes. HIPPAGOGJE, (from
fairas and oiyav) properly, ships for conveying cavalry across a
river.
Forte postero die quam Sybota classis tenuit, quinque et triginta na-
ves, quas hippagogas vocant, ab Elia profectae cum equitibus Gal-
lis, equisque, Phanas petebant. Liv. CATASCOPIUM, ( from xxry,
and crxJTrroaaj, to consider) a scout, an advice- boat. Littcris
celeriter
in Sicilian! ad Atticum conscriptis, et per catascopium missis, ut
sine
mora exercitus sibi quam celerrime tnmsportarentur. Caes. PHA-
SELUS is a long boat u.ffd by the Companions, mostly for parties of
pleasure. Et fragilem niecum solvat phaselum. Hor. Et circumpictis
vehitur sua rum i>u...-. t !i>. Virg. In Sallust, it is said of a more
con-
siderable ship. Et forte in navigando cohors una grand! phaselo vecta
a ca."teris deerravit. MVOPAKO, ( from ju.of, scclus, andiTzpui'^,
na-'
vigium) a kind of long li^ht ship, with oars and sails, often used by
pi-
rates. In portu Syracusano myoparo piraticus navigavit. Cic.
oparone piratico capto, dux fiberatur. Id. CY.MBA, a bark, a fish-
ing-boat. Cymbarum ante oculos multitude : pro se quisque, quod
ceperat, afferebat. Cic. Virgil makes use of cymba to express the boat
of Charon, the ferry-man of Hell. Gemit sub pondere cymba sutilis.
Virg. LIBURNUS or Liburna, (so called from the Liburnians, who
399
fast made use of it,") a light ship, Jitter for flight than for
fighting. Ibis
Liburnis inter alta navium, amice, propugnacula. Hor. REMULCUS,
a towing-barge. Submersam navirn remulco, multisque contendens
funibus abduxit. Caes. Hac calamitate perterritis hostibus, adverse
vento leniter flante naves onerarias Caesar remulco Alexandrian! de-
duxit. Id. APIIRACTUM or Aphractus, an open and long shift used by
the Rhodians. Aphractis ca3terisque longis navibus tranquillitatem
aucupaturi eramus. Cic. Nosti aphracta Rhodiorum: nihil est quod
minus fluctum ferre possit. Id. DICROTUM, a galley having two rows
of oars in a seat, used by the Mitylenians. Aphracta Rhodiorum, et
dicrotum Mytilenorum. Cic. ACTUARIUM and ACTUARIOLUM, its
diminutive, (from agere, actutn) a small light-built ship or barge, a
pinnace. Actuaria minuta. Cic. Corbitane Patras, an actuariolis ad
Leucopetram ? Id. CORBITA, ( from corbis, because it was in the
shape of a pannier) a great ship for merchandise, slow and heavy of
sailing. Tardiores quam corbitae sunt in tranquillo mari. Plaut. Its
slowness had become proverbial. Obsecro, operam celocem hanc mihi,
ne corbitam date. Plaut.
1702. Nebulosus. Nimbosus.
NEBULOSUS, (from nebula) nebulous, foggy, full of fogs. Nebu-

losum et caliginosum ccelum. Cic. Littus nebulosum. Ovid. Ae'r
nebulosus. Plin. NIMBOSUS, (from nimbus) cloudy, stormy, rainy.
Ventus nimbosus. Ovid. Nimbosus Orion. Virg.
1703. Necatus. Enectus.
NECATUS, put to death, murdered, or destroyed. Sponso necato.

Hor. In tormentisnecatus.Cic. Necatus veneno. Id. Necatus fame.
Quint. ENECTUS, exhausted, almost dead : it is never said of the ef-
fect of arms. Bos est enectus arando. Ovid. Enecta fame et siti pro-
vincia. Cic. Frigore, illuvie, squalore enecti, contusi, ac
debilitati.
Liv. It is sometimes opposed to plenus, affluens. Ea parte animi nee
inopia enecta, nee satietate affluenti. Cic. Pleni enective shnus. Id.
1704'. Neccssitas. Necessitudo.
NECESSITAS, (from nectere) necessity. Venia necessitati datur.

Cic. Nullum est corpus quod effugiat ferendi patiendive necessita-
tem. Id. It is said of the tie of relation, or bond of friendship.
Necessi-
tatem familiaritatemque violare. Cic. Examples of this kind are very
few : good authors generally use necessitudo to express near kindred
or
friendship. Conjungere necessitudinem cum aliquo. Cic. Necessi-
tudo fraterna. Id. Familiaritatis necessitudinisque oblivisci. Id. Ne-
cessitudo is found in the sense of necessitas. Puto hanc esse neces-
situdinem, cui nulla vi resisti potest. Cic. Facere necessitudinem
alicui, Tac., To force, to compel somebody. Coactus rerum necessi-
tudine. Col.
1705. Nectere. Nexare. Nodare.
NECTERE, to tie by making a knot, to interlace or twist one with an-

other. Coronam nectere. Hor. Aranea sub trabe nectit opus. Ovid.
Brachia nectere. Id. Figuratively: Omnes virtutes inter se nexae et
jugatae sunt. Cic. Undique regi dolus nectitur. Liv. Causas nectis
inanes, Virg., You allege vain pretences. NEXARE (frequentative of
nectere) expresses more action. Nexantem nodis, seque in sua mem-
400
bra plicantem. Virg. NODARE, to knot. Crines nodantur in aurum,
Virg., A twist of gold ties up her hair.
1706. Necubi. Necunde.
NECUBI, lest in any place, (for the question ubi). Necubi hosti
aequo se committeret loco. Liv. Quia quondam publica sacra per
ipsos reges factitata erant, necubi regura desiderium esset, regem
sacrificiorum creant. Id. NECUNDE, lest from any place, (for the
question unde). Circumspectabat, necunde impetus in frumenta-
tores fieret. Liv. Necunde in stationibus Punicis conspiceretur. Id.
Necubi and necunde are put for ne alicubi, ne aiicunde.
1707. Negligentia. Incuria.
NEGLIGENTIA, negligence, indifference. In re familiari laboriosior

est negligentia, quarn diligentia. Cic. Negligentia corrumpit ani-
mum. Id. INCURIA, (non cura) carelessness. Non ego paucis of-
fendar maculis, quas aut incuria fudit, aut humana parum cavit na-
tura. Hor. Vituperanda est rei maxime necessariae tanta incuria.
Cic. Negligentia, non attendimus; incuria, non curamus. G. D.
1708. Negotiatio. Occupatio.
NEGOTIATIO, commerce, trade, traffic. Ut ad reliquias Asiaticse

negotiationis proficiscaris. Cic. Negotiationes quoque vel privato
pudendas propalam exercuit. Suet. OCCUPATIO, properly the ta-
king possession of what is vacant. Sunt autem privata natura nulla,
sed aut vetere occupatione, ut qui quondam in vacua venerunt. Cic.
It is said of the occupation, employment, or business mie is employed
about. Jpse eram maximis occupationibus impeditus. Cic. In max-
imis occupationibus nunquam intermittis studia doctrinse. Jd.
1709. Negotiosus. Negotiate.

NEGOTIOSUS, full of business. Provincia negotiosa et molesta. Cic.
NEGOTIALIS, concerning trade, business, &c. Negotialis constitutio

est quae in ipso negotio juris civilis Jiabet implicatam
controversiam.
Cic.
1710. Negotium. Res.
NEGOTIUM, (non otium) 1. Labour, pain, work. Ut in otio esset

potius quam in negotio. Ter. Negotium alicui exhibere, Cic., To vex,
to tease one. 2. Affairs, business. Aliena negotia euro. Hor. Est mihi
negotium cum illo. C. Nep. Cum tot sustineas et tanta negotia so-
lus. Hor. RES, a thing, is said indiscriminately of any iking
whatever,
the sense being determined by the subject. Facere reni divinam. Cic.
Res tua agitur. Id. Rei militaris scientia. Id. Res secundae,
adversas.
Hor. Patriam rein perdere. Id. Res est admodum f ragilis humanum
corpus. Cic. Non re ductus es, sed opinione. Id.
1711. Negotium facessere. Negotium agere. Negotium gerere. Nego-

tium conficere.
NEGOTIUM FACESSERE, to cause trouble, to create difficulties. Cum

est allatum ad nos de temeritate eorum qui tibi negotium facesse-
rent. Cic. NEGOTIUM AGEHH, to manage or govern an affair, to be
busy about it. Peregrini officium est nihil praeter suum negotium
agere. Cic. NEGOTIUM GERERE expresses more, and signifies the sup-
401
porting and defending of it. Tu tuura negotium gessisti bene. Cic.

CONFICERE NEGOTIUM, to terminate an affair, to put an end to it.
Confecit negotium ex sententia. Cic.
1712. Nemo. Nullus.
NEMO, (non homo) nobody, is only said of persons. Nemo rex, ne-
mo homo. Cic. Nemo omnium tarn est immanis. Id. Nemo hostis.
Id. NULLUS, none, not one, is said loth of persons and things. Se-
natorum nullos esse Romae nos quoque audieramus. Cic. Elephanto
belluarum nulla prudentior. Id. Argumentum id quidem nullum est.
Id., This argument is null, of no force. Arte nulla, Id., Without art.
Nullus is sometimes Englished by a negation. Philotimus nullus venit,
Cic., Philotimus is not come yet. Si non quaeret, nullus dixeris, Ten,
If he does not ask for me, say nothing to him. Nullus dubito, Id., /
do not doubt at all.
1713. Nemo non. Non nemo.
NEMO NON, all, every one. Aperte adulantem nemo non videt,.
nisi qui admodum est excors. Cic. NON NEMO, somebody. In curia
non nemo hostis adest. Cic.
1714. Nemoralis. Nemorosus.
NEMORALIS, of a wood or forest. Antrum nemorale. Ovid. Ne-

morales sedes. Id. NEMOROSUS, full of woods or forests. Montes
nemorosi. Ovid. Silvae nemorosae. Id.
1715. Nervus. Fibra.
NERVUS, (from vsvpov, a nerve) a string or tie that gives strength-

end motion to the limbs, and it is supposed to be a general vehicle of
sen-
sation; a nerve, a sinew. Hue adde nervos, a quibus artus continen-
tur, eorumque implicationem toto corpore pertinentem, qui a corde
tract! et profecti in corpus omne ducuntur. Cic. Nervis et ossibus
Deus non continetur. id. Figuratively : Nervi belli pecunia. Cic.
Nervis et tua sapientia opus est. Id. Horum oratio neque nervos
neque aculeos habet. Id. FIBRA, a fibre, a thinjilament that is found
in all thejleshy parts of bodies and plants. Pellucentes numerare in
corpore fibras. Ovid. Pecudum fibras. Virg. Radicum fibras evellere.
Cic.
1716. Nescire. Ignorare.
NESCIRE, not to know ; IGNORARE, not to be acquainted with, or to

le ignorant of. Nescire is properly used when speaking of things, and
Ignorare when speaking of persons. Nee me pudet fateri nescire quod
nesciam. Cic. Nescire Latine. Id. Nescis nee in pace nee in bello
vivere. Id. Erras, si id credis, et me ignoras. Ter. Ignorat patrem
suum. Id. Ignorare is also said of things. Ignorare legem. Cic. Ig-
norare mala bonum est. Sen. Nescire is moreover not to know what
one could not learn, or not to know at all; ignorare, to le ignorant
of
what one ought to know, not to know enough. Impunitates, supplicia
largitus est, et quidem nesciens plerumque et ignarus. Suet. Igno-
rare, imprudentis est, aut negligcntis ; Nescire, inscientis, et impe-
riti. G. D.
2D
402
1717. Nexus. Nodus.
NEXUS, (from nectere) a twisting made of something pliant and

flexible. Recurvo serpunt nexu hederae. Ovid. Figurativly : Legis
nexus. Cic. NODUS, a knot, a tie, a bond. Nodus crinium. Ter. Sol-
vere nodum. Cic. Dracones tantae magnitudinis, ut et ipsos circum-
flexu facili ambiant, nexuque nodi perstringant. Plin. Nodus is also
said of the lumps or knots in any tree, shrub, plant, c. Arboris imam
partera, quam in terrain demissurus es, acutissima falce juxta nodurn
amputato. Col. It moreover signifies the joints of the body, and the
li-
gatures of the joints. Articulorum nodi. Plin. Crura sine nodis. Caes.
Figuratively: Nodus amicitiac. Cic. Maximus in Republica nodus
est, inopia rei frumentariae, Id., Scarcity of corn is the greatest
diffi-
culty of a republic.
1718. Nexus. Nexum. Mancipium.
NEXUS and NEXUM ; (synonymous with mancipium) is said 1. Of a

certain formality used in mortgaging a thing, u-hich was practised
with
a pair of scales, and the money in hand. Nexum est quod per libram
agitur. 2. A kind of promise in uniting, by which a freeman, unable to
pay his del-is, became his creditor's bondman, and engaged himself to
serve him. Nam etsi unciario ioenore facto levata usura erat, sorte
ipsa obruebantur inopes, nexumque inibant : id est, se et corpore et
bonis obligabant, devinciebantque creditoribus. Liv. MANCIPIUM,
(synonymous with nexus) 1. Right of property, property itself. Cujus
proprium te esse scribis mancipio et nexu, Cic., To whom, according
to your own writing, you declare yourself to belong by right of
property,
and by a bond. Fructus est tuus, mancipium illius. Id. 2. A contract
of sale. /Edes Sergio serviebant, sed Matins in mancipio non dix-
erat, Cic., Strgius had a right of servitude on the house, but Matius
had
not mentioned it in the contract of sale. 3. Warranty. Mancipio dare,
Plaut., To warrant the possession of.
1719. Nidor. Odor. Odores.
NIDOR, the scent or smell of any thing roasted or burnt. Illi ingens
barba reluxit, nidoremque ambusta dedit. Virg. Ganearum nidor et
fumus, Cic. ODOR, a smell, whether agreeable or disagreeable. Un-
guentorum odor. Cic. Odor oris et corporis teterrimus. Id. Figu-
ratively : Odor quidam suspicionis. Cic. Est nonnullus odor dicta-
turae, Id., There is a surmise of a dictator. ODORES (in the plural)
generally Dignifies sweet odours, perfumes. Suavitas odorum. Cic.
Suaves miscetis odores. Virg. Incendere odorgs. Cic.
1720. Nihil. Nihilum.
NIHIL, by contraction nil, ( from non and hilum, the little black
mark of a broad-bean) nothing. Nihil agebat. Cic. Prorsus nihil abest,
quin sim miserrimus. Id NIHILUM, nought, nothingness. Ex nihilo
oriri, et in nihilum occidere. Cic. Ad nihilum recidunt omnia. Id.
1721. Nihildum. Nondum. Nequedum.
NIHILDUM, nothing as yet. Brundusio nihildum crat allatum. Cic.

Eum nihildum suspicantem ad me vocavi. Id. NOXDUM and NE-
QUEDUM, not yet. Nondum satis constitui quid mihi faciendum sit.
403
Cic. Sed ejus rei maturitas nequedum venit, et tamem appropin-

quat. Id.
1722. Nihilominus. Tamen.
NIHILOMINUS, notwithstanding, nevertheless, distinguishes two

things seemingly opposed, one of which it maintains without destroying
the other. Nihilominus ut ego absim, haec confici possunt. Cic.. Co-
natus est nihilominus de pace agere. Caes. TAMEN, however, affirms
against contrary appearances. Quanquam abest a culpa, suspicione
tamen non caret. Cic.
1723. Nimis. Nimium.
NIMIS and NIMIUM, too much, excessively. Letitle remarked, that

nimis is an adverb, and nimium often a noun. Nimis magnum stu-
dium. Cic. Magnanimis licentia. Id. Nimium boni. Id. Nimis boni
would be improper. Cicero has however said, Nimis insidiarum adhi-
beri videtur. Mediocritas quae est inter nimium et parum. Cic.
1724. Nisus. Nixus.
Nisus onrf Nixus, (yromniti) an effort. Insoliti nisus. Hor. Ter-

tia sed postquam majore hastilia nixu aggredior. Virg. It must how-
ever be observed, that nixus is often said of the labour or travail in
bringing forth young ones. Haud foetus nixibus edunt. Virg. Matu-
ris nixibus editus. Id. Nixibus ex alvo niatris natura profudit. Lu-
cret.
1725. Niveus. Nivalis. Nivosus.
NIVEUS, of snow, as white as snow. Sed jacet aggeribus niveis in-

formis terra. Virg. Niveos cygnos. Id. NIVALIS, snowy. Nivalis
dies. Hor. Nivales vend. Virg. It also expresses the colour of snow.
Nivali candore. Virg. Nivosus, full of, or abundant in, snow. Ni-
vosa Scythia. Ovid. Nivosahyems. Liv.
"1726. Nocturnus. Noctualundus.
NOCTURNUS, of or pertaining to night. Korae nocturna?. Cic. La-

bores diurni nocturnique. Id. NOCTUABUNDUS, that travels or is
abroad late in the night. Cum complicarem hanc epistolam, noctua-
bundus ad me venit cum epistola taa tabellarius. Id.
1727. Nolle. Non velle.
NOLLE, not to will, at all, to be absolutely unwilling. Nolunt ubi

velis ; ubi nolis cupiunt ultro. Ter. Nolo mentiare. Id NON VELLE
expresses less, and signifies not to wish. Nulla sedes est, quo
concur-
rant ii qui Rempublicam defensam non velint. Cic.
1728. Nomen. Proenomen. Cognomen, slgnomen.

NOMEN was the proper name that distinguished the family from which
every one drew his origin, as Pompey, Manlius, Cornelius. Nomen est
quod cuique persons datur, quo suo quisque proprio et certo vo-
cabulo appellatur. Cic. PRJENOMEN was the Jirst name that distin-
guished each individual, as Marcus, Lucius, Pnblius. Sine prsenomine
familiariter ad me epistolam misisti. Cic. COGNOMEN, a surname,
added to that which one has from his father, from something remark-
able, such as Scipio, I.entulus, Dolabella, each of which was a branch
of the Cornelian family. AGNOMEN, a name given on account of
2D2
adoption, or of some grand action, or some particular adventure, ft

came last of all; for example, Lucius Cornelius Scipio dfricanus: Lu-
cius is praenomen ; Cornelius, nomen ; Sdpio, cognomen; sffricantll,
agnomen. Authors did sometimes use cognomen instead of agnomen.
Cicero, mentioning the other Scipio, says: ex Asia cognomen assump-
sit.
1729. Nomen. Vocalulum.
Nomina, says Varro, differunt a vocabulis, idco quod sunt finita,

ac significant res propritis, ut Remus, Romulus; cum vocabula sint
infinita, ut vir, mulier. Si res suum nomen etproprium vocabulum
non habent. Cic. Ovid has made use of vocabulum instead q/'nomen:
Bacchus, addressing himself to slriadne, say y, Tu mihi junctu toro,
mihi juncta vocabula sumes : nam tibi mutata? Libera nomen erit.
When I say urbs Roma, urbs is vocabulum, and Roma is nomen. No-
mina is also said of obligations or notes of hand relating to del-Is.
No-
mina mea exsolvo. Cic. Pecuniam sibi esse in nominibus, numera-
tam in praesentia non habere. Id.
1730. Non I an turn. Tantum non. Tantum quod.
NON TANTUiVT, not only. Non tantum parum commode, sed etiam
turpiter. Cic. TANTUM NON, almost, very near. Tantum non Spar-
ta capta est. TANTUM QUOD, scarcely, not r/uite. Tantum quod ex
Arpinati veneram, cum mihi a te litteroe redditae sunt. Cic. Tantum
quod aratoribus obsides non dedit. Id.
1731. Notio. Nolitia. Cognitio. Perceplio.
NOTIO, a notion, an idea of any thing. Notio est conformatio qurc-

dam et impressa intelligentia. Cic. Dei notionem nullum animal est
quod habet, prater homincm. Id. NOTITIA, know/edge, intelligence.
Notitia antiquitatis. Cic. Propter notitiam intromissi. C. Nep. No-
tionem would be improper. Dei notitia is the knowledge of a God; and
Dei notio is the idea, the notion of a God. Notio is said of any idea
that is the work of our own mind. CoONITIO, a knowing, or know-
ledge got by means of examination or study. Cognitio rerum occul-
tarum. Cic. Fieri nullo modo potest ut a pueris tot rerum insitas in
animis notiones haberemus, nisi animus antequam corpus intrasset
in rerum cognitione viguisset. Id. PEHCEPTIO, (capere per) a tak-
ing, a gathering or receiving. Frugum fructuumque reliquoruni per-
ceptio et conservatio. Cic. Figuratively : a perceiving, an impression
made on us at the presence oj objects, a conceiving, an idea, a
thought.
Animi perceptio. Cic. Neque hoc quicquam esset turpius, quum
cognitioni et perception! assertionem approbationemque praecur-
rere. Id.
1732. Novare. Innovare.
NOVARE, (from novus) to make new, to render new. Stoici plu-

rima vcrba novarunt, Cic., The Stoics have made many neiv words.
Fortuna fidem mutata novavit, Virg., Fortune happening to change^
gave a new proof of her inconstancy. Qui novari aliquid volebant,
Cic., Who wanted to cause changes. INNOVAUL, to renew. Cfetera
visu, quum dictu fcediora terrorem innovarunt. Liv. Quo tc modo
M\ intemperantiam, scelerate, innovasti. Cic. Qui novat, nova facit ;
qui iunovat, redintegrat. G. D.
405
1733. Novare agrum. Iterare agrum.
NOVARE AGRUM, lo plough for the first time, to break up afield.

ITERAUE AGUUM, Lo give the second tilth to it. Ager non semelara-
tus, seel novatus ct itcratus, quo meliores foetus possit et
grandiores
edere. Cic.
173-i. Novellas. Novalis.
NOVELLUS, ( from novus) new, very young. Novelise arbores.

Cic. Turba novella, Tibul., Marty young children. Novelli Aqui-
leienses, Liv., The inhabitants of the new colony of Af/uileia. NOVA-
LIS is only said of ground or land newly cleared, ploughed, and sown.
Novalis ager, qui interrnittitur, a novando dictus. Varr. Alternis
idem tonsas cessare novales, et segnem patiere situ durescere cam-
pum. Virg. Ajter the harvest, you must let the ground rest, to become
more firm, for a whole twelvemonth. Isidorus says, that it signifies
land
newly broken up, or thai lies fallow every other year lo recruit its
strength.
1735. Novitius, Tiro.
NOVITIUS, new, speaking of slaves. Novitii servi, Varr., Slaves

newly bought, that are unacquainted with the house. Novitiae puellae.
Ter. Syrura nescio quern de grege novitiorum factum esse consu-
lera. Cic. TIRO, new, speaking of soldiers. Veteribus militibus ti-
rones irnmisceantur. Liv. Tiro exercitus, Id.: It is said of all sorts
of
professions. Homo non estate sed usu forensi tiro. Cic. Tiro ac rudis
in aliqua re. Id.
1736. Novus. Recens.
Novus, new. Nihil erat novi in ejus epistola. Cic. Nova et in-
opinata hsec tibi sunt. Id. Novis studere rebus. Id. RECENS, recent,
fresh. Litteras recentissimse. Cic. Cum e provincia recens esset. Id.

Homines recentes, Hor., Men newly born. Homines novi, Cic., The
first noblemen of families, people of a low extraction, whose

ancestors
were never honoured with high offices, llecens et nova lex, Cic., A
Law recently made, and extraordinary. A letter is nova in regard to
for-
mer ones ; and recens when just written, or a very little time since.
Res memoranda novis annalibus atque recenti historia. Juv. Novum
quod primum accidit ; recens quod nuper : Ut lex nova, quae pri-
mum perfertur ; eadem recens, qune non diu ante fuit lata. G. D.
1737. Noxa. Noxia.
NOXA ( from nocere) is said of any thing hurtful. Nocte nocent

potse, sine noxa luce bibuntur. Ovid. Maxim d vellem prava incoep-
ta consultoribus noxae esse. Sail. It is said of a fault. Alia omnis
penes milites noxa erat. Liv. NOXEC pcena par esto. Cic. It also sig-
nifies punishment. Eximere noxae. Liv. NOXIA, (culpa or causa
understood) a crime, fault, or oJJ'ence. Poena noxiae. Cic. Quam-
obrem enim ibi aut sarcire noxiam, aut noxam dedere oportere. Ulp.
Alienissimus est ab omni noxr. vir prudens, et benevolus; pcenam
noxiae subibit qui admiserit. G. D.
1738. Noxius. Nocens.
Noxius, hurtful, that may be hurtful. Noxia spicula. Ovid. Nox-

ius civis cocrceatur. Cic. It also signifies guilty. Noxia corda.
Ovid.
Habet poenam noxium caput. Liv. NOCENS, actually doing harm or
406
injury. Nocens ferrum, ferroque nocentius aurum. Ovid. Tela nc-

centia. Id. Multo nocentiores quam ferae sumus. Plin. Nocens also
expresses guilty. Si nocentissimus homo damnari possit. Cic. Nocens,
nisi accusatus fuerit, condemnari non potest. Id. Nocens est, says
Doletus, vel qui damnum calamitatemque infert, vel qui turpiter ali-
quidagit, aut maleficium committit.
1739. Nubere. Uxorem ducere.
NUBERE, (from uubes) properly, to cover one's selfu'ith a veil, be-

cause brides were veiled on their iredding day. It is only said of the
wife. Nupta est cum illo. Cic. Consobrino suo nupsit. Id. Uxori
nubere nolo mese, Mart., / will not be a wife to my wife, i. e. L will
not have a wife that shall be my master. UXOREM DUCERE, to marry,
is only said of men, because the bridegroom ivent to the bride's to
fetch
her away. Duxit uxorem patre vivo. Cic. Emoriar si non hanc ux-
orem duxero. Ter.
174-0. Nubes. Nimbui. Nebula.
These words denote the vapours thai rise up out of the earth into the
air, and generally , after condensing in the upper regions, are turned
into
rain ; ivith (his difference, that NUBES denotes a vast quantity of
waters
collected in the air, the forerunners of a storm ; NIMBUS
characterizes
a thick black cloud, driven by storms ; and NEBULA is especially said
of those clouds that are in the most elevated part of the atmosphere.
Ne-
bula implies the idea of elevation ; nubes that of quantity, and of a
storm ; nimbus the idea of darkness and obscurity. Ccelum, in qua
nubes, imbres, venti coguntur. Cic. Ae'r concretus in nubem cogitur.
Id. Subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tarn denso regem
operuit nimbo, ut conspectum ejus concioni abstulerit. Liv. Resol-
vuntur nebulae rentis ac sole. Ovid. Figuratively : Objicere nubem
fraudibus. Hor. Hunc quidem nimbum (that tumult and confusion)
cito transisset laetor. Cic. Frontis nubecula,Id., An affected
threaten-
ing, a frown.
174>1 . Nudare. Delegere. Exuere.
NUDARE, to make naked, or strip off. Cum repente hominem in

foro medio nudari, et virgas expediri jubet. Cic. Armis nudare ja-
centem. Ovid. Gladios nudarunt, Liv., They drew their swords. Nu-
dare urbem, Id., To make a large breach in the walls of a town, figu-
ratively : Nudare scelus aliquod, To expoie a crime. Nudare aliquem,
Hor., To find out any body's tricks and cunning. DETEGERE, to un-
cover. JEdes vetustate atque incuria detecta?. C. Nep. Detexit ven-
tus villam. Plaut. Figuratively : Detecta traude. Liv. Detegere con-
ditas insidias. Id. EXUERE, (from l, and S-Ju, vestio) properly, to
undress, to pull ojf clothes. Exuere tunicam. Ovid. Figuratively :
Humanitatem exuerc. Cic. Antiques mores exuere. Liv. Exuere
castris hostem, Id., To fight the enemy out of his quarters or camp.
Duaecivitatesjugum exuerunt. Id.
1742. Kudus. Nudatus.
NUDUS express es the state of a man naked, either by himself or other-

wise. Nudus ara, sere nudus. Virg. Nudus in ignoti jacebis arena.
Id. Nuda pectora. Ovid. Nudo cui vertice fulva caesaries, nudique
humeri. Virg. Figuratively : Nudus a propinquis, Cic., Without
407
friends to defend or help him. Agris paternis nuclus, Hor., Deprived

of his patrimony . Nuda veritas. Cic. NUDATUS, deprived of. Supe-
riore parte corporis nudata. Caes. Cornicula nudata furtivis colori-
bus. Hor. Figuratively : Ilespublica interitu Consulum nudata. Cic.
Antonii divina vis ingenii etiam hac scientia nudata. Id.
1743. Nullo negotio. Nullo labore.
NULLO NEGOTIO, without any difficulty or trouble. Cum id nullo

negotio facere possis. Cic. NULLO LAHORE, without fatigue, with-
out labour. Nullo labore perfecit. Cic.
1744. Numtrare. Recensere.
NUMERARE, to count, to reckon. Numerare pecuniam. Cic. Donee

eris felix, raultos numerabis avnicos. Ovid. Per digitos nuraerare.
RECENSERE, (rursus censere) to muster, to review, to survey. Inter
hsec reeenset exercitum. Liv. Forte recensebat numerum charos-
que nepotes. Virg. Fortia gesta recense. Ovid.
1745. Numerato. Pfumerose.
NUMERATO, by way of payment in ready money. Mihi et res et con-

ditio placet, sed ita ut numerato malim, quam sestimatione, Cic., /
had rather pay money for it than the value some other way. NUME-
ROSE, in oratorical numbers, with graceful cadences, harmoniously.
Sen-
tentia numerose cadit. Cic. Apte et numerose dicere. Id.
1746. Numerosus. Numerabilis.
NUMEROSUS, numerous, in great numbers. Hoc opus numerosas

poscit manus. Plin. Figuratively : various in numbers, harmonious.
Nuraerosa oratio. Cic. Namerosa ducere brachia, Ovid., i. e. with
the proper measures. Detinuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures.
Id. NUMERABILIS, that may be numbered or counted. Populussane
numerabilis, utpote parvus. Hor.
1747. Nummus. Denarius.
NUMMUS, (from v6po$, a law, because money was introduced to be

a law in trade) a piece of money or coin. Nummus aureus, Cic., Ac-
cording to the proportion that obtains now in England, a gold coin
worth
11. Os. 9d. sterling. Nummus argenti, Plaut., Of English money, seven
farthings and a half farthing. Nummus adulterinus, Cic., A counter-
feit piece of money . DENARIUS, (from decem) properly containing
the number of ten, the Roman denier, a coin worth sevenpence-halfpenny
of the present English money. Emere denario quod sit mille dena-
rium. Cic. Nummus is understood. Sometimes it is expressed. Dena-
rius nummus. Liv.
1748. Nunciare. Indicere.
NUNCIARE, to carry news, as a messenger does. Non haeq tibi nun-

ciat auctor ambiguus. Ovid. Nunciatum est raihi vim parari. Cic.
INDICERE, (dicere in) to proclaim a certain day for a thing, to de-
nounce, to declare. Concilium, ferias indicere. Liv. Templis indicit
honorem, Virg., She commands sacrifices to be offered to the gods in
all
the temples. Indicere bellum voluptatibus, Cic., To declare war
against the passions.
408
1749. Nuncius. Tal-ellarius.
NUNCIUS, a messenger or bringer of tidings. Mercun'us, nuncius

Jovis et Ueorum. Hor. Xuncius sceleris tui. Cic. Nuncius praetoris.
Id. Lt nuncius ibis Pelidas genitori. Virg. Ab aliquo nuncius. Plaut.
figuratively: Virtuti nuncium remittere, Cic., To renounce virtue.
IABELLARIUS, (/row tabula) a letter-carrier. Respondebo epistolae
quam attulerat tabellarius. Cic.
1750. Nutrbc. Nutricula.
NUTRIX, f from nutr\re)anurse, a female that gives suck. Nutrices

et paedagogi jure vetustatis plurimum benevolentite postulabunt. Cic.
Ut pene cum lacte nutricis errorem suxisse videamur. Id. Fiaura-
tive/y : Curarurn nutrix nox. Ovid. Cato nutricem plebis Komana?
Siciliam nominavit. NUTRICULA, a little nurse, a tender nurse. Quid
voveat dulci nutricula majus alumno ? Hor. Figuratively .- Nutri-
cula causidicorum Africa. Juv. It is said of men. Gellius nutricula
seditiosorum omnium. Cic. Quintilian says casa nutricula, the cot-
tage wherein one has been brought up.
1751. Obdurescere. Oicallescere.
OBDURESCERE, to groiv hard. Sopater de statua cum jam pene

obduruisset, vix vivus afFertur. Cic. Figuratively : To become
hardened,
or insensible. Obdurescunt magis quotidie boni viri ad vocem Tri-
buni plebis. Cic. OBCALLESCERE, (from callum) to grow callous.
Osque nieum sensi pando obcaliescere rostro. Ovid. Latera quse
occaluere plagis. Plaut. Figurative/;/ : to become insensible. Angor
equidetn, scd jam prorsus occalui. Cic. Nescio quomodo usu ob-
duruerat, et percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia. Id.
1752. Obedire. Obtcmperare. Okser/ui. Parere. Morem gerere. Mori-
gerari.
OBEDIRE, (quasi ob audire) to obey literally, as slai-es do. Deo

obediunt maria terro?que. Cic. OBTEMPERAHE, to take the true
sense of a command, to obi-y as a son does a father. Nee veru solum
ut obtempcrent obediantque magistratibus, sed etiani, c c cc. Cic. Sic
mihi semper obtemperavit tanquam filius patri. Id. OBSEQUI, ($i>
qui ob) to comply icith the will of allicr peup'e, to act with
com/'lai-
sance. Nos quoque senes est aequum senibus obsequi. Ter. Obse-
qnar voluntuti tuae. Cic. Obsequi alicui in omnibus. Id. P.\:
to submit or yield to. Qui legibus non propter nietum paret. Cic.
Oppidutn illud paret rcî. Plin. Parere gulo:. Hor. N;OKK.M (,E-
BEKE, to humour one, to be full of condescension to him and his
u/urri'in
or u'ill. Gerain tibi morem, et ea quae vis, ut ])0tero, explicabo.
Cic.
MOKK. KHAKI, to endeavour to please, to gratify. ML tuisti, si nunc
de tuo jure co: paululQm, atque adolescenti e.-fCs morige-
ratus, ne non tibi istuc fit-nerarer. Ter. Voluptati aurium morigerari

debet oratio, Cic., A speech ought to gratify the hearers with its
sweet-
409
ness. . Jus et imperium habenti obedimus ; ad mentem imperantis
obtemperamus ; majori aut sapientiori obsequimur ; fortiori autpo-
tentiori paremus; tequitatis, amicitioe aut venerationis causa morem
geriraus; aurium voluptati morigeratur orator. G. D.
1753. Objicere. Objectare. Opponere.
OBJICERE, (jacere ob) to throw to, to throw in the way, to put to,
or shut against. Ibi positi erant, qui fores portse objicerent. Liv.
No-
luerunt feris corpus objicere. Cic. Melle soporatam et medicatis
frugibus offam objicit. Virg. Figuratively : Terrorem hosti objicere.
Cic. Ignobilitatem alicui objicere. Id. Factum quod objicitur ne-
gare. Id. OBJECTARE (frequentative of objicere) denotes more ac-
tion and energy. Caput objectare periclis. Virg. Objicere would be
less expressive. Figuratively : Objectare falsura crimen alicui, Cic.,
adds to the idea of objicere. Probrum mihi nullum objectas. Id.
OPPONERE, (ponere ob) to put before, to oppose. Opponere armatos
ad introi'tus. Cic. Moles fluctibus opponere. Id. Figuratively : Op-
ponere suam auctoritatem. Cic. His quatuor causis totidem medi-
cinae opponuntur. Id.
1754. Obitus. Adventus.
OBITUS, (ire ob) a rencounter, or meeting for a short time. AD-

VENTUS, (venire ad) a coming to, an arrival, when done purposely.
Ut voluptati obitus, sernio, adventus tuus, quocunque adveneris,
semper siet, Ter., So that you cause joy wherever you come, whether
you stay but a little while, or only say afeiv words, or come on
purpose
to stay.
1755. Obitus. Occasus. Tnteritus.
OBITUS, synonymous with the two others, properly, a course, a revo-

lution. Obitus motusque siderum. Cic. In the same sense it is said
of death. Ante obitum felix nemo dici debet. Ovid. Obitus rerum
omnium. Cic. OCCASUS, (cadere ob) a fall, decay, decline. Occa-
sus imperii. Cic. Ortus et occasus solis. Id. Qui dies post obitum
occasumque nostrum lleipublicae primus illuxit Id. // is said of
death. Post yElii nostri occasum. Cic. INTERITUS, destniction, dis-
solution. Est interitus quasi discessus et secretio ac diremptio earum
partium quas ante interitum junctione aliqua tenebantur. Cic. Inte-
ritum atque obitum omnium rerum conficit natura. Id. Occasus et
interitus Reipublicae, Id., The jail and destruction of the Republic.
Obitus is the revolution of things ; occasus, their fall and decay ;
in-
teritus, their dissolution, their destruction. We very proper ly
say \egum
interitus, but Idgum obitus or legum occasus would be bad Latin.
1756. Ol'ligare. Obstringere. Devincire.
OBLIGARE, (ligare ob) to tie round or up, to bind. Vulnus obli-

gare. Cic. Ait se obligasse crus fractum Êsculapio, Apollini autem
brachium. Plaut. Figuratively : Gratos et bonos viros tibi obligabis.
Cic. Caput votis obligare, Hor., To engage one's life by vows. Obli-
gatam redde Jovi dapem, Hor., Perform the feast vowed solemnly to
Jupiter. OBSTRINGERE, (stringere ob) to tie about hard. Meumla-
queo collum quando obstrinxero. Plaut. Figuratively : Obstringere
se parricidio et scelere obligare. Cic. Te existimare volo quibus-
410
cunque officiis Atllcum tibi obstrinxeris, iisdem tibi obligatum fore.

Id. Spe ha?reditatis obstrinxit. Id. Obstrihgere perjurio, Liv., To
violate by swearing falsely . DEVINCIRE, to fatten with chains. Ca-
tenis devincire. Plaut. Figuratively : Ubi animus se cupiditate de-
vinxit mala. Ter. Cum (somnus) suavi devinxit membra sopore.
Lucret. Si sensit quo se scelere devinxit, Cic., If he is sensible of
the
greatness of lu-s crime. Homines charitate devincire, Id., To attach
men by the ties of friendship. Although the above three verbs seem
often
used indiscriminately, it may however tie observed that obligare
denotes
any tic whatever ; devincire, a tie that cannat be broken ojf; and ob-
stringere, a very tight binding.
1757- Oblivio. Oblivia.
OBLIVIO, oblivion, a forgetting. Dare obliviom. Liv. Oblivio to-

tius negotii. Cic. Conterere oblivione injurias. Id. Non tuos patiar
labores inipune carpere lividas obliviones. Hor. OBLIVIA has the
same signification, and is only used by poets. Longa oblivia potant.
Virg. Te cepere oblivia nostri. Ovid. Ducere sollicitae jucunda ob-
livia vitse. Hor. It may besides be observed, that oblivio is the very
act
of forgetting, and oblivia a passive state of for get fulness.
1758. Obluctari. Olniti.
OBLUCTARI, to struggle or strive at or against. Genibusque ad-

versae obluctor arenae. ^ irg. Obluctari difficultatibus. Q. Curt.
OBNITI, to thrust against, to shove on. Obnixus impetum hostium
excepit. Liv. Obnixi scutis corporibusque urgebant. Id. Slant ob-
nixi omnia contra. Virg. Obnixi non cedere. Id. Obnixi corrma
infigunt (tauri). Id.
1759. Obmutescere. Oblorpescere.. Obstupescere.
OBMUTESCERE, (from mutus) to become dumb, to beat a loss what

to say. Orepresso obmutuit. Virg. . Aspectu obmutuit amens. Id.
Figuratively : to le out of use. Lydius lapis Sardibus emebatur, qui
nunc obmutuit. Plin. OBTORPESCERE, (from torpor) to grow stijf
or numb. Miror ei non et linguam obmutuisse, et manum obtorpu-
isse. Cic. Figuratively : Sed jam subjectus miseriis obtorpui. Id.
Obtorpuerant quodammodo animi.Liv. OBSTCPESCERE, ( from stu-
por) tr> be astonished, amazed, asivithout any sense left. Ejus
aspectu
cum obstupiiisset bubulcus, clamorem majorem cum admiratione edi-
dit. Cic. Ob haec beneticia quibus illi obstupescunt, nullos honeres
mihi decerni sino. Id. Obstupuere animi. Virg. Obstupuere om-
nes. Id.
1760. Obruere. Subruere.
OBRUERE, (ruerc ob) to cover over, to lay under. Aliquem lapi-

dibus obruere. Cic. Obruta .-Egyi)tus Xilo. Id. Submersas obrue
pupj>es. Virg. Figuratively : Tustcm obruere, Cic., To confound a
witness. Obiivione obruere sua facta. Id. Quod Dii omen obruant.
Id. Obrui acre alieno, Id., To be over head in debt. SUBRUERE,
(ruere sub) to undermine, to subvert. Subruta cuniculomoenia. Liv.
I'ortis succedunt, murumque subruunt. Ca?s. Figuratively: Mune-
ribus submit rcges, auro proditoribus dato. Hor. Sic leve sic par-
vum est anirnutn quod laudis avarum submit, aut reficit, Id., So true
411
il is, that the most trifling thing may either depress or route a mind
fond of praise.
1761. Obsccenitas. Turpitudo.
OBSC<EXITAS, (from ob and coenum) obscenity in things or words.

In obscoenitate si quod sit flagitium, id aut in re esse, aut in
verbo.
Cic. Orationis obsccenitas. Id. TURPITUDO, turpitude, dishonesty.
Notari turpitudine. Cic. Verborura turpitude, et rerum obscrenitas
vitanda. Id. Verborum obsccenitas, si turpitudini rerura adhibeatur,
ludus ne libero quidem homine dignus est. Id.
1762. Observantia. Observatio.
OBSERVANTIA, (from ob and servare) regard, esteem, submission.

Observantia in regeni curn omnibus, benignitate erga alios cum rege
ipso certabat. Liv. Retinere observantia amicos. Cic. Quae mag-
nitude observantiae tot beneficiis respondere poterit? Id. It is
taken,
by feiu authors in the sense of usage, custom, practice. Observantia
temporum. Vel. Paterc. Ex hac observantia nonnanquam vel ante
initium, vel post dimissum convivium solus crenitabat, cum pleno
convivio nihil tangeret. Suet OBSERVATIO, an observation, a re-
flection. Summa erat observatio in bello movendo apud antiques.
Cic. Diuturna observatio notandis rebus fecit artem. Id. Notitia
sui corporis et observatione sustentatur valetudo. Id. Valerius Max-
imus has used it in the sense of observance or rite. Ut religionibus
suus
tenor suaque observatio redderetur.
1763. Obsessio. Obsidio.
Although these two zvords are often used indiscriminately, it may be

observed that OBSIDIO (from obsideo) is the act of besieging ; and
OBSESSIO ( from obsessus) is the act of being besieged. Ubi id parum
processit obsidione, munitionibus crepti premi hostes. Liv. Obsessio
templorum, oppressio curiae. Cic.
1764. Obsidere. Oppugnare.
OBSIDERE, (sedere ob) to besiege. Aditus armati obsident. Cic.

A town is besieged by cutting off all communication. OPPUGNARE,
(pugnare ob) to Jight against, to assault. Consiliis ab oppugnanda
urbe ad obsidendam versis. Liv. Figuratively : Oppugnare aliquem
pecunia. Cic. Oppugnare verbis commoda patriae. Id.
1765. Obsonare. Obsonare.

OBSONARE, (from sonus, sonare ob) properly, to sound before or
round, is only used in a Jigurative sense ; to speak whilst another is
speaking, so that he cannot be heard. Male morigerus, male facis
mihi, cum sermone huic obsonas. Plant. OBSONARE and OBSO-
NARI, ( from tyw, O'lxaviw, tvhat is eaten with bread] to cater, to
buy
victuals. Tene marsupium, abi atque obsona, propera. Plaut. Post-
quam obsonavit herus, et condoxit coquos. Id. Drachmis obso-
natus est decem, Ter., He paid ten drachma for. the feast. Figura-
tively : Ambulando famem obsonare, Cic., To get an appetite by
walking.
1766. Obstare. Officer e.
OBSTARE, (stare ob) properly, to be or stand before or over-against.
412
Obstant oppido gemini colles. Q. Curt. Figuratively : To oppose,

to withstand, to be an impediment. Conatibus alicujus obstare. Ovid.
Portenta Deum obstant. Virg. OFFJCERE, (facere ob) to be an ob-
stacle, to be in the way. Terras umbra soli officit. Cic. Figuratively
:
To be injurious or hurtful. Libertati officere. Liv. Officere, obstare
commodis alicujus. Cic. Quoniam ei pccuniae vita Sexti Roscii ob-
stare atque officere videbatur. Id. Mentis tuas quasi luminibus of-
ficit altitude fortunae nieae. Id. Qui officit, contra facit ; qui ob-
stat, contra stat, The former hurts, the latter stops and hinders. G.
D.
1767- Obtendere. Obtegere. Obducere.
.OBTEXDERE, (tendere ob) to spread before, so as to hide or cover.

Proque viro nebulam et ventos obtendit inanes. Virg. Figuratively;
Matris preces obtendebat, Tac., He gave fur an excuse the entreaties
of his mother. Frustra libertatis vocabulum obtenditur. Id. OB-
TEGERE, (tegere ob) to cover over : Seque servorum libertorumque
suorum corporibus obtexit. Cic. Arboribus obtccta domus. Virg.
Figuratively : Errata adolescentise suae obtegere. Cic. Animus sui
obtegens. Tac. Scelera nuper reperta priscis verbis obtegere. Id.
OBDUCERE, (ducere ob) to lead, to draw out against or over the
object. Obducere rebus tenebras, Cic., literally, to draw darkness
along the objects, in order to cover them. Cicatrix obclucta, Id., A
cicatrice healed up. Figuratively : Obducere posterum diem diti pri-
ori, Cic., To continue and spend the next ichole day.
1768. Oblreclare. Delreclare.
OBTRECTARE, to speak ill of any body though envy. Obtrectantis

est angi alieno bono, quod idetiam alias habeat. Cic. Libcllum ob.
trectare si volet maligiiitas. Phaed. Obtrectare laudes, and laudibus
alterius. Liv. DETRECTARE, to detract, to lessen the merit of. Caeca
invidia est, nee quicquam aliud scit, quam detrectare virtutes. Liv.
Ingenium magni livor detrectat Honieri. Ovid. Qui obtrectat, male
pra?dicat de alio ; qui detrectat, laudem alicujus minuit. G. D.
1769. Ob tutus. Aspectus.
OBTUTUS, (tueri ob) an earnest looking at. Figere obtutum ali-

quo. Cic. Obtutu ha?ret defixus in uno. Virg. A^PECTUS, asptct t
look, or sight. Sub aspectum et tactum cadere. Cic. Carere as-
pectu civiutn. Id. Aspectum aliquo convertere, Id., To turn one's
ight and looks towards an object ; whereas obtutum aliquo figerc. j.v
to
look at it with fixed eyes.
1770. Obvallare. Circumvallere.
OBVALLARE, (vallum ob) to put a rnmpart before ; it is only used

in afig'irative sense. Me prinmm novum homioetn consulem
t eum locum, quern nobilitas j>r;r.-idiis Hrmatum ntquc onini

ratione obvallatum tenebat, ineduce, recidistis. Cic. Ctia t'.'-iv \L-
LARE, to inclose end fortify with ramparts or buhf-nhs. Non du'oium
i circutnvallaturi sint. Liv. Oppidum biduo circum-
vallavit. C;ts. Fii'in:: lively : Tot res (tne) repente circumv;;.
unde emergi non potest. Ter.
413
1771. Olviam egredi. Obviam ire. Occurrere.

OBVIAM EGREDI, to go out of a place to meet somebody. Obviam
egressi sunt, ut potius acie decernerent, quam inclusi tectis mceni-
busque dimicarent. Liv. OBVIAM IRE, to go to meet, does not sup-
pose the going out of a place. Postquam in agrum Romanum ven-
tura est, obviam hosti Consules eunt. Liv. OCCURRERE, (currere
ob) to run to meet. Turn calones perterritos hostes conspicati, etiam
inermes armatis occurrerent. Cees. Breviore itinere occurrere ei.
Id.
1772. Obumbrare. Opacare. Obscurare.
OBUMBRARE, (umbra ob ) to over shadow, to cover with shade. Lucus

obumbrat templum. Ovid. Oleaster oburabrat vestibulum. Virg.
Figuratively: Et magnum reginse nomen obumbrat, Id., The great
power of the queen protects and defends him. Error obumbrat crimen,
facti. Ovid. OPACARE, to darken, to thicken. Platanus quse ad
opacandum hunc locum patulis est difmsa ramis. Cic. Kami opa-
cant arborem. Virg. OBSCURARE, to make obscure. Tenebris ob-
scurat omnia nox. Cic. Figuratively : Obscurat magnitudinem pe-
riculi lucrum, The projit prevents him from seeing the great danger*
Cic. Minora majoribus obscurantur. Id.
1773. Obvolvere. Circumvolvere.
OBVOLVERE, (volvere ob) to muffle up, to hoodwink. Capitibus

obvolutis ad palum rapiebantur. Cic. Figuratively : Verbisque de-
coris obvolvas vitium, Hor., Hide this deject under the covering of
fine
words. CIRCUMVOLVERE, to roll or turn round., to wrap or wind about.
Circumvolvere se spinis. Plin. Magnum sol circumvolvitur annum.
Virg. Serpentes circumvolutag sibi. Plin.
1774. Occasio. Opportunitas.

OCCASIO, [from ob and cadere) occasion or opportunity. Tempus
actionis opportunism appellatur occasio. Cic. Tarditatem occasi-
onis expectare. Id. In omnem occasionem intenti. Liv. Occasio
is only said of time. OPPORTUNITAS, (from ob anrfportus) conve-
nience orjitness of time, of place, or any thing else. Fluminum oppor-
tunitas. Cic. Opportunitas temporis. Id. Utilitas et opportunitas
membrorum. Id. Opportunitas loci. Cass.
1775. Occidens. Occiduus. Occiden tails.
OCCIDENS, and in poetry OCCIDUUS, a setting or going down. Oc-

cidente sole. Cic. Occiduus sol. Ovid. Figuratively : Occident!
Reipublicae aliquid opis ferre. Cic. Senectae occiduae declive iter.
Ovid. OCCIDENTALIS, western, belonging to the west. Occidentals
plaga. Plin. Occiden tale latus. Id. It is the same with oriens and
orientalis.
1776. Occidere. Necare. Interficere. Interimere. Perimere. Trucidare.

Jugulare. Obtruncare.
OCCIDERE, fcsedere ob) to kill in any way. L. Virginias filiam

sua manu occidit. Cic. Multos veneno occidit. Caes. Figuratively :
Occidisti me tuis fallaciis. Ter. Occidis saspe rogando. Hor. NE-
CARE, ( from nex) to slay, to destroy by a violent death. Ferro ne-
414
care. Hor. Armis obrutum necaverunt, Liv. Figuratively : Anti-

quissimam et sanctissimam parentem patriani fame necandam putant.
Cic. INTERFICERE, (facere inter) properly, to separate. Jam mihi
liarumce aedium usus interfectus est. Plaut. It generally signifies to
put to death. Equitem Romanum interficiunt. Caes. Figuratively:
Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, et interfice messes. Virg. INTERI-
MERE, (emere inter) to take away, to undo, to ruin. Stirpem fratris
virilera interemit. Liv. Si qua j interimant innumerabilia sunt, etiam
ea quae conservent, infinita esse debere. Cic. PERIMERE, (emere
per) to take away -wholly , (o destroy, or kill. Indignft morte
peremp-
tus. Virg. Perimere atque tollere ludos. Cic. Cum vetustas non
opera solum manu facta, sed etiam ipsam naturam paulatim exe-
dendo perimat. Q. Curt. Although these vtrh have the common sig-
nification of taking life away, and may be used indiscriminately, they
may be distinguished thus, on account of their etymology : ice may say
in the proper sense, aliquem ferro occidi ; plagis interfici ; vi
interius
aut exterius admota necari ; fame, angoribus, rcrumnis interimi ;
peste qualibet, exitioque perimi. G. D. TRUCIDARE, (from trux)
to slay cruelly, to murder, to assassinate^ to massacre. Suppliciis
cru-
ciatos trucidando occidit. Liv. Qui liberos nostros trucidare volu-
erunt. Cic. Figuratively : Fcenore trucidari, Cic., To be utterly un-
done ly usurers. JUGULARE, (from jugulus) to cut the throat. Ut
jugulent homines surgunt de nocte latrones. Hor. Figuratively :
His te litteris jugulatum esse non sentis ? Cic., Do you not see that
you are convicted and condemned ly these letters? Jugulare hominem
suis verbis, sua confessione, Id., To condemn a man out of his own
mouth and confession. OBTRUNCARE, (from ob and truncus) to cut
off the head. Regem in praelio obtruncat et spoliat. Liv.
1777. Occupare. Invadere.
OCCUPARE, to seize or enter upon a iking vacant, before any one that
may have a claim to it. Occupare locum. Cic. Gracchus regnum
occupare conatus est. Id. Occupant bellum facere. Liv. Occupat
Tullius in agrum Sabinum transire. Id. It signifies to put out money
to usury. Pecunias occuparat apud populos, et syngraphas fecerar.
Cic. Pecuniam adolescentulo grandi fcenore occupavisti. Plant.
IXVADERE, to invade, to attack, to assail. Invadunt urbem vinosom-
noque sepultam. Virg. In advenientem aliquem cum fero invadere.
Cic. Figuratively: Invasit hoc malum in llempublicam. l.iv. Qui
occupat, rem in medio positam capit ; qui invadic, impetum tacit.
G. D.
1778. Occupattis. Distenlus. Dislrictus.
OCCUPATUS, taken up by business, employed. Quamvis occupa-

tus sis, otii tamen plus habes. Cic. Quid dicam de occupat is meis
temporibus, cum fuerit negotium quidem nunquam otiosum ? Id.
Occupati in otio, Phged., Occupied without business. Comitiorum
dies me occupatiorem habebant. Cic. DISTENTUS, (diversim ten-
dere) stretched out, fiHedup. Distentae lacte capellae. Virg. Dis-
tentius uber. I lor. Figuratively : busied, taken up with many things.
Sylla tot tantisque negotiis distentus est, ut respirare libere non
jitosit. Cic. Neronem circa summa scelera distentum. Tac. Di-
STRICTUS, (diversim stringere) drawn on a// sides. Districtos in
415
Rempublicam gladios rctudimus. Cic. Districta toga, Pha?d., A

gown tucked up. Figuratively : troubled, engaged, embarrassed. Sic
enim habetote nunquam me a causis et jucliciis districtiorera fuisse.
Cic. Crassi fuit ambitionis labore vita districta. Id. And in another
sense : Districtus accusator, Tac., An active and rigorous accuser.
Districta fceneratrix, Val. Max., A merciless female usurer.
1779. Odiosus. Invisus.
ODIOSUS, odious. Odiosum sane genus hominum beneficia ex-

probrantium. Cic. Offensio omnis odiosa est in fragili. Id. It also
signifies, tiresome, irksome. Odiosus mihi es . . . . lege, vel
tabulas
redde, Cic., Thou art a teasing man .... read the book or return it.
Spernitur orator odiosus et loquax. Cic. INVISUS, (non visus)
properly, unseen. Non invisa solum sed etiam inaudita sacra. Cic.
// signifies odious, unpleasant, because we do all we can not to see
what
creates dislike and disgust. Xe invisa Diis immortalibus nostra vi-
deatur oratio. Cic. Facere aliquem invisura. Id.
1780. Odium. Simultos. Inimicitia.
ODIUM, hatred, great animosity. Odium est ira inveterata. Cic*

Odium diuturnum quod in bonos jam inveteratum habetis, saturare
cupiebatis. Id. It is said of a naughty, surly look, an intolerable
pride.
Quod erat odium, Dii immortales ! Qua? superbia ! Cic. It is also
said of importunity. Odio me tuo enecas. Ter. Tundendo, atque
odio effecit senex, despondit ei gnatam. Id. // moreover signifies,
weariness, an impatience of the continuance of any thing. Cum horas
tres fere dixisset, odio et strepitu senatus conatus est aliquando
perorate. Cic. SIMULTAS, (from simulate) secret hatred, dissembled
malice. Simultates, quas mecum habuit, deposuit. Cic. Huic si-
raultas cum Curione intercedebat. Caes. INIMICITIA, (or more
commonly inimicitiae in the plural number} enmity, variance between
friends. Inimicitia est ira ulciscendi tempus obsenrans. Cic. Tacitae
magis ei occultae inhiiicitiae timendae sunt, quarn indictae et
apertae.
Id. Inimicitias in viris fortibus non solum extinxit Reipublicae dig-
nitas, sed etiam ad amicitiam consuetudinemque traduxit. Id. Si-
multas, says Falla, est mutuum odium ; odium potest esse unius ho-
minis.
1781. Odorari. Olfacere.
ODORARI, to follow the scent. Canes venaticos diceres, ita odo-

rabantur omnia. Cic. Figuratively : Sagacissime odorari quid ex-
istiment judices. Cic. Quos odorari hunc Decemviratum suspica-
mini, Id., Whom you suspect to have a design upon the office of a
Decemvir. OLFACERK, to smell a thing. Cernere, audire, gustare,
olfacere, tangere aliquid. Cic. Figuratively : Olfeci, Ter., I found
it out. Olfacere nummum, Cic., To be in pursuit of money.
1782. Odoratus. Odor us. Odorifer.
ODORATUS, perfumed, siueet-smelling, either naturally or artifici-

ally. Canos odorati capillos. Hor. Odoratum lauri nemus. Virg.
Odorata cedrus. Id. ODORUS, 1. Of a sweet and pleasant smell.
Odorus flos. Ovid. Arbor odora. Id. 2. Quick-scented. Odora
canum vis. Virg. ODORIFER and Odoriferus, (odoremferens) that
416
which produces odours or perfumes. Odoriferae silvas. Plin. Odori-

fera gens, Ovid., speaking of the people of Arabia.
1783. Odoratus. Odoratio.
ODORATUS, (a substantive) the smell, liie sense of smelling, is al-

ways used in a passive signification. Pomorum jucundus non gusta-
tus sol urn, sed odoratus etiam et aspectus. Cic. Nibil necesse est
de gustatu et odoratu loqui. Id. ODORATIO, a smelling. Tactio-
num et odorationum voluptates. Cic.
1784. Offender e. Violare.
OFFENDERS, (from the obsolete word fendere, to drive away, to

hurt, and ob) may be synonymous with violare. In a figurative sense
it signifies to shock, to offend. Contumelia aliquem offendere. Cic.
4-micum in nugis offendam ? Hor. Existiniationem alicujus offen-
dere. Cic. VIOLARE, (from vis) to act with violence, to use force
and compulsion. Hospites violare. Caes. Justitiae partes sunt, non
violare homines; verecundioe non offendere. Cic. Figuratively:
Foedus violare. Liv. Suspicione violata virtus. Id. Famam violare.
Cic.
1785. Offender e. Dcprehendere.

OFFENDERE (synonymous with deprehendere) differs from it in
this, that it signifies to take unawares, to fall upon unexpectedly.
Im-
paratum te offendam. Cic. Pater jam hie me offendet miserum ad-
veniens ebrium. Plaut. DEPREHENDERE, to discover by examining,
to find out a thing by searching. Ut tola res a nobis manifest e de-
prehenderetur. Cic. Sicae quae apud eum erant, deprehensae. Id.
Deprehensus est in manifesto scelere. Id. Inopinatos offendimus :
rem quae larebat deprehendimus inquirendo. G. D.
1786. Offensa. Of/ensio.
OFFENSA, an offence, relatively to the offending party. Periculosa

potentium offensa. Quint. Satis patuit iis, qui principum offensas
acriter speculantur. Tac. Offensa est, quod eorum qui audiunt,
voluntatem leedit. Quint. OFFENSIO is on offence relatively to the
offended party. In odium et offensionem aliquorum incurrere. Cic.
Offensio properly signifies a running or stumbling against. Corporum
offensiones sine culpa accidere possunt ; animorum non item. Cic.
1787. Officia. Merita. Beneficia.
OFFICIA, acts of friendly kindness; thn/ relate lo services done to

other people. Tua erga me ofh'cia, plena tui suavissimi studii. Cic.
MERITA, good turns tliat deserve gratitude. Pro tantis eorum in Rem-
publicam meritis honores eis habeantur, gratiaeque refcrantur. C'ic.
-"Magna Lamias in me non dico officia, sed merita potius. Id. Magna
ejus in me murita; mea quaedam officia in ilium. Id. BENEFICIA,
benefits^ good offices. They are free acts of the doers. We receive
bene-
ficium of him who might not have been blameworthy by not bestowing
it. In collocandis bencficiis mores hominum, non fortunam sequi
convenit. Cic. Beneficia esse, qu?c alienus dot ; alienus est qui po-
tuit sine reprehensione cessare: officia esse h'lii, uxoris, ct earum
personarum, quas nccessitudo suscitat, ct ferre opcm jubet. Sen.
417
1788. Officium. Studium.
OFFICIUM (synonymous with studium) is the effect produced ly

studium which is the cause, a kindness. STUDIUM, good will, zeal.
D. Silanum certo scio, quae dixerit, studio Ileipublicae dixisse. Cic.
Tu velim tua in me studia et officia multum tecum recordere. Id.
Quanto semper tu et studio et officio in rebus meis fuisti. Id. Est
enim liberale officium serere beneficium, ut metere possis fructum.
Id.
1789. OL-re. Fragrare.
OLERE, to scent of, to yield a smell either good or bad. Male olet
omne coenum. Cic. Rosa recens e longinquo olet. Plin. Nonbene
olet, qui bene semper olet. Mart. Figuratively : Olent ilia super-
cilia raalitiam, Cic., One may plainly read his malice on his counte-
nance. FRAGRARE, to smell strong. Redolentque thymo fragrantia
mella. Virg. Domus fragrans odore Assyrio. Catul. Ne gravis
hesterno fragres, Fascennia, vino. Mart.
1790. Olim. Quondam. Alias.

OLIM and QUONDAM are said of the time past and of time to come.
Loquebantur olim sic. Cic. Fuit quondam in hac Republic! virtus.
Id. Haec olim meminisse juvabit. Virg. Quondam tua dicere facta
tempus erit. Id. There is however this difference, that olim, said of
time past, always denotes a time far distant ; which is not always the
case with quondam, that stands for quodam tempore, and denotes a
time not so far distant. Is qui sibi nos quondam ad pedes stratos
sublevabat. Cic. Olim and quondam are very properly said of the
present time, and signify, sometimes. Ut pueris olim dant crustula
blandi doctores. Hor. Quondam etiam victis redit in praecordia
virtus. Virg. ALIAS, at another time, either for the past or for the
future time. Quibus de rebus et alias ssepe nobis multa quaesita sunt.
Cic. Sed haec alias pluribus, nunc, &c. Id. Alias repeated, is En-
glished ly some time, another time ; one while, another while. Sed
alias ita loquar ut concessum est, alias ut necesse est. Cic. // is
also
taken in this sense, though not repeated. Alias aliud de iisdem rebus
judicant. Cic.
1791. Oliva. Olea. Olivum. Oleum.
OLIVA and OLEA, the olive-tree, the fruit itself, Paciferseque

manu ramum praetendit olivae. Virg. Olivae constant nucleo, oleo,
carne. Plin. Sempiternam oleam in arce tenere potuerunt Athenae.
Cic. Olea distringenda est, ex qua velis oleum viride efficere. Col.
OLIVUM and OLEUM, oil of olives. Dulce olivum. Hor. Oleum
camino addere, Id., To throw oil into the fire, i. e. vice upon vice,
worse and worse.
1792. Ofympicus. Olympius.
OLYMPICUS, (from Olympia, a town of Peloponnesus, near which

the Olympic games were celebrated in honour of Jupiter every fifth
year} concerning the Olympic games. Sunt quos curriculo pulverem
Olympicum collegisse juvat. Hor. OLYMPJOS, (from Olympus, a
mountain which poets have called Heaven, on account of its great
height) of or belonging to mount Olympus. Jupiter Olympius, Cic.,
Olympian Jupiter.
2E
418
1793. Omnis. Tolas. Cunctus. Universal.
OMNIS may be said in general of all the individuals, of all the

species
of a genus, and of all the parts of a thing, whether these objects be
con-
sidered as united or dispersed. Omnis exercitus, omncs milites, omnis
clamor, omnes homines. TOTUS only signifies a whole, in reference
to all its parts. Totac sedes, totus exercitus. We do not say omnis
orbis, but totus orbis. CUNCTUS includes the assemblage of ull the
individuals, or of all the species, considered as united together.
Cuncta
gens, cuncta civitas. Cuncti simul ore fremebant Dardanidae. Had
Virgil intended to say that all the Trojans that were in the world had
such or such a sentiment, he should have said omnes, and not cuncti.
UNIVERSUS rises above the idea of cunctus : it does not only signify
all the objects united, but also all without exception, all at once
and to-
gether. Cuncti clamare cceperunt signifies that all those who com-
posed, for example, an assembly of the people, cried out. Universi
cla-
mare cceperunt adds to the above idea ; that all, without any
exception,
cried out at once, as it were but one cry. Phtedrus, in the tale of
Prin-
ceps Tybicen, says, Ut vero cuneis res patuit omnibus, as soon as it
was known in all parts of the amphitheatre, either to all at once, or
to
one after the other : Princeps ab universis capite est protrusus
foras,
all at once cried out that he should be driven out of the place. Omnis
is opposed to nullus, cr to pauci ; totus, to pars; cuncti to sejuncti
j
universi to singuli. In many instances these Jour words may be used
the one instead of the other, when tve want to express the whole of a
thing in reference to its different parts. It is true totus cannot
have the
extensive signification r>f omnis ; but omnis includes that of totus.
In
not considering the union or dispersion of the parts, we may say with
propriety, obviam se effudit omnis civitas, in the sense of Horace .
dicemus, Io, triumphe, civitas omnis. Tota civitas, cuncta civitas,
universa civitas se obviam Cscsari effudit. Poets sometimes use these
words indiscriminately.
1794. Oneratus. Onastus.
OXERATUS (from onus) burdened, conveys the idea of an over-

lurdening load. Onerata et praegravata corpora. Liv. Jumenta one-
rata plagis. Hor. Figuratively : Oneratus spe praemiorum. Liv.
Quo (plebiscite) oneratus magis quam honoratus sum. Id. ONUS-
TUS, laden or loaded, includes only the idea of a load. Onustae fru-
mento naves. Cic. Onustus praeda. Liv. Figuratively : Pectus onus-
turn laetitia. Plaut. Corpus onustum hesternis vitiis. Hor.
1795. Opacus. Umbrosus. Umbratilis.
OPACUS, (from operire) thick, bushy. Opaca arbor. Virg. llipu

viridi et opaca inambularc. Cic. - UMBROSUS, fall of shade, shady.
Collis umbrosus. Ovid. Arbor umbrosa. Virg. UMBHATIMS, keep-
ing out of sight, as it were in the shade. Umbratilis exercitatio.
Cic.
Vita umbratilis et delicata. Id. Figuratively : Oratio philosophorum
mollis et umbratilis. Cic.
1796. Opinio. Opinalio.
OPINIO, opinion : it is taken loth actively and passively. Magna

est hominum dc teopinio. Cic. Homo magnae opinionis, Id., A man
419
highly esteemed. Habere opinionem pietatis, Id., To be thought a

pious man. OPINATIO, an assent given to things without a sufficient
evidence, (o an opinion which is probable. Opinationem volunt esse
imbecillam assensionem. Cic. Opinatio est, judicare se scire quod
nesciat. Id. Sophista ineptae et mordacis opinationis. Val. Max.
Opinio is the cause; and opinatio the effect.
1797. Opiniosus. Opinabilis.
OPINIOSUS, full of new hypotheses, given to novelty. Antipater

et Archidamus vel duo principes dialecticorum, opiniosissimi ho-
mines, nonne multis in rebus dissentiunt ? Cic. OPINABILIS, ima-
ginary, fanciful, conjectural. Artes quae conjectura continentur, et
sunt opinabiles. Cic. Omnisque opinabilis divinatio ; conjectura
enira nititur. Id.
1798. Oportet. Opus est. Necesse est.
OPORTET, it ought, it must be, denotes an obligation imposed by

duty, by becomingness. Oportere est consentaneum esse officio. Cic.
Est aliquid quod non oporteat, etiamsi licet; quidquid vero non licet,
certe non oportet. Id. Oportet putare, et convenit arbitrari. Id.
OPUS EST, it is needful, there is need, relates to wants, to circum-
stances. Si loquor de Ilepublica quod oportet, insanus ; si quod
opus est, servus existiraor. Cic. Oportet et opus est hoc fieri. Id.
NECESSE EST, /'/ is necessary , denotes in a special manner an indis-
pensable obligation. Non oportet modo fieri, sed etiam necesse est.
Quint. Ferre legem Consult opus esse, sibi necesse non esse. Cic.
Emas non quod opus est, sed quod est necesse. Sen. Corpus mor-
tale aliquo tempore interire necesse est. Cic. Poets frequently make
use of necessum. Is is very seldom found in prose. Necessum est
paucis respondere. Liv.
1799. Optabilis. Oplivus.
OFTABILIS, desirable, eligible. Quse vulgo expetenda et optabilia

videntur. Cic. Mihi pax semper i'uit optabilis. Id. Justitia per se-
ipsam optabilis. Id OPTIVUS, assumed, that may be chosen in pre-
ference. Optivo cognomine crescit, Hor., He takes a surname chosen
by himself.
1800. Optaliliter. Optato. Peroptato.
OPTABILITER, with ardour of desire, eagerly. Quam optabiliter

iter illud ineundum est. Cic. OPTATO, as one would wish, according
to one's desire. Optato advenis. Cic. PBROPTATO, even as one would
wish or desire most ardently. Otium quod nunc peropjato nobis da-
tum est. Cic.
1801. Optatum. Optio.
OPTATUM is properly an adjective ; n wish or desire. Ivleis optatis

fortuna respondet. Cic. Haec non cogitata sapientum, sed optata
furiosorum videntur. Id. OPTIO, a choice, an option or election. Optio
haec tua est ; utram harum vis conditionum accipe. Plaut. Optio
sit tua, elige ut voles. Cic. Si mea optio esset. Id. ,
1802. Or are. Rogare. Obsecrare. Obteslari. Supplicare. Precari.
ORARE, (from os) properly, to speak: Orator originates from
2E2
420
orare, taken in this signification. Talibus orabat Juno. Virg. Orare

causam, Cic., To speak in defence of a cause. It most commonly sig-
nifies to L-cg or entreat. Orat multis ct supplicibus verbis ut sibi
li-
ceat. Cic. Te ctiaiu atque etiain oro, ut-me tuendum suscipias. Id.
ROGARE, to crave, to beg as a great favour. Modestum vcrbuui
est, et demisso vultu dicendum, rogo. Sen. Hoc te ita rogo, utn>a-
jore studio rogare non possim. Id. Pro amore nostro rogo atque
oro. Id. OBSECRARE, (quasi per sacra rogare) to beg or conjure ly
all that is sncrnl, to beseech fur God's *ake. Denique ipse ad extre-
mum pro mea vos salute non rogavitsolum, verum etiain obsecravit.
Cic. Orare atque obsecrare ut sibi Senatum adire ac deprecari li-
ceret. Id. OBTESTARI, (from ob and testis) to conjure by all that
is dear. Oro obtestorque te pro vetere nostra conjunctione. Cic.
Idemque ut facias te obtestor atque obsecro. Id. SUPI'LICAKE,
(from supplex) to beg on ones knees. Ipsum hunc orabo, suppli-
cabo. Ter. Prosternere se, et fracto ammo atque humili supplicare
alicui. Cic. PRECARI, to pray, in aider to obtain what one wishes.
Quos adorent, ad quos precentur et supplicent, superesse. Liv.
Precari, implorare Deos, ut urbem defendant. Cic. Xoctu venire
domum ad eum, precari, denique supplicare. Id. Candidatus rogat
singulos, ut sibi faveant ; orat, precatur homines gratiosos ; reus
supplicat judicibus, precatur illos, obsecrat, obtestatur. G. D.
1803. Oratio. Sermo.
ORATIO, an oration, a liarangue. Ornatus orationis. Cic. Oratio

puris et electis verbis composite. Id. SERMO, ( from serere) com-
mon discourse, familiar talk. Sermo may te said of any one ; ora-
tio 75 especially fnid o/ an orator. Mollis est oratio phiJosophorum
et umbratilis ; nihil iratum habet, nibil atrox, nihil mirabile, nihil
astutum : itaqne sermo potius quam oratio dicitur, quanquam omnis
locutio oratio est, tamen unius oratoris locutio hoc proprio signata
nomine est. Cic. Sermo est oratio remissa, et finitima quotidiana:
locutioni. Id. Sermo is said of rumours and reports. Ex tuis lilteris,
et ex rnuitorum serroonibus intclligo. Cic. Sermo est tota Asia dis-
sipatus. Id.
1804s Orator. Rhetor.
ORATOR is he who delivers a speech, an orator. Is orator erit mea

quidem sententia, hoc tarn gravi dignus nomine, qui, qua^cunque res
incident, qure sit dictioneexplicanda, prudenter, composite, ornate,
et memoriter dicat, cum quadam etiain actionisdignitate. Cic. Ora-
torem cum puto esse qui et vc-rbis ad auditmluni jucundis. et j-en-
tentiis ad probândum accommodatis uti possit in causis forensibus
atque communibus ; eumque essc practereii instructum voce, actione
et lepore quodam volo. Id. // is snidof an ambassador, of a. i.
because he speaks in the name of those who have appointed him.
Pyrrhum de capiivis redimendis missus orator. Cic. RIIKTOR, ( from
f.iu, to speak) a rhetorician who gives lessons on oratory. Qui Rhe-
nominabantur, et dicendi pnvce])ta tradun: '.etor ma-
gi>ter dcclamandi. Id. Quasi rhetor ille disertum i'acere posset. Id.
1805. Orbare. Privare. Fiduare.

ORBAUE, to lereavt of a thing that is very dear to one, as of pa-
421
rents, children, natural faculties or advantages. Filio orbata mater.

Cic. Orbatus tali amico. Id. Orbatus spesalutis. Id. Orbare se
luce. Id. PRIVARE, to deprive of rights, wealth, or life itself.
Fructu
libertatis aliquem privare. Cic. JBgritudo me sorano privat. Id.
Patrem vita privare. Id. Spoliat nos judicio, privat approbatione,
omnibus orbat sensibus. Id. It also signifies, to save, or to free
from.
Cum privamur dolore, ipsa liberatione et vacuitate omnis molestiae
gaudemus. Cic. Privare exilio. Id. VIDUARE, to make a widow.
Agrippina viduata morte Domitii. Suet. Figuratively : Multis vi-
duasset civibus urbes. Virg. Arva nunquam viduata pruinis. Id.
Foliis viduantur ulmi. Hor.
1806. Ordinate. Ordinatim.
ORDINATE, (from ordo) methodically, or/Ierly. Distincte et or-

dinate disponere. Cic. ORDINATIM, in the proper order, one after
another. Antonius it passim, ego ordinatim. Cic. Petere ordina-
tim honores. Id. Ductor classic ordinate naves disponit, turn ordi-
natim progreditur. G. D.
1807- Oreades. Dryades. Ham adry odes.
OREADES, (from Of,o$, mons) Oreades, nymphs of the mountains

and of Diana s train. Exercet Diana chores, quam mille secutae
hinc atque hinc glomerantur Oreades. Virg. DRYADES, (from $p'J$,
an oak") goddesses of the woods. Interea Dryadum silvas saltusque
sequamur. Virg. HAMADRYADES, (Jrom c?aa, simul, and $pi>$, an
oak) nymphs who were thought to be born and die with oak-trees. Jam
neque Hamadryades rursus, nee carmina nobis ipsa placent ; ipsae
rursum concedite silvse. Virg.
1808. Ornare. Adornare. Exornare. Concinnare.
ORNARE, to adorn, to attire Sepulchrum floribus adornare.

Munus ornare verbis. Ter. Ornari dignitate, honore, eximia laude.
Cic. Quem quidem exercitum quibuscunque potero rebus ornabo,
Cic., I will furnish, &c. Ornare provinciam, Jd., is, in another seme,
to assign or appoint a department or province. De Prsetoribus ornan-
dis, Id,, respecting the provinces that were to le assigned to the
Prne-
tors. In the same meaning Terence said, ludicrously, ornare fugam,
to prepare one's self to run away. ADORNARE, to prepare. Ador-
nare testium copiam. Cic. Adornare bellum. Liv. Petitionem
Consulates adornare. Cic. // sometimes signifies to adorn. Ut pro
facultate quisque monumentis novis urbem adornaret. Suet EX-
ORNARE, to embellish, to adorn with particular care. Exornat ample
magnih'ceque convivium. Cic. Pythagoras prcestantissimis institutis
et artibus exornavit Graeciam. Id. Figuratively : Utrum uliquem
exornari oportuit, qui istaprohiberet ? Cic., Was it necessary to
place
somebody that should oppose the doing of that ? CONCINNARE, (from
cum and cinnus) to make Jit, to make ready, to Jit up. Concinnavi
tibi munusculum. Cic. Concinnare vestem. Piaut. It is also em-
ployed as a neuter verb. Vides ut haec concinnant. Sic.
1809. Orphamts. Pupillus.
ORPHANUS, (from opfavog, fatherless, motherless) an orphan. Or-

phanus, says Valla, qui caret patre, pra?sidioque paterno, et qui sum-
422
mopere desiderat illius opem, cum sine eo male habeat. Orphanus

is not found in ancient authors. PUPILLUS, (from pupus, a baby) a
pufii', one under age. Iste infant! pupillo fortunas patrias ademit.
Cic.
Pupillum fraudare, qui in tutelam pervenit. Id. Ut piger annus pu-
pillis quos dura premit custodia matruni. Hor. They call in law pu-
pillus one fatherless, and under fourteen years oj'age, which is
expressed
l-y these tvords, impubes sui juris.
1810. Ortus. Oriundus.
ORTUS, lorn. Ortus equestri loco. Cic. Puericlarisparentibus

orti. Hor. Figuratively : A se ortus, Cic., Being die first of his
family. ORIUNDUS, originally come from, whose parents or ancestors
lived at. Hippocrates et Epicides nati Carthagine, sed oriundi ab
Syracusis. Liv.
1811. Ortus. Origo.
ORTUS, birth, nativity. Ortu Tusculanus, Cic., By birth from

Tusculum. Ortu materno, Ovid., tty his mother s side. Ortus nostri
partem patria, partem parentes vindicant. Cic. ORIGO, origin, a
beginning. Modicus originis, Tac., Of a low extraction. Origo
summi boni. Cic. Fontium origines celat Nilus. Hor. Oquamde
tenui Romanus origine crevit! Ovid.
1812. Oscines. Prcepetes.
The birds by the singing of which auguries were taken, were called
OSCINES, (quasi ore canentes.) Turn a dextra, turn a sinistra ca-
nunt oscines. Cic. Those the flight of which was examined, were
called PR^PETES, (from -xpo, and 7Tro/x,aj, to fly before.} Praepetis
omina pennse. Virg. Subitse proepetes. Ovid.
1813. Otiosus. Feriatus.
OTIOSUS, (from otium) that has nothing to do, that is in no public

post or employment. Satius est esse otiosutn, quam nihil agere, Cic.,
Jt is better to be doing nothing than useless things. Quid dicam de
oc-
cupatis meis temporibus, cumfuerit ne otium quidem otiosum? Cic.
P. Scipionem dicere solitum scripsit Cato nunquam se minus otio-
sum esse, quam cum esset otiosus .... magnin'ca vero vox, quae de-
clarat ilium in otio de negotio cogitare. Id. // is said of one free
from trouble, fear, or concern. Animo jam mine otioso esseimpero.
Ter. Spectatorem otiosum se pracbere alicujus calamitatis. Cic.
FERIATUS, (from feria) belonging lo liolyday-titne. Male feriatos
Troas non falleret, Hor., He would not contrive to fall unexpectedly
upon the Trojans in the middle of their festivities. Figuratively :
idle,
unemployed. No putes in Asia feriatum ilium ab iis studiis, in quaj
tua cohortatione incitatur. Cic.
P.
1814-. Pacare. Pacificari.
PACARE, (/rompax) to pacify, in appease. Civitates pacaverat.

Ca;s. Omni Gallia pacatii. Id. Figuratively: Incultae pacantur vo-
ineresilvtc. Hor. PACIFICARI, (pacemfaccre) to make peace. Legati
423
pacificatum venerunt. Liv. Dux pacificari cum altero statuit, Justin.,

The general resolved to make peace with one of the two.
1815. Pacalus. Placalus.
PACATUS, pacified, peaceful, or peaceable. Civitates pacatae. Cic.

Prpvincia pacatissima. Id. Figuratively : Pacatum mare, Hor., A
calm sea. Arvum pacatius, Ovid., d field letter cultivated. PLACA-
TUS, appeased softened. Saepe incensum ira, saepe placatum. Cic.
Deum placatum pietas efficit et sanctitas. Id. Placatae res et minime
turbulentas. Id. Maria placata. Virg. Placatissima quies. Cic. Pla-
catus is opposed to iratus, turbulentus ; and pacatus to pugnax.
1816. Pacificator. Pacator.
PACIFICATOR, (pacem faciens) a pacificator, he who meditates to

make a peace. Adhibitus ab ^tolis pacificator Aminander. Liv.
PACATOR, he that gives quiet, or appeases disturbances. Orbis paca-
tor. Sen.
1817. Paci/icatorius. Pacalis. Pacificus.
PACIFICATORIUS, pertaining to peace. Posteaquam nos pacifica-

toria legatione implicatos putant. Cic. PACALIS, of peace, on ac-
count of peace. Oleae pacales. Ovid. Flammae pacales, Id., Fires on
account of a peace. PACIFICUS, pacific, fond of peace. Dux pacificus.
Ovid. Pacificus Numa. Mart.
1818. Pacisci. Depacisci.
PACISCI, (from pangere, to strike, to assemble] to covenant, to make

an agreement. Praemium pro capite pacisci, Cic., To offer a reward
for the saving of one's life. Vitam pro laude pacisci, Virg., To
expose
one's life to danger for the sake of glory. Premium proditionis cura
Xerxe filiam ejus paciscitur, Justin., As a reward of his treason he
asks
the daughter of Xerxes in marriage. Paciscere quid vis. Plaut. DE-
PACISCI, to agree upon offered conditions, to accept them. Neque ante
dimissum, quam ad conditiones ejus depactus est. Cic. Depacisci
morte cupio, ut mihi liceat, &c. Ter., / consent to suffer death, pro-
vided 1 may be permitted, c.
1819. Pactum. Conventum. Stipulatio.

PACTUM, (from pangere) a contract, a pact. Pactum est id quod
inter aliquos convenit. Cic. Manere in conditione et pacto. Id.
CONVENTUM, a convention, an agreement on some particular object.
Dictorum conventorumque constantia et veritas, fides est. Cic. Ex
pacto et convento. Id. STIPULATIO, (from stipula, because thejirst
stipulations were made between shepherds about lands : the stipulating
party held in his hand a straw that represented the ground) a stipula-
tion, the form and precise statement of all the different articles one
sub-
mits to. Stipulationum et judiciorum formulas componam. Cic.
Pacta, conventa, stipulationes. Id.
1820. Pagus. Vicus.
PAGUS, (from Trtjyj'uu;, figo, or it^yr^ fons) a village, a country

town, a place where a certain number of people have fixed their resi-
dence. Mandela rugosus frigore pagus. Hor. It is sometimes used in
424
a more extensive meaning, for a canton or district in which are

several
ham'etsor villages. Suevorum gens est longe maxima : ii centum pa-
gos habere dicuntur, e quibus quotannis singula millia armatonam
bellandi causa educunt. Cass. Vicus, a street, to wit, rou-s of houses
in a town one cloê to another, with a tray between them ; for which
reason Valla derives vicusfrom via. Nullum in urbe vicum esse dice-
bant, in quo Miloni non esset conducta domus. Cic. It is said of par-
ticular parts of a totvn. Dictus (sceleratus) a Tullia vicus. Ovfd. It
is also used in speaking of the country. Eliguntur in iisdem conciliis
et principes qui jura per pagos vicosque reddant. Tac. // is also
said of a little town composed of one street only. Qui vicus inter
Tolo-
sam et Narbonem est. Cic.
1821. Palam. Publics.
PALAM, publicly, before all the world, in sight of all the people.
Mitto domestica ; haec commemoro quae sunt palam. Cic. Non ex
insidiis, sed aperte, ac palam. Id. Palam is opposed to clam. Palam
in eum telajaciuntur, clam subministrantur. Cic. PUBLICE, by pub-
lic authority, in the name or behalf of the commonwealth, on the
public
account, charge, or cost. Qui navi sedificandae publice praefuit. Di-
cere publice. Id. Locantur publice cibaria anseribus. Id. Quern
ab illis praedonibus Locrenses postea publice redemerunt. Id. It is
opposed to privatim. Publice privatimque venerunt. Cic.
1822. Palari. Errare. Vagarl
PALARI 75 only said of a company of people that straggle and wan-

der about. Jam obsidionis taedio victi abscedunt, vagique per agros
palantur. Liv. Palantes milites in agris oppressit. Id. EiiRAREand
V AGARI are said of one as well as of many, with this dijj'erence,
that
errare signifies to roam inconsiderately, to lose one's way ; and
vaguri,
to ramble about. Excutimur cursu, et caecis erramus in undis. Virg.
Stellae sponte sua jussaene vagentur et errent. Hor. Quo tempore
homines fusi per agros, ac diversi vagabantur. Cic. Qua visum est,
vagor. Phaed. Figuraliue/y : Cujusvis hominis est errare; nullius,
nisi insipientis, perseverare in errore. Cic. Non enim sumus ii, quo-
rum animus vagetur errore. Id. Ne vagsri et errare cogatur orutio.
Id. Qui errat, per sola et ignota loca discurrit ; qui vagatiir, per
diversa ; errare, erroris et imprudentiae esse potest ; vagari,
interdum
consilii, cum cursum nostrum de industriu dilatamus. G. D.
. Palalim. Passim.
PALATIM, in confusion, coJtfusedly. Tusculum palatim fugerunt.

Liv PASSIM, here a?id there, up and down. Plurima perque vias
sternuntur corpora passim. Virg. Hue et illuc passim vagantes vo-
lucres natura efficit. Cic.
1824-. Palmar'u. Palmarius. Palmatus.
PALMARIS, ( from palma, a palm-tree) of or belonging to via

Palmaris statua. Cic., A statue erected to one who has gained a
victory.
Palmaris scntentia, Id., A victorious opinion, an advice that has been
adopted and followed. PALMARIUS, deserving to l-ear the firi-ze. Id
vero est quod mihi puto palmarium, Ter., But what I believe the most
glorious to me. PALMATUS, that has upon itself the fgure of a palm-
405
tree or branchy either embroidered, or done in any other way. Palinata

tunica. Liv. Lapides palmati. Plin. Quintilian has said pairaatus pa-
ries, a wait marked with tkepalm of a hand laid on it.
1825. Palmosus. Palmifer.
PALMosus,y// of palm-trees. Teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa

Selinus. Virg. PALMIFER, bearing palm-trees. Pharos palmifera.
Ovid.
1826. Palpare. Titillare. Fricare.
PALPARE, (from palpum) to stroke genily, as is done to horses.

Pectora praebet palpanda manu. Ovid. Figuratively : Quem munere
palpat, Juv., Whom he endeavours to soothe by presents. TITILLARE,
to tickle. It is rather used in a figurative sense. Assentatores po-
pali multitudinis levitatem voluptate quasi titillantes. Cic. Ne vos
titillet gloria. Hor. FRICARE, to rub, to make frictions. Et pede
prosubigit terrain, fricat arbore costas, Virg., The bear digs his
rest-
ing-place with his feet, and rubs his sides against the trunk of a
tree.
Caput unguento fricare. Cic.
1827. Palumbes. Columba.
PALUMBES, a ring-dove, or wood-pigeon. Aerise palumbes. Virg.

Fabulosae palumbes. Hor. COLUMBA, a pigeon brought up in a dove-
cote. Aspicis ut veniant ad Candida tecta columbac. Ovid. Plumae
versicolores columbis a natura ad ornatum datae. Cic.
1828. Palpp.bra. Cilium. Supercilium. Pupilla.
PALPEBRA, the eyelids. Munitae sunt palpebrce tanquam vallo pi-

lorum. Cic. Palpebras, quae sunt teguments oculorum. Id. CILIUM,
the utmost edge of the eyelids, out of which the hairs grow ; the
hairs
of the eyelids. Extremum ambitum genee superioris antiqui cilium
vocavere, unde et superciiia. Plin. SUPKZICILIUM, the eyebrow, the
ridge of hair aboje the eyelids. Supercilium est ultima pars frontis,
pilis vestita, quse ciliis prominet. Plin. Figuratively : Supercilium
montis, Liv., The top of a mountain. Severi supercilii matrona, Ovid.,
A lady of a very grave countenance. Supercilio censorio examinare,
Val. Max., To examine with the gravity of a censor, or rigorously.
PUPILLA, the ball, apple, or sight of the eye. Acies ipsa qua cerni-
mus, quae pupilla vocatur, ita parva est, ut ea quse nocere possint
facile vitet. Cic. Palpebrae sunt mollissimee tactu, ne laederent
aciem ; aptissime facta?, et ad claudendas pupillas, ne quid
incideret,
et ad aperiendas. Id.
1829. Palus -I. Sudes. Stipes.
PALUS -i, a post, a pole or prop for vines, a pale. Hie docuit tene-
ram palis adjungere vitem. Tibull. Damnati producuntur, et ad pa-
lum alligantur. Cic. SUDES, a long thick stake, a spear burnt at the
end, or barbed ivilh iron. Perfodiunt alii portas, aut saxa sudesque
subvectant. Virg. Non jam, certamine agresti, stipitibus duris agi-
tur, sudibusve praeustis. Id. Ferratasque sudes, et acuta cuspide
contos expediunt. Id. STIPES, a stake set fast in the ground. Quer-
nus stipes. Ovid. Fossas transversas viis perducit, atque ibi sudes,
stipitesque peracutos defigit. Caes. Figuratively : a blockhead, a
dolt.
Quas sunt dicta in stultum, caudex, stipes, asinus, plnmbeus. Ter.
426
1830. Pampinus. Palmes.
PAMPIXUS, a vine-leaf. Defendit panipinus uvas. Virg. Vestita

pampinis uva nee modico tepore caret, et nimios soils defendit ar-
dores. Cic. PALMES, the shoot or young Iranck of a vine. Laetus
palmes se agit ad auras. Virg. Palmites annul. Plin.
1831. Pandere. Aperire. Reserare. Recludere. Patefacerc.
PANDERE, properly, to expand or display, to spread. Pandere vela.

Ovid. Uhnus brachia pandit. Virg. In the same meaning Virgil says,
Panduntur portae, l:ecavse doom and gates are displayed, and, as it
were, wider when open. Figuratively : Longe lateque se pandunt di-
vina bona. Cic. APERIRE, to open, or set open, to uncover. Aperire
aerarium. Goes. Aperi fores. Ter. Aperire caput, Cic., To put off
one's hat. Involuta aperire. Id. Figuratively: Rem aperuit Anni-
bali, Liv., He disclosed the ti'hole business to Annibal. RESERARE,
(quasi detrahere seram) to unlock, or rather to set open that which
serves to shut any thing in general. Reserata janua patet. Ovid. Rese-
rare Italiam exteris gentibus. Cic. Urbem reserare et pandere por-
tas. Virg. Figuratively : Nee ita claudenda est res familiaris, ut
earn
benignitas aperire non possit ; nee ita reseranda, ut pateat omnibus.
Cic. Oracula reserabo augustoe mentis. Ovid. RECLUDERE, to open
so as to show the inside, to take away the inclosure. Portas
recludere.
Prop. Infernas reseret sedes, et regna recludat pallida. Virg. Re-
cludere ensem, Id., To draw a sword. Figuratively : Ebrietas operta
recludit. Hor. Latius patet quod pandimus ; nudum fit ac manifes-
tum quod aperimus ; intrandi facultatem pra:bet quod reseramus ;
virtus ccelum recludit. G. D. PATEFACEKE, (patens facere) to
open, to open an entrance or passage to. Viani hostibus una port& pa-
tefecerunt. Liv. Per Alpes iter aliud atque Annibal, nobis opportu-
nius patefeci. Sail. Figuratively : Cavendum est ne assentatoribus
patefaciamus aures. Cic. Odium suum patefacere. Id. Totum me
patefeci. Id.
1832. Pangere. Figere.
PANGERE, (from 7rr y y>iJ/x,<) to strike or drive in, to asseml-le or

join
together. Clavum pangere. .Liv. Figuratively : Ego inira poemata
pango, Hor., To join verses together into a poem, as a carpenter joins
to-
gether the several pieces of a door in setting it up. hi the same
meaning
we say, pangere societatem, inducias. FIGERE, to thrust in, to fasten.
Feraces figathumo plantas. Virg. Figere arma. Id. Figere cervos.
Id. Figuratively : Ego oinnia r.iea studia, omnem operam, indus-
triam, tuentcm denique omnem in Milonis consulatu nxi. Cic. Deo-
rum tula in iinpioruru mentibus figuntur. Id. Figere modum nequi-
tia?, Hor., To put an end to wickedness.
1833. Papyrus. Charta. Memlrana.
PAPYRUS was a shrub growing chiefly in the marshes and waters

near the Nile, the bark nf which was made, iy a particular process,
into
what was called CHARTA : these two words have been afterwards in-
discriminately used for any material to write upon. Crescit multa pa-
pyro pagina. Juv. Et quodcumque semel chartis illeverit omnes a
furno rcdcuntes scire lacuque gestiet. Hor. MEMBRAXA u-as the
427
skin of animals, dressed like our parchment or vellum to write upon.

Membranis intus positis delete licebit. Hor.
1834. Parare. Appa.ra.re. Prcpparare.
PARARE, lo prepare, to dispose beforehand. Parare convivium. Cic.

Animum a?quum sibi parare, Hor., To dispose one's soul to bear equally
the events of Life. Fugam sociosque parabat. Virg. And in a more ge-
neral signification : Pecuniam parare, Cic., To hoard up money.
APPARARE (parare ad) seems to denote a more particular care in pre-
paring. Apparavit bellum magna cum industria. C. Nep. Ludos ap-
parat magnificentissimos. Cic. Crimina qua? apparabantur in Sex-
tium, Id., The charges that icere deeply devising against Sextius. Pa-
rare convivium is simply to prepare a repast ; instead of tt'hich
appa-
rare convivium is to taake great preparations for a repast. Paramusad
usum ; apparamus ad dignitatem, ad pompam. G.D. PRÊPARARE,
(parare prae) to get ready leforehand. Philosophia praeparat animos
ad satus accipiendos. Cic. Ad vitam agendam praeparare res neces-
sarias. Id. Pcenae apud inferos impiis praeparatae. Id. Diligens prae-
paratio in omnibus negotiis, priusquam aggrediare, adhibenda est.Id.
1835. Farcer e. Ignoscere. Indulgere.
PARCERE, to spare, or use moderately, both in the natural and mo-

ral sense. Supplicibus parcere. Hor. Parcere subjectis et debellare
superbos. Virg. Dolori et iracundiae parcere. Cic. IGNOSCERE,
(non nosse) to take no notice of a fault, topardonit. Fasso ignoscere.
Ovid. Ignoscere est sceleris prenam praetermittere. Cic. Ignoscito
sa?pe aliis, nunquam tibi. Pub. Syr. INDULGERE, to be kind and
civil to one, to grant out of good nature, to hold a fault excused.
Indul-
gens sibi, Cic., That grants every thing to himself. Huic legioni
Caesar
et indulserat praecipue, et propter virtutem confidebat maxime. Caes.
Indulgere novis amicitiis, Cic., To give ones-self up to new ties of
friendship. Indulgere peccatis. Id. It is found in ancient authors
with
an accusative case. Te indulgebant, tibi dabant. Ter. Ignoscere is
the effect of clemency ; parcere z the effect of humanity ; indulgere
is
ike effect oj complaisance, and often of weakness of mind.
1836. Parcere alicui rei. Parcere ab aHyud re.
PARCERE ALICUI REI, to be saving, to be sparing. Impensae par-

cere. Liv. Parcere valetudini, !d., To lake a proper care of one's
health. Petit ne cui rei parcam. Id PARCERE AB ALIQUA RE, to
abstain or refrain from a thing. Parcere a caedibus et incendiis. Liv.
Parce metu, Virg., Put an end to your fears.
1837. Parcimonia. Parcilcis.
PARCI.MONIA, (from parcere) parsimony, ceconomy. Magnum vec-

tigal est parcimonia. Cic. Vehemens in utramque partem, Mene-
deme, es, aut largitate nimia, aut parcimonia. Ter. Figuratively :
Oratoris parcimonia, Cic., when an orator speaks but little. PARCI-
TAS, moderation, fewness. Civitatis mores magis corrigit parcitas
animadversionum. Sen.
1838. Parcus. Tenax. Restrict us.

PARCUS, (from parcere) sparing, near, stingy. Veteris non par-
, 423
cus aceti. Hor. Quam parcus in victu, quam modicus in cultu. Plin.
Parcus in aedificando. Cic. Figuratively : Merito parcior ira meo,
Ovid., Your anger is more moderate than I deserve. Parcus et brevis
somnus. Plin. TEXAX, (from tenere) properly, that holds fast. Turn
clente tenaci anchora fundabat naves. Virg. Cerae tenaces. Id. Fi-
guratively : Equus tenax, Liv., A restive horse. Tenax propositi vir,
Hor., A man firm and persevering in his designs. Homo dives et ni-
miuni tenax, Ter., A rich and niggardly man. Pater parcus et t*
Cic., A saving father, that gives nothing. RESTRICTUS, (fiom retro
and stringere) properly, fast bound behind. Quilora restrictis
lacertis
sensit iners, timuitque mortem. I lor. Restrictis ad terga manibus.
Plin. Figuratively :.res trained, hard, nndalô stingy. Imperium non
re-
strictum, non perseverum volunt, Tac., They will r.ol have a hard and
rigorous government. Ad largiendum ex alieno restriction Cic. Re-
strictus et tenax. Id. Cur id tarn parce, tiimque restricte faciant
non intelligo. Id. Homo parcus does not like to spend ; restrictus
does not like to give, or gives but little, tenax gives nothing at
all.
1839. Par ens. Pater. Genitor.
PAREXS is said of a father or a mother. Spes nulla videndi nee

dulces natos exoptatumque parentem. Virg. Da, nate, patent! quod
tua chara parens domito te poscit Olympo. Id. Charissimos paren-
tes habere debemus, quod ab iis nobis vita, patrimonium, libertas,
civitas tradita est. Cic. Figuratively : Urbis parens Romulus. Liv.
Parentem patriam fame necandam putans. Cic. Patria? parentem
occidere, quam suum, gravius est. Id. PATER, a father. Ingenuo
patre natus. Hor. Tuus hercle animo et natura pater. Ter. Figu-
ratively : Quern vere patrem patriae, parentem, inquam, Reipublicae
possumus dicere. Cic. Pater ivas often a name of honour given by
younger persons well brought up to those older, though not related.
Sal-
veto, pater, Ter., though Demonceu* was not father to Pseusidipus.
Frater, pater, adde ut cuique est ajtns. Hor. GENITOR, (from gig-
nere) a father by birth only. Dubio genitore creatus. Ovid. /
ratively : Genitores omnium vitiorum Gneci. Ph'n. God is genitor,
because he created us ; and pater, because he provides for us.
184-0. Pardus. Panther a.
PARDUS, a leopard, a fierce animal which is thought to be begotten

of a lion and panther, but generally supposed the male of the panther.
Pardos qui mares sunt, appellant. Plin. PAXTHERA,CI panther, the
female of the leopard. Pictarum fera corj>ora pantherarum. Ovid.
Non credcres pantiieras esse, cum tibi quales essent dicerentur. Cic.
11. Paicre. Parturire.
PARERE, to beget a child. Liberos ex se parit mulier. Cic. Ovum

parit gallina. !d. Figuratively: Saluteni sibi pepererunt. Cic. Dia-
lectici spinosiora multo pepererunt. Id. Laurus illi peperit .neternos
honorcs. Hor. Lctlium sibi r.ia 111. Virg. Sanguine nobis
hanc patriam peperere suo. Id. PARTCRIRE, to be in labour, as any

female. All vcris that signify to long-after the doing of a thing, are
formed of the supine in u of the primitive verb, by adding rire to it.
Dormiturire, esurire. Cicero says Sullatun't, of one who wishes to
play
429
the part of Sylla : in like manner parturire signifies to long-after,

or to
be on the point of being delivered of a child. Mons parturiebat gemi-
tus immanes ciens. . . . et ilia murem peperit. Phaed. Figuratively :
Utinara aliquando dolor populi pariat quod tandiu parturit. Cic.
1842. Paries. Murus. Mvenia.
PARIES is generally said of the wall of a house, or of any other

luild-
ing. Interiores templi parietes. Cic. Dicere intra domesticos pa-
rietes. Id. MURUS is a wall that surrounds a town, a camp, or gar-
den, for their defence. Amplectitur latior murus urbem. Hor. Per-
cussit murura aries. Cic. Non communione parietum, sedpropriis
quoquemuris aaibirentur. Tac. Figuratively : Graium murus Achil-
les. Ovid. MCENIA, ( from munire) ramparts, bulwarks, fortifica-
tions. Cum pene aedificata in muris ab exercitu nostro mcenia vide-
rentur. Caes. Mcenia dejicere. Cic. It is n I so said of towns and
cities,
but mostly by poets. Habitantur cuncta malis mcenia Graiis. Virg.
Hie igitur mcenia muro amplexus est. Fior.
1848. Pars. Porlio. Partilin.
PARS, a part, a piece separated from the whole. Quis Antonio per-
misit, ut partes faceret, et utram vellet, prior ipse sumeret ? Cic.
Parteni bonorum majorem ipse legavit. Id. Sic est locutus partibus
factis leo. Phaed. Figuratively : In optimam partem aliquid acci-
pere. Cic. Partes in comoedia primas agere, Ter., To act the prin-
cipal character in a comedy. PORTIO, a portion, allotment : it impro-
perly said of distinct and separate parts. Miserae brevissima vitas
por-
tio. Juv. Pro rata portione aliquid distinguere. Cic. Pro sua quis-
que parte, Id., Each according ta his portion and share. PAHTITIO,
a sharing, the act of dividing. -/Equabilis praedae partitio. Cic.
Pater
moriens bona dividit in partes, liberis suam quisque portionem dat
aequa partitione. G. D.
1844. Partite. Partim. Parliculatim.
PARTITE, (from pars) dhtributively, with division into proper parts

or heads. Partite, definite, distincte dicere. Cic. PARTIM, partly,
in part : it is properly an old accusative, with Kara, or secundum un-
derstood. Amici partim deseruerunt me, partim etiam prodiderunt.
Cic. PARTICULATIM, into little pieces, piecemeal. Si summatim,
non particulatim narrabimus. Cic.
1845. Parum. Paulum. Paululum. Modice.
PARUM, little. Parum splendoris. Hor. Parum castus. Id. Vide

ne dum pudet te parum optimatem esse, parum diligenter, quod op-
timum sit eligas. Cic. Parum inulti, Id., Fewptop/e. Processit pa-
rum, Ter., // has but ill success. PAULUM, but a little. Paulum op-
pido inter se dift'erunt, Cic., There is but a little difference
between
them. Ha:c paulum immutata cohasrere non possunt. Id. Paulum
abesse ab aliquo loco. Id. PAULULUM, (diminutive of :izu\\im) very
little indeed. Nihil fere aut admodum paululuiu. Cic. Huic paululum
ad beatam vitam deest. Id. MODICE, (from modus) not much, mo-
derately. Modice caeteris utile est, tibi necesse est. Cic. Modice
utile, Id., Somewhat useful. Dolorem modice ferre. Id.
430
1846. Parumper. Paulisper.
PAKUMPEH, a little while, for a little time. Tu velim a me aniraum

parumper avertas. Cic. Discoclo parumper a somniis, atque mox re-
vertar. Id. PAULISPEH, a very little while, for a very little time.
IVIilo paulisper, dum se uxor, ut fit, comparat, commoratus est. Cic.
Paulisper mane. Tcr.
184-7. Pascere. Depascere.
PASCERE, to feed in a pasture, to look after cattle while feeding.

Ovis pavit pratum. Ovid. Bestias pascere, domare, tueri. Cic. It
also signifies lo nourish. Major utrum populum frunienti copia pas-
cat. Ilor. Figuratively: Aniiuum pictura pascii inani. Virg. Barbara
pascere. Hor. Nummos alienos pascere, Id., To keep borrowed money,
in order to get the interest of it. DEPASCEUE, to eat up, to browse
on.
Si hcedi roscidas herbas depaverint. Col. Qui a pecore ejus depasci
agros publicos dicerent. Cic. Figuratively : Stylo depascere lux-
uriam orationis. Cic. Depasci is also a verb deponent both in the pro-
per and figurative sense. Silvas dcpascitur quadrupcs. Tib. Artus
depascitur arida febris. Virg.
1848. Pasci. Vesci.
PASCI, to feed upon, is properly suid of beasts. Sues glandc pas-

cuntur. Cic. Bestias, fame dominante, plerumque ad eum locum,
ubi pastaealiquando sunt, revertuntur. Id. Figuratively, it ii
elegantly
said of men. Qui maleficio et scelere pascuntur. Cic. Ego hie
cor bibliotheca Fausti. Id. VESCI, to live upon, is properly said of
men. Onme quo vescuntur homines. Cic. Sus ad vescendum ho-
minibusapta. Id. Figuratively: Vesci voluptatibusparatissimis. Cic.
Pasci is to be filled with food, and Vesci is to live on, to feed
upon.
1849. Pascua. Pabulum.
PASCU A, feeding-grounds or pastures. Herbosa pascua. Ovid. Las-

ta pascua. Hor. PABULVM, forage, food /or cattle. Non insueta
graves tentabunt pabula foctas. Virg. Figuratively : Dare pabula
morbo. Ovid. Habet senectus pabulum studii. Cic. Est animorum
ingeniorumque naturale quoddam quasi pabulum, consideratio. Id.
1850. Pastio. Pastas.
PASTIO is said both of pastures and of the act of feeding cattle. Por-
culatoris et bubulci diversa professio, diversa, 1 pastiones. Col.
Asia
vero turn opima est et fertilis, ut ubertate agrorum. . . . et magni-
tudine pastionis facile omnibus terris antecellat. Cic PASTUS, a
feeding, food. Comparavit pastum animantibus large et copiosu na-
tura. Cic. Terra fundit ex sese pastus varios. Id. Figuratively: Ad
procsentem pastum mendicitatissuac. Cic. Suavissimus pastus ani-
morum, oblectatio solerti;r. Id.
1851. Pastor. Bubulcus. Upilio.
PASTOII, (from pasci) one who keeps any sort of animals, is a gene-
ral word. It is particularly said of one who keeps small cattle. SIUTU
pastorum. Ovid. BUBULCUS, (from bos) a herdsman, a cow-keeper,
one who lends OJVM. Pastoris duri est hie filius, ille bubulci. Juv.
TiMLioanrf Opilio, a shepherd, one who keeps sheep. Venit ct upilio,
tardi venere bubulci. \ r irg.
431
1852. Pastoritius. Pastor alls. Pastorius.
PASTORITIUS, used by, or belonging to, shepherds. Pastoritia et

agrestis sodalitas. Cic. Fistula pastoritia. Id. PASTOHALIS and
PASTORIUS have a more indirect relation to shepherds. Pastoralis
myrtus. Virg. Pellis pastoria. Ovid. The above words are ojten used
indiscriminately.
1853. Patens. Patulus. Propatulus.
PATENS, opened, extended. Haber'e domum clausam pudori, pa-

tentem cupiditatibus. Cic. Patulam would have a different meaning.
Patens et apertum ex omni parte ccelum intueri. Id. Patens puteus,
Hor., A large well. PATULUS, large, wide, speaking of objects of a
small extent. Arbor patulis diffusa ramis. Cic. Patulae quadrse. Virg.
Nee retinent patulae commissa fideliter aures. Hor. PROPATULUS,
(porro patulus) opened to a great distance. Apertus ac propatulus
locus. Cic. In propatulo, Col., In the sight of all men. Pudicitiam
in propatulo habere, Sail., To leave virtue unguarded.
185L Paternus. Patrius.
PATERNUS, belonging to the father, thai which is the father's. Ani-

mus paternus. Hor. Bonorum paternorum exhseres films. Cic.
PATRIUS, parental, of a parent. Animus patrius in liberos. Cic. Li-
vy, in describing the punishment of Brutus' s sons, says, Eminente
ani-
mo patrio inter publicas poenae ministerium. Through this sad office,
which the quality of Consul imposed on Brutus, parental tenderness was
visible in his countenance, in spite of all his efforts to the
contrary. Pa-
trius is said not only of the father, but also of the grandfathers,
and
perhaps in general of all the ancestors both of the father's and
mother's
side ; so that paternus, avitus follow straight up the masculine line,
but
patrius is more general. Hie est mos patrius Academise. Cic. Pa-
ternus would be improper. Rebus maternis atque paternis absumptis.
Hor. Patria bona are the property oj our ancestors ; and paterna bo-
na, the properly of our father.
1855. Pater e. Patescere.
PATERE, to be open, to be spread out. lis omnium domus patent.

Caes. Patent mihitui libri. Cic. Maxime patet Cappadocia. Id. Fi-
guratively: Avaritia latissime patet. Cic. PATESCERE, lo appear
open, to be exposad to view. Apparet domus intus, et atria longa pa-
tescunt. Virg. Portus patescit jam propior. Id. Figuratively : to be
disclosed. Danaumque patescunt insidiae. Virg. Haec res patescet et
aperietur. Cic.
1856. Pali. Tolerare.
PATI, to suffer, to bear : we bear ivhat we do not oppose.

animo patitur belli injuriam. Cic. Patior non moleste earn vitam. Id.
Patiebatur dolorem toleranter. Id. Figuratively : Gravius me ac-
cusas, quam patitur tua dementia. Cic. Dilationem res non patitur.
Id. Nullum patiebatur esse diem, quin aut in foro diceret, aut, &c.
Id. TOLERARE, to tolerate, to sustain. Nobis internes vitia nostra
tolefanda sunt. Cic. Exercendo agros tolerare vitam. Tac. Tolerare
vitam colo, Virg., To get a living by spinning. Sua pecunia milites
tolerare, Liv., To maintain soldiers with one's own money. Figu-
432
ratively : Opulentia negligentiam tolerabat, Sail., The power of the

slate made the negligence of individuals supportable. Quos corpora
equorum toleravcrant, Tac , Those who had been fed. u-ith the flesh of
horse* Cruciatus acerbissimos virifortis animus diutius pati, quam
corpus tolerare potest. G. D.
1857. Patiens. Patibilis.
PATIENS, patient, that suffers quietly, and without reluctance. Meae

litterae te patientiorem lenioremque fecerunl. Cic. Aures patientis-
sima?. Id. Patientissima justi imperil civitas. Id. Figuratively :
Tel-
lus patiens vomeris. Virg. Amnis navium patiens. LIv. PATIBI-
Lis, 1. Capable oj suffering, by being acted on. Omne animal pati-
bilem habet naturam. Cic. 2. That may lit borne or endured. Negli-
genda mors est ; patibiles et dolores, et labores putandi. Cic.
1858. Palientia. Perpessio. Tolerantia. Toleralio.
PATIENTIA, (from patior) apntienl undergoing of adversity. Pa-

tientia paupertatis ornatus. Cic. Bonormn in carendo patientiam, in
utendo rationem expetendam putavi. Id. Durum, sed levius fit pa-
tientia quidquid corrigerc est nefas. Hor. Adolescentia coercenda
est in labore patientiaque et animi et corporis. Cic. PERPESSIO, a
suffering, the act of enduring. Patientia est iionestatis aut
utilitatis
causa, rerir.n nrduarum ac difficilium voluntariaac diuturna perpes-
sio. Cic. Neque laborum perfunctio, neque perpessio doiorum per
se ipsa allicit. Id. TOLEKAXTIA and TOLERATIO, the act of bearing
or enduring. Tolerantia rerum humanarum, contemptio fortunae.
Cic. Quaedam alia toleratio est verior, qua uti vos non potestis, qui
honestatem ipsam perse non amatis. Id. Patientia doloris is patience
in bearing pain ; tolerantia is the very hearing of it ; and perpessio
is
the entire bearing of the same.
1859. Patina. Lanx. Patella. Patera.
PATINA, (from pateo) a pot or pan to boil any (hing in. Affertur
squillas inter murena natantes in patinu porrecta. Hor. Ccenabat pa-
tinas omasi. Id. LANX, a great broad plnte, charger, or porringer, a
deep dish to serve up boiled or roast meat. Lances detergam omnes.
Plant. Grandis lanx. Grid. // is ako said of the bason of a balance.
Necesse est lancem in libra ponderibus irnpositis deprimi. Cic.
PATELLA, a sort of deep dish with broad brims. In modicu coenare
times olus omne patella. Hor. // was used to put portions of meat in,
that were given i/t sacrifice*. Rcperiemus asotos ita non religiosos,
ut edant de patella. C'ic. PATERA, a goblet, or broad piece of plate,
wed in sacrifices and in libations. Libamus pateris et auro. Virg.
Sus-
cipiunt cruorcm pateris. Id. Men pateram implevit regina. Id.
1860. Patres. Majores.
PATRES includes avus, proavus, abavus, atavus ; MAJORES rises

above the foregoing words. Patres majoresque nostri. Cic. Majores
iuntandi, at non eoriun vitia. Id. Pat rum nostrorum aetas. Id. The
time our fathers l:vcd in has preceded our age. Our ancestors,
majores,
have preceded theirs.
433
1861. Paires conscripti. Senator es.
PATRES CONSCRIPTI was the name of the whole body of senators

when in the senate assembled. Deinde quo plus virium in senatu fre-
quentia etiam ordinis faceret, caedibus regis diminutum patrum nu-
merum, primoribus equestris gradus electis, ad trecentorum summam
explevit: traditumque inde fertur, ut in senatum vocarentur qui pa-
tres, quique conscripti essent : conscriptos videlicet in novum sena-
tum appellabant lectos. Liv. SENATORES, (from senex) senators,
because ancienlly they were chosen from amongst the elders. In agris
turn erant senatores, id est, senes. Cic. Senatores qui consilio et
pru-
dentia regere Rempublicam possent. Id.
1862. Patrocinium. Defensio.
PATROCINIUM, (from, pater) properly, paternal support. Patro-

cinia appellari ccepta, says Fcstus, cum plebs distributa est inter
pa-
tres, ut eorum opibus tuta esset. // has a more general sense. Ar-
ripere patrocinium aequitatis. Cic. Patrocinium includes the idea of a
superior ; whereas DEFENSIO is said as well in reference to an equal
as
to a superior, and is properly the act of dispelling danger, a
defence.
Criminis defensio. Cic. It would be improper to say patrocinium in
this case. Qui non poenam confession!, sed defensionem dedit, is cau-
sam interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. Id. Defensionem
alicujus suscipere. Id.
1863. Patronus. Advocatus.
PATRONUS, ( from pater) a patron, a protector. Patroni omnium

fortunarum. Cic. Qui civitates aut nationes in fidem cepissent, ea-
rum patroni erant more Majorum. Id. Ille vir Senatus propugnator,
ac pene patronus. Id. It is also said of an advocate that pleads the
cause
of another. Est patroni nonnunquam verisimile, etiamsi minus verum
sit, defendere. Cic. ADVOCATUS (vocatus ad) was he that was pre-
sent at the trial of a cause to assist his friend with his presence.
Qui
defendit alterum in judicio, aut patronus dicitur, si orator eet ; aut
advocatus, si aut jus suggerit, aut prsesentiam suam commodat ami-
co. Ascon. Milo adfuit, ei Pompeius advocatus venit. Cic. Quis
eum unquam non modo in patroni, sed in laudatoris, aut advocati
loco viderat ? Id. Afterwards the pleading orator was called advo-
catus. Horum temporum diserti, causidici et advocati et patroni, et
quidvis potius quam oratores vocabantur. Tac. Advocates, says Ul-
pian, accipere debemus omnes omnino qui causis agendis quoquo
Btudio operantur. Patronus and advocatus are often used indiscrimi-
nately by Quintilian.
1864". Patruus. Avunculus.
PATRUUS, an uncle by the father's side, the father's brother. L. Ci-

cero patruus M. Ciceronis. Cic. As uncles are not generally so indul-
gent as fathers, their severity has become proverbial, and patruus has
been used to express a grumbler, a rigid censor. Sive ego prave seu
recte volui, ne sis mihi patruus. Hor. AVUNCULUS, ( from avus)
the mother's brother, or uncle by the mother's side. P. Tubero Afri-
canum ayunculum laudarit. Cic. Avunculus ille Neronis ( Claudius ) .
Juv.
2F
434
1865. Paucus. Rants.
PAUCUS, (hardly ever used in the singular) few, a small numler.

Ad paucos pcena, ad omnes metus pervenit. Cic. Faucis interpositis
diebus. Id. RAKUS, thin, not set thick, scarce, perceived but seldom.
Retia rara. Virg. Rari capilli. Id. Apparent rari nantes in gurgite
vasto. Id. Raras tuas quidem, sed suaves accipio epistolas. Cic.
Pauci is opposed to multi, and rams to densus, frequens.
1866. Pavidus. Pavens. Pavitans.
PAVIDUS (from paveo) is he who is in a continual and constant ha-

lit of fear and consternation. Aves pavidas terrere. Ovid. Pavidum
captare leporem. Hor. Ranae, pavidum genus. Phaed. PAVENS, one
actually fearing or in particular circumstances. Terrore paventes
equi.
Ovid. Rerum novitatepavens juvenis. Id. Non paventis funera Gal-
liae. Hor. PAVITANS, (frequentative of pavens) that is in violent
dread or fear. Prosequitur pavitans. Virg. Pavitans fraternos pal-
luit ictus. Propert.
1867. Pauper, fndigens. Indigus. Egenus. Mendicus. Inops.
PAUPER is he who is neither in affluence, nor in want of the neces-

saries of life ; whose circumstances are suck as to deprive him of the
com-
forts of life. Manlius pauper fuit ; habuit enim aediculas in Carinis,
et fundum in Labicano. Cic. Meo sum pauper in sere, Hor., / am
poor, tut not in debt. INDIGENS, and among poets INDIGUS, indigent,
needy, wanting. Indigens enlarges upon pauper, and implies want of
necessaries. Indigence is opposed to superfluity. Benigne facere in-
digentibus. Cic. Haud opis indiga nostrae. Virg.. EGENUS, one in
distress and beggary, who is in want of all things, clothes, victuals,
&c.
Egenus is opposed to abundans. Omnium egenos, urbe, domo, so-
cias. Virg. Rebus non asper egenis. Id. Non est quod paupcrtas nos
a philosophia revocet, ne egestas quidem. Sen. MENDICUS, (quasi
manu indicans) a beggar, a common beggar. Sapientes, si mendicis-
simi sint, divitesesse. Cic. Istam paupertatem, vel potius egestatem
et mendicitatem tuam nunquam obscure tulisti. Id. Placet ille mihi
mendicus. Plaut. INOPS, (sine ope) that is in need of assistance,
destitute. Inops auxilii. Liv. Inops has a relation to the relief that
is
expected. Cum premeretur inops multitude ab iis qui majores opes
habebant. Cic.
1868. Pecua. Pecuaria.
PECUA, cattle, ajlock of sheep. Pecua captiva, prater equos, re-

stituenda censuerunt dominis. Liv. PECUAUIA is said of cattle, and
of the pastures or grounds where they feed. Arcadiae pecuaria rudere
dicas. Pers. Cum canes fungantur officiis luporum, cuinam praesidio
pecuaria credemus ? Cic. Pecuaria redimere. Id. Culta pecuaria.
Stat.
1869. Pax. Tranquillitas.
PAX (synonymous with tranquillitas) relates to the situation of a

place relatively to the outside of it ; and TKANQUILLITAS signifies a
relation to that situation in itself, as free from trouble, and
without any
relation to any other object. Tibi data est summa pax, summa tran-
quillitas. Cic. Securitas est animi tanquam tranquillitas. Id. Ut
tran-
quillitas animi adsit. Id. Pacem animis afferre. Id.
435
1870. Peculator. Depeculator.
PECULATOR, he that stole or embezzled money or goods belonging to

the public. Neque enim de sicariis, veneficis, testamentariis,
furibus,
peculatoribus hoc loco disserendum est. Cic. DEPECULATOR, a
robber of the state. Depeculator aerarii, vexator Asiae. Cic. Te unum
solum suum depeculatorem, vexatorem, praedonem, hostem venisse
senserunt. Id. Depeculator Vejentanae praedae Camillus. V. Max.
1871. Peculates. Perduellio. Repetundce.
PECULATUS : the ancients used peculatus, when any one secreted or

stole the fine imposed upon him, that consisted in cattle (pecus),
which
was the riches of those times. It is understood of detaining or embez-
zling the public money. Cum pecuniam publicam averterit, nura
fraude poterit carere peculatus. Cic. PERDUELLIO, high treason^ by
which one becomes rebellious and a conspirator against his country,
the
head of the government, or the magistrates. Perduellionibus patriam
venditare. Cic. Perduellio originally was only a murder, as Horatius
in Livy, perduellionis reus, was only guilty of the murder of his
sister.
REPETUNDÊ, (pecuniar understood) money unjustly taken from the
public, when a governor or chief magistrate went beyond the bounds of
his authority in levying money in his government or province. Crimen
repetundarum. Tac. Pecuniae is often expressed. Ab aliquo rationem
repetere de pecuniis repetundis. Cic. Teneri lege repetundarum pe-
cuniarum. Id. This word is only used in the genitive and ablative
cases
plural.
1872. Peculiatus. Peculiosus. Pecuniosus. Pecuniarius.
PECULIATUS and PECULIOSUS (from peculium) is a man who be-

came rich by his savings and great (economy. Balbus plane bene pe-
culiatus. Cic. PECULIOSUS is especially said of a slave who puts by a
sum of ?noney out of his profits and perquisites. Peculiosus serrus.
Plant. PECUNIOSUS, properly a man rich in cattle. A pecore pe-
cuniosi appellati. Cic. The riches of those times consisted chiefly in
lands and flocks of cattle. Pecuniosus is a man that has a great store
of money, because the coins were stamped with the represtnfation of an
animal. Mirari quod Apollonius, homo pecuniosus, tandiu ab isto
maneret integer. Cic. PECUNIARIUS, of or belonging to money. In-
opia rei pecuniariae. Cic. Lis pecuniaria. Quint. Pecuniarium prae-
mium. Cic.
1873. Pecunia. Peculium. Argentum.
PECUNIA, (from pecus, because money was stampt with the repre-
sentation of an ox] coin, money. Annumerare pecuniam alicui. Cic.
Exaequat omnium dignitatem pecunia. Id. PECULIUM, that wealth
which a son or slave holds of his own, owing to great saving, distinct
from the property of the father or master who has granted them small
perquisites. Qui cupiditate peculii nullam conditionem recusant du-
rissimae servitutis. Cic. Peculium castrense, Caes., The money saved
by a soldier out of his pay. ARGENTUM, silver, one of the metals. Ar-
genti minae. Plaut. Argenti pallet amore. Hor.
1874. Pedalis. Pedarius. Pedestris.
PEDALIS, a foot long or thick. Pedalis trabs. Caes. PEDARIUS
2F2
436
was applie<L to a senator who delivered not his opinion ly words, lut
who
went to the part or side of those whose opinion he was of. Et raptim
in
earn sententiam pedarii concurrerunt. Cic. PEDESTRIS, (from pes)
on foot, belonging to a footman. Pedestres copiae. Cic. Figuratively :
Sermo pedestris, Hor., A speech in prose.
1875. Pejerare. Perjurare. Falsum jurare.
PEJERARE, toviolate an oath by not performing what has been sworn.

Nee erubescit pejerare de turdo. Hor. PERJURARE, to le perjured
or forsworn, by taking a false oath. Si quidvis satis est ; perjuras,
surripis, aufers undique ? Hor., If so little can do the business ;
why
then are you guilty of so many perjuries and robberies? It also
signifies
to protest upon oath against a thing. Pernegabo, perjurabo denique.
Ter. FALSUM JURARE, to take an oath to a thing that is false. Non
enim falsum jurare, pejerare est, Red quod ex animi tui sententia ju-
raveris, id non facere perjurium est. Cic. Qui perjurat, sciens et ex
animi sententia falsum jurat ; qui autem falsum jurat, non decipiendi
animo hoc facit, sed quia ita se rem habere putat. G. D.
1876. Pellere. Fugare. Eliminare.
PELLERE, to cast off, to repel, to drive away. Pellere aciem atque

in fugam convertere. Cajs. Pelli regno et sedibus. Cic. Figurative-
ly : Vino pellite curas. Hor. Quae mcestitiam pellat ex animis. Cic.
bpecies utilitatis animum pepulit ejus. Jd. FUGARE, (from fuga)
to put to flight. Repulit, fugavit, avertit. Cic. Hostes fugare. Id.
Qui armis fugatus pulsusque est, non est dejectus. Id. Figuratively :
Somnos classica pulsa fugant. Tibul. Flammas a classe fugavit. Ovid.
ELIMINARE, (from limen) to turn out of doors. Extra a?des cli-
minare. Enn. Figuratively: Ne fidos inter amicos sit qui dicta foras
eliminet. Hor.
1877. Pendere. Pensare. Pensitare.
PENDERE, (from pendere to be hanging] to weigh, in its proper

sense is used in an active and neutral signification. Cyathus per se
pen-
dit drachmas decem. Plin. Pensas examinat herbas. Ovid, figu-
ratively, it always is in the active voice. Pendere tributum. Caes. It
was customary amongst the ancients to weigh the coins in paying large
sums of money. Pendere poenas temeritatis. Cic. In philosophia res
spectantur, non verba penduntur. Id. PENSARE, (frequentative of
pendere) to ponder, to weigh carefully. Centurionem pensantem au-
rum occiderent imperavit. Liv. Figuratively : Pensare amicos factis.
Liv. Veteribus benefactis nova pensantes maleficia, Id., Compen-
sating old good actions with new bad ones. Trutina pensantur eadem
scriptores Romania Hor. PENSITARE, ( frequentative of pensare)
to ponder often and scrupulously. It is only used figuratively. Vitam
sequa lance pensitare. Plin. Immunia commodiore conditione sunt,
quam quae pensitant. Cic. Qui vectigalia nobis pcnsitunt. Id.
1878. Pendulus. Ptniilis.
PENDULUS and PENSILIS, (from pendere) hanging; with this dif-

ference, that pendulus is said of the situation of a thing hanging
down
or dangling in a direction perpendicular or nearly so. Palearia pcn-
dula. Ovid. Collum pendulum zona laedere, Hor., To hang one's-self.
437
Figuratively : Dubiae spe pendulus horoc, Hor., At uncertainties,

doubtful. Pensilis denotes the habitual situation of any figure
hanging
in the air. Pensilis urbs. Plin. Pensiles horti. Q. Curt. Pensilia ve-
hicula, Plin., Suspended vehicles. Pensilis uva. Hor.
1879. Penetralilis. Penelralis.
PENETRABILIS, penetrating and penetrable. Penetrabile fulmen.

Ovid. Penetrabile frigus, Virg., A piercing cold. Corpus nullo pe-
netrabile telo. Ovid. Figuratively : Caput baud penetrabile, Stat.,
The source of the Nile that cannot lie found out. PENETRALIS, of or
lelonging to the in-most part of any place ; penetrating. Abditi ac
pe-
netrales foci, Cic., The inmost altars. Fulmineus multo penetralior
ignis. Lucret. Frigus penetrale. Id.
1880. Penetrare. Permanare. Pervadere.
PEXETRARE, (penitus intrare) to penetrate, pierce, or enter into.

Per.etrare in urbem. Cic. Penetrare sub terras. Id. Figuratively :
Turn penetrabat eos, Lucret., It came into their mind. Penetrare in
animos. Cic. Nihil tamen rnagis Tiberium penetravit, Tac., Nothing,
however, more sensibly affected Tiberius. Quando id primum ad Ro-
manos penetravit, When itfirat became of use at Rome. PERMANARE,
to flow through or as far as. Succus is quo alimur, permanat ad je-
cur. Cic. Quae ad nostras aures saepe permanant. Id. Figuratively :
Pythagoras doctrina, cum longe lateque flueret, permanavisse mihi
videtur in hanc civitatem. Cic. Permanat calor argentum. Lucret.
PERVADERE, (vadere per) to go or pass through, as far as. Ne
quid in nares pervadere possit. Cic. Nulla ora est tarn deserta, quo
non illius diei fania pervaserit. Tac. Figuratively : Faraa urbem per-
vasit. Liv. Pervasit morbus. Cic. Per animos hominum pervadere.
Id. Permanare includes the idea of a liquor gently flowing into; per-
vadere denotes more impetuosity.
1881. Pensio. Stipendium.
PENSIO, (from pendere) properly the act of weighing. Figurative-

ly: die act of paying, a payment of money. Ex pensione major est ei
pars soluta. Cic. Prima pensio. Cic. Secunda pensio. Id. First and
second payment. STIPENDIUM, (from stips, a piece of money, and
pendere) stipend, pay for soldiers. Pollicebantur stipend! urn, quod
prioribus pensionibus in multos annos deberent, prassens omne da-
turos. Cic. Stipendium numerare militibus. Id. It is also said of mi-
litary service itself. Confectis stipendiis. Cic. Facere stipendia
pedi-
bus, Id., To serve on foot, to be afoot-soldier. Mereri stipendia,
Id.,
To be a soldier.
1882. Penula. Lacerna.
PENULA was a kind of short, thick, napped coat of wool, that was
used in cold or rainy weather, a riding-coat, a mantle. Galba roganti
penulam respondit : Si non pluit, non opus est tibi ; si pluit, ipse
utar. Quintil. Rejecta penula, Cic., Milo having pulled off his tra-
velling-mantle. Tacitus finds fault with the orjztors of his time,
because
they used this kind of mantle when speaking in public. Quantum hu-
militatis putaraus eloquentise attulisse penulas istas, quibus
astricti et
velutinclusi cum judicibus fabulamur. Tac. LACERNA was a coarse
438
cassock, a surtout shorter than penula. Pingues aliquando lacernas,

raunimenta togse, dun crassique colons. Juv. It was a town mantle,
used by great folks only in rainy weather, or when present at the
spec-
tacles. Quin et spectaculis advenienti assurgere, et lacernas depo-
nere solebant. Suet. Cicero upbraids Anthony with walking in the
streets of Rome cum gallicis et lacerna.
1883. Peragrare. Percurrere.
PERAGRARE, (quasi per agros ire) literally, to ramlle over fields,

woods, or deserts. Nemora cum quodam strepitu peragrare. Cic. //
signifies to travel over. Rura peragrantes. Id. Provincias omnes per-
agrasse gloriatur Asellus. Id. Figuratively : Cum orbem terrarum
non pedibus magis quam laudibus peragrares. Plin. Paneg. Non so-
lum fama jam de illo sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Cic. PERCUR-
RERE, (currere per) to run with speed over or through. Percurrit om-
nem agrum Picenum. Cic. Figuratively : Haec pluribus verbis dice-
rem quae nunc paucis percurrit oratio mea. Cic. Peragrare silvam
signifies to ramble over a forest j and percurrere silvam to go
through it
running with all speed.
1884-. Peragratio. Percursatio.
PERAGRATIO, a travelling up and down. Quae fuit ejus peragratio

itinerum? Cic. PERCURSATIO, a rambling progress. Italiae rursus
percursatio. Cic. O claram illam percursationem ! Id.
1885. Perconlari. Interrogare. Sciscilari. Safari.
PERCOKTARI, to inquire about any thing, to ask questions about a

thing. Ille me de nostra Republica percontatus est. Cic. Tu quod
nihil refert percontari desinas. Ter. Percontari has a great relation
to public news, or reports spread abroad. INTERROGARE, (rogare in-
ter) to ask a f/uestion, refers to the sentiment or opinion of the
person
the question is put to. Ut interrogando urgeat, ut rursus quasi ad
interrogata sibi ipse respondeat. Cic. Sin me interrogas non tarn in-
telligendi causa, quam refellendi. Id. The difference pointed out by
Quintilian seems to mt groundless. Quid enim tarn commune i >t,
says he, quam interrogare vel percontari? nam utroque utiinur in-
differenter, cum alterum noscendi, alterum arguendi gratia vidcatur
adhiberi. Contrary examples are found in Cicero. SCISCITARI, and
in the poets SCITARI, (from scire) to strive to be informed, to have
something positive and ctrtain about which we wish to be informed.
Non desino per litteras sciscitari. Cic. Epicuri ex Velleio sciscita-
bar sententiam. Id. Suspensi Eurypilura scitatum oracula Phoebi
mittimus. Virg.
1886. Percuhus. Pcrcussus.
PERCULSUS, (from percello) struck, deeply affected with, speaking

of the soul. Magno laudum perculsus amore. Virg. Suspicione ali-
quaperculsus. Cic. Perculsa timore civitas. Id. PERCUSSUS, (from
percutio) struck, speaking of the body. Virga percussus. Virg. Ictu
iulminis percussa. Ovid. Percussac de ccelo turres. Cic. Percellere
is said of the body, and signifies a violent blow. Victorem Buten per-
culit, et fulva moribundum extendit arena. Virg. // is only a figu-
rative expression, when said of the soul. Si te forte dolor aliquis
per-
culserit, exclamabis ut miilier. Cic. Haec te vox non perculit, ne-

que perturbavit. Id.
1887. Peraissor. Interfeclor. Sicarius.
PERCUSSOR, (from percutere) a striker, he who strikes. Depre-

hensus cum sica percussor Caesaris. Cic. INTERFECTOR, a killer, a
murderer. Ut non modo impune, sed etiam cum summa interfec-
toris gloria, interfici possit. Cic. SICARIUS, (from sica) properly,
one armed with a dagger. Non sicarium, sed crudelissimum carnifi-
cem in judicium adduximus. Cic.
1888. Perditus. Projligatus.
PERDITUS, lost, ruined, wretched, desperate, desolate. JEre alieno

perditus et egens. Cic. Perditus et dissolutusadolescens. Id. Viridi
procumbit in ulva perdita, Virg., speaking of a young cow that had
lost her calf. It is used in a moral sense. Perditissimi mores, Cic.,
Lewd manners. Perdita vita. Id. PROFLIGATUS, far advanced in
ruin, nearly done for. Profligatissimus et perditissimus omnium. Cic.
Omnia ad perniciem profligata et perdita. In the same sense Livy
says profligatum bellum conficere, To terminate a war far advanced.
Perditus is more extensive than profligatus.
1889. Peregrinatio. Peregrinitas.
PEREGRINATIO, the act of travelling in distant countries. Peregri-

natio transmarina. Quint. Exilium quantum demum a perpetua
peregrinatione differt ? Cic. PBREGRINITAS, foreign manners. In-
fusa est in urbem nostram peregrinitas. Cic.
1890. Perfectissimi. Clarissimi. Spectabiles. Illustres.
Under the Roman emperors, there were four distinct titles or Appel-
lations of honour to which one might be raised: the first was that of
the
perfect, PERFECTISSIMI; thcsecond, that of the CLARISSIMI ; (he third,
that of the grandees, called SPECTABILES ; and the fourth, the most
considerable of all, was that of the illustrious, ILLUSTRES.
1891. Perftctus. Elaboratus.
PERFECTUS is properly said of the beauty resulting from the design

and complete construction of a work. ELABORATUS relates to the
beauty resulting from the work, and cleverness of the doer of the
work.
Perfectus excludes all defects : Elaboratus denotes a special care and
attention to the most minute parts. What may be letter done, is not
perfectum ; what may be yet worked upon is not elaboratum. Oratio
omni cura et vigiliis elaborata. Cic. Dlud cui nihil addi possit,
quod ego summum et perfectissimum judico. Id. Perfectum inge-
nio, elaboratum industrial Id.
1892. Perfidia. Infidelitas.
PERFIDIA, infringement of a word given, or promise made. Perfidia

est fidei minime observatae vitium, iniquitas, perversitas. INFIDE-
LITAS, faithlessness, infidelity. Quantae infidelitates in amicis !
Cic.
Infidelitatem ejus sine ulla perfidia judicavit comprimi posse. Caes.
Infidelitas is only a small deficiency in the keeping of ones word, a
mere breaking of promises made; perfidia adds to it the outside
appear-
440
ance of constant faithfulness. Infidelitas may le on'y a weakness ;

Perfidia is always a crime committed with reflection.
1893. Perfidus. Perfidiosus. Infidus.
PERFIDUS, perfidious, breaking his faith. Amicus perfidus. Cic.

Hostes perfidi. Hor. Omnes aiiud agentes, aliud simulantes, per-
fidi, improbi sunt. Cic. Perfidimi sacramentum dicere, Hor., To
takt a false oath. PERFIDIOSUS denotes the hauit of perfidy and
treachery Perfidiosus et insidiosus. Cic. Animo perfidiosus et sub-
dolus. Tac. INFIDUS, unfaithful, insecure, not solid. Infidus arai-
cus. Cic. Infida regni societas. Liv. Infida pax. Id. Perfidus est
qui fraudera praestruit, qui datam ultro fidem malitiose fallit ;
infidus
est qui patronum, amicuna, clientem, &c. nou satis justa de causa
deserit. G. D.
1894-. Pergnraa. Dardania. Teucria. Ilium.
PERGAMA tvas properly the fortress of Troy. Trojam incensam,

et prolapsa videntem Pergama. Virg. The name Pergama tvas given
to its towers and to the city itself. Dardanus built a town on the
banks
of the Hellespont which lie named after himself, DARDANIA.. He mar-
ried Teucer's daughter ; they laid together the foundations of a town
which they named TEUCKIA. Troy, who reigned afterwards, gave to
Teucria the name of Troja. Ilus his son added to it a citadel and low-
ers^ which he named Pergama. Hence arises the diversity of names
given ly poets to this city and its inhabitants, Dardani, Teucri, Tro-
jani, &c.
1895. Pergere. Continuare.
PERGERE, to go on or forward, to continue on, to pursue. Perrexi

tamen, Romamque perveni. Cic. Eadem via pergere qua cacteri. Id.
Figuratively : Perge ut agis, nomenque tuum commenda immortali-
tati. Cic. CONTINUARE, (tenere cum) to continue, to close together,
to join. Duabus noctibus perpotationem continuavit. Plin. Jngens
cupido agros continuandi. Liv. Continuare domos moenibus. Id.
Continuatque dapes. Hor. Continuare diem et noctem opus ali-
quod. Caes.
1896. Peripelatam. Peristroma. Stragulum. Aulaeum. Tapes. Ta-
pelum.
PERIPETASMA, ( from Tfs^nrerdia, circumpando, explico) a rich

sort of hangings for rooms. Quid ilia Attalica toti Gallia ab eodem
Heio peripetasmata nominataemere oblitus es? Cic. PERISTROMA,
(from ifsp}, and <rrpu>u.a., a cushion) rich tapestry-work whereu'itk
floors or teds were spread. Conchiliatis C. Pompeii peristromatis
servorum in cellis lectos stratos videres. Cic. STRAGULUM, (scilicet
vestimentum) any covering, a blanktt. Collocari jussit hominem in
aureo lecto, strato pulcherrimo textili stragulo, magnificis operibus
picto. Cic. Stragula vestis, Id., A very full coat, that was used as
a covering for the bed. AULJEUM, ( /rom aulu) a canopy, a piece of
hangings, the curtain of a theatre. Interea suspensa graves aula?a
ruinas in patinam fecere. Hor. Mimi ergo est jam cxitus, non fa-
bula,', in quo cum rlausula invenitur, fugit aliquis e manibus, deinde
scabella concrepant, aulaeum tollitur. Cic. TAPES and TAPETUM,
441
(from "fdrrrjf, tapestry) tapestry, a carpel, the covering of a led, a

horse-cloth. Qui forte tapetibus altis extructus toto proflabat pec-
tore somnum. Virg. Pictis tapetis instrati alipedes. Id.
1897. Permulare. Commutare.
PERMUT ARE, says Feslus, ex alio loco in alium transferre, to change

from one place to another. Lien cum jecinore locum aliquando per-
mutat. Plin. Figuratively : Permutare pecuniam, Cic., To take
a bill of exchange instead of money. COMMUTARE, says the same
author, aliud pro alio substituere. Signa earum rerum quas cepe-
runt, commutant fures. Cic. Figuratively: Haec commutari ex veris
in falsa non possunt. Cic. Commutare vitam cum morte. Id. Com-
mutare verba cum aliquo, Ter., To speak to one in a different tone.
The above two verbs are used sometimes the one for the other. Cicero
said : Favorem odiis permutare, and commutare statum Reipublicac :
072^ Plautus ; Permutant inter se nomina ; vestem commutant inter
se.
1898. Perna. Petaso.
PERNA, (from irspva,, an extremity, a heel) a gammon or pestle of

lacon with the leg on. Fumosae cum pede pernae. Hor. PETASO,
(from TTSTdôa, extendo) includes a shoulder and leg of pork. Mihi
cum vetulo sit petasone nihil. Mart. The ancients ate fAe petaso quite
fresh ; but salted and. smoked the perna.
1899. Pernicies. Exitium. Ruina.
PERNICIES, (from perandnex) total destruction. Communis om-

nium pernicies. Cic. Labes atque pernicies provincial. Id. EXI-
TIUM, (from exire) a tragical end. Irae Thyestem exitio gravistra-
vere. Hor. De pernicie Reipublicae, et exitio urbis cogitare. Cic.
Cum tua pernicie, cumque eorum exitio. Id. RUINA, (from ruere)
ruin, downfall. Non levi ruina disjecta tecta. Hor. Ruina domus
oppressit caeteros. Phaed. Figuratively : Prsetermitto ruinas fortu-
narum tuarum. Cic. Ille dies utriusque ducet ruinam, Hor., The
fatal day that shall light your funeral pomp, will also light up mine.
1900. Pernicitas. Felocitas.
PERNICITAS, (from niti) swiftness of foot, Jleetness. Adempta

equorum pernicitate. Tac. Pernicitas pedum Papyrio inerat, quae
ei etiam dedit nomen Cursoris. Liv. Electi milites ad pernicitatem,
Caes., The fittest soldiers for running were selected. VELOCITAS,
( qua-
si volocitas, from volare) agility, velocity, loth in anatural and
moral
sense. Quos in expeditione velocitate corporum, ac levitate armo-
rum aptissimos esse ratus est. Liv. Velocitas corporis celeritas ap-
pellatur ; quae eadem ingenii etiam laus habetur. Cic. Adde etiam,
si libet, pernicitatem ac velocitatem. Id.
1901. Peroratio. Epilogus. Clausula.
PERORATIO, the close or conclusion of an oration or speech. Con-

clusio orationis, et quasi peroratio. Cic. EPILOGUS, (from sTfl and
Aoô;) a/2 epilogue, is the same as peroratio. Extat ejus peroratio
qui et epilogus dicitur. Cic. Orator in epilogo misericordiam mo-
vet. Id. It is said of the conclusion of a work, of a fable. CLAU-
442
SULA, ( from claudere) an end, a conclusion. Utar e& clausula qua.

soleo, Cic., I shall conclude my letter as I generally do. It also
sig-
nifies a clause, a particular disposition of a treaty, of a will, &c.
Clau-
sula edicti, testament!, &c. Cic.
1902. Perpetub. Perpetunm. In perpetuum.
PERPETUO awcf PERPETUUM, perpetually, continually , are said oj

the present, past, and future time. Misere nimis cupio, ut ccepi, per-
petuum in IsetitiS dcgere. Ter. Virens perpetuo buxus. Ovid. Per-
petud perii, Ter., / am undone for ever. Facies perpetuo quae fecisti.
Cic. IN PERPETUUM, for ever, is only said of future time. Statu-
ram in perpetuum tacere. Cic. In perpetuum res suas alienare. Id.
1903. Perseverare. Persistere. Perstare.
PERSE VER ARE, to persevere, to continue constant. In errore perse-

verare. Cic. Ad ultimum perseverare. Liv. Perseveras tu quidem,
et in tua vetere sententia permanes. Cic. PERSIST ERE, to persist.
We persevere through reflection ; and persist through attachment and
olstinacy. In proposito persistere. Cic. In eadem impudentia per-
sistere. Liv. PERSTARE, to remain firm, both in the natural and fi-
gurative sense. In lirnine perstat. Ter. Perstare in sententia. Cic.
Negant posse, et in eo perstant. Id.
1904-. Perspicere. Prospicere.
PERSPICERE, to see plainly, thoroughly. Homo cum se ipse per-

spexerit, totumque tentarit, intelliget, &c. Cic. Fronte, ut aiunt,
meum erga te amorem perspicere potuisses. Id. PROSPICERE, to
take a view afar off'. Quae f'utura sunt prospicere. Ter. Ut spero,
vel potius, ut prospicio. Cic. Prospicio, with a dative case,
signifies
to look at, to take care of. Consulite vobis, prospicite patriae. Cic.
Ut
capiti et fortunis tuis prospiceres. Id.
1905. Per liner e. Attinere.

PERTINERE, (tenereper) to extend from one placs to another, to
pertain, to belong. Venae quae pertinent ad jecur, eique adherent.
Cic. Planities ad illos monies pertinet. Plin. Figuratively : Late
patet haec ars, et ad multos pertinet. Cic. Ad quos pertineat facinus
vestigia nulla extant. Liv. ATTINERE, (teneread) to hold forth, to
keep back. Ni proximi prehensum vi attinuissent. Tac. Attineri
custodia. Id. Figuratively : Ob amissum Augustum discordiis atti-
nemur. Tac. Pertinet ad improbos suspicio maleficii ; ad probos
nihil attinet. G. D.
190G. Pertinet. Attinet.
These two verls may be still considered as being impersonal. ATTI-

NET, it concerns, it is interesting to : PERTINET denotes a greater
con-
cern or interest. Ego quod ad me attinet, idcirco taceo. Cic. Per-
tinet would express more. In like manner, Summa illuc pertinet, ut,
&c. Cic. Attinet would not express enough.
1907. Perversus. Prcrposterus.
PER VERSUS, (vertcre per) properly, turned upside down, over-

thrown. Perversi oculi, Cic., Squinting eyes. Figuratively : per-
443
verse, ill-natured. Mentes perversae. Ovid. More perverse. Cic.

PHJEPOSTERUS, (from prae and post) preposterous, topsy-turvy, con-
fused, beginning at the wrong end. Praepostera gratulatio. Cic. Prce-
posteris utimur consiliis, et acta agimus. Id. Quid tarn perversum
praeposterumve excogitari potest ? Id. Praeposteros habes tabellarios,
qui cum a me discedunt, flagitant litteras ; cum ad me veniunt, nul-
las afferunt. Id. Perversus rerum ordinem et jura omnia susdeque
habet ; praaposterus, temporis rationem non servat. G. D.
1908. Pervertere. Subvertere.
PERYERTEHE, (vertere per) to turn upside down, to overthrow.

Arbusta, virgulta, tecta pervertere. Cic. Figuratively : Jura omnia
divina et humana pervertere. Cic. Volutare secum quomodo Ger-
manici liberos perverteret. Tac. SUBVERTERE, (vertere sub) to
turn over, to undermine, to subvert. Calceus, si pede major erit,
subvertet ; si minor, uret. Hor. Operum subvertere moles. Ovid.
Figuratively : Cum omnis domus delatorum interpretationibus sub-
verteretur. Tac.
1909. Pervigil. Pernox.
PERVIGIL, very or continually watching. Anguis pervigil. Ovid.

Canis pervigil. Sen. Figuratively : Ignis pervigil, Stat., The Veslal-
Jire. PERNOX, abiding or continuing all night long. Praeliumque
ante lucem, sed luna pernox erat, commissum est. Liv.
1910. Pervigilare. Pernoctare.
PERVIGILARE, to watch much, not to sleep all night long. Nam

vigilare leve est, pervigilare, grave. Mart. Pervigilando in armis.
Liv. Non orat ut earn noctem pervigilet. Cic. PERNOCTARE, to
tarry or continue all night long. Pernocta 1 . e ad ostium carceris.
Cic.
Figuratively : Pernoctant nobiscum studia litterarum, peregrinan-
tur, rusticantur. Cic.
1911. Pervolare. Circumvolare. Subvolare.
PERVOLARE, (volare per) to fly about or all over. Corvus per-

volat varium iter. Ovid. Figuratively : Rumor pervolat. Ovid. Ani-
mus velocius in hanc sedem et dornum suam pervolabit. Cic. CIR-
CUMVOLARE, tojly round. Naves circumvolat halcyon. Plin. Figu*
ratively : Mors atris circumvolat alis. Hor. Nox atra circumvolat
umbra. Virg. SUBVOLARE, to fly away a little, to begin tojly. Pulli
facilius sub matribus pinguescunt, si priusquam subvolent, paucas
subtrahas pinnas, ut uno loco quiescant. Plin. Figuratively : tojly
upwards or aloft. Sic haec (partes igneae) sursum rectis lineis in
cce-
lestem locum subvolent. Cic.
1912. Pestifer. Pest Hens.
PESTIFER (pestem ferens) is belter said of animate beings, or of

things which we fancy to have a soul. Pestiferi cives. Cic. Pestifer
et
funestus Tribunatus. Id. Vitia pestifera, luxuria, avaritia, crudeli-
tas. Id. Gaudium pestiferum. Id. PESTILENS (from pestis) is said
of places, air, exhalations; and signifies pestilential, infectious,
un-
wholesome. Gravis et pestilens aspiratio creli. Ovid. Inter locorum
naturas quantum intersit, videmus alios esse salubres, alios pestilen-
tes. Cic. Pestilenlior annus. Liv.
444
1913. Pestis. Pestilenlia.
PESTIS (from perdcre) is said of any thing pernicious ; plague, ca-

lamity, ruin, destruction. Hujus imperii pestes. Cic. Tain detesta-
bilis pestis nulla est qua? non homini ab nomine nascatur. Id. Alii
aliapeste absumpti sunt, I.iv., They perished, some oneway andsome
another way. Ad pestem frugum tollemlam, Id., speaking of locusts
that desolated dpulia. Servatic il pcstc caring, Virg., Ships secured
from the conflagration. Pestis is very seldom used by good authors to
signify the infectious disorders. When Cicero says, Ibes avertunt
pestem
ab /Egypto, it is understood of serpents. PESTILENTIA, infectious air,
a contagious disorder. De loco mine quidem abiit pestilentia. Cic.
Vastus atque desertus ager propter pestilentiam. Id. Quorum ex ha-
bitu et colore turn salubritatis, turn pestilentisesigna percipi. Id.
Fz-
guratively : Oratio plena veneni et pestilentiae. Catul.
1914. Pelere. Postulare. Flagilare. Efflagitare. Poscere. Deposcere.

Exposcere. Krposlulare.
PETER E, to request, to ask, to beg of one. Peto a te, vel si paten's,

oro. Cic. Omnibus precibus ab aliquo aliquid petere. Caes. Petivit
in beneficii loco. Cic. POSTULARE, to demand as a right, to require.
Postulabat magis quam petebat. Q. Cnrt. FLAGITARE, to ask and
demand with eagerness and clamour, as a thing due : hence flagitium in
the senst of a pressing demand. Flagitio cum majore post reddes ta-
inen. Plaut. Tatnen quia postulat, non flagitat, praeteribo. Cic.
Quanquam haec causa postulat, et si postulat, non flagitat tamen.Id.
Pro quo cum pactum flagitaret premium, ingrataes, inquit, ore qua?
nostro caput incolume abstuleris, et mercedem postules. Phacd.
EFFLAGITARE increases upon flagitare. Efflagitasti quotidiano con-
vicio, ut librosjam emittereinciperem. Cic. Notum cfHagitat ensem.
Virg. POSCERE, lo ask as a price or salary. Parentes pretium pro
sepultura posceret. Cic. It also implies an idea of eagerness of de-
manding. Incipiunt postulare ; poscere nimia. Cic. // is besides used
for quucrere, in which cnse it expresses more importunity and
eagerness
in demanding. Veniendi poscere causas. Virg. DEI-OSCERE is said
especially of a deserter, or such like, whom we ask to be surrendered
lo
us by the enemy. Aliquem ad supplicium deposcere. Cic. EXPOS-
CERE adds more eagerness to the meaning of poscere, but alters the
sense a tittle, and signifies to desire earnestly. Victoriam a Diis
ex-
poscere. Cic. Finemque pesti exposcunt. Liv. EXPOSTULARE adds
to the idea of postulare. Vix a Habilione, aut ab aliquo ejus simili
hoc expostulare auderes, et impetrarc posses. Cic. Minaciter cum
iis expostulavit. Plaut. Candidatus petit consulatum, flagitat ab ami-
cis, poscit, postulat a clientibus, ut adsint sibi petenti, seque
dedu-
cant in forum. G. D.
1915. Phalera. Torques. Monile.
PHAL;;KA, (from <paAo;, glittering) a sort of ornament worn by

the Roman gentlemen or men of arms as well as by the chtvaliers. It
differed Jrorn the TOKQUKS in this, that plialera was flat, falling on
the breast, and torques light to the neck, and round. Ut plcrique no-
bilium aureos annulos, et phalcnis dcponerent. Cic. It is also said
of the trappings and other ornaments for horses. Primus cquum pha-
445
lens insignem victor habeto. Virg. Titus Manlius Galli torque de-
tracta cognomen invenit. Cic. MONILE, a necklace for ladies. Dat
digitis gemmas, dat longa monilia collo. Ovid. Virgil supposes it to
le worn by king Latinus's horses. Aurea pectoribus demissa monilia
pendent. Virg.
1916. Flare. Explore. Procurare. Lustrare.
PIARE, (from pius) properly, to cherish. Piare pietatem, Plaut.,

To honour piety. Nemo est qui magis suos piet liberos. Nonn, It
does generally signify to expiate or alone for. Fulgura atque ostenta
piare. Cic. Morsmorte pianda est. Ovid. EXPIARE, to purify what
is defiled. Mari omnia quae violata sunt expiari putantur. Cic. Ce-
reris numen alicujus supplicio expiari volebant. Id. PROCURARE,
properly, to take care o/, to watch over, Is procurat negotia Dionysii
nostri. Cic. Corpora procurant. Virg. Procarare is consecrated to
religion. Procurare monstra et prodigia, Liv., To perform actually
all the ceremonies necessary to avert the Lad effect of an ominous
pro-
digy. LUSTRARE, (from lucre) to purify, to make libations. Lus-
trare exercitum, Caes., To muster an army, to make lustrations. Lus-
trare exercitum, Caes., To number an army, because at the end of that
ceremony lustrations took place. Lustramurque Jovi, votisque incen-
dimus aras. Virg. Figuratively : to travel over, to survey. Pytha-
goras ./Egyptum lustravit. Cic. Totuni lustravit lumine corpus. Virg.
Mox omnes artus, artuum et ligamina lustrare cospit. Phaed.
1917. Piacularis. Piabilis.
PIACULARIS, (from pius, piare) expiatory, that has the power to

atone. Piaculare sacrum facere. Liv. Piacularis victima. Plaut.
PIABILIS, that may be expiated. Piabile fulmen est. Ovid.
1918. Piget. Pcenitet. Tcedet. Pudet.
PIGET, to be loth or unwilling, to grieve at doing or undertaking a

thing. Ileferre piget quid crediderint homines. Liv. Piget and Pi-
gritia have the same origin. PCENITET, (poana tenet) to repent, to le
sorry or grieved. Sapientis proprium est nihil" facere quod posniteat.
Cic. Efficiam ne quern pacis per me pactae pceniteat. Liv. Plato
magistrum habuit non poenitendum. Cic. TJEDET (taedium tenet)
is the effect of weariness, of Irksomeness. Prorsas vitae tsedet. Cic.
Taedet ipsum Pompeium, vehementerque prenitet. Id. PUDET,
(pudor tenet) to be ashamed of. Nimirum id quod pudet facilius fer-
tur quam illud quod piget. Plaut. Sunt homines quos libidinis infa-
miaeque suaeneque pudeat, neque taedeat. Cic. Non solum piget hu-
jus stultitiae, sed etiam pudet. Id.
1919. Pignerare. Pignerarl. Oppignerare.
PIGNERARE, (from pignus) to pawn, to put out to pawn. Unionem

ex aure matris detractum pigneravit ad itineris impensas. Suet.
PIGNERARI, to receive as a patvn. Mars ipse ex acie fortissimum
quemque pignerari solet. Cic. OPPIGNERARE is the same as pigne-
rare, with this difference, that it Is used both in the active and
passive
voice. Num ilia oppignerare filiam, me invito, potuit ? Ter. Libelli
etiam pro vino saepe oppigrserabantur. Cic. It is not found used as a
446
deponent. Figuratively: Verbum quo se oppigneraret, Sen., The

promise by which he had bound himself.
1920. Pileus. Pileolus.
PILEUS, a cap which was given to slaves in granting them their free-
dom. Postero die servi ad pileum vocati, et carcere vincti emissi.
Liv. PILEOLUS, a little cap, a small hat. Nee turpe pueris pileolura
nitidis imposuisse comis. Ovid.
1921. Finger e. Adumbrare. Delineare.
PIXGERE, to paint. Pingere coloribus. Cic. Acu pingere. Ovid.

Figuratively: to describe. Pingam Britanniam coloribus tuis, peni-
cillo meo. Cic. ADUMBRARE, properly, to shade or shadow out. Sub
ortu Caniculae palmeis tegetibus vineas adumbrabat. Col. Figura-
tively : to take a sketch. Quis pictor omnia quae in rerum natura sunt
adumbrare didicit? Quint. Diiadumbrati, Cic., False Gods. Adum-
brata Dei intelligent^, Id., An imperfect and superficial knowledge of
God. DELINEARE, (from linea) to delineate, to draw the outlines or
sketch of any thing. Apelles arrepto carbone extincto e foculo,
imaginem in pariete delineayit. Plin.
1922. Pinguis. Opimus. Olesus.
PIXGUIS, greasy, fat. Pingues agni. Virg. Pingues horti. Id. Pin-
gues lacernae. Juv. Figuratively : Pingue ingenium, Hor., A thick-
headed man. Agamus pingui Minerva, ut aiunt. Cic. OPIMUS,
fleshy, in a good plight of body. Bourn opimorum colla. Ovid. Opi-
mus corporis habitus. Cic. Figuratively : Opimus ager. Cic. Opi-
mum dicendi genus, Id., A kindof speech too high or perhaps too abun-
dant. Accusatio opima, Id., An accusation well grounded, full of
things material. Spolia opima, Liy., were the spoils which a Roman
general took from an enemy's general, after having killed him in a
battle.
Cossus spolia opima regis interfecti gerens. Liv. OBESUS, (from
ob and edere) plump, gross, corpulent. Obesa terga. Virg. Obesus
turdus. Hor. Venter obesus. Id. Figuratively : Nee naris obesae
juvenis, Hor., A clever young man.
1923. Piscarius. Piscatorius. Piscosus.
PISCARIUS, (from piscis) offish, pertaining to Jish. Copia pis-

caria. Plaut. Forum piscarium, Id., The t fish- market. PISCATORIUS,
belonging to fishers or fishing. Piscatoria navis. Caes. Forum pisca-
torium, Liv., The place where fishers reside. PiscosvSjfull offahes.
Piscosus amnis. Orid.
1924. Placet. Libet.
PLACET, it pleases, it seems good to, or is the mind of. Placuit, ut

breviter sententias diceremus. Cic. Placitum est ut epistolae nomine
principis scriberentur, Tac., It was determined that letters should be
written in the prince's name. LIBET, it likes, it contents one. Non
li-
bet plura scribere .... nee sinesmnmo scribo dolore. Cic. Id quod
maxime mihi libet, Id., IVhat causes me the greatest pleasure.
1925. Plaga. Vulnus. Cicatrix. Ulcus.

PL AC A, (from isX-rpvw, to strike] a blow with a whip or a rod.
447
Dolor crepitusque plagarum. Cic. It is said of the wound caused ly

Hows. Vix habet in nobis jam nova plaga locum. Ovid. VULNUS,
(from ouAij) a wound, bruise, or hurt. Obligare vulnus.Cic. Ex vul-
neribus mori. Id. Figuratively : Vulnera conscientiae. Cic. Juno
aeter-
num servans sub pectore vulnus. Virg. Regina. . . . vulnus alit venis.
Id. Imponere vulnera Reipublicae. Cic. CICATRIX, a scar or seam
of a wound. Luculentam ipse plagam accepit, ut docet cicatrix. Cic.
Vulnus in antiquum rediit male sana cicatrix. Ovid. Figuratively :
Ne refricare obductam jam Reipublicae cicatricem viderer. Cic.
ULCUS, en ulcer, a sore in the flesh caused by corrosive and malignant
humours. Ferro summum ulceris os rescindere. Virg. Ulcera quae
cicatricem non trahunt. Plin. Figuratively : Ulcus tangere, Ter.,
To rub on a sore place, to repeat old grievances.
1926. Plagce. Retia. Casses. Reticulum.
PLAGJE, wide nets or toils with great holes, to take wild leasts with*
Nexilibusque plagis silvas Erimanthidos ambit. Ovid. CASSES,
hunters' nets of a concave form. Decidit in casses praedapetita meos.
Ovid. Casses comes from cavus, and is so called on account of its con-
cavity. RETIA, nets used to surround void and large tracts of ground.
Retia rara, plaga?, lato venabula ferro. Virg. Quae minus apparent
retia vitat avis. Ovid. RETICULUM, (from rete) a cawl of net-work
for a woman's head. Ileticulumque comis auratum ingentibus im-
plet. Juv. It signifies a little bag full of medicinal or fragrant
herbs.
Reticulum ad nares sibi apponebat tenuissimo lino, plenum rosae.
Cic. Reticulum panis venales inter onusto forte vehas humero. Hor.
1927. Plane. Plene.
PLANE, manifestly, plainly. Plane et aperte loqui. Cic. Explicari

mihi tuum consilium plane volo, ut penitus intelligam. Id. PLENE,
fully, quite, completely. Perfecti homines pleneque sapientes. Cic.
Plenissime dicere, Id., Not to omit any thing. Plane dicere, Id., To
speak with plainness and clearness.
1928. Plantce. Plantarium.
PLANTS, plants, sprigs parted from the roots to be planted by them-

selves. Hie plantas tenero abscindens de corpore matrum deposuit
sulcis. Virg. PLANTARIUM, a plant of a tree or kerb with a root on y
shrubs, the place or nursery ivhere plants are set. Quaedam in planta-
rio insita eodem die transferuntur. Plin. Silvarumque aliae presses
propaginis arcus expectant, et viva sua plantaria terra. Virg.
]929. Plebeius. Plebicola.
PLEBEIUS, ( from plebs) a plebeian, pertaining to the common peo-

ple. Plebeius homo. Cic. Plebeius sermo. Id. Purpura plebeia ac
pene fusca. Id. PLEBICOLA, (plebem colens) a favourer of the com-
mon people, a. popular man. Qui ut plebicola videretur, libertinam
duxit uxorem. Cic. Adeoquenovum sibi induerat ingenium, ut ple-
bicola repente, atque omnis aurae popularis captator evaderet, pro
truci insectatore plebis. Liv.
1930. Plumeus. Plumosus. Plumatus.

PLUMEUS, made of feathers or down. Culcitra plumea. Cic. To-
443
rus plumeus. Ovid. PLUMOSUS, full of feathers. Plumosa avium

pectora. Ovid. PLUMATUSêathered, interwoven with divers colours
like feathers. Plumaium corpus. Cic. Plumatus auro, Lucan., In-
terwoven or embroidered with gold.
1931. Poema. Poesis. Poetica.
POEMA, (from roifcu, fingo) proper///, afiction, the work of the poet.
Platonis locutio, etsi absit a versu, tamen quod incitatus feratur,
clarissimis verborum luminibus utatur, potius poema putandum,
quam comicorum poetarum, apud quos, nisi quod versiculi sunt,
nihil est aliud quotidiani dissimile sermonis. Cic. POESIS, poetry,
a poet's works. Ut picturapoesis erit. Hor. Virgilii poe'sis includes
all Virgil's works ; whereas poema is only said of a part: the
Georgics
of the same are poema, his jEneid is poema. POETICA or Poetice,
the art of poets, the art of making verses. Serius nos poe'ticam acce-
pimus. Cic. O praeclarain emendatricem vita?, poe'ticam ! Id. IVitk
poetica, ars is understood.
1932. Pcenas pelere. Poenasrepetere.
PfEXAS FETERE, to cause one to undergo a punishment. Ut pocnas

ab optimo quoque peteret. Cic. Contumeliarum pcenaspetere. Sail.
PCEXAS REPETERE, to take vengeance on. Hse sunt impiis assiduse
domesticaeque furiae, quae dies noctesque parentum pcenas a consce-
leratis filiis repetant. Cic. Leges pcenas repetunt ab injusto judice,
qui pcenas ab innocente petiit. G. D.
1933. Poeta. Fates.
POETA, a poet, one that writes or makes verses. Graeci poetrc. Cic.
VAXES, (quasi fates, from $r t u.l) one that foretells things. Bonus
vates esse poteras cum quae sunt futura videas. Plaut. Vates sibylla.
Virg. As oracles were emitted in verses, poets have been called vates.
Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus. Hor.
1934. Polire. Limure. Dolare.
POLIRE, to polish, to make shining. Polire arma. Stat. Cur ego

sollicita poliam mea carmina cura. Ovid. Figuratively : Poliendae
orationis ignarus. Cic. jEsopus auctor quam materiam reperit, hanc
ego polivi versibus senariis. Phaed. LIMARE, (yromlima) tojileoff.
Cornua elephanti limare. Plin. Figuratively : Xostrorum hominum
urbanitate limatus. Cic. Limatur ipsa veritas in disputatione. Id.
Si mendacium subtiliter limasset a radicibus. Phacd. i.imare, coining
from limus, crooked, has another sense. Non istic obliquo oculo mea
commoda quisquam limat, Hor., Kokody looks with jealousy at my
profits DOLARE, to chop or shape u'ith a carpenter's ai, to smooth
with a plane. Quis robur illud cecidit, dolavit, inscripsit ': Cic.
Fi-
guratively : Ccelius historian], sicut potuit, dolavit. Cic. Lumbos
fuste dolat. Hor.
1935. Polliceri. Pollicilari. Proinittere. Adpromittere. Spondere.

Despondere.
POLLICERI, ( from liceri) to promise, to offer. Is ultro nobis pol-

licitus est et dabit. Cic. Graecia dextram tendit Italiae, suumque
ei presidium pollicetur. Id POLLICITARI, (its frequentative') to
449
make many offers and promises. Sollicitando et pollicitando eorum

animos lactas. Ter. PROMITTERE, (mittere pro) to send before. In
this meaning we say promittere capillum, barbam, to let the hair or
beard grow. It is more commonly used for to promise or give ones word.
Ad ccenam mihi promitte. . . . promisit. Phaed. Neque me hercule
minus ei prolixe de tu& voluntate promisi, quam eram solitus de
mea polliceri. Cic. Nihil tibi ego turn de meis opibus pollicebar,
sed horum erga me benevolentiam promittebam. Id. ADPROMIT-
TERE, to promise what was promised before. Cum id ita futurum T.
Roscius Capito adpromitteret, crediderunt ; prius enim illud ipsum
promissum erat a Chrysogono. Cic. SPONDERE, (from a-Tft'vSuj, to
make a treaty] to promise with security and pledge. Dependendum
tibi est quod mihi pro illo spopondisti. Cic. Futurum esse promit-
tunt et spondent. It signifies to promise in marriage. Spondes-ne
mihi hanc uxorem ? Plaut. DESPONDERE, 1. To promise. Despon-
sam homini Syriam ademi, Cic., / took away from him the govern-
ment of Syria that had beM promised to him. 2. To dedicate. Librum
de finibus Bruto, ut tibi placuit, despondi. Cic. 3. To grant, to af-
fiance. Tulliolam Cneio Pisoni despondimus. Cic. Cornificius ado,-
lescens Orestillae filiam sibi despondit, Id., Cornificius has been
be-
trothed to the daughter of Orestilla.. Despondere is besides taken in
an opposite sense, nonspondere. Despondere animos, Liv., To fall
into despair. There is no foundation for the saying of some Gramma-
rians : Polliceraur sponte, promittimus rogati.
1936. Ppmifer. Pomosus.
POMIFER, (poma ferens) bearing fruit. Monies pomiferi. Ovid.

POMOSUS,/}/// of fruit. Pomosus hortus. Tibul.
1937. Pomum. Malum. Pyrum. Nux. Bacca.
POMUM, any kind of fruit growing on trees. Ovid, speaking of nuts,

says, Poma cadunt mensis non intcrdicta secundis. Pomum unedo-
nis, Plin., The fruit of the strawberry-tree. Mitibus pomis caput de-
corum autumni. Virg. MALUM is said ofsojtjruil, fuch as peaches,
apples, &c. Aurea mala, Virg., Oranges. Punicum malum, Col., A
peach. PYRUM is only said of pears. Vesci pyris. Hor. Nux is pro-
perly said of all fruits that have a hard shell, and their inside good
to
eat. Castaneae nuces, Virg., Chesnuts. BACCA, any small stone-fruity
a berry, an olive berry. Agricola cum florem oleae videt, baccam
quoque se videre putat. Cic. Lauri baccae. Virg. Baccas fronden-
tis acanthi. Id.
1938. Pondus. Pondo. Momentum. Onus.
PONDUS, weight, a load or burden. Magnum auri pondus. C.Nep.

In terram feruntur omnia nutu suo pondera. Cic. Figuratively: Cum
sententiae nostrse magnum in senatu pondus haberent. Cic. Ego hoc
meis ponderibusexaminabo. Id. Grave ipsius conscientiae pondus.
Id. PONDO, (indeclinable both in the singular and plural) a pound
weight. Coronam auream libra? pondo Jovi dicatam esse scribitur.
Liv. Auri pondo quinque abstulit. Cic. (librarum understood.)
MOMENTUM, (from moveo) the tongue of a balance. Omnia ex al-
tera parte collocata vix minimi momenti instar obtinent. Cic. Figu-
ratively : Facere momentum in dando adimendoque regno. Liv.
2G
450
Rem aliquam ponderare momento suo, Cic., To set a proper value on
a thing. ONUS, a burden, a had, irhat ire are to, or can, carry. Ab-
jicere onus. Cic. Cum gravius dorso subit onus. Hor. Figuratively :
Deponere onus officii. Cic. Hoc nil ad te : nostrum est onus, Id.,
This is no concern of yours : it is our business.
1939. Pone. Post.
POXE and POST are sometimes adverbs and sometimes prepositions.

Pone is always said of a place. Pone subit conjux. Virg. Pone cas-
tra. Liv. Post is said either of place or time. Post mihi non siniili
pO3-
na commissa luetis. Virg. Post diem tertium. Cic. Post tergum.
Cass. Tu post carecta latcbas. Virg.
194-0. Ponere. Collocare.
POXERE, to put, to lay, to set. Mensam poni jubet. Hor. Figura-

tively : Curam in re aliqua ponere. Cic. Formidinem improbis po-
nere. Id. It is a/so used to express to lay a ! ; iing down, to f/uil.
Ponite
corde metum. Virg. Ponit personam amici. cum inquit judicis.
COLLOCARE, ( from locus) to put a thing carefully in a place appro-
priated for il, to place. Suo quidque loco collocare. Cic. Ponere
castra is sirnp/y to encamp ; but collocate castra is to set up a camp
designedly, in such or such a place. Figuratively : Collocare in
matri-
Tnonium tiliam. Cic. Spem suavn in aliquo collocare. Id. Ponere
would have a different sense.
1941. Pontifex. Sacerdos. Antistes. Prcesul.
POXTIFEX. // is generally believed that the name of Pontifex ori-

ginated jrom this circumstance, that the care of religious rites and
mat-
ters, and the construction of the bridge Sublicius, were intrusted
U'itk
the same officers, and that the people gave them the name of one. nf
these
rffices which appeared the most considerable in the eyes of the
multitude:
upon the whole, Pontitex iras the name of a dignity particular to the
Roman republic, and which was conferred by the people ; instead of
which SACERDOS was a general name of those who were employed in
the service of the altars ; I mean to say, of those u-ho held the fast
rank
amongst them. For there was a second order of ministers of religion,
and servants under them, who had not this name. Pontitex only related
to sacred rights authorized by the laivs of the Republic. Praesunt
sacris
pontifices. Cic. The Pontirices decided with a sovereign authority in
matters pertaining to religion. Sacerdos (sacris deditus) was a man
consecrated to divine worship : every Pontitex was Sacerdos ; but each
Sacerdos was not Pontifex. The stritf pices, end other religions mi-
nisters, who did not offer up sacrifices, were Sacerdotes, and not
Pon-
tifices. The Roman hierarchy did i.ot acknowledge the title <>/ ANTI-
STES (ante stare). The highest pontiff would have felt himself a^
'ranted,
hud lie been ranked promitcuously amongst those tribes of Grecian and
Phrygian priest'; called antistites. Potitii ab Evandro cdocti anti-
stite.s sucri ejus per multas a?tates fuerunt. Liv. AntiVtrs was the
high-priest of a temple. Figuratively: Antistes artis. Cic. .lur
, Quint., An eminent lawyer. PR/>:SUL (from pra?, and salire)

tvas the first of the priests of Mars who began the dancing, and was
the leader of the rest in dancing and jumping. Pra;sul enim erat
primus
Saliorum. Liv.
451
1942. Pontificius. Pontificalis.
Although these two words may be sometimes used the one instead of
the other, PONTIFICIUS is properly said of what pertains to the person
or dignity of a pontiff', or high-priest; and PONTIFICALIS, of what
belongs to either in a relation not so strict. Jus pontificium is the
rights
pertaining to the dignity of a pontiff. Jus pontificate, the rights
flow-
ing from his dignity, or granted to the pontiff by custom, though not
es-
sential to his dignity* Likewise Pontificii libri are the books
relating
to the dignity or person of a pontiff; Pontificates libri are books
treat-*
ing of pontifical rites or ceremonies.
1943. Popina. Caupona. Talerna.
POPINA, a mean eating-house, a paltry public-house, tlncta po-

pina. Hor. Tu ex tenebricosa popina Consul extractus. Cic.
CAUPONA, a tavern. Vivere in caupona. Hor. Nonne tibi nox erat
pro die ? Non solitudo pro frequentia ? Caupona pro oppido ? Cic.
TABERNA, (synonymous with the other two) an inn, an eating- and
lodging-house. Diversoria taberna. Cic. Divertere in tabernam. Id. .
1944. Populus. Plebs. Popellus.
Under the word POPULUS, we understand the multitude of individuals

composing a whole nation, without distinction of rank or birth. Po-
pulus llomanus. Cic. Hinc populum lateregem belloque superbum.
Virg. // is said of that part of the Republic which included the most
distinguished and richest inhabitants. Populo plebique Romanaebene
ac feliciter eveniret. Cic. Livy, speaking of the tribunes of the
people,
says, Non populi, sed plebis magistratum esse. PLEBS is the common
people, all but the senators and nobles. Si quadringentis sex septem
millia tiesunt, est animus tibi, sunt mores, est lingua fidesque,
plebs
eris, Hor., You shall not be admitted into the equestrian order. Po-
. PELLUS, (diminutive of populus) the rabble or mob. Vilia venden-
tem tunicato scuta popello. Hor VULGUS, the common people, the
rude multitude, is generally taken in a bad sense. Jnfidum vulgus.
Hor. Odi profanum vulgus et arceo. Id. Although lorn a nobleman,
one may belong to the vulgus, on account of ignorance, ill-manners,
&c.
1945. Porta. Janua. Fores. Valvce. Ostium. JLimen.
PORTA (/romportare). Anciently, when they were about to build

a town, they marked the circumference of it with a plough, and he who
was intrusted with the plan lifted up that plough in the place where
the
entrance into the town was intended to le. Aratrum sustollat, says
Cato, et portam vocet. Viam relinquebant in muro, qua in oppidum
portarent. Varr. Porta is the opening made in the wall. Introire
porta. Cic. It is used by poets to express a door on its hinges.
JEratse
portae. Ovid. Objicere portas. Virg. Figuratively : Utar ea porta
quam primum videro. Cic. JANUA, (from Janus) agate, thejirst
entry into a house. A janua quserere aliquem, Cic., To ask for some
one at the door. Figuratively : Ingredi janua in causam. FORES
(from foris) is properly said of a door put on hinges. Fores portarum
semi-apertse. Cic. Fores effringere. Cic. Figuratively: Fores ami-
citiae aperire. Cic. VALVJE (from volvere) is generally said of fold-
ing-doors. Valvae bifores. Ovid. In templo Herculis, valvae clausae
2G2
452
repagulis. Cic OSTIUM, (from os) the door of a chamber, of an

apartment. Aperto ostio dormire. Cic. It is said of an entrance of
the month of a river or haven. Ostium portus. Cic. Ostium flumi-
nis. Id LIMEN, the lintel or threshold of a door. Limen superum
inferumque. Plaut. Ostium limenque carceris. Cic. Poets, of ten-
times use it for the door itself, and even for the whole house.
Perrura-
pere liniina, Virg., To break down the gates. Exilio domos et dulcia
lirnina mutant. Id. Penetrant aulas et liniina regum. Jd. Figura-
tively: Limen, Musarum. Phaed.
1946. Posse. Quire. Pollere. Palere.
There is a delicate difference between POSSE and QUIRE, that may

appear more Jine and more curious than Ufeful in practice. Possum ex~
presses the power resulting from strength and consequence, offices,
au-
thority, Src. Queo expresses mere possibility under the existing
circum-
stances. A few examples out of Cicero's works will clearly point out
this difference. Posse plurimum gratia apud aliquem. Cic. Quire
plurimum would be improper. Quoad possum et mihi licet. Id.
Quoad queo would be bad Latin. Non queo reliqua scribere, tanta
vis lacryinarum est. Id. Qui sibi ipse sapienter prodesse non quit,
nequicquam sapit. Id. Possum and non potest would not do so well.
POLLERE, to be mighty. Pollere in Republica. Cic. Plus pollet,
meliorque est filius patre. Id. U'e very properly say, Possum errare,
but never Polleo or Valeo errare, VALERE, to be strong, to be in
health. Nos hie valemus recte, et, quo melius valeamus, operam
dabimus. Cic. Fiet autem quodcumque volent qui valebunt, vale-
bunt autem anna. Id. Pollere and Valere are still more generally
said of advantangeous qualities. Pollere, valere ingenio, doctrina,
&c. Cic,
1947. Possidere. Tenere. Habere.
POSSIDERE, (quasi in posse suo habere) to possess, to have in one's

own use and possession. Sua esse omnia, atque a se possideri sicut
propria volunt philosophi. Cic. Hi sunt agri in Africa qui ab Hiem-
psale possidentur. Id. TENBRE, to hold fast, to have in one's hand.
Quaeque procurator tenuerit, pro domino possederit. Cic. In manu
poculum tenere. Id. Figuratively : Decus tenere. Cic. Teneri legi-
bus et solvi. Id. Tenere locum aliquem, Liv., To inhabit a place.
Ille tenet et scit, &c. Cic. It would be bad Latin to say, as our mo-
dern Latin scholars say commonly, Teneri ad aliquid faciendum.
HABERE, to have. It is not necessary a thing should actually be in our
hand that it may be said we have it ; it is enough that it belongs to
us,
either by right oj possession or otherwise. Quod ille bello captum
possi-
deret haberetque. Liv. Possidere is only said of an actual proprietor;
habere and tenere may be said of a tenant. Habere et tenere p>
etiam fur et nequam ; possidet nemo, nisi qui rei relictse aut do-
natae aut emptae dominus est, according to lawyers.
194-8. Potterus. Posterior.
POSTERUS, (from post) that comes after or follows. Id ei postero

die venit in mentem. Cic. Laude postera crescere. Hor. Poster!.
Cic., Posterity. POSTERIOR, the last, whtn speaking of two. Pos-
teriores cogitationes sapientiores esse solent. Cic. (prioribus under-
45S
stood.) Posterus denotes that a thing has been placed after others in
order
of time; and posterior denotes a comparison. Suam salutem posterio-
rem communi salute ducere, Cic., To prefer public to private safety.
1949. Postremum. Postremo.
POSTREMUM, the last time, for the last timt. Hodie postremum
me vides, si hoc facis. Ter. POSTREMO, at last. Omnes urbes,
agri, regna denique, postremo etiam veetigalia vestra venierint. Cic.
Postremo id mihi da negotii. Ter
1950. Postulatio. Postulatum.
POSTULATIO, a demand, the act of demanding or asking, Êqua

atqoe honesta postulatio. Cic. It also signifies a petition or begging
of a favour. Eodem ostento postulationem Telluri deberi dieitur.
Cic. Postulationes decretae Jovi. Id. Sometimes it signifies an ex-
postulation or complaint. Neque lites ullae inter eas, postulatio nun-
quam. Ter. POSTULATUM, the thing asked for, the demand made.
Legati ultro ab illo ad nos intolerabilia postulata retulerunt. Cic.
Ariovistus ad postulata Caesaris pauca respondit. Caes.
1951. Polestas. Potent ia.
POTESTAS, (from posse) power, dominion, government. Populus

omnem potestatem de bonis tradidit nobis. Cic. He who was ap-
pointed by the people to superintend a business, or to be a head in
any
public department, was said to be in potestate. POTENTIA, power,
puissance, force. Potentia est ad sua conservanda, et alterius obti-
nenda idonearum rerum facultas. Cic. Potentiam consequi. Id.
Potentia consists in what we can do ; and potestas in what we may do.
1952. Potestas. Magistrates.
POTESTAS expresses here any power whatever. Lex, qua Pompeio

potestas rei frumentariae daretur. Cic. Hanc vos tribuno potestatem
dabitis. Id. Permittere alicui potestatem faciendi aliquid. Id. MA-
GISTRATUS is said of a power that gives a jurisdiction. It is said
both
of the power and the person invested with it. Est igitur proprium mu-
nus magistrates, imelligere se gerere personam civitatis, debereque
ejus dignitatem et decus sustinere, servare leges, jura describere, ea
fidei suae commissa meminisse. Cic. Legum ministri magistratus. Id.
Creare et gerere magistratum, et gerere potestatem. Id. Magistra-
tus est ille qui tria verba de jure dicundo effari potest, do, dico,
ad-
dico. Id. Atque abeuntem magistratu concionis habendae potestate
privavit. Id. Magistratus haec est vis, ut praesit, preescribatque
recta
et utilia, et conjuncta cum legibus : ut enim magistratibus leges, ita
populo praesunt magistratus, vereque dici potest, magistratum legem
esse loquentem, legem autem mutum magistratum. Id.
1953. Potestas. Imperium. Ditio.
POTESTAS (synonymous with imperium) is said of civil affairs; and

IMPERIUM, of warlike ones. Si hoc fieri possit ut quisquam nullis
comitiis imperium aut potestatem assequi possit. Cic. Jurisdictionem
de fidei commissis potestatibus delegavit. Suet. Obstupescent pos-
teri, imperia, provincias, triumphos audientes et legentes tuos. Cic.
454
DITTO, power, authority, jurisdiction. In ditione alicujus csse. Cic.

Nationes quae in eorum regno ac ditione sunt. Id. Romani magistra-
tus potestateiu verebantur; ducis impcrio parebant, ditionem am-
plificabant. G. D.
1954-. Potius. Satius.
POTIUS, ( from potis) rather. Depugna potius quam servias. Cic.

Oratio in qua non vis potius, sed delectatio postulatur. Id. // is
said
of time. Quae ejus festinatio, nisi ut ad urbeni potius exercitum max-
imum adduceret ? Cic. SATIUS, (from satis) letter. Mori satius
est quam turpiter vivere. Cic. Video cum altero vinci satius csse,
<juam cum altero vincere. Id.
1955. Potus. Polio. Potatio.
Poxus, drink, drinking. Cum ea pars animi sit immoderato ob-

stupefacta potu atque pastu. Cic. POTJO, the act of drinking. In
media potione exclamavit mulier, se mori. Cic. // is said of all kinds
of drink, even of a medical draught. Multo cibo et potione completi.
Cic. Medicus prima potione sustulit mulierem, Id., The physician
killed that woman by the Jirsl draught he gave her. POTATIO, (fre-
cjuentative of potio) the act of drinking hard, of drunkenness. lies-
terna potatione oscitans. Cic.
1956. Prccceptio. Prccceptum.
PRÊCEPTIO, ( from prae and capere) properly, the act of taking be-
fore. Saturninus, qui nos reliquit ha?redes, quadrantem Reipublicae
nostrce dedil, deinde pro quadrante prseceptionem quadringentorum
millium. Plin. jun. It is most generally said of instruction, or o/
the act
of giving precepts. Propria est ea praeceptio Stoicorum. Pn.i-c i:r-
TUM, the precept itself. Dare praecepta de aliqua re. Cic. Tenen-
dum est hoc officii praeceptum, ne quern unquani innocentem judicio
capitis accersas. Id. It is said of command. Haud mora: continue
niatris praacepta facescit. Virg.
1957. Prcecipue. Prceserlim. sfpprime. Imprimis. Cumprimis.
PR^CIPUE and Prsesertim ought not to le mistaken the one for the
other. Praecipue is opposed to communiter, univcrsaliter, and
signifies
particularly, especially. Neque ego nunc proecipue de consularibus
disputo, universi senatus cominunis tst ista laus. Cic. Labor in hoc
defendendo praecipue meus est, studium vero conservandi hominis
commune mihi vobiscum esse debet. Id. PHJESEHTIM, chirfty, prin-
cipally, above all. Non tain ista me sapientia; lama deloctat. falsa
pnc-
sertim. Cic. Praecipue would be bad Latin. APPIUMK. rt-ty muck,
very well, perfectly, (/uile. Apprime invita est utile, ut ne quid
nimis.
Ter. Id apprime recte dicitur. Cic. IMPIUMIS and CUMIMUMIS, in
the first place, first of all. Imprimis veneraie Dens. Virg. ('
cupimus, ego imprimis, quam primum to videre. Cic. Homo domi
suae cumprimis locuples. Cic. Juris civilis imprimis peritus. Cic.
1958. Prcedpuus. Principalis.
PR^CIPUUS, (from prac and capere) special, particular to one.

Amorem quemdam praecipuum in eos (jui procreati sunt, ingent-rat
natura. Cic. Turn communibus malis, turn praecipuia oppressussum.
455
Id. Ut caetera paria Tuberoni cum Varro fuissent ; hoc certe pra?-
cipuura Tuberonis fuit, quod, &c. Id. PRINCIPALS, (primum ca-
put)jirsl, principal, primordial. Principalis significatio verbi,
Quint.,
The primitive signification of a word. Causaeprincipales et perfectae.
Cic. // also signifies of or belonging to princes. Nullo principal!
pa-
ratu, sed vetere egestate conspicuus. Tac.
1959. Praccurrere. Procurrere.
PR/~ECURRERE, (currere prae) to run or make speed before. Abi,

praecurre, ut doniisint parata omnia. Ter. Praecurrunt equites. Cses.
Figuratively : Studio aliqueni praecurrere. Cic. Praecurrit amicitia
judicium. Id. Horum uterque Isocratem astate praecurrit. Id.
PROCURRERE, (currere pro) to move forward. Quoties quaeque co-
hors procurreret. Caes. Procurrere in publicum. Liv. Figuratively;
In mare procurrit Apenninus. Hor.
1960. Prcedicere. Prodicere.
PR./EDICERE, to tell beforehand, to foretell. Quo in bello nihil ad-

versi accidit, non praedicente me. Cic. In multos annos solis defec-
tiones prsedicuntur. Id. PROBICERE, to adjourn, to appoint another
time or term. Diem alicui prodicere, Liv., To fix another day in lieu
of the day that has been appointed ; which was the case when a bud-
ness had not been terminated.
1961. Prcediclio. Prccdicla. Pcticinatio. Faticinium. Divinatio.

Oraculum.
PR/EDICTIO, (dicere prae) a prediction, an act of foretelling. Ha-

"betfidem prasdictio nostra. Cic. Fat or urn veteres praedictiones.
Id.
PRJEDICTA, the things foretold. Vatum praedicta interpretari. Cic.
Panaetius astrologorum praedicta rejecit. Id. VATICINATIO, (quasi
faticinatio, from fata canere) a prophesying, a divination. Sibyllinas
Yaticinationes. Cic. VATICINIUM, the prophecy itself, the thing pro-
phesied. Plena est yita his vaticiniis, sed non conferenda, cum satpe
falsa sint. Plin. DIVINATJO, the art of foretelling, of guessing
things
to come. Divinatio est earum rerum quas fortuitse putantur praedic-
tio atque praesensio. Cic. Potest autem quis, cum divinationem ha-
beat, errare aliquando. Id. ORACULUM, (from os, oris) an oracle,
an answer from the Gods. Oracula ex co appellata sunt, quod inest
his Deorum oratio. Cic. Scitatum oracula Phcebi mittimus. Virg.
Illud verum est M. Catonis oraculum ; nihil agendo homines male
agere discunt. Col.
1962. Prteditus. Instructus. Ornatus.
PB^DITUS, (datus prae) endowed with. Judicio minus finno prae-

ditus. Cic. Magistratu summo prasditus. Id. Luctu praeditus. Id.
Quid faceret ilia aetate praeditus ? Id. Amicitia et audacia
praeditus.
Id. Vitio perspicuo et grandi praeditum ponere exemplum. Id. Stu-
dio venandi prasditus. Id. INSTRUCTUS, ( from in and strues) fur-
nished, equipped, accoutred, accommodated. Instructus telis exercitus.
Cic. Omnibus rebus instructum et paratum convivium. Id. Instruc-
tus ad caedem, Liv. Figuratively : Instructor doctrinis. Cic. In-
structior a philosophia, a jure civili, ab historia. Id. Ad dicendum
instructissimus a natura. Id. ORNATUS, adorned, set off, drested,
456
decked. Instructus et ornatus artibus. Cic. Ornata rebus omnibus

domicilia. Id. Instructa et ornata exercitu et pecunia provincia. Id.
Honoribus amplissimis, fortunisque maximis, conjuge, liberis, et af-
finibus ornatus imperator. Id. Navis inter alias ornatior. Id. Ornatus
ex suis virtutibus, Ten, A man treated as he deserves to be.
1963. Praedo. Pirata. Direptor. Prcedalor.

PRJEDO, (from praeda) a robber either by sea or land, a pillager.
Omnium templorum atque tectorum, totiusque urbis praedo. Cic.
Si cui naviganti, quern praedones insequantur, Deus dixerit, ejice te
de navi, &c. Id. PIRATA, ( from VB'^W, to pass or cross over] a pi-
rate, a corsair, a robber on the sea. Istum clam a piratis ob hunc ar-
chipiratam pecuniam accepisse. Cic. Quis unquam praedo fuit tarn
nefarius, quis pirata tarn barbarus ? Id. DIREPTOR, (diversim ra-
piens) a pillager, one that plunders and carries away things from all
parts. Direptor et vexator urbis. Cic. PREDATOR, one in the very
act of robbing or plundering, Quos in eodem genere praedatorum di-
reptorumque pono. Cic. ~It may still be observed that direptor denotes
more violence.
1964:. Preeesse. Prcesidere.
PRJEESSE, (esse pras) to be over, as the head and chief ruler ; to

have
the charge or superintendance of a thing. Faciendae alicui rei publice
praeesse. Cic. Praeesse navibus et classi. Id. Cum huic quaestioni
judex praeesses. Id. PR^SIDERE, (sedere prae) to preside, to have
the guarding of. Ad opem praestandam praeesse, says Valla. Vos
etiam atque etiam imploro, sanctissimae Deae, quae cunctae Siciliae
praesidetis. Cic. Praesidere rebus urbanis. Jd. We may sny : Deus
praesidet mundo ; architectus aedificandae domui praeest. G. D.
1965. Prcefectus. Legalus.
PRJEFECTUS, (factus prae) any principal officer who has the ma-
nagement, care, or charge nf a thing; a superintendent. Praefectus mo-
ribus. Cic. Praefectus castris. Id. ^rarii praefectus. Liv. Praefectus
classis. Cic. LEGATUS, a deputy, an ambassador sent by a princt, with
a commission to treat of business with another power. Missi legati de
magnis rebus. Hor. Legati responsa ferunt. Virg. // also signifies a
lieutenant, he who fills up the place or office of one who is absent.
Pom-
peius Hispaniam provinciam per legates administravit. Cic. Neque
se ignorare quid sit officium legati qui fiduciariam operam obtineret.
Caes.
1966. Prccjudidum. Prayudicata opinio.
PR-&JUDICIUM, (dicere jus prae) a kind cf forejudging before the

final judgement. De quo non praejudicium, sed plane judicium i'ac-
tum putatur. Cic. It is not only <t preparatory judgement, but also a
definitive judgement, which it is belitved has been passed upon some-
body. Praejudicium is also said of a precedent in law, tried before in
a
case much alike. Cum Oppianicum jam perditum, et duobus judi-
catum praejudiciis videret. Cic. // never was used by good authors in
the sense of prejudice or prepossession. In this sense they make use
of
PR^JUDICATA OPINIO. Praejudicata opinio obruit judicium. Pliaed.
Tantura opinio praejudicata poterat, ut etiam sine ratione valeret
auctoritas. Cic.
1967. Preelium. Pugna. Certamen. Certatio. Dimicaiio.
PRJELIVM, a battle. Praelio conserto. Liv. Non praelio modo, sed

bello vinci. Id. PUGNA (from pugnus, a fist). Men, before the in-
vention of weapons, used to fight with their fats. Pugna always sig-
nifies a close engagement, and seems to be of a private nature ; but
prae-
lium is of a general one. Nonnunquam res ad manus atque pugnam
veniebat. Cic. Figuratively : Quanta pugna est doctissimorum ho-
minum ! Cic. The battles at Cannae between the Carthaginians and
Romans, at Pharsalia between Cft'sar and Pompey, are praelia; but the
fighting whereby the Horatii and Curialii decided the fate of Rome and
Alba, is pugna. CERTAMEN, according to Donatus, is the thing con-
tested for. Velocis jaculi certamina ponit in ulmo. Virg. Jt is said
of
any quarrel in ivhich all parlies contend for the mastery.
Gladiatorium
vitae certamen, quod ferro decernitur. Cic. In certamen cum aliquo
venire. Id. Ex certamine histrionum. Tac. Certamina divitiarum.
Hor. CERTATIO, the act of fighting or striving, either in a natural or
moral way. Certatio corporum. Cic. Atque haec inter eos sit ho-
nesta certatio. Id. Mulctae certatio, Liv., A contest about a fine.
DIMICATIO, (from dis and mieare) a decisive contest or battle. Nos
autem jam in aciem dimicationemque venramus. Cic. In extremo
discrimine ac dimicatione fortunes. Id.
1968. Preelium facer e. Preelium commillere,
PRJELIUM FACERE, to stand out a battle. Is et preelia aliquot se-

cunda fecit. Liv. PRJELIU.M COMMITTERE, to begin or engage in a
battle. Postquam eo ventum est, unde a ferentariis praelium com-
mitti posset, maximo clamore infestis signis concurrunt. Sail.
1969. Prcploqui. Proloqui.
PR^LOQUI, (loqui prae) to speak before, to speak by way of preface.

Vix haec erat praelocutus. Cic. Quae ad conciliandos sibi judicum
animos praeloquuntur. Quint. PROLOQUI, (loqui pro) to speak out
or at length, to speak freely what one thinks. Prolocutum dicimus,
cum animo quod habuit extulit loquendo. Varr. Censen' ullum me
verbum potuisse proloqui ? Ter. Our word Prologue originates from
proloqui.
1970. Prcematurus. Prcecox.
PRÊMATURUS, (maturus pre) premature, is properly said of fruits

ripening before their time. Qui praematurum fructum cucumeris ha-
bere volet. Col. Figuratively : Praematura mors. Plin. Hyems prae-
matura. Tac. Praematura denunciatio periculosa est. Cic PR^COX,
(coctus prae) precocious, ripe before its time. Solent crebrae pluviae
praecocesfructusfaCere.Col. Figuratively: Precox ingenium. Quint.
Praecox fatum, Sen., An untimely death. Praecox is said of fruits
that come out before others of the same species. Pratmaturi fructus do
not generally taste so good as others ripening in proper time.
1971. Prcemunire. Permunire.
PRJEMUNIRE, (munire prae) to fortify beforehand. Isthmum prse-

munire instituit. Caes. Figuratively : Haec praemuniuntur omnia re-
liquo sermoni nostro, Cic., All these things are so many preparatives
to
458
the rest of my speech. PERMUNIRE, to fortify strongly, to finish a

for-
tification begun, Quae munimenta inchoaverat permuniit. Liv.
1972. Prceparatio. Provisio.
PRJKPARATIO, (parare prae) a preparing, a preparation. Diligens

praeparatio in omnibus negotiis priusquam aggrediare adhibenil
Cic. PROVISIO, (videre pro) foresight, a forecasting, a provision
against future exigencies. Posteri temporis provisio. Cic. Provisio
animi, et praeparatio multum prodest ad minuendum dolorem. Id.
1973. Prcpponere. Prcpferre.
PR^PONERE, (ponere prae) to put before or first. Ultima primis

praeponere. Cic. Figuratively : Salutem populi Roniani vita; suae
praeposuit. Cic. Agesilaiis opulentissimo regno praeposuit bonam ex-
istimationem. C. Nep. PRJEFERRE, (ferre prae) properly, to carry be-
fore. Sinistra retinebat arcum, dextra ardentem facem pr^.ferebat.
Cic. Figuratively: to show. Piveferre sensus aperte, Cic., To advance
or hasten. Praetulit triumph! diem, Liv., He advanced the day of his
triumph. Praeposuit would not do here. It also signifies to prefer in
choice. Salutem Reipublicae suis commodis praeferre. Cic. Praepo-
nere would convey the same sense.
1974-. Prceponere. Prccjicere.
PRJEPONERE (synonymous with praeficere) expresses an authority

less absolute. Oraculo praeposita sacerdos. Cic. Praepositus bello im-
perator. Id. PRÊFICERK, (f'acere prae) to put in authority, to >etone
over. Praeficere legates legionibus. Cass. Seditiosos homines prsefi-
ciebant Reipublicae. Cic. Praeficere rnagistratuni procurationi. Id.
1975. Prcerupius. Abrupt us. sibscissus.
PR^RUPTUS, (ruptus prae) craggy, steep, dangerous to climb up.

Praeruptior collis. Cic. Praerupta saxa. Id. ABRUPTUS, (ruptus ab)
broken off. Ingeminant abruptis mibibus ignes. Virg. Natura locus
jam ante praeceps, recent! terras lapsu in pcdum mille admoclum al-
titudinem abruptus erat. Liv. Figuratively: Abruptussermo, Cic,,
A concise style. Jnitium abruptum, Quint., The beginning of a dis-
course without a preamble. ABSCISSUS, (scindereab) cut off', parted.
Quibus abscissis antennae neccssario concidebant. CfiCS. N\c fere
quicquam satis arduum aut abscissuni erat, qucd hosti aditum as-
censumque difficilem praeberet, Liv., There was hardly a plnce, let it
be ever so high or steep, which the enemy could not ascend.
Figurative'
lif : Res erat abscissa, Liv., There was no more hope of doing any
thing in this affair. Abscissa omni spe, Id., All hopes having
vanished.
1976. Prccscribere. Pra-finire. Preesliluere.
PR/ESCRIBERE, (scribe-re prn ) proptrh;, to write before, to give a

title to. Nee Phoabo gratior ulla est, quain sibi (|u;e Yari pr^scrip-
.ît pagina nomen. Yirg. Figuratively : to prescribe, to ordain or
com-
mand. Hoc natuni praescribit, ut homo homini, quicumque sit, ob
earn catisam, quod is homo sit, consultum velit. C'ic. Jura civitati-
bus prnescribere. Jd. Quid faciaui prescribe. Hor. Pi:
(finire prae) to detirnnnc, to limit beforehand. Prpetinire diem suc-
cessori. Cic. Aliquanto post earn diem \ enerunt, quae dies lege prae-
459
finita est. Id. PRJESTITUERE, (statuere prae) to determine or ap-

point beforehand what is to be done, to decide. Tempus quamdiu di-
cat, oratori praestituere. Cic. Diem praestituit operi faciendo calen-
das Decembris. Id. We may say ivilh propriety : Herus servo quid
faciat praescribit ; praefinit ne pluris ernat ; praestituit diem quo
re-
deat. You owe me a sum of money ; you must pay it before the last day
of this month, praefinio diem: you must pay me thejifteenth,
praestituo
diem. G. D.
1977. Prccsensio. Prcesagilio. Prcesagium. Omen.
PR^SEN'SIO, (sentire prae) surmise, presentiment. Praesensiones re-

rum f'uturarum. Cic. PRÊSAGITIO, (sagireprae) I he act q/ prognos-
ticating or foretelling things. Sagire, sentire acute est; is igitur
qui
ante sagit, quam oblata res est, dicitur praesagire. Cic. Inest in
ani-
mis praesagitio extrinsecus injecta, et inclusa divinitus. Id. PRJE-
SAGIUM, the presage or prognostication itself. Irrita vatum pratsagia.
Ovid. OMEN, a presage of good or bad augury or tendency. Quod Dii
omen avertant. Cic. Cum bonis ominibus incipere. Liv.
1978. Prasepe. Stabulum.
PRJESEPE, ( from prae and sepire) properly, a secure and inclosed

place for cattle to retire to. Cum primum pasti repetent praesepia
tau-
ri. Virg. Atque in prsesepibus ursi saevire. Id. Jgnavum fucos pe-
cus a prsesepibus arcent. Id. It is also said of the rack or manger of
a
stable. Non altius edita esse praesepia convenit, quam ut bos aut ju-
rnentum sine incommodo stans vesci possit. Col. It is moreover said
of a bawdy-house. Audis in praesepibus, audis in stupris, audis in
cibo et vino. Cic. STABULUM, ( from stare) a place of retreat for
animals, whether it be shut up or not. Ardu i tecta petit stabuli.
Virg.
Quatuor a stabulis praestanti corpore tauros avertit. Id. They were
in a pasture ground. In stabulis sint amp.'j. praesepia. Col. It is
said
of retreats Jor men. Cibus erat caro ferina, atque humi stabulum.
Sail. Exercere stabulum, Ulp., To keep an inn. Nee viam tenebam,
nee quo loco stabulum esset sciebam. Petron. Figuratively: Stabu-
lum flagitii, nequitiae. Plaut.
1979. Prccses. Cuslos.
PRASES, (sedere prae) one who presides, a patron. Urbi et Reipub-

licae prsesides sunt Penates patrii. Cic. Rerurn praeses Caesar. Ovid.
Praeses locus, Plaut., A safe place. GUSTOS, keeper, a porter, a
watchman. Gustos ovium prasclarus, lupus. Cic. Portae custos. Virg.
Libertatis praeses et custos Tribunus plebis. Cic. Senatus Reipublicae
custos, praeses et propugnator. Id.
1980. Prccstringere. Perslringere.
PRÊSTRINGERE, (stringereprae) to bind fast or hard Fauce prae-.

stricta laqueo. Ovid. J-'iaurativefy : to dazzle. Prsestringentibus
ful-
goribus aciem oculorum. Liv. Praestringere aciem ingenii, Cic., To
impose upon one. Praestringere praestigias, Id., To defeat fallacies
and
delusions. PERSTRINGERE, (stringere per) to tie up close. Vitem
ne nimium perstringas. Cat. Horror ingens spectantes perstringit.
Liv. Figuratively: to contract, to airidge. Quern locum breviter per-
strinxi. Cic. Perstringere cursum aliquem, Id., To perform a journey
460
i/uickly, in a short time. Perstringere aliquem, Id., To blame one Ig

the by. To hint a reproach at one. Perstringere oculos, says Doletus,
est intentara et infixam oculorum aciem impedire; whereas Prae-
stringere oculorum aciem is oculorum obtutum re quadam object^
praeoccupare.
1981. Prater. Pr&terqubm.
There it this difference between these two words, that PRATER is a

preposition governing an accusative case ; and PRJETERQUAM a conjunc-
tion requiring after it the same case as before, fte say : Nullius rei
avarus sum praeter laudcm, or praeterquam laudis. G. D. Omnes
praeter eum. Cic. Xullius id interest, praeterquam patris. Id. Prae-
ter also signifies, by the side, before. Praeter oculos, Cic., Before
one's
eyes. Praeter mcenia, Liv., Along the ramparts.
1982. Pr&lendere. Protendere.
PR.BTEXDERE, (tendere prae) to hold or hand a thing before. Prar-

tendere vestem. Ovid. Praetendere cuspidem. Id. Figuratively :
Verba culpae praetendere. Ovid. Ignorantia pra?tendi non potest,
Quint., One cannot plead ignorance as an excuse. PROTEKDERE, (ten-
dere pro) to stretch forth or out. Nanti protendere manum. Ovid.
Brachia alterna protendere. Virg. Figuratively : to defer, to put
off'.
Protendere rem in mensem Januarium. Cic.
1983. PreeUrire. Omittere. Prcetermittere.
Pfc-STERiRE, (ire praeter) properly, to go beyond. Dum haec puto,

praeterii imprudens villam. Ter. Figuratively : 1. To surpass or
excel.
Hos nobilitate Mago praeteriit. Cic. Xulla est gloria praeterire asel-
los. Mart. 2. To pass over, to make no mention of. Omitto jurisdictio-
nem in libera civitate contra leges, libidines praetereo. Cic. OMIT-
TERE, (mittere ob) to omit, to lay aside entirely. Omitto quid ille
Tribunus fecerit. Cic. Pietatem et humanitatem omisit. Id. Omitte
tristitiam tuam. Ter. PRJETERMITTERE, (mittere praeter) to let
pass, not to mention, to neglect. Occasionem praetermittere. Liv. Ni-
hil quod ad cam rem pertinet praetermittimus. Cic. Ne hoc quidem
praetermittendum esse duxi. Id. Oblivione praetermittimus, omitti-
mus industria, according to grammarians.
1984. Prcetextus. Ol-tentus.
PR/ETEXTUS, (texere prae) a pretext or pretence, is only usedjigu-

ratively. Omnium inimicitiae hoc praetextu ad nos deferentur. Suet.
In przetextu quaestionis sanguinem petiisti, Cic., Under the pretence
of a legal inquiry, you have aimed at the shedding of blood.
Praetextum
is used in the same sense. Praetextum quidem illi civilian! armorum
hoc fuit, causas autem alias fuisse opinantur. Suet. OBTENTUS,
(tendere ob) properly, the act of stretching forth or out. Extructos-
que toros obtentu frondis inumbrant. Virg. Figuratively : a veil, a
shade, a palliative. Secundae res mire sunt vitiis obtentui, Sail.,
Pro-
sperity hides vices admirably. Bruti quoquenon abnuit cognomen, ut
sub ejus obtentu cognominis liberator ille populi Ronmni animus la-
tens aperiretur tempore suo. Liv.
1985. Praetor peregrinus. Prector urbanus-

The office of the Prcclor was to administer justice in Rome: Only
461
one was created at first ; but great pressure of business and

multitude
of causes necessitated the appointment of a second, to settle the
differ-
ences between the citizens of Rome and foreigners, who was called PR-
E-
TOR PEREGRINUS. He whojudged the causes between the inhabitants
of Rome only was called PRAETOR URBANUS, and his office was more
honourable than the other. In the course of (hue the Romans having
mul-
tiplied their conquests, were obliged to send a Preelor into each pro-
vince to administer justice.
1986. Prcetorium. Prcelura.
PRJETORIUM, the place where causes were heard, and judgement

given by the Praetor. Curritur ad Praetorium. Cic. Quercus Praetorio
imminebat. Liv. It is said of the court of justice held by the
Prcetor.
Dimittere praetorium. Liv. PRÊTURA, Prcetorship, the dignity of
a Prcetor. Praeturam gerere. Cic.
1987. Prcetorius. Prcctorianus.
PR^TORIUS, of or belonging to the Prcetor. Jus praetorium. Cic.

Cum penes te praetorium imperium ac nomen esset. Id. Navisprae-
toria. Liv. Homo praetorius, Cic., A man who has been a Prcetor.
PRJETORIANUS, of or attending on a Prcetor or Prcetors. Praetoriana
comitia, the assembly for the election of the Praetors. Praetoria
comi-
tia, the assembly of the Pr&tor. Likewise, Milites Proetoriani, Plin.,
were the soldiers composing the Praetorian guard ; and Praetorii mi-
lites were the soldiers of the Prcetor.
1988. Prcevidere. Provider e.

PROVIDERS, (videreprae) to see before, to foresee things before they
happen. Augures praevident. Cic. Herus est, neque prsevideram.
Ter. Videt magno se fore in periculo, nisi quid praevidisset. C. Nep.
PROVIDERS denotes a deeper foresight. Multum in posterum pro-
videre. Cic. Ne id accidat providebo. Id. ei frumentariae provi-
dere. Caes. Vir prudens futura praevidet, et ex aliorum rationibus
suis providet. G. D.
1989. Prcevolare. Prcetervolare. Provolare.
PRÊVOLARE, (volare prae) to fly before. Grues in tergo praevo-

lantium colla et capita reponunt. Cic. Velut dux viae prasvolabat.
Cic PRCETERVOLARE, to fly ly or through. Quern rutila fulgens
pluma praetervolat ales. Cic. figuratively : Sententiae saepe acutae
non acutorum hominum sensus praetervolant. Cic. PROVOLARE, to
fly away, to fly out. Universae (apes) provolant, si dies mitis futu-
rus est. Plin. Figuratively : to run with all speed. Sic in primum
infensis hastis provolant duo Fabii. Liv. Ipse ad primores Romulus
prevolat. Id. Relictis equis clamore ingenti provolant ante signa. Id.
1990. Precari alir/uem. Precari ad aliquem. Precari ab aliquo.

Precari aliciti.
PRECARI ALIQUEM, to entreat one, to beg a favour of one. Vos

precor et obtestor, ut, &c. Cic PRECARI AD ALIQUEM, to pray
unto one. Quos adorent, ad quos precentur superesse. Liv. PRE-
CAKI AB ALIQUO, to pray in order to obtain of one. Stultitia est a
quibus bona precamur, abiis dantibus nolle sumere. Cic. PRECARI
462
ALICUI, to offer up prayers for one, to wish him well or ill.

Incolumi-
tatem et reditum alicui precari. Cic. Precari alicui malam fortu-
nam. Id.
1991. Precis. Precatio.
PRECIS, genitive of the obsolete trorrfprex. The genitive, dative, and

ablative cases are found in the singular numier : prayer,
supplication.
Xihil est preci loci relictum. Ter Primum prece nuraen adora.
Virg. The plural is more in use. Placare prccibus divinum numen
scelere iratum. Cic. PRECATIO, a praying. Precatione transigere.
Liv. Precatio seems to l:e consecrated to religion. Solemnis comitio-
rurn precatio, Cic. Res divina precatioque. Liv. It would Le very
proper to say : In ilia solemni couritiorum precatione Dii prccibus
annuerunt. G. D.
1992. Prehendere. Prehensare.
PREHEXDERE, to take hold of the hand, or to lake with the hand.

Dein ipsum manu prehendit. Cic. Manum alicujus prehendere. Id.
Syrus est prehendendus atque adhortandus. Ter. // was customary
to get hold of the hand of him one was speaking to. PREHENSARE and
Prensare, (fret/uentativts of prehendere) to lake of ten hold of a
thing.
Prensantem nequicquam umbras. Virg. In the same meaning prehen-
sare cff^was used in order to express soliciting and applying to one
in
Legging hts^vote for a place, because in this case the candidates
caught
the electors ly the hand, to make more impression on their minds.
1993. P renter e. Deprimere.
PREMERF., to press or sink down. Laevo pede pressit exanimum.

Vir<r. Figuratively : Prenii acre alieno. Cic. Propositum premere,
Ovid., To persist in ones plan or design. Ea Zeno premebat quae a
nobis dilatuntur, Cic., Zeno urged closely what we argue in an exten-
sive way. Quid premat obscurum lunae, quid proferat orbeni, Hor.,
IVhal produces that constant vicissitude of light and darkness in the
moon. Facta piemunt annos, Virg., Your deeds are above your age.
DEPRIMERE, (premere de) to press or weigh down. Lanx in libra
ponderibus impositis deprimitur. Cic. Claris naufragio dep:
Id. Figuratively : S*pe multorum improbitate depressa veritas
emergit. Cic. Etiamne vos meam fortunam depriraitis, vestram ex-
tollitis? Id. Advorsariorum causani per contemptionem deprimi-
mus. Id.
1994'. Prima-vus. Primigenius.
PRIMJEVUS, fprimum aevum) elder, Icrnjrst. Vix unus Helenor

et Lycus elap.'i, quorum prim.tvus Helenor. Virg. Primaevo cor-
pore Lausus. Id. Primavo flore juventus. Id. PIUMICJEXIUS, (pri-
ino gcMiitus) that is produced thejirsl, primitive. Semina primigenia.
\ur. Primigenia verba, Quint., Primitive words that are themselves
the roots of others.
1995. Primarius. Piinreps. Primitius.
PRIMARIUS, (from primus) primary, that surpasses and excels

olhtrs. Senator vir priiiiarius. Cic. Primario loco esse. Id. Puix-
CEPS, (quasi primum caput) first. Dearuni princeps Juno. Ovid.
Ad pericula princeps. Cic. Exordium princeps omnium rerum de-
463
bet esse. Id. Princeps philosophorum. Id. Princeps Latin! nominis.

Liv. Princeps sceleris, et concitator belli. Caes. Quales in Re-
publica principes essent, tales reliquos solere esse cives. Cic. Prin-
ceps is always used adjectively : vir being understood, when it is em-
ployed to signify a prince. PRIMITIUS, the first t the principal or
chief of any kind. Rapit primitium torrem. Ovid.
1996. Primas ferre. Primas deferre.
PRIMAS FERRE, (partes understood} to bein the first rank. Ex iis

Cottaet Sulpitius cum meo judicio, turn omnium, facile primas tu-
lerunt. Cic. PRIMAS DEFERRE, to yield, to give the first rank or
place. Ad quern Epicurei primas ex nostris hominibus deferebant.
Cic.
1S97. Primores. Proceres. Optimates.
PRIMORES, (from primus) the nobles or gentry, the chief men of a

place. Populi primores. Hor. Quos omnis euntes primorum manus
ad portas prosequitur. Virg. PROCERES, (from procerus) the great
ones, those in any elevated station. Proceres Latinorum. Liv. Po-
puli proceres. Virg. OPTIMATES, (from optimus) the great men,
those of the highest rank. Qui ita se gerebant, ut sua consiiia optimo
cuique probarentur, optimates habebantur. Cic. Optimates ma-
trona?. Cic. Optimates Atheniensium. Id. Usque eo orba fuit ab
optimatibus ilia concio, ut princeps principum esset Meandrus. id.
Viam optimatum tenere. Id.
1998. Primus. Prior. Superior.
PRIMUS, the first, when more than two are spoken of. Civitatis
primus. Cic. Annus primus ab honorum functione. Id. Primus is
the superlative of prior. PRIOR, the first, when two only are men'
tinned, or when there is a comparison. Vulpes ad ccenam dicitur prior
invitasse. Phaed. Nos autem quae priora duo sunt sumanms. Id.
SUPERIOR, that is above, higher, former, that precedes. Superior
domus, Cic., The lop of the house. Superior stabat lupus, longe in-
ferior agnus. Phaed. Quanto superiores sutnus, tanto nos submis-
sius geramus. Cic. Superior setas. Id. Primus is opposed to ulti-
mus ; prior to posterior ; superior to inferior.
1999. Priscus. Pristinus. dnliquus. Fetus. Pelustus.
PRISCUS, old, ancient, of old time, no more existing. Prisca illase-

veritas. Cic. Gens prisca mortalium. Hor. Moneta prisca con-
cessit novae. Ovid. Inusitata et prisca verha, Cic., fiords guile ob-
solete. PRISTINUS, (quod prius stetit) ancient, is said of things not
capable of ad'nilting decay l-'y old age. Dignitas pristina. Cic.
Pris-
tinuin animum in aliquem conservare. Id. Prisca dignitas andpris-
cum animum would be bad Latin. Hoc unum ad pristinam fortunam
Caesari deficit. Caes. ANTIQUUS, (from ante) ancient, aniir/ue.
Antiquissimi Macedonum reges. Q. Curt. As ancient things are dear
to us, antiquus has been used instead nf charus, but only in the com.
parative degree. Nihil sibi antiquius amicitia nostra est. Cic. VE-
TUS, old, opposed to recens, does not imply so much old age as
antiquus
does. The very same thing may be antiqua and vetusa/ the same time;
antiqua, because our forefathers did see it; and vetus, because our
co-
464
temporaries have employed it. Scelus, inquara, factum est jam diu
antiquuui et vetus. Plaut. Historian! veterem atque antiquam haec
mea senectus sustinct. Id. Antiquum dicitur jus gentium, quod una
cum humano genere a natura existit ; vetus vinum, quod ante an-
num conditum fuit. G. D. Vetus consuetude fori, et pristinus mos
judiciorum. Cic. VETUSTUS, (from vetus) that has been a Long
while in existence, and begins to wear out. It is opposed to novus,
and
is more properly said of things than of persons. Templum vetustum.
Virg. Quae vetustissima nunc creduntur, nova fuere. Tac. Ita vete-
ris vetusti cupida sum. Plaut.
2000. Privatus. Peculiars.
PRIVATUS, that belongs to each individual, a man's own. Monitus,

multumque monendus, privatas ut quaerat opes. Hor. Privatus illis
census erat brevis, commune magnum. Id. PECULIARIS, (jrom pe-
culium) that is our own, special. Hoc mihi peculiare fuerit. Cic.
Peculiare edictum. Id. Testis peculiaris alicujus. Id. Privatus is
opposed to communis, publicus ; and peculiaris to generalis.
2001. Privilegium. Prcerogativa.
PRIVILEGIUM, (privatalex) a law concerning one individual only ,

either for or against him. Sed quid ego communes leges profero,
quibus omnibus es exul ? Familiarissimus tuus de te privilegium
tulit. Cic. In privates homines leges ferri noluerunt, id est enim
privilegium. Id. PR^ROGATIVA, (rogare prae) precedence in giving
votes. Sortitio praerogativae. Cic. Custodem prserogativae comitiis
praeficere. Jd. // is also said of a mark, security t pledge. Si
trium-
phi praerogativam putas esse supplicationem. Cic. Dedit praeroga-
tivam suae voluntalis. Id. Praerogativapretii, Id., Pledge or earnest
of money. These two u-ords, taken in the sense of privilege and pre-
rogative in English, are barbarisms often found in the compositions of
young Lalinists.
2002. Prius. Citius. Ocius.
PRIUS, before, sooner. Disce prius quid sit vivere. Cic. Prius
orto sole, Hor., Before sun-rising Prius tua opinione hie adero.
Plaut. CITIUS, (from cito) more quukly. Dicto citius. Virg. Ut
vicinum citius adjuveris quam fratrem. Cic. Ocius, (from oxv$,
quick"] most speedily, sooner. Seriiis, ocius dant pcenas, Ilor., Soon
or late. Ocius omnes insurgimus. Ovid. Deseremus ocius a Re-
publica, quam a re f'amiliari. Cic. Discamus prius quid sit vivere,
quia dicto citius volat aetas, et in morbum ocius incidimus. G. D.
2003. Pro virili parte. Pro se quisque.
PRO VIRILI PARTE, to one's utmost. Iluec qui pro virili parte
defendunt, optimates sunt. Cic. (sometimes virili and sometimes parte
are understood] PRO SE QUISQUE, every one for his part, each in the.
I e^t manner he can. Pro se quisque iaciebat. Ter. Pro se quisque
scelus regium ac vim queruntur. Liv. Pro se quisque armis abjec-
tis diffugiunt. Id. Pro virili parte pugnant, They fight with all
their
might. Pro se quisque pugnant, They Jight in the best manner in
their power, or each for his side. G. D.
465 |
2004-. Probare. Approlare. Comprobare.
PROBARE, 1. To prove. Probabo Verrem contra leges pecunias

cepisse. Cic. 2. To examine, to make trial of. Censores villam pu-
blicatn in campo Martio probaverunt. 3. To approve. Video meli-
ora proboque ; deteriora sequor. Ovid. Quain quidem omnes non
solum probant, sed etiam laudant. Cic. Probare in this last sense
expresses the inward sentiment of approving, thus far differing from
APPROBARE, which is also said of the outward approbation given to a
thing. Una voce approbavit populus. Probare and approbare alicui
signify likewise to cause a thing to be approved, to give a liking for
it*
Non vereor ne hoc judicitim meum P. Servilio judici non approbe-
tur. Cic. Probare se omnibus, Id., To make ones self approved by all.
COMPROBARE denotes a general and unanimous approbation given
ly a/I present or spoken of. Idque a nostro concilio coraprobatum
est. Cic. Quod ab omnibus gentibus comprobatur. Id. It signifies
also a total and complete approbation. Hanc orationem meam C.
Caesar comprobavit. Id. Probavit or approbavit would express less.
2005. Procax. Petulans. Protervus.
PROCAX, brazen-faced, shameless, impudent, pert. A procando, id

est, poscendo, procacitas nominata. Cic. Procax musa. Hor. Pro-
caces vernas pasco libatis dapibus. Id. Procax moribus. Tac.
PETULANS, petulant, abusive, quarrelsome. A petendo petulantia
nominata est. Cic. Ut sunt procacia urbanse plebis ingenia petu-
lantibus jurgiis illuserunt. Tac. Petulanter in aliquem invehi. Cic.
Hominem petulantem modestum reddo. Id. PROTERVUS, (from
So and terere) boisterous, that overturns every thing. Protervi venti.

or. Figuratively : insolent, licentious : it often expresses audacious
and lascivious manners. Dictum protervum aut factum. Cic. Pro-
tervi juvenes. Hor. Facies proterva. Jd. Petulans se in oinnem
nequitiam effundit ; protervus obvium cubito ferit, aut sibi cedere
cogit ; procax mordaciter et contumeliose loquitur : Petulans et
protervus dictis simul et factis modestiam excedunt, procax dictis
tantum. G. D.
2006. Procedere. Progredi.
PROCEDERE, (cedere pro) to proceed, to stretch forward. Procedit

in medium vini, somni plenus. Cic. Figuratively : Qui processit
aliquantum ad virtutis aditum. Cic. Procedere honoribus. Id.
PROGREDI, (gradior pro) to go forth, to march on. Tridui viam pro-
gressi reverterunt. Caes. Progredi obviam. Liv. Figuratively : In
virtute procedere et progredi. Cic. In adulationem progredi, Tac.,
To carry Jlattery very far. Progredi includes an idea of marching,
which procedere does not.
2007. Proclivis. Propfnsus.
PROCLIVIS, (from rtpo, before, and xtivsiv, to incline) properly,

leading downward. Cum onere per proclivia non segre devolant
(apes). Col. Figuratively : Ingenium est omnium a labore proclive
ad libidinem. Ter. Procliviores alii ad alios morbos. Cic. Dictu
est proclive, Id., It is easy to say. PROPENSUS, (pendere pro) hang-
ing down. Figuratively : prone, inclined, propense to. Homo ad
lenitatem propensus. Cic. Propensior benignitas esse debebit in
2 H
466
calamitosos. Id. Propenso animo aliquid facere. Liv. Ut alius ad

alium morbum proclivior, sic alius ad alia vitia propensior. Cic.
2008. Prodesse. Proficere.
PRODESSE, to do good, to be useful to others. Prodesse plurimis.

Cic. Non profuit, sed nocuit. Id. PROFICERE, to do good to one's
self, to profit. Nihil profecisti ; absolutae jam sunt preces tuae.
Cic.
Idem et docenti et discenti debet esse propositum, ut ille et pro-
desse velit, hie proficere. Sen. They seem to have teen used indis-
criminately, especially when joined to mihi, tibi, &c. Metuo ne arti-
ficium tuum tibi parum prosit. Cic. Et quisquam dubitabit quid
virtute profecturus sit, qui tantum nobis auctoritate profecerit? Id.
2009. Prodige. Prodigialiter.
PRODIGS, wastefully, extravagantly. Sed non possunt non pro-

dige vivere, qui nostra bona sperant, cum effundunt sua. Cic.
PRODIGIALITER, prodigiously, wonderfully. Qui variare cupit rem
prodigialiter unam, delphinum silvisadpingit, fluctibus aprum, Hor.,
He who, in order to introduce variety into his subjects, Jails into
the
marvellous, represent! a dolphin in a forest, and a t-oar in the
middle of
the waves.
2010. Prodigiosus. Prodigialis.
PRODIGIOSUS, prodigious, marvellous. Prodigiosa corpora. Quint.

Prodigiosi solis defectus. Plin. Prodigiosum dictu. Tac. PRODI-
GIALIS, that averts or expiates ominous prodigies. Prodigiali Jovi
mola salsa, aut thure comprecari. Plaut.
2011. Prodigium. Portentum. Ostenlum. Monstrum.
PRODIGIUM is a general word, and is said of all prodigies. Multa

saepe prodigia vim numenque Cereris ostendunt. Cic. Portentum,
ostentum, monstrum, are particular prodigies. Praedictiones vero,
et praesensiones rerum futurarum quid aliud declarant, nisi homini-
bus ea quae sint, ostendi, monstrari, portendi, praedici, ex quo ilia
ostenta, monstra, portenta, prodigia dicuntur ? Cic. PORTENTUM
is especially said of prodigies that happen on land and in water.
Water
changed into Hood, a shower of stones or Hood, is portentum. Nee si
id factum est quod fieri potuit, portentum debet videri. Cic. OS-
TENTUM is a vision, an apparition. Ostentis multa admonemur. Cic.
MONSTRUM, a monster, or any thing that is against or besides the
common course of nature. An ox with a horse's head would be mon-
strum. In ostento varietas admirationem tacit ; in monstro rectus
ordo naturae vertitur ; in portento differtur eventus. G. D. Monstra
et ostenta, Deorum monita; prodigia, Deorum minae vel irae; por-
tenta, quae aliquid imminere significant. G. D. Monstrum, Porten-
tum, and Prodigium are used in the figurative sense. Nulla jam per-
nicies a monstro illo atque prodigio mcenibus ipsis comparabitur.
Cic. Clodius fatale portentum prodigiumque Reipublicae. Id.
2012. Profari. Pro- fari.
PROFARI, (fari pro) losay openly, loudly, publicly. Demissa vul-

tum Dido profatur. Virg. Clamore magno profatur. Sil. Ital.
PROFARI, (fari prae) to say beforehand, to foretell. Si de Aurelia
467
aliquid dicimus, aut Lolia, honos praefandus est. Cic. Praefari car-
men. Liv. Prasfatus Divos solio rex infit ab alto. Virg. From this
word originates our word Preface.
2013. Prqfligare. Sterner e. Prosternere.
PROFLIGARE, (from pro and the obsolete word fligere) properly to

lay down on the ground. Figuratively : to rout, to put to flight. Pro-
fligare aciem hostium. Cic. Profligare Rempublicam. Id. Profli-
gatus juvenis, Id., A young man ruined and undone. Profligato bello
ac pene sublato. Id. STERNERE, to lay flat along, to spread. Ster-
nere locum saxis. Liv. Lectum sterni jubet. Cic. Sternit agros,
Virg., He strikes down the corn in the fleltis. Figuratively : Pavor
humilis stravit mortalia corda. Virg. PROSTERNERE, (from pro
anrfsternere) to lay flat or prostrate. Prosternere hutni corpora.
Liv. Aciem prosternere, Id., To overthrow the army of the enemy;
whereas profligare is to ruin it, to disable it from attempting to
fight
again. Figuratively : Malevolorum obtrectationes et invidias pro-
sternere. Cic. Sic te abjicies, atque prosternes? Id.
2014. Projugere. Refugere.
PROFUGERE, (porro fugere) to fly away far off. Patres-familias

extorres profugerunt. Cic. REFUGERE, (retro fugere) to run or fly
back. Trepidusque repente refugit. Virg. Figuratively : Refugere
a dicendo. Cic. Nee periculum est ullum, quod pro libertate aut
refugiam, aut, &c. Id.
2015. Progenies. Proles. Sololes.
PROGENIES, (from pro and gignere) a progeny or offspring. Pro-

pius abesse ab ortu et progenie divina. Cic. PROLES ( from pro, or
porro oleo, olesco, to grow) is properly the shoots which grow at the
top of olive or other trees. Proles tarde crescentis olivae. Virg. Fi-
guratively : Futurorum herninum proles. Cic. Felix Roma prole
virum. Virg. SOBOLES, (from sub and olesco) a young branch
shooting out at the roots of a tree. Omnis deinde soboles, quae ex uno
stirpe nata est, quotannis extirpanda est. Col. These two words
were applied to men by a metaphor so frequently , that they seem to be
proper words. Proles ilia future-rum hominum. Cic. Favete nomini
Scipionum, soboli imperatorum, velut accisis recrescenti stirpibus.
Liv.
2016. Progressus. Profectus.
PROGRESSUS, (from pro and gradior) a proficiency, a progress, an

improvement. Arcere a progressu, et a reditu refraenare. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Progressus aetatis. Id. Facere progressus in studiis. Id.
PROFECTUS, (from proficere) progress, success in any thing. Fir-
miores in litteris profectus alit aemulatio. Quint. Profectus is found
neither in Cicero, nor in the writers of the Augustan age..
2017. Proinde. Ideo.
PROINDE, therefore, for that cause, is placed in the second member

of a sentence. Audio te delectari studiis, proinde mihi charus es.
Cic. Satis scire origini Romanee et Deos adfuisse, et non defuturam
virtutem ; proinde ne gravarentur, &c. LIT. IDEO, on account of
2 H 2
468
that, is placed either in the first or second member of a sentence.

Idea
Clodius Pulcher retulit, ut Cains Verres auferre posset. Cic. Non
si causa justa est oppugnandi, ideo quoque est vos, &c. Id.
2018. Proinde ac. Provide quasi.
PROIXDE AC, just so, in the same manner as. Proinde ad omnia
paratus ero, ac res monebit. Cic. PROINDE QUASI, all one as if.
Proinde quasi isti aliter sentiant. Cic.
2019. Promissio. Promissum.
PROMISSIO, the act of promising, the promise that is made. Scele-

rum promissio et iis qui expectant perniciosa est, et iis qui promit-
tunt. Cic. Cum litteris, cum mandatis, cum promissione provincial.
Id. PROMISSUM, the thing promised, is properly an adjective. Con-
sequi promissa. Cic. Stare promissis. Id. Solvere inilitibus pro-
missa. Liv.
2020. Pronus. Supinus. Cernuus.
PRONUS, lending forward. Aurigae proni pendent in verbera. Virg.

Pronaque cum spectent animalia csetera terrain. Ovid. Figurative-
ly : Pronus in obsequium. Hor. Proni anni. Id. SUPINUS, with
the face upwards, lying on the back. Cubat in faciem mox, deinde
supinus, Juv., Sometimes he lies on his telly, sometimes on his lack.
Motu's corporis pronus, obliquus supinus. Cic. Figuratively : Su-
pina ignorantia. Col. Animus supinus, iners. Catul. Supiniores
deliciae, Mart., Pleasures more insipid. CERNUUS, hanging down, the
head and face downwards, prostrate. Ejectoque incumbit cernuus
armo, Virg., Having thrown off his man, he crushes him to death ivitk
the whole weight of his body.
2021. Propagare. Prolatare. Porrigere.
PROPAGARE, (pro or porro pangere) to propagate, to make spread,

to enlarge. Urbis terminos propagare. Tac. Figuratively: Propa-
gare religionem. Cic. Radices agere et propagare dicitur virtus. Id.
Vitam victu ferino propagare. Id. PROLATARE, (from pro and
ferre, latum) to dilate, to make larger, to extend. Agros prolatare.
Tac. Prolatare comitia. Cic. Id opprimi sustentando et prolatando
nullo modo posse. Id. Propagando would be improper. PORRI-
GERE, (porro regere) to stretch out. Porrigere in longitudinem. Liv.
Manum in niensam porrigere. Cic. Figuratively : Ne digitmn
quidem porrigere in rem aliquam, Cic., To take no concern in a
business.
2022. Propngo. Propagatio.
PROPAGO, (porro pangere) a shoot of a vine-stock cut down and set

deep into the earth. Vites melius respondent propagine. Virg. Fi-
guratively : a race, a lineage. Nimium vobis Komana propngo
potens, Superi. Virg. PROPAGATIO, a pianlingot young vines. Vi-
tium propagatio. Cic. Figuratively : Nominis propagatio. Cic. In
vitA nihil est nisi propagatio niiserrimi temporis, Id., Life is a
pro-
longation of' miseries. Propagatio is used in the same meaning as pro-
pagare. Finium imperii propagatio. Cic.
469
2023. Propellere. Propuhare.
PROPELLERE, (pellere pro) to drive on, to push forward. Pro-

pellere navem remis. Cic. Impetum inirnicorum propellere. Id.
PROPULSARE, (its frequentative] to keep off", denotes more energy than
propellere. Periculum quod in onmes intenditur propulsate. Cic. Si
quaudo inimicorum impetum propulsare, et propellere cupistis. Cic.
2024- . Proprius. Suus.
PROPRIUS, (from prope) private, peculiar, proper. Id est cujus-

que proprium, quo quisque fruit ur, atque utitur. Cic. As the things
we are proprietors of are more secure to us than when we enjoy them as
tenants, proprius signifies a/so Jinn, stable, lasting, natural, that
belongs
to a thing, and is fit for it. Propria haec si donat'uissent. Virg.
Ergo
utemur verbis quae propria sunt, et certa quasi vocabula rerum, pene
una nata cum verbis ipsis. Cic. Suus, ones own. Sua cuique vir-
tuti laus propria debetur. Cic. Suis eum certis propriisque crimini-
bus accusabo. Id. Translata et alieua verba, quibus opponuntur pro-
pria et sua. Id. Crassus suapte interfectus manu. Id. Propria would
be bad Latin ; as we do not say litterae propria manu scriptae, but
sua.
Proprius is opposed to communis ; suus, to alienus.
2025. Propugnaculum. Propugnatio.
PROPUGNACULUM, (pugnarepro) a fortress, a bulwark, a rampart.

Propugnaculum contra hostium impetus. Cic. Propugnaculum bar-
baris oppositum. C. Nep. Figuratively: Lex JElia et Fusia propug-
nacula, murique tranquillitatis. Cic. PROPUGNATIO, a defending or
fighting for a thing : it is only used in the figurative sense.
Suscepi
mihi perpetuam propugnationem pro omnibus ornamentis tuis. Cic.
Aggrediar ad dicendum, ne mea propugnatio ei potissimum defuisse
videatur. Id. Propugnatio ac defensio dignitatis. Id.
2026. Propugnator. Defensor.
PROPUGNATOR, (pugnare pro) he who fights for. Classis infirma

propter dimissionem propugnatorum. Cic. Figuratively: Propugna-
tor Senatus. Cic. DEFENSOR, (from de, and the obsolete wordfen-
dere, to dash against, to drive out) a defender. Mutius paterni juris
defensor, et quasi patrimonii propugnator sui. Cic. Alter fuit pro-
pugnator mearum tbrtunarum, et defensor assiduus. Id. P. Lentulus
propugnator Senatus, defensor vestrae voluntatis. Id.
2027- Prorogare. Producere.
PROROGARE, (porro rogare) to prorogue, to defer, to put off 1 , to

prolong. Dies paucos propter inopiam ad solvendum alicui proro-
gare. Cic. Recte vivendi qui prorogat horam, rusticus expectat, dum
defluat amnis. Hor. Prorogatur Sabino provincia, Tac., Sabinus is
continued in his government. Prorogare bellum. Cic. PRODUCERS,
(ducere pro) properly, to produce or bring out, to lead out. Nee tua
funera mater produxi. Virg. Egomet hunc produxi, Ter., I did lead
him out into the fields. In this sense we say producere testes, Cic.,
To
produce witnesses. Figuratively: to lengthen out or prolong. Producere
convivium ad multarn noctem. Cic. Producers aliquem falsa spe,
Ter., To amuse or feed one with false hopes. Producere syllabam,
Quint., To lengthen a syllable, to pronounce it long.
470
2028. Prorsus. Omnino. Penhiis.
PRORSUS and Prorsum, (quasi porro versum) altogether, through'

out, generally. Non solum nobis, sed prorsus omnibus. Cic. Ita
prorsum oblitus sum mei. Ter. OMNINO, (from omnis) wholly, en-
tirely, utterly. Omnino, aut magna ex parte liberatus. Cic. Om-
nino qui Reipublicffi praefuturi sunt, duo PJatouis preecepta teneant.
Cic. PENITUS, (from penetrare, or pene intus) in the inmost and
most secret part. Intrare penitus in familiaritatem alicujus. Cic. Pe-
nitus toto divisos orbe Britannos. Virg. Penitus perspectae res. Cic.
2029. Prosequi. Persequi.
PROSEQUI, to follow after, to accompany or attend upon. Dece-

dentem domum cum favore ac laudibus prosecuti sunt. Liv. It is
generally taken in a good sense. Figuratively : Officiis omnibus ali-
quem prosequi. Cic. However, the same author says, Prosequi ali- I
quern verbis vehementioribus. PERSEQUI, to pursue, to go through,
with. Quoquo hinc asportabitur terrarum, certum est persequi.
Ter. Qui me in castra persequi non possent, Cic., Who could net
follow me into the camp. Figuratively: Inccept a persequi. Cic. //
is generally taken in a bad sense. Judicio aliquem persequi. Cic.
2030. Prostratus. Affusus. Provolutus.
PROSTRATUS, (from prosternere) presents the idea of a man lying

Jlat on the ground; AFFUSUS, of a man sticking close to the feet and
knees of him whom he entreats; PROVOLUTUS, who advances stooping,
rolling himself as it were on the ground, with his head down upon his
knees. Jacet ille prostratus. Cic. O potui .... amplectique pedes,
affusaque poscere vitam. Ovid. Ad pedes ejus provolutus. Cic.
2031. Proturlare. Protrudere.
PROTURBARE and PROTRUDERE, to push or thrust forward; with

this difference, that the former conveys an idea of trouble and disor-
der, and the latter the idea of force, strength. Missiiibus saxis pro-
turbare hostem. Liv. Proturbare aliquem calcibus, Col., To kick
one away. Qui protrudit cylindrum dedit ei principium motionis,
volubilitatem non dedit. Cic.
2032. Proverbium. Axioina.
PROVERBIUM, a proverb, an old and popular saying, generally ex-

pressed in few words. Triturn sermone proverbium. Cic. Venit in
consuetudinem proverbii. Id. AXIOMA, (from afrof, famous) an
axiom, a general maxim and rule established in a science. Verum axi-
oma. Cic. Falsum axioma. Id.
2033. Provocare. Appellare.
PROVOCARE, synonymous with appellate, to challenge, to propose

proving matters be/ore judges. APPELLARE, to call for help, to ap-
peal to superior judges. Provocare seems to depend more on the justice
and strength of reasoning ; appellare denotes more want of legal pro-
tection. Cum alter ad Senatum provocasset, alter vero ad Tribunes.
Cic. Tribunes plebis appello, et provoco ad Populum. Liv. Cujus
procurator a Prictore ad Tribunes appellare ausus sit. Cic.
471
2034. Prudens. Sapiens. Cordalus.
PRUDENS, (quasi providens) prudent, sagacious, knouing. Gnarus

et prudens inipendentium malorum. Cic. Prudens administrandi. Id.
Prudentia est rerum bonarum et malarum sapientia, et utrarumque
scientia. Id. SAPIENS, wise, judicious. Sapientissimum esse dicunt
eum, cui, quod opus sit, ipsi veniat in mentem. Cic. Miseramors
sapient! non potest accidere. Id. A prudent man foresees things, he
is more circumspect : a wise man weighs matters, and is more enlight-
ened. CORDATUS, (from cor) discreet, considerate. Egregie corda-
tus homo Êlius Sextus. Cic.
2035. Prudtnsfeci. Prudenter fed. Sciens fed. Sdenterfeci.
PRUDENS FECI, / did it knowingly, with reflection. Prudens et

sciens ad interitum ruebam, Cic., / knew very well that I was run-
ning to destruction. PRUDENTER FECI, I have acted prudently. Facit
Lucius noster prudenter, qui audire de summo bono potissimum ve-
lit. Cic. We may say of a man guilty of a blameable action, prudens
fecit ; but not prudenter fecit. It is the same with SCIENS FECI and
SCIENTER FECI, with this difference, that sciens feci implies that we
have known of ourselves what was proper or improper to be done; and
scienter feci may signify that we have been told of it by another.
Sciens
et prudens feci. Cic. Utrurn inscientem vultis contra fcedera fe-
cisse, an scientem ? Id. Scienter feci, I have acted as a learned man.
Scienter ac perite dicere. Cic. His quibus cum congregamur, uti
moderate et scienter. Id.
2036. Pruna. Carlo.
PHUNA, (/romperurere) a burning coal, but not blazing. Subji-

ciunt verubus prunas, et viscera torrent. Virg. CARBO, a coal,
either burning or not burning. Tarn excoctam reddam, atque atram,
quam carbo est. Ter. Picta carbone praelia. Hor. Lentis urere car-
bonibus. Ovid. Cultros metuens tonsorios candente carbone sibi
adurebat capillum. Cic.
2037. Pubescere. Adolescere.

PUBESCERE, (from pubes) properly to begin to have a beard, to en-
ter the age of puberty. Hercules cum primum pubesceret. Cic. Nunc
aequali tecum pubesceret aevo. Virg. Figuratively : Vites pampinis
pubescunt. Cic. Prata pubescunt flore.Ovid. ADOLESCERE, (from
ad anJolesco) to grow, to become stronger. In eo qui natus sit, in eo
qui adoleverit. Cic. Seges quae nixa fibris stirpium sensim adolescit.
Id. Figuratively : Adolescit cupiditas. Cic. Adolescit ratio. Id.
2038. Publicare. Fulgare. Divulgare. Pervulgare.
PUBLICARE, (from publicus) to publish or make public. Librum

publicare. Phaed. Publicare fortunam suam, Liv., To divide one's for-
tune, to share it. Publicare crimen, Id., To charge the whole of a dtu
with a crime, to make her answerable for it. VULGARE, ( from vul-
gus) to make common, to disperse. Vulgatur rumor. Liv. Rem non
vulgabat Virginius. Id. Vulgare morbos. Id. Vulgari cum priva-
tis, Id., To live on a level with private people. Necenim ea sunt com-
missa, quae vulgata in omnem exercitum sine piaculis ingentibus ex-
472
piari possint, Id., Many victims should be slain to expiate such a

fla-
grant crime, were the whole army guilty of it. DIVULGARE, (diver-
sim vulgare) to divulge, to spread about. Non supprimenda res est,
sed divulganda. Cic. Divulgare consilium alicujus. Caes. Hunc li-
brum divulgari tuo nomine necesse est. Cic. PERVULGARE, (rul-
gare per) to spread abroad. Res nota atque apud omnes pervulgata.
Cic. Pervulgari artem suam nolunt. Id.
2039. Publicare. Proscribere.
PUBLIC A RE, synonymous with proscribere, signifies to cause a thing

to I e publicly cried for sale. Publicare bona, agros civium. Cic. Lex
est apud Rhodios, ut si qua rostrata navis in portu deprehensa sit,
publicetur. Id PROSCRIBERE, to post up in writing the thing to be
sold. Proscribere venale. Cic. Proscribere cives, Id., To proscribe
or outlaw the citizens. The names of those whose lives might be taken
away were posted up at the corners of the streets.
204-0. Publicus* Communis.
PUBLICUS, public, is said of any thing relating to the rights, cus-

toms, and government of a people. Publica via, Cic., A public road.
Publica privatis secernere. Hor. In publica commoda peccem. Id.
Publica pecunia. Cic. Causam publicam dicere. Id. COMMUNIS,
(from cum and munus) common, is said of things the use of which be-
longs equally to all. Et rapiet ad se quod erit commune omnium.
Phaed. Mare est commune omnibus. Cic. Atticus sic se gerebat,
ut communis infimis, par principibus videretur. C. Nep. Judicium
commune dividundo, Cic., A judgement for dividing a property hfldin
common, that is not an inheritance ; if it were an inheritance, actio
er-
ciscunda? familiae, Cic. should be used.
2041. Puerilis. Puellaris.
PUERILIS, of or belonging to a child, childish. JEtas puerilis. Cic.

Delectatio puerilis. Id. Acta ilia res est animo virili, consilio pue-
rili. Id. PUELLARIS, proper to girls, girlish. Alta puellares tardat
arena pedes. Ovid. Praeda puellares anirnos oblectat inanis. Id. Sua-
vitas puellaris cum virginali verecundia. Plin.
204-2. Pueritia. Puerilitas. InfaXtia.
PUERITIA, a child's age, the age from infancy to seventeen, when

young men left off the pra?textata toga. A pueritia U-gimus et clisci-
mus. Cic. PUERILITAS, silliness, childishness. Adhuc non pueritia
in nobis, sed, quod gravius est, puerilitas remanct. Sen. INFANTIA,
infancy, chili/hood. Ab infantii prima. Tac. Figuratively : Madidi
infantia nasi, Juven., speaking of an old man, whose nose did run like
that of a baby.
204-3. Pugnalor. Pugnax.
PUGNATOR, ( from pugna) a fighter, one in the act of fighting.

Occupati dextera tenendo caput ibrtissimus quisque pugnator
desierat. Liv. PUGNAX, warlike, fond of fighting, that is in the habit
of it. Centurio pugnax et lacertosus. Cic. Figuratively : obstinate,
vehement. Pugnax in fitiis. Cic. Vehemens et pugnax exordium di-
cendi. Id.
473
2044. Pulcher. Formosus. Venustus. Spedosus. Bellus.
PULCHER, beautiful, stately. Pulchritudo corporis apta composi-

tione membrorum movet oculos. Cic. Juvenum pulcherrimus. Ovid.
Pulcher has a very extensive signification. Dies pulchra, Hor., A fine
day. Pulchra domus. Cic. Tibi pulcher videris, Hor., You are
pleased ivith yourself, you believe yourself a man of great
consequence.
Satus Hercule pulchro, Virg., Born of the courageous Hercules.
Mors pulchra, Id., A glorious death. Pulchre negare, Phaed., To deny
strongly. Pulchre sobrius, Ter., Very sober. Recte sapiens pulcher
appellabitur, animi enim lineamenta sunt pulchriora quam corporis.
Cat. FORMOSUS (from forma) includes the face and the whole per-
son: charming, handsome. Mulier Formosa superne. Hor. Formosi pe-
coris custos,formosioripse. Virg. Figuratively: Formosissimusannus,
Virg., The finest time of the year. VENUSTUS, ( from Venus) graceful,
genteel, lovely. Vultu adeo mcdesto, adeo venusto, ut nihil supra.
Ter.
Venustum est omne quidquid cum gratia quadam et Venere dicitur.
Cic. Gestus corporis venustus. Id. Sententia dulcis et venusta. Id.
SPECIOSUS, ( from species) specious, apparent. Introrsum turpis,
speciosus, pelle decora. Hor. Figuratively : Si vera potius, quam,
dictu speciosa dicenda sunt. Liv. BELLUS, (diminutive of benus,
for bonus) pretty, nice, neat. Bella puella, bella epistola, bellum
con-
vivium. Cic. Declamas belle, causas agis, Attale, belle ; historias
bellas, carmina bella facis. Mart. Bellissime navigavimus. Cic. Bel-
lus et humanus homo. Id. Aqua belle fluens. Id. Pulcher juvenis
compositione membrorum movet oculos ; Formosa et venusta figura
virginem commendat, si praesertim pudor inest ; speciosissima se-
pulchra introrsum turpia sunt ; bellum puerum amamus. G, D.
2045. Pulmenlum. Pulmcntarium.

PULMENTUM, ( from puls) porridge, hashed or minced meat. Coe-
" nes ut pariter pulmenta laboribus empta. I lor. Laudas, insane, tri-
librem mullum. in singula quern minuas pulmenta necesse est. Id.
PULMENTARIUM, chopped meat with pottage or broth, in use amongst
the ancients. It is used for victuals in general. Tu pulmentaria
quaere
sudando. Hor. Pulmentarium quod quisque fastidit. Phaed. Con-
dere pulmentaria. Juven.
2046. Pulpa. Pulpamentum.
PULPA, the pulp, the fleshy part or brawn of any meat ; a piece of
meat without bones. Et pulpam dubio de petasone voras. Mart. Dona
Diis ex scelerata ducere pulpa. Pers. PULPAMENTUM and Pulpa-
men, a delicate dish of meat finely seasoned, a dainty bit. Mihi
pulpa-
mentum est fames : lacte, caseo, carne vescor. Cic. Mandere pa-
nem sine pulpamine. Liv. Ego apros occido, sed alter fruitur pul-
pamento, Ter., / beat the bush, but another catches the hare.
2047. Puls. Polenta.
PULS, a kind of thick porridge, which the ancients used; made of

meat, rice, pease, &c. A kind of pap upon which the ancient Romans
fed. Pulte autem, non pane vixisse Romanos manifestum est. Plin.
POLENTA, barley-flour dried at thejire, and fried after it has lain
soaking in water one night. This food was used by the Grecians. Vi-
detur tarn puls ignota Graecioe quam Italiae polenta. Plin.
474
2048. Pulvereus. Pulverulenlus.
PULVEREUS, (from pulvis) of dust. Pulverca nubes. Virg. Pul-

vereum solum. Ovid. Pulverea farina, Id., Fine flour. PULVERU-
LENTUS,^// of 'dust. TEstas pulverulenta. Virg. Agmina pulveru-
lenta. Id. Solum pulvereum is earth reduced into dust ; and pulve-
rulentum solum is ground covered with dust.
204-9. Punctim. Ccesim.
PUNCTIM, (from pungere) pointingly, with, a prick. C.SSIM,

(from caedere) with the edge. Hispano punctim magis, quam caesim
assueto hostem petere. Liv.
2050. Purgatio. Purgamentum.
PURGATIO, (purum agere) a purge, a purgation. jEsculapius pri-

mus alvipurgationem invenit. Cic. Figuratively: a justification. Pur-
gatio est, cumfactum conceditur, culpa removetur. Cic. PURGA-
MENTUM and Purgamen,^//A coming out of any thing that is cleansed,
the scouring. Cloacam maximam, receptaculum omnium purgamen-
torum urbis, sub terram agendam curavit. Liv. Figuratively . the
dregs or refuse. Exules fhubus ejiciunt, omnia potius toleraturi,
quam purgamenta urbis quondam suae admitterent. Q. Curt. Pur-
gamenta servorum, Id., The worst of servants.
2051. Purpura. Murex. Ostrum.

PuRPURA, the purple or shell-fish from which the purple colour
comes. Purpura nobilem ilium succum ad tingendas vestes in mediis
faucibus habet, reliquo corpore fere sterilis. Plin. It is generally
said of I he purple colour itself, and of purple garments. Tyria
purpura.
Cic. Purpur^ fulgere. Id. MUREX, a small shell-Jish, of the liquor
of which a purple colour is made. Afro murice tinctae lanae. Hor.
Tyrioque ardebat murice lana. Virg. Pirgil uses it to express the very
point and edge of a rock. Concussae cautes, et acuto murice remi ob-
nixi crepuere. OSTRUM, ( from orpsw, an oyster) the purple colour.
This colour is called ostrum, from ostreum which signifies an oysttr,
because it is made of a liquor found in a certain kind of oysters.
Vestes
perfusae ostro. Virg. It is said of the purple itself, and of cloth
dyed
of that colour. Velare humeros ostro. Virg. Instrati ostro alipedes.
Ovid. Strato super discumbitur ostro. Virg.
2052. Putrit. Putridus.
PUTRIS, rotten, dissolved, reduced to dust. Zephyro putris segleba

resolvit. Virg. Fungi putres. Id. Putres oculi, Hor., Lascivious
looks, or perhaps the looks of a man much in liquor. PUTRIDUS, rot-
ten, corrupt. Denies putridi. Cic.
2053. Pijra. Rogus. Bustum.
PYRA, ( from vup,_ fire) aheap of wood made for the burning of a
dead l:ody. Innumeras struxere pyras. Virg. ROGUS, ( from rogare,
because at that time prayers were offered,) the funereal pile when
burn-
ing. Cum ascenderet in rogum ardentcm. Cic. BUSTUM, (quasi
bene ustum) the place where, dead bodies were burnt. Mactatus essem
475
in Catilinae busto. yirgil points out very well the difference letween
the above three words : Construxere pyras, subjectisque ignibus atris,
ter circum accensos decurrere rogos: and in another place, semius-
taque servant busta. Virg.
Q-
2054. Quadriga, Quadrijugus.
QUADRIGA, (from quatuor andagere) a chariot drawn ly four

horses. Quadrigis vehi. Cic. // is also said of a set of horses. Curru
quadrigarum vehi. Cic. Quadrigae albae. Plaut. QUADRIJUGUS,
(from quatuor an</jugum) drawn with four horses abreast. Quadri-
jugo vehitur curru. Virg.
2055. Quadrupes. Quadrupedans.
QUADRUPES, (from quatuor and pes) having four feet, going on

all four. Nihil inter te atque inter quadrupedem interest. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Quadrupedem constringere, Ter., 70 tie one neck and
heels, to faggot one. QUADRUPEDANS, that goes on four feet, pran-
cing, galloping. Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula cam-
pum. Virg.
2056. Quadruplator. Sector.
QUADRUPLATOR, (from quatuor) a public informer ; he who ac-

cused a mart of a crime, especially of unreasonable usury, had the
fourth
part of the criminal' s fine or estate given him afler conviction.
Homo
omnium ex illo conventu quadruplatorum deterrimus. Cic. Seneca
has said quadruplatores beneficiorum, speaking of men who for a small
gift seek a much greater. SECTOR, (from secare) a cutpurse. Sector
zonarius. Plaut. Also a set/uestrator, one who buys confiscated or
for-
feited goods or estates, and sells them again for gain. Sector, hoc
est,
qui bonorum Sexti Roscii emptor atque possessor est. Cic. Cicero
calls Anthony sector Pompeii, because he had bought Pompey's estate
sold by auction. Nescimus per ista tempora eosdem fere sectores fu-
isse collorum et bonorum. Cic. Sector, according to Valla, is an in-
former who expects by so doing to get one half, or part of the
property of
the man informed against.
2057. Quamauam. Etsi. Quamvis. Tametsi. Licet.

QUAMCJUAM and ETSI havemore elevation, and areplaced at the be-
ginning of a sentence, with the indicative mood after them. Etsi
vereor,
judices, ne turpe sit, &c. Cic. Quamquam te, Marce fili, abundare
oportet, &c. Id. Quamquam is sometimes used as a word of correction,
in which case it is placed in the middle of the sentence. Quamobrem
hoc vos doceo. ... quamquam te quidem quid hoc doceam? Cic.
Omnia jucunda, quamquam sensu corporis judicantur, ad animum
referuntur tamen. Cic. QUAMVIS is placed at the beginning or in the
middle of a sentence, with the subjunctive or indicative after it.
Quam-
vis^menti delubra consecramus, &c. Cic. Hue accedit qu5d, quam-
vis ille felix est, &c. Id. TAMETSI and LICET are very seldom placed
at the beginning of a sentence. Tametsi will have the indicative mood
after it. Non tantum mihi derogo, tametsi nihil arrogo, ut, &c. Cic.
Licet requires the subjunctive mood, and is properly a verb. Licebit
476
repotia celebret. Hor. (ut is understood}. Fixerit asripedem cervam

licet. Virg.
2058. Quando. Cum.
QUANDO, when, seems to denote more properly the circumstance of

the time. Utinam turn natus essem, quando llomani, &c. non cssem
passus, &c. Cic. CUM, when, seems to denote more properly the cir-
cumstance oj the occasion or opportunity. Cum hue respicio advirgi-
nein. Ter. // may be properly said: Labori incumbendum, quando
vires sinunt; dociles simus, cum opportune corripimur. G. D.
2059. Quando > Quandiu ?
QUANDO? (with an interrogation) when? at what lime? Quando

me ista curasse aut cogitasse arbitramini ? Cic. QUANDIU? (with
an interrogation} how long ? Tanta si nactus esses in reo, quandiu
diceres? Cic.
2060. Quaquaversi'.m. Quoquoversum .
QUAQUAVERSUM and QUOQUOVERSUM, on every side, every way.

The former for the question qua. Legatos quaquaversum dimittit.
Caes. 7 'he latter for the question quo. Ejus imperio classern quoquo-
versum dimittunt. Caes.
2061. Quasi. Tanquam.
These tiro words are adverbs of comparison. Quasi signifies almost,

so as, to the same purpose, as if. Fuit olim quasi ego sum, senex, et
ei filiae duae erant, quasi nunc meae sunt : ea3 erant duobus nuptae
f'ra-
tribus, quasi nunc sunt meae vobis. Plant. Sed priiis potestis totius
eorumrationis quasi fundamenta cognoscere. Cic. Quasi talenta ad
quindecim coegi, Ter., / have collected almost. fifteen talents. Quasi
ego excitare filium ejus ab inferis possem. Cic. TANQUAM, as, as
much as. Gloria virtutem tanquam umbra sequitur. Cic Apud eum
sic fuit tanquam domi mese. Id. Nosco eum tanquam te. Id. They
seem to have leen used indiscriminately.
2062. Quatenus. Quantum.
QUATENUS, how long, how far. Videamus quatenus amor progre-

di debeat. Cic. Jrc-nt quatenus tuto nossent, Liv., That they should
go as far as they could without danger. It also signifies seeing that,
since.
Jubeas miserum esse libcnter, quatenus id tacit. Hor. QUANTUM,
as far or a? much as. Quantum in me est. Cic. Quantum conjec-
tura auguramur. Id. Quantum ex tuto poterat, rem Romanam Ib-
vebat. Liv.
2063. Quemadmodum. Sicut.
QUEMADMODUM, after what sort or manner, denotes properly a com-

parison al-oiit the manner a thing is existing. Should I say, J he En-
glish reason as other nations do, quemadmodum is the proper word;
sicut would convey a different idea. Pergratum mihi trccris, si quem-
admodum soles de ca-teris rebus, sic de amiciti.i disputaris quid
sentias. Cic. SICUT, as, like as, such as, denotes better a comparison
about the vitality of the thing. When I sai/, As bold as a lion, As
while
as snow, sicut must ie used; qucinadmoduin zroald be improper. Ivjus
causara defendi in Senatu, sicut mea fides postulabat. Cic. Sicut al-
477
terum parentem amo. Id. Cum jam tibi Asia, sicut unicuique sua
domus, nota esse debeat. Id.
206-1'. Quercus. Ilex, Esculus. Robur.
QUERCUS is properly the oak. Quercus glandifera. Cic. ILEX, a

kind of oak-tree called by some holm. It is distinguished from quercus
by its leaves, which are more dented, and keep always on the tree.
Viri-
dis ilex. Ovid. Civica corona fit f'ronde querna, etiam ex ilice, quod
genus superior! proximum est. Gell. Ilex tonsa bipennibus. Her.
ESCULUS is the oak with large leaves. Nemorumque Jovi quae prox-
ima frondet esculus. Virg. ROBUR, oak of the hardest kind, heart of
oak. .Nodosum robur. Ovid. Innatarupibusrobora. Id. Figuratively:
strength. Incredibili quodam robore animi. Cic. Robur et soboles
militum intent. Id. Sumere robur corporibus. Liv. Tenere robur
in virtute, Cic., To be firm in virtue. Robur accusationis, Id., The
force of an accusation.
2065. Querela. Querimonia. Questus. Lamentatio. Lamentum.

Plangor. Planclus. Gemitus.
QUERELA and QUERIMONIA, a complaint; a discontent, with this

difference, that the former is often an ill-founded complaint, whereas
the
latter is said of a just complaint. Querela, say grammarians,
levitatis
est ; querimonia, gravitatis. Assurgere baud justis querelis. Virg.
Cui sunt inauditfe cum Dejotaro querelae tuae ? Cic. Tolle querelas.
Hor. Eo metu injecto, repente magna querimonia omnium disces-
simus. Querela is however said of a just complaint. His de tot tan-
tisque injuriis in socios consulum querela esse debuit. Cic. QUES-
TUS, a complaint expressing pain or sorrow. Et mcestis late loca ques-
tibus implet. Virg. Effundere questus pectore. Id. LAMENTATIO
and LAMENTUM, the bewailing of a man after very severe losses, or in
very cutting grief; with this difference, that lamentatio expresses
the
act of bemoaning. Lamentatio est segritudo cum ejulatu. Cic. Lu-
gubris lamentatio. Id. Lamentum expresses the bewailing itself. De-
dere se lamentis muliebriter. Cic. We may moreover say that lamen-
tatio is a violent and continued complaint accompanied with groans,
and
querela manifests itself ly words. PLANGOR and PLANCTUS express
the blows that one gives to himself in the violence of his affliction.
In-
gentes iterasti pectore planctus. Stat. Sonus plangoris. Ovid. Plan-
gore et lamentatione compleremus forum. Cic. Tu diadema impo-
nebas cum plangore populi Roman! ; ille cum plausu rejiciebat. Id.
GEMITUS is said of the howlings of wolves and other wild beasts; sobs
coming from a heart oppressed and overwhelmed with grief. Gemitus
toto foro audiebatur. Cic. Fit fletus gemitusque tota urbe. Id.
2066. Querulus. Queribundus.
QUERULUS,///// of complaints, that is in the frequent habit of com"

plaining. Et cantu querulae rumpunt arbusta cicadae. Virg. Cala-
niitas querula est. Q. Curt. QUERIBUNDUS, complaining or making
moan. De supplicio P. Lentuli, de carcere magna et queribunda
voce dicebat. Cic.
2067. Quidam. /Hiquis. Quisquam. Quispiam.

QUIDAM, some certain person or thing. Quidam de collegis. Cic.
478
Certis quibusdam verbis. Id. ALIQUIS, some one indeterminate. At-

que is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit. Cic. Tres aliqui, aut qua-
tuor. Id. Eximant ununi aliquem diem. Id QUISQUAM is used, I.
In asking questions. Et quisquam nunien Junonis adoret prseterea ?
Virg. 2. When there is a negation. Nee quisquam est, qui, &c. Cic.
3. Instead of aliquis. Quod si non modo tu, sed quisquam alius fe-
cisset. Cic. QUISPIAM is the same as quisquam in the latter sense:
the Osci used p instead of q. Ut si constitueris te cuipiam advoca-
tum in rem praesentem esse venturum. Cic. Si uredo, aut grando
quidpiam nocuit. Id.
2068. Quidem. Equidem.
QUIDEM is used with all persons. Id quidem ago. Virg. Collegam

quidem de crelo detraxisti. Cic. Ille quidem polite, ut solebat, dix-
it. Id. EQUIDEM (quasi ego quidem) is very seldom used but with
thejirst person. Equidem non video. Cic. Adhuc equidem valde me
poenitet. Jd. Sic equidem saepius ita loquamur inter nos. Id. // is
however found with the first and second person. Non equidem hoc du-
bites. Pers. Per me equidem sint omnia protinus alba. Id. These ex-
amples are scarce, and, when they^lake place, it may be said that
equi-
dem has a reference to the person who speaks. Quidem is not used at
random. Quidem, says Valla, capitur, 1. Pro conjunctione distin-
guente res varias : Ego quidem rhetorica magis delector, tu vero lo-
gica, hie autem grammatica. 2. Pro exceptione illius quod affirmas ;
ut, si negligenter egeris, me quidem summo dolore afficias ; sed te
ipsum perpetud perdideris. 3. Pro conjunctione enclitica, id est,
causa ornatus, aut pro certe : ut, Petre, quid istic tibi negotii
est ?
nihil quidem mihi hie negotii. 4. Jungitur ne, sed interjecta semper
una dictione, et hoc, cum aliquid vehementer negare cupientes, id
quod minus quoquc est, negamus : ut, Tune hujus es flagitii auctor ?
Ne conscius quidem fui. Non solum homines non times, sed ne
Deum quidem vereris.
2069. Quies. Requies.
QUIES, rest, vacation, a ceasing from labour and trouble. Tradere

se quieti. Cic. Nee eum labor ad quietem revocavit. Id. Quies is an
absolute rest or quiet. 11 EQUIES, repose, in reference to the labour
that
has preceded. Qui nunc requiem quasrit magnis occupationibus. Cic.
Tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori. Virg.
2070. Quiescere. Requiescere.
QUIESCERE, to rest, to sleep. Circa casam earn, in qua quiescebat.

Cic. Figuratively: Dehinc ut quiescant porro moneo. Cic. REQVI-
ESCERE, like requies, supposes past labour. Quae mihi non modo, ut
requiescam permittit, sed rcprehendit etiam, quia non semper qui-
cverim. Cic. Figuratively: Sollicitudincs et angores amicorum con-
silio et sermonerequiescunt. Cic. In alicujus sj>e requiesoere. Id.
2071. Quietus. Tranquillus.
QUIETUS, (from quies) that is at rest, peaceable, ^quor quietius.

Hor. Honores quos, quieta Iit-publica, desperant, turbata conscqui
se posse arbitrantur. Cic. (jentes agitare quietas. ^ "irg. TUAX-
QUILLUS, calm, smooth, undisturbed, is properly said of the sea. Ut
maris tranquillitas intelligitur nulla ne minimi quidem aura fluctus
479
commovente, sic animi quietus statas cernitur, cum perturbatio nulla

est, qua moveri queat. Cic. Caetera videntur esse tranquilla, tran-
quillissimus autem animus meus. Id. Ut mihi liceret ejus urbis, quam
conservassem conspectu tranquillo animo et quieto frui. Id. Tran-
quilla, quieta, beata vita. Id. Quietus is said of persons and things.
Hominum quietissimus. Cic. Tranquillus is only said of things, and
of the mind.
2072. Quilibet. Quivis. Quicumque. Quisquis.
There is a nice difference to le made between QUILIBET, QUIVIS,

and QUICUMQUE. 1. Quicumque relates wore especially to the nature
and qualities of the person or thing ; quivis and quilibet, to the
distinc-
tion of number or rank. Quivis ex numero, quilibet e Senatoribus,
quamcumque rem gesseris. Non quivis unus e populo. Cic. Qui-
cumque is est, ei me profiteer inimicum. Id. Quilibet aliquis. Id.
2. It may not be indifferent to use quicumque, quivis, or quilibet, in
certain sentences. Let us suppose the following one : Mutius Porsense
respondit sequodcunque, quodlibet, quodvis supplicium potius sub-
iturum, quam, &c. Here quodvis seems to me improper a?id not ex-
act, because by its origin it does not agree with the third person.
Quod-
libet is pretty good, but it expresses only a choice between known
punish-
ments generally in use. Quodcumque is equally proper, and more ener-
getic, including any punishment imaginable. QUISQUIS, whosoever,
whatsoever, differs from quicumque in this, that it always requires a
verb after it. Quisquis est ille, si modo est aliquis. Cic. Whereas
qui-
cumque does not always require a verb, and often is absolute. Ut fa-
cias quocumque modo rem. Hor.
2073. Quin. Quominus.
QUIN (qui ne, modo understood}. Quin tu urges occasionem is-

tam ? Ter. // is sometimes found in full. Effice qui uxor detur tibi,
ego efficiam mihi qui ne detur. Ter. Sometimes it stands for ut non.
Ut nullo modo introire possem, quin viderent me. Id. Sometimes it
is used to increase the meaning. Quin etiam necesse erit, Cic.. And
it will be still necessary. Cic. QUOMINUS is properly compounded of
two u-ords, quo for ut, and minus for non. Illud non perficies quo-
minus tua causa velim. Cic. Nemini civi ulla, quominus adesset,
satis justa excusatio visa est. Id.
2074. Quinquennis. Quinquennalis.
QUINQUENNIS, (quinque anni) of five years, five years old. Quin-

quennis Olympias. Ovid. Quinquenne vinum. Hor. QUINQUEN-
NALIS, that comes to pass every fifth y tar. Quinquennalis celebritas
ludorum, Cic., Lasting Jive years. Quinquennalis censura. Liv.
Quinquennales Magistratus, Id., Magistrates elected every fifth year,
or remaining in office during Jive years.
2075. Quippe. Ul pote. Quoniam.
QUIPPE, truly, surely. Sol Democritomagnus videtur, quippe ho-

mini erudito. Cic. Quippe followed by qui, quae, quod, signifies,
since.
Quippe qui jussit, Cic., Since he ordered it. UT POTE, in as much as,
considering or seeing that. Me puerulo, ut pote novem annos nato.
C. Nep. Ut pote is often followed by qui, quae, quod, or cum. Ea
480
not2 ut pote qui nihil contemnere solemus, non pertimescebamus.

Cic. Incommodo valetudo, qua jam emerseram, ut pote cum sine
febri laborassem, &c. Id. Ut pote and quippe are put in the se-
cond member of a sentence; but quoniam may be placed in the Jin t
or second member. QUONIAM, because, since. Quoniam id fieri,
quod vis, non potest, velis id quod possis. Ter. Tamen ei mori-
endum fuit, quoniam homo nata erat. Cic. Quippe, ut pote, quo-
niam, says Valla, sic differunt: Quippe potest habere suurn proprium
verbum : honestior est mors quam vita sine amico ; quippe qui ami*
citia; expers vivit, ferae propior est quam homini. Sine proprio ver-
bo: Scio te omnia amicissime curaturum, quippe, cui amicorum ne-
gotia non aliter curae esse solent, quam propria. Ut pote non habet
verbum, nisi intercedente qui, vel cum ; aut certe jungitur adjec-
tivis, sine verbo. Pueri nisi virga arceantur, ad omnes ineptias pro-
labuntur, ut pote quos natura ad vitia, quam virtutes pronior impel-
lit. Semper te mihi colendum statui, ut pote virum turn litteratum,
turn probum. Quoniam potest causam praeponere toti orationi. Quo-
niam una esse, quoties libet, non licet, cura frequentius ad me scri-
bas. Valla.
2076. Quocirca. Id circa.
QUOCIRCA, wherefore, therefore. Quocirca bene apudmajoresnos-

tros Senatus decrevit, &c. Cic. IDCIRCO, for lhatreason, thereupon:
it is generally followed by ut. Reperietis idcirco haec in uno homine
pecunioso tot constituta, ut caeteris formidines, &c. Cic. Idcirco ar-
ma sumpta sunt. Id.
2077. Quod. Quia.
QUOD and QUIA, because, are the same, with this difference only,
that quod is used with either the indicative or subjunctive mood, and
quia will always have the indicative mood only. Urbs quae, quod in ea
Fortunae fanum fuit, Tyche nominata est. Cic. Facile apparet, quod
me colat. Id. Urbs quae, quia postrema aedificata est, Neapolis no-
minatur. Id.
2078. Quot. Quotr/uot.
QUOT requires a determined number, so many as. Quot homines,

tot sententia?. Ter. QUOTQUOT, as many as there are, is said of an
undetermined number. Quotquot eunt dies. Hor. Adeste omnes un-
dique, quotquot estis omnes. Catul.
2079. Quotidic. In dies singulos. Singulis diebus.

QUOTIDIE, every day, is said of a continuation of time. IN DIES
SINGULOS, daily, from day to day. Quotidie, vel potius in dies sin-
gulos breviores litteraa ad te mitto. Cic. SIXGULIS DIEBUS, every
or each day, is said of a lime finite and determinate ; whereas in
singu-
los dies denotes progression of time. Qui singulis diebus ediscendos
fastos Populo proposuit. Cic. // may be said with propriety : Ludos
publicos rex in singulos annos Lutetias instituit, qui singulis annis
celebrantur. G. D.
2080. Quotas. Quoins nuisaue.
QUOTUS, of what, in number, order, place or quantity, with or with-

out an interrogation. Quota hora e.st!-' Hor. Tu quotus esse velis
rescribe. Id. Die quotus et quanti cupias coenare. Mart. QUOTUS
, how few ? Quotus quisque est qui teneat artem numero-
481
ram ? Cic. Quotas quisque faraam effugere potest in tarn raaledic^

civitate. Id.
R.
2081. Rabidus. Rabiosus.
RABIDUS, (from rabies) actually mad, as a dog. Tigres rabidi.

Ovid. Rabidus canis. Plin. Figuratively : Rabidos compescere mores.
Ovid. Aspectu rabido circumspectans hue atque illuc. Cic. RA-
BIOSUS denotes the habit of madness. Canis rabiosa. Hor. Rabipsi
tempora signi, Id., The dog-days, during tvhich dogs are more subject
to madness than at any other time. Figuratively : Vide ne fortitudo
sit
minime rabiosa, sitque iracundia tolerabilis. Cic. Rabiosa jurgia,
Sen., Outrageous disputes or quarrels.
2082. Racemus. Uva.
RACEMUS is a Lunch or cluster of grapes, and UVA, a grape. Tu-

met uva racemis. Ovid. Uvae racemiferae. Id. Prima mihi variat li-
ventibus uva racemis. Propert.
2083. Radere. Eradere.
RADERE, to scrape or shave off. Littera rasa in extremo margine.

Ovid. Figuratively : Radere aures alicujus, Quint., To grate some-
body's ears. Radere littora, Virg., To coast along. ERADERE, (ra-
dere e ) to scrape iff or out. MeruJam albo Senatoris erasit. Tac. Fir
guratively : Eradenda pravae sunt elementa cupidinis. Hor.
2084. Radix. Stirps.
RADIX, the root of trees or plants. Videmus ea quae terra gignit,

corticibus et radicibus valide sustentari. Cic. Nautse fame coacti ra-
dices palmarum agrestium colligebant. Id. Figuratively : Virtus est
una altissimis defixa radicibus. Cic. STIRPS, the stump of a tree.
Stirpes stabilitatem dant iis quae sustinent, et ex terra succum tra-
hunt. Cic. Cum arborum et stirpium eadem pene natura sit, quae
animalium.Id. Figuratively: Firmata jam stirpe virtutis. Cic. Stirpe
questionis. Id. Stirps in its proper sense is of the masculine gender,
and
in its figurative sense of the feminine.
2085. Rameus. Ramosus.
RAMEUS, of or belonging to a bough or branch. Ramea fragmenta.

Virg. RAMOSUS, full of boughs or branches. Ramosa ilex. Ovid.
Cornua ramosa cervi. Phaed.
2086. Ramus. Ramale. Surculus. Termes.
RAMUS, a branch of a tree. Defringere ramum arboris. Cic. Fi-

guratively : Amputare raraos miseriarum. Cic RAMALE, a dead
bough cut from a tree. Veteris ramalia fagi. Pers. Ramaliaque arida
tecto detulit. Ovid. SURCULUS, (quasi surgulus from surgere) a
shoot, a sprig. Surculus comes out of the branches, andramus out of
the trunk of the tree. Surculum defringere. Cic. // is properly said
of
a graft cut from one tree to be grafted on another. Da mihi ex ista
ar-
bore quos inserara surculos. Cic. TERMES, a branch of a tree with
21
482
its leaves and fruit. Germinet et nunquara fallentis termes olivae.

Hor. Spadica vocant avulsum a palmite termitem cum fructu. Cell.
2087. Rapina. Prceda. Raptum.
RAPINA, (from rapio) rapine, pillage, a taking by force, depreda-

tion. Nihil cogitans nisi cacdes, incendia, rapinas. Cic. Cupiditas
caeca rapinarum. Id. Sequuntur rapinae largitionem. Id. PR^DA, a
prey, a booty taken from the enemy. Sic totam praedam improbitas abs-
tulit. Phaed. Caede omissa prsedam sectari. Tac. Spes praedae ac ra-
pinarum. Cic. Praeda victoria gaudet ; rapina, petulantia, according
to the saying of grammarians. RAPTUM is properly an adjective, the
thing carried away by force. Quos rapto vivere necessitas coegerat.
Liv.
2088. Raptio. Raptus. Rapacilas.
RAPTIO, a violent taking away of any person, a ravishing. Dispe-

rii : Ctesiphontem audivi filium una fuisse in raptione cum /Eschino.
Ter. RAPTUS, a rape, a carrying away forcibly. Ganymedis raptus.
Cic. Raptus virginis. Id. Raptio ad personam refertur ; raptus, ad
stuprum. G. D. RAPACITAS, rapaciousness , the avidity of a man
who carries off forcibly other people s property. Quis in rapacitate
avarior? Cic.
2089, Raptor. Rapax.
RAPTOR, a taker away by force, is said of the act. Audax raptor.

Hor. Consilium raptor vertit ad fallaciam. Phasd. Raptor milvius.
Id.-^-RAPAX, rapacious, denotes the habit. Olim furunculus, nunc ra-
pax. Cic. Procuratorum rapacissimus quisque. Suet. Figuratively :
Jgnis rapax. Ovid. Nihil rapacius quara natura. Cic.
2090. Rationalis. Rationabilis.
RATIONALIS, endowed with reason, reasonable, reasoning. Rationale

animal. Quint. Rationalis philosophia, Cic., Logic, the art of reason-
ing. RATIONABILIS, conformable or agreeable to reason. Sententia
vera et rationabilis. Ulpian. Quinlilian has employed it in the
meaning
of rationalis.
2091. Rationem habere clicvjus. Rationem halere cum aliquo.
RATIONEM HABERE ALICUJUS, to have regard for a person or thing.

Habe famae tuae rationem. Cic. Habere rationem non suam solum,
sedaliorum. Id. Habere rationem dierum, Id., is, in another sense, to
reckon, to compute the days. Likewise, hujus pecuniae quae permagna
eat, non habui rationem, neque habere potui. Cic. HABERE RA-
TIONEM CUM ALIQUO, to do business with one. Cum omnibus 31
rationem habere cogito. Cic. We may also say : Rationem habere
cum aliqua re. Habent rationem cum terra, Cic., They employ them-
selves in cultivating the earth. Si habenda cum Antonii latrocinio pa-
cis ratio fuit. Id.
2092. Rationem inire ; tubducere ; putare ; edere ; conficere.
RATIONEM INIRE, to cast up an account. RATIONEM SUBDUCERE,

to set down at the end the sum total. Ineundis subducendisque rati-
onibus. Figuratively : Initi subductaque ratione nefaria scelcra roe-
ditari. Cic. Inire rationem tigntfies also to devise means of. Incas
ra-
483
tionem quemadmodum ea mulier Romara perducatur. Cic. RA-

TIONEM PUTARE, to settle an account, to deduct the charges put on it,
when it was given up. Ut rationes cum publicanis putarent. Cic. Fi-
guratively : Frustra egoraet mecum has rationes puto, Ter., / have
reckoned without my host. RATIONEM EDERE, to give out an account.
Sed ego mihi ab il'lo rationes non expectabam, quas tibi edidit. RA-
TIONEM CONFICERE, to complete or close an account. Rationes con-
fectae, me absente, sunt tecum, ad quas nihil adhibui, praeter lec-
tionem. Cic.
2093. Rationem reddere. Rationem referre.
RATIONEM REDDERE, to give an account, to account for one's con-

duct, is said in a moral sense. Semper ita vivamus, ut rationem nobis
reddendam arbitremur. Cic. Nihil est quod minus ferendum sit,
quam vitae rationem ab altero reposcere eum, qui non possit suae red-
dere. Id. RATIONEM REFERRE is used in a natural sense, to give up
one's account. Scriba qui rationes ad aerarium retulit. Cic.
2094. Receptus. Receptaculum.
RECEPTUS, (retro capere) a retreat, a retiring. Animadverti nul-

lum alium receptum Antonium habere, nisi in his partibus. Cic.
Receptui signum aut revocationem a bello audire non possumus. Id.
RECEPTACULUM, a receptac/e,a place for receiving or keeping. Quasi
receptaculum animi, corpus. Cic. Nisi illud receptaculum classibus
nostris pateret. Id.
2095. Recidivus. Redivivus.

RECIDIVUS, (rursus cadere) destined to be ruined a second time.
Funestaeque iterum recidiva in Pergama taedae. Virg. REDIVIVUS,
(quasi redux ad vitam) renewed again, old made new, m'ade use of
again. Nummus redivivus. Juven. Lapis redivivus, Cic., A stone
used and cut a second time. Quasi quicquam redivivi ex illo opere
tolleretur, ac non totum opus ex redivivis constitueretur. Id.
2096. Recinere. Recantare.
RECINERE, (rursus canere) to sing again, to repeat. Cujus reci-

net jocosa nomen imago ? Hor. Haec recinunt juvenes dictata se-
nesque. Id. RECANTARE (frequentative of recinere) denotes mart
action. Grsecula quod recantat Echo. Mart. // also signifies to re-
cant, to unsay a thing, to disenchant. Nunc ego mitibus mutare qusero
tristia, dum mihi fias recantatis arnica opprobriis. Hor. Recantatae
curae, Ovid., Sorrow destroyed by magical charms.
2097. Recipere. Suscipere.
RECIPBRE (synonymous with, suscipere) signifies to undertake a

thing, whether desired or not so to do. Omnia ei petenti et recepi, et
ultro pollicitus sum. Cic. SUSCIPERE, to take upon one's-self a thing
without being desired so to do. Ego in hoc judicio mihi Siculorum
causam receptam, Populi Romani susceptam arbitror. Cic. In quo
est ilia quidem magna offensio, vel negligentia, susceptis rebus, vel
perfidia, receptis. Id.
2098. Recoctus. Retorridus.
RECOCTUS, (rursus coctus) seethed again, done again, nealed. Fer-
212
484
rum recoctum. Flor. Recoctus is a word borrowed from dyers, who

cull a thing recocta, w hen it has been dipped several times into the
copper, and gotten a good colour. Hence we call him recoctus whom
long halit has made clever and cunning. Scriba recoctus. Hor. Senex
recoctus, Catul., An experienced old man. RETORRIDUS, (rursus
torrere) roasted again, commonly shrunk, parched with heat. Kami
retorridi. Sen. Praia relorrida. Varr. Venit el retorridus qui srcpe
laqueos et muscipula effugerat, Phaed., speaking of an old rat that
has escaped many dangers by his cunning.
2099. Recte. Bene. Rite. Rtcta.
RECTE, (from regere, reclum) properly in a straight line. Hoc

erit quasi provincias atomis dare, quae recte, quae oblique ferantur.
Cic. Figuratively. Recte alque ordine facere. Cic. Lex recte lata.
Id. Tuae litterae recte sperare jubent. Id. BENE, well. much.
Bene facis, quod me adjuvas. Cic. Adolescens non minus bene
nummatus, quam bene capillatus. Id. Bene mane, Id., Very early.
Bene longa oratio, Id., A very long speech. RITE is said of things
relating to religion. Deos rite colere. Cic. Perpetrare rite sacri-
ficium. Liv. RECTA, (via understood) straightway, straight on,
straight forward. E navi recta ad me venit. Cic. Recta conse-
quor. Ter.
2100. Rectio. Regimen.
RECTIO, (from regere, rectum) properly the act of making

straight ; it is only used in the figurative sense, a governing, a
ruling.
llerum publicarum rectio. Cic. REGIMEN, government, authority.
Regimen totius Magistralus penes Appium erat. Liv. Vobis anna
et animus sit, mihi consilium et virtutis vestrae regimen relinquite.
Tac.
2101. Rector. Moderator.
RECTOR, (from regere) a governor, a ruler. Juvenum rectores.

Virg. Rector navis. Id. Rector Reipublicae. Cic. MODERATOR,
(from modus) a moderator, he that sets bounds to. Inesse aliquem
non solum habitatorem in hac ccelesti ac divina domo, sed etiam
rectorem et moderatorem. Cic. Tu eris omnium moderator con-
siliorum meorum. Cic. Rector et moderator tanli operis. Id. Vo-
lucrum moderalor equorum. Ovid. Temperanlia est moderatrix
omnium commolionum, Cic., Temperance rules all passions.
2102. Rectus. Directus.
RECTUS, straight, not crooked. Longa Irabe rectior. Ovid. Recta

via. Cic. Figuratively . Conscientia recta. Cic. More recto ser-
vat munia vitae. Id. Cicero calls Ccesar's commentaries, recti, on ac-
count of their plain and natural style. DIRECTUS, direct, laid out by
a line. Directa acies. Cic. Ductaeet directae vise. Id. Figuratively:
Haec dirccta percontatio ac denunciatio belli magis ex dignitate
Populi Romani visa est. Cic. Directus homo, Id., A just man that
does not yield to circumstances, inflexible.
2103. Reddere. Restituere.
REDDERE, (rursQs dare) to return what we have received, or what

has been intrusted to us. Mutuari aliquid ab aliquo, et ei vicissira
485
reddere aliquid aliud. Cic. Depositum reddere. Id. figuratively .-

Clamorem reddere. Liv. Se convivio reddere. Id. Me hebetem
molestise reddiderunt. Cic. RESTITUERE, (rursus statuere) pro-
perly, to reestablish. Ilestituere aedes. Cic. In pristinam dignita-
tem restituere. Id. It also signifies to restore a thing lost or
alienated,
to return it in its former slate to the Jirst owner. Restituat uxorem,
reddat misero patri filiam. Cic. Lucem salutemque redditam sibi
ac restitutam accipere debuit. Id.
2104". Eedemplor. Publicanus. Manceps.
REDEMPTOR, (from redimere, redemptum) an undertaker of a

work, of a building. Redemptor qui columnam illam conduxerat fa-
ciendam. Cic. // is said in Laleo of the farmers of public revenues.
^PUBLIC ANUS, a publican, a farmer of customs, an exciseman. Reli-
quorum ordinum firmamentum, ordo publicanorum. Cic. Publica-
nos temeritate redemptionis pene esse eversos, Id., That the farm-
ers of public revenues had been almost ruined, by bidding too high for
their farms. Publicana mulier, A contractor's wife. MANCEPS,
(quasi manu capiens) a farmer of any part of the public revenue.
Mancipes a civitatibus pro frumento pecunias exegerunt. Cic.
2105. Redigere. Reducere.
REDIGERE, (rursus agere) to bring lack again, speaking of men

end animals. Filia parva duas redigebat monte capellas. Ovid. Ma-
nibus praecisis Capuam rediguntur. Liv. Figuratively : Bona ven-
didit, pecuniam redegit, Cic., He sold his properly, and amassed
money by the sale. Quaestum totum ad se redigere. Id. In id re-
dactus sum loci, Ter., / am reduced to this situation. Redigere sub
imperium, Caes., To conquer, to get under one's dominion. Redigere
in memoriam, Cic., To call again to remembrance. REDUCERE, to
bring or lead tack, speaking of men. Crassum Consulem ex Senatu
domum reduxi. Cic. Reductus ex exilio. Id. Figuratively : In
spem reducere. Hor. Ad salutem aliquem reducere medicina. Cic.
Reducere aliquid in memoriam. Jd. Somnum reducere. Hor. Au-
rora reducit lucem. Ovid.
2106. Reditus. Reversio. Redilio.
REDITUS, (from re and ire) a return, a coining again. Profectio

et reditus Syllae. Cic. Figuratively : Gratiae reditus ei patet, Cic.,
The way to a reconciliation is open for him. REVERSIO, (Jrom re and
vertere) a coining back again. Reversionem ad terram faciunt,
Plaut., They land again. Quam valde ille reditu, vel potius rever-
sione mea laetatus est ! Cic. Reditus is the return of a man who went
where he wonted to go ; and reversio, the coming back of one who has
not leen as far as the piace he wanted to go to. REDITIO, a return-
ing, a coming again, or back. Ut domum reditionis spe sublata, pa-
ratiores ad omnia pericula subeunda essent. Caes. Reditus would
not do in the foregoing sentence; besides, reditus domum is bad Latin.
2107. Reditus. Proventus.
REDITUS, (quiasingulis annis venit) synonymous with proventus,

supposes something periodical and more fixed: an income or revenue, a
yearly profit. At reditus jam quisque suos amat, et sibi quid sit
utile
486
sollicitis computat articulis. Ovid. Nullius tutior est reditus, mino-

risve impendii, auttempestatumsecurior, Plin., speaking of (he witlow-
tree. PROVENTUS, (from pro and venire) production, is more va-
riable in quantity or time. Onerare sulcos proventu, Virg., To cover
the ground with a rich harvest. It is said of success: Multum ad hanc
rem adjuvat adolescentia, magnitudo animi, superioris temporis pro-
ventus, fiducia rei bene gerend. Caes. It is also said of evils :
Cala-
mitatuui et miseriarum tot proventus. Plaut.
2108. Redux. Rediens.
REDUX, (from redire) brought or returned back again. Qui me

reducem esse voluistis. Cic. It is properly said of a man who has es-
caped from danger. Namque tibi reduces socios classemque relatam
nuncio. Virg. REDIENS, reluming, coming back. Redeuntis cornua
lunar, Ovid., The new moon. Annus rediens. Hor.
2109. Rtferre aliquid alicui. Referre ad alii/uem. Referre cum aliquo.
REFEKRE ALIQUID ALICUI, 1. To relate to one. Referam tibi

eventum meum. Cic. 2. To bring back. Retulit mihi tuas litteras.
Cic. REFERRE AD ALIQL-EM, to consult somebody about a thing. Po-
pulus de suis rebus ad eum refert, Cic., The people consult him, and
trust him with their affairs. REFERRE CUM ALIQUO, to hold a con-
ference with one. Introductus Vectius primo negabat se unquara cum
Curione retulisse. Cic.
2110. Regalis. Regius.
REGALIS, (quod rege dignum est) ; REGIUS, (quod regis est)

Though these two words may be indiscriminately used, Regius is espe-
cially said of what relates to the king's person, or to royalty ; and
Re-
galis of what has a more indirect relation to either. Regius pastor.
Cic. Regia conditio. Id. Nihil ei tarn regale videri quam studium
agricolendi. Id. Animus regalis, courage, or sentiments becoming a
king. Animus regius, the courage or sentiments of a king. Regia
jura, the prerogatives attacked to kingly power. Regalia jura, the
pre-
rogatives flowing from royal dignity, or which custom gives to crowned
heads in such or such a country, though they be not essential to that
high office.
2111. Regaliler. Regie. Regifice.
REGALITER, kinaly, royally, nobly. Precibusque minas regaliter

addit. Ovid. Sacrificio regaliter confecto. Liv. REGIE, royally, as
an absolute master. Nam ut hoc tempore ea qua; regie, seu potius
tyrannice statuit in aratores Apronius practermittam. Cic. Si in
hunc animadvertissem, crudeliter et regie factum esse dicerent. Id.
REGIFICE, with royal pomp and magnificence. Regifice extructis
celebrant convivia mensis. Sil. Ital. instructus regirice. Cic.
2112. Regio. Provincia. Plaga. Tractus.
REGIO, (from regere ; because before the division of the earth into
provinces, each country was governed by a king) (i region, a vast
extent
of country. Per Cappadocise regionem iter teci. Cic. Tememax-
imas regiones inhabitabiles atque incultas videmus. Id. Figuratively:
Regiombus officii se continere. Cic. PROVINCIA, (vincere pro) a
487
province ; the countries distant from Italy, subdued by arms or other-

wise, were called provinces. Sicilia prima omnium provincia appel-
lata est. Cic. Figuratively: an office, an employ. Provinciam ce-
pisti duram. Ter. PL AGA, a climate, a space or tract, either in
heaven
or on earth. Totidemque plagae tellure premuntur. Ovid. Quod
est ante pedes nemo spectat; coeli scrutantur plagas. Cic. Plaga
lactea cceli, The milky-way. TRACTUS, (from trahere) a drawing
in length. Funem trahunt .... Modicus est tractus. Plin. Flam-
marum longi tractus. Virg. Placido tractu reptavit draco. Claud.
Figuratively : Quanta haesitatio tractusque verborum ? Cic. In this
meaning it is said of a series of spaces in a country. Alti nubium
tractus. Hor. Terrasque tractusque maris. Virg.
2113. Eregione. Regiona^m.
E HEGIONE, over-against, opposite. Luna cum e regione solis est,

deficit. Cic. REGlONATlM,yro7n quarter to quarter, ward by ward.
Ludos regionatim tota urbe edidit. Suet. Regionatim generibus
hominum causisque et quaestibus tribus descripserunt. Liv.
21 14<. Relaxatio. Remissio.
RXLAXATIO, (/r07lax~;.re) a releasing, is properly said of what is

too tight. Quidquid ego adstrinxi, relaxat. It is only used .figura-
tively ; loosening, the act of loosing. Animi relaxatio. Cic. REMIS-
SIO, (from remittere) a slackening^ is said of what is too much bent :
it is used only in the figurative sense. Contentio vocis et remissio.
Cic. Remissio pcenae. Id. Remissio aniiiorum, Id., Discourage-
ment, remissness. It is also used for recreatH/n. Ad omnem animi re-
missionem ludumque descendere. Cic.
2115. Religio. Superstilio.
RELIGIO, (ex relegendo, says Cicero, ut elegantes ex eligendo)

religion. SUPERSTITIO, (from super esse or stare) superstition.
Cicero informs us of the difference that exists between these two
words.
Superstitio, in qua inest inanis timor Deorum ; religio, quae Deo-
rum cultu pio continetur. And elsewhere : Non enim philosophi
tantum, verum etiam majores nostri superstitionem a religione se-
pararunt ; nam qui totos dies precabantur et immolabant, ut sibi
sui liberi superstites essent, superstiosi sunt appellati ; quod nomen
patuit postea latius. Qui autem omnia quae ad cultum Deorum per-
tinerent, diligenter pertractarent, et tanquam relegerent, sunt dicti
religiosiex relegendo. // is improperly that religio is found in
Cicero
and Virgilin the meaning o/*superstitio. Superstitiosus Deum timet,
religiosus veretur et colit. G. D.
2116. Reliquiae. Reliqua.
RELIQUIJE, (from relinquere) the remainder, rest, or remnant.

Jussit reliquias poni hordei, Phaed., He ordered a remnant of barley
to be given. Colere reliq-uias suorum, Virg., To honour the ashes of
deceased friends or relations. Plautus and Phcedrus have employedre-
liquia in the neuter plural. Ut fruaris reliquiis, quae sunt rosuri.
Pheed. At pedites tibi reliquia erant. Plaut. RELIQUA, the re-
mains of a reckoning, arrears of debts. Maxime me angit ratio reli-
quorum meorum, quanquam explicita sunt, Cic., 1 am very untasy
488
about the remains of what is due to me, though the recovery of it

cannot
le accompanied with any difficulty.
2117. Reluctari. Renili.
RELUCTARI, properly, to struggle or wrestle against : it is used more

generally. Ore reluctant! it equus. Ovid. Multa reluctant! aures
obstrue. Virg. Reluctari precibus. Q. Curt. RENIT.^ to oppose a
resistance to another. Alter motus alteri renititur. Plin. -Cum illi
re-
nitentes pactos se dicerent. Liv.
2118. Remigatio. Remigium.
REMIGATIO, (from remus and agere) the act of rowing with oars.
"Motus remigationis navem convertentis ad puppim. Cic. REMI-
GIUM is said, I . of the oars. Lembum reraigiis subigere. "N 'irg. 2.
of
the company of rowers. Remigium supplet ; socios simul instruit ar-
mis. Virg. 3. of the motion and agitation of the oars. Quas pugnae,
quae acies, quod remigium, qui mctus hominum ? Cic. Figuratively:
Volat ille remiio alarum.
2119. Remus. Tonsce. Remulcus. Contus.
REMUS, (from ramus) an oar to row with. Incumbere rernis.

Virg. Figuratively: Pennarum remi, Ovid., The wings of birds. Remi
natantis corporis, Id., The arms. TONSCE, (from tondere) the blade
of an oar, is properly an adjective, and only used in poetry. In lento
luctantur marmore tonsae. Virg. REMULCUS, (from p-jpvXy.os ) the
rope which bargemen use to pull their barge along with, or against the
tide, by means of another barge. Itaque Marcellus nocte navim one-
rariam remulco quadriremis trahi ad Acradinam jussit. Liv. It is
what seafaring people call towing of a ship. Submersamque navim re-
mulco, multis contendens funibus, reduxit. Caes. // is found in the
ablative case only. CONTUS, (Jrom xovroj ) a long pole ending with
an iron hook, to govern a boat, &c. Ratem conto subigit. Virg.
2120. Renasci. Reviviscere. Resurgere. Resuscitare.
RENASCI, (rursus nasci) to be born or rise again, is said of what

grows again in the room of what was dead. REVIVISCERE, (rursus
vivere) to recover life, to revive, is said of the human kind. Princi-
pium extinctum nee ipsum ab alio renascetur, nee a. se aliud creabit.
Cic. Ut revixisse, aut renatum sibi quisque Scipionem imperato-
rem dicat. Liv. Figuratively : Renatum bellum. Cic. Adventu nostro
reviviscunt justitia, abstinentia, dementia tui Ciceronis. Id. RE-
SURGERE, (rursus surgere) to rise or get up again. Victatamen vin-
ces, eversaque, Troja, resurges. Ovid. Figuratively : Resurgunt res
Romanae contra spem. Liv. RESUSCITAHE, (rursus suscitare) to
rouse, to set up again, is always taken in an active signification.
Posi-
tamque resuscitat iram. Ovid.
2121. Reparare. Redimere. Recuperare.
REPARARE, (rursus parare) to recover, to regain, to reconquer.

Amissas res reparare. Hoj. Reparare quod amiseris. Plaut. Perdere
videbatur, quod alio prsetore eodem ex agro reparare posset. Cic.
REDIMERE, f rursus emere) to redeem. Redimere captives. Cic. Vo-
luntates militum redimere largitione. Id. RECUPERARE (rursus
comparare) is said of the recovering of the same numerical thing that
489
had leen lost, to rescue, to get again. Pompeius rempublicam recupe-

ravit. Cic. Erepta recuperare. Id. Recuperare imperium. Id.
2122, Reparare. Reficere. Recreare. Relevare.
REPARARE, synonymous with the others, signifies to restore, lo bring

to the first state. Reparare vires. Tac. Colhsum vas crebris ictibus
reparavit. Sen. REFICERE, (rursus facere) to make again, lo re-
build. Quassas rates reficere, Hor., To refit shattered ships. Templa
aedesque labantes reficere. Id. Figuratively : Se ex caloribus refi-
cere. Cic. Reficere vires. Liv. Reficere exercitum, Caes., To refresh
an army. Reficere magistrates, Cic., To reeled magistrates into their
offices. RECREARE, (rursus creare) properly, to create again. Re-
creare consules. Cic. Figuratively : Jo comfort, to encourage, to re-
move fear. Me reficit et recreat tuus in me amor. Cic. Afflictos
bonorum animos recreare. Id. Afflictam et perditam provinciam
erigere et recreare. Id. RELEVARE, (rursus levare) to lift up again.
E terra corpus relevare. Ovid. Figuratively : Casum communem
relevare. Cic. Sitim relevare, Ovid., To quench thirst. Mens rele-
vata cura. Id. Illi animum relevabis, quae cura et miseria tabescit.
Ter. Relevare aliquem molestiis. Cic.
2123. Rependere. Compensare.
REPENDERE, (rursus pendere) properly, to pay, or weigh lack in

exchange. Aurum auro repensum. Liv. // generally signifiet to re-
compense, to pay. Grates rependere, Virg., To return thanks. In-
genio formae damna rependo meae. Ovid. COMPENSARE, (pensare
cum) to weigh with. Triticum cum hordeo corapensat ; constitit
praeponderare triticum. Col. Figuratively: to compensate, to counter-
poise. Compensabatur cum summis doVribus laetitia. Cic. Hac
pergam qua via longum compensat iter. Sen.
21 24-. Repens. Repentinus. Sulitus.
REPENS, (from ipirw, vergo, inclino) properly, creepitig on. Re-

pens humi. Plin. Figuratively : Sermones repentes per humum. Hor.
Considered as synonymous with the others, it signifies unlookedfor,
unex-
pected. Hostirm repens adventus magis aliquando conturbat, quam
expectatus. Cic. Si quod repens bellum oriatur. Liv. REPENTI-
NUS is only used in a figurative sense ; unforeseen, unawares. Leviora
suntea quag repentino aliquo motu accidunt quam ea quaemeditata
et praeparata inferuntur. Cic. SUBITUS, (from subire) sudden,
coming unexpectedly. Magis subita tempestas, quam ante provisa,
terret navigantes. Cic. Aspectu subito conterritus haesit. Virg. We
may very properly say : Casu tecti repentino obrutus est ; subitum e
terra monstrum erupit. G. D.
2125. Repere. Rep tare. Serpere.
REPERE, to creep or crawl, as serpents do. Vulpecula per rimam

repserat in cumeram. Hor. It expresses very well a going softly. Mil-
lia turn pransi tria repsimus. Hor. REPTARE, (its frequentative) to
go slowly as snakes do. Et taciturn silvas inter reptare salubres.
Hor.
Et adhuc reptabat Africam Tacfarinas. Tac. SERPERE, to slide on
the telly as serpents do, to wind about. Viperaserpit humi. Ovid. Ser-
punt anguiculi. Cic. Figuratively : Serpit per omnium vitam ami-
490
citia. Cic. Simulatio serpebat in dies. Id. Flamma serpit. Liv.

Repunt, say grammarians, qua? parvos pedes habent, serpunt qua?
pedibus carent.
2126. Reprehensio. Criminalio. Vituperatlo. Viluperium.
REPREHENSIO, (from retro awJ prehendere) properly, the act of

drawing backwards : it is only used in a figurative sense :
reprehension,
llaming of one in fault. Revered reprehen&ionem doctorum atque
prudentium. Cic. A reprehensione temeritatis abesse. Id. It is said
of refutation. Reprehensio est per quam argumentando adversario-
rura confirmatiodiluitur, aut infirmatur. Cic. CHIMINATIO, (from
crimen) the accusing or impeaching. Falsa criminatio. Cic. Ab aliquo
oblatas criminationes depellere. Id. VITUPEHATIO, a llaming, or
finding fault with. Culpaereprehensio, et stultitiae vituperatio. Cic.
Cadere inaliquam vituperationem. Id. Vituperatio expresses less than
reprehensio. Good writers have not used VITUPERIUM ; Callepinus
was then very wrong to quote it as from Cicero's works.
2127. Reprolare. Repudiare. Respuere. Rejicere.
REPROBARE, to reprove, to disallow, to condemn. Qui cum Zeno-

nis fuisset auditor, reprobavit ilia, quae ille, &c. Cic. Quod ipsa
Da-
tura adsciscat voluptatem, et reprobet, dolorem. Id. REPUDIARE,
to divorce, to reject as a shameful thing. Repudiare uxorem. Suet.
Repudio consilium, quod rmmum intenderam. Ter. Non repudia-
bis in honore, quem in periculo recepisti. Cic. RESPUERE, (quasi
cum sputo rejicere) to reject with contempt. Respuere aliquid et pro
nihilo putare. Cic. Dicere aliquid quod omnium mentes aspernentur
et respuant. Id. Figuratively : Humus respuit invisum cadaver.
Ovid. REJICKRE, to reject, to repel. Telum in hostem rejicere.
Caes. Figuratively : Rejicere judices, Cic., To except against, or
chal-
lenge, judges. Rejicere causam ad Senatum. Id. Res tota in men-
sem Januarium rejecta est, Id., The whole business has been put off
till January.
2128. Repulsa. Repulsus.
REPULSA, (from re and pellere) a repulse, a denial. Repulsam

ferre. Cic. Sine repulsa Magistratum assequi. Id. REPULSUS, a
repuliwn, a reverberation. Repulsus scopulorum. Cic. Umbonum
repulsus. Claud.
2129. Resideo. Resido.
RESIDEO, (rursiis sedere) to sit down again. Residere, deinde*

sj);ttiari. Cic. Figuratively : In corpore mortui nullus residet
sensus.
Cic. Residet reliquiis spes. Id. // also signifies to remain or abide.
In oppido aliquo multum resedisse. Cic. RKSIDO, to decrease, to as-
suage. Si monies residissent, amncs exaruissent. Cic. Figuratively :
Corda ex ira residunt. Virg.
2130. Residuus. Reliquus. Cccterus.
RESTDUUS, (from retro" sedere) that which is left, the residue or

remainder. Omnibus residuis pecuniis exactis, tributo privatim re-
misso. Liv. Residuus suse pcense senex, Quint., An old man left with
painful infirmities. Residua et vetus simultas. Liv. RELIUUUS, that
491
which remains, that which is behind, to le done, to be seen, to come,

&c.
Reliquutn est ut officio certemus inter nos. Cic. In reliquum tern-
pus. Id. Erant mihi oppida complura etiam reliqua, quae adire vel-
lem. Id. Qualis in reliqua Graecia nemo. Id. Residuas pecunias
exigere signifies to require rigorously old debts ; and reliquas
pecunias
exigere is to demand authoritatively the money that remains. CJETE-
RUS and Caeter, the other, the rest. Caeteravita. Sail. Caeteri nobi-
rium. Tac. Caeterae navium. Id. Figuratively : in other respects.
Virum caetera (for in caeteris) egregium secuta ambitio est. Liv.
Caetera laetus. Hor.
2131. Respiccre. Suspicere.
RESPICERE, (retro aspicere) to look lack upon. Êneas rnoenia re-

spiciens. Virg. Figuratively : to regard favourably, to commiserate.
Nisi quis nos Deus respexerit. Cic. SUSPICERE, (sursum aspicere)
to look up. Suspicere in coelum. Cic. Astra suspicere. Id. Figura-
tively : to consider with admiration. Honores et praemia suspicere.
Cic.
2132. Respirare. Expirart.
RESPIRARE, (from re and spirare) to breathe, to take or fetch

breath. Excipiat animam earn, quag ducta sit spiritu, eandemque a
pulmonibus respiret ac reddat. Cic. Respirare in aqua, Id., To
breathe in water. Figuratively : to be refreshed or eased. Respiravi,
liberatus sum. Cic. A metu respirare. Id. Respirasset cupiditas at-
que avaritia paululum. Id. EXPIRARE, (spirare e) to breatheforth,
to exhale. Expirantem transfixo pectore flammas. Virg. Inter pri-
mam curationem expirarit. Liv. (aniraam understood.}
2133. Respondere. Responsare.
RESPONDERE, to answer. Ad ea quae quaesita sunt respondere. Cic.

Figuratively : Ut omnia omnibus, paribus paria respondeant. Cic.
Laudibus respondere Graecorum, Id., To equal the Greeks in glory.
RESPONSARE (its frequentative] denotes more action and eagerness.
Responsa, autloquere. Plaut. Figuratively: to resist, to oppose. For-
tune responsare superbae. Hor. Ne gallina malum response! dura
palato. Id. Suis responsare cupidinibus. Id.
2134. Responsio. Responsum.
RESPONSIO, the act of answering. In quo erat accusatoris inter-

pretatio indigna responsione. Cic. RESPONSUM, the answer itself, is
properly an adjective. Responsa atque decreta jurisconsultorum.Cic.
A me quoque id responsum tulisti. Id. Responsionem would te im-
proper. Ex illius ad nostra responsa responsis intelligentur. Id.
2135. Restore. Super esse.
RESTARE, (retro stare) to stay or stand behind, to remain. Qui

Romae restiterunt. Cic. Ad fontem cum bibisset cervus, restitit.
Phaed. Figuratively : Longa sunt quas restant. Cic. Restare is said
of what is remaining at a heap from which things have been taken j
SUPERESSE, of what is too much or remaining after the measure has
been filled up, to be over and above. Cui tanta erat res, et
supererat.
Ter. Sed vereor ne jam superesse mihi verba putes, quae dixeram
492
defutura. Cic. It is also taken in the meaning o/'restare. Duae partes

quae mihi supersunt illustrandse. Cic.
2186. Restis. Funis. Rudens.
RESTIS, a small cord, a packthread. Per manus reste ducta, vir-

gines sonum vocis pulsu pedum modulantes incesserunt, Liv., The
virgins, having a cord in their hands, walked on singing and dancing.
Tu inter eas restim ductans saltabis, Ten, which cannot le said lut
of a small cord. Fuxis, a thick rope. Laxi funes, Virg., speaking of
the cables of a ship. Tortos incidere funes. Id. RUDENS, (from ru-
dere, on account of the noise they mnke) a cable, or great rope of a
ship.
Jnsequitur clamorque virum, clangorque rudentum. Virg.
2137. Retentio. Retinaculum.
RETENTIO, the retaining or keeping back. Retentio aurigae. Cic.

Figuratively : Assentionum retentio, the keeping of the mind in sus-
pense. RETINACULUM, any manner of thing tv herewith another is
holden lack. Retinacula solvit. Virg. Frustra retinacula tendens
fertur equis auriga suis. Id.
2138. Retrahere. Revocare.
RETRAHERE, (retro trahere) to draw or pull back. Quo quidem

me proficiscentem baud sane quis facile retraxerit. Cic. Uno prselio
Thebas ab interitu retraxit. (Epaminondas.) C. Nep. Figuratively:
Quo fatatrahunt retrahuntque sequamur. Virg. REVOCARE, (retro
or rursus vocare) to recall, to call back. Vos qui me repetistis atque
revocastis. Cic. Figuratively : Ad scientiam omnia revocent. Cic.
Ad potentiam suam revocare omnia. Id. Senatum ad pristinam
suam severitatem revocari. Cic.
2139. Revelare. Retegere.
REVELARE, to pull off the veil, to unveil. Os revelatum. Ovid.

RETEGERE, to uncover, to lay open. Orbem retexit Titan radiis.
Virg. Vultus retegit scisso velamine. Lucan. Jugulum pectusque
retexit. Ovid. Figuratively : Tu sapientum curas, et arcanum jo-
coso consilium retegis Lyaeo. Hor.
1:1 10. Reumfacere. Reurn peragere.
REUM FACERE, to impeach one. Facere aliquem reum de anibitu.

Cic. Cur is abs te reus non factus est ? Id. REUM PERAGERR, to
prosecute one until he be condemned. Vos, si reum perago, quid acturi
estis? Liv.
21-tl. Reus. Nocens. Sons.
REUS was generally said of all those who had any contestation, either
in a criminal or a civil matter. Reos appello non eos modo qui ar-
guuntur, sed omnes quorum de re ciiscq>tatur. Cic. Alienae culpae
reus. Id. Milo reus est prasclari facti. Id. Good writers never give
to reus the meaning of guilty, but only of accused ; which appears
plainly in this example : Si kaberes nocentem reum. Cic. It also sig-
nifies obliged to perform, obnoxious. Reus suae stationis tutandae, i
i\ .,
Cli/iged to guard a post at his own risk and peril. NOCENS, synony-
mous with the others, signifies guilty. Innocens, si accusatus sit,
ab-
493
solvi potest ; nocens, nisi accusatus fuerit, condemnari non potest.

Cic. Nocentes et pecuniosi rei. Id. SONS, (from <rivw, noceo)
guilty, criminal, an offender. Sontes condemnant reos. Plaut. Pu-
nire sontes. Cic. Protegere sontes. Id.
2142. Hex. Tyrannus.
REX, (from regere) a king. Magni reges. Hor. Imminent duo

reges toti Italiae. Cic. // is taken in a more general sense. Memor
actae non alio rege puertiae ( for pueritiae). Hor. Rex convivii,
Plaut., The ruler of the feast. Rex sacrorum. Cic. Rex aerarii, in
Cicero, is said in a satirical way. Rex is generally taken for a great
and rich man. Sive reges, siveinopes erimus coloni. Hor. ~ Figura-
tively: Rex fluviorum Eridanus, Virg., Eridanus the most considerable
of rivers. Sometimes a queen is included under the signification of
rex.
Ad Ptolemseum Cleopatramque reges legati missi sunt. Liv. TY-
RANNUS, ( from rvpoivvos) in old time was used in good part for a.
master, or a sovereign. Reges qui et tyranni ob fortitudinem voca-
bantur. Trog. Pars mihi pacis erit dextram tetigisse tyranni, Virg.,
speaking of ./Eneas. Tyrannusque fuerat appellatus, sed Justus. . . .
Omnes enim habentur et dicuntur tyranni, qui potestate sunt per-
petua in ea civitate quae libertate usa est. C. Nep. // is only in the
course of time that tyrannus has been taken in a lad sense. Non le-
gatum Popuii Romani, sed tyrannum libidinosum crudelemque.
Cic.
214*3. Ridere. Arridere. Irridere. Deridere. Sulridere. Cachinnari.
RIDERE, to laugh. Crassus semel in vita risit. Cic. Figuratively :

Ridet argento domus. Hor. Ridere aliquem signifies to laugh at one.
Ita factum est, ut dederis nobis quern semper ridere possemus. Cic.
ARRIDERE, (ridere ad) to look pleasantly upon one. Ridentibus
arrident. Hor. Figuratively : Illud quod ralde arriserat, vehemen-
ter displicet. Cic. IRRIDERE, to mock, to laugh to scorn. Etiam per
jocum Decs irridens. Cic. Qui modo securus nostra irridebas mala.
Phaed. // is used in the sense of ridere. Caesar mihi irridere visus
est,
Cic., Ccesar seemed to me to be speaking in joke. DERIDERE, to de~
ride, to scorn, to make a fool of, rises above irridere. Omnes istos
deri-
dete atque contemnite. Cic. Has nugae seria ducent in mala deri-
sum semel, exceptumque sinistre. Hor. Consilia qui dant prava
cautis hominibus, et perdunt operam, et deridentur turpiter. Phaed.
SUBRIDERE, to smile, to laugh in one's sleeve. Olli subridens ho-
minum sator atque Deorum. Virg. Subrisit Saturius veterator. Cic.
Limis subrisit ocellis. Ovid. CACHINNARI, to laugh, as if it were
for a wager, or till one be ready to split one's sides. Ridere
convivae,
cachinnari ipse Apronius. Cic.
2144. Rima. Hiatus. Rictus.
RIM A, a chink, a crack, a cleft. Rimisque fatiscunt, (naves) Virg.

Rimas explere. Cic. Figuratively : Plenus rimarum sum, hac iliac
perfluo, Ter., / am a blab of my tongue, I cannot keep any thing se-
cret, but divulge it every where. HIATUS, ( from hiscere) an open-
ing. Hiatus terrs. Cic. Quaedam animalia oris hiatu et dentibus
ipsis cibum capessunt. Id. Figuratively : Hiatus ex concursu vo-
494
calium. Cic. RICTUS, (from ringere) is only said of the opening of

the mouth, and of the mouth itself. Risu diducere rictum. Hor. Ric-
tus ad aures dehiscens. Plin. Fluid! sanguine rictus. Ovid.
2145. Risum compescere. Risum tenere.
RISUM COMPESCERE, to stop one s laughing. Risum compescere

mappa. Hor. RISUM TENERE, to keep from laughing, does not sup-
pose that we were laughing before, as risum compescere does. Equi-
dem in quibusdam vix risum tenebam. Cic. Risum teneatis, amici?
Hor.
214-6. Risum movere. Risum facere. Risum captare.
RISUM MOVERS, to create laughing. Ilia quamvis ridicula essent,

mihi tamen risum non moverunt. RISUM FACERE, to laugh, and to
create laughing. Risus populi atque admurmuratio omnium facta
est. Cic. Post repulsam risus facit; civem bonum ludit. Id. RISUM
CAPTARE, to seek for raising a laughter. Solutos qui captat risus ho-
minum, famamque dicacis. Hor.
2147. Rogatio. Rogatus. Rogatum.
ROGATIO, a prayer, the act of demanding. Ego Curtium rogatione

tua diligo. Cic. // is said of a petition or request, and of the
propound'
ing of a law, because the people were asked their consent to it.
Facere
rogationem ad populum, Cic., To propose a new law to the people, in
order to get Jrom them the confirmation of it. Accipere rogationem,
Id., To receive or confirm a law. ROGATUS, a solicitation, is very
sel-
dom found Lut in the allative case. Rogatu meo impetravit. Cic.
ROGATUM is properly an adjective, the demand itself, or the thing that
is asked. Js nunquam mihi ad rogatum respondet, et accusatori
plusquam ad rogatum respondet. Cic.
2' 45. Roralis. Roscidus. Roratus.
RORALIS, of dew, belonging to dew. Virgaque rorales laurea misit

aquas. Ovid. ROSCIDUS, wet or moistened with dew, dewy. Vidi te
roscida mala legentem. Virg. RORATUS, bedewed, sprinkled with
dew. Roratae rosae. Ovid. Mollis erat tellus, rorataque mane prui-
na. Id.
2149. Rorare. Stillare.
RORARE, to drop and fall down like den-. Sparsi rorabant sanguine
vepres. Virg. Rorantia vidimus astra. Id. STILLARE, to drop or
trickle down, to distil. Pugio stillans sanguine. Cic. Stillabant
ilice
mella. Ovid. Stillabit amicis ex oculis rorem. Hor.
2150. Rorarii. Ferentarii.
RORARII, dew-beaters, liqhl-armtd soldiers who made the first skir-

mishes : a figure taken from the dew that generally precedes a storm
of
rain. Horarii milites. Liv. Rorarii dicti a rore, qui bellum com-
mittcbant; ideo quod ante rorat quam pluit. Varr. FERENTARII,
(from ferre) light-harnessed soldiers coming quickly to succour, s
lingers.
Posteaquam eo ventum est, unde a ferontariis praelium committi
posset. Sail. Figuratively : Ferentarius amicus, Plaut., afritnd ready
to help at a pinch.
2151. Rostrum. Rostra.
ROSTRUM, the leak or lill of birds, the snout of beasts. Obuncum

vulturis rostrum. Cic. Rostrum suis. Id. ROSTRA 5 generally taken
for tke pulpit from which the Roman orators pleaded, so called because
it was adorned with the beaks of the ships taken from the Antiates by
the Romans. Rostra dictum est templum, seu forum ante Curiam
Hostiliam, in quo erat pulpitum ornatum ex rostris navium Anti-
arum, ex quo loco concionari solebant. Liv. Ascendere in rostra.
The pleading pulpit stood in the middle of the public square at Rome,
wherein there generally was a set of lazy people and "newsmonger
sidling
their time away.
2152. Rotare. Rotundare. Tornare.
ROTARE, (from rota) to swing or whirl about. Aper rotat ore

canes. Ovid. Sordidum flammae trepidant rotantes verticefumum.
Hor. ROTUNDARE, (quasi rotam dare) to make round. Mundum
ad volubilitatem rotundavit Deus. Cic. Figuratively : Mille talenta
rotundentur, totidem altera, porro tertia succedant. Hor. We like-
wise say, Tomake around sum or number. TORNARE, (from tornus)
to turn or work with the wheel, as turners do. Mundum ita tornavit,
ut nihil effici posset rotundius. Figuratively : Et male tornatos in-
cudi reddere versus. Hor.
2153. Rotundas. Teres.
ROTUNDUS, round, globular, of a round form. Mutat quadrataro-

tundis. Hor. Stellae globosae et rotundae. Cic. Figuratively: Rotun-
dus orator, Cic., A complete orator. Graiis dedit ore rotundo Musa
loqui. Hor. TERES, long and round. Incumbens tereti Damon
sic ccepit olivae. Virg. Figuratively : Aures teretes, Cic., Quick and
' delicate ears. Oratio teres, Id., A smooth and well turned oration.
In
se totus teres atque rotundus, Hor., Exact, accurate, clever, perftct.
2154'. Ruber. Rubicundus. Purpureus.
RUBER, red, of a deep yellow colour, like that of the dawn of day.
Aurora rubra. Propert. RUBICUXDUS, blood-red, very red. Acutis
oculis, ore rubicundo. Plaut. Rubicunda cornua lunae. Hor. PUR-
PUREUS, purple- coloured. Pallium purpureum. Cic. // is used by poets
to express a high shining colour, so that it sometimes signifies a
great
whiteness. Brachia purpurea candidiora nive. Ovid.
2155. Ructare. Eructare.
RUCTARE and RUCTARI, to belch. Cui ructare turpe esset, is vo-

muit. Cic. Aves etiam nunc ructor quas mihi apposuisti, Varr., Even
at this time the birds you have helped me to, rise in my stomach. Fi-
guratively : Sublimes versus ructari, Hor., To write hastily very in-
correct verses. ERUCTARE, (ructare e) to belch or throw up. Saniem
eructans, ac frusta cruenlo per somnum commixta mero. Virg. Fi-
guratively: Accubantes in conviviis eructant sermonibus caedem bo-
norum. Cic. Vastaque voragine gurges aestuat, atque omnem Cocyto
eructat arenam. Virg.
2156. Rudus. Cadaver. Eunus.
RUDUS, rubbish of old ruinous houses fallen to the ground. JEris

acervi, cum rudera milites religione inducti jacerent, post profectio-
496
nem Annibalis magni invent!. Liv. CADAVER, (fromcadere) a car-

case, a dead body. Aqua turbida et cadaveribus inquinata. Cic. Di-
lapsa tabo cadavera, Virg., speaking of bullocks. Cicero has used ca-
davera, speaking of towns. Cum. uno loco tot oppidorum cadavera
projecta jaceant. It is without any foundation that latter grammarians
will have cadaver to be caro data vermibus ; as, for the same reason,
we might say that papaver is pabulum datum vermibus, which is non-
sense. FUNUS, such as we consider it in this article, is properly said
of
a corpse that has been buried. Omnia Deiphobo solvisti et funeris um-
bris. Virg. Quae nunc artus, avulsaque membra, et funus lacerum
tell us habet. Id.
2157. Rupes. Scopulus.
RUPES, a rock, a steep mass of stones fastened to the ground, or fixed

to the bottom of the sea. Ex magnis rupibus nactus planitiem. Caes.
SCOPULUS (from <rxsTfropa.i) is especially said of the points of rock*
that are seen in the sea, or on the sea-shore. Hinc atque hinc vastae
rupes geminique minantur in ccelum scopuli. Virg. Ad eosdem sco-
pulos appellere. Cic. IVe say of a hard-hearted man, gestat scopulos
in corde. Ovid. We also say of a man not to be shaken, rupes immota.
2158. Rusticitas. Rusticaiio. Rusticatus.
RUSTICITAS, rusticity, rudeness. Urbanitati contraria est rustici-

tas. Quint. RUSTICATIO, the administering of rural property. In
rusticatione antiquissima est ratio pascendi. Col. It is also said of
tra-
velling in the country. Neque solum militia, sed etiam peregrinati-
ones rusticationesque communes. Cic. RUSTICATUS, dwelling in
the country. Quod quidem ipsum scribe, quaeso, ad me, ut dum con~
sisto in Tusculano, sciam quid garriat in rusticatu. Cic.
2159. Ruslicus. Rusticanus. Agrestis. dgrarius. Vicanus.
RUSTICUS, ( from rus) pertaining to the country. Homo imperi-

tus morum, et rusticus. Cic. Mores rustici. Id. Praedia rustica. Id.
RUSTICANUS, rustic, concentrated in the country. Marius, rustica-
nus vir, sed plane vir. Cic. Quod ita fuit illustre notumque omnibus,
ut nemo tarn rusticanus homo Roinam venerit, quin, c. Id. Rus-
ticana vita. Cic. A life wholly spent in the country. Rustica vita,
Id.,
Rural life. AGKESTIS, (fromager) rural, growing in the country.
Arbor agrestis. Cic. Auxilium vocat et duros conclamat agrestes.
Virg. Figuratively : wild, coarse. Rustica vox et agrestis. Cic. A
principio clamare, agreste quiddam est. Id. AGRARIUS, concerning
the fields. Agrariam rem tentare, Cic., To attempt an equal distri-
bution of lands among the people. Agrarii homines, Id., The partisans
of the Agrarian law, or men very rich in landed property. VICANUS,
( from vicus) a villager, a peasant, an inhabitant of a village or
small
town. Vicam quique ibi exules habitabant. Liv. Timolites ille vica-
nus homo, non modo nobilis, sed, &c. Cic.
S.
2160. Sacer. Sacral us. Sanctus. Sacrosanctus. Religiosus.

SACER, sacred. -ZEdes sacra. Cic. Miscere sacra profanis. Hor. ft
497
is taken in a lad sense ; cursed, lecause the wicked were devoted to

the
infernal Gods. Sacrabantur, devovebantur Diis inferis, and then it
u-as permitted to kill them : it was a legal sacrifice ; they were
legal
victims, intestabilis et sacer esto. Hor. Ego sum nialus, ego sum
sacer. Ter. Sacra; panduntur portae, Virg., speaking of the gates of
Tartarus. SACRATUS, consecrated or devoted to GocL Opus alicuisa-
cratum. Ovid. Vittasque resolvit sacrati capitis. Virg. SANCTUS,
(quasi sancitus) holy, inviolable. Quod sanctione antiqua, et pras-
cepto firmatum, say grammarians, et ab injuria hominum nmnitum,
etsi non sit Deo consecratum : sancti Jegati, quibus noceri non de-
bet ; sanctae leges, quae certam prenam constituunt in eos, qui legi-
bus non obtemperaverint. Quibus ipsi Dii neque sacri, neque sancti
sunt. Liv. Sanctas Virgines, Hor., The fastals, on account of their
vow of chastity. Sanctus judex, Cic., An upright and incorruptible
judge. SACROSANCTUS (sacro sancitus) adds to the idea o/" sanctus,
that cannot lie injured or violated with impunity. Sacrosancta
potestas
tribunorum. Liv. Sacrosanctum nihil esse potest, nisi quod popu-
lus plebs-ve sanxisset. Cic. RELIGIOSUS, (from religio) speaking
of things, consecrated or set apart for religion. Quod a communi ho-
minum usu semotum, says Popma, et sanctitate quadam veneran-
dum est. Signa sacra et religiosa. Cic. Religiosi dies. Jd. Speaking
of persons, it signifies religious, devout. Vir natura sanctus et
religi-
osus. Cic. Religiosus testis, Id., A timorous and conscientious
witness.
Figuratively: Atticorum aures religiosae, Cic., The delicate ears of
the
Athenians. Religiosus is opposed to impius, and sacer to profanus.
2161. Sacrificus. Sacriflcalis.
SACRIFICUS, (sacra facere) belonging to sacrifice. Dies sacrifici.

Ovid. Arae sacrifice. Val. Flacc. SACPai'iCALis, concerning sacri-
fices. Apparatus sacrificalis. Tac.
2162. Sacrifer. Sacricola.
SACRIFER, (sacra ferens) that carries sacred things. Est Dea sa-
criferas pene secuta rates. Ovid. SACRICOLA, (sacra colens) a sa-
crificer. Domitianus lineo amictu turbae sacricolarum immixtus juxta.
velabrum delituit. Tac.
2163. Sacrum. Sacrificium.
SACRUM, any thing devoted to the gods, is said of any religious wor-
ship. Ne quid de sacrorum religione mutetur. Cic. Sacra legationis
rupistis. Tac. Jugalia sacra, Ovid., The sacred ties of matrimony .
Sa-
crum facere. Liv. SACRIFICIUM is only said of a sacrifice. Anni-
versaria sacrificia. Cic. Sacriricium lustrale in diem posterum parat.
Id.
2164. Scepe. Frequenter.
S-5EPE, often, denotes a repetition of the same actions ; and FREQUEX-

TER, a plurality of objects. Quod antea tibi saepe significavi. Cic.
Saepe et multum hoc mecura cogitavi. Id. Frequenter et assidue
aliquid consequi studio et exercitationa. Id. In this manner, if I
say,
People often disguiss their thoughts, it is seepe ; but should I say,
We
often meet with liars, it is frequenter.
2K
498
2165. Scepissime. Perscepe.
SJEPISSIME expresses more than PERSJEPE. Frons, oculi, vultus

persaepe mentiuntur; ovatio vero saepissime. Cic. It is the seme with
all the superlatives and adjectives composed of per.
2166. S<evire. Descevire. Exscevire.
SÊVIRE, (from crz.:<:, viva, furere) to use ill, to act cruelly

towards
one. Saevite in tergum, in cervices nostras. Liv. Figuratively: Ex-
surgens saevit amor. Virg. Latratus,camim saevit in auras. Id. DE-
s.r.viliE, according to some grammarians, signifies to become calm and
quiet ; and in support of their opinion they quote this passage of Lu-
can : Nee dum desaeviat ira, expectat. According to others, dcssevire
signifies valde saevire. Two examples out of Virgil seem to decide the
question in favour of the latter. Dum pelago desaivit hyems, et aquo-
sus Orion ; quassataeque rates et non tractabile cctkim. And else-
where : Sic toto JEneas dessevit in acquore victor, ut semel intepuit
mucro. Virg. EXSJSVIRE, to cease raging. Dum reliquum teuapes-
tatis exsaeviret. Liv.
2167. Sagittarius. Sigiltifer. Funditor.
SAGITTARIUS, (from sagitta) an archer, a shooter, a loivman.

Ususque multis tormentis, multis sagittariis rem confeci. Cic. SA-
GITTIFER, (sagittas terens ) that bears or wears arrows. Sagittife-
rosque Gelonos finxerat.Virg. FUXDITOR, a stinger, one that throws
stones with a sling. Gretas sagittarios, et funditores Baleares subsi-
dio oppidanis misit. Caes.
2168. Salaries. Salilor.
SALARIUS, (cr substantive) a seller of salt or ofsaltfah. Yiles pu-

eri salariorum. Mart. SALITOR, a gatherer of the duties upon salt.
Imperata pecunia data salitoribus Britanniae. Cic.
2169. Salina. Salinum.
SALINA, a salt-pit, a place where salt is made. Salis magna vis

jam ex proximis erat salinis eo congesta. Figuratively: Posse^sio sa-
linarum mearuni, Cic.. My hat-it of making jests and drolleries. SA-
LINUM, a saltcellar. Cui paternum splendet in mensi tenui salinum.
Hor. Salinn, in Valerius Maxtmtis, is used in the same meaning. Uter-
que patellam Deorum causa et salinam habuit.
2170. Satire. Sal tare. Tripudiare.
SALIRE, to leaf), to jump, to skip. Salire de inuro. Liv. Grando

salit in tectis. Virg. Figuratively : Cor mihi salit, Plaut., My heart
pants andieats. S A i. TARE, (jrerjuenlalive ofsaYire) to danc>', to
ca-
per. Nemo fere saltat sobrius. Cic. // also signifies to imitate in
dan~
cing. Saltare pastorem. lior. Virgil in a poetical way has
for saltare. Llollibus in pratis unctos saliero per uti\
alacritatis est ; .-allure, eiegantiac. G. D.~ TRIPUDIARK, ;
and pes) to trip, to dance in beating the ground often with one's feel
;
which idea Horace expresses In/ a periphrasis. Gaiulet invi.-ar.i
pqut-
lisse fossor ter pede terrani. Hor. In funeribus Reipublicae ex-
teiu et tripudiantem leguin laqueis constringere. Cic. Per urbem ire
:tes cannina cum tripudiis solemnique saltatu jussit. Liv.
499
2171. Salsus. Facetus. Dicax.
SALSUS, (from sal) properly salted, or salt. JEquora salsa. Hor.

Figuratineiij : merry, witty, jesting. Salsus homo. Cic. Dictum sal-
sum. Quint. FACETUS, facetious, pleasant. Erat salsus et facetus.
Cic. Sermo facetus. Id. Faceta et elegans ironia. Id. DICAX,
(from dicere) a maker of satirical pleasantries, a poignant jester.
Di-
cacitas peracutum et breve facetiarum genus. Cic. In conviviis fa-
ceti et dicaces. Id. Hominibus facetis et dicacibus difficile est ha-
bere hominum rationem, et ea qus occurrunt, cum salsissime dici
possint, tacere. Id. Demosthenes non tarn dicax fuit, quam facetus ;
est autem illud acrioris ingenii, hoc majoris artis. Id. Salsus homo,
deliciae conviviorum si praesertim facetus est, dicax non semper con-
vivarum rationem habet. G. D.
2172. Saltus. Saltatio.
SALTUS, a leap, frisk, or skip. Turn demum saltu prasceps sese

omnibus armis in fluvium dedit. Virg. Viam superare saltu. Id.
SALTATIO, the act of dancing, a dance. IntempeStivi convivii, amce-
ni loci, multarumquedeliciarum comes est extrema saltatio. Cic.
2173. Saltus. Silva. Nemus. Lucus.
SALTUS, synonymous with the others, is a defile, a narrow passage

that cannot ie got out of without leaping. Celeriter Pyrenaeos saltus
occupari jubet. Caes. // is generally said of a place where there are
fo-
rests and pastures. Saltibus in vacuis pascant, et plena secundum
flumina. Virg. De saltu agroque comnmni detrudi. Cic. Figurative-
ly : Saltus damni, Plaut., A forest of evils. Saltus, says Valla, est
sil-
va invia, necviatori pervia, in qua pecudes aestivare solent. SILVA
w the general word for a wood. Genus humanum in montibus et sil-
vis dissipatum. Cic. Silvaeque recentes, saltusque reconditi. Catul.
Figuratively : it it said of any kind of abundance. Silva rerum, ac
sen-
tentiarum comparanda. Cic. Virtutum t vitiorum silva. Id. NE-
MUS, a wood of high and lofty trees, a grove. Nemus quod nulla ce-
ciderat aetas. Ovid. A park well planted is nemus. Caesar veniam ad
se rogat in nemus. Cic. Lucus, a dark grove or wood consecrated to
some God. Pios errare per lucos. Virg. Lucus ibi frequenti silva, et
proceris abietis arboribusseptus. Liv.
2174-. Salubris. Salutaris.
SALUBRIS, (from salus) healthful, wholesome. Defuncta morbis

corpora salubriora esse coepere. Liv. Salubris is only said of things.
Figuratively : Salubre consilium. Cic. SALUTARIS, salutary, relat-
ing to health, to the preservation of dignity, situation, fortune, and
of
life itself. Cultura agrorum generi humano salutaris. Cic. Nihil Rei-
publicae salutarius. Id. Civis beneficus et salutaris. Id. Salutaris
se-
veritas vincit inanem speciem clementice. Id. Salutaris littera, Id.,
The letter A, being a note of al solution.
2175. Salus. Faletudo. Sanitas. Sanatio. Salubritas.
SALUS, health of body or mind, safely. Qui medicis suisnon ad sa-

il lutem, sed ad necera utitur. Cic. Salus Reipublicae. Id. Salutem
di-
2 K 2
500
cere foro et curias, Id., To take leave of tribunab or courts of

judica-
ture. VALETUDO, health, whether good or bad. Bona, adversa vale-
tuclo. Cic. Valetudine oculorum impediebatur. Id. Figuratively:
Valetudo animi. Cic. SAXITAS, ( from sanus) health. Qui incor-
rupta sanitate sunt. Cic. Figuratively : Animi sanitas. Cic. SANA-
TIO, a healing, a curing. Eorum malorum in una virtute positasa-
natio est. Cic. SALUBRITAS, u'holesomeness of the air, of victuals,
&c. Loci salubritas. Cic. Cccli salubritas et temperies. Plin. Salu-
britatis et pestilentiae signa. Cic. Figuratively : Dictionis
salubritas,
Cic., The good taste of a style, in opposition to corrupta lenociniis
elo-
cutio. G. D.
2176. Salularc. Persatutare. Consalutare. Resalutare. Salvere.
SALUTARE, to salute at meeting, to greet. Domus te nostra salu-

tat. Cic. Cum Deossalutatum venerint. Id. Ilium salutavi, postea
jussi valere. Id. PERSALUTARE, to salute or compliment nflen, to sa-
lute all in a body. Qui ita sit ambitiosus, ut omnes nos vosque quo-
tidie persalutet. Cic. Donee a toto exercitu ad ultimum persaluta-
tus est. Q. Curt. CONSALUTARE, to salute or greet all in a iody, or
one another. Dictatorem eum legati gratulantes consalutant. Liv.
Qui cum inter se, ut ipsorum usus ferebat, amicissime consalutas-
sent. Cic. RESALUTARE, to salute one again. Securus nullura re-
salutas, despicis omnes. Mart. SALVERE, properly, to be well or in
good health. It often signifies to receive a salute from. Salvebis a
ineo
Cicerone, Cic., My dear Cicero commends, or remembers himself unto
you. Uionysium velim salvere jubeas. Id.
2177. Sancire. Sciscere.
SANCIRE, to enact, to establish or command. Leges sancire, Cic.,

To make luws. Lege sancitum est. Id. Sancire capite, Id., To com-
mand under pain of death. Sancire aliquem augurem, Id., To esta-
blish one an augur. Sanxerunt inter se jurejurando, ne quis enunci-
aret, Ca;s., They bound themselves by an oath never to reveal to any
body
what had been resolved upon. Sanguine Annibalis sanciam Komanum
foedus. Liv. Sancire is used for religious mailers, and SCISCERK both
of religious and pro/ an e concerns ; to ordain, to decree. Primus i
scivit de publicanis. Cic. Durius Athenienses sciverunt, ut
qui classe valebant, pollices praeciderentur. Id. Quae scisceret
plebs,
aut quae populus juberet. Id.
2178. Sanctitas. Sanctimonia.
SANCTITAS (from sancire) est, says Cicero, scientia colendorum

Deorum. The virtue of sanctity, nf uprightness. Tueri se sanctitate
sua. Cic. Ancillas perstitere dominae sanctitatem tueri. Tar
TIMONIA, holiness, integrity. Ilabere domum clausam pudori et
sanctimoniae. Cic. Sanctimonia nuptiaruni. Id. Femina nobilitate,
puerperiis, sanctimonia insignis. Tac.
2179. Sanguineus. Sanguinarius. Sanguinolentus. Cruentus.
SAKGUINEUS, of Hood, of a lloody colour. Sanguineus imb,

Mora sanguinea, Virg., Mulberries of a blood-red colour. Figurative-
ly : bloody, blood-shedding. Rixae sanguinea?. Hor. Caedes sangoi-
uea. Ovid. SAXGUINAHIUS, sanguinary, blood-thirsty. Sanguinaria
501
juventus. Cic. Sanguinariumresponsum. Figuratively .- cruel. Gra-

vem illam et sanguinariam vocem audivimus. Cic. SANGUINOLEN-
TUS, covered ivilk blood, made bloody. Sanguinolenta palnm. Cic.
Pectora sanguinolenta. Ovid. Th? same author has said, poetically,
sanguinolentus color, instead o/sanguineus. CRUENTUS, besmeared
with blood, daubed with blood. Antonius cruentus sanguine Roma-
norum civium. Cic. Cruentum cadaver. Id. Cruenta victoria, Sail.,
A victory where much biood has been spent or shed. Cruentus implies
cruelty, which sanguinolentus does not.
2180. Satagere.. Curare.
SATAGERE, to be in a bustle, to have plenty (o do about a thing. Is

rerum suarum satagit, Ter., He takes great care of his affairs. Afer
venuste Manlium Suram nmltum in agendo discurrentem. . . . non
agere dixit, sed satagere. Quint. CURARE, to take care of, to see to,
to look to. Animi conscientiam non curat improbus. Cic. Ire do-
mum, atque pelliculam curare jube. Hor.
2181. Satelles. Stipator. Apparitor, Lictor. Accensua.
SATELLES, a life-guard of a prince. Regii satellites. Liv. Tyranni

satellites. Cic. Figuratively : Audaciae satelles. Cic. Satellites vo-
luptatum. Id. STIPATOR, (from stipare) an attendant, one of the
squires of the body. Stipatores constituit corporis eosdem ministros,
et satellites potestatis. Cic. APPARITOR, (pareread) an apparitor,
a sergeant, a marshal, a summoner, any inferior officer that u-aits
upon
a suptrior magistrate. Apparitores regii. Liv. Apparitores a Prae-
,tore assignatos habere. Cic. LICTOR, (from ligare) a lictor, one
carrying before the consuls a bundle of birch tied up with an axe to
per-
form executions. I, lictor, colliga manus liberatoris patriae. Liv.
Missique lictores ad suraendum supplicium, nudatos virgis caedunt.
Cic. Sit lictor non SUJE, sed tuae lenitatis apparitor. Id. ACCEN-
sus, (census ad) apoursnivant, a mace-bearer. Accensus sit eo etiam
numero, quo eum majores nostri esse voluerunt : qui hoc non inbe-
nencii loco, sed in laboris ac muneris non temere nisi libertis suis
deferebant. Cic. It is said of recruits of soldiers. Accensos a novis-
siraa acie ante signa procederejubet. Caes.
2182. Satiare. Saturare.
SATIARE, (from satis) to satiate or satisfy. Cibus, quern occu-

pant, satiat. Q. Curt. Figuratively : Satiare odium. Cic. Itaque
satia iracundiara tuam. Petron. SATURARE ( frequentative of sati-
are) is more expressive than satiare, to cram, to glut, to gorge. Nee
cytiso saturantur apes, nee fronde capellae. Virg. Figuratively :
Mens saturata bonarum cogitationum epulis. Cic. Saturare odium,
Id., is more expressive than satiare odium.
21 S3. Satielas. Saturitas. Fastidium.
SATIETAS and Satias, satiety, is said of all the senses. Omnibus in

rebus similitudo est satietatis mater. Cic. Ad satietatem trucidare.
Liv. Satias eum cepit amoris in uxore. Id. Ubi satias cepit fieri,
commuto locum. Ter. Defatigari satietate. Cic. SATURITAS is
mostly said of what relates to the body, satiety, plenteousness : it
does
502
not, as satietas, imply disgust and loathsomeness. Saturitas copiaque

rerum omnium, quaeadvictumhominum,et ad cultum etiam Deorum
pertinent. Cic. We very properly say, in a figurative sense, satietas
vitae, provincial, aurium ; tut saturitas would not do. FASTIDIUM,
( /roro fastus ) ditgitst. Cibi satietas et fastidium. Cic. Varia
fasti-
dia vincere ccena. Hor. Fastidium a'udiendi. Cic. Fastidium sto-
machi. Id. Omnibus in rebus voluptatibus maximis fastidium fini-
timum est. Id.
2184'. Satio. Consitio. Insitio.
SATIO, (from serere, satum) a sou-ing of seed, or planting, sow-

ing-time. Vere fabis satio. Virg. Optima vinetis satio. Id. Perpe-
tua atque aequabili satione. Cic. CONSITIO, a sou-ing, selling, plant-
ing together. Non consitiones modo delectant, sed etiam insitiones,
quibus nihil invenit agricola solertius. Cic. IXSITIO, a grafting.
Venerit insitio, fac ramum ramus adoptet. Ovid.
2185. Satisdare. Satisfacere. Prtestare.
SATISDARE, to put in sufficient sureties, to give bail. Judicatum

solvi satisdare, Cic., To give security for the payment of a Jine. Si
quid satisdandum erit, cures ut satisdetur fide mea, Id., If any se-
curity le required, let my word of honour be engaged. SATISFACERE,
to satisfy, to give satisfaction, to discharge a debt in any way.
Pueri
tui modo me pulsaverunt, satisfacias oportet. Cic. Satisfacere natu-
rae et legibus. Id. Satisfacere alicui in pecunia. Caes. PRÊSTARE,
(used actively] to make good, to answer for, to execute. Pra?starese
propugnatorem acerrimum. Cic. Scntentiam suam praestare sena-
tui. Id. Istam culpam quam vereris praestabo, Id., / will lake the
fault upon myself. Praestabo sumptuin, periculum, Id., I will I '-a
ac-
countable for the expense, for the danger. Quando praestitimus quod
debuimus, moderate quod evenit feramus. Id.
2186. Satishalere. Satisacdpere.
SATISHABERE, to be satisfied, to Jiave no claim upon. Satishabeas

nihil me etiam tecum de tui fratris injuria conqueri. Cic. Hfcc om-
nia vobis sunt expedienda, nee hoc cogitandum satis jam habere
Rempublicam a vobis. Id. SATISACCIPERE, to receive a security.
Abs te satisaccipiam ; ego autem tibi non satisdabo. Cic.
2187. Saxeus. Saxosus.
SAXEUS, of stone, stony, rocky. Moles saxea. Ovid. Tecta saxea.

Id. Figuratively : obdurate, hard-hearted. Saxeus ferreusque es.
Plin. SAXOSUS, full of stones or rocks. Saxosi montes. Virg. Sax*
osa flumina. Id.
2188. Sealer. Scaliosus.
SCABER, (from scabies) rough, rugged, unei'en. Molac scabrae.

Ovid. Exesa invenias scabra rubigine pila. Virg. // is used for
jilthy, dirty , nasty. Pectus illuvie scabrum. Cic. Intonsus tt
ber. Hor. Digiti pingues et scaber unguis. Ovid. Scaber is said of
the actual slate, and SCABIOSUS of the halit. Namque est scabiosus,
et acri bile tumet. Pcrs.
503
2189. Scamnum. Scalellum. Sedile. Sella. Sulsellium,

SCAMNUM, (from scandere) a footstool. Ante focos olim scam-
nis considere longis mos erat. Ovid. Et cava sub tenerum scanina
dedisse pedem. Id. SCABELLUM, (diminutive o/scamnum) a small
form to sit on. Scabella concrepant, aulaeum tollitur. Cic. Scamnum
in cubiculo unum, scabeila tria, sellas quatuor. Catul. SEDILE,
(from sedere) any kind of seat. Vivoque sedilia saxo. Virg. Mem-
bra sedili relevare. Ovid. SELLA, (quasi seda,yrom sedere) a chair.
Sella curulis. Cic. Sella aurea. Id. SUBSELLIUM, (quasi sub sella)
Tribunorum, Triumvirorum, Quaestorum, et hujusmodi minora ex-
ercentium, quiinsubselliis sedebant, says Asconius. It denoted also
the
benches in the forum, where the judges ate publicly, as well as the
coun-
sellors at law. Bis adjudicis subsellia attractus. Cic. Quorum alte-
rum sedere in accusatorum subselliis video. Id.
2190. Scatere. Scaturire.
SCATERE, to spring out, to abound in, &c. Pontus scatens belluis.

Hor. Figuratively : Scatere verbis, Gell., To talk at random, Scatet
amore tuus animus. Plaut. SCATURIRE, to stream or gush out, to
flow abroad plentifully. Solum hoc fontibus scaturit, This ground is
abundant in springs of water. Figuratively : Totus, ut nunc est, hoc
scaturit. Cic.
2191. Scelerare. Temerare.
SCELERARE, (from scelus) to pollute, to defile ly a crime. Parce

pias scelerare manus. Virg. TEMERARE, to violate or profane sacred
things. Sepulchra majorum temerata ac violata. Liv. Figuratively:
Fluvios temerare venenis. Ovid.
2192. Sceleratus. Scelerosus. Scelestus.
SCELERATUS, (from scelus) that plans or executes crimes. Ego

ilium malesanum semper reputavi, nunc etiam impurum et scelera-
tum puto. Cic. Figuratively: Scelerata hasta, Cic., A sale of pro-
perty without any authority whatever. Sceleratus campus, Liv., A
field defiled ly the perpetration of a crime. Amor sceleratus habendi,
Ovid., The immoderate passion of riches, that leads to the commission
of
crimes. Sceleratum exquirere frigus difficile est, Virg., It is
difficult
to point out cold lands. SCELEROSUS, polluted with crimes. Ubi ego
ilium scelerosum atque impium inveniam ? Ter. SCELESTUS,
tvicked, guilty of actions of a criminal nature. Quo, quo, scelesti,
ruitis? Hor. Civis scelestus. Id. Figuratively: Facinus scelestum
ac nefarium. Cic. Scelesto facinori scelestiorem sermonem addidit.
Liv.
2193. Scena. Theatrum.
SCENA, (from tnojvoj) properly, a place shadowed ly branches of

trees ; hence came tlus expression of Virgil : Turn silvis scena
coruscis
desuper, &c. In ancient times plays were acted under the shade of
trees ; from which cnust it is used to express the scene of a stage.
Ores-
tes agitatus scenis, Virg., Orestes whose name resounds in the
theatres.
Figuratively : Scena totius rei haec est, Cic., This is the principal
point
of the business. Tibi nunc scenae, ut dicitur, serviendum est, Id.,
You
must comply with circumstances THEATRUM, (from Ssda-bai, videre)
a theatre, a place Jit for the exhibition of public shows. Spissa
theatra
50-1
viris. Hor. It is also said nf the spectators. Theatra tota reclamant.

Cic. Figuratively: Theatrum ingcnii, Cic., The part wherein genius
is the mast conspicuous. Nullum theatrura virtuti conscientia majus
est. Id.
2194-. Sccnalis. Scenicus.
SCEXALIS, of or belonging to a stage. Scenalis species, Lucret.,

The decoration of a theatre. SCKNICUS has more relation to the
players.
Scenicus artifex, Cic., A comedian, an actor. Scenicum est manus
complodere, Quintil., Loud applause has a taste of the stage.
2195. Scholaris. Scholaslicus. Discipulus.
SCHOLARIS, (from schola) one who goes to schools. Omnibus qui

causa studiorum peregrinantur scholaribus, et maxime divinarum
atque sacrarum rerum proi'essoribus. Frider. Imper. SCHOLASTI-
cus, a pleader of feigned controversies. Scholasticus tantiim est. . .
.
nos vero qui in foro verisque litibus terimus. Plin. jun. DISCIFU-
ius, ( from discere) one that takes lessons of another, a learner. Au-
ditor et discipulus Platonis. Cic. Discipuli coquorum, Plaut.,
Scullions. Discipuli crucis, Id., Newgate-birds. Discipuli in Te-
rence signifies the actors : the poet or composer of plays styles
himself
magister.
2196. Sciens. Scilus. Sdtulu*.
SCIENS, knowing. Quis hoc homine scientior? Cic. Sciens

pugnse. Hor. SCITUS, (from scire) skilful, clever. Scitus lyrae.
Hor. Scitus sycophanta, Plaut., A master in cunning or craft. Scitus
homo is a skilful and clever man ; and sciens homo, a learned man.
Scitus also signifies pleasant, amiable. Scita facies, Ter., A pretty
face. Scitus puer natus est Pamphilo. Id. Interrogationes scitae,
Quintil., Judicious questions SCITULVS, (diminutive of tcitus) pretty,
darling. Amboe forma scitula et a?tatula. Plaut.
2197. Scintillare. Fulgurare.
SCINTILLARE, to sparkle. Cum testa ardente viderent scintillare

oleum. Virg. Figuratively: Ut oculi scintillant vide. Plaut. FUL-
GURARE, to enlighten. Cum ex omnibus quatuor cceli partibus i'ul-
gurabit. Plin. Figuratively : Ut non loqui et orare, sed fulgurare
et tonare videaris. Quintil.
2198. Scire. Rescire.
SCIRE, to know, to be skilful in. Scire Latine. Cic. Nam quod

scio, omnc ex hoc scio. Ter. RESCIRE, to hear of a matter, to come
to the knowledge of it. Quaerit ctiam, si sapiens adulterinoa num-
mos acccperit imprudens pro bonis, cum id rescierit, soluturus sit
eos, si cui debeat, pro bonis. Cic. Ne rescirent Carthaginenses.
Liv. Rescivit Amphitryo rein oinncni. Plaut.
2199. Scriptura. Scriptio. Scriptum.

SCRIPTUKA, a writing r, r making nf a book. Postquam poeta sen-
sit scripturam suam ab iniquis observari. Ter. SCRIPTIO, the act
of writing or composing. Oratio digna scriptionc. Cic. Scriptiones
philosophical. Id. Nulls res tantuin ad dicendum proficit, quantum
scriptio. Id SCRIPTUM, a writing, a work, a book. Optima scripta
Graccorum. Cic. Ex Naevianis scriptis intelligi potest. Cic.
505
2200. Scriptura. Portorium. Decumee.

SCRIPTURA, (synonymous with the two others] the tribute paid to
the public for the grating of cattle in common pastures, because they
set down in books of account the number of leasts which each
individual
might send thither. Portum et scripturas eadem societas habebat.
Cic. Scriptura Sicilian, Id., The farming of pastures in Sicily.
PORTORIUM, (from portus) the custom-house, the duties that are paid
at the custom-houses. Si turpe non est portorium locare, nee turpe
est conducere. Cic. Portorium vini instituere, Id., To put a duty
on wine. Portorium dare de re aliqua. Id. DECUM;E, the tithes or
tenths of corn that were paid for the lands that were held from the
public. Itaque neque ex portu, neque ex decumis, neque ex scrip-
tura, vectigal conservari pctest. Cic.
2201. Scrupeus. Scnepulosus.
SCRUPEUS, of stones. Spelunda alta fuit, vastoque immanishiatu,

scrupea, &c. Virg. SCRUPULOSUS, fullof little gravel-stones. Scru-
pulosa via. Plaut Scrupulosae cotes. Cic. Figuratively: Scrupu-
losa disputatio, Quintil., A dispute too nice, a dispute upon trifles.
2202. Scyphus. Calix.
SCYPKUS (from TXO$Q$) was a large wooden vessel done over with
pitch to prevent it from rotting. Fraxineus scyphus. Catull. It was
also a large jug or boivl to drink out of. Xatis in usurn iaetitiae
scyphis
pugnare Thracum est. Hor. Scyphus was used in sacrifices. Scy-
phus sacer. Virg. CALIX, (>cuAj) a cup, pot, or other vessel to drink
in. Calix vitreus. Mart. Auratus caiix. Propert. Hence is de-
rived our word Chalice. It was also a large vessel used for boiling
vegetables, or dish to serve them up in. Slant calices : minor inde
fabas, olus alter habebat. Ovid.
2203. Secessus. Recessus. Secretum. Soliludo.
SECESSUS, (seorsim sedere) a retirement, a retreat, is said of a

quiet and retired place. Carmina secessum scribentis et otia quse-
runt. Ovid. Amreni secessus. Tac. RECESSUS, (retro cedere) a
recess or place of retirement, denotes something more remote. Mihi
solitudo et recessus provincia est. Cic. It is opposed to accessus.
Bestiis natura dedit cum quodam appetitu accessum ad res saluta-
res, a pestiferis recessum. Cic. Figuratively : Cum in animis ho-
minum tantae latebrae sint, tanti recessus. Cic. SECRETUM, (seor-
sim cernere) a place secret or apart from company and troublesome
visits of curious people. Horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae, an-
trum immane petit. Virg. Venire in secreta. Ovid. // is properly
an adjective ; loca is understood. SOLITUDO, (from solus) a solitude,
a wilderness. Discederem in aliquas solitudines. Cic. Figuratively :
a being alone, and assisted by few. Quod si judex nullo prsesidio fu-
isse videbere contra vim et gratiam solitudini atque inopiae. Cic.
220i. Secretus. Sejunctus. Seclusus.
SECRETUS, (seorsim cernere) apart from, far off. Secretas valles.

Tac. Secretus a voluptate. Cic. Secreta loca petere. Hor. SE-
JUNCTUS, (seorsim jungere) separated, put asunder. Sejunctus ab
506
Antonio. Cic. Ab honestate sejunctus. Id. Secretum ac sejunc-

tum a corpore. Lucret. Figuratively : Pars animi, quas sensuni ha-
beat, ab actionesejuncta. Cic. SECI.VSUS. (seorsim clausus) shut up
apart from others, situate, ly itself. Seclusum in valle reducta.
Virg.
A communi luce seclusus. Liv.
2205. Sectari. Sef/ui.
SECTARI, (frequentative of sequi) to follow aftfr with affection or

ardour. Qui illic ejusmodi est, ut eum pueri sectentur. Cic. Is
preetorem circum omnia fora sectabatur. Id. Figuratively : Fce-
cundi leporis sapiens sectabitur armos. Hor. SEQUI, to follow, to
go after. A tergo sequi. Virg. Sequiturque patrein non passibus
aequis. Id. Figuratively : Sequi militiam, Cic., To follow the pro-
fession of a soldier. Sequi amicitiam alicujus, Id., To endeavour to
attain somebody's friendship. Neque enim attinet quicquam sequi,
quod assequi nequeas. Id.
2206. Sectio. Audio. Licitatio.
SECTIO, (from secare) properly the act of cutting, division, separa-

tion. It is said of the confiscation or forfeiture oj goods, because
one
half or part of the confiscated property was given to the informer.
Ex-
pectantibus omnibus quisnam esset tarn impius qui ad illud scelus
sectionis auderet accedere, inventus est nemo praeter Antonium,
praesertim cum tot essent circa hastam illam qui omnia auderent.
Cic. AUCTIO, (from augere, auctum) properly increasing. It is
here taken for a sale of private goods ly auction. Bona alicujus con-
stituta auctione vendere. Cic. Mulier auctionem provinciarum fa-
ciebat. Id.' LICITATIO, a bidding for, or setting a price upon, a
thing
in a sale by auction. Licitationem facere, Cic., To outbid for a
thing.
Auctionem facere, Id., To sell ly auction.
2207. Secundus. Secundanus. Secundarius.
SECUNDUS, the second, that follows the first either in order or in

number. Quoniam id secundum erat de tribus. Cic. Secundus a
rege, Liv., The next to the king. Fanis secundus, Hor., Coarse
bread. Amongst the Romans, when a first presage was not favour-
able, another was asked, which, if favourable, was called secundum.
Hence these expressions so frequently found in Latin authors. Avibus
secundis. Liv. Auspicia secunda. Hor. Fortuna secunda. Cic.
Fama secunda. Liv. Amni secundo, Virg., Down the stream. When
the second omen was not favourable, it was only called alterum. SE-
CUNDAXUS, a soldier of the second /t-gion. Dum repetunt enixe biir-
num, priores secundani seportu ejecere. Liv. SECUNDARIUS, oj the
second sort or order. Q. Arrius, qui fuit M. Crassi quasi secunda-
rius. Cic. Panis secundarius. Suet.
2208. Securis. Bipennis.
SECURIS, ( from secare) an axe or hatchet. Securi cervices sub-

jecere. Cic. Figuratively : Sccurim graviorem lleipublicae infli-
gere. Cic. Securim alicui infligere, Id., To throw a rub in some-
body's way. BIPENNIS, (from bis and penna, a pinion, a wing) a
halbert, a pole-axe. Tonsa bipennibus ilex. Hor. Correpta dura
bipemii limina perrumpit. Virg.
2209. Sfditiosus. Turiulentus. Turlidus. Tumultuosus. Tumul-

tuarius.
SEDITIOSUS, seditious, that raises seditions. Dissentio cmum, quOd

seorsim alii ab aliis eunt, seditio dicitur. Cic. Malus civis, impro-
bus consul, seditiosus homo. Id. TURBULENTUS, (from turba)
turbulent, factious. Seditiosus et turbulentus civis. Cic. Condones
turbulentae. Id. Annus turbulentior. Id. TURBIDUS, muddy, thick,
foggy, is tetter said of things. Aqua turbida. Cic. Figuratively :
Esse in turbidis rebus. Cic. Mores turbidi, Plaut., A troublesome
temper. Animi turbidus, Tac., Not sound in his mind. Si turbidis-
sima sapienter ferebas, tranquilliora laete feras. Cic. TUMULTU-
OSUS, tumultuous, confused, alarming. Tumultuosum genus pugnae.
Liv. Seditiosa et tumultuosa vita. Cic. In otio tumultuosi, in bello
segnes. Liv. Ex Syria nobis tumultuosa quaedam nunciata sunt.
Cic. TUMULTUARIUS, done in haste, or in a hurry, disorderly. Tu-
multuaria pugna. Liv. Delectus tumultuarius. Id. Tumultuarius
dux. Id.
2210. Seducere. Sevocare.
SEDUCERE, (seorsim ducere) to lead aside or apart. Blandamanu

seduxit eum. Cic. Singulos deinde separatim, Laelium ac Massi-
nissam seductos obtestatur. Liv. Figuratively : Cum mors anima.
seduxerit artus, Virg., When death shall have separated the soul from
the body. SEVOCARE, (seorsim vecare) to call apart or aside from
another. Sevocat hunc genitor. Ter. Figuratively : Sevocare ani-
mum ab omni rtegotio. Cic.
2211. Seducere. Subornare. Apponere.
SEDUCERE, figuratively, may le compared with subornare, appo-

nere. ft also signifies to seduce, to deceive. Etiam nunc me seducere
istis dictis postulas. Ter. SUBORNARE is to send privily and under-
hand what to do or fay, ivith instructions. Subornare testes. Cic.
Confessus es a te accusatores esse instructos et subornatos. Id. It
also signifies to set forth and honour one. Tu, quod adhuc fecisti,
idem prassta, ut nos subornes. Cic. APPONERE, (ponere ad) to set
to, nigh, or before. Apponere signum epistolae. Cic. Apponere men-
sam alicui, Id., synonymous with the two others, means to suborn, to
bribe. Accusator apponitur civis Romanus. Cic. Calumniatores
ex sinu suo apposuit, He appointed false witnesses out of his own
servants.
2212. Seges. Messis.
SEGES, standing corn, a crop. Luxuries segetum. Cic. Segetes

foecundoe herbas effundunt frugibus inimicissimas. Id. Hie segetes
veniunt, illic felicius uvae. Virg. It is aLo said of land tilled and
ready
to le sown. Ilia seges votis demum respondet avari agricolse, bis
quae solem, bis frigora sensit. Virg. Figuratively : Seges ac materia
gloria?. Cic. Seges ferrea telorum. Virg. MESSIS, (from metere)
a harvest or crop of ripe corn. Messis proprie dicitur in iis quae me-
tuntur, maxime in frumento. Varr. Ruperunt horrea messes. Virg.
Gravidis onerati messibus agri. Id. Figuratively : Malorum messem
metere. Cic. Messem Syllani temporis. Id. Tua messis in herba
est, Ovid., Your hopes are but in the bud.
508
2213. Segregare. Seponere. Semovere. Removere. Sejungere.
SEGREGARE, (seorsim agrege) to lob; out of or separate from the

flock. Ovcsque segregates ostendit procul. Phsed. Figuratively:
Segregare pugnain. Liv. Virtuteni segregare '?. suinmo bono. Cic.
Te obtestatur ne abs te hanc segreges, neu deseras. Ter. Segrega
serraonem, Plaut., Prate to yourself. SEPONEUE, (seorsim ponere)
to lay apart, to reserve. Captivaiu pecuniain iu cedificationem ejus
templi seposuit. Liv. Figuratively : Seponere sibi tempus ad rem
aliquam. Cic. Seponendum extra certamen alterum consulatum,
ad quern plebi sit aditus. Liv. SEMOVERE, (seorsim movere) tore-
move or put aside. Discipulum semidoctum abs te semoves. Plaut.
Qui antea voce praeconis a liberis semovebantur. Cic. Figurative-
ly : Semovenda est voluptas. Cic. REMOVERE, (retro movere) to
remove, to displace. Mensasque remotae. Virg. Removeat praesidia
ex iis locis quae occupavit. Cic. Figuratively: Suppliciuni a se re-
inovere. Cic. Se a publicis negotiis removere. Id. Tempore se-
motum fuerit longeque reraotum. Lucret. SEJUNGERE, (seorsim
jungere) to disjoin, to separate, to part or put asunder. Sejungere
tabulas. Col. Figuratively : Duramodo tua calamitas ii Reipublicas
periculo sejungatur. Cic. Fortunam nemo ab inccnstantia sejunget .
Jd.
2214. Semen. Semen tis. Seminarium.
SEMEN, seed, corn or grain. Committere semina sulcis. Virg.

Pars autem'posito surgunt de semine, ut altse castantae. Id. Figu-
ratively : Semen urbanitatis. Cic. Semina virtutum et igniculi. Id.
Flammae semina. Virg. Naturae sequitur semina quisque suae. Pro-
pert. SEMENTIS, seed- or sowing-time. Ut sementem feceris, ita et
metes. Cic. Figuratively : Malorum facere sementim. Cic. SE-
MINARIUM, (from semen) a nursery. Qui vineam vel arbustum con-
stituere volet, seininaria prius facere debcbit. Cic. Figuratively :
Principium urbis, et quasi seminarium Reipublica?.. Cic. Ex illo fonte
et seminario triumphorum. Id.
2215. Semianimis. Seminex. Semivivus.
SEMIANIMI.S, half-dead, in a swoon. Media procubuit dorao semi-

animis. Ovid. Semianimes volvuntur equi. Virg. Cum semianimis de
templo elatus esset. C. Nep. SEMINEX, half-dead with his wounds,
half-slain. Seminecctn eum ad Cannas in acervo caesorum corporum
inventum Annibal domum remiserat. Liv. SEMIVIVUS, half-alive,
that lias only half the necessary strength. Parthi Sibulum scmivivum
reliquerunt. Cic. Abject! hominis et scmivivi vox. Id. Figuratively:
Semivivis mercatorum vocibus recjamatum est. Cic. Semineces et
semianimes vix agere et moveri possunt ; semivivus agit, ambulat,
loquitur, sed timide et imbccilliter. G. D.
2216. Semihomo. Semivir.

SEMIHOMO, half a man, who has hardly the external appearance of
a man. Semihomo Cacus. Virg. SEMIVIR, ej[)'eminat<:. Errare (jui
tarn atrocem caidem pertinere ad illos semiviros crcdercnt. Liv. En
nunc ille Paris cum semiviro comitatu. Virjr.
509
2217. Senectus. Senecta. Senlum.
SENECTUS, old age. Senectus est vitae occasus. Cic. Temeritas

estflorentis aetatis, prudentia senectutis. Id. Figuratively:
Plenalit-
teratae senectutis oratio, Cic., A discourse full of maturity and
learn-
ing. SEXECTA is properly an adjective. Senectum corpus. Sail. Se-
necta aetas. Plaut. Senectam diem obiit in patria, Plin., He died of
old
age in his own country. It is generally used as a substantive. Hoc in
senecta reputo miserrimum, sentire ea aetate esse odiosum alteri.
Cic. SENIUM is said of the years of old age, weariness, and wasting
of strength. Curvata senio membra. Tac. Mens senio fluxa. Id. Te-
rence has made use q/'senium instead of senem. Ut ilium Dii Deaeque
senium perdant, qui me hodie remoratus est. Figuratively: Luget
Senatus, nioaret equester ordo, tota civitas confecta senio est. Cic.
Surge, et inhumanae senium depone Carncenae. Hor.
2218. Senes. Veteres. Antiqui.
SENES, old people, those that are advanced in years. Longaevosque

senes ac f'essas aequore niatres. Virg. VETERES, those that are past,
and existed before us, even if they ne.ver attained old age. Si
creden-
dum est veteribus, ut aiunt, viris. Cic. Veteres auctores, Id., The
authors that lived before us. ANTIQUI is said of the two foregoing
ones ; the ancients. Plus apud me auctoritas antiquorum valet. Cic.
Majores nostri, veteres iiii admodum antiqui. Id. Senes vocantur
quantum ad privatam ipsorum vitam, quod usque ad aetatem senilem
vixerunt; veteres quantum ad publicum tempus, quod alia aetate vix-
erunt, etiamsi ad senium non pervenerint; antiqui utrique dicuntur,
sed magis veteres quam senes. Senibus et antiquisliabendus honos,
non item veteribus, nam quidam juniores sa?pe sunt seniores veteri-
bus. G. D.
2219. Senstm. Pedetentim. Paulahm.
SENSIM, leisurely ,ly little and little, by degrees. Magis decere ceu-
sent sapientes sensim amicitiam dissuere, quam repente praecidere.
Cic. Sensim erit pedetentimque facienda mutatio. Id. PEDETEN-
TIM, (from pes awc/tendere) step by step, with gentle steps. Quae-
rendis pedetentim vadibus. Liv. Pedetentim ite, et sedato nisu. Cic.
Figuratively: Sensim et pedetentim progrediens extenuatur dolor.
Cic. A me omnia caute pedetentimque dicentur. Id. PAULATIM,
by little and little, by degrees. Paulatim adnabam terrae. Virg. Cujus
amicitia me paulatim in hanc perditam causam imposuit. Cic.
2220.' Sensus. Sensurn.
SENSUS, sense, sentiment, sensation, feeling. Sensus audiendi, Cic.,

The sense of hearing. Omnis sensus hominum muito antecellit sen-
sibus bestiarum. Id. Affici sensu doloris. Id. Carere sensu com muni.
Hor. Ids also said of thought, understanding. Speculari abditos sen-
sus. Liv. Sensibus Celebris, verbis rudis. Vel. Paterc. Figuratively :
Sensus verbi, Ovid., The meaning of a word. SEKSUM is properly an
adjective, that which one conceives in his mind. Quod erat sensu com-
prehensum, id sensum appellant. Cic. Exprimere dicendo sensa, Id.,
To express one's thoughts ly words.
510
2221. Sententiam dicere. Sententiam f err e. Sententiam pronun-
ciare.
SENTENTIAM DICERE, to give one's opinion, either in private, or ac-

cording to law. In libris Sententiam dicebamus. Cic. Sententiam
loco Praetoris dicere. Id. SENTENTIAM FERRE is always said of the
Judge. Judices cum de te sententiam ferrent. Cic. SENTENTIAM
PRONUNCIARE is only said of the chief magistrate. Sententiam de tri-
bunali pronuntiat. Cic. Figuratively : .-Equam sententiam pronun-
ciabit ratio, si friend, a judge, sententiam dicunt ; a judge, senten-
tiam fert; the chief magistrate, sententiam pronunciat. G. D.
2222. Separatim. Seorsum.
SEPARATIM, ( from separare) separately, in particular. Separa-

tim singularum civitatum copias collocaverat. Goes Xihil accidit ei
separatim a caeteris civibus. Cic. SEORSUM, apart, in a separate
place. Seorsum arma ac tela seponebantur. Cic. Seorsum a collega
puto mihi omnia paranda. Id. Separatim is opposed to conjunctim ;
and seorsum, to una, similiter, and they are very properly used the
one
for the other.
2223. Septies. Seplimum.
SEPTIES, seven times. Septies millies sestertium. Cic. SEPTI-

MUM, the seventh time. Cur Marius tarn feliciter septimum consul
domi suae senex est mortuus ? Cic.
2224-. Septimus. Septenus. Septenarius.
SEPTIMUS, the seventh. Septima aestas. Virg. Septimus dies. Cic.

SEPTEXVS, of or belonging to seven. Septenus numerus. Cic. Ter
septenis diebus. Plin. SEPTENARIUS, that has or contains seven.
Septenarius versus, Cic., A verse of seven feet.
2225. Serenare. Tranquillare.
SERENARE, (from serenus) to make serene or calm. Vultu quo

coelura tempestatesque serenat.Virg. Figuratively: Consilium vultu
tegit, ac spem fronte serenat. Virg. TRANQUILLARE, (quasi tran-
quillumfacere) to make still or cairn. Mare tranquillare. PUn. Figu-
ratively: Quid pure tranquillet honos, an dulce luccllum. Hor. Jus-
titia semper alit aliquid quod tranquillet animos. Cic. Serenare may
be opposed to obducere ; and tranquillare, to perturbarc, agitare.
Tranquillum mare, serenum coelum. G. D.
2226. Serere. Seminare. Plantare. Spargere.

SERERE, to sou-, to plunt, is said of corn and plants. Serite hordea
campis. Virg. Serit arbores qua; alteri sa'Ciilo prosint. Cic. Figura-
tively: Civiles discordias serere. Liv. CYrtamina levia serere. Id.
Crimina in scnatuni apud plebem seiviv. Id. SBMIWAKX, to sow, or
put the seed in the ground. Seminare hordeum. Col. Serainare agnun.
Id. PLAN TAKE, to plant or set. Hoc inodo plantantur coryli, mali,
&c. Plin. Plantantur punica?. Id. Pomegranate-trees are planted.
SPABOKRK, (from nrgû, îrusy.y.) tn strer- or throw atout. Semen
spargere. Cic. Arenam epargere pedibus. Virg. Figuratively t Vo-
..ubiguas spargere in vulgus. Virg. Litterae sparsac hurnanitatis
sale. Cic. Sparserat nomen vaga fama per urbes. Ovid.
oil
2227. Sermocinari. Colloqui.
SERMOCINARI, (from sermo) to talk, to discourse. In consuetu-

dine scribendi aut sermocinandi. Cic. COLLOQUI, (loqui cum) to
talk with one, to parley, to speak together. Colloqui cum aliquo per
litteras. Cic. Hoc uno prsestamus vel maxime feris, quod colloqui-
mur inter nos, et quod exprimere dicendo sensa possumus. Id.
2228. Sero. Lente. Tarde.
SERO, lute. Eloquentia sero prodiitin lucem. Cic. Deraum sero

veneram. Id. LENTE, slowly, slackly. Lente agere. Liv. Lente
ferre injurias, Id., To tear injuries -patiently. TARDE, slowly. Cito
aegrotamus, tarde convalescimus. Cic. Tarde percipere. Id. Sero
opem ferimus segro, cum nulla spes superest ; tarde convalescit qui
diu asgrotavit ; lente agere, aut prudentias aut ignaviae indicium
est.
G. D.
2229. Servare. Asservare. Conservare. Custodire. Salvare.
SERVARE, to preserve or save. Me quidem certo servavit suis con-

siliis. Cic. Fidem servare. Caes. Animi rectum servare. Hor. Ser-
vare ordinem. Liv. ASSERVARE, (servare ad) loobserve, to keep, to
wulch what one does. Asservabo hie oûia rerum agat. Plaut. Asser-
vari eos jubet privatis custodiis. Cic. Cum Appii tabulae negligen-
tius asservatse dicerentur. Id. CONSERVARE, (servare cum) to pre-
serve, to keep together. Si aliquis in mundo est, qui regat, qui gu-
bernet, qui conservet omnia. Cic. lllius conservavit pecuniam et
patrimonium. Id. Conservare aliquem ab omni periculo. Id. CUS-
TODIRE, to look to, to observe, to guard safely, to defend. Multorum
te oculi auresque speculabuntur atque custodient. Cic. Juventus
tuum corpus domumque custodit. Id. Custodiebatur ut parricida.
Id. Custodire memoriae. Id. Custodire aliquem is to keep one, lest
he should run aiuay, or in order to protect and defend him : but ser-
vare aliquem signifies to save, to preserve one. SALVARE and Salva-
tor are not elegant Latin, and are seldom used by the writers of the
Au-
gustan age.
2230. Servator. Conservator. Liberator. Soter.
SERVATOR, a saviour, a preserver. Cicero servator urbis. Cic.

Cunctis servatorem liberatoremque acclamantibus. Liv. CONSER-
VATOR, a defender, a protector. Gustos et conservator imperil. Cic.
Mithridatem conservatorem Asise nominabant. Id. LIBERATOR, a
deliverer, a releaser. Servatorem liberatoremque acclamantibus. Liv.
SOTER, ( from a-wr^p) sans Cicero, is est nimirum qui salutem dedit,
He that gives health or safety. Grammarians oppose perditor to senra-
tor ; and desertor to conservator.
2231. Servilis. Famularis.
SERVILIS, of or belonging to bondage, slavish, servile. Indoles ser-

vilis. Liv. Supplicio servili animadvertere. Id. Bellum servile. Cic.
FAMULARIS, of or belonging to a servant. Se in medios immisit
hostes famulari veste. Cic. Famularis ilium retinet manus. Ovid.
Turba famularis mensas instruit. Stat.
512
2232. Serus. Tardus.
SIRUS, late, tardy, coming late. Sera gratulatio reprehend! non

solet, pracsertim si nullu negligentia praetermissa est. Cic. Quid
tarn
sera advenis ? Ter. Seri nepotes, Virg., Our remote posterity. TAK-
DUS, slow, dull, heavy in doing a thing. Tardior ad discendum, Cic.,
A stupid man that makes no progress in learning. Seri studiorum,
Hor., is said of those who begin their studies very late. Tardus in
co-
gitando. Cic. Res tardior spe. Liv. Tardus may le opposed to velox ;
andserus to tempestivus.
2233. Servum esse. Servire. Deservire. Inservire.
SERVUM ESSE, to le of a servile condition. Non enim ita dicunt

eos esse servos, sicut mancipia, quae sunt dominorum facta r.exu.
Cic. SERVIRE, to serve, to obey, to be under the control of a master.
TJni domino servire. Catul. He who is in service does not always be-
long to a servile condition. Figuratively : Servire existimationi,
Cic.,
To seek out for esteem. Matrimonio puellae servire, Id., To provide
an establishment for one's daughter. Tempori servire, Id., To act ac-
cording to circumstances. DESERVIRE rises above the signification of
servire ; to be assiduous in service, constant in servitude. Itemque
alii
qui quidvis perpetiantur, cuivis deserviant, dum, quod velint, con-
sequantur. Cic. Likewise in the figurative sense: Officia niea,
operae,
vigilias, deserviuntamicis, et prassto sunt omnibus. Cic. Indulge va-
letudini tuae, cui quidem tu adhuc, dum mihi deserris, servisti lion
satis. Id. INSERVIRE. to do service to one, to mind and take care of
a thing. A quo enim plurinmm sperant, ei potissimum inserviunt.
Cic. Inservire comnumi commodo. Id. Valetudo tua me valde
sollicitat, sed inservi, et fac onmia. Id. Servi would be less expres-
sive. Famulus domino servit ; avarus cuivis deservit, dum ditescat ;
amicus amico inservit. G. D.
2234-. Sen-its citnanu. Servus admanum.
SERVUS A MANU, a secretary. Thallo u manu, quod pro episto!4

prodita denarios quingentos accepisset, crura effregit. Guet. SER-
VUS AD MANU.M may be said of a secretary, or of a slave always in
readiness In execute his master's commands. Quern servum sibi ille ha-
buit ad manum. Cic.
2235. Servus a pedibus. Servus ad pedes.
SERVUS A PEDIBI s, (i messenger, one who goes on errands for his

master. Pollucem servum a pedibus meum Ilomam misi. C'ic.
SERVUS AD PEDKS was he who waited on his mastgr at table. Servus
qui ccenanti ad pcdes steterat. Sen.
2236. Sestertius. Seslertium.
SESTERTIUS was the small sesterce, in value the fourth part of a de-
nier, or two asses and a half, i. e. two pounds and a half of brass
coin.
It has been of a greater or smaller value. SESTEKTIUM was the great
sesterce, in value a thousand times the sestertius. IVhen the quantity
of
sesterces is expressed by the simple numerical name, the sestertium,
or
great sesterce, is intended, and mille is always understood: thus
m'dle
sestertia is a thousarid times a thousand, or a million of small
sesterces.
513
But when the quantity is expressed by the numeral adverb, it always

denotes a hundred times as much ; so decies sestertium is decies cen-
tena millia, i. e. a million of small sesterces. Pro frumento in
modios
singulos duodenos sestertios exegit. Cic. Capit ille ex suis
praesidiis
sexcenta sestertia, egocentena ex meis. Id.
2237. Seta. Pihis. Villus.
SETA, a bristle, a big, rough and longhair, like that of horses or

pigs. Seta equina. Cic. Setae leonis. Id. PILUS, the hair of the head,
beard, or other part of any creature. Pilus is the general word. Vel-
lere pilos caudse equinae. Hor. Munitae sunt palpebrae vallo pilorura.
Cic. VILLUS, the hair of beasts. Animantium alia? villis vestitae,
aliae coriis tutae sunt, alias spinis hirsutae. Cic. Ovium villis
confectis
atque contextis homines vestiuntur. Id. It is also said of the hair or
nap of cloth. Tonsisque ferunt in ant ilia villis. Virg.
2238. Sibilare. Exsibilare.
SIBILARE, (from sibilus) to hiss. Serpens sibilat ore. Virg. Figu-

ratively: Populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo ipse domi. Hor. EX-
SIBILARE, to hiss off the stage. Histrio si paulum se movit extra mo-
<lum, exsibilatur et exploditur. Cic.
2239. Siccus. Sobrins.
Siccus, properly, dry. Siccaque in rupe resedit. Virg. Siccus is

said of one that drinks no wine. Vinolentorum visa imbecilliora esse
dicebas.quam siccorum. Cic. SOBRIUS, (sine ebrietate) sober, that
is not drunk. Quasi inter sobrios baochari videtur vinolentus. Cic.
Tu pol homo non es sobrius, Ter., You are most assuredly drunk. It
also expresses moderate, wise. Homines satis plane frugi ac sobrii.
Cic.
Statius says, Sobriae terras, Ground that does not grow wine; and
Clau-
dian, Sobria paupertas, Poverty that makes people sober. Siccus is
opposed to madidus; and sobrfus to ebrius.
2240. Signare. Notare. Dcsignare. Observare.

SIGXARE, (from signum) to mark, to stamp, to engrave. Cera sig-
natur figuris. Ovid. Signare argentum, Cic., To stamp silver coin.
Accepi a te signatum libellum, Id., / have received of you a book to
which you had put your name or seal. Figuratively : Signare in ani-
mis. Cic. NOTARE, to note, mark, observe. Digitis charta notata
meis. Ovid. Figuratively: Notandam putavi nimiam libidinem. Cic.
DESIGNARE, to design, to show. Designare nota infamias. Liv. No-
tat et designat oculis ad caedem unumquemque nostrum. Cic. OB-
SERVARE, (synonymous with the rest] to observe. Quomodo haec in-
finita observando notare possumus ? Cic. Notamus rem, ut memo-
riae haereat 5 observamus, ut judicium feramus. G. D.
2241. Signatus. Sigillatus.
SIGNATUS, marked, stamped, imprinted. Signata saxo nomina.

Ovid. Cicatrix signata in stirpe. Virg. Figuratively: Memoriam.
esse signatarum in mente rerum vestigia. Cic. SIGILLATUS, that
has little images set in, or wrought on. Jubet me scyphos sigillatos
ad
Prastorem statim afFerre. Cic.
2242. Signijicare. Declarare. Monstrare. Indicare.

SIGNIFICARE, (signum facere) to acquaint by signs. Hoc mihi
2L
514
significasse atque annuisse visus est. Cic. DECLARARE, to declare,

to show clearly. Hoc saepius dicendum, tibique non significandum
solum, sed etiam declarandum arbitror. Cic. Luculentam plagam ac-
cepit, ut declarat cicatrix. Id. MONSTRARE, to show, to point out.
Digito indice monstrat. Hor. Ut si caecus iter monstrare relit. Id.
INDICARE, (from index) to indicate, to proclaim. Rem omnera
indicavit puer. Cic. Vultus indicat mores. Id. Indica minimo da-
turus qui sis, Ter., Tell me the lowest price.
2243. Signification Indicium. Vestigium.
SIGNIFICATIO, (signum facere) a sign or token. Ignibus significa-

tionem facere. Caes. Uno nuncio, una litterarum significatione. Cic.
Gestus sententiam non demonstratione, sed significatione declarans.
Id. INDICIUM, (from index) a sign, a mark. Monumentum posi-
tuni. ut esset indicium oppressi Senatus. Cic. Doloris praesentis in-
dicium. Id. VESTIGIUM is properly a footstep. Vestigium imprimere.
Cic. It is said of the part of the foot that makes an impression or
trace.
Vestigia primi albapedis. Virg. Figuratively: Indicia et vestigia ve-
neni. Cic. Memoria est signatarum rerum in mente vestigia. Id.
2244-. Signum. Sigillum.

SIGNUM (synonymous with sigillum) is ajigure in relievo, a statue.
Asperis signis pocula. Virg. Factum de marmore signum. SIGIL-
LUM, (diminutive of signum) a little image graven or molten. Appo-
suit patellam, in qua sigilla erant egregia. Cic. In the same sense it
is
said of a seal, on account of the engraving. Sigilla annulo impressa.
Cic. Signum is likewise said of a seal. Non utar meo chirographo,
neque signo. Cic.
2245. Signum. Insigne. Specimen.
SIGNUM, (synonymous with the others] a sign, a mark. Ejus color

pudoris signum indicat. Ter. Morborum causa? et signa. Virg. Sig-
na doloris vultu ostendere. Cic. INSIGNE, (from in and signum) a
particular ?nark. Insignia virtutis multi etiam sine virtute assecuti
sunt. Cic. Sedebat cum purpura et sceptro, et insignibus illis regiis.
Id. Our word Ensign is derived from Insigne. SPECIMEN, (from
species) an image, example, specimen, pal tern. Prudentias specimen
Scaevola. Cic. Jropularis judicii specimen. Id. Unicum antiquitatis
specimen, Tac., The only image of 'antiquity. Specimen naturae capi
debet ex optima quaque natura. Cic.
2246. Signum. Vexillum.

SIGNUM, signifying an ensign or standard, was a long pike, at the
top of which a small board wasjixcd, on which was the name of the re-
giment or legion that Jo/lowed. Cohortis primae, cohortis secundae,
&c. convenire ad signa jubentur. Caes. Militare sub signis. Liv. In-
ferre signa. Id. VEXILLUM, (diminutive o/' velum) a standard, or
flag, was a small /tanner whereon the image of the O.sy/r.v, and the
name of the emperor, were represented in gold or silver. Nomenque
ejus vexillis omnibus sine mora inscripserunt. Suet. Convellere vex-
illa. Tac. Vexillum proponendum, quod erat insigne, cum ad anna
concurri oporteret. Caes. Inter signa militaria atque vexilla. Suet.
515
*
2247. Silentium. Taciturnitas.
SILENTIUM, (from silere) silence, secrecy. Alti atque egregii si-

lentii homo. Hor. Silentio praetermittere. Cic. Figuratively: Silen-
tium noctis, Liv., The dead of the night. Per arnica silentia lunae.
Virg. TACITURNITAS, (from tacere) an inclination to, or obstinacy
in, silence, taciturnity. Nosti hominis taciturnitatem et tarditatem.
Cic. Suspicionem mihi majorem tua taciturnitas attulerat. Id. Taci-
turnitatem interdum eloquentia potiorem esse. Id.
2248. Silvestris. Silvosus.
SILVESTRIS, of a mood or forest, bred in the country, mild, savage*

Agrum silvestrem mitigat flammis. Hor. Homines silvestres. Id.
Materia silvestvis. Cic. Tecta silvestria. Id. Tumulus silvestris. Id.
SILVOSUS, moody, abundant in moods. Saltus duo alti silvosique
sunt, montibus circa se perpetuis juncti. Liv.
2249. Similis alicujus. Similis alicui.

SIMILIS (with a genitive case) is more generally used in amoral
sense. Spes tamen una est, aliquando Populum Romanum Majorum
similem fore. Cic. Vita iste omnium perditorum ita similis, ut esset
facile teterrimus. With a dative, it better applies to physical
objects.
Os humerosque Deo similis. Virg. Puroque simiMimus amni. Hor.
Cicero says yeri-similia ; and Quint iliati vero-similia.
2250. Simplicitas. Candor.
SIMPLICITAS (quasi sine plicis) said of a thing that is not schemed,

simplicity, ingenuity. Nuda simplicitas. Ovid. Fabularum conviviali-
um simplicitas. Tac. CANDOR, properly, shining whiteness. Candor
niveus. Vir,g. Lactea via candore notabilis. Ovid. Figuratively:
candour, uprightness. Candor animi. Cic. Si vestrum merui candore
favorem. Ovid.
2251. Simul. Una.
SIMUL, at the same time. Duas res simul agere mihi decretum est.
Cic. It is very well used with a dative case. Hypcepeni, Trallianique
Laodiceniis ac Magnetibus simul transmissi. Tac. It also signifies,
as soon as. At simul inflavit tybicen, a perito carmen agnoscitur.Cic.
UNA, in company with. Philosophari una cum aliquo. Cic. It
would be properly said: Ambos una necavit, non tamen simul expi-
rarunt. G. D. Writers have often used them promiscuously.
2252. Simulachrum. E-Jigies. Imago. Statua.
SIMULACHRUM, (from similis) a portrait, i-s only for resemblance

and likeness. Statuas et imagines non animorum simulachra, sed cor-
porum. Cic. Simulachra libertatis, Tac., Shadows of liberty. EF-
FIGIES, (from effingere) an effigy, takes the place of the thing
itself.
Effigies simulachrumque Mithridatis. Cic. It is not said of painting.
Effigies Neronis ad informe aes liquefacta. Tac. Figuratively: Ad
effigiem justi imperii, Cic., To give an idea of a just government.
Ef-
figies humanitatis et probitatis patris, filius. Id. IMAGO, an image,
merely represents the idea of a thing: it is said ofpainting and of
sculp-
ture. Agesilaus neque fictam neque pictam imaginem passus est. Cic.
En vobis, inquit juvenem filium tenens, effigiem atque imaginem ejus.
2L2
.516
Id. Figuratively: Imagine pacis deceptus, Tac, Lulled by the ap-

pearances of a sincere peace. Imaginem Reipublicae nullam relin-
quunt. Cic. STATUA, (from stare) a statue, is ajigure in r
representing thefgure and body ; but imago represents only thej:
and is only said of God and man. Statua equestris. Cic. Imago eques-
tris would be bad Latin.
2253. Simulare. Dissimulare.
SIMULARE, to make as if a thing was,which is not. Simulare aegrum,

Cic., To sham sickness. Spem vultu simulat, Virg., He takes the farm
ofconjidcnce. DISSIMULARE, to dissemble, to conceal what is. Dissi-
mulat metum, Hor., He conceals his fears. Nee quidquain simulabit,
aut dissimulabit vir bonus. Cic. Catilina cujuslibet rei simulator ac
dissimulator. Sail. Simulamus quae non sunt; dissimulamus quae
sunt. G. D.
2254-. Smgulatim. Singillatim. Sigillatim. Singidariter.
SINGULATIM, SINGILLATIM, SlGlLLATlM, (from singulus) e\~ery

thing by itself, one by one, one after another. Quid ego de caeteris
civium Romanorum suppliciis sigillatim potius quam generatim at-
que universe loquar? Cic. Quid ego nunc commemorem singilla-
tim qualis in istum fuerim? Id. Singulatim unicuique respondere.
Id. SINGULARJTER, singidarly, abo-cc all others. De pluribus sin-
gulariter. Quint. Quern ego in Prsetura mea singulariter dilexissem.
Cic.
2255. Singuli. Universi.
SINGULI, one by one, one after another. UNIVERSI, all together

and in general, all without exception. Dum singuli pugnant, universi
vincuntur, Tac., Fighting only one after another, they are all
conquered
in the end. Quae si singula vos forte non movent, universa certe ta-
men inter se conjuncta atque connexa movere debebunt. Cic. Deus
separatim ab universis singulos diligit. Id.
2256. Singultus. Suspirium.
SlNGULTUS, a sobbing, frequent sobs accompanied Kith interrupted

utterance of the voice. Flens cum singultu. Cic. Singultu medios
prsepediente sonos. Ovid. SUSPIRIUM, a s(gh, accompanied u-ilh
short and difficult breathing, caused often by some passion, such as
by
sadness, &c. Ducere suspiria ab imo pectore. Ovid. Quem nemo
aspicere sine suspirio posset. Cic.
2257. Kiitistre. Sinistrorsum.
SIXISTRE, properly, on the left-hand .side. It is only used in the

figurative sense ; aivkivardly, unluckily, unfortunately. Except;
nistre. Hor. Caedes sinistre accepta. Tac SINISTHORSL-M or
STRORSUS, toward or on the left-hand side. It is only used in the pro-
per sense, llle sinistrorsum, hie dextrorsum abit. Hor. Hinc se rlec-
tit sinistrorsus. Caes.
2258. Sinus. Grcmium.
SINUS, the bosom, all within the compass of the breast and arms, all
above the girdle. Fovere dextram sinu. Ovid. Figuratively: In sinu
gaudere. Cic. Calumniatores de sinu suo apposuit. Id. Ca?sar mihi
517
in sinu est. Id. It is said of what has many folds. Nodoque sinus col-
lecta fluentes. Virg. Pandentemque sinus et tola veste vocantem
cseruleum in gremium. Id. It is also said of a gulf or bay. Ater sinus
Adriae. Hor. GREMIUM, (quasi geremium, from gerere) the lay,
the space between the girdle to the knees of a person sitting. Qui se
in
suo gremio positurum puerum dicebat. Ter. Puer lactens, in gre-
mio matris sedens. Cic. Figuratively: E sinu gremioque patriae abs-
trahi. Cic. Thessalonicenses positi in gremio imperil nostri. Id.
Puer lactens in sinu matris incumbit; sedet in gremio. G. D.
2259. Sitire aliquid. Ardere aliqua re. Ardere aliquid.

SITIRE and Ardere, used figuratively, present two very different
ideas. Shire signifies to covet a thing earnestly, to long for it. Ho-
nores, voluptates sitire. Cic. Sitientem me tuae virtutis deseruisti.
Id. Sitientes aures. Id. ARDEHE, to desire passionately, to be in-
flamed with. Ardere studio historian Cic. Ardere invidia, Liv., To
be an object of envy to others. Ardere ira, dolore. Cic. Sitire would
be improper in the foregoing sentences. Poets use the accusative case
'with ardere. Forrnosum pastor Corydon ardebat Alexin. Virg.
2260. Situla. Sitetta. Cista. Urna.
SITULA and Sitella, (its diminutive) a bucket to draw water in. Si-
tulam hue tecum afferto cum aqua. Plaut. SITELLA is often used
for a little pot with or without water, whence lots were drawn, a
ballot-
box. Sitella allata est, ut sortirentur ubi Latini suffragia ferrent.
JLiv. CISTA, a pannier of wicker, a chest for books, money, &c. Cista
viminea. Plin. Cistam effractam plorat. Hor. It is also said of the
ballot box used for the election of magistrates . Selecti ad
custodiendas
cistas suffragiorum. Plin. URNA, a water-pitcher. Tu qui urnam
habes, aquam ingere. Plaut. Urna was also a pot or vessel into which
they used to put the ashes and bones of the dead, an urn. Ossa tamen
facito parva reterantur in urna. Ovid. It was moreover a pot into
which the tickets were put when the judges were giving their votes by
ballot. Senatorum eum urna copiose absolvit. Cic.
2261. Situs. Positus.
SITUS, the situation, the standing of a place. Terrae situs, forma,

circumscriptio. Cic. Cognoscere situm castrorum. Caes. Regalis si-
tus pyramidum. Hor. POSITUS, ( from ponere ) the site, situation,
or placing of any thing. Oppidum positu ipso satis munitum. Hirt.
Locorum positus. Tac. Positu variare capillos. Ovid.
2262. Situs. Squalor. Sordes. Pador. Illuvies. Fceces.
SITUS, synonymous with the others, mouldiness of things lying long

in a damp place. Situ corrumpi. Plaut. Per loca senta situ. Virg.
Pessimum crocum quod situm redolet. Plin. SQUALOR, Jilthiness,
freasincss, nastiness. Obsita squalore vestis. Liv. Figuratively:

qualor ac lacrimae Siciliae. Cic. SORDES, Jilth, ordure. Collecta
sorde dolentes auricula?. Hor, Figuratively: niggardliness, mean-
ness. Commissum arbitrio sepulchrum sine sordibus extrue. Hor.
Sordes and squalor are also said of the sad and rueful state and garb
of those that mere accused and in danger of the law. Mater squalore
filii et sordibus. lastatur. Cic, Aspicite, Judices, squalorem
sordesque
518
sociorum. Id. P^DOR (fromvris, a child] is property the f 1th of

children: rt ix used in a more general sense. Barbapaedore horrida.
Cic. Obsitus paedore. Sen. ILLUVIES, (from non lavare) unclean-
ness: it is opposed to cultus. Cultus ex illuvie corpora varie move-
bat. Liv. Ablue corpus illuvie seternisque sordibus squalidum. Q.
Curt. FAECES, and sometimes Facx, dregs or lees of vine, the settle-
ment of any liquor. Diffugiunt cadis cum faece siccatis amici. Ilor.
Peruncti faecibus ora, Id., ax actors did in ancient times.
Figurative-
ly: Fasx populi, Cic., The mob, the baser sort ofb town. Apud sor-
dem urbis et faecem. Id.
2263. Soccus. Cothurnus.
Soccus, a kind of shoe worn by the Roman women, lower than those,
rfmen. Muliebris soccus. Suet. Cicero upbraids a consular noble-
man for using this sort of shoe. Consularis homo soccos habuit.
COTHURNUS, (xefopof) a kind of buskin used by hunters, with a high
heel to it. Si cothurni laus ilia esset ad pedem apte convenire. Cic.
Soccus was used by actors in comedies ; and cothurnus in tragedies.
Nee comcedia in cothurnos assurgit, nee contra tragcedia socco in-
greditur. Quint.
2264. Societas. Sodalitas. Social itium.
SOCIETAS, society. Coire societatem salutis et periculi. Cic. Ge-

rere societatem magna fide. Id. Tu dissipates homines in societatem
vitae convocasti. Id. SODALITAS, a fellowship or club, a company of
men in a festival, a fraternity, a brotherhood. Pastoritia et agrestis
so-
dalitas. Cic. Me Quaestore sodalitates constitute sunt. Id. SODALI-
TIUM, the assembly itself (f those people. Venit in asdes quasdam, in
quibus sodalitium erat eo die futurum. Cic. Lex Licinia de sodali-
tiis. Id.
2265. Socius. Socialis. Sociabilis.
Socius, (an adjective) allied, associated. Urbe socia frui. Virg. So-
cia agmina. Id. Figuratively: Nocte socia, adhortante libidine- Cic.
SOCIALIS, of or belonging to allies or confederates. Socialebellum.
Liv. Socialis equitatus, Id., The cavalry of the allies, Beneficium
dare, socialis res est ; sibi benefacere, socialis res non est. Sen.
So-
ciales anni, Ovid., The years spent in the marriage-state. SOCIABI-
LIS, sociable. Sociabilis consortio, Liv., Union, good understanding.
Gens indomita et insociabilis. Id.
2266. Sol. Titan. Phoebus. Hyperion.
SOL, the sun. Sol dictus est, vel quia solus ex omnibus sideribus
tantus est ; vel quia, cum exortus est, obscuratis cittcris ^dcribus
solus apparet. Cic. // migltt be as natural to derive Sol from <r\a.$,
splendour, light, as to derive lunayroni O-EATJVTJ. Sol qui astror'um
(b-
tmet principatum. Cic. TITAN, the sun of Cains and Vesta or Tt-l-
lus, and the elder brother of Saturn. Pat Is have taken 'Ulan for. the
Sun himself. Quern mine purpureo vestivit lumiiu' Titan. Ovid. I hi
primos crastinus ortus extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit orbcin.
Virg. PIKKHUS, (4"5Tfo;, that enlightens ever,/ tiling] the sun. the
light. It is said of the sun only in poetry. Rcdicns i'ugtit ustra
Phcc-
bus. Hor. IIvi'Kiuox, (ITTS^W) the father of the Sun, one (f Titans
sons. Placat equo Persis radii's Hyperions cinctum. Ovid.
519
2267. Solere. Suescere. Assuescere. Consuescere. Insuescere.
SOLERE, to le accustomed or wont, to use. Ne faceres quod vul-

gus servorum solet. Ter. SUESCERE, to contract or get the custom of,
to be wont. Suetus latrociniis. Sail. Drusus in Illyricum missus est,
ut suesceret militiae. Cic. ASSUESCERE, (suescere ad) to habituate
one's -self to. Ego servo, et servabo, sic enim assuevi, Platonis ve-
recundiam. Cic. CONSUESCEHE, (suescere cum) to le accustomed
to, or intimate with. Qui mentiri solet, pejerare consuevit. Cic. Con-
suescamus mori. Id. INSUESCERE, (suescere in) to train up, or to
inure one's self to. Insuescere frui parta victoria. Liv. It is used
ac-
tively : Insuevit pater optimus hoc me, ut fugerem. Hor. Insuetus
is also used in the meaning of non suetus. Insuetum iter. Virg. In-
suetus laboris. Caes. Insuetus vera audire. Liv.
2268. Solitarius. Solivagus.
SOLITARIUS, (from solus) solitary, retired. Solitario homini, at-

<que in agro vitam agenti. Cic. Natura solitarium nihil amat, sem-
perque ad aliquid, tanquam adminiculum annititur. Id. SOLIVA-
GUS, (solus vagari) wandering up and down alone, and fleeing com-
pany. Alias volucres ccelo frui Jibero, serpentes quasdam, quasdam
esse gradientes, partim solivagas, partim congregatas. Cic. Figura-
tively : Solivaga cognitio, Cic., An uncertain science.
2269. Solium. Tribunal.
SOLIUM, (from solum) a throne, a royal seat. Sublime solium.

Virg. Regale solium. Id. It was also a vessel to wash or lathe in.
Lavanti regi dicitur nuncfatum hostes adesse; quo nuncio cum pa-
îdus exiluisset e solio. Liv. TRIBUNAL, a tribunal, any judgement-
seat. Praetor de sella et tribunali pronunciat. Cic.
2270. Sollicitare. Inauielare.
SOLLICITARE, to disquiet, to trouble, to disturb, (loth in the proper

and figurative sense}. Arcu sollicitare feras. Ovid. Humum ferro
sollicitare. Tibul. Sollicitare pretio animos. Cic. Sollicitare pacem,
Id., To sue for peace. Qui sollicitare solent illas aetates, Quint ,
IVho
generally take care of that age. Mala copia segrum sollicitat stoma-
chum, Hor., Too much food creates sickness in the stomach. INQUIE-
TARE, (non quies) to harass, molest, or disturb. Umbris inquietari.
Suet. Victoriam inquietare, Tac., To disturb a victory. Ne quern
officii causa inquietaret. Suet.
2271. Solver e. Persolvere. Luere. Perluere.
SOLVERE, properly, to unloose, to untie. Omne colligatum solvi

potest. Cic. Solvunt a stipite funem. Ovid. Figuratively : Solvere
aliquem legibus. Cic. Fraenum pristinum solvit licentia. Phaed. As
debts are a kind of lie, solvere is used to express paying. Solvere
pe-
cuniam. Liv. Paterno funeri justa solvere. Cic. PERSOLVERE is
only used figuratively, to pay thoroughly. Stipendium militibus perso-
lutum. Cic. Persolvi gratia non potest nee malo patri, Quint., It is
impossible to prove one' s-self grateful enough to a father, even to a
bad
one. Tantum me tibi debere existimo, quantum persolvere difficile
est. Cic. Persolvere questionem, Id., has another sense, To solve a
520
question, an argument. LL T ERE, (from >.au;) to purge or wash away.

Lucre maculas sanguine. Cic. Illatum stuprum voluntaria morte
luit Lucretia. Id. Figuratively : Coacti luere peccatasua. Liv. JEs
alienum luere. Q. Curt. Dtbts are a slain. PERLUERE, to wash all
over, to make very clean by tvashing. .-Edam perluunt. Plin. Sudor
perluit ora. Petron. Artus perluit fonte. Ovid. Gelida cum per-
luor unda. Hor.
2272. Solus. Unus. Unicus.
SOLUS, alone, only, solitary. T. Gracchus solus ex illo collegio.

Cic. Solus errabat in littore Pompeius. Id. Unus would not be good.
Cum in locis solis errares. Id. UNUS, one only, one alone. Efficere
pene unum ex duobus. Cic. Una voce. Id. Ex tot bellatoribus,
unus fuit qui rem aggrederetur. Id. UNICUS, no more than one, sole.
Unicum solatium in malis. Cic. Quae tanta vitia fuerint ex unico
filio. Id. Solus, sine comite ; unus, initium multorum. G. D. A thing
is unica, when there is no other of the same kind ; sola, when not ac-
companied. What is unicum is source ; it is wearisome to ie continu-
ally solus.
2273. Somniculosus. Somniosus. Sopitus.
SOMNICULOSUS, (from somnus) sleepy, drowsy. Quae vitia sunt

non senectutis, sed inertis, ignavag, somniculosae senectutis. Cic.
SOMNIOSUS, full of dreams, troubled with dreams. Somniosos fieri
lepore sumpto in cibis. Plin. SOPITUS, brought or laid to sleep, sound
asleep. Sopitos vigiles in cubiculis suis obtruncat. Liv. Perpetua
ebrietate sopiti. Sen. Figuratively : Subito ictu sopitus. Liv. Sopi-
tos suscitat ignes. Virg. Sopitae manus, Ovid., Benumbed hands.
2274-. Somnus. Sopor. Somniujn. Insomnium.
SOMNUS, sleep. Perfugium omnium laborum et sollicitudinum

somnus. Cic. Mortis imago et simulachrum, somnus. Id. Ferreus
somnus, Virg., Death. Per Italiam somno et luxu pudendus inces-
serat. Tac. SOPOR, a sound, deep, or dead sleep, like that of a man
in li(/uor or tired. Gravitate soporis pressus. Ovid. Hujus semine
somnum alicui, sed modum servandum, ne sopor fiat. Plin. Figura-
tively : Noli nobis languorem et soporem exprobrare. Cic. SOM-
NIUM and INSOMNIUM, (quasi in somno) a dream, a vision in one's
sleep. Falsa somnia. Virg. Haec metuo equidem ne sint insomnia.
Cic.
2275. Sonorus. Sonabilis.

SONORUS, (from sonus) waking a great noise, sonorous. Flumina
sonora. Yirg. /Ere sonoro. Id. SONABILIS, that sounds loud. So-
nabilc sistrum. Ovid.
2276. Sonus. Sonor. Svnitus. Fragor.
SONUS is properly <:aid of the sound of the voice, and of instruments.

Sonus vocis. Cic. Elicere sonutn nervorum. Id. It is very u'ellsaid
of sound in general. Aures cum sonum recipere debeant, qui natura
in sublinie tertur. Cic. SONOR is the same, except that it is used
only
in poetry. Sonorem dant silvee. \ 'ir;;. Sa-va sonoril)us arma. Id.
SONITUS, a sound, a great noise. Dum fiammas Jovis, et sonitus
521
imitatur Olympi. Virg. Fracti sonitus tubarum. Id. Clarescit so-

nitus. Id. Sonus would not be so expressive. FRAGOR, (from fran-
gere) a noise, a crash, as when a thing breaks. Fragor tectorum quae
diruebantur, audiebatur. Liv. Dat fragorem propulsa silva. Ovid.
It is used in a more general sense. Coelum tonat onme fragore. Virg.
Ingens fragor intonat. Id. Felagi cecidit fragor. Id. Civitatis fra-
gor auditus eat. Cic.
2277. Sordidus. Sordidatus.
SORDIDUS, (from sord.es} Jilt hy, slovenly. Saepe sub palliolo sor-
dido sapientia. Cic. Villula sordida, et valde pusilla. Id. Figura-
tively : Sordidus quaestus. Cic. Sordido loco natus, Id., Of a low
extraction. It is said of a miser, of a contemptible man. Quis non
oderit
sordidos, varios, leves, futiles? Cic. Judice te, non sordidus auctor
naturae Terique. Hor. SoRDiDATus, Had in dirty clothes^ as arraigned
people were wont to be. Heraclius et Epicrates sordidati maxima
barbii et capillo. Cic. Nee minus laetabor, cum te semper sordi-
dum, quam si paulisper sordidatum viderem. Id. Sordidatum, in the
foregoing example, signifies a person arraigned. Sordidus natura vel
institute, sordidatus necessitate. G. D.
2278. SOTS. Sorter Sortitio.
There is this difference between SORS and SORTES, that sortes were
the billets thrown into a vessel to draw lots. In hydriam sortes
conji-
ciuntur. Cic. Sors was the lot or chance itself. Renunciari extra
sortem, Id , To be elected a magistrate, without drawing lots. Et
sortes ipsas, et caetera, quae ad sortem erant parata, disturbavit.
Id.
SORTITIO, a choosing by lots, a casting of lot)-. Sortitio provincia-
rum. Cic. Sortitio judicum. Id. Sortes ad sortem paratae in urnam
conjiciebantur, antequam sortitio fieret. G. D.
2279. Sortiri. Subsortiri.
SORTIRI, (from sors) to cast or draw lots, to get by lots. Sic fata
Deum rex sortitur. Virg. Sortiri judices. Cic. Sortiri provinciam.
Id. SUBSORTIRI, to choose by lot one who is to succeed. Quos in ho-
rum locum subsortitus es. Cic.
2280. Sflecialim. Nominating
SPECIATIM, (from species) especially. Messenius legem speci-

atira de salute mea promulgavit. Cic. NOMINATIM, f from nomen)
ly name, namely, expressly. Possum multos nominatim proferre.
Cic. Duo sunt quae te nominatim rogo. Id. Senatus edixit, ut me
excipiat nominatim. Id.
2281. Species. Pulchritudo. Venustus. Formosilas.
SPECIES, (from the obsolete word spicere) a form, a figure, an ob-

ject presented to the sight. Oris species. Liv. Ferre pros se speciem
viriboni. Cic. Figuratively: Moveri falsa visione et specie doloris.
Cic. Securitas specie blanda reipsa repudianda. Id. PULCHRI-
TUDO, fairness, beauty, is properly said of what strikes the sight.
Exi-
mia pulchritudinis species. Cic. Pulchritudinis duo genera sunt,
quorum in altero venustas, in altero dignitas : Venustatem mulie-
522
brem ducere dcbemus, dignitatem virilem. Id. Pulchritude corporis

apta compositione membrorum movet oculos. Id. Figuratively :
Quis non miretur splendorem pulchritudinemque virtutis? Cic.
VENUSTAS, gracefulness^ comeliness. Ex Venere venustas dicta est.
Cic. Venustas et pulchritude corporis secerni non potest a valetu-
dine. Id. Figuratively : Festivitas et venustas dicendi. Cic. FOR-
MOSITAS, {from forma) handsomeness, charming countenance. Deco-
rum positum est in tribus rebus, formositate, ordine, ornatu ad ac-
tionem apto. Cic.
2282. Spectacuhim. Spectatio.
SPECTACULUM, ( from the obsolete word spicere) a thing to lessen

and looked on, a spectacle. Circuitus solis et lunaehominibus praebent
spectaculum. Cic. Rerum coelestium spectaculum ad hominem so-
lum pertinet. Id. // is also said of public sights or shown, and even
of
the boxes or places where the spectators sat. Spectacula data sunt.
Cic.
Ludis et spectaculis teneri. Id. Excitatus est plausus ex omnibus
spectaculis. Id. Loca divisa Patribus Equitibusque, ubi spectacula
sibi quisque faceret, fori appellati. Liv. SPECTATIO, a viewing or
beholding. Deductiones fiebant pro spectatione et collybo. Cic.
Spectatio pecuniae, Cic., Examination of the goodness of money, the
trying of a coin.
2283. Spectare. Speculari. Contemplari. Considerare.
SPECTARE, ( frequentative of the obsolete word spicere) to look upon,

to look for some time, and without interruption. Spectatum reniunt,
spectentur ut ipsae, Ovid., speaking of women that go to the play.
Here, ne me spectcs, me impulsore haec non fecit. Ter. Figurative-
ly : In judice spectari et fortuna debet et dignitas. Cic. Hoc spec-
tant leges, hoc volunt, incolumem civium conjunctionem. Id. Ad te
unum measpectat oratio. Id. Ad gloriam suam spectare. Id. SPE-
CULARI, ( from specula) to watch, to observe, to descry, to take a
view
of. Ex edito quidam speculantur. Plin. Signorum obitus specula-
muretortus. Virg. Figuratively: Acriter speculari offensas princi-
pum. Tac. CONTEMPLARI, ( from templum, a quarter of the hea-
vens which in auguries ivas marked out with the lituus) to look
wistly,
to gaze upon. Oculis contemplari coeli pulchritudinem. Cic. Animo
contemplare quod oculis non potes. Id. CONSIDERARE, (from si-
dus) properly, to consider the stars. Ille ait considerare se velle.
Cic.
It signifies to view and behold heedfully. Coram considerare aliquid.
Cic. Considerare quid agendum sit. Id. Videas etiam atque etiam,
et considera quid agas. Cic. Est animorum ingeniorumque quod-
dam quasi pabulum, consideratio contemplatioque naturae. Id.
2284. Speclatus. Spectabilis. Speclalivus.
SPECTATUS, noted, well tried, approved. Spectatus et cognitus in

rebus judicandis. Cic. Fortes etspectati viri. Id. Medicus ignobi-
lis, sed spectatus. Id. Virtus spectata belli domique. Id. Si B4 ; \-
BILIS, that may be seen or beholden. C'ampus spcctahili.s undique.
Cic. Figuratively: Victoria pulchra et spectabilis, Cic., A brilliant
victory. SPECTATIVUS, speculative, contemplative. Ut ilia sit spec-
tativae partis, ha?c activac. Quint.
523
2285. Specula. Speculum. Specularium.
^SPECULA, (from the obsolete word spicere) a prospect from the

summit of any place, wherein things are espied afar off' and every
way.
Ex specula prospectare tempestatem futuram. Cic. Ignis e specula
sublatus. Liv. Ipse in Tisaeo (monte) speculam posuit. Liv. SPE-
CULUM, a looking-glass. Consulere speculum. Ovid. Lympharum in
speculo. Phaed. Inspicere tanquam in speculum vitas hominum ju-
beo. Ter. SPECULARIUM, a transparency. Quaedam nostra demum
memoria prodiisse scimus, ut speculariorum usuru, permittente testa,
clarum^transmittentium lumen. Sen.
2286. Sperare. Confidere.
SPERARE, {from spes) to hope. Grata superveniet, quse non spe-

rabitur, hora. Hor. CONFIDERE, (from cum and fides) to hope
with confidence, to put one's trust in. Ego et speraram prudentia tua
fretus ; et ut confiderem fecerunt tuae gratissimae mihi litterae.
Cic.
2287. Spes. Expectatio.
? SPES, a looking-for any thing good or lad, tut more frequently in a

good sense. Si spes est expectatio boni, mali expectationem esse
metum necesse est. Cic. Pertenuis spes ostenditur. Id. A spe ma-
lorum ad mearum rerum laudem convertissem. Id. EXPECTATIO,
a more certain expectation of either good or evil. Expectatio boni.
Cic.
Expectatio mali. Id. Praeteritorum recordatio est acerba, et acerbior
expectatio futurorum. Id. Expectatio, according to Grammarians,
est rerum propinquarum ; spes incertarum et longinquarum.
2288. Spina. Spinus.
SPINA, a thorn, a prickle. Consertum teamen spinis. Virg. Ani-

mantes alise villis vestitae, aliae spinis hirsutae . Cic. // is said
of the
chine tone of the back. Lentae spinae curvamen. Ovid. Figuratively :
Peripatetici spinas partiendi et definiendi praetermittunt. Cic. Quid
te exempta juvat spinis de pluribus una ? Hor., What use is it to you,
to have conquered one passion, if you, are still a slave to many
others ?
SPINUS, a sloe-tree. Eduramque pirum, et spinos jam pruna fe-
rentes. Virg.
2289. Spineus. Spinosus.
SPINEUS, of or belonging to thorns. Tae.da spinea. Catul. Bacu-

lumque capit, quern spinea tortum vincula cingebant. Ovid. SPI-
NOSUS, full of thorns or prickles. Jugum spinosum. Propert. Spi-
nosa loca. Varr. Figuratively : Spinosa quaedam et exilis oratio,
Cic., A rough and unpolished discourse. Dialectici spinosiora multa
pepererunt. Id.
2290. Spirabilis. Flabilis.
SPIRABILIS, (from spirare) that which we breathe or can breathe.

Per superos atque hoc cceli spirabile lumen. Virg. Haec animalisspi-
rabilisque natura, cui nomen est ae'r. Cic. FLABILIS, (from flare)
that rnaif be blown, easily blown, aerial. Nihil in animis est ne
humi-
dum quidem, aut flabile, aut igneum. Cic.
5C4
2291. Sponsio. Paclio. Fcedus.
SPOXSIO, Pactio, Fccdus, were the three different ways whereby

foreign people entered into agreement with the Romans. Sponsio did
not require the consent either of the senate or the people. The
consent of
the generals and contracting parties were sufficient. In this manner
was
concluded the peace of the Furcce Caudince. Ita, non, ut vulgo cre-
dunt, foedere pax Cuudina, sed sponsione facta est. Liv. That peace
was considered as null and void. Sponsio signifies also a wager. Spon-
sione lacessere, Cic., To propose to lay a wager. PACTIO was a so-
lemn covenant. FCEDUS, a public treaty. Consoles profecti ad Pen-
tium in colloquium cura de f'cedere victor agitaret, negarunt injussu
populi fcedus fieri posse, nee sine fecialibus caeremoniaque alia pub-
licfi. Liv. Foedus jussu populi, atque Senatus auctoritate per fecia-
lemsacerdotemsolemni ritu feriebatur; Pactio, conventiopaciscendae
amicitiae et societatis causa certis conditionibus firmata ; Sponsio a
magistratibus et imperatoribus injussu populi fiebat, atque deditione
eorum per quos facta esset. G. D.
2292. Stamen. Sultemen.

STAMEN, (from stare) a weaver's warp. SUBTEMEN, (quasi sub
stamen) the thread in weaving called the wonf. Tela jugo juncta est,
stamen secernit arundo, inseritur medium radiis subtemen acutis,
quod digiti expediunt, atque inter stamina ductum percusso feriunt
inserti pectine denies. Ovid. Subtemen stamini insertum. Sen. Sta-
mina is said of the strings of an instrument. Sollicitat stamina docto
pollice. Ovid.
2293. Statarius. Stativus.
STATARIUS, (from stare) that keeps in his post. Statarii milites,

Soldiers keeping their ground, garrison soldiers. Statarius uterque
miles ordines servans. Liv. Statarius orator, Cic., A quiet and calm
orator. Volo enim, ut in scena, sic etiam in ibro non modo laudari,
quiceleri motu et difficiU utantur, sed eos etiam, quos statarios ap-
pellant, quorum sit simplex in agendo veritas, non molesta. Cic.
Statarire tabulae, Ter., Quiet plays, without any passionate part in
them. Adeste ammo, rnihi statarium agere ut liceat per silentium,
ne semper servus currcns, iratus senex. . . . assidue agendi sint
uiihi
clamore summo, cum labore maximo. Id. STATIVUS, fixed, set,
stable. Stativas aquae, Var., Standing waters. Stativa castra. Cic.
Haec meal custodia est, hoc praesidium stativum. Id.
2294-. Slotio. yigilia. Excubicc.
STATIC, (from stare) a post or station, a guard-house, a sentry. Dis-

ponere stationes. Caes. Communi portam sfatione tenebant. Virg. Hi
qui in portis castrorum in statione erant.Caes. VIOILIA, a watch, or
fourth part oj the night. The Romans divided the night into four
watches,
three hours each. 1st, from six to nine o'clock ; '2d,from nine to
twelve
at night ; 3d, from twelve at night tn three o'clock in the morning;
and
the ^th, from three to six. Hence r.-e often read in Latin authors,
prima,
secunda, tertia, quarta vigilia. Viplia, especially in the plural num-
ber, is said of the night watch, as static is said of the guard in the
day
time. Minus intcntae in custodiam urbis diurnae stationes, ac noc-
525
turnae vigiliae. Liv. EXCUBIJE (cubare ex) is generally said of watch

and ward by night : it is used in a more general sense. Vigilum ex-
cubiae. Virg. Non modo excubias et custodias, sed etiani laterum
nostroruni oppositus, et corporum pollicemur. Cic. It is said of the
sentries themselves. Madentes vino excubias. Claud.
2295. Siatio. Portus. Navale.
STATIC, synonymous with the others, A lay, creek, or road for ships
to ride in. Static malefida carinis. Virg. PORTUS, (from ifslpoj,
ifogos) o. haven, a port or harbour where ships arrive with their
freight,
and are sheltered from storms. Plenissimus nayium portus. Cic. In
aditu atque ore portus. Id. Figuratively : it is said of any place of
rest. Portus otii. Cic. In philosophise portum se conjicere, Cic.,
To throw one's self into the study of philosophy, as into a safe port.
NAVALE, (from navis) the dock where a ship is laid up, built, or re-
paired. Diripere rates navalibus. Virg. De opere navaliura dicere.
Cic. In cava ducuntur cassae navalia puppes. Ovid.
2296. Stator. Fiator.
STATOR, (from stare) properly, one standing in ivatch, to execute his

master s orders, a courier, a messenger. Littevas a te mihi statortuus
reddidit. Cic. Ut ad te statores et lictores meos cum litteris mitte-
rem. Cic VIATOR, (from via) properly, a traveller. Non semper
viator a latrone occiditur, is said of a passenger. A villa in Senatum
accersebantur et Curius et caeteri senes ; ex quo qui eos accerse-
bant, viatores nominati sunt. Cic.
2297. Status. Slalura.
STATUS, (from stare) a posture, the situation of a man standing.

Status erectus et celsus. Cic. Status, incessus, sessio, accubatio,
vultus, oculi, manuum motus teneant illud decorum. Id. Figura-
tively : Status Reipublicac. Cic. Vitae status. Id. Ego me non
putem tueri meum statum sic posse, ut, &c. Id. STATUKA, stature,
height of body. Velim mihi dicas qua facie fuerit, qua statura. Cic.
Noscere figuram et staturam alicujus. Id. Statura arboris, Col.,
The height of a tree.
2298. Stercus. Fimus.
STERCUS, dung, muck. Canino stercore foecla atria. Juv. Inter-

fectus in plaustrum a caupone est conjectus, et supra stercus est in-
jectum. Cic. Figuratively: Stercus Curias Glaucia. Cic. FIMUS
and FIMUM, dung, or ordure of man, lira's, cattle, &c. Fimum ca-
ballinum. Plin. Pronus in ipso concidit immundoque fimo, sacro-
que cruore. Virg. Faciem ostentabat et udo turpia membra flmo.
Id. Columbinus fimus. Col.
2299. Sterilis. Infoecundus.
STERILIS, (fromvrspstv, to deprive,) sterile, that does not Lear any

thing, fruitless. Vacca sterilis. Virg. Rubigo sterilis. Hor. Pe-
cunia sterilis. Cic. Figuratively: Saeculurn virtutum sterile. Tac.
INFCECUNDUS, barren, addle, unfruitful. Infoecunda fcemina. Virg.
Fons infoecundus. Ovid. Terrarum infoecunditas. Ter. Sterilem
campum frustra colueris, nihil prorsus elicies ; ager infoecundus
parce et maligne laboris emolumentum rependet. G. D.
526
2300. Stipnlari. Eestipulari.
STIPULARI, (from stipula, stubble, a straw] the first stipulations

were made by shepherds : he who was stipulating held in his hand a
straw to represent the ground lie claimed or wanted to mortgage. Sti-
pulari signifies to stipulate, to make a bargain by asking or
offering.
Stipulatus es, ubi ? quo die? quo tempore ? quo praesente? quis
spopondisse me dicit ? êmo. Cic. Praetoria lex vetat minorem
quinque et viginti annis stipulari. Suet. RESTIPULARI, to engage
mutually, to enter into a mutual covenant. Valerius sponsione Luc-
tatium provocavit. . . . nee dubitavit restipulari Luctatius. Liv. Cur
igitur decidit, et non restipulatur. Cic.
2301. Slomachari. Jrasci. Succensere.
STOMACHARI, (from stomachus) to be in a great fume, to be

highly displeased, and vent one's passion by words. Amariorem me
senectus facit, stomachor omnia. Cic. Et prave sectum stomache-
ris ob unguem. Hor. IRASCI, to put one's self in a passion, to be
angry. Si irascamur intempestive adeuntibus. Cic. Saepius vide-
bam cum irridentem, turn irascentem, etiam stomachantem Philip,
pum. Id. Nostram vicem ne irascaris, Liv., Do not grieve at our
case. SLCCEXSERE (censere sub) expresses less than the above ; to
be displeased or vexed at, to take ill nf. Dii homiuibus irasci, et
suc-
censere consueverunt. Cic. Succensere is properly said of a friend
that believes himself injured. Nee tamen irascor, quis enim succen-
set amanti ? Ovid.
2302. Stomachosus. Iracundus.
STOMACHOSI:S, fretful, peevish, stomachful. Quo tendis ? laeva

Stomachosus habena dicet eques, Hor., Inhere are you going ? the
angry horseman will say, in drawing up the bridle of his horse. It
also
signifies said or done in a passion. Stomachosiores litterae, Cic.,
Letters written in rather an angry lone. Stomachosa et quasi sub-
morosaridicula. IRACUNDUS, soon angry, irascible, inclined to anger.
Morosi, anxii, iracundi senes. Cic. Quomodo si naturalis esset ira,
alius alio magis iracundus esset ? Id. Iracundi leones. Ovid. Fi-
guratively: Iracunda fulmina. Hor.
2303. Stramentum. Palea.
STRAMENTUM, (from sternere, stravi, stratum) wheat straw.

Desectam cum stramento segetem fudere in Tiberira. Liv. Stra-
luentis incubat. Hor. Stramen is the same : but only used in poetry.
Contexta stramine casa. Ovid. Hie juvenem agresti sublimem in
stramine ponunt. Virg. PALBA, the chaff. Surgentem ad zcphy-
rum paleae jactentur inanes. Virg. Auri navem evertat gubernator,
an pales, in re aliquantuin, in gubernatoris inscitia nihil interest.
Cic.
2304. Strictim. Stride.
STJCTIM, ( from stringere) lightly, superficially, by the by. Quern

tu librum strictim attigisti. Cic. Quae copiosissime dici possunt,
breviter a me strictimque dicuntur. Id. STRICTE, strictly, severely.
Ditior mihi et affluentior videtur esse vera amicitia, nee obserrare
stride, ne plus reddat quam acceperit. Cic.
527
2305. Stringere. Adstringere. Constringere. Obslringere.
STRINGERE, to tie hard or close. Stricta ex arboribus folia. Caes.

Cultrum stringere. Liv. Figuratively : Atque animum patriae strinxit
pietatis imago, Virg., This image of filial piety made a strong im-
pression on the mind of young lulus. Nullum vinculum ad stringen-
dam fidem jurejurando majores arctius esse voluerunt. Cic. It also
signifies, to graze, or touch but slightly. Metas stringere rota.
Ovid.
Êquor stringitur aura. Id. ADSTRINGERE, (stringere ad) to bind,
to fasten close to. Quis est hie qui ad statuam adstrictus est ? Cic.
Adstringite ad columnam fortiter hunc. Plaut. Figuratively : Tibi
meam adstringo fidem. Ter. Adstringere beneficiis aliquem. Cic.
Tanti officii servitutem astringam testimonio sempiterno. Id. CON-
STRINGERE, (stringere cum) to bind fast, to lie strait or up, to
strain.
Hostibus dedi constrictum. Cic. Constringere catenis. Id. Con-
stringere quadrupedem, Ter. To bind one hand and foot. Figura-
tively : Scelus et fraudem nocentis supplicio Constringere. Ter.
Vinciri et constringi amicorum propinquorumque custodiis. Cic.
Constringendum se tradere libidinibus, Id., To make one's self a
slave to one's passions. Constringi necessitate. Id. OBSTRINGERE,
(stringere ob) to tie about hard. Collum obstringere alicui. Plaut.
Figuratively : Sibi obstringere aliquem beneficiis. Cic. Adstrin-
gere would be less expressive, ft is the same with obstringi and con-
stringi legibus.
2306. Studere. Discere.
STUDERE, properly to care for a thing, to give one's self to it. Dum
studes verba dare nobis. Ter. Considered as synonymous with dis-
cere, it signifies to endeavour and labour to become learned. Si
optimis
a pueritia disciplinis atque artibus studuisses. Cic. DISCERE, to
learn, to strive with success to acquire knowledge. Crassus quod disci
potuit de jure, didicit. Cic. Multa discere atque dediscere. Id.
2307. Studere alicui rei. Studere aliquam rem.
STUDERE (with a dative case} signifies to have a taste or inclina-

tion for a person or thing, to keep close to it. Studuit Catilinae,
cum
jam aliquot annos esset in foro Caelius. Cic. Studere rebus novis,
Liv., To rebel, to disturb the state. Studere artibus et litteris.
Cic.
With an accusative case, it signifies to search earnestly for a thing,
to
desire and covet it. Hoc studet unum. Hor. Unum omnes sentitis,
unum omnes studetis. Cic. Litteras Studere, Id., To love the belles-
lettres passionately ; but litteris Studere is to apply ones-self to
them,
to acquire them by dint of study.
2308. Studium. Propensio.
STUDIUM, inclination, fancy, temper, desire. Studium est animi

assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magna cum voluptate
occupatio, ut philosophise, geometriae, litterarum. Cic. Ardeo stu-
dio historiae, incensus studio discendi. Id. Molliter austerum stu-
dio fallente laborem. Hor. PROPENSIO, proneness, propensity, ex-
presses more forcibly than studium : Studium induces us to an object,
but propensio gains over our hearts and approbation. In general stu-
dium is supposed to have honesty for its object, but propensio is said
528
of good and lad, virtue and vice. Qui nulla in re nisi in virtute aut
I
vitio propensionem ne minimi quidem momenti ad sumnium bonum
adipiscendum esse dicunt. Cic.
2309. Stupor. Slupidilas.
STUPOR, (from, stupere) a state of insensibility, that may be acci-

dental and transitory ; whereas STUPIDITAS is a. habitual insensible-
ness. Ad stuporem hominis, vel dicam, pecudis, attendite. Cic. In-
credibilem stupiditatetn hominis cognoscite. Id. Observe moreover
that stupor is very well used in a proper sense, Stupor corporis,
Cic.,
but stupiditas only in a moral one.
2310. Subscribers causce. Subscribere causam.
SUBSCRIBERS CAUS.E, snys Cardinal Adrian, certo modo dicendi

id erat, cum nomen alicujus deferebatur, accusatores apud judices
reorum accusationibus subscribebant, ut qui sic subscriberent, ad
talionis pcenam tenerentur, si inique accusassent, et nisi intra spa-
tium triginta dierum causam prosecuti fuissent. Judices vero sub-
scribebant causam proptcr quatn rei a cusabantur. Si cui crimen
objiciatur, praecedere debet in crimine subscriptio : quae res adin-
venta est; ne facile quis prosiliat ad accusationem, cum sciat inul-
tam sibi accusationem non futuram. Ulpian. Video animadvertisse
censores in judices quosdam illius concilii Juniani, cum istam ipsam
causam subscriberent. Cic. Cardinal Adrian ought to have observed
that subscriptor was not the same man as accusator : subscriptor was
an accusator in a second rank siding with the accusator, and support-
ing the 'charges made vp by him ; which can be proved by innumerable
examples. Accusabat M. Aquileium, subscriptore C. Rutilio Rufb.
Cic. Omnino nihil accusatore Lentulo, subscriptoribusque ejus in-
fantius. Subscribere causae is to subscribe the accusation of one, and
to become a sharer in the same; and SUBSCRIBERE CAUSAM in to sub-
scribe the condemnation of the accused party.
2311. Subscriptor. Ascriptor.
SUBSCRIPTOR, snys Asconius, qui adjuvare accusatoris causidicum

solet. At venit paratus cum sabscriptoribus. Cic. Itaque sine ullo
subscriptore descendit, et Lucium reum fecit. Id. ASCRIPTOR was
he who supported the cause of thd accused. Cum eum in me restitu-
endo auctorem fuisse. ascriptoremque videatis. Cic. Ille novitius
Ligur vcnalis, ascriptor tuus et subscriptor. Id.
2312. Subducere. Subtrahere.
SUBDUCERE, (ducere sub or super) to take or draw away. Colla

oneri subducere. Ovid. Aurum terrae subducere. Id. Subduxit co-
pias in collem satis arduum. Liv. In the like meaning we say subdu-
cere naves, classem ; because the land is above the level of I he
water.
Figuratively : To subtract, to cast an account, to deceive. Subducere
se de aliqua societate. Cic. Quid fortes viri? Voluptatem-ne calcu-
lis subductis praelium ineunt? Id. Me subducere istis verbis postu-
las? Ter. SUBTRAHERI;, (traliere sub) to subtract, to takeaway
privily. Te aspectu ne subtrahe nostro. Virg. Impedimenta fugl
subtrahere. Caes. Colla jugo subtrahere, Ovid., denotes more violence
t/ian subducere colla jugo. Subtrahere aliquem judicio.Liv. Fig
529
ratively : Timor ipse subtrahit vires. Ovid. Materiam furori sub-

trahere. Cic.
2313. Sulesse. Inesse.
SUBESSE, to be under. Subierant tecto abiegnae trabes. Plin. Si

quid intra cutem subest vulneris. Cic. Figuratively : Subest cura
tacita. Liv. Subest suspicio. Cic. INTESSE, to be in. Thesaurum
ego hie inesse reor. Plaut. Inest in verbis fides. Ter. Digni sunt
amicitiii, quibus in ipsis inest causa, cur diligantur. Cic. Tristis
se-
veritas inest in vultu. Ter. Inest nobis spes, Plaut., IVe entertain
some hope. But subest spes signifies that there is some latent hope.
2314. Subjicere. Subdere.
SUB.TICERE, (jacere sub or super) to lay, put, or set under. Ramea

costis subjiciunt fragmenta. Virg. Subjicere cervices securi. Cic.
Regem in equum subjicit. Liv. Figuratively : Subjicere testamen-
tum, Cic., to forge or falsify a will. Omnibus legib us subject! esse
debemus. Id. Subjicere aliquid voci praeconis, Id., To sell a thing
ly public auction. Cupio mihi ab illo subjici, si quid prcetereo. Id.
SUBDERE, (dare sub) toputunder, to put in the place of another, to
substitute. Neque fundamenta per solidum subdidit, Tac., He did
not lay the foundations deep enough. Subdere boves jugo. Plin. Fi-
guratively : Subdere spiritus, Liv., To raise the soul. Subdere sti-
mulos, Id., to animate, to incite. Majestatis crimina subdebantur,
Tac., They were falsely accused of high treason. Fabianus subdidit
testamentum, Id., Fabian forged or counterfeited a will.
2315. Subinde. J?ilerdam. Identidem.
SUBINDE, upon which, whereupon. Uno atque altero subinde ictu

ventrem atque inguina hausit. Liv. Primum gaudere, subinde prae-
ceptum auriculis hoc instillare memento. Hor. INTERDUM, some-
times, now and then. Interdum no Jupiter, quando lubet. Plaut.
IDENTIDEM, ever and anon, sundry times, pretty often. Revolver
identidem in Tusculanum. Cic. Adversarii nomen identidem ap-
pellandum est. Id. Recitabatur identidem Pompeii testimonium.
Jd.
2316. Sulire. Succedere.
SUBIRE, (ire sub) to go under or into. Subire aquam. Q. Curt.

Tecta subire. Hor. Cum gravius dorso subit onus. Id. SUCCE-
DERE, (cedere sub) to come under or into. Tectum quo imbris vi-
tandi causa succederet, nullum habebat. Cic. Nostris succede Pe-
natibus hospes. The difference is well pointed out in the figurative
sense. Minus sermonis subiissem, Cic., There ivould not have been so
much talk about me. Conditionem pacis subire, Caes., To accept the
conditions of peace. Taedia subeunt animo. Ovid. Ei succedo ora-
tioni, Cic., / speak after him. Succedere in paternas opes. Liv.
Omnia ex sententia succedunt. Cic. Subeunt would not do at all.
2317. Subnectere. Subligare.

SUBNECTERE, (necterc sub) to bind, to fasten under with a knot.
Aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae. Virg. Subnectit fibula
vestem. Figuratively: His adjecerunt quidam sextam partem, ita
ut inventioni judiciura subnecterent. Quintil. SUBLIGARE, (ligare
sub) to bind under, to tie under. Subligat ensem lateri. Virg.
2 M
530
2318. Subsideo. Subsido.
SUBSIDED, (sedere sub) to rest, stay, or remain in a place. Circa

silvas subsident. Liv. Magna multitude quae in castris subsederat,
sequitur. Caes. SUBSIDO, to sink down, to descend to the bottom.
Jussit subsidere valles. Ovid. Gravissimum quodque turbidissimum-
que subsidit. // also signifies to slop, to stay. Qui sim tibi auctor
in Siciliane subsidas, an proficiscare ? Cic. Figuratively : Impetus
dicendi subsidit. Quint.
2319. Substituere. Supponere. Subrogare.
SUBSTITUERE, (statuere sub) to substitute, to put in the place of

another. Substituere aliquem pro altero. Cic. SUPPONERE, (po-
nere sub) to put under. Anatum ova gallinis supponere. Colum.
Supponere aliquid praelo. Id. // also signifies, to put after. In eo-
rum locum, quos domum suam de piratis adduxerat, Substituere, et
supponere ccepit cives Romanes, quos in carcerem antea conjecerat.
Cic. Figuratively : to submit, to put a false for a true. Deae arbi-
trio Paridis fprmain supposuere. Ovid. Testamenta amicorum non
expectas, at ipse supponis. Cic. SUBROGARE, to substitute, to put
in the place of. Subrogare Consulera in demortui locum. Liv. Sub-
rogare sibi collegam. Cic.
2320. Suiter. Sub. Infra.
SUBTER, underneath, the nether part. Cupiditatem subter prae-

cordia locavit. Cic. Subter earum radices. Virg. Subter ij some-
lives an adverb. Quas supra et subter sunt. Cic. SUB, under.
Arma sub adversa posuit radiantia quercu. Virg. Postesque sub
ipsos nituntur gradibus. Id. Htre sub is used with an accusative
case, because there is motion from one place to another.
Figuratively :
Sub Sacramento militare. Liv. Sub umbra fcederis. Id. Sub is also
used for circa, post; in which case it governs an accusative. Sub ves-
perum, Caes., About the evening. Sub eas litteras statim recitatae
sunt tuae, Cic., After the reading of those letters, yours were read.
We
Jind in Virgil, Sub leges pacis tradere se. INFRA, below, under,
underneath. Infra Saturnum Jovis Stella fertur, Cic., The planet
Jupiter is moving below Saturn. Figuratively : Infra ingenium ali-
cujus. Hor. Me infra eetatem filii sui posuit, Liv., He said I was
younger than his son. Infra is also an adverb. Earum litterarum ex-
emplum infra scripsi. Cic. Sub arbore frigus captamus ; subter ra-
dices montium labuntur flumina : in ccena alii infra, alii supra se-
dent. G. D.
2321. Suburbium. Suburbanum.
SUBURBIUM, the suburbs of the city. Ilisce ego me viis commit-

tam, qui nuper in suburbium, ut eodem die reverterer, ire non au-
sus sim? Cic. SUBURBANUM is properly an adjective: (rus under-
stood) a house or land without the walls of a city. Suburbanum emere.
Cic. Deportarc aliquid in suburbana amicorum. Id. In hortis aut
suburbanis suis. Id.
2322. Successor. Vicarius.
SUCCESSOR, (sub cedere) he that follows or comes into a place

which another has left, a successor. Cum successor immutat aliquid
531
de institutis priorum. Cic. VICARIUS, (vices gerens) he that sup"

piles another's room in his absence, a deputy. Vicariuin tibi
expediam,
cui tu arma equumque trades. Cic. Vicarius alieni juris, Id., who
acts in the tight of another. Vicarias tibi manus polliceor, Quint.,
/ promise I will do your work for you.
2323. Successus. Successio.
SUCCESSUS, (cedere sub) properly, an approaching. Successus

hostium, Caes., The approach of the enemies. It is generally said of
success. Successus ad perniciem multos provocat. Phaed. Succes-
sus prosperos dare. Liv. Exultans successu. Virg. SUCCESSIO,
the coming into the place of another, the act of succeeding. In omni
re doloris amotio successionem efficit voluptatis. Cic. Quid hoc
mihi prodest, si merces Antonii oppress! ponitur in Antonii locum
successio Brut! ? Id. Nihil retulit de successione provinciarum. Id.
2324. Sudare. Exsudare. Desudare.
SUDARE, to sweat, to le in a sweat. Tu pulmentaria quaere su-

dando. Hor. Sudare sanguine. Liv. Figuratively : Sudabis pro
communibus commodis. Cic. EXSUDARE, to sweat out. Cum oliva
quidquid habuit amurcae exsudavit. Col. It is also a neuter verb.
Sive illis omne per ignem excoquitur vitium, atque exsudat inutilis
humor. Virg. Figuratively : to have or take much pains with a thing.
Exsudare causas. Hor. Relinquendane haec censetis, ut ad aestatem
de integro his instituendis exsudetur labor ? Liv. DESUDARE, to
sweat much, to labour earnestly. In his desudans atque elaborans.
Cic. In damp weather, sudant parietes ; Under a vine press, exsudat
vinum ; A man who gets the more, the more work he does, desudat.
2325. Suere. Insuere.
SUERE, ( from sus : formerly the bristles of hogs were used for sew-
ing, instead of needles, as they are in our days by shoemakers} to
sew,
to stitch. Tegumenta corporum vel texta, vel suta. Cic. Figura-
tively : Metuo lenonem, ne quid suo suat capiti, Ter., / fear this
merchant is preparing some disgrace for himself. INSUERE, (suere in)
to sew or stitch in. Quoniam Smyrnae duos Mysios insuisses in cu-
leum. Cic. Lepidus privatam publicae rei impensam insuerat, Liv.,
Lepidus had joined the private to the public expense.
2326. Suffices. Suppetere.
SUFFICERE, (faceresub) 1. To supply or furnish with. Sufficit

hie mons alimentis hominum. Liv. Sufilcere paucorum cupiditati.
Cic. 2. To put in the place of another. Aliam ex alia generando
suffice prolem. Virg. 3. To suffice, to be sufficient. Quanquam nee
scribae sufficere, nee tabulae; nomina illorum capere potuerunt. Cic.
SUPPETERE, to I e sufficient, to serve the turn. Utsumptibus copiae
suppetant. Cic. Non suppetebat lingua libertati. Liv. Pauper
enim non est cui rerum suppetit usus. Hor. Ut suppetas doloribus,
Id., that you may be able to bear your pains. Non suppetit consilium,
Virg., / am at a loss what 1 shall do.
2327. Sujtfragatio. Sujfragium.
SUFFRAGATIO, (from suffrage, the joint of the hinder leg of a

2M2
532
least, from sub frangere) the giving one's voice at an election, a

voting
for one : a figurative expression, from the camel, tk'it bends his
knees
to make the ascent more easy to his rider. In Consule declarando
multum auctoritatis habet suffragatio militaris. Cic. SUFFRAGIUM,
the vote or suffrage itself. Privare populum suffrage's. Cic.
2328. Suffragia eblandita. Sujfragia enucleata.
SUFFRAGIA EBLANDITA, voles obtained ly flattery and fair words.

SUFFRAGIA ENUCLEATA, votes granted after a mature deliberation*
Alterum (enucleatum) summo jure, pro persona? virtute et digni-
tatefertur; alterum (eblanditum) vel gratia vel munere eblandi-
nmr : in quo primum iilud debes putare, comitiis, prassertim aedili-
tiis, studium esse populi, non judicium : eblandita ilia, non enucle-
ata esse suffragia: eos qui suffragiaferant, quid deniqueipsi debeant
considerare saepius, quarn quid cuique a llepublica videatur deberi.
Cic.
2329. Suffragia ferre. Suffragium firre.
SUFFRAGIA FERRE, to have or get the majority of votes or suffrages.

Te negratuita quiclem eorum suffragia tulisse. Cic. SUFFRAGIUM
FERRE, to carry or give one's vole. Ferre suffragium de salute ali-
cujus. Cic. Qui sufFragii ferendi causa conveniunt. Id. Should
several people give their voces at the same time, suffragia ferre is
used
in the meaning of suffragium ferre. Suftragia in magistratu man-
dando palam ferre nielius esset. Cic.
2330. Suffrago. Poples.
SUFFRAGO, (quod subter frangatur) the joint of the hinder legso t

quadrupeds, called the hough, and sometimes the pastern. Nullo suf-
fraginum flexu. Plin. Quadrupedes suffragines in posteriora cur-
vant. Id. POPLES, (from plicare) the ham of a mans leg behind
the knee. Incidit ictus ingens ad terram duplicato poplite Turnus.
Virg. Poplite Palmum succiso volvi segnem sinit. Id.
2331. Suggestum. Pulpit urn.
SUGGESTUM and Suggestus, (from gerere sub, because, a scaffold'

ing was erected] a raised place, from which orations were made. Idem-
que cum in communibus suggestis consistere non auderet, concio-
nari ex turri alta solebat. Cic. Ileus per Tribunes in suggestu os-
tendebatur. Tac. PULPITUM, the higher part of the stage, where
the poets recited, or actors performtd, the plays. Ludibria sci
pulpito digna. Plin. It is used in a more general sense, llemoto pul-
pito declamare solitura. Suet. Grammaticas ambire tribus et pul-
pita dignor. Hor.
2332. Sumere sibi. Arrogare sil-i.
SUMERE SIBI, to assume, to take upon one's self. Sumere sibi im-
peratorias partes. Goes. Non mibi sumo, ut te doceam. Cic.
niihi .-.umpsi, ut a te peterem. Id. Non milii tantum sumo, ut
dam, Id., I am not so self-conceited as to believe. AHROGAKK sp.u,
to arrogate to one's self, to be self-conceited. Mihi non sumo
tantura,
neque arrogo, ut C. Plancium suisergame meritis impunitatem con-
secuturum existimem, Cic., I am not so presumptuous as to ieneve that
C. Plancius ought to be absolved on account of the many services he
has
533
Conferred upon me. Non tanturn mihi derogo, tamen nihil arrogo,
ut te copiosius quam me posse putem dicere, Id., 1 do not think so
low of myself, without however assuming too much, as to believe that
you are more eloquent than L am.
2333. Sumere supplicium. Sumere pcenas. Dare supplicium. Dare
pcenas.
SUMERE SUPPLICIUM, to inflict a public punishment. SUMEHE

PCENAS, to punish in any way. Esse indignum eum, qui ne de dam-
nata quidem pbenas sumere potuisset, de ea supplicium sumpsisse,
quae ne adducta quidem sit in judicium. Cic. SUPPLICIUM DARE,
to undergo a public punishment. De eo conquestio qui supplicium
dederit ; in ejus autem, qui sumpserit, audaciam et crudelitatem in-
dignatio. DARE PCENAS, to undergo a punishment. Dedi satis
superque pcenas tibi. Hor.
2334. Summum. Summatim.
SUMMUM, at most, to the utmost. Duo millia nummum aut sum-

mum tria dedisset. Cic. SUMMATIM, summarily, briefly. A me
pauca cognosces et summatim. Cic.
2335. Sum plus. Impensa. Impendium.
SUMPTUS, {from sumere) expense in general. Minuere sumptum.

Cic. Nulla luxuries reperitur, nullus sumptus, nullum ses alienum.
Id. IMPENSA, charge, expense of money or other things, a disburse-
ment. Ccenarum impensis venari suffragia. Cic. Major impensa in
patriam officii facta est. Id. Impensa funeris. Phaed. IMPENDIUM,
cost, expenses ; as also interest, that is above the principal. Is
quae-
stum sibi instituit sine impendio. Cic. Cogito fioenus et impendium
recusare. Id. Impendiis augere largitatem muneris, Id., To repay
with interest a present made with magnificence. Rationem impendi-
orum reposcere, Quint., To ask for the account of what has been
paid.
2336. Sumptum insumere. Sumptum exercere.
SUMPTUM INSUMERE. to spend, to make expense. Quaeritur in

hominem, quibus rationibus vixerit, quid sumptus in earn rem aut
laboris insumpserit. Cic. SUMPTUM EXERCERE, to earn the expenses
of one's Livelihood by labour. Corrasi omnia, ancillas, servos, nisi
eos
qui opere rustico faciendo sumptum exerceant suum, Ter., But those
that are able to work out their livelihood in tilling the ground.
2337. Sumptuosus. Sumptuarius.
SUMPTUOSUS, (from sumere) 1. Sumptuous, that is fond of spend-

ing much. Magnificus et sumptuosus homo. Cic. 2. Costly. Hostia
sumptuosa. Hor. Ludi sumptuosiores. Cic. Ccena sumptuosis-
sima. Sen. SUMPTUARIUS, of or belonging to expense. Lex sump-
tuaria, Cic., A sumptuary law, to restrain excess of charge in diet f
habit, &c. Rationes sumptuariae. Id.
2338. Superfluere. Diffluere.
SUPERFLUERE, (fluere super) to run over, to overflow. Apolloni*

fons aestate tantumsuperfluit. Plin. DIFFLUERE, (diversim fluere)
534
to flow every way. In plures partes amnis diffluit, Caes , The river
is divided into several branches. Figuratively : Is dedit operam ut
nimis redundantes nos et superfluentes juvenili quadaiu dicendi im-
punitate et licentia reprimeret, et quasi diffluentes coerceret. Cic.
Turpe est luxuria diffluere. Id. Difiiuere sudore, Plin., To be all in
a sweat.
2339. Supcrracuus. Supervacaneus.
Although these two words seem to have been indiscriminately used,

they ought for all that to be distinguished. SUFERVACUUS signifies
superfluous, serving to no use or purpose. Omne supervacuum pleno
de pectore manat. Hor. Descriptio omnium corporis partium, in
qua nihil inane, nihi! sine causa, nihil supervacuum est. Cic. Su-
PERVACANEUS, needless, not Jit for use. Quidquid usum non habet,
supervacaneum est. Cic. Supervacaneum est illis pugnare pro, &c.
Sail. Quod supervacaneum sit, aut usum non habeat. Id.
2340. Superus. Supernus.
SUPEUUS, above, the upper. Mare superum, Hor., The Adriatic,

in opposition to the Tyrrhenian sea, called inferum mare. Regnis su-
peris detrudere Jovem. Virg. Homo spectator superarum rerum
atque ccelestium. Cic. SUPEUNUS, from on high. Superna regio.
Plin. Numen supernum. Ovid. Superus is opposed to inferus ; and
supernus to infernus.-
2341. Supplicatio. OJ:secratio.

SUPPLICATIO, (from supplex, from sub plicare) supplication,
public prayer. Supplicatio Diis immortal ibus pro singular! eorum
merito meo nomine decretaest. Cic. OBSECRATIO, a solemn prayer
to the gods to deprecate some misfortune. Atque ob dira aut in urbe,
aut in Capitolio visa obsecratio haberetur. Suet. In quo constitu-
endae nobis quidem sunt procurationes et obsecrationes. Cic. Sup-
plicatio circa omnia pulvinaria, et obsecratio in unum diem indicia.
Liv.
234-2. Supra. Super.
SUPRA, above. Mare quod supra terram est. Cic. Super would
signify what is spread over. Turn mini cneruleus supra caput astitit
imber. Virg. Figuratively: Supra fidern, Q. Curt., Beyond credi-
bility. Supra tres cyatli os, Hor., More than three glasses. Supra
astatem, Cic., Above his age. Supra modum, Id., Excessively. Supra
is sometimes an adverb. Quae supra scripsi, Cic., What I wrote above.
SUPER, on, upon, beyond. Fronde super viridi. Virg. Demetrius
super terrae tumulum noluit quid statui nisi columellam. Cic. Super
Garamantas et Indos proferet'imperium. Virg. Super ripas rlumi-
nis effusus. Liv. The accusative case is used when there is a change
of place. It is sometimes used for inter. Super vinum et epulas.
Q. Curt. Sometimes for proeter. Super helium annona premente,
Liv., Besides the war, a prey to scarcity. Sometimes for de. Hac
super re scribam ad to. Cic. Sometimes for supra. Nomcntanus
crat super ipsum, PoTcius infra. Hor. Aninmdvertit super gratiam
atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti esse, Sail., He saw that neither
his influence nor money could blot out the odium of his crime. Super,
contiguitatem importat ; Supra, spatiunl quoddam. Sedemus super
herba ; supra caput nostrum volant aves. G. D.
535
' 234-3. Supremus. Summits.
SUPREMUS, (from supra, superior) highest of all, uppermost. Su-

premi montes, Virg., The highest mountains. Sole supremo, Hor.,
At the sun's going down. Figuratively : Supremi honores. Ovid.
Supremo vitae die. Cic SUMMUS, the most elevated, the greatest.
Summum, quo nihil sit superius. Cic. Summoque ulularunt ver-

tice Nymphae. Virg. it is opposed to infimus. Facere paria omnia,
infima summis. Cic. Figuratively : Vixit ad summam senectutera
valetudine optima. Cic. Amicus summus meus et popularis. Ter.
Appensa laqueari catena, supremum annulura si fregeris, tota con-
cidet. Summo nihil est superius. G. D.
2344. Surdus. Surdaster.
SURDUS, deaf, hard of hearing. Aures surdae. Ovid. Vocum

varietates aut modos noscere non potest surdus. Cic. Figuratively .-
Surda sit oranti tua janua, laxa ferenti. Ovid. Non erit officii
gratia
surda tui, Ovid., /'// publish your kindness every where. Surdus
judex. Cic. Surdus color, Plin., A dark colour. SURDASTER, half
or somewhat deaf, deafish. In surditate vero quidnam est mali > erat
surdaster M. Crassus ; sed aliud molestius, quod male audiebat, ut
mihi videbatur, injuria. Cic.
2345. Surgcre. Assurgere. Consurgere. Insurgere.
SURGERE, to rise, to get up, is properly said of a person that was

sitting or lying down. E lecto surgere. Ter. E mensa surgere. Id.
Figuratively : Quae nunc animo sententia surgit ? Virg. Queis sine
nee potuere seri, nee surgere messes. Id. Prosequitur surgens a
puppi ventus euntes. Id ASSURGERE, (surgere ad) to rise up to
one, to do him reverence. Nemo tibi in Curiana venienti assurrexit.
Cic. Haec ipsa sunt honorabilia, salutari, appeti, decedi, assurgi,
deduci, consuli, reduci. Id. Figuratively : Assurgere ex morbo,
Liv., To recover from a disease. Turn vero assurgunt irae. Virg.
Hard assurgit Hesiodus, Quint., Hesiod seldom writes in the sublime.
CONSURGERE, (surgere cum) to rise up together. Consurrexit Se-
natus cum clamore. Cic. Consurrexisse omnes dicuntur. Id. Figu-
ratively : Hispania ad bellum consurrexit, Liv., Spain rose in arms.
INSURGERE, (surgere in) to raise up against, to make- headagainst.
Nunc, nunc insurgite remis. Virg. Figuratively : Credensque suis
insurgere regnis. Ovid. Prospiciunt Teucri tenebras insurgere
campis. Virg.
2346. Sus. Porous. Porca.
Sus includes the male and the female, and is said of a hog or swine,
and of a boar. Arnica luto sus. Hor. Immundi sues. Virg. Sus ne-
morum cultrix. Phaed. POROUS, a hog, is said of the male only, and
not of the boar. Bimestris porcus. Hor. Porcus saginatus. Propert.
Figuratively : Epicuri de grege porcus, Hor., A glutton, a disciple
of Epicurus. PORCA, a sow-pig. Caesa jungebant fioedera porca.
Virg.
2347. Suspectus. Suspicax. Suspiciosus.
SUSPECTUS, suspected. Criminum capitalium suspectus. Tac. Cum

filius patri suspectus esset. Cic. Vestalis suspecta propter mundi-
536
orem justo cultum. Liv. SUSPICAX, ready or quid to suspect. Ani-

mus suspicax. Tac. SUSPICIOSUS, I. full rf suspicion, suspicious. Te
conscientia timidum suspiciosumque faciebat. Cic. Omnes quibus
res minus secundae, magis sunt, nescio quomodo, suspiciosi. Ter.
Civitas^ maledica et suspicion. Cic. 2. Suspected, much to be feared.
Quod a vobis hoc pugnari video, suspiciosum est. Cic. Suspiciosis-
simum tempus, A very critical time.
2348. Suspicio. Conjectura. Conjectio.
SUSPICIO, a suspicion, an opinion accompanied with doubt. Plerum-

que improborum facta primo suspicio insequitur, deinde sermo at-
que fama. Cic. CONJECTUKA, a conjecture, an opinion founded on
appearances, a probable judgement. Conjectura has something more
positive than suspicio. Conjectura assequi. Cic. Quo me conjectura
ducat, habeo ; sed expecto tamen. Id. Hoec a me suspicionibus et
conjectura coarguuntur. Id. CoxJECTlo,properly a casting, a throw-
ing, orjlinging. Conjectio telorum. Cic. // is said of conjectural in-
terpretations. Conjectio somniorum, Cic., The {interpretation of
dreams. Cicero has used conjectura in this same meaning.
2349. Sutorius. Stitilis.
SUTORIUS, (from suere) of or belonging to a shoemaker. Suto-

rium atramentum, Cic., Vitriol used by shoemakers to blacken the edge
of their leather. SUTILIS, that is sewed, stitched, or patched.
Sutilis
balteus. Virg. Cymba sutilis, a boat made of boards joined together,
a boat rejitted.
2350. Synonyma. Homonyma.
SYXOXYMA, (from <rvv and oVoaa, or, according to the JF.olian di-
alect, Qyvpa,, a name) synonymous, words that hare the same significa-
tion, or a signification very nearly alike, as prosternere, affligere
j
amare, diligere. HOMONYMA, (from oaoj, similar, and ovcaa or
ovupa., a name) similar icords that express things very different ; as
when we say radices montium, radices arborum.
2351. Syrtis. Brevia. Vai(um.
SYRTIS, a quicksand, or shelf made by the drift of sand or gravel.

This name was also given to the arid fields of Libya, where travellers
meet with uncommon hardships in their journeying, and are often bu-
ried under the sands. They place in t)ie Syrtes the temple of Jupiter
Ammon, which was very distant from the sea. Inhospita syrtis. Virg.
Êstuosae syrtes. Hor. Figuratively: Syrtis patrimonii. Cic. BHE-
vi A, (quod ibi brevis sit aqua) s/ielves or shallow places, orjlats
where
there is little water, and a ship may run aground. In brevia et syr-
tes urget. Virg. VADUM, a ford, a shallow place in a river, wh<
may go over on foot. Pontem, quia vado nusquiim transitus erat, fa-
cere instituit. Caes. Figuratively; Omnis res in vado est, Ter., The
business is safe, or out of danger.
537
2352. Tabula. Pictura.
TABULA is properly a board or plank. Et laceras nuper tabulas

in littore vidi. Ovid. It also signifies a picture, because pictures
an-
ciently were painted on wood. Pictae tabulae. Cic. PICTUKA, a paint-
ing, the art of painting. Nego ullam picturam neque in tabulis, ne-
que textilem fuisse, quin quaesierit. Cic. Ut pictura poesis erit.
Hor.
2353. Tabula. Tabularium.
TABULA, synonymous with tabularium, a register or record. Ta-

bulas accepti et expensi. Cic. TABULARIUM, a place wherein public
registers or records are kept. Signatis tabulis publicis, clausoque
ta-
bulario. Liv.
2354-. Tabulation. Tabulaiio. Contignatio.
TABULATUM, (from tabula) a floor, the inner roof of a room*

Turn's tabulatorum quatuor. Cees. It is poetically that Virgil said,
speaking of the vine-tree, Summasque sfcqui tabulata per ulnios. TA-
BULATIO, a boarding, a flooring. Centonesque insuper injecerunt,
ne tela tormentis missa tabulationem perfringerent. Cic. CONTIG-
NATIO, (from cum and tignum) the raftering or rearing up of' a
house, either in the roof or floors. Quibus suspenderent earn contig-
nationem, quae turri teguraento esset futura. Cic. Facere contigna-
tionera, Id., To make timber work.
2355. Tacitus. Taciiurmis.
TACITUS, properly, not spoken of, not mentioned. Quis te, magne
Cato, taciturn, aut te, Cosse, relinquat ? Virg. More commonly it sig-
nifies not speaking, saying nothing. Tu abi tacitus viam tuani,
Plaut.,
Go on your way without saying a word. Pro sollicitis non tacitus reis,
Hor., His eloquence is the protection of the unfortunate. Figuratively
:
Occulta et tacita assensio. Cic. Mcestitia tacita. Liv. Tacitis senes-
cimus annis. Ovid. TACITURNUS, silent, of few words. Taciturnior
statua. Hor. Figuratively: Taciturnumostium. Plaut. Ilipa taci-
turna, Hor., A calm shore, sheltered from the wind.
2356. Talaris. Talarius.
TALARIS, of or belonging to the ankles. Vestis talaris, Cic., A gown

that comes down to the ankles . TALARIUS, (from talus) of or belong-
ing to dice, or huckle-bones. Talarius ludus. Cic. Talaria lex. Id.
2357. Talentum. Talentum magnum.
TALENTUM, the small talent : it was worth sixty pounds, or twenty-

four thousand small sesterces. Argenti aurique talenta. Virg. TA-
LENTUM MAGNUM, the great talent, was worth eighty mince or Roman
pounds, or thirty-two thousand small sesterces. Duo magna talenta
auri. Virg. Nam promisimus carnufici aut talentum magnum, aut
istum hodie sistere. Plaut. Patrimonii mille talenta. Hor.
2358. Talus. Calx.

TALUS, the pastern, Purpura usque ad talos demissa, Cic. CALX,
538
(masculine) the heel. Ibi cum pugnis et calcibus concisus esset. Cic.
Figuratively: A calce ad carceres, Cic., From the beginning to the
end. Calx (feminine) signifies lime. Calx viva, Plin., Quick-lime.
2359. Talus. Tessera. Alca. Scrupus.
TALUS, synonymous with the other*, a cocknl, a bone for children to

play with. TESSERA, a die to play with. Conferre se ad talos aut
tesseras. Cic. Tessera /v (/<<!. by I.ivy to express the. watch -word,
which
was impressed on a piece of metal or wood. Those that carried it were
called Tesserarii milites. ALEA, gaming of all sorts, any play of ha-
zard or chance. Vetita legibus alea. Hor. Figuratively : ^ Jre in du-
biani servitii imperiique aleam. Liv. Periculosas plenum opus aleae.
Hor. Extra omnem ingenii aleam positus. Cic. SCRUPUS, a chess-
man, a table-man, a draught-man. Scruporum ludus. Quint. Pila
bene et duodeclm scrupis ludere. Cic. Hence comes scrupulus, a scru-
ple. Jnjeci scrupulum. Ter.
2360. Tangcre. Tractare.
TANGERE, to touch. Tangere aras. Virg. Raculo tetigit juvenem.

Ovid. Figuratively : Htec modice me tangunt. Cic. Non omnia di-
cere, etleviter unumquodque tangere. Id. Quo pacto ilium tetige-
rim in convivio, numquid tibi dixi ? Ter., Did I tell you how I played
upon him at a feast ? Patrem talento tetigi, Id., I have cleverly
cheated
my father of a talent. TRACTARE, (frequentative of trahere) to
handle. Tractare calicem manibus unctis. Hor. Figuratively : Ali-
quem minus aspere tractare. Cic. Aliquain artem tractare, Ter., To
exercise an art. Tractant fabrilia i'abri. Hor. Aliquid ammo trac-
tare, Cic., To revolve a thing in one's mind. In munere aliquo recte
se tractare. Id., To behave wisely in a:i employ. Gubernacula Rei-
publicae tractare, Id., To govern the Republic. Tangimus in a light
manner. Tractamus ivith the whole hand. Reni tangimus to know
whether it is wood or stone. Tractamus a stuff or cloth, to try the
good-
ness of it.
2361. Taut idem. Tantisper.
TAXTIDEM, as much, quite as much, speaking of quantity. Emere

aliquid tantidem. Cic. Ab aliquo tantidem accipere. Id. TANTISPER
is only said of time, a little while, for a little while. Cogitare
tantisper
de aliquo reo. Cic. Totos dies scribo, non quo proficiam, sed tan-
tisper impedior. Id.
2362. Tantulus. Tantillits.
TANTULUS, (diminutive of tantus) so little, so small, nrccr so little.

Ex tantulo fici grano. Cic. Tantula epistola. Id. Statura tantula.
Caes. TANTILLUS (diminutive o/"tantulus) expresses something still
smaller. Quc-m ego niodo pueruni tantillum in manibus gcstavi meis.
Ter.
2363. TauriK;. Juvencu*.
TAURUS, a bull, an ox not gelded : it is used by poets to express a

vi-
gorous ox. Pingue solum fortes invcrtant tauri. Virg. Fumans sub
vomere taurus. Id. Ju\ 'nillock or steer, a young ox. Rudes
opcruni juvcnci. Ovid. Est in juvencis, est in equis patrutn virtus.

Hor.
539
2364. Tegere. Operire. Coopcrire.

TEGERE, to cover, to hide. Fronde teguntur aves. Ovid. Tegunt
se latebris fene. Cic. Figuratively : Innocentia tectus. Cic. Trium-
phi nomine tegere et velare cupiditatem suam. Id. OPERIRE, to shut
up or close, to wrap about in. Pellis operit latos humeros. Virg. Ope-
rire ostium, Ter., To shut the door. Figuratively : Opertus dedecore
et infamia, Cic. Tectus would not do in the foregoing example.
COOPERIRE, (operire cum) to cover all over, to envelop, to overwhelm.
Cooperire aliquem lapidibus. Liv. Cujus quadrigam cum agitatore
cooperuit alis musca. Plin. Figuratively: Coopertus sceleribus. Cic.
Coopertus miseriis. Sail. Coopertus famosis versibus, Hor., Disho-
noured by satirical verses. Opertus -would express less.
2365. Tegida. Imbrex.
TEGULA, (from tegere) a tile. Strataque erat tepido tegula quassa

solo. Ovid. Promitto tibi, si valebit, tegulam ilium in Italia nullam
relicturum. Cic. IMBREX, (from imber) a gutter-tile, a roof-tile.
Quod meas confregisti imbrices et tegulas. Plaut. Hunc (locum)
angustique imbrice tecti, parietibusque premunt arctis, Virg., They
surround that place with four walls, and cover it with tiles.
Figurative-
ly : Imbrex porci, Mart., A pig's ear, or the chine of a hog.
2366. Tegumentum. Operculum. Tectorium.
TEGUMENT \jM,from tegumen, or tegmen. (from tego) any sort of

covering. Tegumenta corporis, vel texta vel suta. Cic. Mihi amictui
est Scythicum tegmen. Id. Tegmen coeli. Id. Est super tunicam
aeneum corpori tegumen. Liv. Figuratively : Quaerere flagitiorum
tegumenta. Cic. Quod tegumen modo omnis exercitus fuerat. Liv.
OPERCULUM, a cover, a lid. Aspera arteria tegitur quasi quodam
operculo. Cic. TECTORIUM, (from tegere) any kind of plastering,
&c. over rvalls. Tectorium vetus delere, et novurn inducere. Cic.
Figuratively : Pictae tectoria linguae, Pers., A disguised language.
2367. Tela. Arma.
T.ELA, (from ryte, afar off} arrows, weapons tofglit ivith, offen-
sive arms. Tela conjicere. Cic. Figuratively : Tela linguae. Ovid.
De corpore Reipublicas tuorum scelerum tela revellentur. Cic.
ARMA is said of offensive and defensive weapons. Arma alia ad te-
gendum, alia ad nocendum. Cic. Arma telaque parant. Liv. It is
said of all tools, utensils, and also of the rigging of a ship.
Cereali-
aque arma expediunt. Virg. Armis spoliata navis. Id. Figuratively:
Arma prudentiae. Cic. Arma senectutis, artes exercitationesque vir-
tutum. Id.
2368. Telum. Hasta. Hastile. Gesum. Sarissa. Sparus. Lancea.
Pilum. Spiculum. Sagitta. Jaculum. Falarica.

TELUM is a generic word for any offensive weapon. Versari inco-
lumem inter hostium tela. Cic. Figuratively : Nee yero negligenda
est fama: nee mediocre telum ad res gerendas existimare oportet
benevolentiam civium. Cic. HASTA, a pike. Eminus hasta, comi-
nus gladio uti. Cic. Figuratively : Hastani abjicere, Cic., To give
up all hopes. HASTILE, the stqjfofa halbert. Debilis hastili nixus.
Cic. GESUM, a kind of javelin proper to the Gauls, and used by the
54-0
Romans. Falcibus gesisque binis arniati. Liv. SARISSA, a long

spear or pike used by the Macedonians. Impeditus intercursu suorum
usus prrelongarum hastaruin, sarissas Macedones vocant, intulere
signa Romanae legiones. Liv. SPARUS, or Sparum, {from a-Tfslpw,
<rTfctp'jY, spargere) a hind of dart used by the country people.
Agres-
tisque rnanus arniat sparus. Virg. Sparo eminus percussus. C. Nep.
LANCEA, (from Aaypîj) a lance, a kind of fang javelin. Disjec-
tam fluitanter?que testudinem lanceis contisque tutantur. Tac. Pi-
LUM, the javelin of the Romans, the stajf of iwiich teas long, and the
dart of a triangular form, with hooks. Agmina horrentia pilis. Jior.
Cervicibus caput abscidit, idque fixum gestari jussit in pilo. Cic.
Figuratively : Primum pilum, Cats., The first company of a regiment .
SPICULUM, (from spica, an ear of corn) a dart. Lenta spicula
contorquent lacertis. Virg. Hastarum spicula. Ovid. Spiculum icas
of a triangular form. It is said of the head of a javelin or arrow.
Alexander sagitta ictus est, quae in medio crure reliquerat spicu-
lum. Q. Curt. SAGITTA, an arrow. Aptare nervo sagittas. Virg.
Sagittae pendebant ab humero. Cic. JACULUM, (from jacere) a
dart, a javelin, any thing that may be shot ojf. Missa jacuiorum
turba.
Ovid. Solum pras jacuiorum multitudine, et sagittarum umbra non
videbitis. Cic. FALARICA, (from falae, wooden towers) a kind of
dart used to fight from an eminence, and shot out of an engine. Fa-
larica erat Saguntinis missile telum, hastili oblongo, et caetera te-
reti, praeterquam ad extremum, unde ferrum extabat. Liv. Magnum
stridens contorta falarica venit. Virg.
2369. Temere. Fortuitb.
TEMERE, inconsiderately, rashly. Temere et nullo consilio. Cic.

Audacterhoc dico, non temere confirmo. Id. Non hac temere" trans-
iri potest. Plaut. It also signifies likely. Illud ingcniorum velut
prae-
cox genus baud temere unquam pervenit ad frugem. Quint. FOR-
TUITO, by mere chance, accidentally. Jncidere fortuito in aliquem ser-
monem. Cic. Non temere, nee fortuito sati, et creati sumus. Id.
2370. Temeritas. Inconsidcrantia,
TEMERITAS, temerity, inconsiderateness, fool -hardiness. Muiti fa-

ciunt multa temeritate quadam, sine judicio vel modo. Cic. Teme-
ritas est florentis aetatis; sapientia, senectutis. Id. Nunquam teme-
ritas cum sapientia commiscetur. Id. INCONSIDERANTIA, (non
considerare) u:ant of consideration, imprudence^ indiscretion. Cujus
in hoc uno inconsidcrantiam ego sustinebo, ut potero. Cic. Tenie-
ritas may be opposed to sapientia, and inconsiderantia to prudentia.
2371. Tcmpcramenlum. Teipcra>i//n.
TEMFERAMENTUM, (from temperare) a tempering, a moderation,

a means. Inventum est temperamentum, quo tenuiores cum principi-
bus aequari so putarent. Cic. Linguae temperamentum. Liv. TI.M-
PERANTIA, temperance, a moral virtue that regulates and keeps //.
.v/o//.s /// subjection. Temperantia est rationis in libidincin atijue
in
alios non rectos impetus animi lirma ft moderata dominatio. Cic.
2372. Temperatio. Temperiex.

TEMPERATIO, the act of tempering. Temperatio caloris. Cic.
541
temperatio, Id., The tempering of brass. Corporis temperatio, cum

ea congruunt inter se e quibus constatnus. Id. Temperatio Reipub-
licaj, Id., The constitution of the Republic. TEMPERIES, temperature.
Cceli temperies. Ovid. Temperie blandaram captus aquarum. Id.
Temperatio est rerum ; temperies est aeris, ventorum, aquarum.
G.D.
2373. Tempestas. Procella.
TEMPESTAS, a tempest, a hurricane, either on land or the sea.

Freda tempestas cum grandine ac tonitribus ccelo dejecta. Liv. Fi-
guratively: Maxima? et turbulentissiince molestiarum tempestates.
Cic. Tempestas invidiae, Id., The persecution raised by envy. Tem-
pestates alicujus subire, Id., To endure other people's misfortunes.
PROCELLA, (from pro, and the obsolete word cellere, to agitate) a
great storm of wind and rain, especially on the sea. Imbres, nimbi,
procellcE, turbines, reliquasque tempestates. Cic. Jnasquales
procellae
vexant mare. Hor. Figuratively: Tu procella patriae, turbo ac tem-
pestas pacis atque otii. Cic.
2374% Tempestas. Tempestivitas.
TEMPESTAS, synonymous with Tempestivitas, time, season. Tem-

pestatum moderatio. Cic. Idonea tempestas. Id. Qua tempestate
Pcenus in Italiam venit. Id. TEMPESTIVITAS, the season or time
convenient for doing a thing, seasonableness, opportunity. Sua cuique
parti setatis tempestivitas est data ; ut enim infirmitas est
puerorum,
et ferocitas juvenum, et graritas jam constantis aetatis, sic senectu-
tis maturitas naturale quiddam babel, quod suo tempore percipi de-
beat. Cic.
2375. Tenacitas. Tenor.
TENACITAS, (from tenere) holding fast, tenacity, tenaciousness.

Unguium tenacitas. Cic. Figuratively: niggardliness, avarice. In-
justa quidem, sed aliqua tamen causa tenacitatis. Liv. TENOR, a
tenour, continuance or constant course of acting. Pugnae tenor. Liv.
Tenore uno rem peragere. Id. Hasta fugit servatque cruenta teno-
rem. Ovid.
2376. Tentatio. Tentamentum.
TEXT AT 10, (from tentare) an attack. Valetudinem tuam jam con-

firmatam esse, et a vetere morbo, et a novis tentationibus gaudeo.
Cic. It also signifies an assaying, a temptation. JEgre Hortensius
pati, tentationem earn credens esse perseverantiae. Liv. TENTA-
MENTUM and Tentamen, a proof, a trial, an attempt. Necprimaper
artem tentamenta tui pepigi, Virg., / made no use of art to know
your disposition. Tentamen is only used in poetry. Prima vocis datae
tentamina sumpsit. Ovid.
2377. Tentorium. Tabernacnlum.

TENTORIUM, (from tendere) a tent, a pavilion. Niveis tentoria
velis. Virg. Ponere tentoria. Ovid. Tentorium ex pellibus habere.
Val. Max.--TABERNACuLUM, (from taberna) a small lodging^ tent,
a military pavilion. Alilitare tabernaculum. Cic. Collocare taberna-
culura in aliquo loco. Id.
542
2378. Tepidus. Calidus.
TEPIDUS, lukewarm, neither hot nor cold. Lac tepicluni. Virg. fi-
guratively: Hie homo factus est tepidior, Plaut., This man has lost
all his energy. CALIDUS, hot, scalding. Frigida pugnabant calidis.
Ovid. Sol calidus is a scorching sun. Sol tepidus, a moderate tun.
Figuratively : Calida concilia. Cic. Lenit albescens animos capil-
lus ; non ego hoc ferrem calidus juventa. Hor.
2379. Ter. Tertib. Ttrtium.
TER, thrice, three times. Mutianus ter consul. Plin. TERTIO,

thirdly, in the third place or time, (loco or tempore implied). Tertio
consul factus est, Liv., He has leen named consul the third. TER-
TiUMj/br the third time. Tertiiim foetus est consul, He has been
created consul for the third time. Tertio is sometimes used for
tertium.
Ille iterum, ille tertio cautionibus factis, pecuniam dedit. Cic.
2380. Tergere. Vcrrere.
TERGERE, to make clean, to wipe. Vasa aspera tergeat alter. Juv.

Manu veluti lacrymantia lumina tersit. Ovid. VERRERE, to sweep.
Verrere pavimentum. Juv. In f'amilia qui tergunt, qui ungunt, qui
verrunt. Cic. Figuratively : Certatim feriunt mare, et aequora ver-
runt. Virg.
2381. Taclio. Taclus.
TACTIO, (from tangere) the act of touching. Voluptates oculo-

rum, tactionum, odorationum. Cic. TACTUS, the touching itself,
the sense of touching or feeling. Qui non odore ullo, non tactu, non
sapore capiatur. Cic. Tactus toto corpore aequabiliter fusus est, ut
omnes ictus, omnesque nimios et frigoris et caloris appulsus sentire
possimus. Id.
2382. Tangit. Special. Pertinet.
We promiscuously may say : Illud me tangit, that concerns me ; Illud

me spectat, that is my business ; Illud ad me pertinet, that belongs
to
me. There is, however, a nice difference between the above,
expressions.
Although we take but a small concern in any thing, u~e may use spectat
to express that concern. But pertinet requires a greater degree of
con-
cern. And tangit denotes that the thing moves and concerns .? greatly.
Beneficia quas ad singulos spectant, et quae ad universes pertinent.
Cic. Vestri cura nulla vos tangit. Liv.
2383. Tenelrosus. Tenelricosus.

TENEBROSUS. dark, gloomy, cloudy. Sedes tenebrosa. Ovid. Pa-
lus tenebrosa. Virg. Tenebroso in carcere. Sen. TENEBRICOSUS,
very dark, fond of darkness. Tu ex tenebricosa popina consul ex-
tractus. Cic. Figuratively: Lateant libidines ejus ilia: tenebricosa?.
Cic.
2384. Tergum. Tergus. Dorsum.
TERGUM, the Lack, the back part of a thing. Bourn terga non sunt
ad accipiendum onus figuruta. Cic. Manibus post terga revinctus.
Virg. Figuratively: Tergum collis, Liv., The back part of the hill.
TERGUS, the skin or hide of any Leust. Tergora diripiunt costis. et
viscera nudant. Virg. Durissimum (elephantis) dorso tergus, ventri
.543
molle. Plin. DORSUM, the round part of the lack of a man or least.
Auxilium petiit hominis (equus) quern dorso levans, &c. Phted.
Figuratively . Montis prserupti dorsum, Hor., The bottom part of a
mountain. Dorsum in mari, Virg., A quicksand or shelf. Dorsum is
opposed to venter, especially in leasts : and tergum to frons. A
tergo,
a fronte, a lateribus teneri. Cic.
2385. Ternus. Trinus. Tertius. Triplex. Tripartitus.
TERNUS, three and three. Velutacies terni juvenes, Liv., speaking

of the Horalii and Curiatii. Terno consurgunt ordine remi. Virg.
// 25 used to e.rpress three. Immane est vitium dare millia terna ma-
cello. Hor. TRINUS, three, three together. Trims hybernis hyemare,
Caes., To take winter quarters in three places. Reddidit trinas
litteras.
Cic. TERTius, t fie third. Tertio quoque die. Cic. Tertio loco.
Plin TRIPLEX, ( from tres and plicare) triple, threefold. Illi ro-
bur et <ES triplex circa pectus erat. Hor. Triumphus triplex. Virg.
Plato triplicem finxit animam. Cic. TRIPARTITUS, (from tres and
partiri) divided into three parts. Tripartita bonorum ratio. Cic.
Tripartita oratio. Id.
2386. Terrestris. Terrenus. Terreus.
Although TERRESTRIS and Terrenus may sometimes le promiscu-

ously used, it must be observed that the former is said of things
having
a more distant relation to the earth. Praesidium terrestre. Cic.
Archi-
pirata terrestris. Jd. TERRENUS is said of things belonging more
particularly to the earth. Humor marinus vel terrenus. Cic. Con-
tagio terrena. Id. Abstinere terrenis operibus. Col. TERREUS, of
or belonging to the earth, earthen. In ea planitie erat tumulus
terreus
satis grandis, Caes., In that plain there was a great rising ground.
Vas terreum. Col.
2387. Testa. Cadus.
TESTA, 1. A brick, a tile. Mensae pes dissidet impar, testa parem

fecit. Ovid. 2. An earthen vessel or jar for wine or any other liquor,
a cask. Apta mero testa. Ovid. Fundit testa merum. Tibul. 3. An
earthen lamp. Testa cum ardente viderent scintillare oleum. Virg.
4. A shell-fish. Sed non omne mare generosae est fertile testae. Hor.
5. The shell of a fish. Testarum suffrages absolutus. C. Nep. At

Athens they voted by inscribing their opinion on oyster-shells.
Juvenal
has used testa to express a light ship. Et brevibus pictae remis
insur-
gere testae. Juv. CADUS, a wine-cask. Diffugiunt cadis cum faece
siccatis amici. Hor. Apotheca plena cadis. Phaed. // is used in a more
general sense. Ossaque lecta cado texit Chorineus aheno. Virg.
2388. Testari. Testificari.
TESTAIU, (from testis) 1. To cull or take to witness. Testor om-

nes Deos me hac una vocea morte esse revocatum. Cic. 2. To show
or manifest, to evidence. Venae et arteriae crebrae, multaeque toto
cor-
pore diffusae vim quamdam incredibilem artificiosi operis divinique
testantur. Cic. 3. To make a will or testament. Possit-ne quisquam
de filii pupilli re testari. Cic. Immemor in testando nepotis pueri
decessit. Liv. TESTIFICARI, (testem facere) to bear witness, to call
544
to witness. Tcstificor me belli expertera fuisse. Cic. Deos, homines

amicitiamque nostram testificor. Id.
2589. Testimgn'atm. Testificatio.
TESTIMOXIUM, testimony, proof, evidence ly witnesses. Sunt in

earn rem testimonia. Cic. Elevare testimonia, Id., To invalidate the
depositions of witnesses. TESTIFICATIO, a testifying or attesting, a
certificate, a declaration. Si ejus rei testificatio tolleretur. Cic.
Cum
summa testincatione suorum in me officiorum. Id. Ut contra hoc
crimen, si quando opus esset, hue videlicet testificatione uteretur.
G. D.
2390. Testimonium dicere. Testimonium dare. Pro testimonio dicere.
TESTIMONIUM DICERE, to swear to the truth of a thing, to Lear

witness before a tribunal. Testimonium secundum fidem et religio-
nem gravissime dixit. Cic. Testimonium dicere de conjuratione.
Id. TESTIMONIUM DAKE, t(> give a testimony, a proof. Senatus
mihi testimonimn hujus urbis conservator dedit. Cic. Uabit nobis
jam tacite vita acta in alterutram partem'firmum et grave testimo-
nium. Id. PRO TESTIMONIO DICERE, to declare in bearing witness.
Neque dixi quicquam pro testimonio, nisi quod erat notum atque
testatum. Cic. Posteaquam Cordius pro testimonio dixit te sibi red-
didisse, finem reddendi fecfeti. Id.
2391. Texere. Intexere.
TEXERE, to u-eave, is properly said of the weaver. Texentem te-

lam studiose ipsam invenimus. Ter. // is said also of a hoicse, of a
ship, and of works of genius. Basilicam texere. Cic. Carina texitur
suis costis. Ovid. Epistolas quotidianis verbis texere solemus. Cic.
INTEXERE, to interlace, to interweave. Purpureasque notas filis
intexuit albis. Ovid. Figuratively: Lacta tristibus, incredibilia pro-
babilibus inteximus. Cic. Intexunt fabulas. Id.
2392. Theca.
THECA, (from $jjyjcv, thesaurus) is said of any thing used to shut

things in. Theca nummaria. Cic. Thecac vasorum, Id., Cases toput
vessels in. VAGINA, (from vacuus) a sheath. Gladius in vagina re-
conditus. Cic.
2393. Tibia. Sura.
TIBIA, the shank, or shin-bone. Alterum (os) a priore parte po-

situm, cui tibiae nomen est. Plin. Tibia cum feiuoris infVrioro ca-
pite committitur. Cels. SURA, the calf of the leg. Suram ubi aspi-
cias, scias eum posse gerere crassas compedes. Plaut. Teretes suras
integer laudo. Hor. Poets use it to express the whole leg, from the
knee
to the ankle. Purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. Virg.
2391. Tibia. Fistula.
TIBIA (synonymous wit h fistula) is an instrument of music made of

reeds pierced through, with intervals between the holes; a pipe, ajla-
geolet. It was called tibia, because that instrument was anciently
made
of legs of cranes. Si tibia: inflates non referant sonum. Cic. FIS-
TULA, properly, a pipe to carry water. Fistulas, quibus aqua suppe-
545
ditabaturj prsecidi imperat. Cic. Jt is said of a musical instrument

composed of seven pipes of an unequal length, to create diversity in
the
sounds. Est mihi disparibus septern compacta cicutis fistula. Virg..
Dispar septenis fistula cannis. Ovid.
2395. Tignum. Trabs.
'
TIGNUM, the rafter of a house, a joist, a Iressel, stakes rammed into

the e nrth to build upon. Ignes celeri flam ma degustant tigna.
Lucret.
Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno. Ovid. Modicis instravit
pulpita tignis. Hor. Tigna bina sesquipedalia ab imo praeacuta, di-
mensa ad altitudinem flurninis. Caes. TUABS, a beam, any great piece
of timber. Nexae trabes aere. Virg. Trabes abiegnae. Cic. Poets have
used trabsj^r a ship. Ut trabe Cypria Mirtoum pavidus nauta secet
mare. Hor. Trabs, according to Festus, ivas made of two beams joined;
together, and tignum is one beam only.
2396. Timidilas. Timor.
TIMIDITAS, timidity, an habitual disposition to fear. Timiditas est

angustus et parvus animus. Cic. Tu pudore aliquo a dicendo, et ti-
miditate ingenua quadam refugisti. Id. TIMOR is an actual fear.
Timor est metus mali appropinquantis. Cic. Te bonum timor facie-
bat, non diuturni magister officii. Id. Degeneres animos timor ar-
guit. Virg.
2397. Timidus. Timens.
TIMIDUS is said of one naturally fearful. Timidum atque ignavuro

judicari. Cic. Nimium me timidum, nullius animi, nullius consilii
fuisse confiteor. Id. TIMENS is one actually in fear. Mortem ti-
mens. Ovid. Comiti timens. Virg. Timidus semper timet ; timens,
ex causa. G. D.
2398. Tirocinium. Rudimenlum. Elementum.

TIROCINIUM, ( from tir) an apprenticeship, a noviciate. Ponere
tirocinium, Liv., To serve one's time or apprenticeship.
Figuratively :
Tirocinio aetatis lapsus, Cic., That failed for want of experience.
Propter exercitus paucitatem et tirocinium, Hirt., Because of the
fewness and rawness of his soldiers. RUDIMENTUM, (from rudis) a
beginning. Rudimentum puerilis regni. Liv. Rudimenta tirocinii.
Justin. Itudimentaet incunabula virtutis. Cic. ELEMENTUM, (from
alere) an element, the first elements. Ab elementis res ooines sumunt
incrementum, etin ea resolvuntur. Plin, Elementa puerorum. Cic.
Elementa veliat ut discere prima (pueri). Hor.
2399. Titulus. Index.
TITULUS, a title, an inscription. Titulus libelli. Ovid. Legum

latarum tituli. Tac. Titulo signatur imago. Ovid. Figuratively :
Sustinere titulum consulates. Cic. Navalis victoriae vanum titulum
appetivere. Liv. Titulum praetendere, Id., To allege a pretence.
INDEX, a mark or token. Hujus rei neque index neque vestigium est.
Cic. Imago animi vultus est, indices oculi. Id. Index libri, Id., The
title of a look. Also the. forefinger used to show things. Index
d.igitus,
Hor., The finger next to the thumb.
2 N
546
24-00. Toga. Stola. Peplum. Palla. Trabea. Pallium. Sagum.

Paludamentum. Chlamys.
TOGA, ( from tegere ) a gown worn by the ancient Romans in lime

of peace. It was a large cloak worn above the tunic. Toga pacis et in-
signe otii. // was the gown used by the ladies when they appeared in
public. Noble women afterwards adopted the gown called stola, and
gave up the toga to women of the town, and servants. Quid refert in
matrona, ancilla peccesve togata? Hor. STOLA was the usual gar-
ment of married women, of noble ladies : Cicero gives it to the
Goddess
Diana. Dianae erat admodum amplum signum cum stola. Sumpsisti
virilem togam, quam statim muliebrem stolam reddidisti. Cic. PE-
PLUM, (from rfs-jrXof, a veil of the finest sort) a long robe worn iy
the
ladies ; the statues of the goddesses were adorned with it. Servius
says
it was particularly consecrated to Minerva. Crinibus Iliades passis,
peplumque ferebant. Virg. PALLA, a large upper robe hanging down
upon the ground, worn chiefly by women of honest fame. Verrit humum
Tyrio saturata murice palla. Virg. It was also a kind of short jer-
kin worn by the Gauls, llle cum palla et cothurnis nunimos populo
de rostris spargere solebat. Cic. GalHca palla. Martial. TUABEA,
(from trabs, on account of the bands of different colours} a gown worn
by kings at Rome. Decorus trabea Romulus. Ovid. And after their
expulsion, worn by the consuls, augurs, and the knights. Ipse Quiri-
nali lituo, parvaque sedebat succinctus trabea. Virg. Trabeati Equi-
tes. Tac. PALLIUM, a cloak, a sort of upper garment worn by Greeks
of all descriptions, and above all by the philosophers. Conjiciam in
col-
lum pallium. Plaut. Saepe" etiam sub sordido pallio sapientia. Cic.
SAGUM, a soldier's coarse cloak or frock; it was the dress for war.
Cum est in sagis civitas. Cic. Ad saga ire; ct redire ad togas. Id.
PALUDAMENTUM, a coat of arms, a military garment worn over the
cuirass ; it was the dress of generals. Imperatoria paludamenta.
Livy gives it to the Curiatii. Cognitoque super humeros fratris pa-
ludamento sponsi, quodipsa confecerat. Liv. CHLAMYS, (xAoâuf)
a soldier's coat, the military tunic in time of war. Ipse agmine
Pallas
in medio chlamyde et pictis conspectus in armis. Virg. // was also
a child's garment. Et Phrygian* Ascanio chlamydem f'ert. Virg.
2401. Toga prcctexla. Togavirilis. Toga pur a. Toga Candida.

TOGA PRETEXT A, a whit-e robe reaching down to the ankles, bor-
dered with purple, and worn by the chief magistrates as a mark of ho-
nour ; also by senators on solemn festivals, and by ladies of high
rank^
It was likewise worn by the children of Rome, till they were seventeen
years of age. Eripies igitur pupillae togam praetextam, detrahes or-
namenta non solum fortunae, sed etiam ingcnuitatis? Cic. TEdilis
cum toga praetexta. Id. Consules cum toga praetexta. Id. TOGA
VIRILIS, a robe worn at seventeen years of age. Ego autem u patre
ita cram deductus ad Scaevolam, sumpta virili toga, ut quoad possem
et liceret, a senis latere nunquam discederem. Cic. TOGA PUHA,
a robe without any ornament ; the same with toga virilis. Habemus
concionem Antonii, in qua erat accusatio Pompeii usque a togzipura.
Cic. TOGA CANDIDA was a white robe worn by candidates, by those
who put up for places or high offices. Cicero in Candida toga oratio-
nem habuit in Catilinam et Antonium competitors, Plin.
547
24.02. Toga pulla. Toga sordida.
TOGA PULLA was the robe worn L-y people in mourning, which if ge-
nerally thought to have teen of a Hack colour, Pbssius thinks it was
of
an iron-gray colour. In funere familiar! coenare cum toga pulla. Cic.
TOGA SORDIDA was the robe of those wh 1 ) were arraigned: it was
dirty, full of rags, greasy and slovenly. They wore it to raise pity
and
compassion. They w ere called sorclidati. Diodorus Romce sordidatus
circuin patronos atque hospites cursare. Cic. Postquam sordida-
tum reum viderunt. Cic.
2403. Togatus. Pallia t us.
TOGATUS, one drest in a robe after the fashion of the Romans, llo-
manos rerum dominos gentemque togatam. Virg. Plays, -the subjects
of which were taken from the Romans, were called togatae comcediae.
Togatis excelluit Afranius. Quint. PALLIATUS, one clothed in the
upper garment used L-y the Greeks. Graeculus judex modo palliatus,
modo togatus. Cic. Itaque objicias licet quam voles saepe palliatura
fuisse. Id. Plays, the subjects of which, were taken from the Greeks,
were called paliiatae comrediae.
2404 1 . Torquere. Angere. Cruciare.
TORQUERE, properly, to writhe, to twist. Capillos torquere ferro.

Ovid. Os torquere. Cic. Figuratively: to rack, torment, or torture.
Qui in dolore est, torquetur. Cic. Metu doloris torqueri. Id. Equu-
leo torquere aliquem. Id. It is also said ofjlingi'ig or throwing, on
account of the motion of the arms. Hastas torquere. Cic. Spicula tor-
quere cornu. Virg. ANGERE, (from oly/jx, to press tight) to stran-
gle, throttle, to strain. Et angit inhserens elisos oculos, et siccum
sanguine guttur. Virg. Figuratively: to vex, to grieve. Angi animo.
Cic. Angebatur regis animus ad impensas. Liv. CRUCIARE, (from
crux) properly, to crucify. Figuratively : To torment with excessive
cruelty. Cruciari dolore, fame, vigiliis. Cic. Scelerum suorum con-
scientia cruciari. Id. Torquere is said of a rending pain ; angere of
an oppressing pain ; cruciare of a smarting or excruciating pain.
2405. Tortilis. Tortuosus. Torlus. Sinuosus.
TORTILIS, (from torquere, tortum) wrested, winding, writhing.

Buccinatortilis in latum, quas turbine crescit ab imo. Ovid. Tortilis
piscis. Id. Tortilis a digitis decidit ansa ineis. Id TORTUOSUS,
tortuous, winding. Tortuosi amnis sinus flexusque. Liv. Soni extor-
tuosis locis et inclusis referuntur ampliores. Cic. Figuratively : In-
genium multiplex et tortuosum, Cic., A deceitful and dissent-ling
mind. Tortuosum disputandi genus, Id., An intricate way of argu-
ing. TORTUS, wrested, twisted. Capillus tortus. Ovid. Funes torti.
Virg. Figuratively : Conditiones tortae, Plaut., Conditions either
more
or less unjust. SINUOSUS, ( from sinus) that has many turnings, wind-
ings, or tendings. Flexu sinuoso elabitur anguis. Virg. Vestis si-
nuosa. Ovid. Figuratively : Sinuosa oratio, Quint., A perplexing
discourse.
2406. Tractatus. Traclalio.
TRACTATUS, the handling, or touching. It is only used in the abla-
2N2
543
live case. Aspera tractatu. Plin. Figuratively: Artium tractatu de-

lectati. Cic. Consilia calicla et audacia prima specie laeta, tractatu
dura. Liv. TRACTATIO, the act of handling or touching. Armorum
tractatio. Cic. Belluarum tractatio. Id. Figuratively: Orator trtic-
tationem nrationis sibi assumet. Cic. Ipsa mihi tractatio litteraruni
salutaris fuit. Id. Materia est in verbis, tractatio in verborum col-
locatione. Id.
2i07. Trcgicus. Tragcedus.
TRAGICUS, (from rpzyof, a he-goat, because a he-goat was given

as a prize to the Lest singer] a maker or writer of tragedies. Tragici
poe'tae. Cic. // is also said of the style. Carmine qui tragico vilem
certavit ob hircum. Hor. TIIAGCEDUS (Jro7n rpdyj; and x'cfij) is an
actor of tragedies, a tragedian. Tragcedorum vox. Cic. Tragcedum
comcediis admotum placere vidimus. Id.
24OS. Trahere. Raptare.
TRAHKRE, to draw, to drag. Equi trahunt currum. Suet. De me-

dio trahere. Liv. Magnes ferrum ad se allicit et trahit. Cic. Figu-
ratively : In eandem calamitatem trahere alterum. Cic. In diversum
trahunt auctores, Liv., Authors are divided. RAPTARE, (frequenta-
tive 0/rapere) to drag about, to take by violence, to hurry away. Ter
circum Iliacos (Achilles) raptaverat Hectora muros. Virg.
24-09. Transenna. Fenestra. Cancelli.
TRANSENNA, (from transire) a long window or casement, any grate

work, a lattice bejb/e a window. Quasi per transennam praetereuntes
furtim, sensim aspeximus. Cic. IVe cannot say Quasi per transenuam
aliquid dicere, to signify to say something going along ; That would
sig-
nify, to speak through the lattice. Plautus has wWtran senna for a
net,
on account of its resemblance to a lattice. In transennam pisces indu-
cere. Plaut. FEXESTRA, (from QOUVEIY, lucere) a window, an entry
into. Ingentem lato dedit ore fenestrarn. Virg. Figuratively: Partes
quae quasi fenestrae sunt animi. Cic. Quantam fenestrani ad nequi-
tiam patefeceris! Ter. CANCELLI, a chancel, a balustrade. Tantus
ex fori cancellis plausus excitatus est. Cic. Figuratively : Scientia
cancellis circumscripta, Cic., A small share of knowledge. From Can-
celli originated our word Chancellor, because informer times they were
separated from the crowd by a balustrade.
24-10. Tramfuga. Perfuga.
TRANSFUGA, a deserter from us to our enemies. Deindc metuens,

ne si consulum injussu, et ignaris omnibus, iret, deprehensus forte
a custodibus Romanis retraheretur ut transfuga, senatum adiit. Liv.
Figuratively : Transfuga diyitum partes linquere gestio. Hor. PER-
FUGA, a deserter from our enemies to us. Cumque deimperio certa-
men esset cum rege generoso ac potente ; perfuga ab eo venit in
castra Fabricii. Cic. Authors sometimes use them promiscuously. De
perfugis no.stris copias comparant contra nos. Cic. Transfuga, 50^
Popma, suos relinquit et ad alios venit ; perfuga supplex est ; ergo
transfuga, ut adjuveturfit perfuga. And Festus, Perfuga qui ob spein
conimodorum ad quempiam perfugit.
549
24-11. Transgredi. Transire. Trajicere. Prtetergredi.

TRANSGHEDI, properly, to pass or go over. Taurum transgrcssus
est. Cic. It is improperly said of a river. Khenum transgressus. Cic.
Figuratively : Transgredi aliquem, Plin., To exceed somebody. Fania
transgressa est. Tac. TRANSIRE, to pass or go beyond. Cursu trans-
ire equum. Virg. Flumen, montem transire. Cic.' Figuratively .-
Aliquid silentio transire. Cic. Transire mala, Id., To support evils
with ease. Transire modum, Id., To exceed the limits. TRAJICERE,
(trans jacere) 1. To fling or cast over, to traverse or cross,
Pugnanti
latus dexter unv lance a trajicitur. Liv. 2. To transfer. Trajicere
exer-
citum ex Italia. Cic. 3. To pass over. Trajicere flumen vado.Liv.
Trajicere Alpes. Cic. Figuratively : Trajicere culpam in alium, Cic.,
To lay a fault upon one. Trajicere negotium ad novos magistratus,
Id., 7"o refer a business to the neiv magistrates. Arbitrium litis
trajecit
ad omnes, Ovid., He has given up the decision of the cause to the
whole
assembly. PRÊTERGREDI, to sail along a coast, or close to the shore,
to pass beyond. Praetergredi promontorium, Cass., To pass beyond a
cape. Mihi nunciavit te jam castra praetergressum esse. Cic.
24-12. Transitus. Trajectus. Transitio. Trajectio.
TRANSITUS, a passage, a place through which we can pass. Fossae

transitum ponticulo ligneo conjunxit. Cic. Adimere transitum. Id.
Figuratively Transitus in alias figuras. Plin. TRAJECTUS, o pas-
sage over. Trajectus Albulae amnis. Liv. Brevissimus inde erat in
Britanniam trajectus. Caes. TRANSITIO, the act of passing over from
one place to another. Transitio ad hostes. Liv. Figuratively: A trans-
ition from one matter to another. Transitionibus nullis utinmr. Cic.
TRAJECTIO, the act^f passing or ferrying over. Trajectio Ache-
rontis. Cic. Trajectus would present another sense. Trajectio stel-
larum, Id., The shooting of the stars. Verborum trajectio, Cic., A
transposing of words.
2413. Transmittere. Traducere.
TRANSMITTERE, to send over, to transmit. Transmittere exerci-

tum. Liv. In Africam velis transmisit. Id. (naves understood). It
also signifies to pass over. Tot maria transmisit. Cic. Figuratively :
Transmittere bellum alicui, Cic,, To make over to another the ma-
navement_ of a luar. Omne meum tempus amicorum temporibus
transmittendum putavi. Id. Transmittere vitamper obscurum, Tac.,
To live without fame and glory. TRADUCERE, (trans ducere) to lead
over, to convey over. Populum Albanum Romam traducere in animo
est. Liv. Traducere copias flumen. Cses. Traduc et matrem, et
familiam omnem ad nos. Ter. Figuratively : Traducere alicujus
animum a metu ad spem. Cic. Traducere vitam otiosam. Id. Tra-
ducere aliquem ad plebem, Id., To expose one to public shame. Tra-
ducere aliquem per brahominum, Liv., To make one lose his reputa-
tion.
24- 14-. Transvehere. Tranrferrc. Prtcterveherc.
TRANSVEIIERE, to carry over. Navibus transvecti in Africam

proximos nostro mari locos occupavere. Sail. Trabeatos Equites
Idibus Julii Q, Fabius transvelii instituit, Liv., Q. Fabius
instituted a
cavalcade or muster of the Roman Knights for the Ides' of July. Figu-
550
rativdy : Abiit jam et transvcctum est tetnpus, Tac., The time is past
and quite over. TRANSFERRE, to transfer, to carry from one place to
another. Ultra eum locum castra transtulit. Cazs. Figuratively:
Amorem suum in alterum (or alter!) transferre. Ter. Animum ad
aliquid transferre. Cic. Transferre judicia, Id., To refer the judging
of a cause to another person. Transferre volumina Graeca in linguam
Latinam, Plin., To translate Greek books into Latin. Transferre ver-
bum aliquod, Cic., To give a word a metaphorical signification.
PRATER VJEIIERE, to pass, ride, or sail by. Sirenes varietate cantandi
revocare eos solitae qui praetcrvehebantur. Cic. Insulam totam prae-
tervectus est. Id.- Figuratively: Praetervecta est oratio mea vestras
aures, Cic., You have listened with attention to my discourse.
Scopulos
praetervecta est.cratio mea, Id., / have successfully treated
difficult
matters.
2445. Transversus. Obliquus.
TRANSVERSUS, put across or crosswise. Transversa itinera. Liv.

Incomptis allinet atrum transverse calamo signum versibus. Hor.
Aciem transversam invadunt. Liv. Figuratively: Transversa incurrit
misera fortuna Reipublicse.Cic. OBLIQUUS, oblique, sideways. awry.
Dente obliquo timendus aper. Ovid. Sectus in obliquum limes. Id.
Obliquo itinere. Caes. Obliquo oculo limare commodaalicujus. Hor.
Figuratively: Cato adversus potentes semper obliquus. Flor.
24 16. Trepidatio. Terror.
TREPIDATIO, trembling, agitation, motion accompanied with fear.

Injecta trepidatio est. Liv. Nee opinata res plus trepidationis fecit.
Liv. Trepidatio ncrvorum. Sen. TERROR, terror, consternation.
Terror, metus concutiens. Cic. Terrore coactus juravit. Id. Terro-
rem pallor et tremor et dentium crepitus consequitur. Id.
241 7. Tributarius. Ktipendiarius. Vedigalis.

TRIBUTARIUS. tributary, that pays tribute. Tributarium solum.
Plin. Civitates quac Mcdorum tributariae fuerunt. Justin. It also
xignijies what relates to tribute. Res tributaria. Cic. STIPENDI-
ARIUS, that pays a determinate tax, ajixed sum. Inter Sicilian! caete-
rasque provmcias in agrorum vectigalium rationibus hoc interest,
quod caeteris aut impositum estvectigal certum, quod stipendiarium
dicitur, ut Hispanis, &c. Cic. VECTIGALIS, that pays duty for ex-
ported or imported goods. Naves ex vectigali pecuma fecerat. Cic.
It is taken in a more general sense. Vectigales multos ac stipendi-
arios liberavit. Cic. Agri vectigales. Id. Tradidit illi equos vecti-
gales, Id., He gave him horses for which a tax is paid, (like our
post-
norses.} Generally tributariae civitates are cities that pay a
tribute;
stipendiariae, those I /i at pay a fixed and determinate tax ;
vectigales,
tho*c that pay for imports and exportt. Tributarius, (from tribus) be-
imports were paid by tribes or wards. Stipendiarius, (from slips,
a piece <f money.} Vectigalis, (from vehcre).
2118. Tributum. VectigaL Census. F.xactio.
TRIBUTUM (from tribus, because imposts were levied upon t lie peo-
ple by tribes') was the money which every citizen paid according to
/it's
wealth. Unius impi ratoris praeda finem attulit tributis. Cic. They
were of two sorts: the one was paid by so much a-head, and the other
.551
according to every one's income. When the tribute was extraordinary,

it ivas called temerarium tributum. VECTIGAL (from vehere) in-
cluded all the duties paid on imports or exports. Mensa publica nume-
ral aut ex vectigali, aut ex tribute. Cic. Itaque neque ex portu, ne-
que ex decuinis, neque ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest. Id.
Vectigal is said of all sorts of taxes. Cseteris provinces impositum
est vectigal certum. Cic. Vectigalia populi Ilomani unt diminuta.
Id. Figuratively: Non intelligunt homines quam magnum vectigaf
sit parsimonia, Cic., Men do not think what profit there is in
(economy.
CENSUS, 1. The valuation of every mans estate. Siculi ex censu
quntannis tributa conferunt. Cic. 2. A numbering of every family,
and of their wealth. Germanicus agendo Galliarum censui intentus.
Tac. Census qui isto Praetore sunt habiti. Cic. EXACTIO, a levying
or gathering of public money. Acerbissima exactio capitum atque
ostiorum, Cic., That cruel exaction of money for every head or chim-
ney. Exactio nominum, Id., The recovery of debts. Magno pondere
coacto de publicis exactionibus. Id.
2449. Tribulis. Tribuariuf.
TRIBULIS, one of the same tribe or ward. Qui apud tribules suos
plurima gratia possunt. Cic. Est-ne hie Hegio tribulis noster? Ter.
TRIBUARIUS, of or belonging to a tribe or ward. Tribuarium cri-
men. Cic. Nulla in re nisi hac tribuaria. Id.
2420. Triumphare. Ovare,
TRIUMPH A RE, (from Spiapgog, a triumph) to triumph after a con-

guest or great victory obtained by arms. Sedere in equis triumphan-
tium prastextati potissimum solent. Cic. Curius cum de Samnitibus
triumphasset. Id. Figuratively: Quod evenisse nobis gaudeo et tri-
umpho. Cses. Inque animis hominum pompa meliore triumphal.
Claudian. OVARE, to triumph in the lesser triumph. Heri me ovan-
tem et prope triumphantem Populus Romanirs in Capitolium domo
tulit, domum inde reduxit. Cic. Figuratively: Caedis successu ovans.
Ovid. Ilomani ovantes et gratulantes Horatium accipiunt eo majori
cum gaudio, quo prope metum res fuerat. Liv.
2421. Triumphus. Ovatio. Trophceum.
TRIUMPHUS, a triumph, a solemn pomp or show, granted by the Se-

nate, at the return' of a general from the wars, for a considerable
vic-
tory gained over an enemy not before conquered. Quid habet iste cur-
rus ? Quid vincti ante currum duces? Quid legati in equis, et tri-
buni? Quid clamor militum? Quid tota ilia pompa? Quid vehi per
urbem ? Cic. OVATIO (from ovis) was an inferior kind of triumph,
in which the general entered the city on foot or on horseback, crowned
with myrtle, not vjith laurel, and instead of a bullock, a sheep was
sa-
crificed ; whence its name. Ascendit ovans in Capitolium Marcus
Aquilius. Cic. TROPH/EUM and THOPJEUM, (from rpsiraj, conrer-
to ) a trophy, spoils taken from the enemy, and fixed upon the trunk
of
a tree as a sign and monument of victory, erected usually in the place
where it was gained, and consecrated to some divinity, with an
inscrip-
tion. Mezenti ducis exuvias, tibi, magne, trophaeum, Bellipotens,
aptat. Virg. Nova catitemus Augusti trophaea. Hor. It is said of a
heap of arms raised and disposed ivith art, to serve as the monument
of
J52
n victory. Hie in Macedonia trophasa posuit, caque quae bellicae kiu-

dis victoriaeque omnesgentes insignia et monumenta esse voluerunt.
Cic. Urbs trqphazis oruata, triumphis ditata. Id.
2422. Trudcre. Detrudere. Extruders. Abstrudere.
TRUDERE, to thrust or push with violence. Trudi ad mortem. Cic.

i'rudi foras. Phaed. Figuratively z Truditur dies die. Hor. Fallacia
alia
aliam trudit. Ter. DETRUDKHE, (trudere de) to detrude or thrust
down, to dislodge from. Superisque Jovem detrudere regnis. Virg.
Ex arce me nives, frigora, imbres detruserunt. Cic. Figuratively :
Detrudere aliquem de sententia. Cic. EXTRUDERE, in thrust or
drive out. Me miserum extrudit oedibus. Plaut. Extrudere domo sua
aliquem. Cic. Extrudere aliquem in viani, Cic., To compel otic to set
out. Figuratively: Extrudere merces, Hor., speaking of 'hawkers cry-
ing their goods, in order to sell them the. sooner. ABSTRUDERE, to
cast away from the. sight. Cumque mane me in silvam abstrusi den-
sam et asperam. Cic. Figuratively : Penitus abstrusus animi dolor.
Cic. Natura veritatem in profundo penitus abstrusit. Id. Abstru-
dere tristitiam. Tac.
. ...
24-23. lucn. Intueri. Aspicerc.
TUERI, to behold; INTUERI, to look upon, to behold very near, to

view attentively. Rectores naviuni profcctione laeti piscium lascivi-
am intuebantur, nee tuendi satietas capere poterat. Cic. Intueri so-
lera nequimus adversum. Id. Aliquid intueri in eoque defixum esse.
Id. ASPICERE, (from the obsolete, word spicere, and ad) to look to-
wards a thin^. Atque etiam aspicis me et quidera iratus. Cic. Ju-
piter, aspice nos, Virg., O Jupiter, be propitious to us.
2421. Tucri. Tutari. Propugnare. Protegcre. Defcndere.
TUERI, (synonymous ivith the others) to preserve, to defend. ./Edem

Castoris P. Junius haiouit tuendam. Cic. Non legum pra?sidio, sed
parietum, vitani suam tueri. Id. Figuratively: Concordiam tueri. Id.
Tueri suam dignitatem, Id., To maintain one's dignity, to niakt
spccted. Tux A m, (i!.^ frequentative) to defend and keep safe, (!
more action. Ut potui accuratissime te tuamque causam tutatus
sum. Cic. Alacrior ad tutandam Hempublicam. Id. Tuendam n-ould
express I ess energy. PROPUONARE, (pugnare pro) tojight in defence
of. Propugnare j^ro aiquitate Cic. Propugnnre commoda j)atria?,
(juoted in dictionarii ! In/ Cicero, ?> bad Latin : Good edition*
nave, Xon oppugnare comuioda patriot, verum pro his pugnare. C ic.
PROTKCJERE, (tegere pro) io protect, to cover from. Atricanus in
acie M. Ilalienum scuto protexit. Cic. A vento naves proti
Caes., To shelter sliijis/'rom the wind. Figurative!!/: Ego jaccntt-
r.i i-t
spoliatum defendo et protego. Cic. DKFI;NDERE, (j'rum .;
obsolete word fendere) properly, to keep (>jf\ out, or away.
Dcicndebat
hoetes ab oppido. Aul. Gel. /Estatem capdiis d ilor.
Hunc, oro, defende furorem. Virg. Uetl-ndere j)ericula civium. Cic.

A quo periculo drfl'iiditf civem f'ortem at(jue innocentem. Id. In
this sense iJ signijii^ in defend. Fugae praesidio vitani dei'endere.
Cic.
2425. Tumrre. Tuntescerc, Turêre. I -re.
O - O
TUMERE, to sur//, to grow big. Corpus tumet omne veneno. Ovid.
553
Figuratively : Laudis amore tumes. Hor. Gallic tument, Tac., The.

Gauls are prepared for revolt. Tument negotia, Cic., The affairs arc
ready to break out; which is a. metaphor taken from a woman big with,
child. TUMESCERE, (inchoative qftumere) to get swollen or puffed
up. Inflata colla tumescunt. Ovid. Maria alt'a tumescunt. Virg. Fi-
guratively: Bella operta tumescunt. Virg. Alte tumescunt serviles
animi. Claud. TURGERE, to be swollen. Jam Iseto turgent in pal-
mite gemmae. Virg. Frumenta in viridi stipula lactentia turgent. Id.
Tument would not do so well. Figuratively : Oratio quae turget. Cic.
Tota turget mihi nunc uxor domi, Plaut., My wife at home is continu-
ally .scolding me. TURCESCERE, (inchoative of turgere) to begin to
swell up, to burgeon and wax big. Semen turgescit in agris. Ovid.
Turgescit in arbore ramus. Id. Figuratively: Sapientis animus nun-
quam turgescit, nunquam tumet, Cic., The wise man is always master
of himself, and never puffed up with pride. Besides the idea
qfsfvewng,
turgere and turgescere include that of a thing ready to break out.
Membrum tumidum ac turgidum vitiosese habet. Cic. We say very
properly: Frons turget cornibus. Tumet cornibus would not be ele-
gant.
2426. Tumor. Tuber.
TUMOR, a tumour, a swelling. Repentinus oculorum tumor. Cic.

Crurum levis tumor. Plin. Figuratively: Cum tumor animi resedis-
set. Cic. Tumor rerum, Id., when affairs begin to have the appearance
of approaching disturbance. Intempestivos compescere tumores,
Ovid., To abate an ill-founded pride. TUBER, properly a mushroom.
Fumat aper, post hunc raduntur tubera. JUT. It is said of any kind
of excrescence. Colaphis tuber est totum caput. Ter. Immodico pro-
dibant tubere tali. Figuratively: great defects. It u well said of a
man
that has a great deal of high and low in his temper. Qui ne tuberibus
propriis ott'endat amicum. Hor.
2427. Tune. Nunc. Mox.
TUNC, then, at that time, is said of any time. Tune ad earn ac-
cede, cum potes. Plaut. Tune decuit, cum sceptra dabas. Virg.
Ego tune adero, cum tui videndi mihi copia erit. Plaut. NUNC,
now, at present, at this time. Sed erat tune excusatio oppressis, mi-
sera ilia quidem, sed tamen ista : nunc nulla est. Cic. Nunc nunc
insurgite remis. Virg. Nunc ipsum, Cic., At this very time. Mox,
by and by, presently, is said of the future only. De summo bono mox,
ut dixi, videbimus. Cic. Verum ilia mox, nunc de ipsa exercitatione
quid sentias quaerimus. Id.
2428. Tundere. Contundcre. Obtundere, Obterere.
TUNDERE, to beat in a mortar, to give repeated blows. Tundere in

mortario. Plin. Jacenti latera tundere. Ter. Ilostro vultur jecur
tundens. Cic. Figuratively: Tundere aures alicujus, Cic., to stun one,
to tease him with noise. Assiduis liinc atque hinc vocibus heros tun-
ditur. Virg. CONTUNDERE, (tundere cum) to beat, batter, or bruise
together. Manus contudit, digitos confregit. Cic. Hie homo me pug-
nis contudit. Plaut. Figuratively : Contudi et fregi exultantis latro-
nis audaciam. Cic. Contudi animum,'et fortasse vici. Id. OBTUN-
DERE, (tundere ob) to biiffet all over, to blunt the edge or point of
a
thing. Durum procudit arator vomeris obtusi dentem. Virg. Obtun-
554
dere os alicui. Plaut. Figuratively s Obtundere aegritudinem, Cic.,

To weaken sorrow. Obtundere aures, Id., To stun one. OBTERERE,
to crush, to trample upon. Quos cum huraare vellent sui, neque pos-
sent obtritos internosccre ullo modo. Cic. Figuratively : Proster-
nere et obterere obtrectationes malevolorura. Cic. Calumniam stul-
titiaraque obterere et contundere. Id.
24-29. Tunica. Subucula.
TUNICA is the upper tunic ; the under one was called SUBUCULA.
Subucula pexae trita subest tunicae. Hor. It was a long habit, and
without slaves. Demissis tunicis ambulare. Hor. The Trojans are
reproached for using tunics with sleeves. Et tunicae manicas habent.
Vug.
24-30. Tunica recta. Tunica da-cat a. Tunica laticlavia. Tunica
angusticlaria.
There were two sorts of tunics; one quite plain, and without any pur-
ple borders, which was called TUNICA RECTA. It was worn by the com-
mon people. The other was a kind of waistcoat with an oblong broad
stripe of purple, like a ribbon, cut in the form of nails, served to
it on
the fore part : it was called CLAVATA : it was broad, to distinguish
it
from the band worn by the Equites, which having the form of small naih
was called ANGUSTICLAVIA, or angustus clavus: the tunic with broad
stripes of purple, and imitating the heads of large nails, was proper
to
senators, and called LVTICLAVIA.
24-31. Turba. Tumultus.
TURK A, trouble, denotes confusion. Quid intus turbae audio ? Ter.

Turbam facere. Id. TUMULTUS, tumult. Quid est tumultus, nisi
perturbatio tanta, ut major tumor oriatur; unde etiam nomen due-
turn est tumultus. Cic. Tumultus expresses more than turba. Qui
turbae ac tumultus concitatores fuerunt. Liv.
24-32. Turba. Multitudo.
TURBA is also said of a crowd, a multitude in disorder, on account

of the trouble attending it. Turba praedonum. Hor. Stultorum turba.
Cic. In this sense it is synonymous with multitude. MULTITUDO,
(from multus) a multitude, a great company or number. Alii multi-
tudinis judicio feruntur, qu,Yque majon parti pulcherrima videntur,
ea maxime exoptant. Cic. Multitudo bominum. Id. Multitudo aut
servit humiliter, aut superbe dominatur. Liv.
24-33. Turbulent?-. Turbulcnter. Turbidc.
TURBULEKTE and TURBULENTER may sometimes be promiscuously

used. Agere rem raptim et turbulente. Cic. Nos nih.il turbulenter,
nihil temere faciamus. Id. // must however be observed that turbulente
is better used passively, and turbulenter is never used but actively.
Eo-
rum gravitatem constantiamque laudamus, qui non turbulente hu-
mana patiantur. Cic. I doubt whether turbulenter pati might be made
use of. TURBIDK relates to things. Jactantibus se opiuionibus in-
constanter et turbide. Cic.
24-34-. Turpis. Defomn's. Fcedui. Ti/rpicidus. Turpiji-catus.

TUHPIS, ugly, shameful, dishonourable, i-s said of both the body and
555
oul. Turpe caput sine crine, Ovid., An ugly head. Fuga turpis.Cic.
liuocum inire conrivium nemo unquam nisi turpis, impurusque vo-
luisset. Id. Non turpis ad te, sed miser confugit. Id. DEFORMIS,
(from de and forma) deformed, disfigured, disgraced. Ut eum pee-
aiteat deformem esse natum. Cic. Deformis ager. Id. Partes cor-
poris qua? aspectum essent deformem habitura?, atque turpem. Id.
figuratively : Deforme est de se ipso praedicare. Cic. Nihil nimio
dolore deformius. Id. FCEDUS, loathsome, jilthy, hideous. Caput fce-
dum impexS porrigine. Hor. Fcedus relates to cruelty. Fceda cica-
trix. Hor. Fcedum in modum laceratus verberibus. Liv. Figura-
tively: Fcedum consilium. Liv. Fcedum bellum. Ter. Fceda tempes-
tas, Virg., A destructive tempest. Carmine foedo splendida facta li-
nunt, Hor., Poets soil the purest and most honourable actions by
licen-
tious verses, TURPICULUS, (from turpis) somewhat foul or Jilthy.
Jocus in turpiculis et quasi deformibus rebus ponitur. Cic. TUR-
PIFICATUS, (from turpis and facere) made Jilthy, soiled. Quanta de-
pravatio et fceditas turpificati animi debet yideri. Cic.
2435. Tutus. Securus.
TUTUS, (from tueri) safe, secure from danger. Ad omnes ictus

tutus. Liv. Qui locus tarn firmum habuit presidium, ut tutus esset.
Cic. Figuratively: Male tutae mentis Orestes, Hor., Orestes dis-
tracted in his mind. SECURUS, (sine cura) fearless, unconcerned.
Qui mod 6 securus nostra irridebas mala. Phaed. Animi securi esse de
re aliqua. Cic. Tutascelera essepossunt, securanon possunt. Sen.
2436. Vacatio. Vacuitas. Immunitas.
VACATIO, (from vacare) dispensation, exemption, discharge. Va-

catio aetatis, Cic., An exemption given by age. Delectum habere sub-
latis vacationibus. Id. Militiae vacatio. Jd. Vacatio affectuum. Id.
VACUITAS, emptiness, vacancy. Propter vacuitatem loci. Vitruv.
Figuratively : Ipsa liberatione et vacuitate omnis molestiae gaude-
mus. Cic. Vacuitas ab angoribus. Id. Dolorum omnium vacuitas.
Jd. IMMUNITAS, (sine munere) immunity, exemption from public
burthens or offices, privilege. Immunitas et libertas provincial. Cic.
Dare immunitatem. Id.
2437. Vacca. Juvenca. Forda.
VACCA, a coin. Foeta vacca. Virg. Ubera vaccaa lacteademittunt.

Id. JUVENCA, a heifer, a young cow. Formosa juvenca. Virg.
FORDA, a cow with calf. Forda ferens bos est, fcecundaque dicta fe-
rendo. Ovid.
2438. Vadimonium deserere. Vadimonium missum facere.

VADIMONIUM DESERERE, to make a default, not to appear in court
on the appointed day. Decoctores qui vadimonia deserere, quam
ilium exercitum maluerunt. Cic. Ad vadimonium non venerat, et
vadimonium sibi ait esse desertum, Id. He had not appeared in court,
and said that the others had not appeared neither. VADIMONIUM
556
MISSUM FACERE, io dispense with, or excuse from ike obligation of af,

pearing in court. Qui quo tempore primum agere cocpit, in vadi 1 > Al
-
mentis differendis tempus onme consumpsit, qui postea vadimonim &--'
missum fecerit. Cic.
21-39. Vadimonium obire. Vadimonium facere. Vadari.
VADIMONIUM OBIHK, to appear before a tribunal, to obey the sun

mons. Vadimonium milii non obiit quidam socius et affinis. Cic.J
VADIMOXIUM FACERE, to summon one, in order to oblige him to mam
his appearance before a judge, to subpoena him. Quo die vadimoniur '
istud lactum esse dicis ? Cic. It was the obligation of the plaintiff
t '"'-
send the subpoena. Plaulus says Vadimonium facere in another seriSi Li
r c '
Vadimonium ultro mihi hie facit, Plaut., He begs to appear Jirst It p
l 't'
fore the judge. VADARI, 1. To put in sureties for appearance, t
give bail. Debere tibi dicis Quintium ; procurator negat ; vadai
vis ; promittit. Cic. 2. To force one to give bail for appearance. To
vadibus accusator vadatus est reum, Cic., The plaintiff has denia
ed so many sureties of the defendant.
2440. Valens. Validus. Vegetus. Vigens.
VALEXS, (from valere) in a good state of health. Medicus plan

confirmat prope diem te valentem fore. Cic. It also signifies ofgre
strength, vigorous. Lictores valentissimi. Cic. Figuratively : Se
sus sani et valentes. Cic. Postulatio opinione valentior. Id. V
LIDUS, sturdy, stout, strong. In brevem impetum validus, Tac., W
loses his impetuosity at the^first onset. Mente minus validus (juar
corpore toto. Hor. Ex morbo validus, Liv., Perfectly recovered Jroi
illness. Valens would be less expressive. VEGETUS, (jroin vigere
that is perfectly strong and healthy : it is said of the body and soul
yfa
Ubi curata sopori membra dedit, vegctus pracscripta ad munia sui ^
git. Hor. Vegeta mens. Cic. Vegetum ingenium. Liv. VIGEXS - ; -
full of vigour, ii said of both the body and soul. Corpore vegeto e
.<rf
vigenti. Gell. Mens acris et vigens. Cic. Valens may be oppose

to aegrotus ; validus to infirmus ; vigens to languidus ; vegetus
defessus.
24-4-1. l r algus. Vdrus. Scaurus.
VALGUS, boiv-/egged, having his legs bou'ed outward. VAUUS

having crooked legs bent inward. Aut varuin aut valgum. Plant.
SCAURUS, he that has great ankles bunching out. Hunc varuin
tortis cruribus, ilium baibutit scaurum pravis fultuin male talis
Hor.
2422. F-ullare. Sepire.
VALLA UK, (from vallus, a stake sharpened at one end) to Irene

about, to inclose with a rampart, to intrench. Castra Punica vallatt
Liv. Figuratively: Catilina stipatus choro juventutis, vallatus si
cariis. Cic. SEPIRH, (from sepos) to hedge in, to fence with n hudg
It is taken in a more general sense. Sepire mu:is urbr-m. C. Ne[
Natura oculos niernbranis lenuissiniis vestirit, et sepsit. Cic. Fi
guralively : Animus comitatu virtutis septus. Cic. Proesidiis p'
Tosophorum septus. Id.
551
2443. Vallis. Convallis.

VALLIS, a valley or dale. Cava vallis. Virg. Supina vallis. Liv.
Jaxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles. Virg. CONVALLIS, a valley
nclosed on both sides with hills. In media convalle duorum montium.
Interjects collibus convalles. Id. Authors use sometimes these
wo words promiscuously. Vicus positus in valle altissimis montibus
H(a indique continetur. Caes.
2411. Vallus. Vallum.
VALLUS, a stake for making palisadoes, a slake whereunto vines are
1 bound. Fert vallum et arma miles. Hor. Exacuunt alii vallos fur-
sasque bicornes. Virg. VALLUM, a rampart ivilh. palisadoes. Cin-
;ere oppidum vallo. Cic. Ferro quis scindere vallum apparat ?
Virg.
2445. Vanum. Falsum. Ficluin.
VANUM, a vain and foolish appearance. Vana qusedam miser tibi
' J pollicebar. Cic. Ut vidit fulgentem armis, ac vana tumentem. Virg.

FALSUM, ya/5e, untrue. Veris addere falsa. Ovid. Nisi falsum,
et imitatione simulatum, nihil est in eo. Cic. Acclinis falsis ani-
mus. Hor. FICTUM, feigned, invented. Tenax (fama) ficti pravi-
'que. Virg. Quae vera audivi teneo, et contineo optime ; sin falsum
; aut vanum aut fictum est, continue palam est. Ter. Falsis decipi-
1 mur ; fictis delectamur ; vana contemnimus. G. D. Falsum loqui,
mendacis est ; fictum, callidi ; vanum, stulti. G. D. They are pro-
\perly three adjectives.
2446. Vapor. Exhalatio.
VAPOR, a vapour, a steam rising from what is damp. Terra semen

tepef'actum vapore et complexu suo diffundit. Cic. Stellas, terra?
maris aquarum vaporibus aluntur. Id. EXFALATIO, (halare ex)
an exhalation, a kind of smoke more or less visible, which is
evaporated
out of bodies. Terrae exhalationes. Cic. Vapor expresses something
sharper and fuller of fumes than exhalatio. In chemistry vapor is
only said of the aqueous particles rarefied ; and exhalatio of any
kind
of subtle emanations.
2447. Vappa. Nebulo. Verlero.
VAPPA is properly said of palled wine that has lost its strength,
Jlat or dead drink. Multa prolutus rappa nauta atque viator. Hor.
Figuratively : a senseless follow, a spendthrift, a man undone by de-
bauchery. Vinum musto quibusdam in locis iterum sponte fervere :
qua calamitate deperit sapor, vappasque accipit nomen, probrosum
etiam homini, cum degeneraverit animus. Plin. NEBULO, (from
nebula, because clouds have no consistence, or because the man ?o
called
is fond of being in the dark} a heedless fellow, a hare-brained man,
an
extravagant and prodigal man. Fufidius vappae famam timet, ac ne-
bulonis. Hor. Haerebat nebulo, quo se verteret non habebat. Cic.
VERBERO, (verbere dignus) a person worthy to be beaten, or that
is often beaten, a rascal, a rogue. Tun', verbero, audes herum ludi-
ficare? Plaut. The same author says verbereum caput in the same
meaning.
558
2448. Variatio. Varietas.
VARIATIO, a variation, a changing. Ceetera? Centuriae sine vari

atione ulla Consules eosdem dixerunt. Liv. VARIETAS, variely,\
diversity. Varietas Latinum verb um est, idque proprie in dispari.l
bus coloribus dicitur, sed transfertur in multa disparia. Cic. Ini
tanta animalium varietate. Id. Florum omnium varietas. Id. Surdusj
varietates vocum noscere non potest. Id.
24-49. Vas, vadis. Prces. Sponsor. Obses.
VAS, vadis, a surety, or bail that undertakes for another man in a

criminal case, and kinds himself that the man impeached shall appear
on a certain day. Vas factus est alter ejus sistendi, ut si ille non
re-
vertisset ad diem, moriendum esset sibi ipsi. Cic. Tribuni omissS
certatione mulctae, rei capitalis diem Posthumio dixerunt, ac nisi
vadem d<iret, in carcerem duci jusserunt, Posthurnius vadibus datis
non affuit. Liv. PRÊS, a surety in a money mailer, one who engages
for another, especially to the public, and upon his default is to make
it
good. Si aut praedes dedisset Gabinius, aut tantum ex ejus bonis,
quantum litium summa fuisset, populus recepisset. Cic. Quis subit
in pcenam capitalis judicii ? Vas. Quis cum lis fuerit nummaria,
quis dabitur? Praes. Auson. Figuratively: Praesertim ciim sex li-
bris tanquam praedibus me obstrinxerim. Cic. In the plural it is
said of the property of the bondsmen, of the property given up cs a
se-
curity. Ne Lucius Plancus prides tuos venderet. Cic. SPONSOR,
(from spondere) a guarantee, who is answerable for the deed <>f an-
other, or his own. Sponsor promissorum. Cic. Pompeius idem mihi
testis de voluntate Caesaris, et sponsor omnium rerum. C. Xep.
OBSES, (from obsidere, sedere ob) a hostage given as a security for
the performance of a covenant in war or peace. Obsides nobilissimi
cujusque liberos poscere. Cses. Pompeius spem deditionis non ad-
emit, obsidesque imperavit. Cic. Figuratively : Sui animi obsidem
vestram libertatem reliquit. Cic.
2450. Vas, vasis. Vasarium.
VAS, vasis, a vessel or any utensil to hold liquor. Vas vinarium.

Cic. Vasa argent ea. Hor. VASARII M, a cupboard of plate or other
vessels; also that provision of furniture or money, &c., which was al-
lowed to a magistrate when he went into a province. Nonne sexter-
tium centies et octogies, quod quasi vasarii nomine, in venditione
inei capitis ascripseras, ex oerario tibi attributum llomac in quaestu
reliquisti ? Cic.
24.51. Vastatio. Vastitas.
VASTATIO, a laying waste, a desolating, a pillaging. Dcfendere

urbem a vastatione. Cic. Accessit ad earn cladem et vastatio Ilo-
mani agri. Liv VASTITAS, 1. Hugeness, bigness, or vast extent.
Vastitas trunci. Col., The large size of the trunk of a tree. '2. The
ravage, or total ruin of a country laid waste. Italiam totam rd ex-
itium et vastitatem vocas. Cic. Audistis quae solitudo esset in agris,
quae vastitas, quae fuga aratorum, &c. Cic. Figuratively : Deflere
judiciorum vastitatem. Cic. Vabtitas misera qua,d:un et luctuosa
rerum facies, quae vastationem direptionemque sequitur. G. D.
559
2452. Vastus. Desert us.
VASTUS, (quasi vastatus) synonymous with desertus, signifies

empty, desolate, barren. Mons vastus a natura et humano cultu.
Sail. Solitude vasta. Cic. Figuratively : clumsy, unpleasant, gross
in his manners. Ita vultu motuque corporis vasti atque agrestes, ut
etiamsi ingeniis atque arte valeant, tamen in oratorum numerum ve-
nire non possint. Cic. DESERTUS, (deserere) deserted, abandoned.
Desertae solitudines. Cic. Domus deserta. Ovid. Loci celebres et
deserti. Cic. Via deserta et inculta. Id.
24-53. Ubique. Ubivis. Ubi ubi. Ubicunaue.
UBIQUE, every where, in everyplace. Grates persolvere dignas non

opis est nostrae, Dido, nee quidquid ubique est Gentis Dardaniae.
Virg. UBIVIS, any where, wheresoever you please. Nemo est quin
ubivis, quam ubi est esse malit. Cic. UBI UBI, and UBICUNUUE,
in what place soever, wherever. Ubi ubi t'rit inventa, mater redimet.
Plant. Nihil est virtute amabilius ; quam qui adeptus erit, ubicun-
que sit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Cir.
2454. Vector. Fehens.
VECTOR (from vehere) is said of him who carries, and of him who
is carried. Sileni vector asellus. Ovid. Summi gubernatores in
magnis tempestatibus Ji vectoribus admoneri solent. Cic. VEHENS
(an adjective) is used passively. Triton natantibus invehens belluis.
Cic. Cum prastervehens equo sedentem in saxo cruore oppletum
Consulem vidisset. Liv.
2455. Vehiculum. Vectura. Vectio.
VEHICULUM, ( from vehere) a car, waggon, or chariot. Compa-

rare furtorum vehiculum. Cic. Vehiculum triumphale. Id. Vehi-
culum quo purgamenta hortorum eripiuntur. Tac. VECTURA,
carriage, porterage, money for carriage. Misimus qui pro vectura
solveret. Cic. Tres minas pro istis duobus, praeter vecturam, dedi.
Plaut. VECTIO, the carrying or porterage. Efficimus doniitu nostro
quadrupedum vectiones. Cic.
2456. Vel. Ve. Aut.
VEL, or, even. Vel adest, vel non. Plaut. Multorum vel honori,
vel periculo servire. Cic. Haec sunt omnia ingenii vel mediocris.
Id. Ut vel perire maluerit quam perdere omnia. Cic. Vel is ele-
gantly used ivith a superlative. Vel maxime, vel minimum. Cic.
VE, or, either, is placed only after a word. Bis, terve. Cic. Cum
earn aetas, tempestasve consumpserit. Id. AUT, or, or dse, either.
It is often disjunctive. Res ipsa aut Reipublicae tempus, aut meip-
sum, quod nolim, aut alium quemquamaut invitabit, aut dehortabi-
tur. Cic. Aut is sometimes used interrogatively. Aut ego nesciebam
quorsum tu ires ? Ten.
2457. V flare. Amicire. Olnubere.
VELARE, (from velum) to veil, to cover over. Caput velare. Cic.

Fronde velamus templa Deum. Virg. Croceo velantur amictu.
Ovid. Figuratively: Seel us scelere velare, Sen., To hide one crime
560
u'itk another. AMICIRE, to cover, to wrap up. Veils amictos, non

togis. Cic. Amicta ossa luritli pelle. Hor. Figuratively : Amici-
tur vitibus ulmus. Ovid OBNUBERE, (from ob and nubes ) property,
to cover u'ilh a cloud. Mare obnubit terras, ut nubes ccelum. Var.
// is generally used to express covering with a veil. Caput obnube li-
beratoris patriae. Liv.
24-58. Vellere. Pcrvellere.
VELLERE, to pull, to pluck, to tear away. Barbam tibi velluntlas-

civi puelli. Hor. Ex patellis vellere emblemata. Cic. Pisces vel-
lere ex aequore. Hor. Postes e cardine vellere. Virg. PERVEL-
LERE adds to the meaning of vellere, to pluck out in a violent manner,
to pull ojf. Pervellere aurem porcello. Phaed. Figuratively : Per-
vellere jus civile, Cic., To decry civil law. Qualia lassum pervellunt
stomachum, Hor., Capable of exciting an appetite. Site dolor ali-
quis pervellerit, Cic., If you lie under any affliction. Fortuna
teper-
vellere potuit, Id., Fortune may have been unkind to you.
2459. Felum. Dolon.
VELUM, used for a sail, is said of the main-sail ; and DOLON T of the
topmast-sail. Posteaquam Practoriam navem relictis sociis vela dan-
tern videre, sublatis raptim dolonibus capessunt fugam. Liv.
2-t60. l r elum. F'elamenlum. fclamen.
VELUM, a veil, any piece of stuff or linen hiding a thing. Veils

amicti, non togis. Cic. Figuratively : Obtendere velis rem aliquam,
Cic., To dissemble, to disguise a thing. VELAMENTUM, and in poetry
VELAMEN, a veil, a covering of any thing. Velaraenta et infulae. Tac.
Ilamos olese et velamenta alia supplicum porrigentes,- orare, ut re-
ciperent sese. Liv. Circumtextum croceo velamen acantho. Virg.
Caerulea velamina induitur. Ovid.
24-61. Velut. Sicut.

VELUT, like, like as, does not always imply a comparison. Bestiae
quae gignuntur in terra, velut crocodili. Cic. SICUT always denotes
a comparison. Si me, sicut soles, amas. Cic. Me sicut alterum pa-
rentem observat. Id. So if I say, incedit velut rex, it signifies, he
ivalks as if he were a king ; but incedit sicut rex, signifies, he
walks
(is the king does, sicut rex incedit.
2462. Venalls. Vendililis.
VBXALIS, to be sold, set to sale. Venales horti. Cic. Venales mer-

ces. Hor. Figuratively : Venalis scriptor. Cic. VEXDIBILIS, sale-
able, easy to be sold. Vino vendibili suspensa hedera nihil opus
Col. Vundibilis oratio, Cic., A good discourse. Orator vendibilis,
Id., A passable counsel. Via vendibilis, Id., A good road, or, accord-
ing to Doletus, a public road.
24-63. Veneficus. Venenatus.
VENEFICUS, (venenum faciens) a poisoner. Veneficum audes ap-

pellare eum virum qui tuis vuiieficiis remedia inveniat? Cic. VK-
NENATUS, venomous, envenomed. \ r ipera venenata. Cic. Telum ve-
nenatura. Id. Figuratively : Munera venenata.
561
2464. Venenum. Virus. Venejicium.
VENENUM, any medicine, good or lad, but more frequently the latter.
Omnia vestigia veneni in illius mprtuae corporeerant. Cic. Cum po-
sitis sua collinat ora venenis. Ovid. It is also said of dyeing drugs.
Alba nee Assyrio fucatur lana veneno. Virg. It is used to express
witchcraft, sorcery. Cum sibi venenis ereptam memoriam diceret.
Cic. Figuratively : Crudele venenum nostrae vitae. Catul. Tincta
libido f'erventi veneno. Pers. VIRUS, (from vis) poison, venom. Ille
malum virus serpentibus addidit atris. Virg. Virus edax superabat
opem. Ovid. // also signifies a stinking smell. Virus alarum. Plin.
Virus paludis. Col. Figuratively: Acerbitatis virus in aliquem eyo-
mere. Cic. VENEFICIUM, an empoisoning. Damnatus veneficii.
Tac. It also signifies witchcraft. Veneficiis et cantionibus Titiniae
tactum. Cic.
2465. Verier abilis. Venerabundus.
VENERABILIS, venerable, worshipful. Vir aetate venerabilis. Liv.

VENERABU.SDUS, . in a reverent posture, full of veneration. Delecti
juvenes pure lautis corporibus, Candida veste, quibus deportanda
Roniam regina Juno assignata erat, venerabundi tempi urn iniere.
Liv. Viros venerabiles venerabundi alloquamur. G. D.
2466. Venia. Impunitas.
VENIA, pardon when one is, vr acknowledges himself, guilty. Oran-

tes veniam. Virg. Hoc argumentum veniam magis dari docet, qui
casu peccat, quam qui consilio est nocens. Phsed. // is said of leave,
permission. Venia proficiscendi. Cic. IMPUNITAS, (non pcena) zm-
punity, pardon of punishment. One mayjorgive punishment without
pardoning. Spes impunitatis maxima est illecebra peccandi. Cic.
2467. Venire. Venlitare.
VENIRE, to come, to go to a place. Supplex ad te venio. Cic. Om-

nes qui istuc veniunt. Id. Utile est me illuc venire. Id. VEKTI-
TARE, (frequentative of venire) to come often, to haunt, to go often
to
a place. Dies fere nullus est, quin hie Satyrus domum meamven-
titet. Cic. Cum ad Scaevolam ventitarem. Id. Saepius in agrum
ventitare. Plin.
2468. Venire. Venum ire.
VENIRE, (from veneo) to be sold. Venit vilissima rerum hie aqua.

Hor. VENUM IRE, (quasi ad venum ire) to be set to sale. Familia
ad asdem Cereris, Liberi Liberaeque venum iret. Liv. All that is put
to sale is not sold.
2469. Venter. Ventriculus. Sllvus. Abdomen.
VENTER, the belly, all the cavity that contains the bowels. Faba
venter inflatur. Cic. Si ventri bene, si lateri est. Hor. Bellum ven-
tri indicere. Id. VENTRICULUS, the ventricle of the heart. Pars ani-
mae quae spiritu in pulmones ducitur, concipitur cordis parte qua-
darn, quam ventriculum cordis appellant. Cic. Ventriculus in quern
sanguis a jecore per venam illam cavam influit. Id. ALVUS, the
paunch, the interior cavity of the belly. jEsculapius tertius, primus
purgationem alvi, dentisque evulsionem, ut ferunt, invenit. Cic.
2O
562
ABDOMEN, the flat of the lower part of the lelly. Montani quoque
venter adest abdomine tardus. Juv. Abdomen insaturabiie mane-
bat. Cic.
21-70. Verier. Sculica. Flogrum. Flagellum. Firga. Ferula. Fastis.
Lorum.
VERBER, (not used in the nominative singular) a long and thin in-
strument to beat with, a it-hip ; it is the general word. Ictu
verberis
increpuit equos. Ovid. It is said of the blows themselves. Necare ali-
quem verberibus. Cic. Figuratively : Metuentes patruae verbera lin-
guje, Hor., Dreading the severe reproaches of an uncle. SCUTICA,
(from <ry.uTo$, leatlier) a scourge or whip made of leather thongs. It
is
understood of a slight punishment. Xe scutica dignum liorribili
sectere
flagello. Hor. FLAGRUM, and its diminutive FLAGELLUM, a whip,
a scourge, a lash, used to scourge slaves and criminals. Flagris
caedere.
Liv. Caesus flagellis ad mortem. Cic. VIRGA, a twig, a rod. This
punishment tuns less disgraceful than being flogged with flagrum. Por-
tia lex virgas ab omnium civium llomanorum corpore amovit : hie
tnisericors flagella retulit. Cic. Misericors here is in irony. FE-
RULA, a, herb like l-ig fennel, the stalk of which was used to
chastise
children. Ferulae tristes, sceptra paedagogorum, cessent. Juv. Old
people used it as a walking-staff". Senex ferula titubantesebrius
artus
sustinet. Ovid. FUSTIS, a club, a staff, a cudgel. Caput lumbosque
saligno fuste dolat. Hor. LORUM, a thong oj leather, a strap. Cae-
dere loris. Cic. Uri loris. Hor. Operiere loris usque ad necem.
Ter.
2471. Verlum. Vox.
VERBUM, a word, a saying. Verbum non amplius addam. Hor.

Verba voluptatis dignitatem non habent. Cic Vox, a voice, a noise
or sound coming out of the mouth. Fractasque ad littora voces. Virg.
Ad vocis sonitum vestigia torsit. Id. Sunt verba et voces, quibus
hunc lenire dolorem possis. Hor. It is also used to signify a word.
Addere voces lacrymis. Ovid. Atque haec una vox omnium est. Cic.
It is also said of a vowel. Crebra vocum concursio, Cic., The con-
course or shock of vowels.
L'-t72. Vere. Vero. Verum.
VERE, indeed, verily, in truth. Honestum quod proprie, vereque

dicitur, in sapientibus solis. Cic. Justly. Pompeius vere judicat.
Cic. Si vere cogitare volumus. Id. YERO sometimes signifies yea,
truly. Non vero tarn isti mortui sunt, quum tu nugator. Cic. Quod
cnim is qui divinat, praedicit, Id vero futurum est. Sometimes it sig-
nifies but. Quod reprehendendum fortasse minus, quarrendum vero
niagis etiam videtur. Cic. \ 'KKUM, but, but yet. Verum hoc, ut
dixi, nihil ad me. Cic. Fortasse non recte, verum praeterita omit-
tamus. Id. It must be observed, that before vero, signifying but, some
word ought to be placed. It would not be right to say Fortasse non
recte, vero praeterita omittamus ; but praeterita vero omittamus.
2473. Vernaculus. Domeslicus.
VKHXACULUS, that belongs to the country where one lives, or where

one is lorn j proper and particular to the country. Res quotidianae et
563
vernaculae. Cic. Vernaculi artifices. Liv. Vernacula festivitas, Cic.,

Gaiety, the witticism of our country. Vernacula lingua. Id. DOMES-
TICUS, (from domus) domestic, of the same house. Externa libentius
in tali re, quam domestica recorder. Cic. Tabellarii domestici. Id.
Crimen domesticum et vernaculum. Id. Domesticus nativusque
sensus. Id.
2474-. Versura. Versuram facere. Fersurd snlvere.
VERSURA, (from vertere) properly, the turning of oxen or horses

in the plough at the land's end. Versura sum ma, Col., The end of the
furrow. It is often used figuratively. VERSURAM FACERE, Cic., To
take up money of one at great interest, in order to pay a debt to
another.
VERSURA SOLVERE, to pay by changing creditors, which is the
same meaning expressed differently. In eodem luto haesitas : versura
solvis, Ter., You are t till in the same case; you stop one hole by
open-
ing another.
2475. Vertere. Versare.
VERTERE, to tarn. Vertere terga, Liv. Terrain vertere ferro.

Virg. Figuratively : Jam verterat fortuna. Liv. Id crimini vertitur
quod glorise esse debet. Cic. In voluntate tua totum id vertitur. Id.,
All that is entirely depending on you. VERSARE, (frequentative of
vertere) to turn often. Cylindrum volvi, et turbinem versari putes.
Cic. Figuratively: Animum versat cupido regni, vel pavor. Liv.
Eandem rem multis moclis srepe versare. Cic. Ad omnem fraudem
et malitiam versare mentem suam. Id. Vertere would be less expres-
sive. Hunc versat amentia, Hor., He is out of his senses.
2476. Peru. Verutum.
VERU, a spit or broach, a kind of long dart used in war. Prunas

subjiciunt verubus. Virg. Et tereti pugnant mucrone, veruque
Sabello. Id. VERUTUM, a short and narrow dart, headed with iron,
like a narrow spit. Verutum in balteo defigitur. Liv. Verutis in
corpora ipsa fixis. Id.
2477. Verus. Verax. Feridicus.
VERUS, true. Ridendo dicere verum quid vetat? Hor. Inter

hunc et ilium verum et germanum Metellum multum interest. Cic.
Just. Non verius est a singulis repetere officii fructum, quam ab om-
nibus. Cic. Metiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede verum est. Hor.
VERAX, that loves the truth, true of speech. Vates verax. Ovid.
Oraculum verax. Cic. Herodotum cur veraciorem ducam Ennio?
Id. VERIDICUS, (verum dicens) speaking the truth. Veridicee voces
ex occulto missae. Cic. It is also used instead of verus. Veridicas
adjungis causas inimicitiarum. Cic.
2478. Vet are. Impedire.
VETARE, to forbid, to command a thing not to be done. Lex pere-

grinum vetat in murum ascendere. Cic. Aruspex vetuit ante bru-
mam aliquid novi negotif accipere. Ter. IMPEDIRE, (synonymous
with vetare) to obstruct, to impede. Quod si corporis gravioribus mor-
bis vitae jucunditas impeditur, quanto magis animi morbis impediri
necesse est ? Cic.
2O2
564
24-79. Vettranus. Emeritus.
VETERANUS, a veteran, one long practised or experienced in a trade

or profession. Veteranus hostis. Liv. Veteranus latro. Propert. Ve-
teranus miles, Cic., A veteran, a soldier who had served twenty years
in infantry, or ten in cavalry, and was discharged from mi/ilary duty.
-EMERITUS, who has served his time in an employment. Miles erne-
ntus. Lucan. Boves emeriti. Virg. Emeritum aratrjum. Ovid.
2480. Vexare. Fatigare.

VEXARE, (frequentative o/vehere) to vex, to torment. Qui fertur
it rapitur, atque hue atque illuc distrahitur, is vexari proprie dici-
tur. Gell. Vexare provinciam. Cic. Sollicitudo vexat impios. Id.
Qui omnia divina et humana violarint, vexarint, perturbarint, ever-
termt. Id. Vexare pecuniam. Sen. FATIGARE, (tatim agitare) to
fatigue, to weary, to harass. Fatigari aestu. Caes. Qui aliquandiu
pugna atroci cum et semetipsi fatigassent. Liv. Qui non verbis
sunt, sed carceribus fatigandi. Cic. Quaemarenunc, terrasque metu,
ccelumque fatigat. Virr.
2481. Viarius. Viaticus. Viatorius.
. IA T RJ *JS, (from via) of or belonging to ways or streets. Viaria

lex,
5x 1C-> 4 he law about (he roads and streets, and the repairing of
them.
r ';i.TIcus, pertaining to a journey , relating to a traveller.

Viatica
*l,cena, Plaut., A welcome home. VIATORIUS, of or pertaining to tra-
vellers. Cubilia viatoria, Piin., Hammocks. Horologium viatorium
pensile, Vitruv., A portable dial.
2482. Vicinia. Vicinitas. Confinium.
VICINIA, (from vicus) neighbourhood or vicinage of places or things.

Notitiam vicinia fecit. Ovid. Manu, tanta est vicinia, tango. Id.
Figuratively: Diversarum rerum quasi vicinia. Cic. VICINITAS, the
relation or union between neighbours. Cum eo mihi vicinitas et mag-
nus usus est. Cic. It is used in the sense o/'ricinia. Cantu nerrorum
vicinitas tota personal. Cic. Figuratively : Artium studiorumque
quasi finitima vicinitas. Cic. CONFIXIUM, (from cum and finis)
limit, bound, confines. In omni re contrahenda, in confiniis aequum
et facilemesse convenit. Cic. Figuratively: Confinia lucis etnoctis,
Ovid., Twilight. Patuit confinium artis et falsi. Tac.
24-83. Vicis. Vicissitude.
Vicis (used only in the genitive, accusative, and ablative singular,

lut in almost all its cases in the plural) is a very general word ;
stead,
office, place, part, case, fate. Ha duo deinceps reges, alius alia
vice,
ille bello, hie pace, civitatem auxerunt. Liv. Perspecii-m f'ungendse
alienee vicis. Id. Spatium diei excipiunt noctis vices. Phacd. Mutat
terra vices. Hor. Plus simplici vice, Id., Twice the value or
(/uantity.
Fungar vice cotis. Id. Uolere vicem Reipublicae. Cic. Testor in
occasu vestro nee tela, nee ullas vitavisse ^ces. Virg. VICISSITU-
DO, (from vicis) an alternative, the succeeding of one thing to
another ,
in its course, vicissitude, revolution. Dierum ac noctium vicissitudo.
Cic. Taedium aufert vicissitudo. Id. Omnium rerum vicissitudo est,
Ter., All things are continually changing in this world.
565
2-iS-t. yicissim. Invicem. Mutuu.

VICISSIM, (vice mutua) ly turns, one after another, interchange-
ally, in like manner. Expecto quid ille tecum quid tu vicissim. Cic.
Fari vicissini. Virg. Muluari ab aliquo, et ei vicissim reddere aliud
quidpiam. Cic. Vosab illo irridemini, et ipsi ilium vicissim eluditis.
Id. IxviCEiVf, (quasi in vices) reciprocally. Salutantes deininvicem.
Phaed. Qui se amore ardentissimo invicein dilexerunt. Quint. Two
friends meet, inviceni salutant ; a friend returns a salute to his
friend,
vicissim saiutat. MUTI o, mutually, one another. Amamus mutuo,
Cic., You love me, I love you. It is used in the sense of vicissim.
Fac
me mutuo diligas. Cic.
2185. Videlicet. Scilicet. Nirniriijn. Nempe.
VIDELICET, (videre licet) to wit, that is to say. Videlicet ilium

fuisse nequara adolescentem. Plaut. Undoubtedly. Haec cum loque-
ris, uos Barones stupemus, tu videlicet tecum ipse rides. Cic. Caste
jubet lex adire Deum, animo videlicet, in quo sunt omnia ; nee tollit
castimoniam corporis. Id. It denotes irony. THUS videlicet salutaris
consulatus, perniciosus meus. Cic. SCILICET, (scire licet) that is to
say, truly, 1 warrant you. Quid tu in eo potes . Nihil scilicet. Cic.
Suspenso animo expecto primum te scilicet, deinde Marionem. Id.
Scilicet facturum esse me, Ter., That is to say that I am to do it. It
is used ironically. Id populus curat scilicet. Id. IVe do not,
properly,
say Quatuor sunt virtutes, scilicet, or videlicet, Prudentia,
Justitia,
Fortitudo, Temperantia. NIMIRUM, (non uiirum) doubtless, surely,
certainly, liter melior dicitur orator ? Nimirum qui homo quoque
melior. Quint. It is used for scilicet. Hoc nimirum est illud quod de
Socrate accepjmus. Cic. NEMPE, that is to say, to wit, namely, yea,
surely. Nempe de tuo, Plaut., That is to say, at your expense. Nempe
negas. Cic. In quibus actis consistit ? Nempe in legibus. Id. Nempe
studium meum non defuit. Id. Nempe hoc scio esse dicturum pa-
trem, Ter., For I think my father will say that, &c.
2486. ViAere. Cernere.
VIDERE, to see. Aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila lumen.
Ovid. Certum, hisce oculis egomet vidi. Ter. CERNERE, to se-
parate, to discern or understand clearly, to distinguish. Quae in diu-
turna obscuritate latuerunt, sic aperiam, ut eacernere oculis videa-
mini. Cic. Nos enim ne nunc quidem cernimus ea quse videmus.
Id.
2487. Videre. Visere. Invisere. Revisere. Intervisere. Pisitare.
VIDERE (synonymous with the others) relates to the eyes ; and Vi-
SERE, to politeness or curiosity. Constitui ad te venire, ut et
viderem
te ; et viserem, et coenarem etiam. Cic. Undique visendi studio
Trojaaa juventus circumfusa ruit. Virg. INVISERE, to go or come, to
visit. Ut invisas nos non solum rogo, sed etiam suadeo. Cic. RE-
VISERE, to revisit, or repay a vi>it. Velim jam desinas nostris
litteris
uti, et nos aliquando revisas. Cic. Revise quid agant, Ter., 1 come
again to see what they are about. INTERVISERE, to visit now and
then, or between whiles. Quod nos minus intervisis, fero animo
566
aequiore. Cic. VISITARE, (frequentative of visere) to come often to

see or to visit. Cum visitasset hominem Carneades. Cic.
2188. Pietus. Decrepitus.
VIETUS, ( from viere, to bend] wrinkled, withered, destitute of

strength. Hie est vetus, vietus, veternosus senex. Ter. Vietum et
caducum. Cic. Bovis cor vietum fuit, Id., The heart of that or was
completely decayed. Vieta membra. Hor. DECREFITUS, very old,
decrepit, crazy. Decrepitus senex. Cic. ./Etas decrepita. Id. Anus
decrepita. Ter.
24-89. fîgere. Figescere.
VIGERE, (quasi vim agere) to be in strength or vigour, loth in the

natural and moral sense. Vigere corporibus. Liv. Vigere animo.Cic.
Leges vigent. Id. Apud eos venandi et equitandi laus viget. Id.
VIGESCERE, to grow lively, brisk, or active. Jam Iseti studio pedes
vigescunt. Tibul.
2490. Vtgilantia. Diligentia.
VIGILAXTIA, (from vigil) vigilance. It leaves nothing neglected.

Ut vos tutani tranquillamque fortunam traheretis, mea perfeci vigi-
lantia. Cic. Vigilantiam tuam tu mihi narras. Id. DILIGEXTJA,
says Popma, est in deligendo singula, et discernendo. It signifies di-
ligence, that carefulness which does not omit the least thing. This
word
includes many meanings. Ars demonstrat, ubi quaeras, atque ubi sit
illud quod studeas invenire : reliqua sunt in cura, attentione animi,
cogitatione, vigilantia, assiduitate, labore ; complectar uno verbo,
quo saepe jam usi sumus, diligentia, qua una virtute omnes virtutes
reliquae contincntur. Cic.
2491. Vigilare. Exculare.
VIGILARE, to watch, to sit up all night, to awake from sleep. Vi-

gilare ad multam noctem. Cic. Si quis ad frumenti acervum vigilat
cum longo fuste. Hor. Figuratively: Vigilare pro re alterius. Cic.
EXCUBARE, to lie out, to stand or keep sentry. Excubare pro por-
tis. Liv. Excubare in muris. Caes. Figuratively : Ex quo intelligi
potest curam Reipublicae summe defendendae jampridem apud nos
excubare. Cic. Semper animo sic excubat, ut si nihil improvisum
possit accidere. Id. In lecto vigilare possumus, non excubare.
2492. Vindicare. Asserere.
Sr VINDICARE, to maintain the rights, to warrant. Ita vindicator

Virginia spondentibus propinquis. Liv. Vindicare seexistimationi
hominum, Cic., To secure to one' s-self the esteem of men. In servitu-
tem vindicari. Id. Vindicari in posterum diem, Liv., To have the pro-
visional possession granted lilt the next day. ASSERERE (as we consi-
der it in this place) is to secure a situation iy claiming it.
Asserere
se, Ovid., To set one's- self at liberty. Asserere aliquem manu, Ter.,
To set one free. Claudio clienti negotium dedit, ut virginem in ser-
vitutem assereret, Liv., He ordered Claudius, his client, to claim
Vir-
ginia as his slave.
567
2493. Vindicare. Ulcisci.
VINDICARE does not always signify to avenge, because punishment is

sometimes necessary to maintain the rights. Vindicare is especially
said
of the laws and magistrate.'!. Dolus malus legibus erat vindicatus.
Cic. Maleficia vindicare. Id. Te valde vindicavi, Id., I have com-
pletely revenged the injury done to you. ULCISCI, to revenge, to pu-
nish, is said of any person whatever. Ultus est crudelitatem hujus
victoriye Sylla. Cic. Odi hominem et odero; utinam ulcisci pos-
sem ; sed ilium ulciscentur mores sui. Jd. Ulcisci aliquem also sig-
nifies to revenge the injury done to anybody. Fratres caesos ulcisci.
Ovid. Sn that ulcisci aliquem may signify to taks revenge of, or in
favour of one.
2494. Vindicta. Vindicatin. Vindidcc.
VINDICTA ( from F'indicius, tlie slave of Vitellius, who was publicly

made free, for having discovered a conspiracy against the liberty of
the
Roman people in favour of Tarc/uinius their last king) is, properly, a
rod ivhich was laid on the head of a servant when he was made free.
Ille primurn dicitur vindicta liberatus. Quidam vindictae quoque
nomen tractum ab illo putant : Vindicio ipsi nornen f uisse. Post
ilium observatum, ut qui ita liberati essent, in civitatem accepti vi-
derentur. Liv. Livy does not take this etymology upon himself. The
magistrate struck gently, with a rod called vindicta, the man that was
made free, turned him round in a circle, and, giving him a blow on.
the
cheek, let him go, signifying that leave was granted him to go where
he
pleased. Neque censu, neque vindicta, neque testamento, liber fac-
tus est. Cic. // also signifies vengeance. Suscipere vindictam legis.
Cic. VINDICATIO, an avenging. Vindicatio est per quam vis et
injuria, et omnino quod obfuturum est, defendendo aut ulciscendo
propulsatur, et per quam peccata punimus. Cic. VINDICIÊ, the
asserting or clearing a thing from controversy, a rejoinder at law, an
enfranchisement. Abjudicare vindicias. Liv. Vindicias postulare,
Id., To demand the provisional possession of a thing contested. Vindi-
cias secundum libertatem dare, Id., To decree in favour oj' freedom.
2495. Vinea. Vitis. Fiticula. Finetum.
VINEA, a vine-tree, a vineyard. Vulpes alta in vinea appetebat

uvam. Phaed. Imputata vinea. Hor. Pratis et vineis res rusticae
Isetse sunt. Id. Vinea pubescit. Virg. VITIS, a vine. Propagatio
vitium. Cic. Amicta vitibus ulmus. Hor. In censum referatur vinea
quot vites habeat. Ulp. VITICULA, a little vine, a small vineyard.
At enim minora Dii negligunt, neque agellos singulorum, neque vi-
ticulas persequuntur. Cic. VINEXUM, a soil full of vineyards. Vi-
neta et oliveta. Cic. Ad escam non expedit instituere vineta. Col.
Vinetum is a country planted with vines; and vinea is the vineyard of
an individual.
2496. Vinece. Pluleus. Crates. Testudo.
VI-KEJE, says Livy, instrumentum bellicum, lignis compactum, la-

tum pedibus octo, altum septem, longum sexdecim, tectum duplici
ligno, cratibusque contexitur ; latera quoque vimine sepiuntur, ne
saxorum ac telorum impetu perfringantur ; extrinsecus ne cremen-
tur, crudis ac recentibus coriis integuntur. Cum plures f uerint, jun-
568
guntur ordine, sub quibus oppugnantes tutius ad muros subruendos

pugnant. Vineae, says Justus Lipsius, machinaelignis et cratrbus con-
textae, ac terrik adopertae, qu subjectis rotis impellebantur. Harum
tecto muniti obsidentes vel murorum fundamenta subruebant ferro,
vel arietem moenibus incutiebant. Conducts vineaesunt, pugnatur
acerrime. Cic. PLUTEUS, or Pluteum, the cover or top of the gal-
lery in which soldiers made their approaches, a shelter in the form of
a
turret over the heads of those who played the tattering engines. There
is this difference, according to some authors, that Plutei erant
similes
illis appendiculis, quas aedificiis applicamus, et tectum in unam par-
tern devexum habebant ; Vineas in utramque partem devexitatera
tecti habebant. Semper hostibus spes victoriae redintegrabatur, eo
inagis quod deustos pluteos turrium videbant, nee facile adire oper-
tos ad auxiliandum aniinadvertebant. Caes. Adeoque (nix) pluteos
ac vineas Romanorum operuerat, ut ea sola ignibus aliquoties con-
jectis ab hoste etiam tutarnentum fuerit. Liv. CRATES, a hurdle, a
bundle of rods watiled together, which was covered with earth, to make
a hiding-place for soldiers. Ibi mediis fere castris locus est consep-
tus cratibus, pluteisque et linteis contextus. Liv. Pluteos, crates-
que et vineas suffodiendis muris expedire. Tac. TESTUDO, a shell-
crab, or tortoise. Scutis, says Livy, super capita densatis, stantibus
primis, secundis submissioribus, tertiis magis et quartis, postremis
etiam genu nixis, fastigiatam, sicut tecta aedinciorum sunt, testudi-
nem faciebant. And in another place, Sublatis super capita scutis,
continuatisque inter se testudine facta subibant. Testudo was also a
warlike engine or fence, made of boards covered over with raw hides,
to cover the pioneers and besiegers. Reliquisque diebus turres ad
alti-
tudinem valli, falces, testudinesque parari ac facere cceperunt. Caes.
24-97. yinosus. Pinolentus. Vinarlus. Potus. Temulentus.
VINOSUS, given to drinking, fond of wine- Vini vinosus laudes can-

tabat Homerus. Hor. Convivia vinosa, Ovid., Repasts wherein a
great deal of wine is drunk. VINOLEXTUS, that is drunk. Inter so-
brios baccbari vinolentus videtur. Cic. Medicamina vinolenta, Id ,
Medicines made with wine. VINARIUS, of or belonging to wine. Vas
vinarium. Cic. Crinien vinarium, Id., A lawsuit begun on account
of the tax on wine. POTUS, (as we consider it in this place,) that is
in
drink, drunken. Domum bene potus redierat. Cic. Adde inscitiam
pransi, poti, oscitantis ducis. Id. TEMULENTUS, (from temetum,
strong wine) fuddled, cups hot. Tcmulentaes. Ter. Medio diei te-
mulentus. Tac. Figuratively : Gravibus oculis .... press& voce et
temulenta. Cic.
2498. Vinum fugiens. Vinum evanescent.
VIXUM FUGIEXS, flat, dead wine, beginning to grow sour. Qni

vinum fugiens vcndat sciens, debeatne dicere. Cic. VINUM EVA-
NESCEXS, decayed wine. De vino aut salsamento putes loqui, quae
evanescunt vetustate. Cic.
'2-1-99. riolentus. Vehement.
VIOLENTUS, violent, fierce. QuamviS sis violentus etfurens. Cic.

Aperviolentus. Ovid. Opes violenta?, Cic., A power gotten by vio-
lence. Tempestas violentissima. Id. VEHEMENS (quasi vis men-
569
tis) is taken in a good or bad sense ; vehement, immoderate,

impetuous,
unruly. Exordium dicendi vehemens, Cic., A brisk exordium of a
speech. Litterae isti ii patrc mittuntur vehementes. Id. Homo ve-
liemens ac violentus. Id. Lupus vehemens. Hor. Vehemens in
utramque partem es nimis, Ter., Tou carry every thing to an ex-
treme. Violentus goes as jar as acts of violence ; vehemens does not
a I it- ays do it.
2500. Virere. Virescere. Viridari. Vernare. Revirescere.
VIRERE, to be green. Stagna virentia musco. Virg. Pectora felle

virent. Ovid. Perpetuoque virens buxus. Id. Figuratively : Genua
virent, Hor., The knees are vigorous. Adolescentia, qua maxime
viruit. Flor. VIRESCERE, (inchoative of virere) to wax green. In-
jussa virescunt gramina. Virg. Ne de nihilo renata virescat copia
rerum. Lucret. Figuratively : Virescit animi virtus. Gell. VIRI-
DARI, to be made green. Nunc vada subnatis imo viridentur ab her-
bis. Ovid. Toro viridaute consederat. Virg. VERNARE, (from ver)
to grow, to be verdant at the approach of spring. Vernat humus. Ovid.
Indocili gutture rernat avis. Id. Cum tibi vernarent dubia lanugine
malae. Mart. Bis floribus vernat Campania. Hor. REVIRESCERE,
(rursum virescere) to become or grow green again. Silvan laesae re-
virescunt. Ovid. Figuratively : Res efferent sese, et ad renovandum
bellum revirescent, Cic., One day matters will burst out again into a
renewal of the war.
2501. Virgineus. Virginalis.
VIRGINEUS, virgin-like, of or belonging to a virgin. Chorus vir-

gineus. Ovid. Rubor virgineus. Virg VIRGINALIS, maidenly,
virginal. Virginalis modestia. Cic. Virginalis habitus atque ves-
titus. Id. Homo virginali verecundia. Id.
2502. Virgo. Puella.
VIRGO, an undejiled virgin. Ego mihi dororem virginem ascisco,

Cic., / maintain that my sister is a virgin, without any defilement.
Poets have used virgo in speaking of a young married woman. At
virgo intelix, tu nunc in montibus erras, Virg., speaking of Pasiphde
t
that was married and had already borne several children. PUELLA,
a wench, a girl, a young woman ; it relates to the age. Verba puel-
larutn foliis leviora caducis. Ovid. Certe ego qua? fueram, te dis-
cedente, puella, protinus, ut redeas, facta videbor anus. Id. // is
said in poetry oj a young married woman. Experta virum puella.
Hor.
2503. Viriliter. Viritim.
VIRILITER, (from vir) manly, manfully, courageously. Fortuna

ferenda viriliter. Ovid. Quod viriliter animoque magno fit, id dig-
num viro et decorum videtur. Cic. VIRITIM, man by man, from
man to man. Legem de agro Gallico et Piceno viritim dividendo
tulit. Cic. Si quis viritim dimicare veilet, provocavit ad pugnam.
Q. Curt. Rumor viritim percrebuit. Id.
2504. Virtus. Fortitudo.

VIRTUS is a general word for expressing the strength of the soul to
570
attain all that is good, whether any thing is to le undertaken or

endured.
Appellata est ex viro virtus. Cic. Virtus est afFectio animi coiV
stans, conveniensque, laudabiles efficiens eos in quibus est. Id. Vir-
tus in tempestate quieta est, et lucet in tenebris, et pulsa loco
inanet
tamen, atque haeret in patria, splendetque per sese semper, nee ali-
enis unquam, sordibus obsolescit. Id. FORTITUDO is the greatness
of the soul, especially in [-earing or enduring troubles or hardships.
Fortitude est considerata periculorum susceptio, et laborum perpes-
sio. Cic. Fortitude est dolorum laborumque contemptio. Id. For-
titudo est animi afFectio in adeundo periculo, et in labore ac dolore
patiens. Id.
2505. Vis. Fires.
Vis is said of strength in general. Nostra oninis vis in animo et

corpore sita est. Sail. Ingenii vis. Id. Defendere vim vi. Id. Vis
consilii expers mole ruit sua. Hor. It expresses abundance. Maxima
vis auri et argenti. Cic. Vis often expresses, in good authors, what
modern philosophers express by the barbarous ivord essentia, the
essence,
or characteristic of a thing. Vis rerura. Cic. Materia habet vim
et naturam suam. Id. VIRES is only said of the strength of the body.
Cum me deficere vires ccepissent. Cic. Vir maximis viribus. Id.
2.506. Viscera. Intestina. Ilia. Exta. Prcecordia.
VISCERA, entrails in general, all the inward parts of any nnimal.

Heu quantum scelus est in viscera viscera condi, congestoque avi-
dum pinguescere corpore corpus \ Ovid. Figuratively : .'Erarii vis-
cera. Cic. Ex ipsis causae visceribus. Id. Viscera montis. Virg.
Viscera terrae, Lucret., The depths of the earth. INTESTINA, (from
intus) intestines, bowels, guts. Reliquiae cibi depelluntur turn as-
tringentibus se intestinis, 'turn relaxantibus. Cic. Cum graviter ex
intestinis laborarem. Id. Mihi inanitate intestinamurrnurant, Plant.,
My belly cries Cupboard. ILIA are properly the flanks, the part be-
tween the end of the ribs and the hips. Ima ilia longo singultu ten-
dunt. Virg. Ut aliquando ista ilia, quae sunt inflata, rumpantur.
Cic. Ilia ducere, Hor., To be out of breath, to piijf and blow
EXTA, (from extare, because they are in the upper part of the body)
the chief entrails, as the heart, liver, lungs. Puerorum extis Deos
manes mactare. Cic. Pecudum extis moveri. Id. PRJKCORDIA,
(from pne and cor) the midriff, or skin that p'irts the heart and
lungs
from the other entrails. Exta homini ab interiore viscerum parte se-
parantur membranis, quae praecordia appellant, quia cordi prseten-
duntur. Plin. Cum jam in praecordiis conceptam mortem contine-
ret. Cic. Figuratively : Victis redit in praecordia virtus. Virg. Sto-
lidae praecordia mentis. Ovid. Aperit praecordia Liber, Hor., Ji'ine
makes our thoughts and ajj'ecticns manifest.
2507. Visio. Visas. Visum.
Visio, the act or faculty of seeing. Falsa visione ac specie mo-

veri. Cic. Cui est visio falsi verique communis. Id. Aho a vision,
a phantom. Quas phantasias Graeci vocant ; nos sane visiones.
Quint. Visus, the sense of sight. Effugere visus alicujus. Ovid.
Multa probabilia visum quemdam habent ; insignem ct illustrem. Cic.
It is also said of a vision. Nocturnus visus. Tac. VISUM is pro-
571
perly an adjective ; a vision, any thing set lefore one to behold.

Visa
somniantium. Cic. Visum imprimit et quasi signal in animo suam
speciem. Id. Hoc visum nulli, non ipsi effata sorori, Virg.
2508. Vita. Victus.
VITA, life. Vita brevis est. Cic. Vita corpore et spiritu con-
tinetur. Id. Tolerare vitain pomis agrestibus et profluente aqua.
Id. Vitae in Virgil is said of souls or ghosts. Et ni docta comes
tenues sine corpore vitas admoneat volitare cava sub imagine formae.
Virg. VICTUS, sustenance, things necessary to life. Victum intelli-
gimus consuetam degendi et vescendi rationem. Cic. Nunc plane
nee victum, nee vitam ullam colere possum. Id. Vita victusque
communis in amicis vigent maxime. Id. Victus tenuis, living at a
small expense, a frugal life. Homiaum vita multum distat a cultu et
victu bestiarura. Id.
2509. Vitium. Vitiosilas.
VITIUM, a llameable action proceeding from mental depravity, vice.

Quod per se ipsum vituperabile est, id eo ipso vitium nominatum
puto. Cic. Vitium is opposed to virtus. Praimia proposita sunt vir-
tutibus, et supplicia vitiis. Cic. Figuratively : Vitium in oratione.
Cic. Qui valetudinis vitio furunt. Id. Si nihil est in parietibus aut
tecto vitii. Id. VITIOSITAS, viciousness, faultiness, habitual defect.
Vitiositas est habitus, aut affectio in tota vita inconstans, et ase
ipsa
dissentiens. Cic. Malitia certi cujusdam vitii nomen est, vitiositas
omnium. Id. Nihil in se vitii patitur religiosus, bonaeque famse
cupidus adolescens ; corrupt! et perditi, vitiositas, et semper cupi-
ditati servientis est. G. D.
2510. Vilricus. Socer.
VITRICUS, a step-father, a name given ly children to their mother's

second husband. Ad sepulturam cdrpus vitrici sui negat a me datum.
Cic. SOCER, a father-in-law, a name given by a husband to his wife's
father, or by a wife to her husband's father. Ademit Albino soceri
nomen mors filise. Cic.
2511. Vivere. Vitam degere.
VIVERE, to live, to be alive. Nemo est tarn senex qui se annum

non putet posse vivere. Cic. Ita vivere, ut non sit virendum, mi-
serrimum est. Id. Non spiritu, sedvirtutis laude vivimus. Id. Vitam
et arborem etiam dicimus vivere. Id. VITAM DEGERE is said of the
course of one's life. Quod reliquum est vitae, in otio Rhodi degam.
Cic. In egestate degere vitam. Id. Non vere vivit nisi qui cum
virtute vitam degit. G. D.
2512. Vivus. Vivax. Vividus. Vitalis.
Vivus, living, that is alive. Exturbari e numero vivorum. Cic.

Jt is also said of inanimate things. Vivoque sedilia saxo. Virg. Hu-
men vivum. Liv. Dat de lucro, nihil detrahit de vivis, Cic., He
gives out of his own profits, without injuiing the principal. VIVAX,
long-lived, vivacious. Silva vivacis olivse. Virg. Vivax cervus. Id.
Vivacior haeres. Hor. Gratia sermonum vivax. Id. VIVIDUS,
lively, quick, vigorous. Bello vivida virtus. Virg. Vividum inge-
.57C
iiium, Liv., A nolle mind. VITALIS, belonging to life, that preserves

life, llos vitalis, Cic., speaking of the milk of tcet-nurses. Viae
vi-
tales, Ovid., The organs of respiration. Aura vitalis, Virg., The
air ivhich, we breathe and live by. It is also said of a man who pre-
serves life. Ut sis vitalis metuo, Hor., I fear you will not live
long.
Tain immature magnum ingenium non est vitale. Sen.
2513. Vix. Fixdum. ygre.
Vix, scarcely. Ea lex vix, aut ovnuind non potest abrogari. Cic.
Vixnuii, hardly, speaking of time. Haec omnia, vixdum jam
coetu nostro dimisso, coiuperi. ÊGRE, (from osger) with muck
ado, with difficulty, grievously. Ut si quis ajgre f'erat se pauperem
esse. Cic. /Egre ra^tris terrain rimantur. Virg. Inveterata vitia
aegrius depelluntur. Cic. Eum prope .esse vident, quo etiam ca-
rent aegrius. Id.
25U. Ultimum. Ultimo.
ULTIMUM, for the last time. Errabundi domos suas ultimum

illas visuri pervagantur. Liv. ULTIMO, at the last, lastly. Ultimo
templis compluribus dona detraxit. Suet, (loco or teuipore being
understood. )
2515. Ultro. Sponte.
ULTRO and SPONTE, of we's own accord, without being asked for
it ; with this difference, that ultro is said of animate things only,
and
always of an action or tiling happening beyond or against our expecta-
tion ; whereas sponte is also said of inanimate things. Beneficiis
pro-;
vocatus ultro in contumelias erupit. Cic. Omnia ei ultro pollicitus
sum. Id, Nee mihi quicquam tali tempore in mentem venit op-
tare, quod non ultro mihi Caesar detulerit. Id. Ubi te aspexerit,
narrabit ultro quid velit. Plaut. Ignis consumptus sua sponte ex-
tinguitur. Cic. Dulcemque sponte praestat benevolentiam. Phaed.
Sponte is properly the ablative of the obsolete word spons (/row*
spondeo). Nee sponte Antonii properatum. Tac.
2516. Umbra. Umbraculum.
UMBRA, shade, darkness. Sublustri noctis in umbra. Virg. Apta

umbra pastoribus. Ovid. Figuratively : Umbras falsoe gloriae sec-
tari. Cic. Sub umbra Tribunitia delitescere. Id. Umbra veritatis,
Plin., The appearance of truth UMBRACULUM, a place to shade one
in, a bower. Lentae texunt umbracula vites. Virg. Ovid has used
unibraculum to signify a parasol. Figuratively: Doctrinam ex um-
braculis eruditorum otioque non modo in solem et pulverem, sed in
ipsum discrimen aciemque producere. Cic.
2517. Umbra. Manes. Lemurcs. Larva-. Spectrum. Sinntlac/ira.
U.MBR.I:, the shades or soids clothed with an aerial body, with a per-
fee! likeness qf the person whom they had belonged to wlien li\-ii.
r , bear-
ing cve.n the marks of .scars, &c. -Eneas saw in the Elysianjtclds
the.
umbrae sitting on // . eating, and singing. .-Inc/iixex knci- . /.'-
near, again ; embrace.*, she</< tears over him, and speaks to him.
These
souls did also inhabit the tombs. How they could be. in hvo different
places at the same time, it is hardly possible to explain. At cantu
commotae Erebi dc s-jdibtis imis umbrae ibant tenues. . . . defunc-
573
Itaque corpora vita. Virg. MANES, (from the obsolete word manus,
Igoorf) is. properly an adjective. Animse manes. Hor. Manes is some-
\timc said of' the infernal Gods. Puerorum extis Deos manes mac-
Itare, Cic. : sometimes the souls themselves and shades of the dead,
who
\were supposed to /tare something divine. Manes Acheronte remissos.
Virg. LEMURES (quasi Ilemures, from Remus, whose shade was
\said to appear to, and torment, Romidus during the night,} were rest-
less and mischievous spirits that disturbed the repose of men during
the
\night. Nocturni lemures. Hor. LARV;E, (quasi lar vagans) walk-
ling mischievous ghosts, avenging phantoms sent from hell. Larvae hunc
agitant senem. IPlaut. SPECTRUM, (from the obsolete verb spicere)
a spectre, a frightful phantom. Spectris oculi feriuntur. Cic. Si-
MULACHRA, (from similis) an image, Jignre, resemblance, or repre-
sentation. Falsaque sacvarum ululare simulachra ferarum. Ovid. Si-
mulachraque luce carentum. Virg. These simulacha inhabited the
vestibule of hell.
2518. Uncus. Aduncus. Reduncus. Curvns. Incurvus. Recurvus.

Pandus.
Uxcus, (from uncus, a hook} crooked or hooked at the end. Unco

non alligat anchora morsu. Virg. Retinaculum uncum, Stat., An
anchor. ADUNCUS, (quasi uncus ad nos, versus nos) properly, hook-
ed towards us : it is taken in a more general sense. Bacuium sine
nodo aduncum tenens, quem lituum appellaverunt. Liv. Nasus
aduncus. Hor. REDUXCUS, (retro uncus) crooked back or inwards.
Aliis adunca, aliis redunca. Plin. It is used in a more general sense.
Rostrumque reduncum. Ovid. CURVUS, bent into a round form,
or like a wheel. Curvae falces. Virg. Curva littora. Id. An old de-
crepit man is curvus, but not uncus. JNCURVUS, properly, bowed
down. It is used more generally. Jncurvus, tremulus, labiis demissis.
Ter. Incurvum et leniter a summo inflexuni bacillum. Cic. RE-
CURVUS, bowed or bent back. Cornuque recurvum. Ovid. Pedes re-
curvi. Id. PAXDUS, (from pandere) bowed or bent inward or down-
ward, in the middle. Juga panda bourn. Ovid. Pandus asellus, Id.,
An ass whose back bends under the burthen. Pandae carinae. Virg.
Lancibus et pandis f'umantia reddimus exta. Id. A hooked nose is
nasus aduncus ; and a turned up nose is nasus reduncus.
2519. Undique. Undecunque.
UNDIQUE, on every side, from all places or parts. Concurritur un-

dique ad istum Syracusas. Cic. Locus septus undique. Id. UNDE-
CUNQUE expresses more, from what place or part soever. Bellum un-
decunque cum Annibale consulibus mandatum est. Liv.
2520. Ungere. Linere. Linire.
UNGERE, to smear, to anoint, to bedaub. Ungi olivo. Hor. Unctus

est, et accubuit. Cic. LINERE and LINIRE, to besmear with some-
thing thick. Linibant pice. Liv. Linit ora luto. Ovid. Auro sublimia,
tecta linuntur. Id. Cera spiramenta linunt. (apes.) Virg.
2521. Unguentum. Nardus.
UNGUENTUM, (from ungere) an essence, a liquid perfume

fricare caput suum unguento. Cic. Nitere unguentis. Id. Funde
Per-
574
capacibus unguenta de conchis. Hor. NARDUS, nard, an Indian

shrub. Casias et nardi lenis aristas. O\id. It in often said of the
oint-
ment or perfume made of the nard. Assyrioque nardo potamus uncti.
Hor.
2522. Unguis. Ungula.

VM;UIS, a nail of the jingers or toes in man ; in birds or other Jiy-
ing animals, a clan- or talon ; in oxen, horses, cows, &c., a hoof.
Pur-
ire ungues cultello. Hor. Praedamque unguibus ales projecit.

vid. Si sanguis in interiore parte ungulae est, extrema pars ipsius
unguis ad vivum resccatur. Col. Figuratively : De tenero ungui,
Hor., From his most tender years. Carmen castigat ad unguem, Id.,
He correct* his verses with all imaginable care ; a metaphor taken
from
the marble-polishers, that try with passing their nails on their work,
whether it is properly polished. UNGULA is said of all animals with
hoofs. Cornu solido graviter sonat ungula. Virg. Quadrupedante
putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. Id. Plautus however says, An
tu invenire postulas quemquara coquum, nisi sit milvinis aut aqui-
linis ungulis ? Figuratively : Toto corpore, atque omnibus ungulis,
(tooth and nail) ut dicitur, contention! vocis asserviunt. Cic. Inji-
cere ungulas argento, Plaut., To lay hands upon money.
2523. Vocare. Appcllare. Nominare. Citare. Compellare.
VOCARE, (from vox) to call to one, or for a thing. Vocare ad ar-

ma. Cic. Vocare ad ccenam. Id. Vocare in judicium. Id. It also
signifies to name in calling. Qui sapientes et haberentur et vocaren-
tur. Cic. Quo nos vocabis nomine ? Plaut. Figuratively: Italiam
ad exitium et vastitatem vocas. Cic. APPELLARE, to name. Ap-
pellare unamquamque rem suo nomine. Cic. Siderum nomen appel-
lare. Id. It also signifies to speak to. Counter unumquemque appel-
lare. Cic. Quid agendum? Quis Deus appellandus est? Id. NO-
MINARE, to name, or mention the name for the sake of distinction. Suo
certo ac proprio vocabulo rem aliquam nominare. Cic. Nefas ha-
bent Mercurium nominare yEgyptii. Id. CITARE, to call or sum-
mon to appear, to cite. Citare Senatum in forum. Cic. Testem in
aliqua re citare. Id. Auctores citare, Liv., To quote authors. Cita-
vere leges nefas; sed abstulit virtus parricidam, et facinus intraglo-
riam stetit, Flor., The laws called to trial the author of the. crime;
but
his virtue saved him, and his parricide was as it were buried under
the
glory of />is name. COMPELLARE, to speak to or address one. I'ltro
verbis compellat amicis. Virg. Blande compellare virum. Plaut.
Saepius nomine compellatum. Q. Curt.
2524-. Volare. Volitare. Convolare.
VOLARE, to jl>/, is said (fall that have wings. Sine pennis volare
hand facile est. Plaut. Volat ille per ae'ra magnum remigio alarum.
Virg. Figuratively: Volat aetas. Cic. Volat telorum vis. Liv. Jam-
que faces et saxa volant. Virg. Volare linteo, Catull., To sail. V<>-
LITARE, (frequentative of volare) to Jli/ aliout or up and down, to
Jltttter. Aves passim et libere volitant. Cic. Figuratively. ^ r
olitare
per ora virum, Virg., To have a great name. Animus vacuus cura
atque labore volitat. Cic. Valebis apud hominem volitantem gloriae
cupiditate vir moderatus et constans. Id. Nee cessant variae voces
575
volitare per aures. Lucret. CONVOLARE, (volare cum) to fly toge-

ther. Convolant grues. Col. Figuratively: Convolarunt ex cuncta
Italift ad me revocandum. Cic. T anquam ad funus Heipublicee con-
volant. Id.
2525. Volens. Voluntarius. Ultroneus. Spontaneus.
VOLENS, Killing, favourable. Volenti animo aliquid agere. Sail.

Pacern precibus exposcunt, uti volens, propitius suam semper sos-
pitet progeniem. Liv. VOLUNTARIUS, that is of one's own accord,
that is voluntary. Multi ad te eunt voluntarii. Cic. Ilia fuit oratio
necessaria, haec erit voluntaria. Id. ULTRONEUS, who does or says
any thing of himself, of his own accord. Suadetur deliberantibus ; at
ultronei admonentur. Sen. Quid interest ad mortem jussi eamus, an
ultronei? Id SPONTANEUS is not found in good writers ; and it is
"without foundation that some dictionaries quote it as used by Cicero.
Nolens may be opposed to volens ; voluntarius to necessanus or in-
vitus; ultroneus, to jussus.
2526. Volucris. Ales. Avis.
VOLUCRIS, (from volare) any winged creature : it is properly an

adjective, avis or bestia being understood. Obscoenae voluc.res,
Virg.,
the Harpies. Volucres videmus procreationis atque utilitatis suae
causa fingere et construere nidos. Cic. ALES, (fromala) winged.
Equus ales, Ovid., The horse Pegasus. Ales avis. Cic. It is espe-
cially said of large birds. Canorus ales, Hor., The swan. Jovisales,
Virg., The eagle. Figuratively : Maeonii carminis ales, Hor., Ho-
mer. Avis, according to Varro, is particularly said of singing birds ;
as the blackbird, nightingale, Stc. Hence originate these
expressions ;
Mala avi, Hor., Under bad auguries or omens. Secundis avibus. Liv.
Fluminea avis, Ovid., The swan. It is taken in a more general sense.
Aves vagae. Hor, Pliny calls the bat avis.
2527. Volvere. Volutare. Pervolvere.
VOLVERE, to roll. Saxum ingens volvunt alii. Virg. Figuratively .-

Complexio verborum quae uno spiritu volvi potest, Cic., that can
be pronounced in one breath. VOLUTARE, (frequentative o/'volvere)
to roll often, to mallow, to toss. Volutari in luto. Cic. Figuratively
:
In omni dedecore volutari. Cic. In veteribus scriptis studiose vo-
lutatus, Id., One acquainted with, and that has read over and over
again, ancient authors. PERVOLVERE, to roll along or over. Jam
ego hunc in mediam viam provolvam, teque ibidem pervolvam in
luto. Ter. Figuratively : In his pervolvatur animus, Cic., Let the
mind be continually employed about these matters. Pervolvere auc-
tores, Id., To read authors over and over. Pervolvere librum, Catull.,
To peruse a book.
2528. Vomere. Evomere. Nauseare.
VOMERE, to vomit or spew. Tantum vini exhauseras, ut tibi ne-

cesseessetvomerepostridie.Cic. Figuratively: Purpuream vomit ille
animam.Virg. Flammas ore vomit. Id. Vipereumque vomant nostro
sub nomine virus. Mart. EVOMERE, (vomere e) to vomit up, to dis-
gorge. Haec avis scribitur conchis se solere implere ; casque cum
stomach calore concoxerit, evomere. Cic. Figuratively : s Apud
576
quern evomat virus acerbitatis suae. Cic. NAUSEARE, (from

navis) to be sea -sick, to be ready to vomit. Pauper conducto navigio
aeque nauseat ac locuples. Cic. Lassus sum, et navi tit vectus hue
sum, etiam nunc nauseo. Plaut. Figuratively : Xauseare aliqueni,
Cic., To despise or scorn one, not io be able to bear him.
2529. Vorare. Devorare.
VORARE, properly, to eat without chewing. Animalia, alia sugunt,

alia vorant, alia mandunt. Cic. Figuratively: Nos hie voramus lit-
teras cum homine mirifico, Cic., Here ice devour books, as it were;
we run swiftly over them. DEVORARE rises above the idea o/'vorare ;
to devour, to gobble up, to ingurgitate. Os devoratum fauce cum hae-
reret lupi. Phaed. Figuratively : Devorare omnem pecuniam non
dubitavit. Cic. Libros devorare. Id. Paucorurn dierum molestiam
devorare. Id. Devorare stultitias hominum, Id., To bear patiently
'with the follies of men.
2530. Vortex. Turbo.
VORTEX, (from verto) a ibhirlwindjti whirlpool. Rapidus vorat

aequore vortex. Virg. Unda aestuat Vorticibus. Id. Volvit flumen
vortices. Hor. Turbineus vortex. Ovid. Figuratively: Absorptus
vortice amoris. Catul. Vortices dolorum. Cic. TURBO, a whirl-
wind, a boisterous wind. Qu& data porta ruunt, et terras turbine per-
flant (vend). Virg. Gubernare navem in magnis turbinibus. Cic. It
is said of any thing turning, a rolling. Turbinem versare. Cic. Quo
turbine torqueat hastam. Virg. Prsecipitem scopulo atque ingentis
turbine saxi excutit. Id. Figuratively : Duo Reipublicae turbines.
Cic. Mentis turbo, Id., Perturbation of mind. JVIartis turbine agi,
Ovid., To be passionate for war. Turbo, says Apuleius, ventus est
qui repentinis flabris prosilit atque universa perturbat, vortex ille
est, cum torquetur humus arida, et ab infimo erigitur ad summum.
Turbo does not signify what we call a top, a gig ; it would be a
disgrace
to Virgil's beautiful comparison : Ceu quondam volitans sub vertere
turbo.
2531. Vota facere. Vota suscipere. Vota nuncuparc.
VOTA FACERE, to wish, to desire earnestly that a thing may happen.

Vos et omnes boni vota faciebatis, ut Miloni titi virtute sua liceret.
Cic. Contra Rempublicam vota faciebant. Id. VOTA SUSCIPERE,
to bind one's-self by vows. Deos Deasque precabantur, ut illis f'aus-
tum iter, felixque pugna, matura ex hostibus victoria esset, et dam-
narentur ipsi votorum^quas pro eis suscepissent. Liv. NUNCUPARE
VOTA, to use solemn words. They called those words vota nuncupata,
which were used by prtctors, consuls, and generals setting off for
then-
departments. Cum paludatus exisset, votaque pro imperio suo nun-
cupasset. Cic. They were written praesentibus multis.
2532, Usque. Tenus.
USQUE (a preposition] signifies as far as, and is placed either be-

fore or after its case. Usque llomam e niari supero proficisci. Cic.
Romam usque. Id. It admits very well of another preposition, which
in fact seems to be understood. Ab ovo usque ad mala. Hor. Usque
ab ultimo principle. Cic. Usque a pueris, Ter., Even from child-,
/.- TENUS, up to, as far as, is alw\iys placed after its case. La-
577
ten capulo tends abdidit ensem. Virg. Tauro tends, Cic., At far as
mount Taurus. Pectoribus teniis. Ovid. Cumarum tends. Cic. Lum-
borum tends. Id. Grammarians observe that tends, used with a word
txpressing; a thing double, -as the eyes, ears, &c., requires that
substan-
tive to be put in tne genitive case. Aurium tends. Quint. Crurum te-
nds. Id. Tends denotes a proximity, a contact more immediate than
usque*. It must besides be observed that tends is not said of time ;
hy-
eme tends would be bad Latin.
2533. Usque. Semper.
USQUE, (an adverb} always, continually, to this very time, all along.
Mihi quidem usque* curae erit, quid agas. Cic. Usque" opperior.
Plaut. Usquene valuisti ? Ter. Usque laborat, Id., She is still at
\uork. SEMPER, always, at all times, for ever. Recte ego semper
fugi has ineptias. Ter. Quod semper movetur id sternum est. Cic.
Semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. Virg. Iftue
uuld say, We must always prefer duty to pleasure, semper is the pro-
-;r word : but, I always will fulfil my duty, must be expressed by us-
que.
2534'. Usucapio. Ususfrncius. Possessio.
USUCAPIO, (from usus and capere) the enjoying of a thing during

a continuance of the time fixed by law, a prescription. Usucapio
fundi,
oc est, finis sollicitudinis ac periculi litiuni, non apatre

relinquitur,
sed a legibus. Cic. USUSFRUCTUS, (from uti and frui) the use or
jrofit of which is another's, as in fanning of lands. Ususfructus jus

est nlienis rebus utendi, fruendique, salva rerum substantia. Uip.
Usumfructum omnium bonorum suorum Caesenniae legat, ut fruere-

tur una cum filio. Cic. POSSESSIO is the general word for possess ion
y
he enjoying. Antiquiorem Dejotaro fuisse laudeni et gloriam, quani

regnum et possessiones suas. Cic. Hodie in libcrtatis possessionem
)edem ponimus. Id. Possessio fiduciaria, Id., The enjoying of a
hing upon trust, so as to be restored again. Proprietorship and pos-
ession must not be used promiscuously ; for the one may exist without
he other.
2535. Usurpare. Nuncupare.
USURPARE, (quasi in usuni capere) to use, to make use of. Ut,Sc-

onis dictum usurpem. Cic. Prenam aliquam usurparein improbos.,
d. NUKCUPAKE, (nomen capere) to Declare, to use the words pre-
cribed by custom or by rites. Quern Julia gens auctorem sui nominis
Duncupat. Liv. lllud quod erat a Deo natum, nomine ipsius Dei
nuncupabaiit, ut, cum fruges Cererem appellamus. Cic. Ad decus
raperii Romani pertinet Pompeii Magni titulos omnes. . . . nuncu-
>are. Plin. Ex duodecim'tabulis satis erat praestari ea quae essent
ingua nuncupata, Cic., // was enough, by the laws of the twelve ta-
les, to make good to the buyer what had been declared to him by word
of mouth.
2536. Usurpare. Usucapere.
USURPARE, (synonymous with usucapere) to usurp, to put one's-

self in possession of another mans property. Non ut aJiquid ex hujus
bonis usurparet, sed ut, Sic. Cic. USUCAPERE, to make a thing
one's CWH through lone? possession, or by -possession, anduse. Nihil
mor-
2P
578
tales a Diis immortalibus usucapere possunt, Cic., Mortals cannot

avail the/nscl-ccs of prescription against the Gods.
2537. Uterus. Vulva.
UTERUS, the belly of a woman with child. Gravidum uterum in-

tuens, Tac., Considering she was with child. Gravitas niihi tendebat
uterum, says Alcmena in Ovid. It is said of the cavity of the belly.
Uterumque armato milite complent, Virg., speaking of the Trt.jan
fiorse. VULVA, the matrix or womb, chiefly in animals. Vulvarn ex
pofci in deliciis habuere Romani. Plin. K'il vulva (suis) pulchriu*
arapla. Hor.
2538. Uti. Abnti. Frui. Potiri.
UTT, to have the use of, either in a good or a bad part. Commoda
quibus utimur. Cic. Valetudine uti minus commoda. Id. Invidia
inioore uti. Plaut. ABUTI, to put to a contrary use, to make an im-
prover use. In prologis scribendis operam abatitur. Ter. Ut igno-
ratione tua ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. Id. It is also used
in a good part. Nos elephantorum acutissimis sensibus, DOS saga-
citate" canum ad utilitatem nostram abutiraur. Cic. FRUI is said of
an agreeable and complete enjoyment. Frui beneficiis atque honori-
bus. Cic. Laboro nihil, atque optimis rebus fruor. Posed. Id cu-
jusque est proprium, quo quisque fruitur atque utitur. Cic. Sapiens
jocis et lusu utitur, stultus fruitur ; ille jocatur ut non deficiat a
la-
bore, hie tantum ut delectetur. G. D. POTIRI, (from potis) to pos-
sess, to be master of. Si etiam non abunde potitur, non omnino caret.
Cic. Omni Macedonum gaza potitus est Paulus. Id. Utimur ad
commoditatem ; fruimur ad delectationem ; usui est ager, domus ;
abusui, vinum. G. D.
2539. Utrobique. Utrinque. Utroque.
UTROBJQUE, on both sides and parts, when there is no motion.

Cum non liceret mihi nullius esse, quia utrobique magnos inimicos
habebam. Cic. Kadem veritas utrobique est Id UTRIXQUE, on
both sides, on both parts, for the question unde. Principes utrinque
pugnam ciebant. I,iv. Virtus est medium vitiorum, et utrinque re-
ductum. Hor. UTROQUE, to both sides or parts, for the question quo.
liinc Syriam, inde Dclum : utroque citius,.quam vellemus, cursuin
confecimus. Cic.
254-0. Vulgar is. Vilis. Solittts.
VULGARIS, (from vulgus) vulgar. Vulgare amici nomen. Phocd.

INIitto husce vulgares artes, coquos, pistores, <S.c. Cic. Sermone
vul-
gari disputare. id. Commendatio non vulgaris. Id. VILIS, vile,
cheap, that can be got at a low rate or price. Vilia poma. Hor. Vilis
annona. Cic. Figuratively: abject, despicable. Vilis vobis honor meus.
Cic. SOLITUS, wonty ordinary. Labori solito finem imponcre. Ovid.
Sol rubet solito iragis. Liv. Vulgaris may be opposed to excellens ;
vilis, to prctiosus; solitus, to rarus.
254 1. Vulgo. Vulgaritcr.
VUI.GO, I. Every where, commonly. Assyrium vulfto nascetur

amomuni. Virg. Ejusuiodi tempus erat, ut horaine& vulgo intcrfice-
579
/ulgo, passim : quid

go? universes Cic. 8. Publicly. Vulgo ostendere ac proferre ali-
quid. Cic. 4. Vulgarly, ordinarily. Vulgo homines illud inquirunt.
Cic. Vulgo hominum opinio socium me adscribit tuis laudibus. Id.
Vulgo an rard evenire soleat. Id. VULGARITEU, of the common son.
Haec ad te eo pluribus scripsi, ut intelligeres me non vulgariter, nee
ambitiose, sed ut pro hotnine intimo ac mihi pernecessario scribere.
Cic. Cicero has used vulgo in the saine seme ; Attalus homo pecu-
uiosue, nee vulgo.
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Full text of "Latin synonyms, with their

THEIR DIFFERENT SIGNIFICATIONS:

TAKEN FROM THE BEST LATIN AUTHORS,

LATE PROFESSOR OF RHETORIC IN THE COLLEGE OF HARCOURT, AND

PRINCIPAL OF THE COLLEGE OF LEWIS THE GREAT,

IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS.

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH,

THE REV. J. M. COSSET.

PRINTED FOR G. AND W. B. WHITTAKER, AVE-MARIA LANE;

j. CUTHELL, HOLBORN; OGLE, DUNCAN AND co.,

PATERNOSTER ROW; AND J. NUNN,

Printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-lane.

SIR VICARY GIBBS, KT.

FOR THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE,.

HIS MAJESTY'S ATTORNEY GENERAL,

ARE WITH HIS PERMISSION HUMBLY DEDICATED

HIS MUCH OBLIGED,

AND DEVOTED SERVANT,

ALTHOUGH the author of this work appears to have

Being engaged in the instruction of youth in the Latin

He had proceeded some length, when, upon observing

quainted with the nature of Doctor HILL'S work-Justifies

Doctor HILL'S elaborate work appears not sufficiently

The present volume contains the explanations of near

The translator has made but very few alterations or

Bird Street, Wtst Square, Lambeth,

N.B. In the following sheets the examples quoted G.D. were

WORDS TREATED OF IN THIS WORK.

1. A primo. Primum. Primo.

A PRIMO, (tempore understood} at first, at the beginning. Utinam

2. Ab alif/uo tempore. Intra aliquod tempus.

AB ALIQUO TEMPORE denotes a space of time quite ended, whereas

3. Ab initio. Initio. a Principio. Principle.

AB INITIO, from the beginning. Quod tibi esse et antiquissimum,

4. Abdere. Condere. Abscondere. Recondere. Occulere. Occultare.

Figuratively: Puncta argumentorum plerumque occulenda sunt.

ABDICARE filium, (dicare ab) to deprive a >on of all his rights as a

ABDICERE, (dicere ab) to reject, to disapprove : particularly used

ABDUCERE, (ducere ab) to lead away, speaking of men. ABI-

ABDUCERE, considered as synonymous with deducere, differs from

9. Abedere. Adedere. Exedere.

ABEDERE, Tederc ab) to eat, to nibble, to browse. Exorta vis lo-

10. Alerrare. Deerrare. Oberrare.

ABERRARE, (errare ab) to lose ones way ; DEERRARE, to tvander

11. Alesse. Distare.

ABESSE is more generally said of things capable of going away and

The same difference is to le made in a figurative sense : Ferenda for-

12. Aljectus. Demissus. Summissus. Humilis. Supplex.

13. Aljicere. Projicere. Deponere.

ABJICERE, (jacere ab) generally denotes passion, or contempt. E

1 1. Alire. Discedere. Decedere. Ercedere. Proficisci. Facessere.

ABIRE, (ire ab) to go away, lideni abeunt, qui venerant. Cic.

15. Abjurure. Ejurare.

ABJURARE, (jurare ab) to deny upon oath the having or owing a

16. Alnuere. Renuere. Recusare. Negare. slbnegare. Pernegare.

ABNUERE, (from nutus) to deny one's assent by countenance or ges-

Figurativefi/ : Oecupatio opus impositum denegat. Cic. Denegare